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This is a list of people from Oakland, California, people born in Oakland or who lived in Oakland for a significant time. Academics Robert Harvey – comparative literature, philosophy Gail Mahood – geology (born in Oakland) Nanos Valaoritis – comparative literature, poetry Artists and designers Natalia Anciso – artist and educator Olive Ayhens – painter Steven F. Arnold – filmmaker, photographer, painter, illustrator, set and costume designer, and assemblage artist Garry Knox Bennett – woodworker, metalworker, furniture maker, artist Bernice Bing – artist, activist Warrington Colescott – artist and educator Henry Doane – landscape painter, commercial artist Janet Doub Erickson artist and author Roger C. Field – industrial designer, graduated from California College of the Arts Liz Hernández – painter, sculptor, graphic designer Oliver Lee Jackson – painter, printmaker, sculptor Walter J. Mathews – architect, designed the First Unitarian Church of Oakland Bernard Maybeck – architect Jeremy Mayer – sculptor Julia Morgan – architect, raised and buried in Oakland Willis O'Brien – animator Nathan Oliveira – painter, printmaker, sculptor, professor Adrienne Keahi Pao; photographer, artist Lisa Quinn – artist, author, designer Mel Ramos – painter Favianna Rodriguez – painter, artist Galen Rowell – photographer J. Otto Seibold – artist, illustrator, author Elizabeth Sher – documentary and short filmmaker, artist Seasick Steve – blues musician Betty Swords – cartoonist Morrie Turner – artist, illustrator, author of the Wee Pals comic strip Wendy Yoshimura – artist Athletes Zack Andrews – baseball player Ron Allen (skateboarder) – professional skateboarder Pervis Atkins – NFL football player, Los Angeles Rams, Washington Redskins, Oakland Raiders, actor, The Longest Yard Don Barksdale – basketball player Drew Barry – basketball player Jon Barry – basketball player and sportscaster Charlie Beamon – baseball pitcher Charlie Beamon Jr. – baseball player Davion Berry (born 1991), basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League Davone Bess – football player Will Blackwell – football player Linc Blakely – Major League Baseball player, Cincinnati Reds Marlin Briscoe – football player John Brodie – football player and sportscaster Jabari Brown – basketball player Steve Brye baseball player, No. 1 pick of Twins, played nine years in majors Don Budge – tennis player Chris Burford – football player Glenn Burke – baseball player Steve Clark – swimmer, won five Olympic gold medals Ray Crouse – football player Bruce Cunningham – Major League Baseball player, Boston Braves Jared Cunningham - basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League Antonio Davis – basketball player Steve DeBerg – football player Bernie DeViveiros – Major League Baseball player, Chicago White Sox, Detroit Tigers Taylor Douthit – Major League Baseball player, St. Louis Cardinals, Chicago Cubs, Cincinnati Reds Forey Duckett – football player Dennis Eckersley – baseball player Manny Fernandez – football player Eric Fernsten – basketball player, NBA, CBA, and Europe Curt Flood – Major League Baseball player, Cincinnati Reds, St. Louis Cardinals, Washington Senators known for challenging the Reserve clause Greg Foster – basketball player La Vel Freeman – baseball player Len Gabrielson – Major League Baseball player, Philadelphia Phillies Len Gabrielson – Major League Baseball player, Milwaukee Braves, Chicago Cubs, San Francisco Giants, California Angels, Los Angeles Dodgers Joe Gaines – Major League Baseball player, Cincinnati Reds, Baltimore Orioles, Houston Astros Derrick Gardner – football player Kiwi Gardner – basketball player Brad Gilbert – tennis player and coach John Gillespie – Major League Baseball player, Cincinnati Reds Jesse Gonder –baseball player Drew Gooden – basketball player Alexis Gray-Lawson – basketball player, Phoenix Mercury Bob Greenwood – Major League Baseball player, Philadelphia Phillies Bud Hafey – Major League Baseball player, Chicago White Sox, Pittsburgh Pirates, Cincinnati Reds, Philadelphia Phillies Tom Hafey – Major League Baseball player, New York Giants, St. Louis Browns Roger Harding – football player Rickey Henderson – baseball player Jan Henne – swimmer, two-time gold medalist at 1968 Summer Olympics Steve Hosey – baseball player Al Hrabosky – baseball pitcher and sportscaster Proverb Jacobs – NFL football player, Philadelphia Eagles, New York Giants Jackie Jensen – baseball player Brian Johnson – baseball player Josh Johnson – Quarterback for the Cincinnati Bengals Maurice Jones-Drew – football player Robert Jordan – football player Bobby Kemp – football player Jason Kidd – basketball player and coach MacArthur Lane – football player Cookie Lavagetto – baseball player and manager Tony Lema – golfer Bill Lester – NASCAR driver Damian Lillard – basketball player Ernie Lombardi – baseball player Don Lofgran – professional basketball player Terrell Lowery – baseball player Lorenzo Lynch – football player Marshawn Lynch – football player Eddie McGah – baseball player, part-owner of Oakland Raiders Bill McKalip – college All-American football player, NFL player, Portsmouth Spartans / Detroit Lions Joe Mellana – Major League Baseball player, Philadelphia Athletics Demetrius "Hook" Mitchell – streetball player Joe Morgan – baseball second baseman and sportscaster Kirk Morrison – football player Hank Norberg – football player Mike Norris – baseball player Lee Norwood – ice hockey player Zoe Ann Olsen – olympic diver Gary Payton – basketball player, born and raised in Oakland Gary Pettis – baseball player and coach Paul Pierce – basketball player Vada Pinson – baseball player and coach Jim Pollard – basketball player Damon Powell – basketball player Leon Powe – basketball player Jarrod Pughsley – football player John Ralston – football player and coach Isiah Rider – basketball player Chris Roberson – baseball player Frank Robinson – baseball player and manager Jimmy Rollins – baseball player Bill Russell – basketball player and coach Brian Shaw – basketball player and coach Paul Silas – basketball player and coach Fred Silva – football official Marvel Smith – football player Dave Stewart – baseball player and executive John Sutro – football player Ron Theobald – baseball player Jim Tobin – baseball player Marviel Underwood – football player Kwame Vaughn (born 1990), basketball player for Maccabi Haifa in the Israeli Basketball National League Langston Walker – football player Andre Ward – professional boxer George Wells – professional wrestler Ray Wells – football player Bill Werle – baseball player Archie Williams – runner Dontrelle Willis – baseball player Rodney Williams – American football player Businesspeople, entrepreneurs and industrialists Stephen Bechtel – engineer, president, CEO of Bechtel Corporation, 1933-1960 Anthony Chabot – entrepreneur, father of hydraulic mining, namesake of Chabot Space & Science Center, Lake Chabot, and Chabot College, buried in Oakland Charles Crocker – railroad tycoon, buried in Oakland Debbi Fields – entrepreneur, founder of Mrs. Fields cookies Domingo Ghirardelli – founder of the Ghirardelli Chocolate Company based in San Francisco, buried in Oakland Ken Hofmann – former owner of the Oakland Athletics Henry J. Kaiser – entrepreneur, businessman, founder of Kaiser Permanente and Kaiser Family Foundation, buried in Oakland Mark Mastrov – founder of 24 Hour Fitness, partial owner of the Sacramento Kings Jonah Peretti – founder of BuzzFeed Francis Marion Smith (also known as "Borax" Smith) – miner, business magnate Chefs Tanya Holland – chef, restaurateur, podcast host, and cookbook author. Nelson German – chef Nite Yun - chef and restaurateur. Entertainment Mahershala Ali – Academy Award-winning actor Eddie Anderson – actor Max Baer Jr. – actor, film director Matt Bettinelli-Olpin – filmmaker and musician Pamela Blake – actress True Boardman – silent film actor Alex Bretow – film producer, director, and screenwriter David Carradine – actor Rafael Casal – actor, writer Connie Cezon – actress Angus Cloud – actor Keyshia Cole – musician Tracie Collins – actress, writer, theatre director and producer Ryan Coogler – director Buster Crabbe – actor T. D. Crittenden – silent film actor Robert Culp – actor Mark Curry – actor/comedian Gloria Dea – actress, dancer and magician Walter DeLeon – screenwriter Daveed Diggs – actor and rapper Rockmond Dunbar – actor, mixed-media artist Michael Earl – puppeteer Clint Eastwood – actor, Academy Award-winning film producer, and director Lyndsy Fonseca – actress Squire Fridell – actor Cary Fukunaga – Emmy Award-winning director Sylvia Gerrish – musical comedy and light opera Sumner Getchell – actor Gary Goldman – filmmaker Michael A. Goorjian – actor and filmmaker R. Henry Grey – silent film actor Khamani Griffin – child actor MC Hammer – rapper Mark Hamill – actor Bernie Hamilton – actor, Starsky and Hutch Tom Hanks – Academy Award-winning actor, raised in Oakland Susan Seaforth Hayes – actor Claude Heater – opera singer and actor, Ben-Hur (1959 film) Russell Hornsby – actor Moshe Kasher – comedian, actor, and author/writer; raised in Oakland Kehlani – singer Joe Knowland – newspaper publisher, actor David Labrava – actor, writer, tattoo artist Remy Lacroix – adult actress Ted Lange – actor Brandon Lee (son of Bruce Lee) – actor, born in Oakland Bruce Lee – actor, martial artist Nnegest Likké – film director Caryl Lincoln – actress Delroy Lindo – actor Dakin Matthews – actor Russ Meyer – film director Jefferson Moffitt – screenwriter, film director Paul Mooney – comedian Shemar Moore – actor, model Mitch Mullany – actor Kali Muscle – actor Roger Nichols – recording engineer Natalie Nunn – television personality Laura Oakley – silent film actress Orunamamu (Marybeth Washington-Stofle) – storyteller Frank Oz – actor, director, puppeteer for Bert, Cookie Monster and Grover on Sesame Street Chelsea Peretti – comedian, actress Dorothy Revier – silent film actress, dancer Cherie Roberts – adult model, photographer Raphael Saadiq – singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and record producer Timothy B. Schmit – singer, bassist of The Eagles, born in Oakland G-Eazy – rapper Sheila E. – percussionist Kellita Smith – actress and model Jack Soo (Goro Suzuki) – comedian, actor, Barney Miller George Stevens – Academy Award-winning film director Cynthia Stevenson – actress, born in Oakland Ethel Grey Terry – silent film actress Colin Trevorrow – film director Jo Van Fleet – actress Matt Vasgersian – actor, sports broadcaster Mills Watson – actor Robert Webber – film and TV actor, 12 Angry Men Will Wright – game designer Daniel Wu – actor Bassem Youssef – satirist Zendaya – Emmy Award-winning actress Leaders (activists and politicians) Richard Aoki – activist William P. Baker – politician Sonny Barger – founder of the Hells Angels motorcycle club Henry G. Blasdel – first governor of Nevada; resident of Oakland Jerry Brown – politician, former governor of California and mayor of Oakland Albert E. Carter – politician Frank Chu – eccentric street protester William Clark Jr. – diplomat, ambassador C. L. Dellums – organizer and leader of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Ron Dellums – politician, former U.S. Congressman and Representative, mayor of Oakland Frank M. Dixon, politician, former governor of Alabama Warren B. English – Confederate war veteran, politician, realtor Heather Fargo – politician, mayor of Sacramento, California Lydia Flood Jackson, businesswoman, club woman, suffragist, an oldest living native of Oakland when she died in 1963 Marcus Foster – educator, the first African-American Superintendent of the Oakland Unified School District Alicia Garza – co-founder of Black Lives Matter Elihu Harris – politician, former mayor of Oakland Juju Harris – food-affordability activist Kamala Harris – politician, U.S. Senator, first female African-American attorney general of California; first female, African-American, and Asian-American Vice President of the United States Van Jones – founder, Ella Baker Center for Human Rights and Special Advisor for Green Jobs under US President Barack Obama Fred Korematsu – Japanese-American who fought forced internment, testing the law in Korematsu v. United States Joseph R. Knowland – former U.S. Representative and former owner of the Oakland Tribune, cremated in Oakland William F. Knowland – former U.S. Senator Barbara Lee – U.S. Representative Charles Goodall Lee – dentist, civic leader, benefactor of the Chinese American Citizens Alliance Clara Elizabeth Chan Lee – activist, first Chinese-American woman voter in the U.S. Richard Lee – horticulturist, activist for the legalization of marijuana Joseph McKenna – former Congressman, Justice 9th US Circuit, Attorney General and Associate Justice US Supreme Court. Edwin Meese III – former U.S. Attorney General Victor H. Metcalf – politician, attorney, banker Jessica Mitford – writer, activist, former Communist Paul Montauk – Communist politician and two-time candidate for Oakland mayor Ethel Moore – civic, education, and national defense work leader Anca Mosoiu – technology activist Nancy Nadel – member of the Oakland City Council Huey P. Newton – activist, co-founder of the Black Panther Party Andrew Nisbet Jr. – member of the Washington House of Representatives and United States Army officer Pat Parker – black lesbian poet and activist Ed Rosenthal – horticulturist, publisher, activist for the legalization of marijuana Byron Rumford – pharmacist John A. Russo – Oakland city attorney, former city councilman Bobby Seale – activist, co-founder of the Black Panther Party Hettie B. Tilghman – African-American activist and suffragist Robert Treuhaft – activist for labor and leftist causes, attorney, writer Charles Stetson Wheeler – attorney, Regent of the University of California Earl Warren – Assistant Attorney City of Oakland, District Attorney of Alameda County, Attorney General of California, Governor of California and U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice Lionel J. Wilson – politician, first African-American mayor of Oakland Mother Wright – anti-hunger activist Military Bud Anderson – USAF (served 1942-1972) fighter pilot and commander, triple ace who retired at the rank of colonel Jeremiah C. Sullivan – Civil War general in the Union Army and staff member of Ulysses S. Grant, buried in Oakland Musicians, composers and dancers 3XKrazy – male rap group Thomas Lauderdale – musician and pianist A-Plus – rapper Billie Joe Armstrong – co-founder of Green Day Tim Armstrong – musician, lead vocalist of punk rock band Rancid Paul Baloff (d. 2002) – former lead singer of thrash metal band Exodus Ant Banks – rapper, producer Gaylord Birch – musician Carla Bley – composer, musician Boots Riley – rapper, filmmaker Mike Botts – studio musician, drummer for rock band Bread Bobby Brackins – rapper, songwriter Ian Brennan – Grammy Award-winning record producer and author Antonia Brico (born Wilhelmina Wolthius) classical pianist, first woman conductor of New York Philharmonic Chris Broderick – musician, lead guitarist for the heavy metal band Megadeth Peter Buck – musician, guitarist and co-founder of the alternative rock band R.E.M. Aaron Burckhard – musician, first drummer of the grunge band Nirvana Kevin Cadogan – musician, original lead guitarist of Third Eye Blind Emilio Castillo – musician, a founding member of Tower of Power Casual – rapper Mike Clark – musician Cold Blood – rock, soul, jazz band Keyshia Cole – Grammy Award-nominated R&B singer-songwriter, record producer, born and raised in Oakland The Coup – hip hop group Jason Cropper – original band member of Weezer Del tha Funkee Homosapien – musician Daveed Diggs – rapper and actor Mike Dirnt – co-founder of Green Day Digital Underground – rap group Sue Draheim – fiddler Mac Dre – rapper, born in Oakland, raised in Vallejo Dru Down – rapper Isadora Duncan – dancer Sheila E. – drummer, born in Oakland E-A-Ski – rapper, record producer En Vogue – Grammy Award-nominated female R&B singing group, originated from Oakland in 1990 Pete Escovedo – musician, born in Oakland Robb Flynn – musician best known as rhythm guitarist and vocalist for Machine Head Michael Franti – musician Fred Frith – improvisational musician, guitarist, composer, professor of music Nils Frykdahl – musician, a founding member of Sleepytime Gorilla Museum and Idiot Flesh David Garibaldi – musician, member of Tower of Power G-Eazy – rapper and producer Mic Gillette – musician, a founding member of Tower of Power Goapele – soul and R&B singer Guapdad 4000 – rapper, musician Larry Graham – musician MC Hammer – musician, born in Oakland Jeff Hanneman – former guitarist for heavy metal band Slayer Shawn Harris – musician; former member of The Matches Davey Havok – musician, lead singer for AFI Edwin and Walter Hawkins – gospel singers Hieroglyphics – rap group, originated from Oakland Earl Hines – jazz pianist John Lee Hooker – blues singer Paul Jackson – musician Henry Kaiser – musician, grandson of Henry J. Kaiser Keak da Sneak – musician Kehlani – singer Kid 606 – musician Sharon Knight – Celtic musician, founding member of pagan rock band Pandemonaeon Kreayshawn – rapper Stephen "Doc" Kupka – musician, founding member of Tower of Power LaToya London – singer; born in San Francisco, raised in Oakland Pep Love – rapper The Lovemakers – pop band The Luniz – Grammy Award-nominated rap duo MC Lars – rapper; post-punk laptop rap Michael Manring – bassist, born in D.C., lives in Oakland Adrian Marcel – singer Jim Martin – musician Tony Martin – singer, actor Dave Mencetti – rock musician; born and raised in Oakland; lead singer/lead guitarist for Y&T Seagram Miller – rapper Mistah F.A.B. – rapper David Murray – musician mxmtoon – singer/songwriter Fantastic Negrito – musician Noaccordion – multimedia project of Onah Indigo Numskull – rapper Ray Obiedo – musician Marty Paich – pianist, composer, arranger, producer, director, conductor Harry Partch – composer The Phenomenauts – science and space band, refer to Oakland as "Earth's capital" Phesto – rapper, producer Matt Pike – guitarist of Sleep and High on Fire The Pointer Sisters – Grammy Award-winning R&B singing group Pooh-Man – rapper PopLyfe – pop group Francis Rocco Prestia – musician Perri "Pebbles" Reid – singer-songwriter, manager of TLC San Quinn – rapper, born in Oakland, raised in San Francisco Richie Rich – rapper Cynthia Robinson – musician Raphael Saadiq – musician Arion Salazar – musician in Third Eye Blind Pharoah Sanders – musician Timothy B. Schmit – rock musician, bassist for the Eagles E.C. Scott – blues singer, songwriter and record producer; television host Tupac Shakur – rapper, lived in Oakland Shock G – rapper Sharon Shore – ballet dancer, model Calvin E. Simmons – symphony orchestra conductor, namesake of Calvin Simmons Theatre, born in San Francisco Souls of Mischief – rap group J. Stalin – rapper, co-founder of Livewire Records Steady Mobb'n – rap duo Jamie Stewart – frontman of the experimental group Xiu Xiu Shakir Stewart – record producer, Senior Vice President of Island Def Jam Music Group Freddie Stone – musician Rose Stone – musician Sly Stone – musician Bill Summers – musician The Team – rap group Tony! Toni! Toné! – R&B singing group Too Short – rapper, born in Los Angeles, lived in Oakland from 1980 to 1994 Tower of Power – band, formed and based in Oakland Tune-Yards – band; indie, afro-funk Weasel Walter – progressive rock and free jazz musician/composer Freddie Washington – musician Lenny Williams – musician, early member of Tower of Power Y&T – rock band, formed in Oakland 1974 Yukmouth – rapper Baba Zumbi – co-founder of hip hop group Zion I Physicians Eric Andrew Coleman – physician, practiced in Denver, recipient of MacArthur Foundation Fellowship ("Genius Grant") and Director of Care Transitions Program Samuel Merritt – physician, practiced in San Francisco, namesake of Merritt College, Merritt Hospital, and Lake Merritt, buried in Oakland Virginia Prentiss - nanny to Jack London, midwife and former slave Religious leaders Emma Pow Bauder – Conference Missionary of the United Brethren's California Conference David A. Bednar – LDS Apostle, born in Oakland David Berg – controversial cult leader, founder of Children of God Yusuf Bey – controversial Black Muslim activist Mose Durst – author, educator, former president of the Unification Church James Ishmael Ford – Zen Buddhist priest and Unitarian Universalist minister Ray Frank – female Jewish leader Jack Hayford – minister, chancellor, songwriter Judah Leon Magnes – prominent Reform rabbi, first President of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem Carol Anne O'Marie – Roman Catholic nun, mystery fiction writer Bebe Patten – evangelist and founder of Patten University Clarence Richard Silva – Catholic bishop from Oakland, current bishop of Honolulu Richard B. Stamps – anthropologist, archeologist, president of the Taipei Mission of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Allen Henry Vigneron – Catholic bishop, leader of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Oakland Scientists and inventors Harold C. Bradley – professor of biochemistry Dean Burk – medical researcher Fernando J. Corbató – computer scientist Frederick Cottrell – inventor Kim Eric Drexler – engineer, molecular nanotechnology theorist Frank Epperson – popsicle inventor Alexei Filippenko – astrophysicist, professor of astronomy Lloyd N. Ferguson – first African American to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat, biochemist and virologist; died in Oakland Ansel Franklin Hall – first park naturalist for Yosemite National Park, first Chief Forester for the National Park Service Richard F. Johnston – ornithologist, academic and author Ingemar Henry Lundquist – inventor and mechanical engineer Stanley Miller – chemist Sten Odenwald – NASA Astrophysicist Wendell Phillips – archaeologist and oil magnate Lydia Weld, first woman to get a degree in engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and naval architect in World War II William Shurtleff, researcher, technical writer, bibliographer, historian, and popularizer of soyfoods Writers and poets Daniel Alarcón – writer, currently resides in Oakland Catherine Asaro – writer Chauncey Bailey – journalist assassinated by an agent of Your Black Muslim Bakery Delilah L. Beasley – first African-American columnist to be published in a major newspaper Charles Borden – writer, sailed around the globe four times Anthony Boucher – writer GenHalley Kretschmer Brice – Poet laureate of Vallejo, California Garrett Caples – poet, writer Jon Carroll – columnist for the San Francisco Chronicle Frank Chin – writer Daniel Clowes – comic book writer, Academy Award-nominated screenwriter, currently resides in Oakland Robert Duncan – poet Sarah Webster Fabio – African-American writer, poet, educator; born in Nashville, lived in Oakland 1955-1979 Robert Harvey – literary theorist, born in Oakland Bruce Henderson – author, born in Oakland Sidney Howard – Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright, Academy Award-winning screenwriter Daedalus Howell – writer, currently resides in Oakland Maxine Hong Kingston – writer, currently resides in Oakland Richard Lange – Los Angeles-based author, born in Oakland Yiyun Li – writer, former creative writing instructor at Mills College Jack London – writer, raised in Oakland, namesake of Jack London Square Anthony Marra – writer Rod McKuen – poet, composer, singer Joaquin Miller – poet, lived in Oakland from 1886–1913 Jessica Mitford – author Leila Mottley – author and poet Jess Mowry – writer Ray Nelson – science-fiction writer Frank Norris – author, buried in Oakland Colleen Patrick-Goudreau – author, speaker, and podcaster Ishmael Reed – writer, currently resides in Oakland Mary Roach – science writer, currently resides in Oakland William Saroyan – dramatist, author, lived in Oakland from 1913-1918 Jason Shiga – author, cartoonist, puzzle designer Emji Spero – writer, poet, performance artist Jan Steckel – poet, writer, bisexual activist Alex Steffen – writer, born in Oakland Gertrude Stein – writer Robert Louis Stevenson – writer Tina Susman – journalist, Time senior editor, former national editor of BuzzFeed News Amy Tan – writer, born in Oakland Ben Fong-Torres – rock journalist Jack Vance – science fiction writer Nellie Wong – poet and activist, born in Oakland Shawn Wong – writer, English professor Helen Zia – writer, journalist, and activist, currently resides in Oakland Criminals Felix Mitchell – notorious drug lord and gang leader of the 1970s and early 1980s Hans Reiser – computer programmer, owner of Namesys, convicted of murdering his wife Tommy Lynn Sells – murderer and suspected serial killer References See also List of people from San Francisco List of people from Palo Alto List of people from San Jose, California List of people from Santa Cruz, California List of people from Berkeley, California List of mayors of Oakland, California Oakland Oakland, California People	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20from%20Oakland%2C%20California
Alfred Byrne (17 March 1882 – 13 March 1956) was an Irish politician who served as a Member of Parliament (MP), as a Teachta Dála (TD) and as Lord Mayor of Dublin. He was known as the "Shaking Hand of Dublin". Early life The second of seven children, he was the son of Thomas Byrne, an engineer, and Fanny Dowman. His childhood home was at 36 Seville Place, a terraced house with five rooms just off the North Strand in Dublin. Byrne dropped out of school at the age of 13, and was soon juggling jobs as a grocer's assistant and a bicycle mechanic. Eventually he used his savings to buy a pub on Talbot Street. He married Elizabeth Heagney in 1910. Early political career Byrne became an Alderman on Dublin Corporation in 1914. He was a member of the Dublin Port and Docks Board, a significant position for a politician from the Dublin Harbour constituency. In the records of the Oireachtas his occupation is given as company director. He was elected as MP for Dublin Harbour in a by-election on 1 October 1915, following the death of William Abraham, as a candidate of the Irish Parliamentary Party. The Easter Rising in 1916 was followed by the rapid decline of the Irish Parliamentary Party and the rise of Sinn Féin. At the general election in 1918 Byrne was defeated by a Sinn Féin candidate, Philip Shanahan. Byrne was elected as an Independent TD supporting the Anglo-Irish Treaty for the Dublin Mid constituency at the general election to the Third Dáil in 1922. From 1923 to 1928 he represented Dublin North. He was an elected member of Seanad Éireann, for a six-year term from 1928. He vacated his Dáil seat on 4 December 1928. He resigned from the Seanad on 10 December 1931, and returned to the Dáil in 1932. He remained a TD until his death in 1956, representing Dublin North (1932–1937) and Dublin North-East (1937–1956). In several elections he secured more votes than any other politician in the country. Lord Mayor (1930–1939) Byrne was elected as Lord Mayor of Dublin in 1930, serving in the post for nine consecutive years. When cycling or walking around the city he dispensed lollipops to children, who were often seen chasing him down the street. With a handshake and a few words for all, his eternal canvassing soon earned him the first of his nicknames: the Shaking Hand of Dublin. Married with eight children, Byrne treated the people of Dublin as his second family. Every morning he would find up to fifty people waiting for him in the Mansion House. None had appointments. All were met. Byrne answered 15,000 letters in his first year as Lord Mayor. Many were from Dubliners looking for a job, a house, some advice or a reference. One morning in 1931 a journalist watched the Lord Mayor attend to his correspondence. Within an hour he accepted "seventeen invitations to public dinners, one invitation to a public entertainment and eight invitations to public functions." Then he dictated forty-three sympathetic letters to men and women looking for employment. In 1937, children between the ages of eight and eleven years old were being sentenced to spend up to five years in Industrial Schools. Their crime was stealing a few apples from an orchard. When Byrne said such sentences were "savage," a judge responded with a defence of the Industrial School system, urging an end to "ridiculous Mansion House mummery." Byrne stood firm: "For the punishment of trifling offences the home of the children is better than any institution." In 1938, Byrne was favoured by the press for the presidency of Ireland, a ceremonial role created in the new Constitution, but he was outgunned by the political establishment. Relations with the United States and the United Kingdom When, in 1935, Byrne became the first Lord Mayor of Dublin to visit North America in 40 years, he was granted the freedom of Toronto, and The New York Times hailed the arrival of a "champion showman." Byrne often extended a hand of friendship to Britain. He also improved relations between Dublin (until recently the centre of British authority) and the rest of the country. One night Dublin Fire Brigade got an urgent call for assistance from Clones. As Lord Mayor, Byrne felt obliged to join the men on top of the fire engine as they set off on the 85-mile journey in the middle of the night. Anti-communist connections In August 1936, Byrne addressed the inaugural meeting of the anti-communist Irish Christian Front, some of whose members later expressed anti-Semitic views. In 1938, as Lord Mayor, he presented a gift of a replica of the Ardagh Chalice to Italian naval cadets visiting Dublin on board two warships, who had been welcomed by the Irish government despite the protests of Dubliners. A photograph exists of Byrne giving a fascist salute along with Eoin O'Duffy, commander of the Blueshirts, around 1933. Final term as Lord Mayor (1954) In 1954, Byrne was elected as Lord Mayor for a record tenth time. This time he did not live in the Mansion House, but stayed in Rathmines with his family, taking the bus to work each morning. He was just as devoted to the job. When flooding damaged 20,000 houses in Fairview and North Strand, he rose from his sick bed to organise a relief fund. Byrne's final term as Lord Mayor came to an end in 1955. Shortly afterwards, Trinity College Dublin awarded him an honorary Doctorate of Law, describing him as a "champion of the poor and needy, and a friend of all men." Death Alfie Byrne died on 13 March 1956. An obituary in The Irish Times noted: Byrne's funeral was the largest seen in Dublin for many years. The Evening Herald reported that "Traffic in O'Connell Street was held up for almost 20 minutes to allow the cortege of over 150 motor cars to pass, and at all the junctions along the route to Glasnevin people silently gathered to pay tribute to one of Dublin’s most famous sons". The Irish Times noted that "one of the largest groups of people gathered at the Five Lamps, one of the few places at which Alderman Byrne always made a speech during his election campaign for Dublin North-East." The Irish Press reported a tribute by the Taoiseach, John A Costello, "He had great personal charm and was known for his old-world courtliness both at home and abroad.... We mourn in the passing of Alfie Byrne the loss of an honoured and distinguished Irishman whose place in the hearts of his fellow countrymen was unique and who gave a lifetime of unselfish devotion to their service." The members of the Dáil stood and observed a short silence as a mark of respect. A telegram was sent to his widow from the Mayor of New York, Robert F. Wagner Jr., expressing deepest sympathy, and stating "that Ald. Byrne had attained high office of Lord Mayor many times, but he never lost contact with the poor and the underprivileged, whose champion he was". Legacy The press called him the "Shaking Hand of Dublin", Alfred the Great, and The Lord Mayor of Ireland, but most people knew him simply as Alfie. As one of the most popular Dublin-born politicians of the 20th century, he did not write a memoir. The by-election caused by his death, was won by his son Patrick Byrne. Two other sons A. P. Byrne and Thomas Byrne were also TDs for various Dublin constituencies. Alfie Byrne Road in Clontarf is named after him. The Dublin Bay North branch of Young Fine Gael was renamed 'Alfie Byrne YFG'. Alfie Byrne also holds the distinction of being the only person to serve as Councillor, Alderman, Lord Mayor of Dublin, MP, TD and Senator. See also Families in the Oireachtas References Further reading Who's Who of British Members of Parliament: Vol. II 1886-1918, edited by M. Stenton & S. Lees (The Harvester Press 1978) External links 1882 births 1956 deaths Burials at Glasnevin Cemetery Independent TDs Independent members of Seanad Éireann Irish Parliamentary Party MPs Irish anti-communists Lord Mayors of Dublin Members of the 3rd Dáil Members of the 4th Dáil Members of the 5th Dáil Members of the 6th Dáil Members of the 7th Dáil Members of the 8th Dáil Members of the 9th Dáil Members of the 10th Dáil Members of the 11th Dáil Members of the 12th Dáil Members of the 13th Dáil Members of the 14th Dáil Members of the 15th Dáil Members of the 1928 Seanad Members of the 1931 Seanad Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Dublin constituencies (1801–1922) Politicians from County Dublin UK MPs 1910–1918	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfie%20Byrne
HMS Mildura was a built for the Royal Navy in the late 1880s. Originally named HMS Pelorus, she was renamed after an Australian town in April 1890. Per the Imperial Defense Act of 1887, she served primarily in Australian waters. Captain Henry Leah was in command from April 1897 until April 1900, when Captain Henry C. A. Baynes arrived in Australia on board to take command of the ship. He was succeeded by Captain Charles Kingsmill in September 1900. She was part of the naval escort for the visit of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York (later King George V and Queen Mary) to New Zealand aboard the chartered Royal liner HMS Ophir during 1901. With (flagship) and , she visited Norfolk Island in July 1902, Suva, Fiji the following month, and Tonga in September. She was sold to Garnham, London for scrap in 1906 for £7,200. Notes References 1889 ships Ships built by Armstrong Whitworth Ships built on the River Tyne Pearl-class cruisers Victorian-era cruisers of the United Kingdom	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Mildura
William Kettner (November 20, 1864 – November 11, 1930) was a US Democratic politician from San Diego, California. He served four terms in Congress from 1913 through 1921 and is credited with bringing many U.S. Navy facilities to San Diego. Biography Kettner was born in 1864 in Ann Arbor, Michigan to John F. and Frederika Kettner, both German immigrants. His parents moved to St. Paul, Minnesota in 1873. His father died when he was 13, so he had to leave school to work, first as a bell boy, then he drove a dray horse. He came to San Diego when he was 21, in the middle of an economic boom in the late 1880s, and worked various odd jobs around the state. In 1893 he married Ida B. Griffs in Visalia, California and went into the real estate and insurance business there. The couple divorced in 1904. Kettner married Marion Morgan in 1905, and they lived in Visalia until moving to San Diego in 1907. William Kettner set up an insurance business, and later became involved with real estate and banking. The next year the city was visited by the U.S. Navy's Great White Fleet - its first U.S. stop on a round-the-world cruise. Kettner was inspired by the visit and volunteered to organize the city's reception festivities for the fleet. He then became a member of the board of the San Diego Chamber of Commerce, and served as its director. Kettner was first elected to the House of Representatives in 1912. Although he was a Democrat and Republicans had traditionally represented the district, he was supported by many Republicans, including the conservative San Diego Union, because of his popularity with the Chamber of Commerce and the turmoil in the national Republican party caused by Theodore Roosevelt's split of the party into "stand-patters" and Progressives. Republicans used the slogan "Why not Kettner?" Kettner won by 3,500 votes. He was re-elected in 1914 by 24,000 votes; in 1916 by 9,000 votes; and in 1918 when he ran unopposed. He stepped down as congressman in 1920 due to poor health and a financial downturn with his insurance business. During his four terms in Congress, 1913–1921, he spent much effort bringing Naval bases to San Diego. His first accomplishment, achieved by lobbying even before he was sworn in as a member of Congress, was a federal appropriation to dredge San Diego Bay to allow large ships to enter. He continued to promote San Diego and Southern California interests (the Congressional district then encompassed ten counties) throughout his tenure. Kettner won friends easily with his warm personality and addressed colleagues as "brother", earning him the nickname of "Brother Bill" in San Diego and Washington. He courted many congressmen and officials, lobbying them over dinner and gifting them with California produce such as oranges and wine. He became friends with Franklin D. Roosevelt, then Assistant Secretary of the Navy. Roosevelt visited San Diego during the 1915 Panama-California Exposition and came away impressed with the area's potential as a Navy base. He helped Kettner's efforts to establish bases in San Diego as assistant Naval secretary and later as President. By the time Kettner retired from Congress in 1921, he had secured many Naval bases, including Camp Kearny on the site which is now Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, the Broadway Naval Supply Depot, the 32nd Street Naval Station, San Diego Naval Hospital, Naval Training Center San Diego, and Naval Air Station North Island. The military later became for a time the largest employer in San Diego County. Kettner was nicknamed the "Million Dollar Congressman" for his ability to gain Naval bases in San Diego. Kettner died in San Diego in 1930 and is buried at Greenwood Memorial Park, beside his mother, who died in 1912. In 1919 the fireboat Bill Kettner, in use until 1961, was named in his honor. In 1930, San Diego's Arctic Street was renamed Kettner Boulevard to honor him. Quote Notes Other references . Compiled by Mary B. Steyle. Kettner's Congressional autobiography, with his portrait. , v. 2, pp. 104–105: "William Kettner" Biography, pp. 106–108 Biography (San Diego Historical Society) "William Kettner: San Diego's Dynamic Congressman", The Journal of San Diego History 25:3 (Summer 1979) by Lucille C. DuVall 1864 births 1930 deaths History of San Diego Businesspeople from San Diego Politicians from San Diego Politicians from Ann Arbor, Michigan Politicians from Saint Paul, Minnesota People from Visalia, California American bankers American businesspeople in insurance American real estate businesspeople American people of German descent California city council members Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from California Burials at Greenwood Memorial Park (San Diego)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Kettner
The McLeod Center is a 7,018-seat multi-purpose arena on the campus of the University of Northern Iowa (UNI) in Cedar Falls, Iowa, USA, currently housing the university's teams in men's and women's basketball, and women's volleyball. The arena opened on November 18, 2006, with a volleyball game against Bradley. The other three UNI teams made their debuts in the facility over the next three days — men's basketball versus Milwaukee on November 19, women's basketball against Iowa State on November 20, and wrestling versus Iowa on November 21. The McLeod Center replaced the UNI-Dome as the home of the university's basketball teams and West Gymnasium as the home of the volleyball and wrestling teams (the wrestling squad moved back to the West Gym after the 2007-2008 season). The McLeod Center is located on the west end of the campus, directly south of the UNI-Dome and connected by a covered walkway that also houses an extensive athletic hall of fame. A video board is located on the south wall with home and visiting team scoreboards on either side showing the players' game information. There are two scoreboards on the north side and ribbon boards above the concession stands on the east and west sides. Since opening, the arena has had quite a significant positive economic impact for the university. It brings in $20–25 million annually, doubled the attendance of basketball games, and has almost 400,000 visitors a year. The arena also hosts commencement ceremonies throughout the year and can be used for recreation upon request. During the 2009-2010, 2014-2015, and 2019-2020 men's basketball seasons, the team was undefeated at the McLeod Center. For the first time in venue history, they sold out every seat for a women's basketball game against Iowa on November 12, 2023. This was primarily because of Hawkeye phenom Caitlin Clark. Other use On May 18, 2010, the McLeod Center was the first building in Iowa to host the 14th Dalai Lama. On October 24, 2010, Bob Dylan performed at the venue. Other artists who have performed include Brad Paisley, Luke Bryan, Rodney Atkins, The All-American Rejects, Meat Loaf, Miranda Lambert, Gloriana and Alan Jackson. The Stadium also hosts the yearly Iowa Regional for the FIRST Robotics Competition See also List of NCAA Division I basketball arenas References External links Official web site Center facts College basketball venues in the United States Buildings and structures in Cedar Falls, Iowa Northern Iowa Panthers basketball Basketball venues in Iowa College volleyball venues in the United States 2006 establishments in Iowa Sports venues completed in 2006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLeod%20Center
The Jack Dyer Medal is an Australian rules football award given each season to the player or players adjudged best and fairest for the Richmond Football Club. The award is now named in honour of Jack Dyer, a champion ruckman who won the award five times from 1937 to 1946. He was one of the inaugural "Legends" inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 1996. Other multiple winners have been Kevin Bartlett (five times); Wayne Campbell and dual Brownlow Medallist Roy Wright (four times each); Ron Branton, Neville Crowe, Geoff Raines, Brownlow Medallist Bill Morris, and Trent Cotchin (three times each). Basil McCormack, Jack Titus, Leo Merrett, Des Rowe, Dave Cuzens, Royce Hart, Maurice Rioli, Dale Weightman, Matthew Knights, Tony Free, Joel Bowden, Brett Deledio, Dustin Martin, and most recently Jack Riewoldt have all won the award twice. Bill Morris, Roy Wright, Ian Stewart, Trent Cotchin and Dustin Martin all won the best and fairest in the same years that they won their Brownlow Medals at Richmond, while Stan Judkins, Brownlow Medallist in 1930, never won the club's award. The voting system as of the 2023 AFL season, consists of all the team’s players on match day receiving a rating from 0-5 based on their overall performance. The match committee assesses each player’s offensive, defensive and contest impacts on the game. After those game phases have been analysed, the 0-5 rating is given as a joint match committee decision. Votes are not allocated for what the match committee deems a below-average performance. Recipients Multiple winners Removed winners Following a nineteen-year investigation undertaken by members of the Richmond Historical Committee, it was announced in November 2019 that their research into the history of the award had discovered that 18 of the 22 awards between 1911 and 1936 (none had been listed in 1912, 1915, and 1930–1931) were not actually presented at the time but were instead erroneously added retrospectively in 1988 and 1991. This caused a degree of controversy, as this resulted in Jack Dyer's record tally of six medals being reduced to five (with his 1932 award being removed), equal with Kevin Bartlett. In addition, Ray Martin also had his back-to-back medals reduced to one (his 1934 award was removed), and a further twelve players—including those from the club's earliest years in the VFL/AFL, members of the club's 1920–1921 premiership teams, and teammates of Dyer—had all of their awards removed from the records. References General Specific Australian Football League awards Richmond Football Club Australian rules football-related lists	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Dyer%20Medal
"Bombtrack" is a song by American rock band Rage Against the Machine. It is the opening track on their self-titled debut album. Like most of Rage Against the Machine's songs, the song's lyrics discuss social inequality, proclaiming that "landlords and power whores" were going to "burn". The riffs were composed by Rage Against the Machine bassist Tim Commerford. The song is one of three on the album in the key of F along with "Know Your Enemy" and "Fistful of Steel". A music video was released, depicting support for the Peruvian Maoist revolutionary organization, Sendero Luminoso and its leader Abimael Guzman. The video clip did not appear on the group's first home video, citing Rage's first altered political opinion. In 2003, the video finally appeared as bonus material on their Live at the Grand Olympic Auditorium DVD. The single artwork features Cuban photographer Alberto Korda's famous image of Che Guevara, Guerrillero Heroico. A mirrored version of the iconic two-tone portrait by Irish artist Jim Fitzpatrick (T-shirt version). Perhaps the song's most notable appearance outside of the music industry would be its appearance in Oliver Stone's controversial film Natural Born Killers, when Mickey breaks out of his prison cell in search of Mallory. Live performances The song made its live debut on March 8, 1992, in San Luis Obispo, California. The acoustic version of the song was only played live once. This was at the KROQ Acoustic Christmas on December 12, 1993. The lyrics, "Hardline, hardline after hardline!" are, on occasion, changed to "Hardline after muthafuckin' hardline!" as well as the line during the chorus, "Burn! Burn, yes ya gonna burn!" are occasionally changed to, "Burn! Motherfucker, burn!" When first recorded in the studio, and during live performances, bassist Tim Commerford sings the chorus with de la Rocha. Track listing CD "Bombtrack" "Bombtrack [Evening Session version]" "Bombtrack [live version]" The 'Evening Session' version was recorded on BBC Radio 1 during Mark Goodier's Evening Session. 7" "Bombtrack" – 4:03 "Bombtrack" (live) – 6:00 Special Pinkpop edition On June 24, 1994, a special edition of the "Bombtrack" CD single was released for the Pinkpop Music Festival's 25th birthday. This version contains an alternative track listing. "Bombtrack" "Freedom" (live) "Settle for Nothing" (live) "Bombtrack" [Evening Session version] "Bullet in the Head" [remix] "Take the Power Back" (live) "Darkness of Greed" "Bullet in the Head" (live) "Bombtrack" (live) Tracks three and eight recorded live at Melkweg in Amsterdam, February 7, 1993. Track six recorded live in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, April 11, 1993. Track nine recorded live in Minneapolis, United States, April 5, 1993. Track five remix by Sir Jinx. The Evening Session version of "Bombtrack" is a completely reworked, slower "swing" version of the song with altered lyrics, which later appeared on Evil Empires "Without a Face". In popular culture The song was made available for download on May 8, 2012, to play in Rock Band 3 Basic and PRO mode utilizing real guitar / bass guitar, and MIDI compatible electronic drum kits. In 2017, Stone Sour covered the song as part of Metal Hammer's Metal Hammer Goes '90s compilation album, and appears on the deluxe edition of their 2017 album Hydrograd. References External links 1992 songs 1993 singles Epic Records singles Rage Against the Machine songs Song recordings produced by Garth Richardson Songs written by Tom Morello Songs written by Brad Wilk Songs written by Tim Commerford Songs written by Zack de la Rocha	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombtrack
HMS Pelorus was the first of the s, and was laid down at Sheerness dockyard in 1895. Completed and commissioned into the Royal Navy in 1897, she was designed by Sir William White. Construction cost £154,315. The ship was well armed for her size, but was primarily a workhorse for the overseas fleet. HMS Pelorus displaced 2,135 tons and had a top speed of . She had reciprocating triple expansion engines and Normand water-tube boilers which could give for limited periods of time with forced draught, and under natural draught. It carried a crew complement of 224 men and it was armed with eight QF 4 inch (102 mm) (25 pounder) guns, eight QF 3 pounder (47-mm) guns, three machine guns, and two 18-inch (450-mm) torpedo tubes. Service history Pelorus served in the Channel Fleet under Captain Henry Charles Bertram Hulbert, when in February 1900 she joined the Eastern division of the fleet. In 1901, the ship was stationed at Gibraltar under the command of Commander Ernest Troubridge. The following year she paid off at Devonport, had her boilers repaired, and in August was towed to Clydebank to be refitted by Messrs J. Brown and Co. in Glasgow. In 1906, the ship was assigned to the Cape of Good Hope Station under the command of Commander James C. Tancred. In 1908 the captain was Arthur W Craig. References E E Highams, 'Across a Continent in a Man of War' (Westminster Press, London, 1909) External links Pelorus-class cruisers of the Royal Navy Ships built in Sheerness 1896 ships World War I cruisers of the United Kingdom	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Pelorus%20%281896%29
The 1986 Chernobyl disaster triggered the release of radioactive contamination into the atmosphere in the form of both particulate and gaseous radioisotopes. , it was the world's largest known release of radioactivity into the environment. The work of the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE), suggests that the Chernobyl incident cannot be directly compared to atmospheric tests of nuclear weapons by simply saying that it's better or worse. This is partly because the isotopes released at Chernobyl tended to be longer-lived than those released by the detonation of atomic bombs. The economic damage caused by the disaster is estimated at $235 billion. Radiation effects on humans In a 2009 United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) study, the Chernobyl accident had by 2005 caused 61,200 man-Sv of radiation exposure to recovery workers and evacuees, 125,000 man-Sv to the populace of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia, and a dose to most other European countries amounting to 115,000 man-Sv. The report estimated a further 25% more exposure would be received from residual radioisotopes after 2005. The global collective dose from Chernobyl was earlier estimated by UNSCEAR in 1988 to be "600,000 man Sv, equivalent on average to 21 additional days of world exposure to natural background radiation." Dose to the general public within 30 km of the plant The inhalation dose (internal dose) for the public during the time of the accident and their evacuation from the area in what is now the 30 km evacuation zone around the plant has been estimated, based on ground deposition of caesium-137, to be between 3 and 150 mSv. Thyroid doses for adults around the Chernobyl area were estimated to be between 20 and 1000 mSv, while for one-year-old infants, these estimates were higher, at 20 to 6000 mSv. For those who left the area soon after the accident, the internal dose due to inhalation was 8 to 13 times higher than the external dose due to gamma/beta emitters. For those who remained until later (day 10 or later), the inhalation dose was 50 to 70% higher than the dose due to external exposure. The majority of the dose was due to iodine-131 (about 40%) and tellurium and rubidium isotopes (about 20 to 30% for Rb and Te). The ingestion doses in this same group of people have also been estimated using the cesium activity per unit of area, isotope ratios, an average day of evacuation, intake rate of milk and green vegetables, and what is known about the transfer of radioactivity via plants and animals to humans. For adults, the dose has been estimated to be between 3 and 180 mSv, while for one-year-old infants, a dose of between 20 and 1300 mSv has been estimated. Again, the majority of the dose was thought to be due to iodine-131. Childhood exposure Ukraine, Belarus and parts of Russia were exposed to radiation after the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, but prior to the disaster the number of children affected by thyroid cancer was relatively low globally. Every year about, "0.1–2.2 individuals per million of all aged under 15 years old world wide" were affected by thyroid cancer. Research has shown after the Chernobyl disaster the level of thyroid cancer, particularly in children near the radiation exposure, increased. Although iodine-131 has a short half-life compared to other radioactive isotopes, iodine-131 made its way through the food chain through a milk-to-consumer pathway. 95% of iodine-131 was ingested through milk after the disaster. Communities were unaware of the contamination deposited in soil and the transforming capabilities of radiation into other food sources. Children also absorbed radiation after drinking milk. The absorption rate discovered in children has also shown to be inversely proportional to age. There is a high rate of thyroid cancer among children less than 15 years old who were exposed to the radiation after the disaster and an increasing level of dosage as age decreases. This inverse proportion could be explained by the way in which children absorb iodine-131. Children have smaller thyroid glands compared to adults and have a different dosage response after the ingestion of iodine-131. A cohort study conducted in 2013 discovered a similar trend between age and dosage response. The cohort was composed of 12,000 participants, all of which were exposed to the radiation in Belarus and reported to be under the age of 18 at the time of the exposure. Future study Studying the populations that were exposed to radiation after the Chernobyl accident has provided data linking exposure to radiation and the future development of cancer. Cases of pediatric thyroid cancer, likely caused by absorption of Iodine-131 into the thyroid gland, increased in Ukraine and Belarus 3 to 4 years after the accident. Children were most at risk, and cases did not seem to increase in adults. The greatest increase was seen in children who were the youngest at the time of exposure, and most of the pediatric thyroid cases were reported in Gomel, Belarus, where the population was exposed to the highest levels of contamination. The majority of the cases that appeared in the exposed population were papillary thyroid cancer. Before the accident, the rate of thyroid cancer in children in Belarus was less than 1 per million. By 1995, nine years after the disaster, the number of cases of pediatric thyroid cancer in Gomel Oblast rose to 100 per million per year. Even as adults those who were exposed to the radiation as children may still be at risk of developing thyroid cancer decades after the exposure. It is important to study the at risk population throughout their lives, and observe if different patterns arise in tumors that develop with longer latency. A group of experts who are part of the Agenda for Research on Chernobyl Health (ARCH) have proposed a series of potential studies that would examine the continued effects from the Chernobyl accident, and provide more information on the full extent of related health consequences. Results from lifelong observation of the exposed population could provide more information on risks as well as future protection against radiation exposure. Short-term health effects and immediate results The explosion at the power station and subsequent fires inside the remains of the reactor resulted in the development and dispersal of a radioactive cloud which drifted not only over Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine, but also over most of Europe and as far as Canada. The initial evidence that a release of radioactive material had occurred came not from Soviet sources, but from Sweden, where on 28 April, two days after the disaster itself, workers at the Forsmark Nuclear Power Plant, approximately 1100 km from the Chernobyl site were found to have radioactive particles on their clothing. It was Sweden's search for the source of the radioactivity, after they had determined there was no leak at the Swedish plant, that led to the first hint of a critical incident in the Western Soviet Union. Contamination from the Chernobyl disaster was not evenly spread across the surrounding countryside but scattered irregularly depending on weather conditions. Reports from Soviet and Western scientists indicate that Belarus received about 60% of the contamination that fell on the former Soviet Union. A large area in Russia south of Bryansk was also contaminated, as were parts of northwestern Ukraine. 203 people were hospitalized, of whom 31 died. 28 of them died from acute radiation exposure. Most of these were fire and rescue workers trying to bring the disaster under control, who were not aware of how dangerous the radiation exposure from the smoke was. (For a discussion of the more important isotopes in fallout see fission products). 135,000 people were evacuated from the area, including 50,000 from the nearby town of Pripyat, Ukraine. Health officials have predicted that over the next 70 years there will be a 28% increase in cancer rates in much of the population which was exposed to the 5–12 EBq (depending on source) of radioactive contamination released from the reactor. Soviet scientists reported that the Chernobyl Unit 4 reactor contained about 180–190 metric tons of uranium dioxide fuel and fission products. Estimates of the amount of this material that escaped range from 5 to 30%. Because of the heat of the fire, and with no containment building to stop it, part of the ejected fuel was vaporized or particularized and rose into the atmosphere, where it spread. Workers and "liquidators" The workers involved in the recovery and clean up after the disaster, called "liquidators", received high doses of radiation. In most cases, these workers were not equipped with individual dosimeters to measure the amount of radiation received, so experts could only estimate their doses. Even where dosimeters were used, dosimetric procedures varied - some workers are thought to have been given more accurate estimated doses than others. According to Soviet estimates, between 300,000 and 600,000 people were involved in the cleanup of the 30 km evacuation zone around the reactor, but many of them entered the zone two years after the disaster. Estimates of the number of "liquidators" vary; the World Health Organization, for example, puts the figure at about 600,000; Russia lists as liquidators some people who did not work in contaminated areas. In the first year after the disaster, the number of cleanup workers in the zone was estimated to be 2,000. These workers received an estimated average dose of 165 millisieverts (16.5 REM). A sevenfold increase in DNA mutations has been identified in children of liquidators conceived after the accident, when compared to their siblings that were conceived before. However, this effect has diminished over time. Evacuation Soviet Military authorities started evacuating people from the area around Chernobyl on the second day after the disaster (after about 36 hours). By May 1986, about a month later, all those living within a radius of the plant (about 116,000 people) had been relocated. This area is often referred to as the zone of alienation. However, radiation affected the environment over a much wider scale than this 30 km radius encloses. According to reports from Soviet scientists, 28,000 square kilometers (km2, or 10,800 square miles, mi2) were contaminated by caesium-137 to levels greater than 185 kBq per square meter. 830,000 people lived in this area. About 10,500 km 2 (4,000 mi2) were contaminated by caesium-137 to levels greater than 555 kBq/m2. Of this total, roughly 7,000 km2 (2,700 mi2) lie in Belarus, 2,000 km2 (800 mi2) in the Russian Federation and 1,500 km2 (580 mi2) in Ukraine. About 250,000 people lived in this area. These reported data were corroborated by the International Chernobyl Project. Civilians Some children in the contaminated areas were exposed to high thyroid doses of up to 50 gray (Gy), mostly due to an intake of radioactive iodine-131 (a relatively short-lived isotope with a half-life of 8 days) from contaminated milk produced locally. Several studies have found that the incidence of thyroid cancer among children in Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia has risen since the Chernobyl disaster. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) notes "1800 documented cases of thyroid cancer in children who were between 0 and 14 years of age when the disaster occurred, which is far higher than normal", although this source fails to note the expected rate. The childhood thyroid cancers that have appeared are of an aggressive type but, if detected early, can be treated. Treatment entails surgery followed by iodine-131 therapy for any metastases. To date, such treatment appears to have been successful in the vast majority of cases. Late in 1995, the World Health Organization (WHO) linked nearly 700 cases of thyroid cancer among children and adolescents to the Chernobyl disaster, and among these, some 10 deaths are attributed to radiation. However, the rapid increase in thyroid cancers detected suggests some of this increase may be an artifact of the screening process. Typical latency time of radiation-induced thyroid cancer is about 10 years, but the increase in childhood thyroid cancers in some regions was observed as early as 1987. Plant and animal health A swath of pine forest killed by acute radiation was named the Red Forest. The dead pines were bulldozed and buried. Livestock were removed during the human evacuations. Elsewhere in Europe, levels of radioactivity were examined in various natural food stocks. In both Sweden and Finland, fish in deep freshwater lakes were banned for resale and landowners were advised not to consume certain types. Animals living in contaminated areas in and around Chernobyl developed side effects caused by the initial levels of radiation. When the disaster first occurred, the health and reproductive ability of animals and plants were negatively affected for the first six months. Invertebrate populations (including bumblebees, butterflies, grasshoppers, dragonflies, and spiders) decreased. As of 2009, most radioactivity around Chernobyl was located in the top layer of soil, where many invertebrates live or lay their eggs. Radionuclides migrate through either soil diffusion or transportation within the soil solution. The effects of ionizing radiation on plants and trees in particular depends on factors that include climatic conditions, the mechanism of radiation deposition, and the soil type. Altitude, soil disturbance, and biological activity are also factors that influence the amount of radioisotopes in soil. Radiated vegetation affects organisms further up the food chain. Upper-level trophic organisms may have received less contamination, due to their ability to be more mobile and feed from multiple areas. The amount of radioactive nuclides found to have been deposited into surrounding lakes has increased the normal baseline radioactive amounts by 100 percent. Most of the radionuclides in surrounding water areas were found in the sediments at the bottom of the lakes. There has been a high incidence of chromosomal changes in plant and animal aquatic organisms, and this generally has correlated with the contamination and resulting genetic instability. Most of the lakes and rivers surrounding the Chernobyl exclusion zone are still contaminated with radionuclides (and will be for many years to come) as the natural decontamination processes of nuclides with longer half-lives can take years. One of the mechanisms by which radionuclides were passed to humans was through the ingestion of milk from contaminated cows. Most of the rough grazing that the cows took part in contained plant species such as coarse grasses, sedges, rushes, and plants such as heather (also known as Calluna vulgaris). These plant species grow in soils that are high in organic matter, low in pH, and are often well hydrated, thus making the storage and intake of these radionuclides more feasible and efficient. Shortly after the Chernobyl accident, high levels of radionuclides were found in the milk and were a direct result of contaminated feeding. Within two months of banning most of the milk that was being produced in the affected areas, officials had phased out the majority of the contaminated feed that was available to the cows and much of the contamination was isolated. In humans, ingestion of milk containing abnormally high levels of iodine radionuclides was the precursor for thyroid disease, especially in children and in the immunocompromised. Due to the bioaccumulation of caesium-137, some mushrooms as well as wild animals which eat them, e.g. wild boars hunted in Germany and deer in Austria, may have levels which are not considered safe for human consumption. Mandatory radioactivity testing of sheep in parts of the UK that graze on lands with contaminated peat was lifted in 2012. While effects on the immediate physical health of individual animals within the affected area tended to be negative, population levels of animals in the affected areas began to increase following the evacuation of humans. In the 1996 BBC Horizon documentary 'Inside Chernobyl's Sarcophagus', birds are seen flying in and out of large holes in the structure itself. Other casual observations also reported an increase in biodiversity due to the reduced human presence. Human pregnancy Despite spurious studies from Germany and Turkey, the only robust evidence of negative pregnancy outcomes that transpired after the accident was the increase in elective abortions, these "indirect effects", in Greece, Denmark, Italy etc., have been attributed to "anxieties created" by the media. Researchers at the time knew that high doses of radiation increase the rate of physiological pregnancy and fetal abnormalities, but select researchers who were familiar with both the prior human exposure data and animal testing knew that, unlike the dominant linear no-threshold model of radiation and cancer rate increases, the "Malformation of organs appears to be a deterministic effect (an effect not caused by chance) with a threshold dose" below which no rate increase is observed. Frank Castronovo of the Harvard Medical School discussed this teratology (birth defects) issue in 1999, publishing a review of dose reconstructions and the available pregnancy data following the Chernobyl accident, which included data from Kiyv's two largest obstetrics hospitals. Castronovo concludes that "the lay press with newspaper reporters playing up anecdotal stories of children with birth defects" and dubious studies flawed by "selection bias", are the two primary factors causing the persistent belief that Chernobyl increased the background rate of birth defects. However, the data does not support this perception because, since no pregnant individuals took part in the most radioactive liquidator operations, no pregnant individuals were exposed to the threshold dose. Despite Castronovo's statements, Karl Sperling, Heidemarie Neitzel and Hagen Scherb reported that the prevalence of Down syndrome (trisomy 21) in West Berlin, Germany, peaked 9 months following the main fallout.[ 11, 12] From 1980 to 1986 the birth prevalence of Down syndrome was quite stable (i.e., 1.35–1.59 per 1,000 live births [27–31 cases]). In 1987, 46 cases were diagnosed (prevalence = 2.11 per 1,000 live births) and most of the increase resulted from a cluster of 12 children born in January 1987. The prevalence of Down Syndrome in 1988 was 1.77, and in 1989, it reached pre-Chernobyl values. The authors noted that the cluster of children would have been conceived when radioactive clouds containing radionucleotides with short half-lives, like iodine, would have been covering the region and also that the isolated geographical position of West Berlin prior to reunification, the free genetic counseling, and complete coverage of the population through one central cytogenetic laboratory supported completeness of case ascertainment; in addition, constant culture preparation and analysis protocols ensure a high quality of data. Long-term health effects Science and politics: the problem of epidemiological studies The issue of long-term effects of the Chernobyl disaster on civilians is controversial. Over 300,000 people were resettled because of the disaster. Millions lived and continue to live in the contaminated area. On the other hand, most of those affected received relatively low doses of radiation; there is little evidence of increased mortality, cancers or birth defects among them; and when such evidence is present, existence of a causal link to radioactive contamination is uncertain. An increased incidence of thyroid cancer among children in areas of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia affected by the Chernobyl disaster has been established as a result of screening programs and, in the case of Belarus, an established cancer registry. The findings of most epidemiological studies must be considered interim, say experts, as analysis of the health effects of the disaster is an ongoing process. Multilevel modelling indicates that long-term psychological distress among Belarusians affected by the Chernobyl disaster is better predicted by stress-moderating psychosocial factors present in one's daily life than by level of residential radiation contamination. Epidemiological studies have been hampered in Ukraine, Russian Federation and Belarus by a lack of funds, an infrastructure with little experience in chronic disease epidemiology, poor communication facilities, public health issues and a political culture of secrecy and deception. Emphasis has been placed on screening rather than on well-designed epidemiological studies. International efforts to organize such studies have been slowed in particular by the lack of a suitable scientific infrastructure. The political nature of nuclear energy has affected scientific studies. In Belarus, Yury Bandazhevsky, a scientist who questioned the official estimates of Chernobyl's consequences and the relevancy of the official maximum limit of 1,000 Bq/kg, was imprisoned from 2001 to 2005. Bandazhevsky and some human rights groups allege his imprisonment was a reprisal for his publication of reports critical of the official research being conducted into the Chernobyl incident. The activities undertaken by Belarus and Ukraine in response to the disaster — remediation of the environment, evacuation and resettlement, development of uncontaminated food sources and food distribution channels, and public health measures — have overburdened the governments of those countries. International agencies and foreign governments have provided logistic and humanitarian assistance. In addition, the work of the European Commission and World Health Organization in strengthening the epidemiological research infrastructure in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus is laying the basis for advances in these countries' general ability to conduct epidemiological studies. Caesium radioisotopes The main health concern initially involved radioactive iodine, with a half-life of eight days. Today, there is concern about contamination of the soil with strontium-90 and caesium-137, which have half-lives of about 30 years. The highest levels of caesium-137 are found in the surface layers of the soil where they are absorbed by plants, insects and mushrooms, which then enter the local food supply ). Some scientists fear that radioactivity will affect the local population for the next several generations. Note that caesium is not mobile in most soils because it binds to the clay minerals. Tests () showed that caesium-137 levels in trees were continuing to rise. It is unknown if this is still the case. There is evidence that contamination is migrating into underground aquifers and closed bodies of water such as lakes and ponds (2001, Germenchuk). The main source of elimination is predicted to be natural decay of caesium-137 to stable barium-137, since runoff by rain and groundwater has been demonstrated to be negligible. In 2021, Italian researcher Venturi reported the first correlations between caesium-137, pancreas and pancreatic cancer with the role of non-radioactive caesium in biology and of caesium-137 in chronic pancreatitis and in diabetes of pancreatic origin (Type 3c). Thyroid cancer An increased incidence of thyroid cancer was observed for about 4 years after the accident and slowed in 2005. The increase in incidence of thyroid cancer happened amongst individuals who were adolescents and young children living during the time of the accident, and residing in the most contaminated areas. High levels of radioactive iodine were released in the environment from the Chernobyl reactor after the accident, and accumulated in pastures which were eaten by cows. The milk was later consumed by children who already had an iodine deficient diet, therefore causing more of the radioactive iodine to be accumulated. Radioactive iodine has a short half-life, 8.02 days, if the contaminated milk had been avoided or stopped, it is likely that most of the rise in radiation-induced thyroid cancer wouldn't have happened. Within the highly contaminated areas – Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine, there were around 5000 cases of thyroid cancer that have been diagnosed since the accident. These cases were found in individuals who were aged 18 and younger during the time of the accident. Supported by the Russian Federation and Ukraine, The European Commission, the National Cancer Institute of the US, and the Sasakawa Memorial Health Foundation, The Chernobyl Tissue Bank (CTB) was created in 1998, 6 years after published research showed a rise in childhood thyroid cancer. The project is the first international co-operation that collects biological samples from patients exposed to radioiodine during childhood. It started collecting a variety of biological samples from patients on 1 October 1998 and since July 2001 has been a source for ethically available tissue samples - specifically extracted nucleic acids and tissue sections - for 21 research projects in Japan, Europe and the USA. The CTB serves as a model for tissue banking for cancer research in the molecular age. Contamination in the food supply Twenty-five years after the incident, restriction orders had remained in place in the production, transportation and consumption of food contaminated by Chernobyl fallout. In the UK, only in 2012 was the mandatory radioactivity testing of sheep in contaminated parts of the UK that graze on lands was lifted. They covered 369 farms on 750 km2 and 200,000 sheep. In parts of Sweden and Finland, restrictions are in place on stock animals, including reindeer, in natural and near-natural environments. "In certain regions of Germany, Austria, Italy, Sweden, Finland, Lithuania and Poland, wild game (including boar and deer), wild mushrooms, berries and carnivorous fish from lakes reach levels of several thousand Bq per kg of caesium-137", while "in Germany, caesium-137 levels in wild boar muscle reached 40,000 Bq/kg. The average level is 6,800 Bq/kg, more than ten times the EU limit of 600 Bq/kg", according to the TORCH 2006 report. The European Commission has stated that "The restrictions on certain foodstuffs from certain Member States must therefore continue to be maintained for years to come". As of 2009, sheep farmed in some areas of the UK are still subject to inspection which may lead to them being prohibited from entering the human food chain because of contamination arising from the accident: 369 farms and 190,000 sheep are still affected, a reduction of 95% since 1986, when 9,700 farms and 4,225,000 sheep were under restriction across the United Kingdom. Restrictions were finally lifted in 2012. In Norway, the Sami people were affected by contaminated food (the reindeer had been contaminated by eating lichen, which accumulates some types of radioactivity emitters). Data from a long-term monitoring program from 1998 to 2015 (The Korma Report II) shows a significant decrease in internal radiation exposure of the inhabitants of small villages in Belarus 80 km north of Gomel. Resettlement may even be possible in parts of the prohibited areas provided that people comply with appropriate dietary rules. A 2021 study based on whole-genome sequencing of children of parents employed as liquidators in Chernobyl indicated no trans-generational genetic effects of exposure of parents to ionizing radiation. Long-term effects on plant and animal health Over time there have been many reports documenting and discussing the prevalence and health of plants and animals within the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. The absence of humans from the Exclusion Zone has made it attractive to wildlife, which now inhabit the area in larger numbers. This has led some scientists and reporters to describe the area as a natural wildlife sanctuary, and to enthuse about the ability of wildlife in the area to recover. However, the mere presence of wildlife does not present a complete picture: the ongoing health of individuals and the health of the ecosystems in which they live are also of concern. These issues are difficult to study because many factors interact. Radiologic tolerance and the effects of fallout contamination vary with different species. In addition to ongoing low-dose radiation and quality of local habitat, it has been suggested that fauna in the area may inherit a higher likelihood for genetic damage from ancestors affected by the initial high doses of radiation. Radiation levels According to reports from Soviet scientists at the First International Conference on the Biological and Radiological Aspects of the Chernobyl Accident (September 1990), fallout levels in the 10 km zone around the plant were as high as 4.81 GBq/m2. The so-called "Red Forest" (or "Rusted Forest") is the swath of pine trees, located immediately behind the reactor complex within the 10 km zone, which were killed off by heavy radioactive fallout. The forest is so named because in the days following the disaster the trees appeared to have a deep red hue as they died because of extremely heavy radioactive fallout. In the post-disaster cleanup operations, a majority of the 10 km2 forest was bulldozed and buried. The site of the Red Forest remains one of the most contaminated areas in the world. Population density In the decades following the evacuation of its human population due to the disaster, the 30 km (19-mile) "exclusion zone" surrounding the Chernobyl disaster has become a de facto wildlife sanctuary. Animals have reclaimed the land including species such as the Przewalski's horse, Eurasian lynx, wild boar, grey wolf, elk, red deer, moose, brown bear, turtle, voles, mice, shrews, European badger, Eurasian beaver, raccoon dog, red fox, roe deer, European bison, black stork, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle and eagle owl. A 2015 study found similar numbers of mammals in the zone compared to nearby similar nature reserves. Long-term empirical data showed no evidence of a negative influence of radiation on mammal abundance. In 2007, the Ukrainian government designated the Exclusion Zone as a wildlife sanctuary, and at 488.7 km2 it is one of the largest wildlife sanctuaries in Europe. In 2016, the Ukrainian government designated its part of the area as a radiological and environmental biosphere reserve as part of a six-year project funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF). Health impacts According to a 2005 U.N. report, wildlife has returned despite radiation levels that are presently 10 to 100 times higher than normal background radiation. Radiation levels were significantly higher soon after the accident, but have fallen since then because of radioactive decay. While there are demonstrably populations of a wide variety of species within the zone, there are still concerns about the ongoing health of individuals within those populations and their ability to reproduce. Møller and Mousseau have published the results of the largest census of animal life in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. It said, contrary to the Chernobyl Forum's 2005 report that the biodiversity of insects, birds and mammals in the exclusion zone is declining. Møller et al. (2005) suggested that the reproductive success and annual survival rates of barn swallows are lower in the Exclusion Zone; 28% of barn swallows inhabiting Chernobyl return each year, while at a control area at Kanev, 250 km to the southeast, the return rate is around 40%. Barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) sampled between 1991 and 2006 in the Chernobyl exclusion zone are also claimed to display an increased rate of physical abnormalities compared to swallows from uncontaminated areas. Møller et al. (2007) reported an elevated frequency of eleven categories of physical abnormalities including such as partially albinistic plumage, deformed toes, tumors, deformed tail feathers, deformed beaks, and deformed air sacks. Abnormal barn swallows mated with lower frequency, and had a reduced viability in the wild and a decrease in fitness. Effects were attributed to radiation exposure and elevated teratogenic effects of radioactive isotopes in the environment. Smith et al. (2008) have disputed Møller's findings and instead proposed that a lack of human influence in the Exclusion Zone locally reduced the swallows' insect prey and that radiation levels across the vast majority of the exclusion zone are now too low to have an observable negative effect. The criticisms were responded to in the same issue by Møller et al. (2008). It is possible that barn swallows are vulnerable to elevated levels of ionizing radiation because they are migratory; they arrive in the exclusion area exhausted and with depleted reserves of radio-protective antioxidants after their journey. Oxidative stress and low levels of antioxidants can affect the development of the nervous system, including reduced brain size and impaired cognitive abilities. It has been reported that birds living in contaminated areas have smaller brains, which has shown to be a deficit to viability in the wild. Possible adaptation It has been suggested that some plants and animals are able to adapt to the increased radiation levels present in and around Chernobyl. Further research is needed to assess the long-term health effects of elevated ionizing radiation from Chernobyl on flora and fauna. Several research groups have suggested that plants in the area have adapted to cope with the high radiation levels, for example by increasing the activity of DNA cellular repair machinery and by hypermethylation. Arabidopsis, a plant native to Chernobyl, was able to resist high concentrations of ionizing radiation and resist forming mutations. This species of plant has been able to develop mechanisms to tolerate chronic radiation that would otherwise be harmful or lethal to other species. Various birds in the area may have adapted to lower levels of radiation by producing more antioxidants, such as glutathione, to help mitigate oxidative stress. Using robots, researchers have retrieved samples of highly melanized black fungus from the walls of the reactor core itself. It has been shown that certain species of fungus, such as Cryptococcus neoformans and Cladosporium, can actually thrive in a radioactive environment, growing better than non-melanized variants, implying that they use melanin to harness the energy of ionizing radiation from the reactor. Chernobyl Forum report and criticisms In September 2005, a comprehensive report was published by the Chernobyl Forum, composed of agencies that included the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations bodies and the Governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine. This report titled: "Chernobyl's legacy: Health, Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts", authored by about 100 recognized experts, put the total predicted number of deaths due to the disaster around 4,000, of which 2,200 deaths are expected to be in the ranks of 200,000 liquidators. This predicted death toll includes the 47 workers who died of acute radiation syndrome as a direct result of radiation from the disaster, nine children who died from thyroid cancer and an estimated 4000 people who could die from cancer as a result of exposure to radiation. This number was updated to 9,000 excess cancer deaths. An IAEA press officer admitted that the 4,000 figure was given prominence in the report "...to counter the much higher estimates which had previously been seen. ... "It was a bold action to put out a new figure that was much less than conventional wisdom."" The report stated that, apart from a 30 kilometre area around the site and a few restricted lakes and forests, radiation levels had returned to acceptable levels. The methodology of the Chernobyl Forum report, supported by Elisabeth Cardis of the International Agency for Research on Cancer, has been disputed by some advocacy organizations opposed to nuclear energy, such as Greenpeace and the International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear Warfare (IPPNW), as well as some individuals such as Michel Fernex, retired medical doctor from the WHO, and campaigner Dr. Christopher Busby (Green Audit, LLRC). They criticized the restriction of the Forum's study to Belarus, Ukraine and Russia. Furthermore, it only studied the case of 200,000 people involved in the cleanup, and the 400,000 most directly affected by the released radioactivity. German Green Party Member of the European Parliament Rebecca Harms, commissioned a report on Chernobyl in 2006 (TORCH, The Other Report on Chernobyl). The 2006 TORCH report claimed that: While the IAEA/WHO and UNSCEAR considered areas with exposure greater than 40,000 Bq/m2, the TORCH report also included areas contaminated with more than 4,000 Bq/m2 of Cs-137. The TORCH 2006 report "estimated that more than half the iodine-131 from Chernobyl [which increases the risk of thyroid cancer] was deposited outside the former Soviet Union. Possible increases in thyroid cancer have been reported in the Czech Republic and the UK, but more research is needed to evaluate thyroid cancer incidences in Western Europe". It predicted about 30,000 to 60,000 excess cancer deaths, 7 to 15 Times greater than the figure of 4,000 in the IAEA press release; warned that predictions of excess cancer deaths strongly depend on the risk factor used; and predicted excess cases of thyroid cancer range between 18,000 and 66,000 in Belarus alone depending on the risk projection model. Elevated incidence thyroid cancer is still seen among Ukrainians who were exposed to radioactivity due to Chernobyl accident during their childhood, but who were diagnosed the malignancy as adults. Another study claims possible heightened mortality in Sweden. Greenpeace quoted a 1998 WHO study, which counted 212 dead from only 72,000 liquidators. The environmental NGO estimated a total death toll of 93,000 but cite in their report that "The most recently published figures indicate that in Belarus, Russia and the Ukraine alone the disaster could have resulted in an estimated 200,000 additional deaths in the period between 1990 and 2004." In its report, Greenpeace suggested there will be 270,000 cases of cancer alone attributable to Chernobyl fallout, and that 93,000 of these will probably be fatal compare with the IAEA 2005 report which claimed that "99% of thyroid cancers wouldn't be lethal". In 2006, the Union Chernobyl, the main organization of liquidators, stated that 10% of the 600,000 liquidators were dead, and 165,000 disabled. An April 2006 report by the International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear Warfare (IPPNW), entitled "Health Effects of Chernobyl - 20 years after the reactor catastrophe", stated that more than 10,000 people are today affected by thyroid cancer and 50,000 cases are expected. In Europe, the IPPNW claims that 10,000 deformities have been observed in newborns because of Chernobyl's radioactive discharge, with 5,000 deaths among newborn children. They also state that several hundreds of thousands of the people who worked on the site after the disaster are now sick because of radiation, and tens of thousands are dead. Revisiting the issue for the 25th anniversary of the Chernobyl disaster, the Union of Concerned Scientists described the Forum's estimate of four thousand as pertaining only to "a much smaller subgroup of people who experienced the greatest exposure to released radiation". Their estimates for the broader population are 50,000 excess cancer cases resulting in 25,000 excess cancer deaths. Human health effects Studies The majority of premature deaths caused by Chernobyl are expected to be the result of cancers and other diseases induced by radiation in the decades after the event. This will be the result of a large population exposed to relatively low doses of radiation increasing the risk of cancer across that population. Some studies have considered the entire population of Europe. Interpretations of the current health state of exposed populations vary. Therefore, estimates of the ultimate human impact of the disaster have relied on numerical models of the effects of radiation on health. The effects of low-level radiation on human health are not well understood, and so the models used, notably the linear no threshold model, are open to question. Given these factors, studies of Chernobyl's health effects have come up with different conclusions and are sometimes the subject of scientific and political controversy. The following section presents some of the major studies on this topic. Official studies Chernobyl Forum report In September 2005, a draft summary report by the Chernobyl Forum, comprising a number of UN agencies including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), other UN bodies and the Governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine, set the number of deaths due to the accident at about 50 (47 workers who died of acute radiation syndrome and 9 children who died from thyroid cancer), and added that a "total of up to 4000 people could eventually die of radiation exposure from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident" (excess cancer deaths which might eventually happen among the 600,000 with the highest levels of exposure.). The full version of the WHO health effects report adopted by the UN, published in April 2006, included an added 5000 eventually possible fatalities from contaminated areas in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine and predicted that, in total, an upper limit of 9000 might eventually die from cancer among the 6.9 million most-exposed Soviet citizens. Some newspapers and antinuclear organizations claimed the paper was minimizing the consequences of the accident. 2008 UNSCEAR report The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) produced a detailed report on the effects of Chernobyl for the General Assembly of the UN in 2011. This report concluded that 134 staff and emergency workers developed acute radiation syndrome and of those 28 died of radiation exposure within three months. Many of the survivors developed skin conditions and radiation induced cataracts, and 19 had since died, but from conditions not necessarily associated with radiation exposure. Of the several hundred thousand liquidators, apart from some emerging indications of increased leukaemia, there was no other evidence of health effects. In the general public in the affected areas, the only effect with 'persuasive evidence' was the fraction of the 6,000 cases of thyroid cancer in adolescents of whom by 2005 15 cases had proved fatal. There was no evidence of increased rates of solid cancers or leukaemia among the general population. However, there was psychological worry about the effects of radiation. The total deaths reliably attributable by UNSCEAR to the radiation produced by the accident therefore was 62. The report concluded that 'the vast majority of the population need not live in fear of serious health consequences from the Chernobyl accident'. Unofficial studies TORCH report In 2006 German Green Party Member of the European Parliament Rebecca Harms commissioned UK scientists Ian Fairlie and David Sumner for an alternate report (TORCH, The Other Report on CHernobyl) in response to the UN report. The report included areas not covered by the Chernobyl forum report, and also lower radiation doses. It predicted about 30,000 to 60,000 excess cancer deaths and warned that predictions of excess cancer deaths strongly depend on the risk factor used, and urged more research stating that large uncertainties made it difficult to properly assess the full scale of the disaster. In 2016, an updated TORCH report was written by Ian Fairlie with support of Friends of the Earth Austria. Greenpeace Greenpeace claimed contradictions in the Chernobyl Forum reports, quoting a 1998 WHO study referenced in the 2005 report, which projected 212 dead from 72,000 liquidators. In its report, Greenpeace suggested there will be 270,000 cases of cancer attributable to Chernobyl fallout, and that 93,000 of these will probably be fatal, but state in their report that "The most recently published figures indicate that in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine alone the accident could have resulted in an estimated 200,000 additional deaths in the period between 1990 and 2004." Blake Lee-Harwood, campaigns director at Greenpeace, believes that cancer was likely to be the cause of less than half of the final fatalities and that "intestinal problems, heart and circulation problems, respiratory problems, endocrine problems, and particularly effects on the immune system," will also cause fatalities. However, concern has been expressed about the methods used in compiling the Greenpeace report. It is not peer reviewed nor does it rely on peer review science as the Chernobyl Forum report did. April 2006 IPPNW report According to an April 2006 report by the German affiliate of the International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear Warfare (IPPNW), entitled "Health Effects of Chernobyl", more than 10,000 people are today affected by thyroid cancer and 50,000 cases are expected. The report projected tens of thousands dead among the liquidators. In Europe, it alleges that 10,000 deformities have been observed in newborns because of Chernobyl's radioactive discharge, with 5000 deaths among newborn children. They also claimed that several hundreds of thousands of the people who worked on the site after the accident are now sick because of radiation, and tens of thousands are dead. Yablokov/Nesterenko publication Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment is an English translation of the 2007 Russian publication Chernobyl by Alexey Yablokov, Vassily Nesterenko and Alexey Nesterenko. It was published online in 2009 by the New York Academy of Sciences in their Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. The New York Academy of Sciences included a disclaimer to inform readers it did not commission, endorse or peer review the work. "In no sense did Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences or the New York Academy of Sciences commission this work; nor by its publication does the Academy validate the claims made in the original Slavic language publications cited in the translated papers. Importantly, the translated volume has not been formally peer‐reviewed by the New York Academy of Sciences or by anyone else." The report presents an analysis of scientific literature and concludes that medical records between 1986, the year of the accident, and 2004 reflect 985,000 deaths as a result of the radioactivity released. The authors suggest that most of the deaths were in Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, but others were spread through the many other countries the radiation from Chernobyl struck. The literature analysis draws on over 1,000 published titles and over 5,000 internet and printed publications discussing the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster. The authors contend that those publications and papers were written by Eastern European authorities and have been downplayed or ignored by the IAEA and UNSCEAR. Author Alexy V. Yablokov was also one of the general editors on the Greenpeace commissioned report also criticizing the Chernobyl Forum findings published one year prior to the Russian-language version of this report. A critical review by Dr. Monty Charles in the journal Radiation Protection Dosimetry states that Consequences is a direct extension of the 2005 Greenpeace report, updated with data of unknown quality. The New York Academy of Sciences also published a severely critical review by M. I. Balonov from the Institute of Radiation Hygiene (St. Petersburg, Russia) which stated that "The value of [Consequences] is not zero, but negative, as its bias is obvious only to specialists, while inexperienced readers may well be put into deep error." Several other critical responses have also been published. In 2016, 187 local Ukrainians had returned and were living permanently in the zone. Higher than statistically normal appearances of defects The American Academy of Pediatrics published a study state that the overall rate of neural tube defects in the Rivne region of Ukraine is one of the highest in Europe (22 per 10,000 live births). The rate in Polissia (Ukraine) is 27.0 per 10,000. The study suggested that rates of microcephaly and microphthalmia may also be higher than normal. Other studies and claims The claim is made, by Collette Thomas, writing on 24 April 2006, that someone in the Ukrainian Health Ministry claimed in 2006 that more than 2.4 million Ukrainians, including 428,000 children, have health problems related to the catastrophe. The claim appears to have been invented by her through interpretation of a webpage of the Kyiv Regional Administration. Psychological after-effects, as the 2006 UN report pointed out, have also had adverse effects on internally displaced persons. In a recently published study scientists from Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany, published the "Korma-Report" with data of radiological long-term measurements that were performed between 1998 and 2007 in a region in Belarus that was affected by the Chernobyl accident. The internal radiation exposure of the inhabitants in a village in Korma County/Belarus caused by the existing radioactive contamination has experienced a decrease from a very high level. The external exposure, however, reveals a different picture. Although an overall decrease was observed, the organic constituents of the soil show an increase in contamination, not observed in soils from cultivated land or gardens. According to the Korma Report the internal dose will decrease to less than 0.2 mSv/a in 2011 and to below 0.1 mSv/a in 2020. Despite this, the cumulative dose will remain higher than "normal" due to external exposure. Resettlement may even be possible in former prohibited areas provided that people comply with appropriate dietary rules. Study of heightened mortality in Sweden. But it must be pointed out that this study, and in particular the conclusions drawn has been very criticized. One study reports increased levels of birth defects in Germany and Finland in the wake of the accident. A change in the human sex ratio at birth from 1987 onward in several European countries has been linked to Chernobyl fallout. In the Czech Republic, thyroid cancer has increased significantly after Chernobyl. The Abstract of the April 2006 International Agency for Research on Cancer report Estimates of the cancer burden in Europe from radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl accident stated "It is unlikely that the cancer burden from the largest radiological accident to date could be detected by monitoring national cancer statistics. Indeed, results of analyses of time trends in cancer incidence and mortality in Europe do not, at present, indicate any increase in cancer rates – other than of thyroid cancer in the most contaminated regions – that can be clearly attributed to radiation from the Chernobyl accident." They estimate, based on the linear no threshold model of cancer effects, that 16,000 excess cancer deaths could be expected from the effects of the Chernobyl accident up to 2065. Their estimates have very wide 95% confidence intervals from 6,700 deaths to 38,000. The application of the linear no threshold model to predict deaths from low levels of exposure to radiation was disputed in a BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) Horizon documentary, broadcast on 13 July 2006. It offered statistical evidence to suggest that there is an exposure threshold of about 200 millisieverts, below which there is no increase in radiation-induced disease. Indeed, it went further, reporting research from Professor Ron Chesser of Texas Tech University, which suggests that low exposures to radiation can have a protective effect. The program interviewed scientists who believe that the increase in thyroid cancer in the immediate area of the explosion had been over-recorded, and predicted that the estimates for widespread deaths in the long term would be proved wrong. It noted the view of the World Health Organization scientist Dr Mike Rapacholi that, while most cancers can take decades to manifest, leukemia manifests within a decade or so: none of the previously expected peak of leukemia deaths has been found, and none is now expected. Identifying the need to balance the "fear response" in the public's reaction to radiation, the program quoted Dr Peter Boyle, director of the IARC: "Tobacco smoking will cause several thousand times more cancers in the [European] population." An article in Der Spiegel in April 2016 also cast doubt on the use of the linear no threshold model to predict cancer rates from Chernobyl. The article claimed that the threshold for radiation damage was over 100 millisieverts and reported initial results of large-scale trials in Germany by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research and three other German institutes in 2016 showing beneficial results of decreasing inflammation and strengthening bones from lower radiation doses. Professor Wade Allison of Oxford University (a lecturer in medical physics and particle physics) gave a talk on ionising radiation 24 November 2006 in which he gave an approximate figure of 81 cancer deaths from Chernobyl (excluding 28 cases from acute radiation exposure and the thyroid cancer deaths which he regards as "avoidable"). In a closely reasoned argument using statistics from therapeutic radiation, exposure to elevated natural radiation (the presence of radon gas in homes) and the diseases of Hiroshima and Nagasaki survivors he demonstrated that the linear no-threshold model should not be applied to low-level exposure in humans, as it ignores the well-known natural repair mechanisms of the body. A photographic essay by photojournalist Paul Fusco documents problems in the children in the Chernobyl region. No evidence is offered to suggest these problems are in any way related to the nuclear incident The work of photojournalist Michael Forster Rothbart documents the human impact of the disaster on residents who stayed in the affected area. Bandashevsky measured levels of radioisotopes in children who had died in the Minsk area that had received Chernobyl fallout, and the cardiac findings were the same as those seen in test animals that had been administered Cs-137. French legal action Since March 2001, 400 lawsuits have been filed in France against "X" (the French equivalent of John Doe, an unknown person or company) by the French Association of Thyroid-affected People, including 200 in April 2006. These persons are affected by thyroid cancer or goitres, and have filed lawsuits alleging that the French government, at the time led by Prime Minister Jacques Chirac, had not adequately informed the population of the risks linked to the Chernobyl radioactive fallout. The complaint contrasts the health protection measures put in place in nearby countries, warning against consumption of green vegetables or milk by children and pregnant women, with the relatively high contamination suffered by the east of France and Corsica. Although the 2006 study by the French Institute of Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety said that no clear link could be found between Chernobyl and the increase of thyroid cancers in France, it also stated that papillary thyroid cancer had tripled in the following years. International response After the Chernobyl Disaster, a number of countries were reluctant to expand their nuclear programs. Italy and Switzerland tried to ban nuclear power all together. Other countries, such as the Netherlands and Finland postponed the addition of nuclear power plants. The disaster reaffirmed policy made by Austria and Sweden to terminate use of all nuclear energy. Germany set up regulatory organizations and new policy including the Federal Ministry of Environment and Reactor Safety and a new act for precaution protection against nuclear radiation. Policy levers were not only implemented on a national level, but on an international level as well. In June 1986, the European Community implemented new standards for cesium. They attempted to do the same for iodine, but could not reach an agreement. Several international programs were formed, including the World Association of Nuclear Operators. This association essentially linked 130 operators in 30 countries. Nuclear engineers would visit nuclear plants worldwide to learn and work towards better safety precautions. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), established in 1957, created the Nuclear Safety Assistance Coordination Centre, which serves as an example of the international, multilateral cooperation resulting from the disaster (World Nuclear, 2016). They created the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident and Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency. Nations called for a more comprehensive set of obligatory regulations for nuclear power plants from safe management of installation to safe management of radioactive waste. They created the Joint Convention of Safety of Spent Fuel Management in which obliged nations to create proper policy to control nuclear power plant management. See also References External links Animated map of radioactive cloud, French IRSN (official Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire — Institute of Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety) Chernobyl animals worse affected than thought: study 25 years of satellite imagery over Chernobyl Radiation health effects Environment of Ukraine Health in the Soviet Union Environment of the Soviet Union	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20the%20Chernobyl%20disaster
Squeeze Play is an Ultra High Fidelity monaural phonographic album (33 RPM) which was released on the Dot Records label in 1956 (DLP-3024) featuring John Serry Sr. It includes an original composition by Serry, classical works, and popular music of the era. Ben Selvin serves as the musical director/producer for the album. The works were arranged by Serry and performed with his ensemble featuring two accordions, piano, guitar, bass, drum, vibes, and marimba. The liner notes of the album claim that The album was cited in a critical review of new popular albums of 1956 in The Billboard magazine and was described as providing beautiful performances which created a soothing mood, in contrast to common entertainment. The album was also reviewed in The Cash Box magazine later that year. Serry's performances were noted for establishing a variety of musical moods with grace while also emphasizing a relaxed performance style. In 1958 selected songs from the album were released in France by Versailles records (#90 M 1788) as Chicago Musette - John Serry et son accordéon. Dot Records also released several songs from the album in Japan as part of a compilation recording including performances of easy listening music by both the John Serry Orchestra and the Billy Vaughn Orchestra (Ballroom in Dreamland, Dot #5006). A copy of the album and the composer's original orchestral score have been donated for archival purposes to the Eastman School of Music's Sibley Music Library within the Ruth T. Watanabe Special Collections Department for the benefit of researchers and students. Track listing Side One "Garden in Monaco" (Composer - John Serry Sr.) – 2:58 "Terry's Theme" - (Charles Chaplin) – 2:39 "When My Dreamboat Comes Home" - (Cliff Friend, Dave Franklin) – 2:31 "Blue Bell" - (S. Stanley) – 2:15 "Rockin' The Anvil" - theme by Giuseppe Verdi (See Anvil Chorus)/ music John Serry Sr. – 2:35 "Secret Love" - (Paul Francis Webster, Sammy Fain) – 2:18 Side Two "Granada"- (Agustín Lara) – 3:14 "Side by Side" - (Harry M. Woods) – 2:18 "My Heart Cries for You" - (Percy Faith, Carl Sigman) – 1:58 "Hawaiian Night" - (Hans Carste, Francis Vincente) – 2:37 "Button Up Your Overcoat" - (Buddy DeSylva, Lew Brown, Ray Henderson) – 2:14 "Rock 'N' Roll Polka" - (Mort Lindsey, George Skinner) – 2:37 Ensemble artists John Serry Sr. - Lead Accordion/Conductor Alf Nystrom - Accordion Bernie Leighton - Piano Al Caiola - Guitar Frank Carroll - Bass Charlie Roeder - Drums Harry Breur - Vibes/Marimba References External links Worldcat.org -Libraries circulating copies of Squeeze Play - Squeeze Play - album recording on archive.org 1956 albums John Serry Sr. albums Dot Records albums Albums conducted by John Serry Sr. Albums arranged by John Serry Sr. Jazz albums by American artists Jazz-pop albums	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squeeze%20Play%20%28album%29
WBRL-CD (channel 21) is a low-power, Class A television station in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States, serving as the local CW network outlet. It is owned and operated by network majority owner Nexstar Media Group alongside Fox affiliate WGMB-TV (channel 44) and independent station KZUP-CD (channel 19); Nexstar also provides certain services to NBC affiliate WVLA-TV (channel 33) under joint sales and shared services agreements (JSA/SSA) with White Knight Broadcasting. The stations share studios on Perkins Road in Baton Rouge, while WBRL-CD's transmitter is located near Addis, Louisiana. In addition to its own digital signal, WBRL-CD is simulcast in 720p high definition on WGMB's second digital subchannel (44.2) from the same transmitter site. History Communications Corporation of America brought WB programming to Baton Rouge cable subscribers on February 1, 1999, as WBBR, a cable-only station on Cox Communications channel 10 (WBBR's call sign was used in a fictitious manner). Previously, WB programming was available on WTVK-11, a low-power station owned by Gulf Atlantic Communications also affiliated with America One. While the station was carried by several smaller cable providers in the greater Baton Rouge area, including those in Clinton, Jackson, and Watson, as well as on LSU's cable system, TCI, then Baton Rouge's cable company, did not carry the station, and it only had a broadcasting range of . TCI, however, did carry WGN irregularly between 1995 and 1999, making WB programming available to subscribers. Eventually, WTVK signed off, and channel 11 became occupied by KPBN-LP, an America One affiliate. The station now known as WBRL signed on the air March 30, 1989, as K65EF on channel 65. It was founded by Woody Jenkins of Great Oaks Broadcasting Corporation and initially served as a translator for independent station WBTR, as that station initially had trouble getting picked up on local cable systems in the greater Baton Rouge area. In 1992, it became KANC-LP, channel 21 and served as Baton Rouge's first all-news station affiliated with the All News Channel. On November 13, 2002, WTNC was purchased by ComCorp with the objective of bringing WBBR/WB programming over-the air. The call sign was changed to WBRL and was initially supposed to be on channel 19 before Communications Corporation decided to put it on channel 21 (sister station KZUP-CD was on channel 19, but is now on channel 20; some station ids from 2002 erroneously branded the station as WB 19 instead of WB 21). WBRL was previously used as the call letters to the FM counterpart to WJBO-AM from 1941 to 1958—this station is now WYNK-FM and is unrelated to WBRL-CD. On March 7, 2006, Baton Rouge's UPN affiliate, WBXH, announced that they would take affiliation with MyNetworkTV in September. On March 9, 2006, it was announced that WBRL would affiliate with The CW. In June 2006, owner ComCorp filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. ComCorp said in a press release viewers and staff would see no changes at the station. On April 24, 2013, ComCorp announced the sale of its entire group, including WGMB and WBRL-CD, to the Nexstar Broadcasting Group. The local marketing agreement for WVLA and KZUP-CD (which is retaining ownership with White Knight Broadcasting) is included in the deal. The sale was completed on January 1, 2015. On July 1, 2020, WBRL relocated its digital channel from channel 21 to channel 20 to prevent co-interference from WHNO in New Orleans, sharing channel space with its sister station, KZUP. On November 1, 2021, WBRL's simulcast on WGMB-DT2 was upgraded to 720p high definition. Newscasts Since March 2017, WBRL has reaired the 9 p.m. newscast from WGMB at 10:30 p.m. Subchannel References External links Television stations in Baton Rouge, Louisiana Television channels and stations established in 1989 Low-power television stations in Louisiana Nexstar Media Group 1989 establishments in Louisiana The CW affiliates	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBRL-CD
Ezra Hasbrouck Fitch (September 27, 1865 – June 16, 1930) was an American real estate developer and hobbyist outdoorsman. He bought into and later fully owned the company that became Abercrombie & Fitch. He introduced mahjong to the US. A wealthy New York City manager, Fitch began as one of Abercrombie's VIP customers. Fitch is attributed with much of the company's successful growth in its early years. Life and career Ezra Hasbrouck Fitch was born September 27, 1865, in Coxsackie, Greene County, New York. He was the only child in a Christian family. His parents were Roswell Reed Fitch and Margaretta Wyanna Hasbrouck. Roswell (1841-1888) was the son of Ezra Fitch (1805-1870) and Margaret Reed (1802-1884). Margaretta (1846-1865) was the daughter of Benjamin Louis Hasbrouck (1813-1885) and Margaret Rymph (1812-1880). Ezra’s mother died shortly after his birth. His father would re-marry, on July 17, 1873, to Helen Eldridge Carswell (1847-1950). She would be referred to as Ezra's mother (though she wasn't biologically). Roswell and Helen had two daughters: Helen Margaret Fitch Cobb (1874-1978) and Eloise Madden Fitch (1880-1902). Ezra spent his early years growing up at the Roswell Reed estate on the banks of the Hudson in Coxsackie built by his grandfather around 1850. The estate included a large Gothic Revival mansion, numerous dependent structures and a dock on the river from which the family conducted a profitable freighting business. R. R. Fitch lived in Brooklyn for a time, working as an agent for an asphalt company. He married Sarah Huntington Sturges in Brooklyn on March 2, 1897. She was the daughter of Stephen Buckingham Sturges (1827-1897), a banker, who was born in Mansfield, Ohio, and Sarah Minerva Cary (1833-) of Syracuse, New York. He was engaged as a real estate developer in Kingston, New York, trading as Jenkins & Fitch. The company built the Huntington apartment house there, among other projects. According to the A&F company, Fitch was "restless and bored with his profession". He enjoyed the outdoors, and spent his leisure time yachting, climbing the Adirondacks and fishing in the streams of the Catskills. When David Abercrombie opened his excursions store Abercrombie Co. in 1892, Fitch became the store's "most devoted customer." In 1900, Fitch bought a major share into the ever-successfully growing company and thus became partners with Abercrombie: supposedly he had to "[convince]" Abercrombie into it. By 1904, Fitch's surname was incorporated into the company's name as "Abercrombie & Fitch Co." A&F calls Fitch an innovator, and claims that "it can't be done" was not in his vocabulary. Although both men shared financial success with the company, they became rather an annoyance to one another as is common in company partnerships. Fitch disputed with Abercrombie about who best to manage the company. Fitch wanted to expand the company to the general public, whereas Abercrombie, who was conservative, wanted the company to remain as a store for the elite. In the end, Abercrombie sold his share to Fitch in 1907. During the Fitch era of the Abercrombie & Fitch Co., the company experienced great success. Fitch expanded and managed the company to great levels of popularity. He created its first mail-order catalog, released in 1909. The historical introduction of Mahjong to the United States from China has been attributed to Fitch as merchandise in the Abercrombie & Fitch store in 1920. Later life and death In 1928, Fitch retired from the company, leaving it under new management. He died on June 16, 1930, on his newly built 60-foot cruising yacht Content at Santa Barbara, California, only a few days after moving on to the boat. The ship's Captain A.Van Valin, wrote to the builders, Fellows & Stewart, asking them to re-sell the yacht. The Content was eventually sold. The ship spent four decades in British Columbia, where it was later purchased by a private citizen in 2010. Fitch is buried in Washington, Connecticut, where he lived. His wife, a painter, lived until 1960. Fitch was Anglican/Episcopalian. Personal life and family Fitch and his wife, Sara, had one daughter: Edith Sturges Fitch (March 6, 1901 – December 24, 1991); married Paul Fessenden Cruikshank (October 1, 1898 – December 4, 1985) on June 26, 1923, in Washington, Connecticut, and had three daughters and a son. Janet Fitch Cruikshank (May 28, 1924 – January 21, 2016); married (1) Hebert Wilkes McMullen (September 3, 1915 – May 21, 1989) on August 17, 1946- they divorced and she married (2) Edmund Smith McCawley (October 14, 1921 – July 18, 2002) Bruce McMullen Gayla McMullen Sarah McMullen Scott McMullen Susan McMullen Elaine Scott Cruikshank (April 4, 1926 – January 12, 2021); married Charles Pinckney Luckey (December 29, 1924 – January 20, 1975) on August 28, 1948. Todd Luckey Peter Luckey Charles Luckey Sara Buckingham "Sally" Cruikshank (b. 1928); married (1) David Barnes Stone (September 2, 1927 – April 12, 2010) on June 16, 1951, later divorced; married (2) ? Foster. David Stevenson Stone (March 13, 1952 – August 31, 2003) Benjamin Barnes Stone (December 25, 1953 – May 4, 2017) Peter Cruikshank Stone Jonathan Fitch Stone Andrew Hasbrouck Stone Paul Fessenden "Pete" Cruikshank Jr. (b. 1930); married Alice Provoost Wayland (b. 1933) on June 26, 1954 Robert Scott Cruikshank (b. 1955) Fitch's grandfather, Ezra Fitch (for whom he is named), was a businessman who operated sloops on the Hudson River in the Wilbur section of Kingston, New York, with his brother-in-law, Roswell Reed Jr. They had purchased the business from another of Fitch's brother-in-laws, Theron Skeel. Fitch also built a hotel on Abeel Street in Kingston to accommodate guests on his boats. Fitch would later sell his boat interests and entered the bluestone business with his brother Simeon and cousin William B. Fitch. It was due to Fitch's activity in Kingston that Fitch Street is named for him (and Ezra H. Fitch). Fitch's paternal aunt, Harriet Fitch (1840-1932), married his maternal uncle, John Cornelius Hasbrouck (1840-1901), making their children double first cousins of Ezra. His paternal grandparents, Ezra and Margaret Fitch, were second cousins. His maternal grandparents, Benjamin and Margaret Hasbrouck, were fourth cousins through the Hasbrouck family. References Obituaries, New York Times, New York, N.Y.: June 19, 1930, page 21. 1865 births 1930 deaths Abercrombie & Fitch Retail company founders Businesspeople from New York (state) People from Coxsackie, New York New York University School of Law alumni New York (state) lawyers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra%20Fitch
Under the Mountain is an eight-part television series based on the 1979 novel of the same name written by Maurice Gee, first transmitted in 1981 and produced by Television New Zealand. Many of the minor roles in this series were played by people who were at the time well known performers in New Zealand. Series overview Plot The show focuses on twins Rachel and Theo Matheson. While on school summer holidays in Auckland, they are contacted by a man named Mr. Jones, who had met them briefly eight years earlier. This time, Mr. Jones reveals his true identity and mission. He is an alien—a member of the mysterious race called The People Who Understand and was sent from another world in a battle against another race of aliens. These latter creatures were a family of slimy, slug-like beasts who could take on human form. Led by the evil Mr. Wilberforce, the slug monsters were now bent on destroying Earth and only the twins' emerging psychic abilities could turn them back. The other major conflict presented by the series is that of Rachel and Theo's emerging abilities. Rachel accepted the truth of their abilities, while Theo was more of a cynic and often challenged Mr. Jones. The psychic abilities in the series increase in effectiveness as the individual grows in trust and acceptance of his or her abilities. In the final episode of the series, the twins are each required to throw a stone and focus their psychic energy into the stone to create a red and blue bridge-like construct that will defeat the Wilberforces. Because Theo's faith in his abilities and his belief in supernatural phenomena in general is lacking, his half of the bridge is insufficient to complete the construct. Mr. Jones uses the last of his life energy to complete the construct and defeat the Wilberforces, and can no longer be with Rachel and Theo as a result. Episode guide Location Filming for the farm & bush scenes in the first episode took place near Silverdale, North of Auckland, at Mt. Pleasant, an historic dairy farm & homestead in Pine Valley Road. Cast and crew Kirsty Wilkinson as Rachel Matheson Lance Warren as Theo Matheson Roy Leywood as Mr. Jones Bill Johnson as Mr. Wilberforce Bill Ewens as Ricky Directed by: Chris Bailey Produced by: Tom Finlayson Written by: Maurice Gee Screenplay by: Ken Catran Music by: Bernie Allen Broadcast and release International distribution In the Netherlands, the title is Moddermonsters (Mud Monsters) but also known as De Monsterplaneet (The Monster Planet). In the United States, it was shown on The Third Eye on Nickelodeon from the early 1980s. In Spain, a dubbed version was aired by Televisión Española in 1983. Home video release All eight episodes have been released on one dual-layer region-free (region 0) DVD in New Zealand. For some reason the video format chosen for the DVD was NTSC, while the original production material would have been produced for PAL transmission as that is the standard in use throughout New Zealand and Australia. This makes the DVD unplayable for people with certain older TV sets unable to display NTSC. Picture quality is described on the DVD cover as "subject to quality of dated production source." Audio is mono, but is of an acceptable quality. Remake In 2009 Under the Mountain was adapted into a New Zealand feature film with cameos by Kirsty Wilkinson and Bill Johnson, directed by Jonathan King. References External links Information about the series 1980s New Zealand television series 1980s television miniseries 1981 New Zealand television series debuts 1981 New Zealand television series endings English-language television shows New Zealand children's television series New Zealand science fiction television series New Zealand television miniseries Television shows based on New Zealand novels Television shows filmed in New Zealand Television shows set in Auckland TVNZ original programming Television series about siblings pl:Tajemnica wygasłych wulkanów	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under%20the%20Mountain%20%28miniseries%29
The Echmiadzin Gospels (Yerevan, Matenadaran, MS. 2374, formerly Etchmiadzin Ms. 229) is a 10th-century Armenian Gospel Book produced in 989 at the Monastery of Bgheno-Noravank in Syunik. The book The manuscript has 232 extant leaves which measure approximately 32 by 25.5 cm. The book was made under the patronage of bishop Stepanos and written by the scribe Hovhanes. The binding of the book is made of two carved ivory plaques, probably of Byzantine manufacture of the 6th century. Bound into the book are two leaves (fols. 228–229) with miniatures dating to the late 6th—early 7th century (so-called 'Final Four Miniatures'). Eusebian Canons The art historian Carl Nordenfalk considered the Eusebian canon tables of the Echmiadzin Gospels (fols. 1–5, including the Eusebian letter) to be the best representative of the original table design (column arrangement, pattern of frame, ornament, etc.) developed in Caesarea Palaestina at the time of Eusebius (1st half of the 4th century). Taking into account the Caesarean type of the Armenian text of the Gospels, Nordenfalk concluded that the Echmiadzin Gospels were copied from a Caesarean codex equipped with the Eusebian canon tables. References Nordenfalk, C. "Die spätantiken Kanontafeln". Gothenburg, 1938. External links Index of Armenian Art: Manuscripts:Matenadaran, Ms. 2374, Etchmiadzin Gospels, the 'Final Four Miniatures' (short description, page images) 989 10th-century biblical manuscripts Armenian books History of religion in Armenia Gospel Books 10th-century illuminated manuscripts	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echmiadzin%20Gospels
Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) is an approach used mainly in developing countries to improve sanitation and hygiene practices in a community. The approach tries to achieve behavior change in mainly rural people by a process of "triggering", leading to spontaneous and long-term abandonment of open defecation practices. It focuses on spontaneous and long-lasting behavior change of an entire community. The term "triggering" is central to the CLTS process: It refers to ways of igniting community interest in ending open defecation, usually by building simple toilets, such as pit latrines. CLTS involves actions leading to increased self-respect and pride in one's community. It also involves shame and disgust about one's own open defecation behaviors. CLTS takes an approach to rural sanitation that works without hardware subsidies and that facilitates communities to recognize the problem of open defecation and take collective action to clean up and become "open defecation free". The concept was developed around the year 2000 by Kamal Kar for rural areas in Bangladesh. CLTS became an established approach around 2011. Non-governmental organizations were often in the lead when CLTS was first introduced in a country. Local governments may reward communities by certifying them with "open defecation free" (ODF) status. The original concept of CLTS purposefully did not include subsidies for toilets as they might hinder the process. CLTS is practiced in at least 53 countries. CLTS has been adapted to the urban context. It has also been applied to post-emergency and fragile states settings. Challenges associated with CLTS include the risk of human rights infringements within communities, low standards for toilets, and concerns about usage rates in the long-term. CLTS is in principle compatible with a human rights based approach to sanitation but there are bad practice examples in the name of CLTS. More rigorous coaching of CLTS practitioners, government public health staff and local leaders on issues such as stigma, awareness of social norms and pre-existing inequalities are important. People who are disadvantaged should benefit from CLTS programmes as effectively as those who are not disadvantaged. Definitions Open defecation is the practice of defecating out in the open, rather than using a toilet. "Open defecation free" (ODF) is a central term for community-led total sanitation (CLTS) programs. It primarily means the eradication of open defecation in the entire community. However, ODF can also include the additional criteria, such as: Household latrines or toilets are hygienic, provide the safe containment of feces, offer privacy and a roof to protect the user, have a lid to cover the hole, or a water seal for toilets. All household members and all members of the community use these latrines or toilets. A handwashing facility with water, soap or ash is nearby and used regularly. Even more stringent criteria which may be required before a community is awarded "ODF status" might include: Safe drinking water and storage. Food hygiene. Greywater disposal. Solid waste management. Provision of toilets for schools, markets, clinic or visitors to the community. Aims and rationale CLTS focuses on community-wide behavioural change, rather than merely toilet construction. The process raises the awareness that as long as even a minority continues to defecate in the open, everyone is at risk of disease. CLTS uses community-led methods, such as participatory mapping and analyzing pathways between feces and the mouth (fecal–oral transmission of disease), as a means of teaching the risks associated with OD. The concept originally focused mainly on provoking shame and disgust about open defecation. It also involved actions leading to increased self-respect and pride in one's community. With time, CLTS evolved away from provoking negative emotions to educating people about how open defecation increases the risk of disease. Currently, CLTS triggering events focus more on promoting self-respect and pride. CLTS shifted the focus on personal responsibility and low-cost solutions. CLTS aims to totally stop open defecation within a community rather than facilitating improved sanitation only to selected households. Combined with hygiene education, the approach aims to make the entire community realise the severe health impacts of open defecation. Since individual carelessness may affect the entire community, pressure on each person becomes stronger to follow sanitation principles such as using sanitary toilets, washing hands, and practising good hygiene. To introduce sanitation even in the poorest households, low-cost toilets are promoted, constructed with local materials. The purchase of the facility is not subsidised, so that every household must finance its own toilets. Use or non-use of subsidies Prior to CLTS, most traditional sanitation programs relied on the provision of subsidies for the construction of latrines and hygiene education. Under this framework, the subsidised facilities were expensive and often did not reach all members of a community. In addition, the subsidies may have reduced the feeling of personal responsibility for the toilets. The original concept of CLTS did not include subsidies for toilets. CLTS proponents at that time believed that provoking behavior change in the people alone would be sufficient to lead them to take ownership of their own sanitation situation, including paying for and constructing their own toilets. This was not always the case. Kamal Kar and Robert Chambers stated in their 2008 CLTS Handbook: In time, NGOs and governments began to see the value of the approach and ran their own schemes in various countries, some with less aversion to subsidies than Kamal Kar. Phases Pre-triggering Pre-triggering is the process by which communities are assessed to be suitable for CLTS intervention. This involves visits and a number of different criteria, which are used to identify communities likely to respond well to triggering. During pre-triggering, facilitators introduce themselves to community members and begin to build a relationship. Triggering A tool called "triggering" is used to propel people into taking action. This takes place over a day with a team of facilitators. The team visits a community which is identified as practicing open defecation and encourages villagers to become aware of their own sanitation situation. This aims to cause disgust in participants, and the facilitators help participants to plan appropriate sanitation facilities. Using the term "shit" (or other locally used crude words) during triggering events or presentations – rather than feces or excreta – is a deliberate aspect of the CLTS approach, as it is meant to be a practical, straight forward approach rather than a theoretical, academic conversation. The "CLTS Handbook" from 2008 states that there is no "one way" of doing triggering in CLTS. A rough sequence of steps is given in this handbook which could be followed. Facilitators are encouraged to modify and change activities depending on the local situation. The UNICEF manual approved for use of CLTS in Sierra Leone suggests the following steps for the triggering process: Visit the community, emphasising the purpose of learning about their sanitation situation Facilitate "Kaka Mapping" – drawing a map of important locations in the village, then adding common sites for defecation Pretend to leave Facilitate a "Walk of Shame" to sites with frequent Open Defecation Collect a piece of feces in a bag Put feces on the ground where all present can see it, and discuss how flies move between food and feces Wait for the shocked realization that the community is indirectly eating each other's feces Put some feces into a water bottle and ask if anyone would drink it Calculate how much feces is produced each day and ask where it goes Ignition (see below) Wait for the emergence of "Natural Leaders" to work with in order to develop a plan of action. The "ignition" phase occurs when the community becomes convinced that there is a real sanitation problem, and motivated to do something about it. Natural Leaders are members of the community who are engaged by the process, and able to drive change. The goal of the triggering process is to let people see the problem first-hand, thereby evoking disgust. However, it has been reported that communities which respond favorably tend to be motivated more by improved health, dignity, and pride than by shame or disgust. Post-triggering After a positive response to the ignition phase, NGO facilitators work with communities to deliver sanitation services by providing information and guidance relevant to the local situation. There are many challenges that occur in the post-triggering phase. These are mainly related to the supply of durable and affordable latrine hardware and technical support on latrine construction. Toilet owners may need advice how to upgrade and improve sanitation and handwashing facilities using local materials. Applications and scale Millions of people worldwide have benefitted from CLTS which has resulted reductions in open defecation and increases in latrine coverage in many rural communities. Practitioners have declared many villages as "ODF villages", where ODF stands for "open defecation free". CLTS is practiced in at least 53 countries. CLTS has spread throughout Bangladesh and to many other Asian and African countries with financial support from the Water and Sanitation Program of the World Bank, DFID, Plan International, WaterAid, CARE, UNICEF and SNV. Large INGOs and many national NGOs have also been involved. Many governments have in the meantime initiated CLTS processes or made it a matter of national policy. Community-led Total Sanitation as an idea had grown beyond its founder and is now often being run in slightly different ways, e.g. in India, Pakistan, Philippines, Nepal, Sierra Leone and Zambia. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) were often in the lead when CLTS was first introduced in a country. India was an exception – here the government led the somewhat similar "Total Sanitation Campaign" which has been turned into the "Clean India Mission" or Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in 2014. CLTS as an idea now has many supporters around the world, with Robert Chambers, co-writer of the CLTS Foundation Handbook, describing it this way: The Institute of Development Studies (IDS) coordinated research programme on CLTS since about 2007 and regards it as a "radically different approach to rural sanitation in developing countries which has shown promising successes where traditional rural sanitation programmes have failed". Today there are many NGOs and research institutes with an interest in CLTS, including for example the CLTS Knowledge Hub of the Institute of Development Studies, the CLTS Foundation led by Kamal Kar, The World Bank, Wateraid, Plan USA and the Water Institute at UNC, SNV from the Netherlands and UNICEF. Applications to urban situations, schools and other settings Since about 2016, CLTS has been adapted to the urban context. For example, in Kenya the NGOs Plan and Practical Action have implemented a form of urban CLTS. CLTS has also been used in schools and the surrounding communities, which is referred to as "school-led total sanitation". The school children act as messengers of change to households. CLTS has also been applied to post-emergency and fragile states settings. There has been some experience with this in Haiti, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Philippines and Indonesia. In 2014, UNICEF reported positive outcomes with CLTS in fragile and insecure contexts, namely in Somalia and South Sudan. People who are disadvantaged should benefit from CLTS programmes as effectively as those who are not disadvantaged. This is referred to as equality and nondiscrimination (EQND). Effectiveness To be successful in the longer term, CLTS should be treated as part of a larger WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) strategy rather than as a singular solution to changing behavior. A systematic review of 200 studies concluded in 2018 that the evidence base on CLTS effectiveness is still weak. This means that practitioners, policy makers, and program managers have little available evidence to inform their actions. There is currently a lack of scientific review about the effectiveness of CLTS, although this has been changing since 2015. A study in 2012 reviewed reports by NGOs and practitioners and found that there was little review of the impact of local Natural Leaders, that anecdotes were used without assessing impacts, and that claims were made without supporting evidence. It concluded that these kinds of reports focus on the 'triggering' stage of CTLS instead of the measurable outcomes. A peer-reviewed article considered the sustainability of CLTS in the longer term: It found that there was little monitoring or evaluation of the impacts of CLTS, even though large international organizations were involved in funding the process. Reviews about the effectiveness of CLTS to eliminate open defecation, reduce diarrhea and other gastrointestinal diseases, and decrease stunting in children are currently underway. In some cases, CLTS has been compared with India's Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) when assessing the effectiveness of the approach. However, this comparison may be invalid, as the presence of subsidies in the TSC process may fundamentally change the effectiveness of the CLTS process. One small study compared different CLTS programmes. Participants from NGOs involved in delivering CLTS reported that although they included some of the activities described in the guidance materials, they often omitted some and included others depending on the local situation. Some reported that subsidies were included, and some offered specific design and construction options. A cluster-randomized controlled trial in rural Mali conducted during 2011 to 2013 found that CLTS with no monetary subsidies did not affect diarrhea incidences, but substantially increased child growth (thereby reducing stunting), particularly in children under two years of age. Challenges and difficulties Human rights The CLTS behavioral change process is based on the use of shame. This is meant to promote collective consciousness-raising of the severe impacts of open defecation and trigger shock and self-awareness when participants realize the implications of their actions. The triggering process can however infringe the human rights of recipients, even if this was not intended by those promoting CLTS. There have been cases of fines (monetary and non-monetary), withholding of entitlements, public taunting, posting of humiliating pictures and even violence. In some cases CLTS successes might be based on coercion only. On the other hand, CLTS is in principle compatible with a human rights based approach to sanitation but there are bad practice examples in the name of CLTS. More rigorous coaching of CLTS practitioners, government public health officials and local leaders on issues such as stigma, awareness of social norms and pre-existing inequalities are important. Catarina de Alburquerque, the former United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Water and Sanitation, is quoted as saying that "Observers have also recognized that incentives for encouraging behavior change and the construction of latrines are sometimes unacceptable, and include public shaming, including photographing, of those who still practice open defecation." More debate is still needed regarding humans rights consequences of post-triggering punitive measures. Toilet standards and toilet types CLTS does not specify technical standards for toilets. This is a benefit in terms of keeping the costs of constructing toilets very low and allowing villagers to start building their own toilets immediately. However, it can produce two problems: first in flood plains or areas near water tables, poorly constructed latrines are likely to contaminate the water table and thus represent little improvement. Second, long-term use of sanitation facilities is related to the pleasantness of the facilities, but dirty overflowing pits are unlikely to be utilised in the longer term. A related issue here is that CLTS does not address the issue of latrine emptying services or where they exist, how they dispose of waste. This has led some researchers to say that the success of CLTS is largely down to the cultural suitability of the way it is delivered and the degree to which supply-side constraints are addressed. If villagers do not know about alternative toilet options (like urine-diverting dry toilets or composting toilets), and are not told about these options by the facilitators of the CLTS process, they may opt for pour flush pit latrines even in situations where groundwater pollution is a significant problem. Reuse of treated excreta as fertiliser Feces are given a strong negative connotation in the CLTS approach. This can cause confusion for villagers who are already using treated human excreta as a fertiliser in agriculture and can, in fact, discourage the reuse of human excreta. Long-term usage rates (sustainability) There is also concern about the number of people who go back to open-defecation some months after having been through the CLTS process. A Plan Australia study from 2013 investigated that 116 villages were considered Open Defecation Free (ODF) following CLTS across several countries in Africa. After two years, 87% of the 4960 households had fully functioning latrines – but these were considered the most basic and none of the communities had moved up the sanitation ladder. 89% of households had no visible excreta in the vicinity, but only 37% had handwashing facilities present. When broader criteria for declaring communities ODF was used, an overall "slippage rate" of 92% was found. Some researchers suggest that this means support is needed to support communities to upgrade facilities in ODF villages which have been triggered by CLTS. A study in 2018 has found little evidence for sustained sanitation behavior change as a result of CLTS. History In 1999 and 2000, Kamal Kar was working in a village called Mosmoil in Rajshahi, Bangladesh, and decided that a system of attitudinal changes by villagers might have a longer-lasting effect than the existing top-down approach involving subsidies from NGOs and government. The Bangladeshi government began a programme of installing expensive latrines in the 1970s, but the government decided this was too costly, and many of the original latrines were abandoned. In the 1990s, a social mobilisation plan was begun to encourage people to demand and install better sanitation systems, but early success did not last, according to Kar. At that point Kar, a participatory development expert from India, was brought in by Wateraid and he concluded that the problem with previous approaches was that local people had not "internalised" the demand for sanitation. He suggested a new approach: abandoning subsidies and appealing to the better nature of villagers and their sense of self-disgust to bring about change. The CLTS Foundation is the organisation set up by Kar to promote these ideas. It eventually became standard practice for NGOs to leave the community quite soon after "triggering" activities. When communities took the lead, change in sanitation practices was more longer term and sustainable. See also Ecopsychology Orangi Pilot Project Self-supply of water and sanitation Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission) WASH (Water, sanitation and hygiene) References External links CLTS Knowledge Hub at Institute for Development Studies (IDS) in the UK CLTS Foundation by Kamal Kar Publications on CTLS in the library of the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) Testing CLTS Approaches for Scalability Rural community development Sewerage Sanitation	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-led%20total%20sanitation
Orthodox liturgical calendar may refer to: Eastern Orthodox Church liturgical calendar A special Hebrew calendar, also called a luach, normally used in synagogues belonging to Orthodox Judaism which lists the Jewish liturgy and prayers and blessings to be recited during the week, Sabbaths, and on Jewish holidays	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox%20liturgical%20calendar
Peter Gusenberg a.k.a. "Goosey" (September 22, 1888 – February 14, 1929) and his brother Frank were German-American contract killers and members of Chicago's North Side Gang, the main rival to the Chicago Outfit. Peter Gusenberg participated in an infamous attack on Al Capone during a vicious gang war. Early life Peter Gusenberg Jr. was born at the Alexian Brothers Medical Center in Chicago, Illinois to Peter Sr. and his wife. He was the firstborn of three sons and the namesake of his father Peter Gusenberg (Gusenberger) Sr. who was a first generation Roman Catholic emigrant from Gusenburg, a municipality in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany and his wife. His parents moved into a home at 434 Roscoe Street in Lakeview, Chicago where Peter lived with his brothers Frank (October 11, 1893 Chicago, Illinois) along with their youngest brother Henry who later moved to 5507 Bernice Avenue, Portage Park, Chicago. In 1901, when Peter Jr. was twelve years old, he returned home from school and found his mother on the floor, dead. Following this discovery, he pried off his mothers wedding ring, which Peter Sr. had bought for her back in Germany, and pawned it. After graduating from petty crime into more serious offenses, the Gusenberg brothers teamed up with Dean 'Dion' O'Banion, Earl 'Hymie' Weiss, Vincent 'The Schemer' Drucci, George 'Bugs' Moran and other members of the North Side Gang. Although Peter Jr. and his brother had little formal education, they both learnt to speak German and English. He later married a German-Irish woman Myrtle Coppleman Gorman and did not let her know about his criminal activities, keeping her under the ruse that he worked as a travelling salesman. He was first incarcerated in 1902 and sent to the Joliet Correctional Center for burglary in 1906. He was released on a probationary period but violated the terms and conditions of his probation and was sent back to Joliet in 1910 and re-released in 1912. In 1923 he was convicted for his participation in helping rob a mail freight car while stopped at Dearborn Station. He also helped carry out the murders on Antonio Lombardo and Pasquale Lolorado with his younger brother Frank Gusenberg and Albert Kachellek, a fellow cellmate at Joliet. The Gusenberg brothers and Kachellek were killed in the St Valentine's day Massacre February 14, 1929. Prison time In the early 1920s, Peter Gusenberg was sent to the United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth on a mail robbery conviction. While he was in prison, the North Side Gang became embroiled in a vicious gang war with the rival Chicago Outfit, headed first by Johnny Torrio and then Al Capone. During this warfare, Outfit gunmen had murdered North Side leader O'Banion in his florist shop. When Peter Gusenberg was released from prison in 1926, he rejoined the North Side Gang, now led by Hymie Weiss, in its war against the Outfit. Gang war On September 20, 1926, Peter Gusenberg participated in the infamous drive-by shooting on the Hawthorne Hotel, Capone's Cicero, Illinois headquarters. The North Siders riddled the hotel with thousands of bullets. According to many accounts, the second to last car stopped in front of the hotel restaurant when Peter Gusenberg emerged, clad in a khaki Army shirt and brown overalls, and carrying a Thompson submachine gun. Kneeling in front of the doorway, Gusenberg emptied the entire 100-round capacity drum into the restaurant, and then casually strolled back to his car, which then sped off. The attack left Capone terrified and he offered a truce between the two gangs. Peace talks faltered on the concessions that the North Siders demanded. As the gang war continued, the North Side Gang started to weaken. Three weeks after the Hawthorne Hotel attack, Hymie Weiss was murdered by a Capone hit squad. Moran now took over the gang. The North Siders especially wanted to kill Jack "Machine Gun" McGurn, as he was rumored to have killed Weiss. On at least two occasions, the Gusenberg brothers tried to kill McGurn. Despite wounding him several times, McGurn survived these attempts on his life. By late 1928, Moran struck an alliance with Capone rival Joe Aiello. Aiello and the Gusenberg brothers first killed Antonio Lombardo and then Pasqualino "Patsy" Lolordo, two successive presidents of the Unione Siciliane and both Capone allies. It was these murders that motivated Capone to eliminate Moran and the North Side Gang in the St. Valentine's Day Massacre. On February 14, 1929, the upper echelon of the North Side gang, including Peter Gusenberg, gathered at the S.M.C. Cartage Company at 2122 N. Clark Street in the Mid-North District neighborhood. Also there were Frank Gusenberg, Albert Weinshank, Adam Heyer, James Clark, John May, and Dr. Reinhardt Schwimmer (a friend of a gang member). The general accepted story is that the North Siders were waiting for a shipment of hijacked Log Cabin brand whiskey from Detroit (a ploy devised by Capone). However, this story has been disputed. Two men in Chicago police uniforms entered the garage and lined Peter Gusenberg and the other North Siders against the north wall. At this point, two men in civilian clothing entered from the rear carrying submachine guns. The four gunmen then opened fire with submachine guns and shotguns, killing all seven men, in what became known as the St. Valentine's Day Massacre. Peter Gusenberg died kneeling in a chair. Peter's brother Frank was the only initial survivor of the massacre. When police asked who had shot him, Frank replied, "No one shot me." He died later that night. Although the killers wiped out most of the North Side Gang, they missed their prime target, Bugs Moran. Moran had pulled up to the garage just as the shooters were entering. Because they were dressed as policemen, Moran assumed it was a raid and fled the area. The Gusenberg brothers were initially buried in Rosehill Cemetery in Chicago's North Side. They were later reinterred at Irving Park Cemetery. In popular culture Peter has been portrayed three times in film: by George Segal in the 1967 film, The St. Valentine's Day Massacre by Martin Kove in the 1975 film, Capone. by Ryan Kiser in the 2017 film Gangster Land. The Gusenberg Sweeper is a Grand Theft Auto V version of the Tommy Gun, featured in the Valentine's Day Massacre Special. It is named after the Gusenberg Brothers. References External links http://www.myalcaponemuseum.com/id29.htm 1888 births 1929 deaths American people of German descent Murdered American gangsters North Side Gang Prohibition-era gangsters People murdered by the Chicago Outfit People murdered in Illinois Male murder victims Deaths by firearm in Illinois Gangsters from Chicago	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Gusenberg
"Sick Again" is a song by English rock band Led Zeppelin from their 1975 album Physical Graffiti. It was written by singer Robert Plant. The song is about a group of teen groupies, which Plant referred to as "L.A. Queens", with whom the band were acquainted on their 1973 US Tour. Lyrics Plant took pity upon these girls who would flock to the hotel rooms of the band to offer them "favors". In an interview he gave in 1975, he provided an explanation of the lyrics: Live performances Led Zeppelin frequently performed "Sick Again" in concert; during the 1975 and 1977 tours, it was often the second song they played. A performance from the 1979 Knebworth Festival is included on the Led Zeppelin DVD (2003). The song was dropped for the band's final tour Over Europe in 1980. Page performed this song on his tour with the Black Crowes in 1999. A version of "Sick Again" performed by them can be found on the album Live at the Greek. Personnel Robert Plant - vocals Jimmy Page - guitar John Bonham - drums, percussion John Paul Jones - bass References 1975 songs Songs about teenagers Songs about groupies Led Zeppelin songs Song recordings produced by Jimmy Page Songs written by Jimmy Page Songs written by Robert Plant	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sick%20Again
John of Wildeshausen, O.P., also called Johannes Teutonicus (c. 1180 – 4 November 1252) was a German Dominican friar, who was made bishop of Bosnia and later the fourth master general of the Dominican Order. Biography Early life John, a nobleman, was born in his family's castle in Wildeshausen, Westphalia about 1180, where he received his early education. When he was of age, he went to Bologna to advance his studies. The records show that he showed himself to have an extremely agile mind and winning personality. This is shown in the fast friendship John forged with the teenaged Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II when they met during a stay Frederick made while returning home from a diplomatic mission, sometime about 1212. This was despite a significant disparity in age between them. John accompanied Frederick back to their homeland, where he joined the imperial court. It would appear that court life did not agree with John, as he soon returned to Bologna, where he came to know the Dominican Order. Despite his age and standing (possibly already having received Holy Orders), John was eager to join in the new enterprise, and received the Dominican habit from the founder of the Order, St. Dominic himself, who possibly then also professed him at the same time. This was in either late 1219 or early 1220. He was almost immediately sent out to preach, in keeping with Dominic's vision of mission of the Order, especially since John was already known as an eloquent preacher, equally fluent in Latin, Italian and French, as well as his native German. John wandered through northern Italy, France and Germany, as far as Austria, preaching the Gospel everywhere he went, traveling entirely on foot, though he was already advanced in age for his era. After this tour, he settled in Strasbourg as his base. Provincial and bishop In 1224 he was called to Rome by Pope Honorius III, where he was named an Apostolic Penitentiary and assigned to accompany the Cistercian cardinal Conrad of Urach in preaching a crusade to the Holy Land in southern Germany. While on this mission, John mediated in a longstanding conflict between the Stedingen and the Archbishop of Bremen, Gerhard II. He was sent back on the same mission with another papal legate, Cardinal Otho di Monferrato, later that same year. Upon his return to Rome, John was then assigned to join his friend and fellow Dominican, Paul of Hungary, to serve as Prior Provincial of the new province Paul had founded for his homeland, a post in which John served from about 1231 to 1233. At that point, due to the removal from office of the incumbent due to heresy, he was named bishop of Bosnia (then part of the Kingdom of Hungary) by the papal legate, the Cistercian cardinal James of Pecorara, a position he accepted only under religious obedience. John would travel his extensive diocese on foot, leading, or driving ahead of him, a little ass which carried his books and vestments. He was at once bishop and missionary. His preaching was incessant; his charity inexhaustible. On himself he spent next to nothing, for he regarded the revenues of his diocese as the property of the poor, and there were many within his jurisdiction. He was given valuable assistance by King Coloman, the Duke of Slavonia (brother of the popular saint, Elizabeth of Hungary). John served in this post from 1233 to 1237, when, after repeated requests, he was allowed to retire by Pope Gregory IX. John was so eager to relinquish the office, that he renounced any pension to which he was entitled from the diocese, and returned to his monastery in Strasbourg. John was not to rest in his retirement, as he was almost immediately sent in 1237 as an envoy of Pope Gregory IX to the Bulgarian Prince Asen II. The following year, the General Chapter of the Order met in Bologna at Pentecost, in the course of which the capitulars chose John as Prior Provincial of Lombardy, a post in which he served from 1238 to 1240. This was not a position which offered rest, as friars of that Province were actively opposed to the political ambitions of John's old friend, the Emperor Frederick, who was seeking control of the entire Italian peninsula. Additionally, they were loyal to the Pope, who was engaged in widespread hostilities with Frederick over competing territorial claims. As John was a subject of the Emperor, it was a particularly difficult spot for him. Just as in the start of their friendship, the fact that John was able to walk a fine line which never angered either side in the struggle again attested to his capacity for being able to work with all. Master General In 1240, the incumbent Master General of the Order, Raymond of Penyafort, resigned the office. Thus, when the next General Chapter met in Paris on 19 May 1241, choosing his successor was at the head of their agenda. John attended the Chapter in his capacity as Prior Provincial. To his surprise and dismay, they chose him. Among his many achievements during his administration was the continued policy of fidelity to the Papacy without needless criticism of secular rulers. He oversaw the completion of liturgical texts proper to the Order. He traveled throughout Europe visiting the different monasteries of the Order, still traveling on foot, with just his staff for support. He preached in five languages, and had good relations with the papal Curia. Under his lead, the General Chapters decided two important changes in the Constitutions: The General Chapters would no longer alternate only between Bologna and Paris, but, by agreement, they were to be held: 1245 in Cologne, 1247 in Montpellier, 1249 in Trier and 1250 in London. The university monopoly of Paris was broken and from 1248 new general houses of study were established in Montpellier, Bologna, Cologne and Oxford. John provided for the standardization of the Dominican liturgy; and gave the Order a firmer structure. He particularly promoted the missions and study. Death In obedience to a command of Pope Innocent IV, John accompanied the first Dominican cardinal, Hugh of St-Cher, to Germany subsequent to the death of Emperor Frederick. While there, overestimating his strength, he preached vigorously, as was his custom. This time, however, the strain proved too much for him and he collapsed. John was brought back to his old base by Strasbourg, and there he died on 4 November 1252. He was initially buried in the church of the first monastery of the friars by Strasbourg, which was outside the walls of the city. By 1260, a new priory had been built within the city proper, one dedicated to St. Bartholomew. The General Chapter was held there that year, in the course of which John's remains were transported to the new church and re-interred there. John was considered a saint during his life, and after death was venerated as saint, both within the Order and without. Documents were drawn up by his successor, Humbert of Romans, with the goal of seeking his canonization. His cause, however, never succeeded in Rome. In the 16th century, in the course of the Protestant Reformation, the Dominican church where he was entombed was seized by Huguenots, and the interior was gutted, to be used for their purposes. See also Notes External links BBK page 1180s births 1252 deaths People from Wildeshausen German Dominicans Dominican bishops Masters of the Order of Preachers Bishops of Bosnia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20of%20Wildeshausen
Heemstede is a hamlet in the central Netherlands. It is located 3 km west of Houten, Utrecht. The hamlet is known for Heemstede Castle (1645). Until 1812, Heemstede was a separate heerlijkheid. Between 1818 and 1857 it was a part of Oud-Wulven, until that municipality merged with Houten. The area had 75 inhabitants around 1850. History It was first mentioned in 1219 as in Hemsteden, and means "place with houses". Heemstede is not a statistical entity, and the postal authorities have placed it under Houten, and there are no place name signs. Nowadays, it consists of about 20 houses. Castle Heemstede A fortified farm called Heemstede was first mentioned in 1323. Between 1398 and 1404, a tower was constructed, and it officially became a castle in 1536. In 1614, the castle became derelict and turned into a ruin. In 1645, a manor house was built about 500 metres to the north. During World War II, it was in use as monastery. In 1971, the building was squatted, and burnt down in 1987. It was rebuilt in 1998 and served as a restaurant which went bankrupt in 2012. The estate is now private property. Gallery References Populated places in Utrecht (province) Houten	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heemstede%2C%20Utrecht
KRES (104.7 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a classic country music format. Licensed to Moberly, Missouri, United States, the station serves the Columbia, Missouri, area. The station is currently owned by Alpha Media, through licensee Alpha Media Licensee LLC, and features programming from ABC Radio. The station began broadcasting on 1550 AM in St. Joseph, Missouri, in 1947, playing hits from the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s. The station changed its call sign to KKJO in 1962 and began playing hits from the 1950s and 1960s. Today KRES broadcasts on 104.7 FM with a classic country music with spot news and agricultural news format. KRES is the Moberly affiliate for St. Louis Cardinals baseball. Throughout the day, the on-air programmers who can be heard on KRES include, Brad Boyer, Bill Peterson, J.B. Connoley, Dan Patterson, Adam Hildebrandt, and Kyle Hill. In the late 1980s, on air staff included Jack Larkin, Jim Coyle, Bob Bagby, Dale Palmer, Ron Block, Larry Weller, Doug Owens and Rich Cain. In the early 1990s, KWIX-KRES radio's on-air staff included St. Louis-area transplants such as Bryan Polcyn, Doug Stewart, Mike Roberts and Paul Lewandowski. Ownership On March 1, 2007, it was announced that GoodRadio.TV LLC planned to buy The Shepherd Group of radio stations in Missouri. The Shepherd Group operates 16 small-market radio stations in Missouri. The deal was reportedly worth $30.6 million. Dean Goodman recently formed the new company, GoodRadio.TV. He is the former president and chief executive officer of the television broadcasting company ION Media Networks Inc. Goodman stepped down from ION Media Networks in October 2006. The Shepherd Group includes KJEL and KBNN in Lebanon; KJFF in Festus; KREI and KTJJ in Farmington; KRES-FM and KWIX in Moberly; KIRK in Macon; KIIK, KOZQ-FM, KJPW and KFBD-FM in Waynesville; KAAN-FM and KAAN in Bethany; and KMRN and KKWK in Cameron. In December 2013, GoodRadio.TV merged into Digity, LLC. Effective February 25, 2016, Digity and its 124 radio stations were acquired by Alpha Media for $264 million. References External links RES Country radio stations in the United States Radio stations established in 1962 Alpha Media radio stations	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRES
Theodore is a rural town and locality in the Shire of Banana, Queensland, Australia. In the the locality of Theodore had a population of 438 people. It was established in the 1920s as part of Queensland Premier Ted Theodore's ambitious Dawson River Irrigation Scheme which failed to eventuate. It was originally known as Castle Creek, but that name is now used by another locality in the area. Geography Theodore is situated on the Dawson River just off the Leichhardt Highway north-west of the state capital, Brisbane. Castle Creek flows through the town and into the Dawson River immediately south of the town centre. History The Aboriginal inhabitants of the area were the Gangulu people. Gangalu (Gangulu, Kangulu, Kanolu, Kaangooloo, Khangulu) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken on Gangula country. The Gangula language region includes the towns of Clermont and Springsure extending south towards the Dawson River. The first European settler in the district was Joseph Thompson who amassed a number of pastoral leases from 1850 to his death in 1857, including Oxtrack Creek, Okangal, Coteeda, Delusion Creek, Macoom, Hope, Thalba and Woolthorpe. He entered a partnership with James Reid who acquired the Boam run and acquired Thompson's runs after his death and then acquired further runs, before beginning to sell out to new settlers. In 1864 a town called Woolthorpe was surveyed and town lots offered for sale, but few were sold and no town developed at that time. In 1893, William Woolrych acquired of land alongside the Dawson River and gradually built it up through further land acquisitions into the very large Woolthorpe Station. Dawson River Irrigation Scheme In 1905, the Queensland Minister for Lands Joshua Thomas Bell and fellow Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly Robert Herbertson conducted a tour of the district. Herbertson reported that Woolthorpe was "a splendid property, consisting of downs and black soil flats" used for sheep grazing. Herbertson also reported favourably on an experiment to raise lucerne by irrigating of cleared land beside the Dawson River. His opinion was that there was plenty of water available in the Dawson River for irrigation and the land could grow almost any crop. Herbertson believed that, with irrigation, the district would be capable of supporting a large population, provided there was cheap, easy and quick transport to the coast. This comment about transport followed Minister Bell's earlier criticism of the condition of the roads west of Gladstone which were the responsibility of the Banana Shire and the Taroom Shire. The idea of a major irrigation scheme involving the Dawson River continued to be considered by the Queensland Parliament over a number of years. However, it was not until February 1920, that the Premier of Queensland Ted Theodore announced his support for a Dawson River irrigation scheme. Later that year, in September 1920, Ted Theodore announced that a dam would be built at The Gorge on the Dawson River () enabling of fertile land to be created through irrigation along of the Dawson River. The irrigated area would be organised into five zones: Isla, Castle Creek (later Theodore), Huon, Moura and Coolibah, with each zone having a central township. There would be irrigated farms closer to the river and dry (non-irrigated) blocks further away. It was estimated that there would be about 5000 farms and that, together with those living in the towns providing services to the farmers, the irrigation scheme would support about 50,000 people. Each town would be a "model garden city" as the local population would be sufficient to enable all modern amenities and recreational facilities; this was seen as important to attract younger people, who were believed to be abandoning rural towns in favour of cities to which many had been exposed during the Great War. In 1922 it was announced that the gorge and the dam would both be named after Matthew Nathan, the (then) Governor of Queensland. The dam would be the second largest in the world, submerging over and capable of storing 2,485,000 acre feet (3.065 cubic kilometres) of water. (For comparison, the present day Wivenhoe Dam has an area of 109.4 square kilometres and a capacity of 2.61 cubic kilometres). Also in 1922, it was announced that, in addition to the dam, the Dawson Valley Irrigation scheme would include the construction of a railway line to service the Dawson Valley. The funding for the overall scheme was to be through a loan from America for approximately £2.5 million. Creating the town of Theodore As it would take some time to build the Nathan Dam, it was decided to commence on a smaller scale by initiating the Castle Creek irrigation zone by building a small low-cost weir nearby on the Dawson River, from which water would be pumped along canals to the irrigated farms. A power station was also built beside the river. The land offered for initial settlement was 264 irrigated farms of average size and 109 dry blocks of average size . The town was initially called Castle Creek after the local railway station, which in turn took its name from the creek which flowed into the Dawson River just south of the town. However, in November 1926, it was renamed in honour of Ted Theodore, who as Premier of Queensland had given so much support to the irrigation scheme. Theodore State School opened on 6 May 1924. The Castle Creek receiving office opened on 1 December 1924, but was upgraded to a post office on 15 December 1924. It was renamed Theodore Post Office on 1 July 1927. The Hotel Theodore was originally built as a boarding house to accommodate new residents to the district. The Theodore branch of the Country Women's Association was established in about 1928. In 1932, they opened their original rest rooms in Theodore in 1923 at a cost of £113. On 21 February 1953, their current hall on The Boulevard was opened. The land was donated and the building cost £3,000. It is painted in the traditional blue-and-white colours of the CWA. The Theodore Public Library was opened in 1959. Postponement of Nathan Dam However, Ted Theodore never obtained funding for the Nathan Dam and in 1925 he resigned as Queensland Premier in order to move into federal parliament. In 1933, the Nathan Dam was postponed for 25 years. Without the water needed for irrigation, many of the small farm blocks around Theodore became economically unviable and many sold at a loss. This enabled others to enlarge their holdings to a size where it became possible to support a family with dry farming. However, with fewer families, the population estimates used for Theodore's planning could not be achieved in practice, making many aspects of the town's existing and planned infrastructure economically unviable to the disappointment of the settlers attracted by the government's promotional material of a model garden city. In 2006, the Queensland Government announced that the Nathan Dam was the preferred short-to-medium-term water supply solution for the district to meet the needs of the growing mining activity in the Surat Basin but indicated that only existing agricultural users would be supplied, suggesting there is no plan to revive the Dawson River Irrigation Scheme more generally. The dam was originally intended to be operational by 2014. In 2009, environmental impact studies discovered that half of the already endangered Boggomoss snail (Adclarkia dawsonensis) population would be within the inundation area of the dam. A mitigation strategy would be to relocate those snail communities to other suitable habitats outside the inundation area. A trial relocation project was established but required three years to complete as the success criteria require that relocated snail communities successful breed and rear young for two generations. This trial would delay the project by at least two years. Later in 2009, SunWater claimed other studies of the snails discovered 18,000 snails in other unidentified locations, reducing the concern about the population in the inundation area and allowing the dam project to resume. However, as at August 2015, the Queensland Government still lists the snail as "endangered in Queensland" with only two population groups. Although the Environmental Impact Statement for the dam was completed in 2012, changes to the proposed route of the pipeline in 2013 meant the environmental impact statement had to be revised. As at November 2015, the revised EIS had not been released for public comment. Flooding In March 2010 the Dawson River flooded, causing significant economic damage to the town. On 28 December 2010, a second flood forced evacuation of the town, with the level of the Dawson River exceeding 14.6 metres. At the , Theodore had a population of 452. In the the locality of Theodore had a population of 438 people. Economy The town's economy is closely linked to coal mining – Theodore is at the southern end of Queensland's coal-rich Bowen Basin. Education Theodore State School is a coeducational school catering for Prep – year 10. The school motto is 'Learn with a will'. At the time of the 2015 Annual Report, Theodore State School had 120 students enrolled. Transport Theodore has an airport, Theodore Airport but no regular scheduled services operate from it. The community has raised funds to install solar-powered lighting so the runway can be used for medical emergency flights at night. Amenities The Banana Shire Council operates a library on The Boulevard in Theodore. Attractions The Theodore War Memorial commemorates Australians who have served in all wars and conflicts. It is located on the oval in the centre of The Boulevard (). Events The Theodore Annual Show is held each May; it is organised by the Theodore Show Society. Notable residents Mal Anderson, tennis champion at the 1957 U.S. National Championships, was born in Theodore Nev Hewitt, Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly was born in Theodore Rob Simmons, 2008 - 2017 of the Queensland Reds, 2018 - member of the New South Wales Waratahs Gallery References External links Banana Shire Website Central Queensland University's Bowen Basin Website (includes information on Theodore) Mining towns in Queensland Towns in Queensland 1864 establishments in Australia Populated places established in 1864 Shire of Banana Localities in Queensland	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore%2C%20Queensland
Geobotanically, Arkansas belongs to the North American Atlantic Region. Rare Species A Amorpha ouachitensis - Ouachita leadplant Amorpha paniculata - Panicled indigobush Amsonia hubrichtii - Ouachita blue star Astragalus soxmaniorum - Soxmans' milk-vetch B C Calamagrostis porteri ssp. insperata - Ofer hollow reed grass Calamovilfa arcuata - A sandgrass Carex decomposita - Epiphytic sedge Carex latebracteata - Waterfall's sedge Carex shinnersii - Shinner's sedge Carex timida - A sedge Castanea pumila var. ozarkensis - Ozark chinquapin Chelone obliqua var. speciosa - Rose turtlehead Cunila origanoides - American dittany, mountain oregano Cyperus grayoides - Umbrella sedge Cypripedium kentuckiense - Southern lady's-slipper D Delphinium newtonianum - Moore's larkspur Delphinium treleasei - Trelease's larkspur Dodecatheon frenchii - French's shootingstar Draba aprica - Open-ground whitlow-grass Datura E Echinacea paradoxa - Bush's yellow coneflower Echinacea sanguinea - A coneflower Eriocaulon koernickianum - Dwarf pipewort F Fothergilla major - Witch-alder G Galium arkansanum - A bedstraw H Hamamelis vernalis - Ozark Witch Hazel Harperella nodosa (syn. Ptilimnium nodosum) - Harperella Helianthus occidentalis ssp. plantagineus - Shinner's sunflower Heuchera villosa var. arkansana - Arkansas alumroot Houstonia ouachitana - Ouachita bluet Hydrophyllum brownei - Browne's waterleaf I J K L Leitneria floridana - Corkwood Liatris squarrosa var. compacta - A blazing star Lobelia siphilitica - Great Blue Lobelia Lysimachia quadriflora M Mespilus canescens - Stern's medlar Minuartia godfreyi - Godfrey's sandwort N Neviusia alabamensis - Alabama snow-wreath O Oenothera heterophylla ssp. orientalis - An evening primrose Oenothera pilosella ssp. sessilis - Prairie evening primrose P Polymnia cossatotensis - Cossatot leafcup Q Quercus acerifolia - Maple-leaved oak Quercus arkansana - Arkansas oak R S Schisandra glabra - Climbing magnolia Schoenolirion wrightii - Texas sunnybell Scutellaria bushii - Bush's skullcap Silene ovata - Ovate-leaf catchfly Silene regia - Royal catchfly Solidago ouachitensis - Ouachita goldenrod Streptanthus maculatus ssp. obtusifolius - A twistflower Streptanthus squamiformis - A twistflower T Thalictrum arkansanum - Arkansas meadow-rue Tradescantia longipes - Dwarf spiderwort Tradescantia ozarkana - Ozark spiderwort Trillium pusillum var. ozarkanum - Ozark least trillium Trillium viridescens - Ozark trillium U V Valerianella nuttallii - Nuttall corn-salad Valerianella palmeri - Palmer's corn-salad Valerianella ozarkana - Ozark corn-salad Vernonia arkansana - Arkansas ironweed Vernonia lettermannii - Narrowleaf ironweed W X Y Z Common Trees Pinus echinata - Shortleaf Pine Other Pinus species also common Juglans nigra - Black Walnut Carya ovata - Shagbark Hickory Other Carya species also common Betula nigra - River Birch Quercus alba - White Oak Other Quercus species also common Sassafras albidum - Sassafras Liquidambar styraciflua - Sweetgum Platanus occidentalis - American Sycamore Malus sylvestris - Common Apple (Arkansas State Flower is the Apple Blossom) Acer negundo - Box Elder Acer species - Maples Cornus florida - Flowering Dogwood Juniperus virginiana - Eastern Redcedar Rhus glabra - Smooth Sumac Other Rhus species also common Diospyros virginiana - American Persimmon Prunus serotina - Black Cherry Prunus virginiana - Chokecherry Prunus americana - Wild Plum Other Prunus species also common Ulmus alata - Winged Elm Ulmus americana - American Elm Other Ulmus species also common Salix nigra - Black Willow Common Shrubs Euonymus - Euonymus, Marble Queen Rubus species - Brambles, Blackberries, Dewberries Rhus species - Sumacs Rosa species - Wild roses Sambucus species - Elderberries Flora Arkansas, List L	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20flora%20of%20Arkansas
William Nelson Runyon (March 5, 1871 – November 9, 1931) was the acting governor of New Jersey from 1919 to 1920 and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. Runyon was nominated by President Warren G. Harding on December 30, 1922, to a new seat created by 42 Stat. 837; He was confirmed by the United States Senate on January 16, 1923, and received commission the same day. Runyon's service was terminated on November 9, 1931, due to death. Education and career Born on March 5, 1871, in Plainfield, New Jersey, Runyon received an Artium Baccalaureus degree in 1892 from Yale University and a Bachelor of Laws in 1894 from New York Law School. He was a member of the Plainfield Common Council from 1897 to 1898. He was a Judge of the Plainfield Municipal Court from 1899 to 1910. He was a member of the New Jersey General Assembly from 1915 to 1917. He was a member of the New Jersey Senate from 1918 to 1922. He served as Acting Governor of New Jersey from 1919 to 1920. He was a member of the Republican Party. Federal judicial service Runyon was nominated by President Warren G. Harding on December 30, 1922, to the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, to a new seat authorized by 42 Stat. 837. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on January 16, 1923, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on November 9, 1931, due to his death in Plainfield. He was interred in Hillside Cemetery in Scotch Plains, New Jersey. References Sources 1871 births 1931 deaths Politicians from Plainfield, New Jersey Yale University alumni New York Law School alumni New Jersey lawyers Republican Party governors of New Jersey Republican Party members of the New Jersey General Assembly Republican Party New Jersey state senators Presidents of the New Jersey Senate New Jersey state court judges Judges of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey United States district court judges appointed by Warren G. Harding 20th-century American judges Burials at Hillside Cemetery (Scotch Plains, New Jersey)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Nelson%20Runyon
During the dot-com/internet bubble of the late 1990s and early 2000, the proliferation of many dot-com start-up companies created a secondary bubble in the telecommunications/computer networking infrastructure and telecommunications service provider markets. Venture capital and high tech companies rushed to build next generation infrastructure equipment for the expected explosion of internet traffic. As part of that investment fever, network processors were seen as a method of dealing with the desire for more network services and the ever-increasing data-rates of communication networks. It has been estimated that dozens of start-up companies were created in the race to build the processors that would be a component of the next generation telecommunications equipment. Once the internet investment bubble burst, the telecom network upgrade cycle was deferred for years (perhaps for a decade). As a result, the majority of these new companies went bankrupt. As of 2007, the only companies that are shipping network processors in sizeable volumes are Cisco Systems, Marvell, Freescale, Cavium Networks and AMCC. OC-768/40Gb routing ClearSpeed left network processor market, reverted to supercomputing applications Propulsion Networks defunct BOPS left network processor market, reverted to DSP applications OC-192/10Gb routing Terago defunct Clearwater Networks originally named Xstream Logic, defunct Silicon Access defunct Solidum Systems acquired by Integrated Device Technology Lexra defunct Fast-Chip defunct Cognigine Corp. defunct Internet Machines morphed into IMC Semiconductors, a PCI-Express chip vendor Acorn Networks defunct XaQti acquired by Vitesse Semiconductor, product line discontinued OC-48/2.5Gb routing IP Semiconductors defunct Entridia defunct Stargate Solutions defunct Gigabit Ethernet routing Sibyte acquired by Broadcom, product line discontinued PMC-Sierra product line discontinued OC-12 routing C-port acquired by Motorola (now Freescale), product line discontinued IBM PowerNP product line discontinued Sitera acquired by Vitesse, product line discontinued Access products Netargy defunct Ishoni Networks defunct HyWire defunct VOIP products Silicon Spice acquired by Broadcom, product line discontinued Malleable Technologies acquired by PMC-Sierra, product line discontinued Traffic managers Extreme Packet Devices acquired by PMC-Sierra, product line discontinued Azanda Network Devices acquired by Cortina, product line being sold as CS53xx family Teradiant defunct Orologic acquired by Vitesse, product line discontinued Maker Communications acquired by Conexant, product line discontinued Packet classifiers SwitchOn acquired by PMC-Sierra, product line discontinued FastChip defunct Switch fabrics Abrizio acquired by PMC-Sierra, product line discontinued Stargen left networking market for computer server market Security products Chrysalis-ITS defunct Defunct network processor companies Network processor companies	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20defunct%20network%20processor%20companies
In The Mid-Nite Hour is the fifth studio album by Warren G, released on the label Hawino Records on October 11, 2005. His first single was "Get U Down" featuring Ice Cube, B-Real, and Snoop Dogg, and his follow up single was "I Need A Light" featuring Nate Dogg. Neither single was able to make the Billboard charts for music and the album peaked at number 80 on the Billboard 200 album chart selling 14,800 in its first week. It is notable for having a laid back feel to it and featuring rapper Bishop Lamont on seven tracks. The album was released in the UK on March 25, 2006. Critical reception Steve 'Flash' Juon of RapReviews praised Warren's musicianship for crafting well-produced tracks with a strong featured cast while maintaining his smooth flow, saying that "In the Mid-Nite Hour may not raise him to prominence, but it won't disappoint his audience or the casual purchaser who wants some nice shit to cruise to." Jason Birchmeier of AllMusic praised the independent approach to the album and found it more approachable than Warren's previous effort The Return of the Regulator. Jozen Cummings of Vibe commended Warren for attempting to recapture his early work but found it too brief and often backfiring on itself, concluding that "it's no secret that his G-funk prime has passed." Track listing References 2005 albums Warren G albums Albums produced by Warren G Albums produced by Terrace Martin Albums produced by Raphael Saadiq	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20the%20Mid-Nite%20Hour
World of Beer, branded as WOB, is an American tavern chain with locations in the United States, China, and South Korea. Founded in 2007, the company's headquarters are in Tampa Bay, Florida. WOB locations sell about 300 craft beers, including almost 50 on tap, and serve food. In 2018, the company hired former Raymond James investment banker Kevin MacCormack as CFO, and Hard Rock International executive James Buell as vice president of marketing. References Alcohol distribution retailers Drinking establishment chains in the United States Companies based in Tampa, Florida Restaurants established in 2007 2007 establishments in Florida American companies established in 2007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20of%20Beer
Satya Pir () is a belief system found in Bengal created by the fusion of Islam and local religions. Experts maintain that the Muslim Satya Pir and the Hindu Satyanarayan Puja essentially represent the same beliefs and rituals. A century ago in Bengal, the ritual called, pujah was mainly performed by Hindu women and was interchangeably called Satya pir Pujah or Satya Narayan pujah. According to the author, Dwijendra Nath Neogi, some Muslims at that time also performed the pujah. The author gives alternate theories as to how Pir and Narayan got associated. In one theory, he proposes that Brahmins during the Islamic era in Bengal changed Narayan into Pir in order for the Muslims to believe that they were worshipping an Islamic saint. The other theory says the worship started as that of a Muslim saint or Pir and later the Pir was changed into Narayan. In folklores, Narayan and Pir get mixed such as one supplicant will address him as Satya Narayana, implying that he is an avatar of Krishna, while another one in a different tale will be told that Satya Pir has just come from Mecca, which would make him Muslim. In Orissa, the state adjacent to Bengal, Sufism gained popularity and led to the emergence of the Satya-Pir tradition. Even today Hindus worship Satyanarayan and pir together. Satya pir is worshipped by some Buddhists in Bangladesh. References Bengali culture Religion in Bangladesh Hindu traditions Further reading Stewart, Tony (2003). Fabulous Females and Peerless Pirs: Tales of Mad Adventure in Old Bengal. Oxford University Press.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satya%20Pir
La Romana Casa De Campo International Airport is an international airport located on the southeastern coast of the Dominican Republic, adjacent to the tourist town of La Romana and the resort of Casa de Campo. It is located about 68 miles (110 km) from the capital, Santo Domingo, approximately 1 hour and 34 minutes by car. In 2008, 374,724 passengers passed through the airport. Overview The current single terminal is built in the style of an old sugar mill. The airport consists of a main terminal with four modern gates. It has facilities for passengers and for the maintenance of aircraft. This airport receives most of the private flights in the country, principally businessmen that come to La Romana for vacations in Casa de Campo. The La Romana VOR/DME (Ident: LRN) and the La Romana non-directional beacon (Ident: LRN) are located on the field. History The current airport has been open for 22 years and opened in December 2000 and replaced the earlier La Romana Airport with the same name and IATA code. The old airport was on the Caribbean shore, southwest of the current airport. The former airport served private planes and one daily American Airlines flight from Miami and a few American Eagle flights. Airlines and destinations The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights to and from La Romana Airport: Statistics See also Transport in Dominican Republic List of airports in Dominican Republic List of the busiest airports in Dominican Republic List of the busiest airports in the Caribbean References External links OpenStreetMap - La Romana Airport La Romana International Airport La Romana, Dominican Republic Airports in the Dominican Republic Buildings and structures in La Romana Province Airports established in 2000 2000 establishments in the Dominican Republic	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Romana%20International%20Airport
Sot () is a village located in Syrmia, Vojvodina, Serbia. It is situated in the Šid municipality, in the Syrmia District. The village is ethnically mixed and its population numbering 791 people (2002 census). Ethnic groups (2002 census) The population of the village include: 340 (42.98%) Serbs 317 (40.08%) Croats 33 (4.17%) Hungarians 28 (3.54%) Slovaks 15 (1.90%) Yugoslavs others. Historical population 1961: 1,272 1971: 1,077 1981: 900 1991: 819 2002: 791 References Slobodan Ćurčić, Broj stanovnika Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 1996. See also List of places in Serbia List of cities, towns and villages in Vojvodina Populated places in Syrmia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sot%2C%20%C5%A0id
Not Without Laughter is the debut novel by Langston Hughes published in 1930. Plot introduction Not Without Laughter portrays African-American life in Kansas in the 1910s, focusing on the effects of class and religion on the community. The main storyline focuses on Sandy's "awakening to the sad and the beautiful realities of black life in a small Kansas town." Characters James "Sandy" Rodgers Jimboy Rodgers – Sandy's father, Annjee's husband Annjelica "Annjee" Rodgers – Sandy's mother, wife of Jimboy Aunt Hager Williams – Annjee's mother and Sandy's grandmother Tempy Siles/Williams – Annjee's sister Mr. Siles – Tempy's husband Harriett Williams – sister of Annjee Maudel Smothers – friend of Harriett Willie-Mae Johnson – friend of Sandy Background Hughes said that Not Without Laughter is semi-autobiographical, and that a good portion of the characters and setting included in the novel are based on his memories of growing up in Lawrence, Kansas: "I wanted to write about a typical Negro family in the Middle West, about people like those I had known in Kansas. But mine was not a typical Negro family." Reception A review in the New York Times on August 3, 1930 stated: " "Not Without Laughter" is very slow, even tedious, reading in its early chapters, but once it gains its momentum it moves as swiftly as a jazz rhythm. Its characters, emerging ever more clearly and challenging as the novel proceeds, gives it this rhythm. Every character in the novel, it can be said, with the exception of Tempy and Mr. Siles, is a living challenge to our civilization, a challenge that is all the more effective because it springs naturally out of its materials and is not superimposed upon them." References 1930 American novels Works by Langston Hughes Random House books African-American novels Novels set in Kansas 1930 debut novels	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not%20Without%20Laughter
Something the Lord Made is a 2004 American made-for-television biographical drama film about the black cardiac pioneer Vivien Thomas (1910–1985) and his complex and volatile partnership with white surgeon Alfred Blalock (1899–1964), the "Blue Baby doctor" who pioneered modern heart surgery. Based on the National Magazine Award-winning Washingtonian magazine article "Like Something the Lord Made" by Katie McCabe, the film was directed by Joseph Sargent and written by Peter Silverman and Robert Caswell. Plot Something the Lord Made tells the story of the 34-year partnership that begins in Depression Era Nashville in 1930 when Blalock (Alan Rickman) hires Thomas (Mos Def) as an assistant at his Vanderbilt University lab, expecting him to perform janitorial work. But Thomas' remarkable manual dexterity and intellectual acumen confound Blalock's expectations, and Thomas rapidly becomes indispensable as a research partner to Blalock in his forays into heart surgery. The film traces the two men's work when they move in 1943 from Vanderbilt to Johns Hopkins, an institution where the only black employees are janitors and where Thomas must enter by the back door. Together, they attack the congenital heart defect of Tetralogy of Fallot, also known as Blue Baby Syndrome, and in so doing they open the field of heart surgery. Helen Taussig (Mary Stuart Masterson), the pediatrician/cardiologist at Johns Hopkins, challenges Blalock to come up with a surgical solution for her Blue Babies. She needs a new for them to oxygenate their blood. The duo is seen experimenting on stray dogs they got from the local dog pound, deliberately giving the dogs the heart defect and trying to solve it. The outcome looks good and they are excited to operate on a baby with the defect, but in a dream, Thomas sees the baby grown up and crying because she's dying. Thomas asks why she's dying in the dream and she says it's because she has a baby heart. Blalock interprets it as the fact that their sewing technique didn't work because the sutures didn't grow with the heart, and worked on a new version that would work. The film dramatizes Blalock's and Thomas' fight to save the dying Blue Babies. Blalock praises Thomas' surgical skill as being "like something the Lord made", and insists that Thomas coach him through the first Blue Baby surgery over the protests of Hopkins administrators. Yet outside the lab, they are separated by the prevailing racism of the time. Blalock makes a mistake once by accidentally cutting an artery at the wrong place, but eventually, along with Thomas, succeeds. As word quickly spreads of their success, parents all over the country flock to the hospital with their sick children, hoping the surgery will cure them. Also doctors from around the world start attending Thomas's surgery in order to learn how to do the surgery themselves so they can treat their own patients. Thomas attends Blalock's parties as a bartender, moonlighting for extra income, and when Blalock is honored for the Blue Baby work at the segregated Belvedere Hotel, Thomas is not among the invited guests. Instead, he watches from behind a potted palm at the rear of the ballroom. From there, he listens to Blalock give credit to the other doctors who assisted in the work but make no mention of Thomas or his contributions. The next day, Thomas reveals that he saw the ceremony, and quits from his lab. However, his heart is with the work he left behind so much that he is unhappy in other endeavors. He therefore decides to overlook Blalock's lack of acknowledgement and return to the lab. In 1964, one day before Blalock dies, he sees Thomas, now a professional surgeon and trainer in the open heart surgery wing. After Blalock's death, Thomas continued his work at Johns Hopkins training surgeons. At the end of the film, in a formal ceremony in 1976, Hopkins recognized Thomas' work and awarded him an honorary doctorate. A portrait of Thomas was placed on the walls of Johns Hopkins next to Blalock's portrait, which had been hung there years earlier. and a brief montage shows 'DR. ALFRED BLALOCK 1899-1964' over Blalock's portrait, and 'DR. VIVIEN THOMAS: 1910-1985' over Thomas's. Cast Alan Rickman as Alfred Blalock Mos Def as Vivien Thomas Kyra Sedgwick as Mary Blalock Gabrielle Union as Clara Thomas Merritt Wever as Mrs. Saxon Clayton LeBouef as Harold Thomas Charles S. Dutton as William Thomas Mary Stuart Masterson as Helen B. Taussig Film background A man who in life avoided the limelight, Thomas remained virtually unknown outside the circle of Hopkins surgeons he trained. Thomas' story was first brought to public attention by Washington writer Katie McCabe, who learned of his work with Blalock on the day of his death in a 1985 interview with a prominent Washington, D.C. surgeon who described Thomas as "an absolute legend." McCabe's 1989 Washingtonian magazine article on Thomas, "Like Something the Lord Made", generated widespread interest in the story and inspired the making of a 2003 public television documentary on Thomas and Blalock, "Partners of the Heart." A Washington, D.C. dentist, Irving Sorkin, discovered McCabe's article and brought it to Hollywood, where it was developed into the film. Awards and nominations See also Eileen Saxon References External links Washingtonian article 2004 biographical drama films 2004 television films 2004 films African-American biographical dramas Biographical films about surgeons Drama films based on actual events Films scored by Christopher Young Films based on works by American writers Films directed by Joseph Sargent HBO Films films Films based on newspaper and magazine articles Medical-themed films Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Made for Television Movie winners Films set in Johns Hopkins University 2000s American films Films about disability in the United States	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something%20the%20Lord%20Made
Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (24 August 1758 – 29 November 1794) was born a Princess and Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and by marriage Hereditary Princess of Denmark and Norway. Life Born in Schwerin, she was the only daughter of Duke Louis of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, second son of Christian Louis II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and Princess Charlotte Sophie of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. Her only sibling was Frederick, who was about two years older. Life in Denmark On 21 October 1774 in Copenhagen, she married Hereditary Prince Frederick of Denmark and Norway, the son of King Frederick V of Denmark and his second wife Juliane Marie of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, who was the regent in Denmark between 1772 and 1784. She was sixteen years old when she was married. Sophia Frederica, known as Sofie Frederikke af Mecklenburg-Schwerin in Denmark, was described as jolly, charming and intelligent. She had a hard time in the beginning adapting to her new, stiffer environment, but became quite popular. During the first ten years of her marriage (1774-1784), she gave birth to three daughters, the eldest two were stillborn and the third lived only five months; it was only in 1786 when she had the first of her living children, the future King Christian VIII. It is said she was disappointed when she met her husband for the first time, but they came to be fond of each other, although they both supposedly took lovers; her husband had a mistress, her companion Caja Hviid, while the father of Sophia Frederica's children was rumored to be her husband's adjutant, Frederik von Blücher. It was said that the harmony of their marriage was based on mutual understanding. The harmonious friendship between the spouses created a fear that Sophia Frederica's influence over her husband would lead to her interfering in politics. She died in Sorgenfri Palace. Issue Sophia Frederica and Prince Frederick had the following children: Stillborn daughter (19 September 1781). Stillborn daughter (17 February 1783). Princess Juliana Marie (2 May 1784 - 28 October 1784), died in infancy. Prince Christian Frederick (18 September 1786 - 20 January 1848), future King Christian Frederick of Norway and Christian VIII of Denmark. Princess Juliane Sophie (18 February 1788 - 9 May 1850), married in 1812 to Prince William of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld; they had no issue. Princess Louise Charlotte (30 October 1789 - 28 March 1864), married in 1810 to Prince William of Hesse-Cassel; they had issue. Hereditary Prince Ferdinand (22 November 1792 - 29 June 1863), married in 1829 to Princess Caroline of Denmark; they had no issue. Ancestry References Citations Bibliography External links Article in the Dansk biografisk Lexikon 1758 births 1794 deaths 18th-century Danish nobility 18th-century German people 18th-century Norwegian nobility 18th-century Danish women Danish princesses Duchesses of Mecklenburg-Schwerin Princesses in Germany House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin House of Oldenburg in Denmark Norwegian princesses People from Schwerin Burials at Roskilde Cathedral	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess%20Sophia%20Frederica%20of%20Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Silpelit might be: A figure from Eduard Friedrich Mörike's poem "Elfenlied". A specific type of the fictional mutant, human-evolved species of the Japanese anime and manga Elfen Lied. The Silpelit is the offspring of Homo sapiens who had their genes mutated by interaction with Diclonius vectors or from exposure to the "vector-virus".	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silpelit
Kitten with a Whip is a 1964 American crime drama film directed by Douglas Heyes, who co-wrote the screenplay with Whit Masterson, a pseudonym for writers Robert Allison “Bob” Wade and H. Bill Miller, who also wrote the novel on which the film is based under the name Wade Miller. The film stars John Forsythe, Ann-Margret, Peter Brown, Patricia Barry and Richard Anderson. The film was made to publicize Ann-Margret as a serious actress. Her previous films, Viva Las Vegas and Bye Bye Birdie, were of the musical genre and did little to highlight her dramatic skills. Her management signed her to several different films at this time, each with a top Hollywood studio, and she was not consulted on the projects they had chosen for her. In interviews, Ann-Margret made the best of the situation, claiming she was hoping to distance herself from her "new Marilyn Monroe" image. Decades later, the film would be selected for riffing in a 1994 episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000. Kevin Killian's 2008 book of poetry Action Kylie features "Kitten with a Whip", a poem inspired by the film and featuring its two main characters. Plot The wife of prospective politician David Stratton (John Forsythe) is away in San Francisco, visiting relatives there. David comes home one night but not to an empty house—a young woman, Jody (Ann-Margret), is asleep in his daughter's bed. Jody has just escaped from a juvenile detention home, where she stabbed a matron and started a fire. Though David is furious and wishes to call the police, Jody tells him a tale of woe and he is sympathetic. He buys her a dress, gives her some money and puts her on a bus. Soon after, David learns that Jody is a wanted fugitive who had been lying to him. He returns home to find Jody there. She refuses to leave and threatens to create a scandal if he forces her out. Worried about his political fortunes, David is forced to let her stay. Jody invites three friends to the house, including two ruffians, Ron and Buck, who bully David into letting them throw a wild party in the house. The youths begin to fight until Ron suffers a deep cut in the arm with a razor. They drive across the Mexico border, taking David along. They deposit Ron with a local doctor and ditch Buck when the car is entangled in barbed wire. Jody and David end up in a Tijuana motel. When Ron and Buck return, a chase occurs and their car crashes, killing them both. David, seriously injured, awakens in the hospital to find that just before she died, Jody had told the authorities that she had been in the car with Ron and Buck, meaning that David is in the clear. Cast Ann-Margret as Jody Dvorak John Forsythe as David Stratton Peter Brown as Ron Patricia Barry as Vera Richard Anderson as Grant Skip Ward as Buck Vogel Diane Sayer as Midge Ann Doran as Mavis Varden Patrick Whyte as Phillip Varden Audrey Dalton as Virginia Stratton Leo Gordon as Police Sgt. Enders Patricia Tiara as a striptease dancer Nora Marlowe as Clara Eckhart Frances Robinson as Martha Maxine Stuart as Peggy Doodles Weaver as Salty Sam Production The film is based on a novel by Wade Miller (the pen name of collaborators Bob Wade and Bill Miller). In September, 1959, Hedda Hopper stated that Mamie Van Doren had purchased the rights with the intent to produce and star in the film. In November, 1959, it was announced that Universal had the film rights and assigned Robert Arthur to produce. The following year, Richard Rush was reported to be developing the project, with Nancy Kwan cast in the starring role. However, the film did not materialize at the time. When plans for a screen adaptation were revived, the lead role was originally offered to Brigitte Bardot, but she turned it down. In October 1963, Ann-Margret was announced as the star. She was paid $150,000 plus a percentage of the profits. Filming started in December 1963, with Douglas Heyes as writer and director and Harry Keller as producer. Reception New York Times reviewer Eugene Archer was critical of the film's premise, stating of Forsythe's character, "At almost any point in the proceedings he could have solved the problem—and ended the movie—by simply walking away and calling one of his influential friends." However, Archer praised Ann-Margret's performance: "With little help from Donald Heyes, who directed his own foolish script, she demonstrates enough untrained talent to suggest interesting dramatic possibilities in better films." Writing in the Los Angeles Times, critic Margaret Harford decried the film's "violence-for-violence's sake" and wrote of the ending, "The problem was how to end it all and Heyes took the coward's way out. Everybody dies a violent death except Forsythe who goes back to his wife and will probably run for governor. There's a message here somewhere but I'm not going to work overtime figuring it out for you." Filmink argued the film "has become a cult item due to its title, poster and Ann-Margret’s balls-to-the-wall performance in the title role. This movie is much mocked but could have been a great little exploitation flick with ‘Something to Say’ – it has some good moments, a decent cast, a story full of potential, and a very charismatic star. However, it is let down by dopey scripting and Universal’s (typical) scrimping on the budget." Lindsay Lohan has called it one of her favorite films of all time, and even expressed interest in starring in a Gus Van Sant-helmed remake in 2007. See also List of American films of 1964 List of films featuring home invasions References External links 1964 films 1964 crime drama films American black-and-white films American crime drama films American neo-noir films Films based on American novels Home invasions in film Universal Pictures films Works published under a pseudonym Films directed by Douglas Heyes 1960s English-language films 1960s American films English-language crime drama films	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitten%20with%20a%20Whip
Ljuba (Serbian Cyrillic: Љуба, ) is a village located in Syrmia, Vojvodina, Serbia. It is situated in the Šid municipality, in the Syrmia District. The village has a Slovak ethnic majority and its population was 558 people at the 2002 census. Historical population 1961: 838 1971: 757 1981: 639 1991: 585 2002: 558 See also List of places in Serbia List of cities, towns and villages in Vojvodina References Slobodan Ćurčić, Broj stanovnika Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 1996. Populated places in Syrmia Slovaks of Vojvodina	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljuba%2C%20%C5%A0id
In statistics and image processing, to smooth a data set is to create an approximating function that attempts to capture important patterns in the data, while leaving out noise or other fine-scale structures/rapid phenomena. In smoothing, the data points of a signal are modified so individual points higher than the adjacent points (presumably because of noise) are reduced, and points that are lower than the adjacent points are increased leading to a smoother signal. Smoothing may be used in two important ways that can aid in data analysis (1) by being able to extract more information from the data as long as the assumption of smoothing is reasonable and (2) by being able to provide analyses that are both flexible and robust. Many different algorithms are used in smoothing. Smoothing may be distinguished from the related and partially overlapping concept of curve fitting in the following ways: curve fitting often involves the use of an explicit function form for the result, whereas the immediate results from smoothing are the "smoothed" values with no later use made of a functional form if there is one; the aim of smoothing is to give a general idea of relatively slow changes of value with little attention paid to the close matching of data values, while curve fitting concentrates on achieving as close a match as possible. smoothing methods often have an associated tuning parameter which is used to control the extent of smoothing. Curve fitting will adjust any number of parameters of the function to obtain the 'best' fit. Linear smoothers In the case that the smoothed values can be written as a linear transformation of the observed values, the smoothing operation is known as a linear smoother; the matrix representing the transformation is known as a smoother matrix or hat matrix. The operation of applying such a matrix transformation is called convolution. Thus the matrix is also called convolution matrix or a convolution kernel. In the case of simple series of data points (rather than a multi-dimensional image), the convolution kernel is a one-dimensional vector. Algorithms One of the most common algorithms is the "moving average", often used to try to capture important trends in repeated statistical surveys. In image processing and computer vision, smoothing ideas are used in scale space representations. The simplest smoothing algorithm is the "rectangular" or "unweighted sliding-average smooth". This method replaces each point in the signal with the average of "m" adjacent points, where "m" is a positive integer called the "smooth width". Usually m is an odd number. The triangular smooth is like the rectangular smooth except that it implements a weighted smoothing function. Some specific smoothing and filter types, with their respective uses, pros and cons are: See also Convolution Curve fitting Discretization Edge preserving smoothing Filtering (signal processing) Graph cuts in computer vision Numerical smoothing and differentiation Scale space Scatterplot smoothing Smoothing spline Smoothness Statistical signal processing Subdivision surface, used in computer graphics Window function References Further reading Hastie, T.J. and Tibshirani, R.J. (1990), Generalized Additive Models, New York: Chapman and Hall. Curve fitting Statistical charts and diagrams Time series Image processing	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoothing
Liminal beings are entities that cannot easily be placed into a single category of existence. The concept was developed by the cultural anthropologist Victor Turner. It is associated with the threshold state of liminality, from Latin līmen, "threshold". Liminal entities Turner considered that liminal entities, such as those undergoing initiation rites, often appeared in the form of monsters, so as to represent the co-presence of opposites—high/low; good/bad—in the liminal experience. Liminal personas are structurally and socially invisible, having left one set of classifications and not yet entered another. The social anthropologist Mary Douglas has highlighted the dangerous aspects of such liminal beings, but they are also potentially beneficent. Thus we often find presiding over a ritual's liminal stage a semi-human shaman figure, or a powerful mentor with animal aspects, such as a centaur. Legendary By extension, liminal beings of a mixed, hybrid nature appear regularly in myth, legend and fantasy. A legendary liminal being is a legendary creature that combines two distinct states of simultaneous existence within one physical body. This unique perspective may provide the liminal being with wisdom and the ability to instruct, making them suitable mentors, whilst also making them dangerous and uncanny. Many beings in fantasy and folklore exist in liminal states impossible in actual beings. One example is the sphinx: 'a liminal figure...straddling the divide between animal and human, and partaking of both'. See also References Further reading John Clute and John Grant, The Encyclopedia of Fantasy External links Allison Wright, 'liminal, liminality' Liminal beings: Indian mythology Fantasy tropes Mythological archetypes	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liminal%20being
Colin Bennett may refer to: Col Bennett (1919–2002), Australian politician Colin Bennett (actor), English actor, writer, and producer Colin Bennett (soccer) (born 1950), Australian football player Colin Emerson Bennett (1908–1993), Canadian politician and lawyer See also Colin Bennetts (1940–2013), English clergyman, bishop of Coventry Cole Bennett (born 1996), American videographer and business executive Bennett (name)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin%20Bennett
William Howell Smathers (January 7, 1891September 24, 1955) was a Democratic United States Senator from New Jersey, serving from 1937 to 1943. Biography Smathers was born on January 7, 1891, on a plantation near Waynesville, North Carolina. He attended public school and Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia. Smathers was graduated from the law department of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1911 and was admitted to the bar in 1912, commencing practice in Atlantic City, New Jersey, where he served as a judge of the common pleas court of Atlantic City from 1922 to 1932. Additionally, he served as the first assistant Attorney General of New Jersey, from 1934 to 1936. Smathers was elected to the New Jersey Senate in 1935. He served one term in the U.S. Senate, losing his bid for reelection in 1942. He returned to his law practice in Atlantic City until his retirement to Waynesville. He died on September 24, 1955, in Asheville, North Carolina. Legacy He was the uncle of Florida Senator George Smathers. References External links 1891 births 1955 deaths People from Haywood County, North Carolina Democratic Party New Jersey state senators Politicians from Atlantic City, New Jersey Democratic Party United States senators from New Jersey Washington and Lee University alumni University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20H.%20Smathers
Jordan of Saxony, OP (referred to in Latin as Jordanis, also known as de Alamania; c. 1190 – 1237), was a German Catholic priest and one of the first leaders of the Dominican Order. His feast day is February 13. Life Jordan belonged to the noble German family of the Counts of Eberstein. He was born in the Castle of Borrenstrick, in the diocese of Paderborn. He began his studies in his native land, and was sent to complete them at the University of Paris. While a student he met Dominic de Guzman, the founder of the Order of Preachers, and was inspired by the preaching of Reginald of Orleans (also known as Reginald of Saint-Gilles) to join the Dominican Order. He received the habit on Ash Wednesday, 1220. Jordan was a Master of Arts and a grammarian, and taught in the schools of Paris. In 1221, a General Chapter of the Order held in Bologna appointed Jordan Prior Provincial of Lombardy in Italy. Master General On 6 August 1221, Dominic died, and in 1222 Jordan was elected as his successor as Master General of the Order of Preachers. Like Dominic, Jordan was famed as a strict disciplinarian whose commitment to the Rule was tempered with kindness. During Jordan's administration, the young Order increased to over 300 priories. Jordan is particularly remembered for his eloquence in attracting candidates to join the Order. Through his lectures in university towns, he won many—allegedly well over 1,000—professors and students for the Order from the universities of Europe, among whom was Albertus Magnus who is thought to have been recruited in Padua. He added four new provinces to the eight already existing. Twice he obtained for the Order a chair at the University of Paris and helped to found the University of Toulouse. He established the first general house of studies of the Order. Additionally, Jordan was a spiritual guide to many, including one of the first Dominican nuns, Diana degli Andalò. He also found time to write a number of books: a life of Dominic and several other works. Among them was the Libellus de principiis Ordinis Praedicatorum ("Booklet on the beginnings of the Order of Preachers"), a Latin text which is both the earliest biography of Dominic and the first narrative history of the foundation of the Order. A section of a work by the friar Gerald de Frachet describing the lives of the first Dominicans, the Lives of the Brothers (Vitae fratrum), is dedicated to describing his character, virtue, and miracles. All of the first chroniclers of the Order describe Jordan's kindness and personal charm. He had the ability to console the troubled and to inspire the despondent with new hope. Death Jordan died, at the age of forty-seven, in a shipwreck on his return from Palestine, where he was visiting the local monasteries of the Order. The shipwreck occurred off the coast of Syria on 13 February 1237. Jordan was buried in the Dominican Church of St. John in Akko, in present-day Israel. His feast day is 13 February. Veneration Jordan of Saxony was beatified by Pope Leo XII in 1825. Patronage He is venerated as the patron of Dominican vocations. Jordan is honored as the patron saint of the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Santo Tomas, in Manila, which was founded by the Dominican Order. In Colombia, he is honored as the patron saint of the Colegio Jordan de Sajonia, one of the most important private schools of Bogota. Legacy Jordan of Saxony is credited with introducing the practice of singing the Salve Regina in procession at the end of Compline, done, it is recorded, to calm the spirits of the Brothers, who were being tried by the Devil. References External links The Libellus of Jordan of Saxony 1190s births 1237 deaths 13th-century writers in Latin German Dominicans Dominican beatified people Clergy from Lower Saxony 13th-century venerated Christians German beatified people Masters of the Order of Preachers Beatifications by Pope Leo XII University of Paris alumni	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%20of%20Saxony
Judith Crist (; Klein; May 22, 1922 – August 7, 2012) was an American film critic and academic. She appeared regularly on the Today show from 1964 to 1973 and was among the first full-time female critics for a major American newspaper, in her case, The New York Herald Tribune. She was the founding film critic at New York magazine and became known to most Americans as a critic at the weekly magazine TV Guide and at the morning TV show Today. She appeared in one film, Woody Allen's dramatic-comedy film Stardust Memories (1980), and was the author of various books, including The Private Eye, The Cowboy and the Very Naked Girl; Judith Crist's TV Guide to the Movies; and Take 22: Moviemakers on Moviemaking. Early life and education Crist was born Judith Klein in The Bronx, New York City, the daughter of Helen (née Schoenberg), a librarian, and Solomon Klein, a manufacturing jeweler. She attended Morris High School in The Bronx, and received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Hunter College and a Master of Science degree from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. Career After graduating from Columbia in 1945, she was employed by The New York Herald Tribune as a reporter, film critic, and arts editor for 22 years, and she also worked as TV Guide'''s resident film critic. After the Tribune ceased publication, she was named the first film critic at New York magazine. Upon her death, New York magazine film critic David Edelstein said, "Judith Crist helped set the stage for New York Magazine as a place for popular and yet essentially serious and wide-ranging film criticism. She was tart, sensible, and irresistibly readable, and she cut a colorful figure on the festival circuit, building bridges between filmmakers and audiences in her famous weekend seminars." She was an adjunct professor at Columbia's School of Journalism (1958-2008). There, she taught a course called "Personal and Professional Style." Her students included film critics Kenneth Turan, David Denby of The New Yorker and New York Times critics Anna Kisselgoff and Margo Jefferson. In 1963, she was awarded an Alumni Award by the Journalism School Alumni Association. In April 5, 2008, the school presented her with its Founder's Award on her completion of 50 years as a faculty member. She taught until just before her death. She was a longtime member of the Executive Committee of the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism Alumni Association and served three terms as President of the Alumni Association during the 1960s. In 1948, Crist took part in Dr. Fredric Wertham’s attack on comic books and published an article in Collier's magazine quoting Wertham and calling for action against violent, sadistic, and provocative comic books which Crist perceived to be affecting the morality of American youth. Like Dwight Macdonald, Crist reviewed films for the Today show in the 1960s. She conducted the Judith Crist Film Weekends at Tarrytown House, in Tarrytown, New York, from 1971 to 2006. She wrote the article "Tribute to a Partnership", a tribute to Rodgers and Hammerstein, in 1965, for a booklet that accompanied RCA Victor's original LP release of the soundtrack album of The Sound of Music. However, the article has not been reprinted for any of the CD releases of the soundtrack. She cited Charlie Chaplin's The Gold Rush as her "first and to-this-day-most-vivid film experience." Personal life Judith was married to William B. Crist from 1947 until his death in 1993. She was the mother of Steven Crist, a thoroughbred handicapper and publisher of the Daily Racing Form''. Crist died at her home in Manhattan on August 7, 2012, at age 90. See also List of Columbia University people List of Hunter College people List of people from New York City References External links The Judith Crist Tarrytown House Film Festival page at Tarrytown House Estate Official Website Judith Crist's faculty profile at Columbia University Judith Crist press books, 1969-1982, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts 1922 births 2012 deaths 20th-century American women writers 21st-century American non-fiction writers 21st-century American women writers American film critics American film historians American women historians American women television personalities Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism alumni Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism faculty Editors of New York City newspapers Film theorists Historians from New York (state) Hunter College alumni Journalists from New York City New York Herald Tribune people TV Guide Television personalities from New York City American women film critics Women newspaper editors Writers from Manhattan Writers from the Bronx American women critics	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith%20Crist
DIC Movie Toons (originally known as the Nickelodeon Sunday Movie Toons in the United States) were a series of animated made-for-TV movies produced by DIC Entertainment, which lasted for just one season (2002) on Nickelodeon in the United States. It started in 2002, beginning on October 6 and ending on December 29. All films are nowadays a property of WildBrain, which holds the rights to most of DIC's library. List of movies Initially, 39 films were ordered from Nickelodeon to air, with later productions including adaptations of concepts such as Black Beauty and The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, but only 13 of them did so. With the exception of Groove Squad, which was a completely original story (it was about a group of crime-fighting cheerleaders), all of the made-for-TV films were either based on various DIC productions such as Inspector Gadget, Sabrina: The Animated Series, and Dennis the Menace, or adapted from stories from classic literature such as Treasure Island and 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. In order, the movies featured were: Inspector Gadget's Last Case (based on both the original 1983 Inspector Gadget series and Disney's 1999 live-action movie, but with character designs from Gadget & the Gadgetinis) (10/6/02) Sabrina: Friends Forever (based on Sabrina: The Animated Series) () Time Kid (based on The Time Machine by H. G. Wells) (10/20/02) Dennis the Menace: Cruise Control (based on the 1986–1988 animated series version of Dennis the Menace) (10/27/02) The Archies in Jugman (based on the Archie universe as portrayed in Archie's Weird Mysteries) (11/3/02) Dinosaur Island (based on The Lost World by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle) (11/10/02) My Fair Madeline (based on Madeline) (11/17/02) Groove Squad (11/24/02) Treasure Island (based on Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson) (12/1/02) Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol (based on A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens) (12/8/02) Globehunters: An Around the World in 80 Days Adventure (based on Around the World in Eighty Days by Jules Verne) (12/15/02) The Amazing Zorro (based on Johnston McCulley's Zorro) (12/22/02) 20,000 Leagues Under The Sea (based on 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne) (12/29/02) International broadcasts In October 2002, Disney Television International purchased the broadcast rights to the movies for DIC to air on Disney Channel, Toon Disney and Playhouse Disney networks in France, Germany, Italy, Southeast Asia, United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Spain, Portugal, the Middle East and Scandinavia. In November 2002, Super RTL purchased the German free-to-air broadcasting rights to the films as part of a six-year deal with DIC. Other networks like YTV in Canada, Cartoon Network Japan, Televisa in Mexico and RCTV in Venezuela purchased the broadcast rights to the movies in their respective regions. Later on, DIC would pre-sell the movies to ITV in the UK, Club RTL in Belgium, Mediatrade in Italy, Alter TV in Greece and Anteve in Indonesia. Home media All of the movies apart from A Christmas Carol were later released to VHS and DVD in the United States by MGM Home Entertainment. In 2008, Gaiam re-released the films on DVD. In the United Kingdom, a selection of the films were distributed through Prism Leisure and later Boulevard Entertainment. In France, Italy, Spain/Latin America, Australia and Ukraine, the movies were released by TF1 Video, Eagle Pictures, Sum, Shock and ICTV respectively. In Poland, these movies were dubbed and distributed by Kartunz. Notes and references Notes References American motion picture television series DIC Entertainment films Television series by DIC Entertainment Television series by DHX Media	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIC%20Movie%20Toons
The London Monarchs played in the independent Canadian Baseball League that existed for half of the summer season of 2003 before folding. Located in the city of London, Ontario, the team featured a variety of international ballplayers from Canada, the Dominican Republic, Japan and the United States. The Monarchs led the east division with a 20–13 record before league officials pulled the plug on the season at the half-way point. They played out of Labatt Park. The Monarchs' field manager was former Major League outfielder Willie Wilson. The team went through two general managers, the first being former pro umpire Kirk Sawyers. Shortly after the regular season began, Sawyers and several other prominent league employees, including ex-MLB star Ron LeFlore, resigned en masse. The Monarchs hosted the inaugural CBL game. This was the league's only regular season sellout, as more than 5,000 people saw London defeat Montreal in the nationally televised game. The Monarchs averaged over 700 fans per game for the remainder of the shortened season. Defunct minor league baseball teams Sports clubs and teams in London, Ontario Defunct baseball teams in Canada Baseball teams in Ontario 2003 establishments in Ontario 2003 disestablishments in Ontario Baseball teams established in 2003 Defunct independent baseball league teams Baseball teams disestablished in 2003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20Monarchs%20%28baseball%29
WCVI-TV, virtual and UHF digital channel 23, is a dual CBS/ABC-affiliated television station serving the United States Virgin Islands that is licensed to Christiansted, Saint Croix. The station is owned by Lilly Broadcasting. WCVI-TV's transmitter is located on Estate Princess Hill. History The station was founded as WATU on May 16, 1997, but then changed its call letters to the current WCVI-TV that same year on June 30, as an affiliate of the United Paramount Network (UPN). The WATU calls were previously used by the now-defunct NBC affiliate in Augusta, Georgia from the station's sign on from 1968 to 1981. Before then, UPN programming was seen via satellite from New York City's WWOR-TV. At one point, the station also carried Urban America Television as a secondary affiliation; this arrangement was discontinued when that network ceased operations on May 1, 2006. That September, WCVI joined The CW following the shutdown of both UPN and The WB. On April 17, 2014, Virgin Blue reached a deal to sell WCVI-TV to LeSEA Broadcasting Corporation (now Family Broadcasting Corporation); the sale was completed on July 27, 2014, with LeSEA assuming ownership on July 28, 2014. Upon acquisition, WCVI dropped its CW programming in exchange for programs from LeSEA and World Harvest. It was unknown where CW network programming will be carried in the U.S. Virgin Islands at the time of the transaction becoming final, but CW programming is seen on cable channel 13 via WSEE-DT2 in Erie, Pennsylvania. WCVI-DT2 serves as the ABC affiliate for the Virgin Islands since the network ended its affiliation with WSVI-TV at the end of 2015. At the time, ABC announced that WCVI would become its new affiliate for the territory, although station management denied any knowledge of such an arrangement. ABC programming duly began in 2016, however, as WCVI-DT2 began relaying a feed of WENY-TV in Elmira, New York provided to the area by Lilly Broadcasting; non-network timeslots are filled by paid programming and Lilly's One Caribbean Television. On September 10, 2019, WCVI was sold to Lilly Broadcasting for $85,000, pending approval of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The sale allows Lilly to invoke must-carry rules on local cable and satellite providers, avoiding a potential repeat of notorious carriage disputes with Dish Network and DirecTV in 2017. The sale was completed on November 5, 2019. Lilly also announced that its CBS feed for the market, previously only available on cable via a separate feed of Erie, Pennsylvania affiliate WSEE-TV, would move to WCVI-DT1 on November 20. It was the first time in three years that the U.S. Virgin Islands had one of the "Big Four" networks carried on their primary channels on a full-power TV station since WSVI-TV switched from ABC to Ion Television on December 31, 2015. Subchannels The station's digital signal is multiplexed: Logos References External links Official website CBS network affiliates ABC network affiliates Television channels and stations established in 1997 CVI-TV 1997 establishments in the United States Virgin Islands	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCVI-TV
Endesa, S.A. (, originally an initialism for Empresa Nacional de Electricidad, S.A.) is a Spanish multinational electric utility company, the largest in the country. The firm, a majority-owned subsidiary of the Italian utility company Enel, has 10 million customers in Spain, with domestic annual generation of over 97,600 GWh from nuclear, fossil-fueled, hydroelectric, and renewable resource power plants. Internationally, it serves another 10 million customers and provides over 80,100 GWh annually. Total customers numbered 22.2 million as of December 31, 2004. It also markets energy in Europe. The company has additional interests in Spanish natural gas and telecommunications companies. Endesa is one of the three large companies in the electricity sector in Spain, which together with Iberdrola and Naturgy, dominate around 90% of the national electricity market. Endesa carries out activities of generation, distribution and commercialization of electricity, natural gas and renewable energythrough Enel Green Power. History The company was formed in 1944 as Empresa Nacional de Electricidad, S.A.; its first president was Esteban Terradas, and its first CEO was Juan Granell Pascual. The company changed its name to Endesa, S.A. in 1997. In September 2004, it took control of the French company SNET (Société nationale d'électricité et de thermique). This was followed by the downsizing of 30% of SNET's employees. Compostilla I was its first production plant, whose construction began in 1945, being inaugurated in Ponferrada, capital of the Leon region of El Bierzo, on July 28, 1949. The site chosen for the plant, financed with public funds, prioritized the proximity to the national coal quarries, since it meant considerably lowering the supply chain for the power plant, at a time when Spain was living blocked after the Civil War. It was a thermoelectric power plant designed to reduce the dependence that until then had on hydraulic energy in Spain. In 1965, the Compostilla II power station was inaugurated in the bordering municipality of Cubillos del Sil, which replaced Compostilla I in 1972. At the same time that Endesa began its operations in Ponferrada, the shortage of electricity in specific parts of the country was noted, with no possible short-term solution. At that time, it was thought that the implementation of mobile power plants could solve emergency situations that occurred many times in the Spanish electricity system. For all this, Endesa bought ten mobile units to deal with critical situations with the electricity supply in Seville, Barcelona, Cartagena, Asturias and Mallorca. Thus, the so-called "Electricity Firefighters" were born. Takeover In September 2005, Barcelona-based Gas Natural made a bid for Endesa, whose board unanimously immediately rejected a €23 billion (£16 billion) offer. On January 5, 2006, the Tribunal de Defensa de la Competencia (Competition Court, TDC) blocked the merger of Gas Natural and Endesa because of what it claimed would be irreversible negative impacts on competition. For most of 2006 and 2007, Endesa was the target of rival takeover bids by Germany's E.On and the Italian firm Enel. Despite Gas Natural being half the size of Endesa, its bid was championed by the then-Socialist government as an all-Spanish deal, but Gas Natural decided to withdraw its bid after the German firm E.On offered a higher bid for the company. The opposition People's Party of the day, and some Madrid politicians, criticised the bid, alleging political interference by the Socialists and a Catalan nationalist plot to control energy supply respectively. On 2 February 2007, E.On offered €38.75 for each share of Endesa. The German firm withdrew its bid two months later in exchange for a promise from rival bidders to sell it part of the Spanish utility's assets. SNET, Endesa Italia and Enel's Viesgo were amongst the business units ultimately sold off to E.On. Acciona and Enel succeeded in their joint bid to acquire Endesa in October 2007 for an estimated €42.5 billion and they announced later that month that they jointly held 92.06% of Endesa's share capital (25.01% Acciona and 67.05% Enel) as a result of their 100% takeover bid launched on Endesa, with the remaining 7.94% being free float. The two companies initially jointly managed Endesa through an Acciona-controlled holding company which held 50.01% of Endesa's share capital, but in February 2009 Enel agreed to buy out Acciona's stake, taking its total ownership to over 92%. Some Endesa assets will be sold off to Acciona as part of the deal. As of September 2015, Enel owned 70.1% of Endesa's share capital. Carbon intensity Enel Green Power Spain Enel Green Power is an Italian multinational that operates in the renewable energy market. The company was incorporated in December 2008 to focus the interests of the Enel Group in the field of renewable energy worldwide. In 2020 Enel Green Power is present in 27 countries on five continents with a managed capacity of more than 46 GW and more than 1,200 renewable energy plants. In 2016, Endesa closed the acquisition of 60% with the Enel Group of the part related to the Spanish market of Enel Green Power Spain, considered the fourth operator in the Spanish renewable energy sector and of which it already owned 40%. The Enel Green Power Spain operating figures are as follows today: Power plants: 266 hydroelectric, wind, solar and biomass plants. Total GW: 7.4 the capacity managed. 49 projects built in 2019. Electric vehicle In Europe, Endesa is the only Spanish company involved in the ELVIRE (Electric Vehicle Communication to Infrastructure, Road Services and Electricity Supply) and G4V (Grid for Vehicles) consortia aimed at developing the necessary technology, solutions and services to enable ongoing interaction between drivers, their power suppliers and the smart grid. The Chairman of Endesa, Borja Prado, together with the mayor of Madrid, Alberto Ruiz Gallardón, and the Chairman of Telefónica, César Alierta, have the phone booth in Madrid which can also be used for recharging electric vehicles. Reserved parking spaces will be located next to this and all other booths set up in Metropolitan areas where users will be able to park their EVs and recharge at no cost once they have obtained their free "zero emissions" pre-paid card from the Madrid city council. Sustainable mobility to achieve a zero emissions model In November 2018, started the most ambitious project carried out to date to promote electric mobility in Spain: the Recharging Infrastructures Plan. The objective is to eliminate one of the main barriers when switching to electric mobility access to recharging points. The plan consists of installing 8,500 public recharging points and more than 100,000 private points between 2019 and 2023, so that drivers can comfortably travel around the country in their electric vehicles. Electric Mobility Plan for Employees The fifth edition of Electric Mobility Plan for Employees. The purpose is that 200 employees join the 663 that have participated in previous editions. This way, the company expects that in five years 10% of its staff will drive an electric vehicle. Board of directors The board of directors of Endesa is composed of the following members: Chairman Feliciano Fuster (1984-1997) Rodolfo Martín Villa (1997-2002) Manuel Pizarro (2002-2007) José Manuel Entrecanales (2007-2009) Borja Prado (2009-2019) Juan Sánchez-Calero Guilarte (2019-Actualidad) See also Enel References External links Electric power companies of Spain Natural gas companies of Spain Nuclear power companies of Spain Charging stations Smart grid Companies based in Madrid Energy companies established in 1944 Non-renewable resource companies established in 1944 1944 establishments in Spain Enel Companies listed on the Madrid Stock Exchange IBEX 35 Spanish subsidiaries of foreign companies 2007 mergers and acquisitions	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endesa
Lug () is a village in western part of the Serbian province of Vojvodina, in the municipality of Beočin, South Bačka District. It lies on the northwest slopes of Fruška gora mountain, in the region of Syrmia. The village has a population numbering 801 people (2002 census), most of them being ethnic Slovaks. History The village originates from the late 19th century, when the local land owner Odescalchi employed people from Bački Petrovac and Gložan, Slovak villages across the Danube, in order to satisfy growing timber export. At first, they resided seasonally and returned to their villages. In order to ensure more permanent work force, they offered them cleared forest land as loan, at the location of the later village. In 1910, the village had 371 residents, and in the mid-century around 500. Economy The residents are mostly engaged in agriculture, with a part working in nearby Beočin. Culture Cultural society "Mladost", with folklore section, maintains the Slovak traditions and dances. The village twice hosted the Slovak cultural festival "Tancuj, tancuj", and their members acted in various folklore festivals across Europe. Historical population 1961: 764 1971: 775 1981: 824 1991: 864 2002: 801 See also List of places in Serbia List of cities, towns and villages in Vojvodina References Slobodan Ćurčić, Broj stanovnika Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 1996. External links Populated places in Syrmia South Bačka District Beočin Slovaks of Vojvodina	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lug%20%28Beo%C4%8Din%29
Akhter Hameed Khan (, pronounced ; 15 July 1914 – 9 October 1999) was a Pakistani development practitioner and social scientist. He promoted participatory rural development in Pakistan and other developing countries, and widely advocated community participation in development. His particular contribution was the establishment of a comprehensive project for rural development, the Comilla Model (1959). It earned him the Ramon Magsaysay Award from the Philippines and an honorary Doctorate of law from Michigan State University. In the 1980s he started a bottom-up community development initiative of Orangi Pilot Project, based in the outskirts of Karachi, which became a model of participatory development initiatives. He also directed many programmes, from microcredit to self-finance and from housing provision to family planning, for rural communities and urban slums. It earned him international recognition and high honours in Pakistan. Khan was fluent in at least seven languages and dialects. Apart from many scholarly books and articles, he also published a collection of poems and travelogues in Urdu. Early life Khan was born on 15 July 1914 in Agra. He was among the four sons and three daughters of Khansaahib Ameer Ahmed Khan and Mehmoodah Begum. His father, a police inspector, was inspired by the reformist thinking of Syed Ahmed Khan. In his early age, Khan's mother introduced him to the poetry of Maulana Hali and Muhammad Iqbal, the sermons of Abul Kalam Azad, and the Sufist philosophy of Rumi. This upbringing influenced his interest in historical as well as contemporary social, economic, and political affairs. Khan attended Government High School at Jalam (Uttar Pradesh), and completed his education in 1930 at Agra College where he studied English literature and history. He read English literature, history, and philosophy for a Bachelor of Arts degree at Meerut College in 1932. At that point, his mother was diagnosed with tuberculosis. She died in the same year at the age of 36. Khan continued his studies and was awarded a Master of Arts in English Literature from Agra University in 1934. He worked as a lecturer at Meerut College before joining the Indian Civil Service (ICS) in 1936. As part of the ICS training, he was sent to read literature and history at Magdalene College, Cambridge, England. During the stay, he developed a friendship with Choudhary Rahmat Ali. Khan married Hameedah Begum (the eldest daughter of Allama Mashriqi) in 1940. Together, they had three daughters (Mariam, Amina, and Rasheeda) and a son (Akbar). After Hameedah Begum's death in 1966, he married Shafiq Khan and had one daughter, Ayesha. During his ICS career, Khan worked as collector of revenue, a position that brought him into regular contact with living conditions in rural areas of East Bengal. The Bengal famine of 1943 and subsequent handling of the situation by the colonial rulers led him to resign from the Indian Civil Service in 1945. He wrote, "I realised that if I did not escape while I was young and vigorous, I will forever remain in the trap, and terminate as a bureaucratic big wig." During this period, he was influenced by the philosophy of Nietzsche and Mashriqi, and joined the Khaksar Movement. This attachment was brief. He quit the movement and turned to Sufism. According to Khan, "I had a profound personal concern; I wanted to live a life free from fear and anxiety, a calm and serene life, without turmoil and conflict. ... when I followed the advice of the old Sufis and sages, and tried to curb my greed, my pride and aggression, fears, anxieties and conflicts diminished." For the next two years, Khan worked in Mamoola village near Aligarh as a labourer and locksmith, an experience that provided him with firsthand knowledge of the problems and issues of rural communities. In 1947, he took up a teaching position at the Jamia Millia, Delhi, where he worked for three years. In 1950, Khan migrated to Pakistan to teach at Islamia College, Karachi. In the same year, he was invited by the Government of Pakistan to take charge as Principal of Comilla Victoria College in East Pakistan, a position he held until 1958. During this time (1950–58) he also served as President of the East Pakistan Non-Government Teachers' Association. Rural development initiatives During his tenure as principal of Comilla Victoria College, Khan developed a special interest in grassroots actions. Between 1954 and 1955, he took a break to work as director of the Village Agricultural and Industrial Development (V-AID) Programme. However, he was not satisfied with the development approach adopted in the programme that was limited to the training of villagers. In 1958, he went to Michigan State University to acquire education and training in rural development. Returning in 1959, he established the Pakistan Academy for Rural Development (PARD, eventually renamed as Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development) at Comilla on 27 May 1959 and was appointed as its founding director. Khan became vice-chairman of the board of Governors of PARD in 1964, and in the same year, was awarded an honorary Doctorate of law by Michigan State University. In 1969, he established collaborative links with Arthur Lewis. Advisory roles Following his move to Pakistan, Khan was asked to implement the Comilla Model in rural settlements of North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), Punjab, and Sindh. He declined the offer on the grounds that the proposals were predominantly motivated by political interests rather than the common well-being. However, he continued to advise the authorities on various aspects of rural development, such as participatory irrigation management. He worked as a research fellow at the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad from 1971 to 1972, and as Director of Rural Economics Research Project at Karachi University from 1972 to 1973. Khan went to Michigan State University as a visiting professor in 1973 and remained there until 1979. During this time, he carried on advising the Rural Development Academy at Bogra in northern Bangladesh, and the Pakistan Academy for Rural Development, Peshawar, on the Daudzai Integrated Rural Development Programme. In 1974, he was appointed as a World Bank consultant to survey rural development situations in Java, Indonesia. He also briefly worked as a visiting professor at Lund University, Harvard University, and the University of Oxford. In 1980, Khan moved to Karachi and started working on the improvement of sanitary conditions in Karachi suburbs. He laid the foundations of the Orangi Pilot Project for the largest squatter community of Orangi in the city. He remained associated with this project until his death in 1999. Meanwhile, he maintained his support for rural communities around Karachi, and also helped to develop the Aga Khan Rural Support Programme. OPP became a model for participatory bottom-up development initiatives. Major development programmes Comilla Cooperative Pilot Project The Comilla Model (1959) was Khan's initiative in response to the failure of a Village Agricultural and Industrial Development (V-AID) programme that was launched in 1953 in East and West Pakistan with technical assistance from the US government. V-AID remained a government-level attempt to promote citizen participation in the sphere of rural development. Khan launched the project in 1959 on his return from Michigan, and developed a methodology of implementation in the area of rural development on the principle of grassroots-level participation. Initially, the aim was to provide a development model of programmes and institutions that could be replicated across the country. Advisory support in this respect was provided by experts from Harvard and Michigan State Universities, the Ford Foundation, and USAID. Comilla Model simultaneously addressed the problems that were caused by the inadequacy of both local infrastructure and institutions through a range of integrated programmes. The initiatives included the establishment of: a training and development centre; a road-drainage embankment works programme; a decentralized, small scale irrigation programme; and, a two-tiered cooperative system with primary cooperatives operating in the villages, and federations operating at sub-district level. After Khan's departure from Comilla, the cooperative's model failed in independent Bangladesh because only a few occupational groups managed to achieve the desired success. By 1979, only 61 of the 400 cooperatives were functioning. The model actually fell prey to the ineffective internal and external controls, stagnation, and diversion of funds. This prompted the subsequent scholars and practitioners in microfinance, such as Muhammad Yunus of Grameen Bank and Fazle Hasan Abed of BRAC, to abandon the cooperative approach in favour of more centralised control and service delivery structures. The new strategy targeted the poorest villagers, while excluding the 'less poor'. However, Khan's leadership skills during the course of his association with the project remained a source of inspiration for these leaders, as well as other participatory development initiatives in the country. Orangi Pilot Project The Orangi poverty alleviation project (known as the Orangi Pilot Project, or OPP) was initiated by Khan as an NGO in 1980. Orangi is located on the northwest periphery of Karachi. At that time, it was the largest of the city's approximately 650 low-income squatter settlements (known as katchi abadi). The locality was first developed in 1963 as a government township of . The influx of migrants after the creation of Bangladesh swelled the settlement to about one million people crowded over an area of more than . The working class multi-ethnic population was predominantly composed of day labourers, skilled workers, artisans, small shopkeepers, peddlers and low-income white collar workers. The project proved an impetus to the socio-economic development of the population of the area. As the project director, Khan proved to be a dynamic and innovative leader. The project initially focused on creating a system of underground sewers, using local materials and labour, and succeeded in laying hundreds of kilometres of drainage pipes along with auxiliary facilities. Within a decade of the initiative, local residents had established schools, health clinics, women's work centres, cooperative stores and a credit organisation to finance enterprise projects. By 1993, OPP had managed to provide low-cost sewers to more than 72,000 houses. The project subsequently diversified into a number of programmes, including a people's financed and managed low-cost sanitation programme; a housing programme; a basic health and family planning programme; a programme of supervised credit for small family enterprise units; an education programme; and a rural development programme in the nearby villages. Comparing the OPP with Comilla project, Akhter Hameed Khan once commented: The Orangi Pilot Project was very different from the Comilla Academy. OPP was a private body, dependent for its small fixed budget on another NGO. The vast resources and support of the government, Harvard advisors, MSU, and Ford Foundation was missing. OPP possessed no authority, no sanctions. It may observe and investigate but it could only advise, not enforce. The successful OPP model became an inspiration for other municipalities around the country. In 1999, Khan helped to create Lodhran Pilot Project (LPP) to collaborate with Lodhran municipal committee. Learning from past experiences, the project extended its scope to the whole town instead of concentrating on low-income settlements only. The municipal partnership was itself a new initiative that ensured wider civic co-operation. The success of OPP did come at a cost for Dr Khan as his liberal views and self-help initiatives were questioned and criticised by certain interest groups. At two occasions, he was accused of blasphemy. However, all allegations against him were acquitted by the courts of law and cleared by independent religious scholars. Death In 1999, Khan was visiting his family in the United States when he suffered from kidney failure. He died of myocardial infarction on 9 October in Indianapolis at the age of 85. His body was flown to Karachi on 15 October, where he was buried on the grounds of the OPP office compound. Legacy Khan's ideology and leadership skills were a source of inspiration for his students and colleagues, and continue to serve as guiding principles even after his death. Edgar Owens, who became an admirer of Khan's ideology while working at USAID's Asia Bureau, co-authored a book with Robert Shaw as a result of observations and discussions with Khan at Comilla Academy. A later study of various rural development experiences from South Asia, edited by Uphoff and Cambell (1983) was jointly dedicated to Khan and Owens. Soon after Khan's death, on 10 April 2000, the Government of Pakistan renamed the National Centre for Rural Development the Akhter Hameed Khan National Centre for Rural Development and Municipal Administration. Later in 2005, the Council of Social Sciences, Pakistan, in collaboration with the National Rural Support Programme and other institutions, announced the Akhter Hameed Khan Memorial Award. The annual cash award is given on Khan's birthday to a Pakistani author for a book on issues related to rural and urban development, peace, poverty alleviation, or gender discrimination. At the occasion of the award ceremony in 2006, a documentary film about the life and times of Akhter Hameed Khan was premiered. The film includes archival footage and interviews with family members, colleagues, and contributors and beneficiaries of the Comilla and OPP projects. The Akhter Hameed Khan Resource Centre (AHK Resource Center)was established in Islamabad, under the auspices of the Institute of Rural Management, as a repository of published and digital resources on rural development. The Akhter Hameed Khan Resource Center was initially formed in 2010 as a repository of works and writings by Khan and his mentee Shoaib Sultan Khan; after 2015 the resource center transitioned into an NGO that established an experimental site in urban development in Dhok Hassu, Rawalpindi. Awards and honours Khan received the following civil awards: Jinnah Award (Posthumous, 2004) for services to people as founder of the Orangi Pilot Project. Nishan-e-Imtiaz (Posthumous, 2001) for services to the community. Ramon Magsaysay Award (31 August 1963, Manila, Philippines) for services to rural development. Sitara-e-Pakistan (1961) for pioneering work in rural development. Publications Khan was fluent in Arabic, Bengali, English, Hindi, Pali, Persian, and Urdu. He wrote several reports and monographs, mostly relating to rural development in general or his various successful and model initiatives in particular. He also published collections of poems and travelogues in Urdu. In English 1956, Bengal Reminances, vol 1, 2 & 3. Comilla Academy (now the Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development), Comilla, Bangladesh. 1965, Rural Development in East Pakistan, Speeches By Akhter Hameed Khan. Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University. 1974, Institutions for rural development in Indonesia, Pakistan Academy for Rural Development. Karachi. 1985, Rural development in Pakistan. Vanguard Books. Lahore. 1994, What I learnt in Comilla and Orangi. Paper presented at the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) seminar. Islamabad. 1996, Orangi Pilot Project: Reminiscences and Reflections. The Oxford University Press: Karachi. (editions: 1996, 1999, 2005). 1997 The sanitation gap: Development's deadly menace . The Progress of Nations . UNICEF. 1998, Community-Based Schools and the Orangi Project. In Hoodbhoy, P (ed.), Education and the State: Fifty Years of Pakistan, Chapter 7, Karachi: Oxford University Press. 2000, Twenty Weeks in America: A Diary, 3 September 1969 – 21 January 1970. Translated from Urdu by Aqila Ismail. City Press. In Urdu 1972, Safar-e-Amrika ki Diary (A Diary of Travels in America). The City Press: Karachi. 2nd Edition: Atlantis Publications, Karachi 2017. 1988, Chiragh aur Kanwal (Collection of poems in Urdu). Saad Publishers. Karachi. See also Civil society Social entrepreneurship Social innovation Notes References Abadi, H. (2006). Dr. Akhter Hameed Khan. Karachi: Oxford University Press. BARD (1983). The Works of Akhter Hameed Khan. Volumes I–III. Comilla: Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development. Barmazel, S. (2005). "Orangi Pilot Project: An NGO Helping to Build Community" in O.P. Richmond and H.F. Carey (eds.) Subcontracting Peace: The Challenges of NGO Peacebuilding. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 191–98. Chowdhury, A.N. (1990). Let Grassroots Speak: People's Participation Self-Help Groups and NGO's in Bangladesh. Dhaka: South Asia Books. Chaudhuri, M.A. (1969). Rural Government in East Pakistan. Dhaka: Puthighar Ltd. Dowla, A. and Barua, D. (2006). The Poor Always Pay Back: The Grameen II Story. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press. Hasan, A. (1994). "Replicating the Low-Cost Sanitation Programme Administered by the Orangi Pilot Project in Karachi, Pakistan" in I. Serageldin, M.A. Cohen, and K.C. Sivaramakrishnan (eds.) The Human Face of the Urban Environment, Proceedings of the Second Annual World Bank Conference on Environmentally Sustainable Development. (19–21 September). Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. Hasan, A. (1996). "Introduction" in A.H. Khan Orangi Pilot Project: Reminiscences and Reflections. Karachi: Oxford University Press. pp. xi–xli. Hasan, A. (1999). Akhter Hameed Khan and the Orangi Pilot Project. Karachi: City Press. Hasan, A. (2002). "A model for government-community partnership in building sewage systems for urban areas: The experiences of the OPP-RTI". Water Science and Technology Vol. 45, No. 8, pp. 199–216. Khan, A.H. (1996). Orangi Pilot Project: Reminiscences and Reflections. Karachi: Oxford University Press. (editions: 1996, 1999, 2005). Nigam, A. and Rasheed, S. (1998). "Financing of Fresh Water for All: A Rights Based Approach" in UNICEF Staff Working Papers. Evaluation, Policy and Planning Series, No. EPP-EVL-98-003. NRSP (2000). In commemoration of The Life and Times of Akhter Hameed Khan: Talks of Akhter Hameed Khan at the National Rural Support Programme. Islamabad: National Rural Support Programme (NRSP). Raper, A.F. (1970). Rural Development in Action: The Comprehensive Experiment at Comilla, East Pakistan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Valsan, E.H. (2005). "Leadership in Public Administration for Alleviating Poverty and Development: A Conceptual Approach", in J. Jabes (ed.) The Role of Public Administration in Alleviating Poverty and Improving Governance, NAPSIPAG. Manila: Asian Development Bank. Yousaf, N. (2003). Allama Mashriqi and Dr. Akhtar Hameed Khan: Two Legends of Pakistan. New York: Xlibris. External links Akhter Hameed Khan Memorial Award, at Council of Social Sciences (COSS) website AHK Resource Centre and Digital Library AHK Photo Gallery at Institute of Rural Management (IRM) website 1914 births 1999 deaths Development specialists Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge Academics from Karachi Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz Pakistani humanitarians Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz Pakistani cooperative organizers Microfinance people Muhajir people Pakistani Sunni Muslims Ramon Magsaysay Award winners Michigan State University alumni People from Agra Fellows of Pakistan Academy of Sciences 20th-century Pakistani economists Academic staff of Comilla Victoria Government College Recipients of the Sitara-e-Pakistan Pakistani squatter leaders Indian Civil Service (British India) officers People from Karachi	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhtar%20Hameed%20Khan
Princess Charlotte Sophie of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Duchess in Saxony (24 September 1731 – 2 August 1810) was a German duchess. She was the daughter of Franz Josias, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Princess Anna Sophie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. Through her brother Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, she was grandaunt of King Leopold I of Belgium and great-grandaunt of King Leopold II of Belgium, Empress Carlota of Mexico, Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, King Ferdinand II of Portugal and Prince Gaston, Count of Eu, consort of Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil. She was also the maternal grandmother of King Christian VIII of Denmark, twice great-grandmother of King Frederick VII of Denmark and great-great-grandmother of Albert, Prince Consort of the United Kingdom. Marriage and issue She married Duke Louis of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (6 August 1725 – 12 September 1778), younger son of Christian Ludwig II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. They had two children: Ancestry References 1731 births 1810 deaths People from Coburg Princesses of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld Duchesses of Mecklenburg-Schwerin Daughters of monarchs Mothers of monarchs	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess%20Charlotte%20Sophie%20of%20Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
William Edwards (1770–1851) was an American inventor, grandson of Jonathan Edwards, the elder. He was born in Elizabethtown, New Jersey. He introduced a valuable improvement in the manufacture of leather, whereby tanning was accomplished in a quarter of the usual time. He invented machines which greatly advanced the production of leather in America. References American inventors 1770 births 1851 deaths People from Elizabeth, New Jersey People of colonial New Jersey Tanners Engineers from New Jersey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Edwards%20%28inventor%29
The International Public Debate Association (IPDA), inaugurated on 1997 at St. Mary's University in San Antonio, TX by Alan Cirlin, Jack Rogers, and Trey Gibson. The International Public Debate Association is a national debate league currently active in the states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri, Kansas, Alabama, California, Texas, Mississippi, Tennessee, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Florida, Georgia, and Oklahoma. The IPDA promotes high quality speaking styles and courtesy. In addition, the IPDA predominantly uses lay judges in order to encourage an audience-centered debate style. While most member programs within the International Public Debate Association are associated with colleges or universities, participation in IPDA tournaments is open to anyone who has secondary education level or higher. References External links http://www.ipdadebate.info/ Student debating societies	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Public%20Debate%20Association
San Fernando Road is a major street in the City of Los Angeles and Los Angeles County. Within the Burbank city limits it is signed as San Fernando Boulevard, and north of Newhall Pass it is signed as The Old Road. It was previously designated as Business Loop 5 in the 1970s. Route San Fernando Road starts at its intersection with Sierra Highway in the Sylmar neighborhood of Los Angeles. It passes through the city of San Fernando before re-entering the city of Los Angeles at the intersection with the Ronald Reagan Freeway (SR 118) in the neighborhood of Pacoima, where it parallels Interstate 5. Like Laurel Canyon Boulevard to the west in Sun Valley, it passes through rock quarries and the Hansen Dam Recreation Area, one of the last remaining open spaces in the San Fernando Valley. North of Sierra Highway, San Fernando Road becomes The Old Road. The Old Road runs parallel to Interstate 5 and serves the Stevenson Ranch, Valencia, and Castaic neighborhoods in the western Santa Clarita Valley. It does not pass through the Santa Clarita city limits, as it is west of I-5 for nearly its entire length. The portion between Sun Valley and the city of Burbank is mostly industrial, with heavy truck traffic through this area. San Fernando Road passes next to Bob Hope Airport and through downtown Burbank. Upon entering the Burbank city limits, it is signed as San Fernando Boulevard. At the intersection with Lincoln Street, there is an interruption in the route due to the reconstruction of the interchange with Interstate 5, with no direct link to the portion of San Fernando Boulevard that runs east of the freeway. At the intersection with Cypress Avenue in the Media City Center, there is another brief interruption in the route. 1st Street and Magnolia Boulevard connect both portions of San Fernando Boulevard. The road becomes San Fernando Road again once it enters the city of Glendale, where it serves as a major street for western and southern Glendale. From the intersection with the Ventura Freeway (SR 134) to its southern terminus, the street closely follows the Los Angeles River through the Atwater Village, Glassell Park, and Cypress Park neighborhoods. North of Figueroa Street, San Fernando Road splits with Avenue 26, and passes under the Arroyo Seco Parkway at the mouth of the Arroyo Seco. San Fernando Road ends at the Pasadena Avenue intersection, where it becomes Avenue 20, which ends 5 blocks later at North Main Street, near Downtown Los Angeles. History Prior to the construction of Interstate 5, San Fernando Road was old U.S. Route 99 and U.S. Route 6. With the completion of the Golden State Freeway, it was re-signed as State Route 163 in the 1960s and Business Interstate 5 in the 1970s. Today, San Fernando Road is used as an alternative to Interstate 5 between Lincoln Heights and the Newhall Pass, due to the relatively few traffic signals on the route. Local Transportation Metro Local lines 94, 224, 294 and 603 run along San Fernando Road, as well as Glendale Transit lines 7 and 12. Other uses There was another San Fernando Road entirely within the city of Santa Clarita starting only miles north of the northern end of the original San Fernando Road. San Fernando Road in Santa Clarita has now been renamed and split into 3 different streets (from south to north): Newhall Avenue, Main Street, and Railroad Avenue. The route formerly carried the easternmost segment of SR 126. San Fernando Road should also not be confused with the nearby San Fernando Mission Boulevard. The two roads intersect in the City of San Fernando about a mile from the San Fernando Mission. The former Southern Pacific Railroad follows both portions of San Fernando Road for their entire routes. References External links Streets in Los Angeles Streets in Los Angeles County, California Streets in the San Fernando Valley Transportation in Glendale, California U.S. Route 99 Interstate 5 U.S. Route 6 Burbank, California Cypress Park, Los Angeles Glassell Park, Los Angeles Northeast Los Angeles San Fernando, California Santa Clarita, California Sylmar, Los Angeles San Fernando Valley	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Fernando%20Road
The CSI comics are comic book tie-ins with the CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, CSI: Miami and CSI: NY television shows. They have been published from 2003 to 2009. The majority have been released by IDW Publishing and have been written by a range of notable authors including Jeff Mariotte, Max Allan Collins, and Steven Grant. The latest was a manga-style story written by Sekou Hamilton and published by Tokyopop. Stories Serial The first of the major CSI: Crime Scene Investigation stories, Serial deals with Gil Grissom and his team tracking a violent serial killer. The killer is copy-catting history's most infamous murderer – Jack the Ripper, killing Las Vegas prostitutes. To complicate matters for the team, the murderer is striking during the Ripper Mania Festival in Las Vegas, a convention for Jack the Ripper case enthusiasts. The producers of the festival attempt to work with the police. Dying in the Gutters The story revolves around the (fictional) murder of Rich Johnston who writes a gossip column for Comic Book Resources called "Lying in the Gutters". Due to his notoriety and the fact that this takes place at a comics convention there is a long list of comic book luminaries among the suspects. Intern At Your Own Risk 15-year-old Kiyomi Hudson is one of five teens—and the lone girl—chosen for internship in Las Vegas' CSI Division under the tutelage of Gil Grissom and Catherine Willows. Little does she know that her first "case" concerns another brutally murdered teenage girl, and that one of her fellow interns may know more than he's letting on. Publications IDW Publishing Usually published as limited series by IDW Publishing they are collected by IDW and Titan as trade paperbacks. CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: Thicker Than Blood (by Jeff Mariotte, Gabriel Rodriguez, and Ashley Wood; 2003, IDW Publishing, ) Serial (by Max Allan Collins, Ashley Wood, and Gabriel Rodriguez; 2003, IDW Publishing, , Titan Books, 2004, ) Bad Rap (by Max Allan Collins, Gabriel Rodriguez, and Ashley Wood; 2004, IDW Publishing, , Titan Books, ) Demon House (by Max Allan Collins, Ashley Wood, and Gabriel Rodriguez; 2004, IDW Publishing, , Titan Books, ) Dominos (by Kris Oprisko, Steven Perkins, and Gabriel Rodriguez; 2005, IDW Publishing, , Titan Books, ) Secret Identity (by Steven Grant, Steven Perkins, and Gabriel Rodriguez; 2005, IDW Publishing, ) Dying in the Gutters (by Steven Grant and Stephen Mooney; 2006, IDW Publishing, 2007, ) CSI: Miami: Thou Shalt Not... (by Kris Oprisko, Renato Guedes, Steven Perkins, and Ashley Wood; collection of one-shots "Smoking Gun", "Thou Shalt Not", and "Blood/Money" from 2004, IDW Publishing, 2005, , Titan Books, 2005, ) CSI: NY: Bloody Murder (by Max Allan Collins, J. K. Woodward, and Steven Perkins; 2006, IDW Publishing, ) Tokyopop CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: Intern At Your Own Risk (by Sekou Hamilton, Steven Cummings, and Megumi Cummings; 2009, Tokyopop, ) See also List of comics based on television programs CSI novels References External links IDW Publishing official website Titan Books official website Tokyopop on Facebook CSI CSI CSI (franchise) CSI: Crime Scene Investigation CSI: Miami CSI: NY CSI CSI zh:CSI犯罪現場系列書籍	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSI%20%28comics%29
Cabo Polonio is a hamlet located in the eastern coast of Uruguay in the Rocha Department. Cabo Polonio has no roads leading to it and is located about 7 km from the main highway. It is accessible by walking through the dunes or by 4×4 vehicles. The region has no electricity or running water for the few houses of this town, and wind power and a few generators are used to power some of the posadas and grocery store. There is a lighthouse that gets power from the national grid. Residents obtain water from nearby water wells or collecting rain water. Population According to the 2011 census, it had a population of 95 inhabitants. Features Cabo Polonio sits on the tip of a peninsula that extends into the Atlantic Ocean. The ocean side of the peninsula experiences strong waves, while the bay interior to the peninsula is sheltered. At the top end, a lighthouse stands over boulders tumbling into the sea. Three small, rocky islands dot the coast nearby. Near to the village is a colony of sea lions. The shore also has mobile sand dunes, in which the sand is blown by the wind and the dunes change their position over time. The village land is shared by the Uruguayan government and private owners. The government has included the area into the SNAP (Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas) National System of Protected Areas. In popular culture Cabo Polonio is the setting for events spread over a 36-year period in Carolina de Robertis' novel Cantoras. References External links Cabo Polonio website Portal de Cabo Polonio english version Systema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas de Uruguay, Cabo Polonio INE map of Cabo Polonio Headlands of Uruguay Populated places in the Rocha Department National parks of Uruguay Beaches of Uruguay	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabo%20Polonio
A kavass or cavass is an Ottoman Turkish term for an armed guard fulfilling various roles, often in the service of local notables and European foreigners of high status or means. Etymology The Turkish word is derived from the Arabic , 'archer', meaning 'bow'. Kavass is often spelled in English as kawas or kawass, especially in geographical contexts where Arabic exerts an influence on the author. Role of the kavass and use of the term The kavass was mainly known as a type of 19th-century Ottoman guard and escort, serving local and foreign dignitaries such as ambassadors and consuls. In the Holy Land (Ottoman Palestine) for instance, the right to employ kawasses was a prerogative of the Christian patriarchs and was only extended to the chief rabbi of the Palestinian Jews in 1842, along with his recognition as the official representative of the community (see millet system). This was quite significant, as a kawass was entitled to strike a misbehaving citizen even if he was a Muslim. Kavasses preserved public order at the important worship spots of the Holy Land, which was part of the Ottoman Empire from 1516 until 1918, such as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem and the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem. They still are employed there, but with a primarily ceremonial role, as law enforcement is provided by the normal state authorities. The 1911 entry in the Encyclopædia Britannica defines the kavass as "an armed police-officer; also for a courier such as it is usual to engage when travelling in Turkey." At the time, "Turkey" would still usually mean the entire declining Ottoman Empire. More generally, in the words of the famous Nazi-time spy 'Cicero', by his real name Elyesa Bazna (1904–1970), "in Turkey anyone who serves a foreigner is known as a kavass, a term used especially for servants at foreign embassies." Notes References Turkish words and phrases Law enforcement in Turkey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavass
Mary Washington (; 1707-1709 – August 25, 1789) was an American planter best known for being the mother of the first president of the United States, George Washington. The second wife of Augustine Washington, she became a prominent member of the Washington family. She spent a large part of her life in Fredericksburg, Virginia, where several monuments were erected in her honor and a university, along with other public buildings, bear her name. Early life Mary Ball was born between 1707 and 1709 at either Epping Forest, her family's slave plantation in Lancaster County, Virginia or at a plantation near the village of Simonson, Virginia. She was the only child of Col. Joseph Ball (1649–1711) and his second wife, Mary Johnson Ball (1672-1721). Her paternal grandfather was William Ball (1615 – c. 1680) who had left England for Virginia in the 1650s. His wife Hannah Atherold arrived later along with their four children, including Mary's father Joseph, who had been born in England. Her father died when she was three and after her mother's death, at the age of twelve Mary Ball was placed under the guardianship of Jane Washington's brother, the lawyer George Eskridge. Married life Augustine Washington had sailed to England on business (and to visit his sons who had been sent to school there) but on his return, he discovered that his first wife, Jane Butler Washington, had died in the interim. George Eskridge supposedly arranged an introduction between his friend, Washington, and his ward Mary Ball, with the two marrying on March 6, 1731 when she was 22. She was wealthy by the standards of the day and brought at least 1000 acres of inherited property to the marriage. The couple had the following children: George Washington (1732–1799) Elizabeth "Betty" Washington (1733–1797) Samuel Washington (1734–1781) John Augustine Washington (1736–1787) Charles Washington (1738–1799) Mildred Washington (1739-1740) Augustine died in 1743 when son George was 11 years old. Unlike most widows in Virginia at the time, Mary Ball Washington never remarried. When George was 14, his older half-brother Lawrence Washington, arranged for young George to become a midshipman in the Royal Navy. However, Mary's half-brother, Joseph Ball, wrote in reply to her letter requesting advice, that the Navy would "cut and staple him and use him like a negro, or rather, like a dog." Mary managed the family estate and 276 acres of Ferry Farm (a plantation) with the help of others until her eldest son came of age and well beyond. She lived to see that her son, George Washington, commanded the Continental Army to independence and was inaugurated as the first president of the United States in 1789. After learning that he had been elected president in April 1789, George Washington traveled from Mount Vernon to visit his mother in Fredericksburg. He knew his mother was suffering from breast cancer, the disease to which she eventually succumbed. It is said that Mrs. Washington informed her son of her poor health and expected to die soon. Further, the story continues, that her son George said that he would need to decline to serve as president. George's mother Mary responded, saying, "But go, George, fulfill the high destinies which Heaven appears to have intended for you for; go, my son, and may that Heaven's and a mother's blessing be with you always." Death After a lengthy illness, on August 25, 1789, Mary Ball Washington died of breast cancer at her home in Fredericksburg, Virginia. Beliefs While there is a legend that Mrs. Washington was said to be openly opposed to her son's revolutionary politics and, according to French officers based in Virginia during the war, she was a Loyalist sympathizer, there is no credible source to support that legend. The facts are that other than her son George who was Commander in Chief of the Continental forces (Army and Navy), Mary's other three sons Samuel, John Augustine, and Charles, all served in the Virginia Militia. Her son-in-law Fielding Lewis (husband to her daughter Betty), was in charge of the Fredericksburg Gunnery or Gun Manufactory. The gunnery works made muskets for use by American Revolutionary forces, and ended up almost bankrupting Lewis in the process. Mary Washington was by no means poor despite the fact that she petitioned the Government of Virginia claiming, in response to a Virginia government notice to citizens to do so, asking to be reimbursed for farm animals, horses and cattle that she gave to support the American war effort. George purchased a house for her in Fredericksburg, two blocks from Kenmore, where George's sister Betty (Mrs. Fielding Lewis) lived. Mary lived in her home nearby from 1772 until her death in 1789. She left George the majority of her lands and belongings, appointing him executor of her Will. Descendants Her third son, John Augustine Washington, was the father of Bushrod Washington, who was nominated by President John Adams to the U.S. Supreme Court, and confirmed by the Senate in 1798. Charles Town, West Virginia, is named for her fourth son, Charles Washington. Legacy and honors Several monuments have been erected to Mary Ball Washington in Fredericksburg, Virginia, where she lived from 1772 until her death in 1789. The Mary Washington House in Fredericksburg has been preserved by Preservation Virginia (formerly known as the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities) who, in mid-2012, signed an agreement passing ownership to the "Washington Heritage Museums." The residence is open to the public and operated as a historic house museum. It contains a fine collection of antique furnishings, some with Washington family provenance. Mary Ball Washington is buried on the grounds of Kenmore, the former home of her daughter and son-in-law Fielding and Betty Lewis. Kenmore is operated as a house museum and is open regularly for public tours. A monument to Mary Ball Washington was erected in 1833 and dedicated by President Andrew Jackson. It was left unfinished until the National Society Daughters of the American Revolution, a women's organization formed in the late nineteenth century raised money for the monument. The Mary Washington Memorial Association used social events and balls to raise money for the cause. The new memorial was dedicated by President Grover Cleveland in 1894 at her grave site. The University of Mary Washington, a public university in Fredericksburg, Virginia, was named for her. The Mary Washington Hospital, located in Fredericksburg, is named for her. In November 2019, the Fredericksburg Nationals minor league baseball team introduced a Mary Washington logo at an event at the Mary Washington House on her 311th birthday, describing the logo as "the first female logo in baseball history to be a part of a team's permanent and original branding." See also Mary Washington House St. Mary's, Whitechapel Mary Ball Washington Museum and Library The SS Mary Ball was a World War II Liberty ship. Washington family Notes Further reading External links His "Revered Mother" at HistoryPoint.org The Mary Washington House on the APVA Preservation Virginia website The Life and Legacy of the "Grandmother of our Country" 1700s births 1789 deaths 18th-century American Episcopalians British North American Anglicans Colonial American women Mothers of presidents of the United States People from Fredericksburg, Virginia People from Lancaster County, Virginia People from Spotsylvania County, Virginia Virginia colonial people Mary Ball American people of English descent	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Ball%20Washington
Waste Management, Inc., doing business as “WM”, is a waste management, comprehensive waste, and environmental services company operating in North America. Founded in 1968, the company is headquartered in the Bank of America Tower in Houston, Texas. The company's network includes 346 transfer stations, 293 active landfill disposal sites, 146 recycling plants, 111 beneficial-use landfill gas projects and six independent power production plants. Waste Management provide environmental services to nearly 21 million residential, industrial, municipal and commercial customers in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico. With 26,000 collection and transfer vehicles, the company has the largest trucking fleet in the waste industry. Combined with its largest competitor Republic Services, Inc, the two handle more than half of all garbage collection in the United States. History In 1893, Harm Huizenga, a Dutch immigrant, began hauling garbage at $1.25/wagon in Chicago. In 1968, Harm's grandson Wayne Huizenga, Dean Buntrock, and Larry Beck founded Waste Management, Inc. and began aggressively purchasing many of the smaller garbage collection services across the country. In 1971, Waste Management went public, and by 1972, the company had made 133 acquisitions with $82 million in revenue. It had 60,000 commercial and industrial accounts and 600,000 residential customers in 19 states and the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. In the 1980s, Waste Management acquired Service Corporation of America (SCA) to become the largest waste hauler in the country. Between the years of 1976 and 1997, the executive officers of Waste Management, Inc. began "cooking" the accounting books by refusing to record expenses necessary to write off the costs of unsuccessful and abandoned landfill development projects; establishing inflated environmental reserves (liabilities) in connection with acquisitions so that the excess reserves could be used to avoid recording unrelated operating expenses, improperly capitalizing a variety of expenses; failing to establish sufficient reserves (liabilities) to pay for income taxes and other expenses; avoiding depreciation expenses on their garbage trucks by both assigning unsupported and inflating salvage values and extending their useful lives; assigned arbitrary salvage values to other assets that previously had no salvage value; failed to record expenses for decreases in the value of landfills as they were filled with waste, used netting to eliminate approximately $490 million in current period operating expenses and accumulated prior period accounting misstatements by offsetting them against unrelated one-time gains on the sale or exchange of assets; and used geography entries to move tens of millions of dollars between various line items on the company's income statement. Officers were accused of making "the financials look the way we want to show them." The top officers settled with the federal government for $30.8 million in 2005, without admitting guilt. When a new CEO took charge of the company in 1997, he ordered a review of the company's accounting practices in 1997. In 1998 Waste Management restated its 1992–1997 earnings by $1.7 billion, making it the largest restatement in history. In 1998 Waste Management merged with USA Waste Services, Inc. USA Waste Services CEO John E. Drury retained the chairmanship and CEO position of the combined company. Waste Management then relocated its headquarters from Chicago to Houston. The merged company retained the Waste Management brand. In late 1999, John Drury stepped down as chairman due to brain surgery. Rodney R. Proto then took the position of chairman and CEO. That year also brought trouble for the newly expanded company in the form of an accounting scandal. In November 1999, turn-around CE was brought in to help Waste Management recover. The company has since implemented new technologies, safety standards, and operational practices. On July 14, 2008, Waste Management offered a $34 per share all-cash bid to acquire arch-competitor Republic Services, Inc. On August 11, 2008, the bid was raised to $37 per share. On August 15, 2008, Republic Services, Inc. denied Waste Management's bid for a second time. On October 13, 2008, Waste Management withdrew its bid for Republic Services, citing financial market turmoil. In January 2009, a global economic crisis forced Waste Management to aggressively reduce and restructure its corporate workforce. On February 7, 2010, CBS debuted a new TV series called Undercover Boss after the Super Bowl. Waste Management COO Lawrence O'Donnell III participated in this first episode and got a chance to see up close the inner workings of the company he helped run. O'Donnell left Waste Management on July 1, 2010. In 2015, Winters Brothers assumed all of WM's operations in Connecticut and New York (excluding New York City, and continues to service these regions under contract with WM. Waste Management sponsored the #14 car of Sterling Marlin from 2006 until 2007 in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. Rebranding to WM In February 2022, Waste Management announced the company would be rebranding to be referred to simply as WM. This came with an increased emphasis on sustainability and environmental services, and not just waste collection and disposal. Recycling Waste Management currently manages the recycling of more than 8.5 million tons of materials, including metal, plastic, glass, electronics and paper at 128 facilities. One service provided by Waste Management, single-stream recycling, allows recyclable materials to be comingled, rather than separated by the customer and handled separately by the collection provider. The company currently operates 30 single-stream recycling facilities throughout North America. Because the single-stream recycling process eliminates the need for customers to separate items before they are collected, it usually leads to higher recycling participation rates in local communities. Electronics recycling, or ecycling, is another focus for Waste Management. This refers to the proper disposal of electronic items like televisions, computers, microwave ovens, cellular phones, VCRs and DVDs and other such products. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) encourages consumers to reuse and recycle these products to keep them out of the waste stream. With this in mind, Waste Management has partnered with several companies, like LG Electronics, to recycle electronics for reprocessing. The company operates approximately 150 e-cycling centers throughout the country through its subsidiary, WM Recycle America. In January 2010, the company announced that WM Recycle America was implementing the Responsible Recycling (R2) Program for electronics recyclers, which established accepted practices to help protect the environment and workers' health and safety while e-waste is handled. In addition, these practices allow third parties to monitor activity and create greater transparency in the e-cycling sector. Waste Management has also invested in new methods and technologies for reusing and recycling non-traditional materials, such as organic waste and construction debris. In 2010, Waste Management announced two strategic investments to advance recycling technologies in North America: In January 2010, Waste Management announced it would fund Boston-area company Harvest Power, which specializes in turning food and yard waste into compost. Harvest Power is also working to develop anaerobic digester technology that uses waste to create a biogas, which can produce electricity, heat or be converted to natural gas. In May 2010, Waste Management announced its investment in MicroGREEN Polymers Inc., which specializes in reducing the amount plastic required for production of consumer products, like plastic bottles. In June 2009, Waste Management signed an agreement with BigBelly Solar to be the sole waste company distributor of BigBelly's technology in North America. BigBelly compactors are self-powered by built-in solar panels and are capable of holding 180 gallons of waste. The compactors decrease the need for trash pickup by 80 percent, which reduces production costs, fuel use, and greenhouse gas emissions. Waste Management Solar Compactors became a staple at the WM Phoenix Open; the company replaced FBR as the title sponsor of this PGA TOUR tournament in December 2009. As title sponsor, Waste Management introduced a variety of technologies to make the Phoenix Open one of the most eco-friendly tournaments on the PGA TOUR. Waste Management has been working with other sports and music venues across the nation to increase recycling among patrons. It teamed up with Live Nation to forward the Recycling Rocks! campaign across the U.S. Additionally, its subsidiaries GreenOps, LLC and Greenopolis placed recycling kiosks in front of grocery stores and collected more than 4,000,000 bottles and cans. Waste Management then partnered with PepsiCo to use that technology to develop the Dream Machine recycling initiative to increase beverage container recycling throughout the U.S. Dream Machine kiosks are computerized recycling receptacles that include a personal reward system that allows users to accumulate and redeem points for every item they recycle at www.greenopolis.com. Waste Management is also involved in landfill gas utilization, including landfill-gas-to-energy (LFGTE) production. The company has over 115 LFGTE facilities, and plans to add another 60 facilities by 2012. LFGTE facilities collect methane and carbon dioxide gases emitted during the natural anaerobic decomposition of organic waste in the landfill. These gases are then used to fuel engines or turbines that generate electricity to power surrounding areas. In August 2009, Waste Management announced that it would join Valero Energy Corporation as a strategic investor in Terrabon L.L.C.'s waste-to-fuel conversion technology. Waste Management will also assist Terrabon in securing organic waste streams. Terrabon specializes in refining municipal solid wastes and sewage sludge into non-hazardous organic salts. The organic salts are then sent to Valero where they can be converted into gasoline, diesel or jet fuel. Around this same time, Waste Management launched a joint venture with Oregon-based company InEnTec to form S4 Energy Solutions. S4 uses a process called plasma gasification (also known as plasma arc waste disposal) to heat waste materials until they break down to produce a synthesis gas, or syngas. The syngas can be converted into transportation fuels, such as ethanol or diesel, or can be used as a substitute for natural-gas heating and electricity. In February 2010, Waste Management announced a strategic investment agreement with Enerkem Inc., a Canadian-based company that specializes in converting waste materials that are most often landfilled, such as carbon-based feedstock, municipal solid waste, construction and demolition wood and agricultural and forest residues, into biofuels like ethanol. The investment signifies Waste Management's continued efforts to invest in upcoming green technologies and to double its renewable energy production. International In 2009, Waste Management purchased a 40-percent stake in Shanghai Environment Group Co Ltd, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Shanghai Chengtou Holding Co Ltd. SEG sought Waste Management's investment in order to benefit from Waste Management's experience in the waste disposal field, as well as improve their technology for waste disposal. Corporate issues 1995 lawsuit Shareholders sued Wheelabrator Technologies's (WTI) board of directors for breach of their fiduciary duty, challenging the merger of WTI into Waste Management. In 1995, the case, In re Wheelabrator Technologies, Inc. Shareholders Litigation, came before the Court of Chancery of Delaware on an appeal regarding the Board's motion for summary judgment. The shareholders argued the Board breached their duty of care because there was not sufficient process, they didn't look at alternative transactions, didn't consider information regarding waste's legal liabilities, they didn't appoint a committee of independent directors to negotiate the merger, and they didn't adequately consider the terms of the merger; they breached their duty of loyalty, and; they breached their duty to disclose relevant information regarding the merger. Ultimately, the court dismissed the duty of disclosure claim but allowed the duty of loyalty claim to a degree. In regards to the duty of loyalty claim, the court disagreed with both the shareholders and the Board. It labelled the merger as an interested transaction, not a controlled shareholder transaction, so the business judgment rule applies and the burden to prove waste is on the shareholders. Accounting improprieties Revelations of irregular accounting led to a major drop in stock price and to the replacement of top executives after a new CEO ordered a review of the company's accounting practices in 1998. Waste Management's shareholders lost more than $6 billion in the market value of their investments when the stock price plummeted by more than 33%. The company had augmented the depreciation time length for their property, plant, and equipment, artificially inflating the company's after-tax profits by US$1.7 billion. On July 8, 1999, a class action lawsuit was filed against WMI and certain officers for issuing false statements. Waste Management paid US$457 million to settle a shareholder class-action suit in 2003. The SEC fined Waste Management's independent auditor, Arthur Andersen, US$7 million for its role. ERP software implementation failure In 2005, Waste Management entered into a Software Licensing Agreement (SLA) with SAP AG. Under the agreement, SAP and its wholly owned subsidiary, Tomorrow Now, were to implement SAP's Enterprise Resource Planning software. The implementation began when an eight month pilot program was established in Waste Management's New Mexico market area, the market-share area at the time. This initial implementation was to be followed in two months with a company-wide implementation from Waste Management's headquarters in Houston, Texas. In December 2007, Waste Management ended their ERP implementation effort. Waste Management characterized the ERP implementation as non-functional. An SAP sponsored "Solution Review" determined that a customized ERP, based upon an updated SAP ERP, would need to be made in order to accommodate a company-wide implementation. Waste Management sued SAP for the US$100 million to recover the funds it had spent on the failed ERP implementation. In the lawsuit, Waste Management accused SAP of fraud and deception. SAP countered that Waste Management failed to present knowledgeable workers and accurate business models and failed to migrate data from legacy systems. The suit concluded in 2010 under confidential terms and a one time payment from SAP to Waste Management disclosed to the SEC. Labor relations In 2007, Waste Management locked out Teamsters at its largest hauling operation in Alameda County, CA. The lockout lasted a little less than a month and put 900 members of the Teamsters, ILWU, and Machinists Union on picket lines and raised concerns over sanitary impact on the affected communities. The lockout was stopped when affected communities started legal actions against Waste Management. According to Waste Management officials, the company worked over three months to negotiate an agreement fair to both Waste Management and the union. The union did not want to negotiate over the company's proposals and refused to offer their own proposal unless Waste Management agreed to withdraw all proposals from the table. Oakland's City Council reached a settlement with Waste Management over the dispute in March, 2008. The company rebated more than $3 million to customers and Oakland customers received additional services over the next five years. Environmental policy and record In 1990, the board of Waste Management adopted an environmental policy, including a policy of no-net-loss of biodiversity on the company’s properties. Waste Management also took positions around that time supporting legislation on hazardous waste reduction (1988), waste export control (1989), and protection of endangered species (1992). Waste Management's operations consist of environmental protection, groundwater protection, environmental engineering, and air and gas management. Waste Management currently operates ten full-scale waste treatment landfill projects in the U.S. and Canada. As a member of the Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX), Waste Management made a commitment during the pilot phase to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by four percent below the average of its 1998–2001 baseline by 2006. They have also replaced nearly 500 diesel-fueled trucks with vehicles that run on 100 percent natural gas. These new garbage and recycling trucks comprise one of the nation's largest fleets of heavy-duty trucks powered exclusively by natural gas. In November 2009, at Waste Management's Altamont Landfill, a new plant began producing 13,000 gallons a day of LNG fuel from methane gas from the landfill that had fueled an electric power plant since 1969. Waste Management has said that the plant, announced in April 2008, and built and operated by The Linde Group with state funding, is the world's largest facility to convert landfill gas into vehicle fuel. Waste Management works with environmental groups in the U.S. to set aside land to create and manage wetlands and wildlife habitats. The company's landfills currently provide approximately of protected land for wildlife; 73 landfills are certified by the Wildlife Habitat Council. In May 2011, Waste Management's Wheelabrator division agreed to pay a record $7.5 million settlement with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts for a host of environmental violations at its plants in North Andover, Saugus, and Millbury, Massachusetts. The settlement was announced on May 2, 2011 by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection and Attorney General Martha Coakley's office. Marketing In February 2022 at the WM Phoenix Open, Waste Management announced they would be rebranding to WM. They also adopted a new slogan, dropping "think green", for "for tomorrow." They also were featured in a Walt Disney World Epcot attraction, Innoventions. Waste Management has also tried to soften its impact on communities through public relations, such as its 2011 renaming of Mount Trashmore in northern Broward County, Florida, from the "North Broward County Resource Recovery and Central Disposal Sanitary Landfill" to the "Monarch Hill Renewable Energy Park." Television In February 2010, Waste Management was the first company featured on CBS television series Undercover Boss. Chief Operating Officer Lawrence (Larry) O'Donnell, III learned of many policies he introduced but wished to change to improve the working environment of his employees. In one example, route supervisors sometimes observe garbage collecting to monitor quality, productivity and adherence to safety rules. Some garbage collectors perceived this as spying, a characterization that disturbed O'Donnell. In another example, O'Donnell chose to end the practice of deduction of pay for time clock rules violations during the lunch hour. O'Donnell personally intervened in the career of an administrative assistant he met while filming the series. The administrative assistant had put her family's house up for sale due to lack of sufficient income despite working two jobs. O'Donnell promoted the employee to a supervisor position, which included a higher rate of pay and bonus eligibility, thus allowing her to keep the house. Product placement The Waste Management brand is featured in several recent films. Waste Management vehicles and equipment are featured prominently in several scenes in Transformers: Dark of the Moon. In the film, one character transforms from a robot into a Waste Management collection vehicle. A Waste Management branded roll-off box can be seen in the background of a scene in the 2009 film Paul Blart: Mall Cop and a character dressed as a Waste Management employee appears in the film, The Spy Next Door. A Mack TerraPro truck owned by Waste Management that transforms into three Junkheaps appears in Transformers: Age of Extinction. Financial restatements On November 14, 1997, the company reclassified or adjusted certain items in its financial statements for 1996 and the first nine months of 1997. On August 3, 1999, the company would have to restate first-quarter results downward, partly because of changes in the value of landfills and other assets in connection with its acquisition last year of Wheelabrator Technologies Inc. See also List of waste management companies Notes External links Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange Accounting scandals Companies based in Houston American companies established in 1971 Waste companies established in 1971 Multinational companies Waste management companies of Canada Waste management companies of the United States Articles containing video clips	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste%20Management%20%28company%29
Brian Cobby (12 October 192931 October 2012) was an English actor and telephone exchange worker who, in 1985, became the first male voice of the British speaking clock. Early life Cobby was born in Gravesend, Kent, the son of Amy and Sydney Cobby, a retail manager. Sydney had hoped to serve in the Royal Navy like his father and grandfather before him, but was unable to join due to a ruptured eardrum. He instead joined Woolworths and moved around the country managing its stores, finally transferring from Gravesend to Oxford, where Brian spent most of his early years. Cobby started singing while attending Ealing Academy, before becoming a chorister at Worcester College, Oxford and, later, the City of Oxford High School for Boys, where he won a competition to perform at St Paul's Cathedral. It was during this time that Cobby's love for acting grew, and he visited the Oxford Playhouse every week. One day he noticed an advertisement for a job for a young boy or girl at the Playhouse; this turned out to be sweeping the stage, but the manager encouraged him to continue his studies and later return to acting. After completing his education, Cobby was called up for National Service at the age of 18, during which time he initially served with the Royal Engineers Postal Service before becoming a corporal and running the officer's mess. He also raised money for the Red Cross by performing puppet shows. He was then approached to work for the British Forces Network radio station in Hamburg, Germany, where he became a disc jockey, interviewer and announcer. Acting career Upon his return to England, he decided to pursue acting, and attended the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art. Cobby's first theatrical part was that of God in a newly translated Strindberg play at the Watergate Theatre, London. During the 1950s, he acted in repertory theatre and toured with productions of Ladies for Hire, Intimate Relations, Peter Pan, Henry IV, Parts 1 and 2 and Macbeth. During the 1960s, Cobby voiced many television advertisements, including ones for Stork margarine, Surf washing powder and Big Fry, for which George Lazenby's voice was dubbed over with Cobby's. He appeared, albeit briefly, in the film version of Evita (1996), standing next to Madonna in the balcony scene. In 2004, he guest-starred in the Doctor Who audio drama The Creed of the Kromon. Speaking clock voice When the machinery behind the speaking clock was due to be replaced in the mid-1980s, British Telecom (now BT plc) launched a search for a new voice from among its employees. More than 5,000 staff entered the "Golden Voice" competition, which ended on 5 December 1984 when Cobby, an assistant supervisor at a telephone exchange in Withdean, Brighton, was selected from 12 finalists. The selection was broadcast live on BBC Breakfast Time from the top of BT Tower. The speaking clock had been voiced by female employees since 1936, and the other 11 finalists were female. Interviewed much later for BBC radio, Cobby recalled the selection event and his pessimism in the company of eleven female candidates. Perhaps recalling his leading role in the 1960 film The Nudist Story, he wryly remembered hoping that the selection panel in 1984 would choose "a clock with a pendulum". The new speaking clock was inaugurated on 2 April 1985, and Cobby's voice was used until 2 April 2007, when it was replaced with that of Sara Mendes da Costa. Thunderbirds claim Cobby has frequently been cited as the (uncredited) voice of the countdown that plays during the title sequence of the 1960s puppet TV series Thunderbirds, and indeed said so himself. However, the year that he cites (1965) post-dates the recording of the series, which started in 1964. Although Cobby was contracted by the BBC for a similar recording, this may only have been for a Tracy Island children's toy. Thunderbirds producer Gerry Anderson maintained that the countdown was recorded by Peter Dyneley, who provided the voice of Jeff Tracy for both the series' 32 episodes and its two film sequels: Question: An actor by the name of Brian Cobby has claimed that he was the voice of the famous '5-4-3-2-1 Thunderbirds are go!' countdown, whereas the voice sounds just like Jeff Tracy voice artist Peter Dyneley. Can you please confirm, just for the record, who the actual voice artist was? Ian Fryer, Bradford, W. Yorks Answer: Sorry, but I haven't got a clue who Brian Cobby is, Ian! Does anyone really believe that we'd hire a different actor to record those eight words in preference to the talented team of artists we'd already assembled to perform in the series? I remember the countdown as being one of the hardest voice recording sessions as it wasn't just a case of someone coming in and reading out the lines. The actor had to really emote, and only an actor who had been involved in the production and understood what it was about could really do it. No, anyone who's heard the Thunderbirds countdown knows that it is Peter Dyneley. Death Cobby died on 31 October 2012, aged 83, following a series of health problems. Selected filmography References External links BFI Profile 1929 births 2012 deaths 20th-century English male actors 21st-century English male actors Male actors from Kent Alumni of the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art British Telecom people Clocks in the United Kingdom English child singers English male film actors English male singers English male stage actors English male television actors English male voice actors People educated at the City of Oxford High School for Boys People from Gravesend, Kent People from Oxford Telephone voiceover talent Musicians from Kent Royal Engineers soldiers 20th-century British Army personnel	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Cobby
Planet of the Apes comics are tie-ins to the Planet of the Apes media franchise. They have been released by several publishers over the years and include tie-ins and spin-offs. Publishers Japanese comics (manga) There are two manga adaptations of the first film, both entitled Saru no Wakusei (lit. "Planet of Monkeys"). The first was written and drawn by Jôji Enami and published in the manga magazine Bessatsu Bôken'Ô in April 1968. The second was drawn by Minoru Kuroda and published in the manga Tengoku Zôkan in June 1971. Battle for the Planet of the Apes (最後の猿の惑星 - Saigo no Saru no Wakusei, "Battle on the Planet of Monkeys", in Japanese) was also adapted into a manga by Mitsuru Sugaya, and published in a 1973 special issue of the magazine Weekly Shōnen Champion. Gold Key Comics Gold Key Comics produced an adaptation of the second film in 1970. That was the first Western comics publication in the Planet of the Apes franchise. Marvel Comics Marvel Comics released a number of titles, the longest-lived being Planet of the Apes (published under the Marvel imprint Curtis Magazines), which appeared in black-and-white magazine format, and ran for twenty-nine issues from 1974 to 1977. Besides adaptations of all five movies, the magazine featured original Apes stories, with writing from Doug Moench and Gerry Conway and art from Mike Esposito, Mike Ploog, George Tuska, and many others. Articles about the making of both the movie series and the later Planet of the Apes television series were also a mainstay. In 1975, Adventures on the Planet of the Apes offered color versions of the adaptations of the first two films in five- or six-issue arcs, for total of 11 issues. It was written by Doug Moench. The stories from the U.S. magazine were edited and released by Marvel UK in a weekly title of the same name, lasting 123 issues from 1974 to 1977. This included adapted reprints of the Killraven comic, renamed as Apeslayer and with alien apes as enemies. The British title changed names to Planet of the Apes and Dracula Lives, before merging into The Mighty World of Marvel #231-246, where the title spot on the cover was shared between Planet of the Apes and The Incredible Hulk — also being stories from the U.S. runs. In 2022, Marvel announced that they have reacquired the comics license to Planet of the Apes and it will release the new comics in 2023, following a reprint of the company's heavily edited 1970s comic, Adventures on the Planet of the Apes. The new series is written by David Walker with arts of Dave Wachter, and is set in the universe of the reboot film series, but without specific characters from it. Power Records In 1975, Power Records made adaptations of four of the films which were included with book-and-record sets, and appeared in LP format as well, as an audio only compilation album featuring all four adaptations. The only film in the original series that did not receive an adaptation is Conquest of the Planet of the Apes. The company also produced an audio-only series on LP that featured the main characters of the television series — Virdon, Burke and Galen — in original stories. Chad Valley In 1975, Chad Valley, a U.K. toy company, produced 32 short film-based comic strips containing illustrated scenes from various TV series episodes, packaged as part of the slideshow projector playset, named respectively Chad Valley Picture Show: Planet of the Apes Sliderama Projector These strips are extremely rare and difficult to come by, and contain many continuity errors. Brown Watson Books Between 1975–1977, Brown Watson Books published a trio of UK-published hardcover comic annuals based on the spin-off 1974 television series. Editorial Mo.Pa.Sa. Editorial Mo.Pa.Sa., an Argentine company, published seven Spanish-language Apes comics in the 1970s, featuring original tales about the television series' characters. It was written by Jorge Claudio Morhain, and Ricardo Barreiro, with art by Sergio Mulko and T. Toledo. Five additional issues were planned, but were never produced. To date, the Spanish stories have never been published in English, but translations have been made available on fan sites. Hungarian comic In 1981, a Hungarian company published a comic adaptation of Pierre Boulle's original novel, titled A Majmok bolygója (lit. "The Monkey Planet"). This adaptation was written and drawn by Hungarian comic artist Ernő Zórád. To date, the Hungarian comic has never been published in English, but a translation has been made available on fan sites. Malibu Publishing/Adventure Comics Between 1990–1993, Adventure Comics, a division of Malibu Publishing, produced more original storylines, set after the time of Caesar. These included a 24-issue monthly title, a one-shot (Sins of the Father), a Planet of the Apes annual and five original mini-series: Urchak's Folly, Forbidden Zone, Ape City, Blood of the Apes and a crossover with Alien Nation called Ape Nation. Adventure also reprinted Marvel's adaptations of the first three films as well as a four-issue mini-series featuring installments from Marvel's Terror on the Planet of the Apes saga. Filipino parody In the 1990s, a Filipino parody adaptation called Planet op di Eyps was serialized in Pilipino FUNNY Komiks. Dark Horse Comics The Dark Horse series was written by Ian Edginton and was a tie-in with Tim Burton's 2001 Apes film. Between 2001–2002, Dark Horse published a film adaptation, a mini-series, a brief ongoing run, a Toys R' Us minicomic and a three-part serial in Dark Horse Extra. Mr. Comics Mr. Comics had the license until 2005 and released a six-issue mini-series, Revolution on the Planet of the Apes, by Joe O'Brien, Ty Templeton Sam Agro, and other writers, with art by Gabriel Morrissette and additional artists. The story picked up shortly after Caesar's conquest of the Earth after the apes' revolt and attempted to bridge the time gap before Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973). Further stories were slated for release, including the next planned title, Empire on the Planet of the Apes, but the graphic novel collecting the Revolution mini-series was canceled, as was the Empire follow-up. Boom! Studios Classic continuity Boom!'s Planet of the Apes series of comics is the longest-running adaptation of the series, publishing more comics than Marvel (29 issues) and Malibu (50 issues). Beginning April 2011, Boom! Studios launched a new series written by novelist Daryl Gregory, illustrated by Carlos Magno and edited by Ian Brill, with covers by Karl Richardson and Chad Hardin that took place 500 years before the original 1968 Planet of the Apes movie in the continuity of the first five films. It ran for a total of 16 issues, ending in August 2012. The storyline was continued in Planet of the Apes Annual #1 (August, 2012), then furthered in Planet of the Apes Special #1 (April 2013), then furthered again in Planet of the Apes Spectacular #1 (July 2013) and finally wrapped up in Planet of the Apes Giant #1 (September, 2013). In late 2011, Boom! also began publishing the four-issue mini-series Betrayal of the Planet of the Apes. This mini-series is set 20 years before the events of the original film, and features different characters, like Dr. Zaius, than the concurrent ongoing series. This was followed up in early 2012 by another mini-series, Exile on the Planet of the Apes, set two years later. Beginning in September 2012, Planet of the Apes: Cataclysm took over as Boom!'s regular monthly series. Set eight years prior to the original Planet of the Apes, this series was written by Corinna Sara Bechko and Gabriel Hardman, authors of both the Betrayal and Exile miniseries, and mixed several characters from those series with characters from the original movie. Boom! and IDW Publishing published a crossover between Planet of the Apes and Star Trek: The Original Series, titled Star Trek/Planet of the Apes: The Primate Directive. The first issue was published in December 2014. In 2016, Boom! started a miniseries crossover between Planet of the Apes and Tarzan, titled Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes. In February 2017, Boom! and DC Comics published a 6 issue crossover called Planet of the Apes/Green Lantern. It was set soon after the events of the first film. This was also the setting for a crossover with King Kong in Kong on the Planet of the Apes. In August 2018, Boom! published a one-shot comic titled Planet of the Apes: Visionaries, which is a comic book based on the Rod Serling script for the original 1968 Planet of the Apes movie. A series looked at the early years of Ursus and a number of one-shots drew together stories from different continuities. Reboot continuity Just before the release of the feature film Rise of the Planet of the Apes Boom! serialized 6 installments of five-page webcomics that served as a prelude to the movie. The stories featured Alpha and Bright Eyes, Caesar's parents, and detailed their capture in the wild and the time they spent in the Gen-Sys Laboratories. At San Diego Comic Con International 2014, Boom! published a one-shot stand-alone print comic book, called Dawn of the Planet of the Apes: Contagion bridging Rise of the Planet of the Apes and Dawn of the Planet of the Apes. In December 2014, Boom! started the six-issue series Dawn of the Planet of the Apes, set in the movie continuity of the second reboot film. A 2017 War for the Planet of the Apes series served as a prequel to the movie of the same name. Compilations Some of the comics have been collected together as trade paperbacks: Planet of the Apes (with Ian Edginton, for Dark Horse): Human Wars (with Pencils: Paco Medina, Adrian Sibar; Inks: Juan Vlasco, Norman Lee, Christopher Ivy, 2001) The Ongoing Saga Volume 1: Old Gods (with Pencils: Adrian Sibar, Paco Medina; Inks: Norman Lee, Juan Vlasco, 2001–2002, Titan Books ) The Ongoing Saga Volume 2: Blood Lines (with Co-writer: Dan Abnett; Pencils: Sanford Greene, Pop Mhan, Paco Medina, Adrian Sibar; Inks: Norman Lee, Pop Mhan, Juan Vlasco, 2001–2002) In addition, Adventure Comics released trade-paperback compilations of Marvel's adaptations of the first three films, as well as a collection of its own first four monthly issues, entitled Monkey Planet. See also List of comics based on fiction List of comics based on films References External links Reviews of the various Planet of the Apes comic book series at Comic Book Resources Reviews of the various Planet of the Apes comic book series at Comics Fondle Comics section of Hunter Goatley's Planet of the Apes Archive featuring complete versions of Gold Key, Marvel UK and Hungarian PotA comics Power Records section of Hunter's Planet of the Apes Archive featuring complete versions of Power Records PotA Book & Records 'Brown-Watson Annuals' section of Planet of the Apes TV Series Site featuring all comic strips, short stories and articles from the mid-1970s annuals Comics section of Planet of the Apes TV Series Site featuring fully translated Argentinian PotA comics Welcome Back to the Planet of the Apes, Comics Scene #13 (1990) about the Adventure Comics run on PotA Comics database entry for the Dark Horse series as well as Marvel's Planet of the Apes and Adventures On The Planet Of The Apes Dark Horse individual pages: Human Wars Old Gods Blood Lines Titan's Old Gods People In The News preview of the Mr Comics series Interview with Joe O'Brien about the Mr. Comics series Comics Adventure Publications titles Comics about apes Comics based on fiction Comics based on films Comics by Doug Moench Comics by Gerry Conway Comic book limited series Gold Key Comics titles Gorilla characters in comics Marvel Comics titles Malibu Comics titles Dark Horse Comics titles 1974 comics debuts Boom! Studios titles	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet%20of%20the%20Apes%20%28comics%29
Reese's Puffs (formerly Reese's Peanut Butter Puffs) is a corn-based breakfast cereal manufactured by General Mills inspired by Reese's Peanut Butter Cups. At its launch in May 1994 the cereal consisted of corn puffs flavored with chocolate and peanut butter. Later, the formula was revised to be a mixture of chocolate puffs and peanut butter puffs. Artificial flavours and food coloring were removed in 2015 in response to consumer demand. See also Reese's Peanut Butter Cups References General Mills cereals Products introduced in 1994	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reese%27s%20Puffs
El Tiradito is a shrine and popular local spot located at 420 South Main Avenue in the Old Barrio area of Downtown Tucson, Arizona. The shrine consists of the crumbling remains of a brick building, with a large metal rack for candles and desert plants now occupying the interior. Large, glass-encased candles, frequently depicting saints of the Roman Catholic Church are lit and left burning at the shrine, both on the stand and along the ledges of the building. Small slips of paper containing prayers or messages of thanks are also often pressed into cracks in the walls or left elsewhere at the shrine, as are other memorial objects. In addition to the faithful who leave these religious objects, El Tiradito is frequented and favored by many Tucsonans, including writers, poets, and other members of the town's artistic community. According to the Phoenix New Times publication, El Tiradito is the only Catholic shrine in the United States dedicated to a sinner buried in unconsecrated ground. It is said that the man buried there died fighting for the love of a woman. Visitors to this area light candles for the man, hoping his soul will be freed from purgatory. Some of the nooks and crannies of El Tiradito even house the notes and letters of the heartbroken, prayers asking for healing of the heart. El Tiradito was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1971. It was documented in the Historic American Landscapes Survey in 2012. It was described in 2021 as "a three-sided shrine of crumbling adobe walls, small and nondescript, mere streets away from the bustle and noise of downtown Tucson." References External links A photograph of the shrine El Tiradito Wishing Shrine in Tucson, US (YouTube) Buildings and structures in Tucson, Arizona Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Arizona Historic American Landscapes Survey in Arizona Tourist attractions in Tucson, Arizona National Register of Historic Places in Tucson, Arizona Buildings and structures completed in 1871	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Tiradito
HMS Pelorus (pennant number: J291) was an built for the Royal Navy (RN) during World War II. Upon completion, the ship became the flotilla leader of the 7th Minesweeper Flotilla, clearing mines off the east coast of England. In June 1944, the flotilla was assigned to sweep one of the beaches during the Normandy landings until she struck a mine the following month. After her repairs were completed, Pelorus was reassigned to the English Channel and the 6th Minesweeping Flotilla. The flotilla was transferred to the Indian Ocean in 1945 and spent some time escorting convoys. They participated in Operation Collie, a bombardment of Japanese positions in the Nicobar Islands, in July and then swept the Strait of Malacca and the approaches to Singapore in August. After the war, she was sold to the South African Navy and renamed HMSAS Pietermaritzburg. The ship was later converted into a midshipmans' training ship during the early 1960s. She served as a barracks ship from 1968 to 1991 when Pietermaritzburg was listed for disposal. The ship was scuttled as an artificial reef off the South African coast in 1994. Description Pelorus displaced at standard load and at deep load. The ship had an overall length of , a beam of and a deep draught of . She was powered by a pair of vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by two Admiralty three-drum boilers. The engines developed a total of which gave a maximum speed of . The ship carried enough fuel oil that she had a range of at . The ship was armed with a single 4-inch (102 mm) Mk V dual-purpose gun and four single mounts for Oerlikon light anti-aircraft (AA) guns. For anti-submarine work, Pelorus was fitted with two depth charge rails, and four depth charge throwers. The ship was equipped with a Type 271 surface-search radar and a Type 291 air-search radar. Her crew numbered 85 officers and ratings. During the war the two single Oerlikon mounts on the bridge wings were replaced by twin power-driven mounts and the two remaining single mounts aft were superseded by two single Bofors AA guns before the ship sailed for the Far East. In preparation for her reclassification as a training ship, Pietermaritzburg had her sweeping gear removed and was rearmed with her main armament replaced by a twin-gun turret fitted with more powerful 4-inch Mk XVI guns in 1961–62. The Bofors guns were moved to the roof of the enlarged aft superstructure. Her complement now consisted of 8 officers, 73 ratings, 10 midshipmen and 50 trainees. She was refitted in 1971. Construction and career Pelorus was named after Pelorus Jack, a Risso's dolphin that often escorted ships through French Pass in New Zealand. The ship was ordered on 1 January 1942 from Lobnitz of Renfrew, Scotland and laid down on 8 October. She was launched on 18 June 1943 and completed two months later on 7 October. The ship was assigned to the newly formed 7th Minesweeping Flotilla upon completion and served as the flotilla leader. The flotilla was tasked with clearing mines off the east coast of England until June 1944 when they were assigned to sweep the minefields protecting Juno Beach during the Normandy landings. Pelorus led the flotilla on 6 June and was thus the leading ship of the entire invasion fleet. While sweeping the approaches to Cherbourg, she struck a mine that damaged the port engine and propeller. The ship was under repair for three months and was transferred to the 6th Minesweeping Flotilla at Plymouth when they were completed. The flotilla sailed for the Far East on 8 April 1945 and was assigned convoy escort duties on arrival. On 2 July, they swept the approaches to the Nicobar Islands during Operation Collie and destroyed 167 mines. As the Pacific War was ending on 15 August, they swept the Strait of Malacca and the approaches to Singapore. Together with the light cruiser , Pelorus was one of the first British ships to re-enter Singapore harbour. She returned home in May 1946 and was paid off. In 1947 the ship was sold to the South African Navy, together with her sister ship, Rosamund, and departed England on 22 November after a refresher course at the minesweeping school at HMS Lochinvar, Port Edgar, Scotland. The sisters arrived at Cape Town on 24 December, making stops at Gibraltar, Freetown and Walvis Bay en route. She was rechristened by the mayor of the city, A. E. Hirst, on 21 January 1948. The navy had originally intended to rename the ship Maritzburg, but decided to use the city's full name after protests. In November of that year, the sisters exercised with the British 3rd Aircraft Carrier Squadron. Later that month, together with the frigate , they visited ports in Portuguese Mozambique, returning to Durban on 12 December. While serving as a midshipmans' training ship, Pietermaritzburg became the largest South African warship to visit Knysna in September 1953. The ship and her sister were placed in reserve for a time in the late 1950s. Pietermaritzburg re-commissioned as a dedicated training ship on 30 August 1962. While participating the training exercise Capex 63 with the Royal Navy, the ship accidentally rammed the British frigate . Although her bow was crushed by the collision, both ships were able to steam back to Simon's Town, South Africa for repairs. The subsequent inquiry found officers from both ships negligent. She was placed back in reserve in July 1964 and became an accommodation ship at Simon's Town for the navy's minesweeping flotilla on 17 June 1968. Pietermaritzburg was listed for disposal in 1991 and the navy made the decision to dispose of her as an artificial reef. Pietermaritzburg was scuttled on 12 November 1994 to make an artificial reef at Miller's Point near Simon's Town. The wreck settled upright on the sand at a maximum depth of . It has begun to collapse and the interior is much less accessible than it used to be. The wreck and surrounding was declared a South African National Heritage Site on 23 August 2013 after legal salvage efforts in 2012 had badly damaged the wreck. Citations References External links HMS Pelorus at uboat.net SAHRIS Site Recording of SAS Pietermaritzburg SHIPWRECKID1512 Algerine-class minesweepers of the Royal Navy Ships built on the River Clyde 1943 ships World War II minesweepers of the United Kingdom Algerine-class minesweepers of the South African Navy Shipwrecks of the South African Atlantic coast Ships sunk as artificial reefs Ships sunk as dive sites Maritime incidents in 1994 South African heritage sites	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Pelorus%20%28J291%29
Ashley Cleveland (born February 2, 1957) is an American singer-songwriter best known as a background vocalist and gospel singer. Ashley Cleveland was born in Knoxville, Tennessee. She has been married to Kenny Greenberg since April 27, 1991, and has three children. Career She sang "We're Gonna Win This One" in 1987 for the Touchstone Pictures film Ernest Goes to Camp. Her career includes vocal contributions to more than 300 albums, including the Dove Award winning albums Songs from the Loft (1994), The Jesus Record by Rich Mullins and A Ragamuffin Band, 1998. As part of John Hiatt's band, she has also made several widely seen television appearances including, Austin City Limits, Late Night with David Letterman, The Arsenio Hall Show and Saturday Night Live. Steve Winwood contributed duet vocals and played the Hammond B3 organ for the song "I Need Thee Every Hour" on Cleveland's 2005 album, Men and Angels Say. She has contributed to the SongwritingWith:Soldiers workshops, and is credited as a co-writer on the song "Stronger Together" on the Mary Gauthier album Rifles & Rosary Beads. Bibliography In 2013 she published her memoir, Little Black Sheep, in hardcover, & eBook format. Awards and recognition As the Grammy Award's first female nominee in the Best Rock Gospel category, Ashley Cleveland won this award in 1996 for her album Lesson of Love, in 1999 for You Are There, and in 2008 for Before the Daylight's Shot. She is the only artist to be nominated, and win, three times in this category. In 2010, God Don't Never Change, was nominated for a Grammy Award in the Best Traditional Gospel Album category, bringing her total number of overall nominations to four (with three wins). Lesson of Love also won a 1996 Nashville Music Award ("Nammy") for Best Contemporary Christian Album. Cleveland was the only female vocalist to sing lead on a song ("Gimme Shelter") for the television special, Stone Country: A Tribute to the Rolling Stones on the defunct The Nashville Network (TNN). Discography Albums Big Town Atlantic (1991) Bus Named Desire (Reunion (1993) Lesson of Love Reunion (1995) You Are There Warner (1998) Second Skin 204 Records (2002) Men and Angels Say Rambler (2005) Before the Daylight's Shot 204 Records (2006) God Don't Never Change Koch Records (2009). The album includes the songs: "Denomination Blues" "God Don't Never Change" Beauty in the Curve (2012) One More Song (2018) Appearances Strong Hand of Love, tribute to Mark Heard, 1994 Orphans of God, tribute to Mark Heard, 1996 The Jesus Record, Rich Mullins & A Ragamuffin Band, 1998 Mountain of God, Third Day Wherever You Are, 2005 Both Feet On the Ground, Bellsburg Sessions Bellsburg (The Songs of Rich Mullins), 2022 References External links 1957 births Living people Musicians from Knoxville, Tennessee Singers from Nashville, Tennessee American women singer-songwriters Grammy Award winners American performers of Christian music Singer-songwriters from Tennessee 21st-century American women singers 21st-century American singer-songwriters	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley%20Cleveland
Guacharaca is a percussion instrument usually made out of the cane-like trunk of a small palm tree. The guacharaca itself consists of a tube with ridges carved into its outer surface with part of its interior hollowed out, giving it the appearance of a tiny, notched canoe. It is played with a fork composed of hard wire fixed into a wooden handle. The guacharaquero (guacharaca player) scrapes the fork along the instrument's surface to create its characteristic scratching sound. A typical guacharaca is about as thick as a broomstick and as long as a violin. The guacharaca was invented by native American Indians from the Tairona culture in the region of la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia as an instrument to simulate the guacharaca (or Ortalis ruficauda) bird's singing. During the mid 20th century it was adopted by vallenato and cumbia musicians and today it is most often associated with these musical styles. Guacharacas provide a steady rhythmic backbone for all varieties of vallenato and cumbia. Playing the guacharaca requires rhythm, speed and coordination. The instrument is held in the non-dominant hand and rests on the shoulder, while the other hand moves the wire fork up and down to create a pattern. Thus, depending on the music the movement will change which can increase the difficulty in playing. Further reading George List, "Performing Styles in Folk Music and Dance: The Mbira in Cartagena", Journal of the International Folk Music Council, Vol. 20. (1968), pp. 54–59. George List, "African Influences in the Rhythmic and Metric Organization of Colombian Costeño Folksong and Folk Music", Latin American Music Review / Revista de Música Latinoamericana, Vol. 1, No. 1. (Spring - Summer, 1980), pp. 6–17. External links Larkinthemorning.com Historical Museum of Southern Florida FestivalVallenato.com Parrandavallenata.com Worlddiscoveries.net Vallenato Colombian musical instruments Scraped idiophones	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guacharaca
Baise (; local pronunciation: ), or Bose, is the westernmost prefecture-level city of Guangxi, China bordering Vietnam as well as the provinces of Guizhou and Yunnan. The city has a population of 4.3 million, of which 1.4 million live in the urban area. The name is from Youjiang Zhuang Baksaek, meaning "in, or blocking, a mountain pass". The name Bwzswz is the Zhuang transliteration of the Chinese name. Geography and climate Baise is located in western-northwestern Guangxi bordering Qianxinan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (Guizhou) to the north, Qujing and Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan to the west, the Vietnamese provinces of Hà Giang and Cao Bằng to the south and southwest, and the Guangxi cities of Hechi to the northeast/east, Nanning to the east, and Chongzuo to the southeast. It is centrally located between three provincial capitals: Nanning, Kunming, and Guiyang. Its area is and is more than 55% forested. Baise has a monsoon-influenced, humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), with short, mild, and dry winters, and long, very hot and humid summers. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from in January to in July, for an annual mean of . Rainfall is low compared to more easterly locations in Guangxi, averaging around per annum, a majority of which occurs from June to August. There are 1,706 hours of bright sunshine annually. Significant temperature variation exists in the prefecture; the western parts, with an average elevation surpassing , lie along the southeastern fringes of the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau, and hold a climate similar to that of central Yunnan, with much more moderate summer temperatures. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 25% in January and February to 49% in August, the city receives 1,706 hours of bright sunshine annually. History The name of the city Baise is a Chinese transliteration of its original name in Youjiang Zhuang language, Baksaek, which probably means jammed gap (literally mouth() blocked (saek)). Baise is young by Chinese standards and was founded as a town in 1730. It is the town where Deng Xiaoping, Chen Haoren and other leaders of the Chinese Communist Party organized the Baise Uprising against the Nationalist government on December 11, 1929. The uprising was also named Youjiang Rebellion. Administration Baise has 2 districts, 2 County-level city, 7 counties, and 1 autonomous county. District: Youjiang District () Tianyang District () County-level city: Jingxi () Pingguo () Counties: Tiandong County () Debao County () Lingyun County () Napo County () Leye County () Xilin County () Tianlin County () Autonomous County: Longlin Various Nationalities Autonomous County () Demographics Baise's population at the end of 2019 was 4,226,800, 1,383,400 of which live in the urban area. 80% of the population belong to the Zhuang ethnic group. The rest include Han, Yao, Miao, Hui, and other ethnic groups. These figures are based on the following official statistics: Economy Baise is one of China's most important producers of aluminum with both aluminum ore mining and aluminum product manufacturing. Baise's tropical climate make it a major food producer, especially fruits. Other natural resources include forest products, petroleum, natural gas, copper, and quartz. Baise is also Guangxi's third biggest producer of hydropower with 5 million kilowatts produced annually. Baise is also famous for mangoes . Tourism Baise is blessed with beautiful natural scenery. Forested mountains harbor numerous species of plants and animals. The border areas are some of the least developed lands left in China. These features along with unique ethnic minority culture and important historical sites make it a growing tourist destination. Transportation G69 Yinchuan–Baise Expressway Baise railway station Baise Bama Airport References External links Official website Prefecture-level divisions of Guangxi Cities in Guangxi	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baise
Humbert of Romans (, Romans-sur-Isère – 14 July 1277, Valence, Drôme, France) was a French Dominican friar who served as the fifth Master General of the Order of Preachers from 1254 to 1263. Early career Nothing is known of his early life. The earliest known details of his life show that Humbert studied both Arts and then canon law at the University of Paris, where he was then admitted as a professor. A man of deep piety, subsequently, although he had thought about joining the Carthusians (whom his brother had joined), he entered the Dominican Order on 30 November 1224. After his profession, he was appointed lector of theology at the Dominican priory in Lyon during 1226 and, by 1237, he had become prior of that monastery. In 1240 he was appointed as the Prior Provincial of Tuscany. His presence in Italy led to support for his candidacy in the papal conclave of 1241 (although the Orsini and other noble Romans families seem to have opposed his election). Humbert returned to France in 1244 as Prior Provincial of the country, replacing Hugh of Saint-Cher, who had been made a cardinal, the first from their Order. During his time as Provincial in his native land, Humbert was charged with producing a lectionary for use by the whole Order. Master General Humbert was elected as Master General of the Dominican Order in 1254. His first achievement was the re-organization (and consequent standardization) of the Order's liturgy. A new edition of the Order's Constitutions was prepared, and measures were taken to improve discipline in the Order's houses. Further, he issued new Constitutions for all nuns associated with the Dominican Order, based on those he himself had drawn up while serving as Provincial of France. He instituted the formal collection of information of two of the Order's members, Dominic, the founder, and the martyred Peter of Verona, with the intention of seeking their canonization. As a result of this search for information, Friar Gerald de Frachet produced his Vitae fratrum (Lives of the Brothers). Humbert was a great lover of languages, and encouraged linguistic studies among the Dominicans, primarily Arabic, because of the missionary work friars were pursuing amongst those led astray or forced to convert by Muslims in the Middle East. In 1255, he was called to adjudicate a dispute on the Constitutions of the Carthusian monks. In 1256, he became the godfather of one of the children of the holy King Louis IX of France; and, in 1258, the same king asked for his advice regarding the settlement of a dispute between various noble families. Humbert further encouraged the missionary activities of the friars, and schools to teach Oriental languages were established in Spain. In governing, he demonstrated both indulgence and severity when either was required, and he combined a broad outlook with a genius for detail. Under his rule, the Order flourished in Italy, Germany, Spain, France, and England. Humbert sent missionaries to the Greeks, Hungarians, Saracens, Armenians, Syrians, Ethiopians, and Tartars. He regulated the liturgy of the Divine Office, determined the suffrages for the dead, commanded the history of the Order be recorded, and even issued minute decrees concerning the election of superiors, the reading of the Constitutions at meals, the transfer of friars from one house to another and other pertinent regulations.<ref>[http://dominicanidaho.org/humbert_preface_editor.html Editor's Preface to Humbert's Book on Preaching]</ref> Opposition to the presence of both Dominicans and Franciscans at the University of Paris during the mid-1250s led to his issuing a joint encyclical with the Franciscan Minister General, urging that the two Orders - often in bitter dispute - should work together for their survival and the maintenance of their university chairs. Humbert resigned his position as Master of the Order in 1263 at the General Chapter held in London, probably on account of his failing health. Writings Humbert's literary production was geared mainly to the demands of his Order. He composed a Letter on Regular Observance (Epistola de regularis observantia disciplinae); a commentary on the Rule of Saint Augustine (the Rule which had been adopted by the Dominicans in 1220, though in a modified form); and a treatise on the responsibilities of various roles within the order (Instructiones de officiis ordinis fratrum Praedicatorum). He also composed a number of materials to help train Dominican preachers, including a collection of exempla, or sermon illustrations, entitled De dono timoris; a treatise On Preaching (De eruditione praedicatorum), instructing preachers with moral and practical advice; and a series of 'sketches' for use in composing sermons. One of these series contained outlines for 100 ad status sermons, detailing what should be preached to a great variety of different audiences, from hermits to cathedral canons, and from noblemen to maidservants. Another series outlined 100 sermons for use on various occasions, both for religious occasions such as synods and ecclesiastical councils, and for secular occasions such as at tournaments or before a royal parliament. Humbert also composed the Opus tripartitum, one of a number of texts by leading intellectuals commissioned by Gregory X to be presented at the Second Council of Lyon in 1274. This document defended church reform, discussed the relationship of the Church to Arabs, analyzed the causes and effects of the East–West Schism, proposed ways to go about the re-establishment of Christian unity between the two wings of Christianity and promoted the mission to the heathens. It also touched on the recovery of the Holy Land and defended it against criticism of crusading. References External sources Humbert of Romans, Treatise on Preaching, trans. Dominican Students Province of St. Joseph, ed. Walter M. Conlon (London, 1955). Humbert of Romans, Opera de vita regulari, ed. J. J. Berthier, 2 vols. (Rome, 1888). (Volume 1, Volume 2) Edward Tracy Brett, Humbert of Romans: His Life and Views of Thirteenth-Century Society'' (Toronto, 1984). 12th-century births 1277 deaths People from Romans-sur-Isère French Dominicans Dominican beatified people 13th-century French Roman Catholic priests 13th-century venerated Christians French beatified people Masters of the Order of Preachers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humbert%20of%20Romans
Furia Livia Medullina Camilla (ca. 6 BC-ca 10 AD) was the second fiancee of the future Emperor Claudius. Biography Medullina was the daughter of Marcus Furius Camillus consul in AD 8, who was a close friend of the emperor Tiberius and Livia Scriboniana, the daughter of Marcus Livius Drusus Libo (born Lucius Scribonius Libo), the adopted brother of the empress Livia. As a child, Medullina may have been called by the names Furia and Camilla (possibly along with her other names), but as an adult she seems to have been referred to mainly as "Livia Medullina". Her nomen gentilicium Furia is not actually attested but can be assumed to have been used at some point due to Roman naming conventions for women at the time. Medullina's brother was Lucius Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus, who had been adopted by Lucius Arruntius. He was consul in AD 32, as the colleague of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus. Medullina was betrothed to Claudius some time after his first engagement, to his relative Aemilia Lepida, was broken by Augustus in AD 8, due to the disgrace of Aemilia's parents. Tiberius probably pushed for the new betrothal, in order to reward his friend with a connection to the imperial family. The betrothal of Medullina and Claudius is attested by an inscription erected by Camilla's pedagogue, dedicated to "Medullina Camilli f. Ti. Claudi Neronis Germanici sponsa" (Medullina, daughter of Camillus, betrothed of Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus). In The Twelve Caesars, Suetonius states that Medullina unexpectedly fell ill, and died on the day of her wedding to Claudius, possibly in AD 9 or 10. Medullina's brother Scribonianus was the instigator of the first major rebellion against Claudius, while he was governor of Dalmatia in AD 42. Cultural depictions In Robert Graves' novel I, Claudius, Medullina Camilla is depicted as an early love of Claudius, who is able to look past his infirmities. Against Livia Drusilla's wishes, Claudius is permitted to marry Medullina by Germanicus and Augustus. However, Claudius is robbed of happiness on the day of the engagement as Medullina Camilla is assassinated, purportedly for an unrelated vendetta against Medullina's uncle. Notes References Bibliography Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, De Vita Caesarum (Lives of the Caesars, or The Twelve Caesars). Meriwether Stuart, "The Date of the Inscription of Claudius on the Arch of Ticinum", in American Journal of Archaeology, vol. XL, pp. 314–322 (1936). Ronald Syme, The Roman Revolution, Oxford University Press (1939). Timothy P. Wiseman, "Calpurnius Siculus and the Claudian Civil War", in The Journal of Roman Studies, vol. 72, pp. 57–67 (1982). Mika Kajava, "Livia Medullina and CIL X 6561", in Arctos, 1986, Acta Philologica Fennica, pp. 59–71 (1987). Barbara Levick, Claudius, Yale University Press (1990); Tiberius the Politician, Routledge (2003). Mary Mudd, I, Livia: The Counterfeit Criminal. The Story of a Much Maligned Woman, Trafford Publishing (2005). David L. Vagi, "Tiberius Claudius Drusus († AD 20), Son of Claudius and Urgulanilla", in American Journal of Numismatics, vol. 22, pp. 81–92 (2010). Alison E. Cooley, The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy, Cambridge University Press (2012). Andrew Pettinger, The Republic in Danger: Drusus Libo and the Succession of Tiberius, Oxford University Press (2012). Stephen P. Kershaw, "A Brief History of the Roman Empire'', Hachette UK (2013). Julio-Claudian dynasty 1st-century Roman women Medullina Women of Claudius	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livia%20Medullina
Princess Anna Sophie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (9 September 1700 – 11 December 1780) was a Princess of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. She was the daughter of Louis Frederick I, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (15 October 1667 – 24 June 1718) and Anna Sophie of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1670–1728). Family On 2 January 1723 in Rudolstadt, she married Franz Josias, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. They had the following children: Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (Saalfeld, 8 March 1724 – Coburg, 8 September 1800); great-grandfather of King Leopold II of Belgium, Empress Charlotte of Mexico, Queen Victoria, and Prince Albert. Prince Johann Wilhelm of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (Coburg, 11 May 1726 – Hohenfriedberg, 4 June 1745); killed in battle. Princess Anna Sophia of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (Coburg, 3 September 1727 – Coburg, 10 November 1728) Prince Christian Franz of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (Coburg, 25 January 1730 – Coburg, 18 September 1797) Princess Charlotte Sophie of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (Coburg, 24 September 1731 – Schwerin, 2 August 1810); married on 13 May 1755 Duke Ludwig of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Princess Friederike Magdalene of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (Coburg, 21 August 1733 – Coburg, 29 March 1734) Princess Friederike Caroline of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (Coburg, 24 June 1735 – Schloß Schwaningen, 18 February 1791), married on 22 November 1754 Karl Alexander, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach. Prince Friedrich Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (Ehrenburg Palace, Coburg, 26 December 1737 – Coburg, 26 February 1815) Ancestry References \|- 1700 births 1780 deaths Duchesses of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld Princesses of Schwarzburg Daughters of monarchs Mothers of monarchs	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess%20Anna%20Sophie%20of%20Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
The Orangi Pilot Project (; abbreviated OPP) collectively designates three Pakistani non-governmental organisations working together, having emerged from a socially innovative project carried out in 1980s in the squatter areas of Orangi, Karachi, Pakistan. It was initiated by Akhtar Hameed Khan, a North Indian muhajir from Uttar Pradesh, and implemented by Perween Rahman, a Bihari from Bangladesh and involved the local residents solving their own sanitation problems. Innovative methods were used to provide adequate low cost sanitation, health, housing and microfinance facilities. Currently OPP designates three organisations, born out of the original OPP in 1989 OPP-RTI (Research and Training Institute), OPP-OCT (Orangi Charitable Trust, involved in microfinance) and OPP-KHASDA (Karachi Health and Social Development Association, involved in health activities). A fourth organisation, OPP-RDT (Rural Development Trust) was merged with OPP-RTI in 2012. The project also comprised a number of programmes, including a people's financed and managed low-cost sanitation programme; a housing programme; a basic health and family planning programme; a programme of supervised credit for small family enterprise units; an education programme; and a rural development programme in the nearby villages. Today, the project encompasses much more than the neighbourhood level problems. The research and development programmes under the institutions developed by the project now cover wider issues related to the areas all over Karachi. Its director until 2013 was Perween Rahman, who was murdered on 13 March 2013. Organization's success Orangi was a squatter community, and did not qualify for government aid due to their "unofficial" status. With endogenous research, the community was able to make an affordable sanitation system for the treatment of sewage, which helped to reduce the spread of disease. The system was created and paid for by the local community, who would not have had access to a sewer system otherwise. The programme proved so successful that it was adopted by communities across developing countries. After the success of the initial phase, the programme was expanded into four autonomous groups. The Orangi Pilot Project Society, to control funding for the other three groups. The Orangi Research and Training Institute, to manage the programme and provide training for onward dissemination. The Orangi Charitable Trust, to manage microcredit programmes. The Karachi Health and Social Development Association, to manage a health programme. Foundation of Orangi Pilot Project (OPP) Dr Akhtar Hameed Khan (1914–1999) was the founder and first Director of the project, and through his dynamic and innovative skills managed to bring modern sanitation to the squatter community of 1 million people. He had previously organised farmers' cooperatives and rural training centres and had served as an adviser to various development projects in Pakistan. He was also a research fellow and visiting professor at Michigan State University (US), Director of the Pakistan Academy of Rural Development and Principal of Victoria College (Bangladesh). Comparing the OPP with his earlier Comilla project, Akhtar Hameed Khan commented: "The Orangi Pilot Project was very different from the Comilla Academy. OPP was a private body, dependent for its small fixed budget on another NGO. The vast resources and support of the government, Harvard advisers, MSU, and Ford Foundation was missing. OPP possessed no authority, no sanctions. It may observe and investigate but it could only advise, not enforce.". However, both projects followed the same research and extension methods. Orangi Pilot Project – Orangi Charitable Trust (OPP – OCT) "OPP-OCT discovered that this growing settlement of Orangi was full of the enterprising spirit. The most impressive demonstration of the spirit of enterprises is the creation of employment everywhere in the lanes; inside the homes there are around twenty thousand family units, shops workshops, peddlers and vendors. In response to the dual challenge of inflation and recession, the residents have invented working family, modifying homes into workshops, promoting the women from mere dependents to economic partners and wage earners, abandoning the dominant patriarchal pattern with surprising speed. OPP's research revealed two significant factors; first, there was unlimited demand for products and services of these family units. Second, the family units were extremely competitive (on account of very low over heads and very cheap and docile labour). The working family units of Orangi were completely integrated with the main Karachi markets. In fact many units are supplying goods to famous firms, who just put their labels and make big profits. What is required is to support their initiatives. Research further revealed that the production and employment in urban as well as rural areas could easily be increased provided the credit is accessible, as there was no shortage of market demand or productive labour. But they would not get credit at reasonable rate, because banks were inaccessible to them. The lack of bank credit forced them to buy raw materials at exorbitant prices while they had to sell their products at depressed prices and forego expansion. On the basis of the research findings, Orangi Pilot Project (OPP) decided to arrange access to credit to these micro enterprises. For this Orangi Pilot Project – Orangi Charitable Trust (OPP – OCT) was established in 1989 as an independent and autonomous institution in Orangi, a low income settlement of over one million people. The main objective is to support people effort in their economic development by providing credit in urban and rural areas." Publications Perween Rahman, 2004, Katchi Abadis of Karachi: A survey of 334 katchi abadis – Existing situation, problems and solutions related to sewage disposal, water supply, health and education. Orangi Pilot Project-Research and Training Institute. Sama Publishing. Arif Hasan, 2000, Scaling Up of the Orangi Pilot Project Programs: successes, failures and potentials, City Press, Karachi. Arif Hasan, 1999, Akhtar Hameed Khan and the Orangi Pilot Project, City Press, Karachi. Akhtar Hameed Khan, 1996, Orangi Pilot Project: Reminiscences and Reflection, Oxford University Press, Karachi Arif Hasan, 1993, Scaling Up of the OPP's Low Cost Sanitation Program, Research Training Institute, Karachi. See also Microfinance Social innovation References External links Orangi Pilot Project (OPP) OPP Research and Training Institute OPP's Microcredit Program Orangi (self-help) Pilot Project UNESCAP Good Practices Suite Example Orangi Welfare Project (Trust) – A grassroots NGO inspired by the OPP A WaterAid report describing a mapping project associated with the Orangi Pilot Project Development in Asia Sewerage Appropriate technology Orangi Town Economy of Karachi Rural development in Pakistan Squatting in Pakistan	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangi%20Pilot%20Project
The Annubar primary element is an averaging Pitot tube manufactured by Rosemount Inc. used to measure the flow of fluid in a pipe. A Pitot tube measures the difference between the static pressure and the flowing pressure of the media in the pipe. The volumetric flow is calculated from that difference using Bernoulli's principle, taking into account the pipe's inside diameter. An Annubar, as an averaging Pitot tube, takes multiple samples across a section of a pipe or duct, averaging the differential pressures encountered accounting for variations in flow across the section. References Measuring instruments	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annubar
Robert Martin Bailey (born September 3, 1968) is a former American football cornerback in the National Football League (NFL) for the Los Angeles Rams, Washington Redskins, Dallas Cowboys, Detroit Lions and the Baltimore Ravens. He played college football at the University of Miami. Early years Bailey attended Miami Southridge High School, where he lettered in football and track & field. He accepted a scholarship from the University of Miami. As a junior, he started one game and recovered a blocked punt for a touchdown. He started every game in his last year, while tallying 75 tackles, one interception and 11 passes defensed. Professional career Los Angeles Rams Bailey was selected by the Los Angeles Rams in the fourth round (107th overall) of the 1991 NFL Draft. As a rookie, he started the season on the injured reserve list for the first 5 games with a broken bone in his right hand. The tip of his left ring finger was torn off while playing against the Detroit Lions and was placed on injure reserve for the remaining games. In his second season, he started 6 games at left cornerback, posting 3 interceptions. In 1993, he appeared in 9 games and tied for a team-high 2 interceptions, before suffering a season ending knee injury. On October 23, 1994, Bailey made the longest punt return in NFL history when he ran 103 yards for a touchdown in a game against the New Orleans Saints. What makes this return stand out is that every single player on the field assumed the ball was going to bounce through the end zone after the punt. Bailey saw that the ball never bounced out of the end zone and was still in play. He scooped the ball up, and returned it for a touchdown before anyone on the Saints realized what had happened. He was waived before the start of the 1995 season. Washington Redskins On September 12, 1995, he signed as a free agent with the Washington Redskins to take the place of the injured Muhammad Oliver. He played in 4 games before being released on October 16, to make room for wide receiver Olanda Truitt. Dallas Cowboys On October 19, 1995, he was signed by the Dallas Cowboys. He played mainly as a special teams player, until being named the nickel back after Clayton Holmes was suspended under the NFL substance abuse policy. He was a part of the Super Bowl XXX winning team. Miami Dolphins On March 7, 1996, the Miami Dolphins signed him as a free agent. He was a backup cornerback that appeared in 14 games and was declared inactive for 2 contests. Detroit Lions (first stint) On April 25, 1997, he was signed as a free agent by the Detroit Lions. He registered 15 special teams tackles (fifth on the team). In 1998, he played as a dime back, making 24 defensive tackles and 11 special teams tackles. The next year, he started 11 games at left cornerback and had 65 tackles, 2 interceptions, 24 passes defensed, 2 sacks and 2 forced fumbles. Baltimore Ravens For the 2000 season, he signed with the Baltimore Ravens. He was the team's nickel back, recording 27 tackles, 4 passes defensed, one forced fumble, one fumble recovery and 7 special teams tackles. He earned his second Super Bowl ring when the Ravens defeated the New York Giants in Super Bowl XXXV at the end of the season. On March 12, 2001, he was released in a salary cap move. Detroit Lions (second stint) On May 17, 2001, he was signed by the Detroit Lions to be the team's dime back. He played in 9 games, before suffering a broken neck against the Green Bay Packers that ended his career. Personal life Bailey works in the sports marketing business as President of Rosenhaus Sports. ESPN broadcaster Chris Berman once nicknamed him "Beetle" after the comic strip character. References American football cornerbacks Los Angeles Rams players Dallas Cowboys players Washington Redskins players Miami Dolphins players Miami Hurricanes football players Detroit Lions players Baltimore Ravens players Barbadian players of American football 1968 births Living people Sportspeople from Bridgetown	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Bailey%20%28American%20football%29
Ćiribiribela is the ninth and final studio album by Yugoslav rock band Bijelo Dugme, released in 1988. Bijelo Dugme would split-up in 1989, and Ćirbiribela would be the band's last release (excluding compilation albums) before the band's 2005 reunion and the live album Turneja 2005: Sarajevo, Zagreb, Beograd. Background Ćiribiribela recording sessions revealed the crisis within the band. Bijelo Dugme leader Goran Bregović hired studio musician Nenad Stefanović "Japanac" and Bajaga i Instruktori member Vladimir "Vlajko" Golubović on to play bass guitar and drums respectively on the songs "Lijepa naša" ("Our Beautiful") and "Evo, zakleću se" ("Here, I Swear"), much to dissatisfaction of Bijelo Dugme bassist Zoran Redžić and drummer Ipe Ivandić. Recorded during the political crisis in Yugoslavia, Ćiribiribela was—just like its predecessor, Pljuni i zapjevaj moja Jugoslavijo (Spit and Sing, My Yugoslavia)—marked by Goran Bregović's pacifist efforts: the album cover featured Edward Hicks' painting Noah's Ark, the song "Lijepa naša" featured the national anthem of Croatia "Lijepa naša domovino" ("Our Beautiful Homeland") combined with the Serbian World War I patriotic song "Tamo daleko" ("There, Far Away"), and the title track featured lyrics about a couple which wonders what are they going to do if war begins, and concludes that they are going to "stay at home and kiss". The lyrics for the song "Đurđevdan je, a ja nisam s onom koju volim" were, by Bregović's words, inspired by a verse from Đorđe Balašević's song "Priča o Vasi Ladačkom" ("The Story of Vasa Ladački"). Track listing All songs written by Goran Bregović, except where noted. Personnel Goran Bregović - guitar, producer Alen Islamović - vocals Zoran Redžić - bass guitar Ipe Ivandić - drums Laza Ristovski - keyboards Additional personnel Nenad Stefanović - bass guitar (on tracks: 4, 9) Vladimir Golubović - drums (on tracks: 4, 9) Jasmin Sokolović - trumpet Klapa Trogir Skopje Orchestra Kardijevi 1st Belgrade Singing Society Vladimir Smolec - engineer Rajko Bartula - engineer Theodore Yanni - engineer Piko Stančić - mixed by Trio Sarajevo - design Reception Rock critic Darko Glavan wrote about the album in Danas: Rock critic Vladimir Stakić wrote in Borba: The album's biggest hit was "Đurđevdan je, a ja nisam s onom koju volim", which featured Fejat Sejdić Trumpet Orchestra. Other hits included "Evo zakleću se", "Ako ima Boga", "Šta ima novo", "Nakon svih ovih godina", pop-influenced "Napile se ulice" and Dalmatian folk music-inspired "Ćirbiribela". "Đurđevdan" video ban After the album release, Radio-Television Belgrade decided to finance and produce a video for the song "Đurđevdan je, a ja nisam s onom koju volim". The original idea was for the video to feature iconography inspired by Serbian Army in World War I. The video shoot was organized in the village Koraćica in Central Serbia. The band came to the video shoot reportedly not knowing anything about the concept of the video about to be shot. The band members were to wear insignia-less military uniforms along with old weapons, but Islamović thought it too "pro-war", refusing to wear a military uniform. Eventually, the band and the video director reached an agreement: everyone, except Islamović, wore Serbian traditional costumes, with only several of the original props used. Still, after the video was recorded, the Radio-Television Belgrade executives themselves decided not to broadcast it, fearing it might remind of the Chetnik movement. Promotional tour and Bijelo Dugme disbandment At the beginning of 1989, the band went on a tour which should have lasted until April 1. The concert in Belgrade, held at Belgrade Fair – Hall 1 on 4 February, was attended by about 13,000 people. The concert in Sarajevo's Zetra, held on 11 February, was also very successful; it was attended by more than 20,000 people. However, on some concerts in Croatia, the audience booed and threw various objects on stage while the band performed their pro-Yugoslav songs. After the concert in Modriča, held on March 15, with four concerts left until the end of the tour, Islamović checked into a hospital with kidney pains. This event revealed the existing conflicts inside the band: Bregović claimed that Islamović had no problems during the tour, while the band's manager, Raka Marić, stated that Bijelo Dugme would search for a new singer for the planned concerts in China and Soviet Union. Bregović himself went to Paris, leaving Bijelo Dugme's future status open for speculations. As Yugoslav Wars broke out in 1991, it became clear that Bijelo Dugme will not continue their activity. Ćirbiribela would be the band's last release (excluding compilation albums) before the band's 2005 reunion and the live album Turneja 2005: Sarajevo, Zagreb, Beograd (Tour 2005: Sarajevo, Zagreb, Belgrade). Legacy In 2015, Ćiribiribela album cover was ranked 17th on the list of 100 Greatest Album Covers of Yugoslav Rock published by web magazine Balkanrock. Covers Serbian and Yugoslav folk singer Zorica Brunclik recorded a cover of "Đurđevdan" on her 1989 album Eh, da je sreće (Oh, I Was Lucky). Turkish pop singer Sezen Aksu recorded covers of "Šta ima novo" and "Đurđevdan" in Turkish language, titled "Erkekler" and "Hıdrellez", on her 1997 album Düğün ve Cenaze. Croatian pop singer Alka Vuica recorded a cover of "Šta ima novo" on her 1999 album Balkan Girl. Serbian pop singer Željko Joksimović covered "Ako ima boga" and "Đurđevdan" on his 2003 live video album Koncert (Concert). References Ćiribiribela at Discogs External links Ćiribiribela at Discogs 1988 albums Bijelo Dugme albums Diskoton albums Komuna (company) albums	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86iribiribela
John of Vercelli (Giovanni da Vercelli) ( 1205 – 30 November 1283) was the sixth Master General of the Dominican Order (1264-1283). Early life and education John was born in 1205 to the Garbella family in Mosso Santa Maria in the Province of Biella, in the Piedmont region of Italy. He did his initial studies in Paris (one could not graduate in the Arts before the age of 21, and only after a minimum of six years of study), and then studied canon law in Paris, Pavia, and Vercelli before he joined the Dominican friars during the 1240s. The Emperor Frederick II, that stupor mundi and "malleus Italiae Regionis", died on December 13, 1250. Pope Innocent IV's exile was over. He left Lyons on April 19, 1251, and arrived in his home town, Genoa, on May 18. From Genoa he began the difficult task of getting back the territories of the Catholic Church lost to the Emperor Frederick, and reconstructing the effective operation of the church hierarchy in northern and central Italy. One of his problems was the rise and flourishing of heresy in the Po Valley. On June 11, 1251, the pope issued instructions from Genoa to Vincentius of Milan and Joannes of Vercelli, to undertake the office of inquisitor, jointly or severally, in Venice and other parts of Lombardy. These were not the only inquisitors appointed. On the same day, and with the same form letter ("Misericors et Miserator"), the pope also appointed Peter of Verona and Vivianus of Bergamo to the same task in the area of Cremona and other cities of Lombardy. No doubt there were others, now unattested. The pope was also prepared to take on Frederick's sons Manfred and Enzo (Ezolino) of Sardinia, as he indicated in a letter to the Dominican Bishop of Treviso and the Prior of Mantua. Umberto de Romans, the fifth Master General, elected in 1253, held the General Chapter in Buda, Hungary, on May 31, 1254. At the conclusion of the meeting, he appointed John of Vercelli as the Master General's Vicar to Hungary. Later (1255-1257) he was appointed Prior of the Dominican monastery in Bologna. Prior of Lombardy In 1257, at the Provincial Chapter for Lombardy held at Novara, he was elected Prior Provincial of Lombardy. At that time the province contained thirty convents of the Order. During his administration three new convents were founded, at Turin, Chieri and Tortona. He served as Prior of Lombardy for seven years. One of the major and continuing problems in his province was the rise and spread of heresy, especially Catharism. The inquisitorial machine was being constructed, as John's own service in Venice a few years earlier indicates. These new inquisitors were directing one question after another to Rome, and were overwhelming the Curia with their concerns. Alexander replied, urging them to act boldly and independently, against any manner or quality of person, but to continue to consult the Holy See in difficult cases. On March 23, 1262, the new pope, Urban IV, sent a mandate to John of Vercelli, authorizing him, in consultation with other discreet members of his Order, to appoint up to eight Dominican friars as inquisitors in the Province of Lombardy and the March of Genoa. He was also authorized to remove inquisitors from office who proved inadequate and to replace them; he could delegate this task to his vicar. As Prior of Lombardy he was expected to see to the election of a delegate (diffinitor) to the annual General Chapter, and to preside over the Provincial Chapter in Lombardy. In 1258, the General Chapter was held at Toulouse, and the Provincial Chapter at Milan. He took part in the General Chapter at Valenciennes, on April 13, 1259, and held the Provincial Chapter in Bologna. In 1260 the General Chapter was in Strasbourg, and John presided over the provincial General Chapter, which was held at Ferrara. In 1261 the General Chapter was held at Barcelona, and the Provincial Chapter at Milan. In 1262, both meetings took place in Bologna. In 1263 the General Chapter was held in London, and the Provincial Chapter at Venice. Master General On June 7, 1264 he was elected as Master General by the General Chapter, held in Paris, under the presidency of Pierre of Tarentaise, the future Pope Innocent V. John held the post of Master General until his death. Known for his tireless energy and his commitment to simplicity, John made personal visits—typically on foot—to almost all the Dominican houses, urging his fellow friars to observe faithfully the Rule and Constitutions of the Order. In 1267, an event of paramount importance for the Dominican Order took place in Bologna. Already in 1262, under the fifth Master General, the decision had been taken by the General Chapter to provide a more imposing resting place for their founder, Dominic Guzman, than his remains currently enjoyed. John of Vercelli and the members of the Order carried that plan to completion, providing a new shrine for Dominic's body in the apse of their church. Already on March 15, 1267, Pope Clement IV provided a bull, granting a series of indulgences for those visiting the shrine during the week centered on Dominic's feast day. On May 27, 1267, Pope Innocent sent his blessing with his best wishes for an agreeable assembly to the General Congregation which was about to meet. On June 5, 1267, the translation actually took place in a grand ceremony, with John and the delegates assembled for the General Chapter taking part, with the attendance of Archbishop Filippo of Ravenna, Bishop Ottaviano de' Ubaldinis of Bologna, Bishop Tommaso de' Ubaldinis of Imola, and other bishops. Before being placed in the shrine, the head and relics were shown publicly. John is known to have consulted Thomas Aquinas officially on several occasions on matters pertaining to theology and the teaching of Pierre de Tarantaise. During his administration, Pope Gregory X entrusted the Dominican Order with the task of trying to establish peace among the warring States of the Italian peninsula. Additionally, John was also given the task of preparing a framework for the Second Council of Lyons, held in 1274 in an attempt to unify the Eastern and Western Churches. In the course of this work, he met and worked with the Minister General of the Friars Minor, Jerome of Ascoli (who would later become Pope Nicholas IV). Both were later sent by the Holy See to negotiate a disagreement with King Philip III of France. 1276-1277—Five popes Following the Council, Pope Gregory again looked to the Dominican friars, this time to spread devotion to the Holy Name of Jesus. John took the task to heart, requiring that every Dominican church contain an altar dedicated to the Holy Name. The Society of the Holy Name was formed to combat blasphemy and profanation of this name. Pope Gregory returned to Italy at the end of 1275, but illness ensured that he never reached Rome. He died at Arezzo on January 10, 1276. His new regulations for conclaves "Ubi Periculum", promulgated at the Council of Lyons, were applied for the first time, and a one-day Conclave (January 20–21, 1276), produced a new pope, the Dominican Innocent V. The General Chapter that year met in Pisa in May, and the pope sent his greetings to his brethren, but he died suddenly on June 22, 1276. The Conclave to elect his successor began on July 2, and lasted ten days. Cardinal Ottobono Fieschi was elected on July 11, 1276, and took the name Adrian V. In August, even before his consecration and coronation, he travelled to Viterbo, partially to escape the Roman summer, but also because he wished to meet with the Emperor-elect Rudolf. He died in Viterbo only thirty-seven days after his election, on August 18. At some point during this whirlwind of disasters, John of Vercelli reached the Papal Curia. This was not surprising, since, after a General Chapter, and this one in Pisa, the leaders of the Order of Preachers would have business of all sorts to do with the Curia; the decision to go to Rome was much happier, since one of their own had been elected pope. After his death, they had no alternative but to wait until the new pope was willing and able to do business with them. The death of Adrian V at Viterbo meant that the Dominican leaders were in Viterbo for the third Conclave of 1276. It should have begun on August 29 or 30, but there were disorders in the town, caused, it seems by curial agitators who wanted a quick election. The cardinals were forced to remonstrate with the disorderly mob, and they sent three Dominicans, the Archbishop of Corinth (Petrus de Confluentia), the Master General of the Dominicans (John of Vercelli), and the Procurator General (Ioannes Vereschi), to carry their reproof to the citizens of Viterbo and the unruly Curia. Insults were hurled at the messengers, and stones were thrown. Once order was restored, however, the Conclave began, and in one day, on September 8, produced a new pope, Cardinal Peter Julian of Lisbon, who chose to be called John XXI. On October 15, Pope John XXI appointed John of Vercellae, as well as Hieronymus, the Minister General of the Franciscans, as Apostolic Legates to go to France to arrange a peace between King Philip and King Alfonso X of Castile. The urgency of their mission was repeated in a letter from the College of Cardinals, written during the Sede Vacante following the death of Pope John XXI on May 16, 1277. Pope Nicholas III repeated the same urgent wish for peace directly to King Philip III of France and King Alfonso X of Castile, with a recommendation for John of Vercellae and Hieronymus Masci. On March 12, 1278, Hieronymus Masci was named a cardinal, but the legates had their orders reinforced by a letter from Nicholas III dated April 4, 1278. Another letter was sent to Masci on April 23, urging him to conclude the embassy as soon as possible, since his services were urgently needed in the Roman Curia. Later Years, 1278–1283 Late in his life, on May 15, 1278, John was appointed by Pope Nicholas III to the position of Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem. It was a promotion to the prelacy which he did not welcome and which he wished to decline. After consideration and with considerable reluctance, the pope wrote John a long letter (October 1, 1278) rehearsing the reasons why he should not ask to be released from the episcopal office, addressing him in the letter as Joannes electus Hierosolymitanus, quondam Ordinis Fratrum Praedicatorum Magister (John, Bishop-Elect of Jerusalem and former Master of the Order of Preachers). The Pope was still firm in his refusal to release Bishop-elect John, in letters to King Philip of France and King Alfonso of Castile on November 29, 1278. It was finally after the intervention and persuasion of Nicholas III's nephew, Cardinal Latino Malabranca Orsini, that the pope finally relented and restored John of Vercelli to the office of Master General of his Order. The General Chapter of the Order of Preachers was held in Montpellier in 1283. The Chapter decided that the next Chapter would be held in Bologna. But John of Vercelli died on 30 November 1283 in the convent of the Dominicans in Montpellier, France. General Chapters held by John of Vercelli as Master General John of Vercelli insisted on the rule instituted by Dominic himself that Friars of the Order should travel on foot, never using a horse or a wheeled vehicle. The table below demonstrates the peripatetic nature of John's life as Master General, never staying in one convent for very long, but constantly pursuing his visitations of one province after another, one convent after another. The site of each General Chapter had been decided at the General Chapter the year before (with the proviso that emergency circumstances might allow the Master General to choose another site), and therefore John's itinerary every year would include the goal of reaching the chosen site at the appropriate time each Spring. Patronage John of Vercelli is the patron of the Confraternity of the most Holy Names of God and Jesus ('The Holy Name Society'). References Bibliography Jacobus Quetif and Jacobus Echard, Scriptores Ordinis Praedicatorum recensiti, notisque historicis et criticis illustrati Tomus primus (Paris 1717), pp. 210–212. A. Touron, Histoire des hommes illustres de l' Ordre de Saint Dominique Tome premier (Paris 1743), pp. 418–440. Joseph Pie Mothon, Storia del culto prestato nella Chiesa da tempo immemorabile al B. Giovanni da Vercelli (Vercelli 1900). Joseph Pie Mothon, Vita del B. Giovanni da Vercelli: sesto Maestro Generale dell'Ordine dei Predicatori (Vercelli: G. Chiais, 1903). Daniel Antonin Mortier, Histoire des Maîtres généraux de l' Ordre des Frères Prêcheurs II (Paris 1905). G. Donna Doldenico, "B. Giovanni Garbella da Vercelli," Memorie domenicane 69 (1952), pp. 259–265. William A. Hinnebusch, The History of the Dominican Order. 2 Vols (NY: Alba House 1973). William A. Hinnebusch, "The Dominican Order and Learning," History of the Dominican Order II, pp. 3–18. Daniele Penone, I domenicani nei secoli: panorama storico dell'Ordine dei frati predicatori (Bologna: Edizioni Studio Domenicano, 1998) pp. 88–101. Luigi Canetti, "Giovanni da Vercelli," Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani Volume 56 (2001). External links Blessed John of Vercelli December 1st − Blessed John of Vercelli Beato Giovanni Garbella da Vercelli 1200s births 1283 deaths Italian Dominicans Dominican beatified people 13th-century Italian Christian monks People from Mosso 13th-century venerated Christians Masters of the Order of Preachers People from Valdilana	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20of%20Vercelli
Duchess Anna Sophie of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (22 December 1670 – 28 December 1728) was a princess of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg and Duchess in Saxony by birth, and by marriage a Princess of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. Ancestry She was the daughter of Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1646–1691) and Magdalena Sibylle, Duchess of Saxe-Weissenfels (1648–1680). Her father was a fourth-generation descendant of John Frederick, Elector of Saxony in direct male line. He was also a fourth-generation descendant of his wife Sybille of Cleves who was daughter of John III, Duke of Cleves and older sister of both Anne of Cleves and Wilhelm, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg. The Elector was father to John William, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (1530–1573). He married Dorothea Susanne of Simmern, a daughter of Frederick III, Elector Palatine. They were parents to John II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (1570–1605). He married Dorothea Maria of Anhalt, a granddaughter of Christoph, Duke of Württemberg and great-granddaughter of Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg. John and Dorothea Maria were parents to Ernst I, Duke of Saxe Coburg. He married his cousin Elisabeth Sophie of Saxe-Altenburg. As a result, their son Frederick I inherited both Duchies as the Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg in 1675. Marriage She married Louis Frederick I, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (15 October 1667- 24 June 1718). They had the following children: Frederick Anton Amalie Magdalene Sophie Louise Sophie Juliane William Louis Christiane Dorothea Albert Anton Emilie Juliane Anna Sophie Dorothea Sophie Louise Friederike Magdalene Sibylle Louis Günther II Via her eponymous daughter, Anna Sophie was an ancestor of both Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and their cousins Carlota of Mexico and Leopold II of Belgium Ancestry References 1670 births 1728 deaths House of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg House of Schwarzburg Princesses of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg Princesses of Schwarzburg Daughters of monarchs Mothers of monarchs	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess%20Anna%20Sophie%20of%20Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
The Pauline Family refers to a number of institutes of consecrated life (religious and aggregated institutes) and an association of lay collaborators established between 1914 and 1959, which all share the same founder, Blessed James Alberione and the same spirituality. Their mission is to evangelize with the modern tools of communications. Members The worldwide Pauline family consists of: Five religious institutes Society of St. Paul (1914) Paulist priests and brothers are active in: editorial and bookstores, journalism, cinematography, television, radio, audiovisual, multimedia, telematics; centres of studies, research, formation, and animation. Daughters of St. Paul (1915) The Daughters operate Pauline Books and Media Centres as well Media Education Centres, Radio and Internet Channels, and related institutions. Pious Disciples of the Divine Master (1924) A contemplative branch, the sisters focus on the Eucharist, adoration of the Blessed Sacrament, and praying for priests. In each of their convents, the sisters operate a Liturgical Apostolate Center to provide articles of the faith for lay worshippers and clergy alike: books, artwork, liturgical vestments, icons, rosaries, prayer cards, incense, liturgical vessels, altar linens, and more. They also accept special requests. Sisters of Jesus the Good Shepherd (1938) The sisters work in pastoral ministry, assisting pastors and other pastoral ministers with evangelization, catechesis, liturgical animation, formation of pastoral associates, and in other forms of service. Sisters of Mary Queen of Apostles (1959) the sisters work in vocation discernment. Four secular institutes Institute of Jesus Priest - for Catholic Diocesan Priests and Bishops Institute of Gabriel the Archangel - for single Catholic men Institute of Our Lady’s Annunciation - for single Catholic women Institute of the Holy Family - for married and widowed Catholics. One association of lay collaborators Association of Pauline Cooperators (1918) Saints and Blesseds Blessed James Alberione, founder of the Pauline Family Blessed Giuseppe Giaccardo (Timoteo) (1896-1948), Professed Priest of the Society of Saint Paul Venerable Maggiorino Vigolungo (1904-1918), Seminarian of the Society of Saint Paul Venerable Andrea Maria Borello (1916-1948), Professed Religious of the Society of Saint Paul Venerable Maria Teresa Merlo (Tecla) (1894-1964), Cofounder of the Daughters of Saint Paul Venerable Orsola Maria Rivata (Maria Scholastica of Divine Providence) (1897-1987), Professed Religious of the Pious Disciples of the Divine Master Servants of God Francesco Ugenti (1913-1998) and Teresa Sivilli Ugenti (1914-1984), Married Couple of the Diocese of Bari-Bitento; Member of the Institute of the Holy Family Servant of God Bernardo Antonini (1932-2002), Priest of the Diocese of Verona; Professed Member of the Secular Institute of Jesus the Priest Servant of God Justin Daniel Bataclan (1986-2007), Seminarian of the Society of Saint Paul; Martyr See also Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit Paulists Regina degli Apostoli alla Montagnola References External links Pauline Family on website of the Society of St. Paul Sister Disciples of the Divine Master Address of his holiness Benedict XVI to members of the Society of St. Paul, 1 October 2005, Dicastero per la Comunicazione MEETING WITH THE PAULINE FAMILY, 27 November 2014, Dicastero per la Comunicazione	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline%20Family
Métisse is an Irish/African soul/electronica band, formed by former Chapter House member Skully, and Aïda Bredou, a singer/choreographer from Côte d'Ivoire. They formed in Toulouse, France. The band's name is the French word for 'a girl or woman of mixed racial heritage', and its music is a mix of African, Celtic, soul and electronic music. Song lyrics often feature a mixture of Dioula, English and French words. The band achieved initial success with the single "Sousoundé". Its next hit, "Boom Boom Bâ" was the featured title track in Madonna's film The Next Best Thing and was played several times in the Showtime TV series Dead Like Me. It was also occasionally played as a bumper music song on the international radio program 'Coast to Coast AM', by founder Art Bell. In addition, "Nomah's Land" was played in the Dead Like Me second season episode "The Shallow End". They released two new singles in 2013, "You Are Beautiful" and "I See People". Métisse's music has been licensed for numerous television, film productions and advertising campaigns. They have two albums, My Fault and Nomah's Land, though their music has been licensed for several compilation discs. Albums My Fault (2000) Sousoundé Sadness Boom Boom Bâ CoCo Pray Fool Inside Azo Azo My Fault Walking Home Aicha Aliguiné Nomah's Land (2007) Nomah's Land Life Lovers Game In A Way I Love You World Of Our Own The Rain Is Falling Journey To Oasis Take A Left Therapy External links statistics, tagging and previews at Last.FM My Fault Album Info Irish pop music groups Irish electronic music groups Ivorian musical groups Musical groups from Cork (city)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tisse%20%28band%29
David Edwin Birney (April 23, 1939 – April 27, 2022) was an American actor and director whose career included performances in both contemporary and classical roles in theatre, film, and television. He is noted for having played the title role in the television series Serpico. He also starred in Bridget Loves Bernie, an early 1970s TV series about an interfaith marriage that also starred Meredith Baxter (whom he married after the series ended). He also portrayed Dr. Ben Samuels in St. Elsewhere from 1982 until 1983. Early life Birney was born in Washington, D.C., on April 23, 1939. His father, Edwin, worked as a special agent for the FBI; his mother, Jeanne (McGee), was a housewife before becoming a real estate agent. Birney attended schools in Brooklyn, Ohio, and graduated from West High School in Cleveland. Named to the National Honor Society, he lettered in basketball, football, and track. He held a B.A. degree from Dartmouth College with "High Distinction" in English literature, English Honors. At the University of California, Los Angeles, Birney earned an M.A. in theatre arts, acting and directing, studying with Ralph Freud and William Melnitz. He held a teaching assistant fellowship and was awarded an honorary Ph.D. in Humanities from Southern Utah University. Stage While in the U.S. Army, Birney won an All Army Entertainment contest and received the "Barter Theatre Award" in 1965. Since the award was an equity contract with the Company for an entire season, he consequently spent the next season with the Barter Theatre, the State Theatre of Virginia, starring or appearing in fifteen shows, directing two others. In the following two years he went on to perform with a range of companies and productions, off-Broadway and in several regional repertory theatres. His New York debut was with Joe Papp's New York Shakespeare Festival as Antipholus of Syracuse in William Shakespeare’s The Comedy of Errors. Birney worked continually in the theatre performing leading roles with some of the most important theatres in the country. His stage credits included starring roles on Broadway in Amadeus, Benefactors, and Man and Superman. He also had major roles at the American Shakespeare Festival, New York's Lincoln Center Repertory Theatre, the New York Shakespeare Festival, Los Angeles' Mark Taper Forum, Washington, D.C.'s Shakespeare Theatre, Princeton's McCarter Theatre, the Great Lakes Shakespeare Festival, and numerous regional theatres around the country. Representative roles included: Prince Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet, Richard II, Richard III, Benedick in Much Ado About Nothing, Shylock in The Merchant of Venice, Orsino in Twelfth Night, Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird, Jack Tanner in Man and Superman, Christy Mahon in The Playboy of the Western World, Young Man in Summertree, Cusins in Major Barbara, Jerry in The Zoo Story, Algernon in The Importance of Being Earnest, Arthur in Camelot, Higgins in My Fair Lady, Matt Friedman in Talley's Folly, David in Social Security, Andrew in Love Letters, Jamie in A Moon for the Misbegotten, Victor in The Price, Jaques in As You Like It, the Dauphin in King John, and Shaw in Dear Liar. Audiobooks Birney recorded numerous audiobook bestsellers, including works by Dean Koontz, Paul Theroux, Annie Dillard, and Orson Scott Card. He was conferred the Audie Award for his reading of Julie Salomon's The Christmas Tree, and was also bestowed several AudioFile Magazine Earphone Awards. He played Anakin Skywalker in the radio adaptation of Return of the Jedi. Television Aside from his title role in Bridget Loves Bernie, Birney appeared frequently on television, building a career in TV movies, regular series and miniseries. He starred in such series as Live Shot, Cannon, St. Elsewhere, The Adams Chronicles, Glitter, Serpico, Fantasy Island, Hawaii Five-O, McMillan & Wife, The F.B.I., Murder, She Wrote, and he starred in the episode "The Nomads" from the 1977 series Quinn Martin's Tales of the Unexpected, known in the United Kingdom as Twist in the Tale. His miniseries credits include Testimony of Two Men, Valley of the Dolls, Night of the Fox, and Master of the Game. He also appeared in the TV series the Love Boat with his wife where he played an Italian escort to an American woman whose friend arranged the encounter. Birney also appeared in leading roles in many television films, including Long Journey Home and The Deadly Game. He also appeared in the soap operas The Best of Everything and Love Is a Many Splendored Thing. Writing and directing Birney edited and adapted for the stage a two-character play based on some of Mark Twain’s shorter works and letters. The piece, Mark Twain's The Diaries of Adam and Eve, was presented on the PBS series American Playhouse. Developing the play subsequently for the stage, Birney directed and starred in productions for regional theatres such as the Hartford Stage (opening the Mark Twain Festival in Hartford), the Capital Repertory Theatre, and on tour in performing arts centers across the country. A second play, A Christmas Pudding, a Christmas collage of song, story and poetry of the season was published by Samuel French, Inc. Professional associations Birney served on the Large Theatre Panel of the National Endowment for the Arts and was a board member of the Foundation for Biomedical Research. He also served on the Theatre and Dance Panel of the Jacob Javits Fellowship Foundation. For Dartmouth College he served as a member of the Board of Overseers for the Hopkins Center for the Arts. He initiated and chaired the Class of '61 Legacy: The American Tradition in Performance, helping to create a substantial endowment dedicated to live performance at the Hopkins Center at Dartmouth College. For five years, Birney co-chaired the American Diabetes Association, speaking and fund raising for the Association. He was an advisor for the Children’s Rights Council, a national nonprofit organization advocating access to both parents after divorce or separation. His contribution to classical theatre was recognized with Washington's Shakespeare Theatre's Millennium Award. Personal life Birney married actress Meredith Baxter in 1974. They had starred together in the 1972–73 TV series Bridget Loves Bernie. During their marriage, she was known as Meredith Baxter Birney. Together, they had three children: Kate, Mollie, and Peter. They divorced in 1989. In 2011, she said Birney emotionally and physically abused her during their marriage. He published a lengthy statement on his website disputing the allegations. In the December 2017 edition of the Wide Wide World newsletter for Dartmouth College class of 1961 alumni, it was disclosed that Birney had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Birney died on April 27, 2022, at his home in Santa Monica, California, four days after his 83rd birthday. At the time of his death, he was in a domestic partnership with Michele Roberge. Filmography Film Caravan to Vaccarès (1974) - Bowman Trial by Combat (1976) - Sir John Gifford Bye, See You Monday (1979) - Frank Oh, God! Book II (1980) - Don Richards Prettykill (1987) - Larry Turner Nightfall (1988) - Aton The Naked Truth (1992) - Fed. #2 The Comedy of Errors (2000) - The Duke Films for television Ghost Story (1972 pilot) - John Travis Someone's Watching Me! (1978) - Paul Winkless OHMS (1980) - Jack Coker ABC Afterschool Special (1981, Episode: "I Think I'm Having a Baby") - Mr. Fenning The Long Journey Home (1987) - Carter Wells Night of the Fox (1990) - Hugh Kelso Always Remember I Love You (1990) - Philip Mendham Keeping Secrets (1991) - Alan TV Mini Series The Adams Chronicles (1976) - John Quincy Adams Testimony of Two Men (1977) - Jonathan 'Jon' Ferrier Jacqueline Susann's Valley of the Dolls (1981) - Lyon Burke Master of the Game (1984) - David Blackwell References External links The Papers of David E. Birney at Dartmouth College Library 1939 births 2022 deaths 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American male actors American male film actors American male radio actors American male television actors Dartmouth College alumni Deaths from Alzheimer's disease Male actors from Cleveland Male actors from Washington, D.C. Deaths from dementia in California UCLA Film School alumni University of California, Los Angeles alumni	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Birney
Rufford Abbey is a country estate in Rufford, Nottinghamshire, England, two miles (4 km) south of Ollerton. Originally a Cistercian abbey, it was converted to a country house in the 16th century after King Henry VIII’s dissolution of the monasteries. Part of the house was demolished in the 20th century, but the remains, standing in 150 acres of park and woodland, are open to the public as Rufford Country Park. Part of the park is a local nature reserve. The house itself is constructed of rubble, brick, dressed stone and ashlar with ashlar dressings and plain tile roofs. It is Grade I listed and scheduled as an Ancient Monument. The Monastic Foundation The abbey itself was founded by Gilbert de Gant, on 12 July 1147, and populated with Cistercian monks from Rievaulx Abbey in Yorkshire. The English Pope, Adrian IV gave the blessing for the abbey in 1156, following which the abbey's lands expanded and the villagers of Cratley, Grimston, Rufford, and Inkersall were evicted. A new village of Wellow, just outside the estate housed some of the displaced people. The Valor Ecclesiasticus of 1534 gives the gross income of the abbey as £254 6s. 8d. (), and the clear annual value as £176 11s. 6d. (). Abbot Doncaster obtained a pension of £25 a year, on the dissolution of the house in 1536 among the lesser monasteries, but it was voided on his speedy appointment to the rectory of Rotherham on 2 July 1536. After its dissolution, the abbey gained a reputation of being haunted by the spectre of a giant monk carrying a skull. Abbots of Rufford Philip de Kyme, temp. Stephen Edward, 1203 Geoffrey, c. temp. John, 1218, &c. Thomas Simon, c. 1232 G—, c. 1239 Geoffrey, c. 1252 William, c. 1259 Henry, 1278 Thomas de Stayngreve, c. 1283 Henry, c. 1288 Henry de Tring, c. 1315 Elias Lyvet (Levett), c. 1332 Robert de Mapelbek, 1352 Thomas, 1366 John de Harlesay, 1372 John de Farnsfeld, 1394 Thomas Sewally, c. 1400 Robert de Welles, 1421 Robert Warthill, died 1456 William Cresswell, 1456 John Pomfrat, died 1462 John Lilly, 1462 John Greyne, 1465 Roland Bliton, 1516 Thomas Doncaster, last abbot Country house The estate was granted to George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury. It was partly demolished and converted to a country house between 1560 and 1590 by George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury who was Bess of Hardwick Countess of Shrewsbury’s husband. Lady Arbella Stuart, Bess of Hardwick’s granddaughter visited Rufford Abbey. In 1603, the Main Plot took place for Lady Arbella Stuart to replace King James VI and I on the throne. Arbella was the cousin of King James I and James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots The estate was inherited in 1626 by Mary Talbot, sister of the 7th and 8th Earls from whom it passed to her husband, Sir George Savile, 2nd Baronet. He remodelled the house in 1685–95. Sir William Savile, 3rd Baronet, George's successor, made Rufford Abbey the seat of the Savile family after he burnt down the Saviles' original home to prevent its being occupied by a Parliamentarian garrison during the Civil War, but was killed in action in 1644. It was next inhabited by his son, the Marquess of Halifax, the Lord Privy Seal, who died in 1695. In 1679, he constructed a new north wing on the site of the abbey church, containing reception rooms and a long gallery. He also built the large stable block to the right of the house. The surviving service wing was also added by the Saviles in the 17th century. Sir George Savile, 8th Baronet died unmarried in 1784 and the estate passed to his nephew The Hon. Richard Lumley-Saunderson, later 6th Earl of Scarbrough. He was the younger son of the 4th Earl of Scarbrough and Barbara Savile, the 8th Baronet's sister and heiress. On his death the estate passed to his younger brother, the 7th Earl, and then to the latter's son the 8th Earl, who bequeathed the estate in turn to his second natural son Captain Henry Lumley-Savile. When Henry died in 1881 it passed to his younger brother Augustus William Lumley-Savile (1829–1887) and then to his eldest (but illegitimate) brother, the diplomat John Lumley-Savile, who assumed the surname of Savile only and was created Baron Savile the following year. By the early 1900s, the Rufford Abbey Estate comprised some , but had begun to feel the effects of rising running costs and reduced incomes. In 1931 the estate descended to the 3rd Baron Savile, who was only 12 years old, and the trustees took the decision to sell the estate off in lots in 1938. Sir Albert Ball bought much of the land, and quickly sold the house to the eccentric aristocrat Harry Clifton. The abbey and 150 acres of grounds were bought by Nottinghamshire County Council in 1952. In 1956 the late 17th century north and east wings were demolished and the remaining west range and south service wing put into the care of the Ministry of Works. The site was opened to the public by Nottinghamshire County Council; car parking, retail outlets and visitor services are managed on behalf of the council by a contractor in co-operation with English Heritage. History of The Lordship and Liberty of Rufford The Manor of Rufford was listed in the Domesday Book. The Rufford Estate covered approximately twenty-nine square miles and, in addition to the ancient Liberty of Rufford, it included the parishes of Bilsthorpe, Eakring and most of Ollerton, Ompton, Boughton, Wellow, and extended into Blidworth, Edwinstowe, Egmanton, Farnsfield, Kirton, Tuxford, and Walesby. The titles of Lord of the Manor of Rufford and of the Liberty of Rufford were sold at auction by the Manorial Society of Great Britain in July 2010. Ice houses Between 1729 and c.1845 many improvements were made to the Rufford estate. For example, the addition of the bath house, the creation of the lake and mill buildings, the construction of the brewhouse, water tower and coach house, and also the addition of five ice houses. Although Rufford Abbey once boasted five ice houses, only two remain today. All were constructed around 1820, when the estate was owned by John Lumley-Savile, 8th Earl of Scarbrough (1788–1856). The five ice houses are located near Rufford lake, created c. 1750; for the simple reason that the movement of ice from its source was easier. Not all of Rufford's ice houses faced north, as accessibility and the logistics of the ice may have meant that the builders found it easier to place the doorways facing the lake rather than northerly. It is believed that ice was mainly taken from Blackwalk Pond, which was drained to make way for housing in the 20th century. Blackwalk Pond was used to serve the abbey in Rufford's monastic era, and later supplied water to Rufford's water tower and brewhouse, which remain on site today. The 1851 poaching incident and ballad In 1851, a gang of forty or so poachers assembled in Rufford Park as a mass action against what was perceived to be the unfair monopolising of game-hunting rights by wealthy landowners. The poachers were attacked by ten gamekeepers and, in the ensuing battle, one of the gamekeepers was badly injured and later died of a fractured skull. Four of the poachers' ringleaders were arrested and each subsequently sentenced to deportation and fourteen years of penal servitude for manslaughter. The incident gave rise to the popular ballad, Rufford Park Poachers (Roud #1759), which depicts the poachers as bold heroes. One of, if not the, earliest recordings is a 1907 performance by Joseph Taylor, collected on wax cylinder by the musicologist Percy Grainger in 1907. It was digitised by the British Library and made available online in 2018. Grainger transcribed "Rufford Park Poachers" in the third movement of his suite, Lincolnshire Posy. "Rufford Abbey" is a popular piece composed and arranged for brass band by Drake Rimmer. It is often used as an intermediate grade competition piece, and is a popular choice for recitals. Martin Carthy recorded the song on his 1982 album Out of the Cut. TV series The abbey was the setting for Helen Cresswell's children's book (1984) and later TV series called The Secret World of Polly Flint (1987). The small neighbouring village of Wellow was also used. See also Grade I listed buildings in Nottinghamshire Listed buildings in Rufford, Nottinghamshire References External links Archaeological aerial photographs in the near infrared History of Rufford Abbey from Worksop Heritage Trail 'Friends of Rufford' Rufford Abbey's Gertrude Savile on Twitter (18th century diary) Country houses in Nottinghamshire Monasteries in Nottinghamshire Cistercian monasteries in England English Heritage sites in Nottinghamshire Ruins in Nottinghamshire Christian monasteries established in the 12th century Religious organizations established in the 1140s 1147 establishments in England 1536 disestablishments in England Local Nature Reserves in Nottinghamshire Country parks in Nottinghamshire Newark and Sherwood Robin Hood Monasteries dissolved under the English Reformation	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufford%20Abbey
David E. Clarke (born 31 December 1952) is a former Australian rules footballer with Victorian Football League (VFL) clubs Geelong and Carlton. Better known as a half-forward flanker Clarke also played in the centre and centre half-back. Clarke won Geelong's Best and Fairest three times and was runner-up four times. Clarke was a director of the failed Geelong based Pyramid Building Society, which collapsed in 1990 with debts of A$2 billion. He was charged with 13 breaches of the Building Societies Act and was given a two-year suspended jail sentence and fined $47,000 after pleading guilty. Clarke's sons David and Tim played in the Australian Football League (AFL) and daughter Georgina competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney as a 16-year-old, semi-finalist in the Women's 1500m. References External links 1952 births Carji Greeves Medal winners Geelong Football Club players Carlton Football Club players Living people All-Australians (1953–1988) Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state) People educated at Geelong College	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Clarke%20Sr.
Mariano Brull Caballero (February 24, 1891 – June 8, 1956) was a Cuban poet usually associated with the French Symbolist movement. Two Symbolists who strongly influenced him were Stéphane Mallarmé and Paul Valéry. Among Cuban poets of the first half of the 20th century he was the most outstanding of those who wrote poetry for poetry's sake, as opposed to poetry that addressed social issues or poetry that was inspired by the culture of Cubans of African descent. Because of his interest in the sounds of words, he is known for a type of poetry called "jitanjáfora" in which the words are virtually meaningless, their sounds all-important. A diplomat by profession, he lived many years in various countries of Europe and the Americas. Biography Brull was born in Camagüey, in eastern Cuba, where his father, Miguel Brull, a Spanish army officer, was stationed. His mother, Celia Caballero, was descended from a family that had resided in Cuba for many generations. Early life As a child he lived in Ceuta and Málaga in Spain. It was during his teenage years, as a student in Camagüey, that he discovered his passion for poetry. He and other students founded a short-lived magazine for which they wrote poems and essays. Eagerly reading all the poetry he could, young Brull was especially struck by the work of the French Symbolist poets. In 1908 he moved to Havana where he attended the university, graduating with a Doctor of Law degree at age 22. He worked in a law office but also wrote poetry for the magazine El Fígaro. During 1914 and 1915 he was a member of the small group that formed around the Dominican literary critic, Pedro Henríquez Ureña. Henríquez, believing Brull had a future as a poet, became his mentor, introducing him to editors and suggesting he read poets whom Brull was not familiar with. In 1916 Brull published his first book of poetry, La casa del silencio. Shortly afterwards he married Adela Baralt and, switching careers, entered the Cuban diplomatic service. Brull was determined to leave Cuba where, exhausted by years fighting for independence and preoccupied by problems facing any new country, the arts were confused and anemic, uninterested in the great experiments (Cubism, futurism, etc.) taking place in Europe. Diplomatic life Though impatient to reach Europe, the first two countries he was sent to as a diplomat were the United States and Peru. In the mid 20s he was stationed in Madrid. There he had the good fortune to participate in the reunions of the literary cafés frequented by many of the best poets Spain was to produce in the 20th century: Federico García Lorca, Rafael Alberti, Jorge Guillén, Vicente Aleixandre, and many others. While in Madrid, some of Brull's early poetry was published in Paris in a French translation. In 1923 Brull joined about 60 young professionals of Havana who decided to take a public stance against the reigning passivity and mediocrity in politics and culture. Called El Grupo Minorista (the Minority Group), they demanded an end to years of cultural backwardness and an aggressive affirmation of the new artistic tendencies coming out of Europe. In politics, they denounced dictatorships and called for the formation of a Cuban government more responsive to the people. In 1928 he published his second book of poetry, Poemas en menguante. Though also published in Paris, where he was now living, it was written in Spanish. All of his books were small editions for friends and family, paid for out of his pocket. The Brulls lived in Paris from 1927 to 1934 with only two interruptions: a year, each, in Berne and Havana. The return of the Brulls to Havana coincided with numerous riots and demonstrations as students clashed with the police of the government of President Gerardo Machado, an increasingly ruthless dictator. Brull spent the Great Depression back in Paris. Two or three times a year found him traveling. He frequently visited Havana, on business; southern Spain, the land of his childhood; and Mexico City where he called on his friends Gabriela Mistral, the Chilean poet, Alfonso Reyes, the Mexican man-of-letters, and others. In 1934 his third book of poetry, Canto redondo, was brought out in Paris. He was stationed in Rome between 1934 and 1937 where fascism was alive and thriving. After moving to Brussels (for the second time) at the end of the 1930s, Brull was in charge of attending to the many German Jews who, seeking visas to emigrate, had lined up before the legations and embassies of numerous countries. During these years he was Cuba's delegate to the XVII Reunion of the Assembly of the League of Nations and, also, Commissioner for the repatriation of Cubans fleeing the Spanish Civil War. Brull had decided that an all-European war was imminent—though most of his colleagues and friends disagreed—and pressured the Ministry to be sent back to Havana. He left in June, 1939. The ship carrying all of the Brull's household effects to Cuba, a year later, was torpedoed by the Germans and sank. In 1939, a bilingual (French-Spanish) book, Poëmes, came out in Paris, with a preface written by one of the greatest literary figures of France at the time, Paul Valéry. Brull worked for many years on a translation into Spanish of Valéry's most famous, and difficult, poems: "Le Cimetiére Marin" (The Graveyard by the Sea) and "La Jeune Parque" (The Young Fate). In Cuba, Brull was one of the principal organizers of a conference of the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation, held in 1941. This organization was made up of major intellectuals who believed that the interchange of ideas would help lead to a solution to the tension of the 1930s and the violence of the Second World War. Brull admired people who were capable of both action and thought. He had no use for the static attitude of Rodin´s famous statue, "The Thinker". Brull's hero was the Cuban journalist and poet, José Martí, who was responsible for organizing the Cuban resistance to Spain and died in a skirmish with Spanish soldiers during the War of Independence. His fifth book of poetry, Solo de rosa, appeared. His poems also were printed in the foremost literary publications: Social, Gaceta del Caribe, Espuela de Plata, Clavileño, Orígenes and El Fígaro. He had long conversations with the exiled Spanish poet, Juan Ramón Jiménez, who wrote a similar type of poetry. During the Second World War, Brull was stationed in Washington, D.C., and in 1945 was sent to Ottawa to establish the first Cuban diplomatic mission in Canada. In Brussels, once more, in 1950, he published Temps en peine. Tiempo en pena, a bilingual edition. Here, too, his wife died after many years of fighting cancer. His last post was as Cuban ambassador to Uruguay. However, he refused to comply with an order from the Cuban dictator, Fulgencio Batista, and he resigned abruptly, ending a career of 47 years in the Cuban diplomatic service. That same year (1954) the final book of poems he would publish, Rien que... (Nada más que...), came out in Paris. Final years Back in Havana, he turned to modernizing the cattle ranch he had inherited from his mother. But a growing brain tumor weakened him bit by bit and eventually left him in a coma. He died at the age of 65 in 1956. Literary characteristics Beginnings Brull's first book, La casa del silencio, is a good example of Hispanic modernismo, though it has its share of intimate, Symbolist influence and a touch of tropical romanticism. Already one finds themes that would stay with him always: the ideal of beauty and the exploration of the interior world of one's heart as an escape from the ungrateful reality of the world, of time and of history. Evident is the influence of the Spaniard, Juan Ramón Jiménez, and the Mexican, Enrique González Martínez. But these poems are the works of an apprentice. Nine years pass between the publication of his first and second collections of poetry, years in which he matured, especially after he arrived in Europe. In his second book, Poemas en menguante, Brull embraces Symbolism (pure poetry) though the poems show him still struggling to assimilate the new style completely. He finds himself immersed in the heated discussion of the poets of his generation as to whether Symbolism, art as pure abstraction, meant the dehumanization of art. Brull made clear that poetry was the purification of thought and form, but never abstraction. Nevertheless, Symbolism and dehumanization were firmly linked in the minds of many. Harsh criticism of Symbolism was heard frequently, including in Cuba. Sound A cornerstone of Brull's poetry is the word as sound material. This interest in sound can be found in the efforts of Mallarmé and Valéry to achieve pure poetry but also in the neo-popular romances of the Spanish poetic tradition—a source that attracted other poets writing in Spanish, most famously García Lorca. Similar experiments involving playing with the sounds of words were to be found in Italian, German and English literature of the 1920s and before. Brull's creativity involving the use of sounds, through tongue-twisters and various phonetic experiments, could create a world of “magical enchantment.” These sounds and lexicological permutations combined, at times, to reach a level of senselessness which resulted in poetry that has come to be known as “jitanjáfora” after the use of this word in Brull's poem “Filiflama…”, a poem entirely made up of invented words. Filiflama alabe cundre ala olalúnea alífera alveola jitanjáfora liris salumba salífera. Olivia oleo olorife alalai cánfora sandra milingítara girófora zumbra ulalindre calandra. Yet such an extreme interest in sound was but one strand in Brull's poetry. The “jitanjáfora” was “a verbal joke, created by Brull at the margin of the main body of his work, but as an extreme consequence of this work’s development”. Childhood Brull revealed an interest in childhood in a number of his poems through the subject matter or through the use of language and rhythms associated with children's verses or both. The verses he learned in southern Spain, as a boy, had a lasting impact on him. These verses were part of the traditional, popular poetry that was so appreciated by his generation of poets. Typical features Though he used alliteration and metaphors abundantly, there are features of his work that differentiate it from the work of others. These include: rare word associations using a word twice in the same line but in totally different ways punning combining or coupling words that mean the opposite or clash in their meanings (“the melody of the perfume”), usually placed within dashes, and illogical sound games and onomatopoeia where one sees the influence of futurism and Dadaism. Brull favored free verse, followed by blank verse, though he occasionally turned to the sonnet and other poetic forms. His poems are usually short, and the total number of poems he wrote was rather limited, both rare attributes in comparison with most Hispanic poets. The rose The rose is the principal motif in Brull's poetry, his preferred symbol for “a standard of perfection and permanence in a transitory world.” Mallarmé had defined a flower as the absence of the stem and leaves, his way of stating that the finality of art is the concentration on the essence. No other Cuban poet went as far as Brull in immersing himself in this conception of poetry. But his Latin American origin do not allow him to forget the stems and leaves altogether. Brull's contribution to the poetry of Cuba is this counterpoint between the concrete and the ideal. An equilibrium between the sensual and the abstract is most fully reached in Solo de rosas, a collection of poems in which the poet praises the rose in its pure essence, fragile and wondrous, and not corrupted by the passage of time. Epitafio de la Rosa (Epitaph For a Rose) Rompo una rosa y no te encuentro. Al viento, así, columnas deshojadas, palacio de la rosa en ruinas. Ahora—rosa imposible—empiezas: por agujas de aire entretejida al mar de la delicia intacta, donde todas las rosas --antes que rosa— belleza son sin cárcel de belleza. (I take apart a rose and I don't find you. To the wind, thus, columns of floating petals, the palace of the rose in ruins. Now—impossible rose—you begin: by needles of interwoven air to the sea of the intact delight, where all the roses of the world --before they were a rose— are beautiful without the prison of beauty.) Nothingness In his last works, Tiempo en pena and Nada más que…, Brull's poetry takes on a melancholy, somber and reflective tone, that of a journey toward the black hole of existentialism, possibly intensified by personal tragedy (the death of his wife) and the world around him seemingly falling apart (the Spanish Civil War followed by the Second World War). Throughout the years one can find, beneath the formal and expressive clarity, Brull's increasing concern of what he saw as a world in permanent deterioration. The roots of this desolation are evident in his first poems in which absence and silence—often depicted as quietness—are present yet any discomfort is dispelled by the vision of ideal beauty. By the 1950s, absence is no longer a friendly notion as it veers into nothingness. Brull is consumed by a tragic vision of life in which all things, including beauty, are conceived of as subject to destruction or, a word he often chose, ruin. Once time has done its task, only nothingness remains. “Never had Cuban poetry reached so far into desperation with such discreteness and solitude.” Quotes "La prosa es escrita con el tesoro del conocimiento mientras que la poesía es escrita con el tesoro de la ignorancia." “Prose is written with the treasure of knowledge whereas poetry is written with the treasure of ignorance.” References Books of poetry La casa del silencio (1916) Poemas en menguante (1928) Canto redondo (1934) Poëmes (1939) (Bilingual anthology: Spanish-French) Solo de rosa (1941) Temps en peine/Tiempo en pena (1950) Rien que ... (Nada más que ...) (1954) Further reading (sources not mentioned in references) Gastón Baquero. Mariano Brull. La casa del silencio (Antología de su obra:1916-1954) (1976). Diego García Elio. Una antología de poesía cubana (1984). Ricardo Larraga. Mariano Brull y la poesía pura en Cuba (1994). External links Brull at CubaLiteraria.com 1891 births 1956 deaths Cuban male poets Cuban people of Catalan descent Cuban diplomats Ambassadors of Cuba to Uruguay 20th-century Cuban poets University of Havana alumni 20th-century male writers Cuban expatriates in Spain	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano%20Brull
Munib Shahid (1908–1973) was Chairman of Hematology and Oncology at the Faculty of Medicine of the American University of Beirut. He built the hematology laboratory at the Faculty of Medicine, a development that increased research output significantly. The Dr. Munib Shahid Award is presented annually at the American University of Beirut to the fourth year medical student demonstrating the best performance in internal medicine and a mature character. Munib Shahid was born in 1908 in Acre, Palestine to a prominent Baháʼí lineage. He was the great-grandson of Baháʼu'lláh, the founder-prophet of the Baháʼí Faith. His parents were Jalal, an Afnán, and Rúḥá, a daughter of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. His paternal grandfather was Muhammad-Hasan, titled "King of the Martyrs". In 1944, he married Serene Husseini according to the Muslem rites. She was related to the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, an enemy of the Baháʼís. Shoghi Effendi, Munib's cousin and then head of the Baháʼí Faith, labeled this marriage a "treacherous act" and excommunicated Munib Shahid as a Covenant-breaker. Munib and Serene Husseini continued to live in Beirut, where he pursued his academic career, and she promoted cottage industries among Palestinian refugees. Serene Shahid wrote a critically acclaimed autobiography of her childhood, titled, Jerusalem Memories. The couple had three daughters, including Leila Shahid. Selected publications Among Shahid's publications were: (with H.A. Yenikomshian) "Typhoid Fever in Inocculated and Noninocculated Persons," Journe'es Medicales Libanais de Beyrouth (May 1938) 241–247. "The Use of Nitrogen Mustard in Neoplastic Diseases of the Bone Marrow," Rev. Med. Liban. I (1961?): 45–51. (with E. Stephan) "Perarterite noueuse-Maladie de Kussmaul." Rev. Med. Moy. Or. VI (1949): 295–303. "ACTH et cortisone en hematologie." Rev. Med. Moy. Or. XI (1954): 279–291. "Quelques considerations sur le favisme au Liban." Rev. Med. Moy. Or. (1960): 83–86. (with N.A. Abu-Haydar) "Sickle Cell Disease in Lebanon and Syria." Acta Haemat., Basel XXVII (1962):268-273. (with G.I. Abu-Haydar and N.A. Abu-Haydar) "Thalassemia Hemoglobin E. Disease. A Case Report from Quatar." Persian Gulf, Man., CLV (1963):129. "Hemoglobinopathies in Lebanon and Arab Countries." Proc. IXth Congr. European Soc. Haemat., II (1963):496-500. "Iron Absorption in Thalassemia." Abstr. IXth Congr. Int. Soc. Haemat. (Stockholm, 1964.) Notes Family of Baháʼu'lláh Academic staff of the American University of Beirut 1908 births 1973 deaths People from Acre, Israel	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munib%20Shahid
Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54)''' was a Luftwaffe fighter wing that was founded in late 1936 and operated from 1939, the entire length of the Second World War. It later existed under the reformed Luftwaffe from 1947 to 1991 as BG54/B54 A B and C. Originally, JG 54 flew most of its missions on the Eastern Front where it claimed more than 9,600 aircraft shot down. It was the second-highest scoring wing in the Luftwaffe after JG 52 (+10,000 victories). Notable pilot aces (Experten) that flew with JG 54 included Walter Nowotny, Walter Boerner,Otto Kittel, Hans-Ekkehard Bob, Max-Hellmuth Ostermann, Hugo Broch and Hannes Trautloft. JG 54 participated in the Invasion of Poland in 1939, and the Battle of Britain and invasion of the Balkans in 1940. The unit was transferred to the Eastern Front in the spring of 1941 in preparation for the invasion of the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. It remained there for the rest of the Second World War. JG 54 first flew Bf 109Fs before changing to the more powerful Fw 190. Operational history I./JG 54 was initially formed as I./JG 70 in July 1939. On 15 September 1939, I./JG 70 was redesignated I./JG 54. The initial unit designation for II./JG 54 was I./JG 138. This unit was raised in 1938 after the Anschluss of Austria and included many Austrian nationals. I./JG 138 became II./JG 54 on 6 April 1940. III./JG 54 was initially raised as I./JG 21 and redesignated III./JG 54 on 15 July 1939, with official records reflecting the change only after a year. Thus, III./JG 54 fought in Poland and France as I./JG 21. Invasion of Poland and Battle of France JG 54 took part the invasion of Poland in September–October 1939. Equipped with Bf 109s, their operations consisted of ground attack, air superiority and escorting Stukas. JG 54 was transferred back to Germany on 9 October 1939. Before the invasion of France, during a period known as Phoney War, it operated mainly in an air defence role. Germany invaded France on 10 May 1940. The Luftwaffe operated by advancing in front of the German army to destroy French airfields and bomb cities, industrial complexes and transportation hubs. JG 54's role was to escort the bombers (Stukas and Heinkel He 111s mostly) and to conduct fighter sweeps in French airspace in order to maintain air superiority. The unit also operated at Dunkirk against the evacuating British Expeditionary Force. During the period 10 May to 21 June (until the capitulation of France), JG 54 claimed 17 aircraft, according to JG 54 documentation. Before the Battle of Britain the wing was transferred to the Netherlands. In a British raid on the Soesterberg airfield, III./JG 54 suffered heavy ground crew and equipment losses. While in the Netherlands, the unit claimed another 21 aircraft. The Battle of Britain The Battle of Britain began in late July and early August, with the goal of destroying the RAF, a prerequisite of a land invasion of Britain. The three JG 54 squadrons were transferred to airfields near Calais. Fighter availability, at the starts of JG 54's Channel Front operations peaked at between 60 and 80 machines. The first major clash in the Battle came for JG 54 on 5 August 1940, when 1. and 3. Staffeln attacked six Spitfires of No. 64 Squadron over the Kent coast and shot down two, suffering a Bf 109 damaged. Dissatisfied with the fighter arm's performance in the operation, Göring's purge led to a command shakeup in mid-1940. Major Hannes Trautloft was placed in command of JG 54. The Battle of Britain proved costly for both the Luftwaffe and JG 54. The wing lost 43 pilots (40 percent of its strength at the onset of the operations): 18 killed in action and two in accidents, 13 missing in action and 10 made prisoners. In return, JG 54 claimed 238 enemy aircraft destroyed. After the Luftwaffe's poor performance, the three squadrons were assigned to separate locations in Germany and France. On 29 March 1941 Stab, II., and III./JG 54 were relocated to the Balkans, for the war against Yugoslavia. With the Balkans campaign over, the Geschwaders tally of air victories had risen to 376. The unit was moved to Pomerania to re-equip with the Bf 109F in preparation for Operation Barbarossa. The Eastern Front JG 54 was assigned to Army Group North during Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 as part of the Luftwaffe's Luftflotte 1. From the first days of the conflict, the unit proved to be one of the most effective units of the entire eastern front. June 30 was one of its most successful days of the entire war: JG 54 claimed no less than 65 kills (mostly bombers without fighters escort) over the town of Daugavpils. The "Grünherz" pushed on, still supporting Army Group North, towards the Gulf of Finland, fighting through Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia. JG 54's operations for 1941-43 had a twofold objective: to keep the pressure on the Leningrad sector, and to reduce Soviet pressure on the Lake Ilmen area at the German flank. The Geschwader remained on that part of the Eastern Front for most of its existence. In the period 22 June - 5 December 1941 the unit destroyed 1,078 Soviet aircraft in return for 46 losses in aerial combat and a single fighter on the ground. Such was the pace and scale of fighting that JG 54 celebrated its 1,000 kill on 1 August 1941, thanks to Lieutenant Max-Hellmuth Ostermann. JG 54 received its first Focke-Wulf Fw 190s in February 1943. On the 19th of that month had claimed its 4,000th aerial victory. On February 23, "Grünherz" obtained another of their greatest victories of the war, claiming 32 kills for no losses, in the Leningrad area. The following day I and III Gruppen claimed 43 more. By February 1943, JG 54 had flown 21,453 war sorties. I. Gruppe took part in the Battle of Kursk in July–August 1943. Feldwebel Helmut Missner was credited with JG 54's 5,000th aerial victory on 17 July. But I Gruppe lost not less than tre Kommandeuren in succession between 6 July and 4 August. Moreover, still in July, Trautloft had left JG 54, when General Adolf Galland asked him to join his staff (he ended the war with 57 victories and the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross). After his departure, JG 54 continued operating in the area of Army Group North, and their victory tally rose continuously. The 7,000th JG 54 claim was made on 23 March 1944, with the 8,000 mark passed on 15 August. I., II. and IV./ JG 54 ended the war fighting around the Baltic region, supporting the troops of Army Group North through Latvia and Estonia, and into the Courland Pocket. JG 54 could never hope to regain air superiority against the mounting number of Russian aircraft. The Russians never defeated Army Group North, which held out until the last day of the war, surrendering 210,000 Germans to the Soviets in Courland. All remaining serviceable Fw 190's of JG 54 were ordered to fly to Flensburg on the German-Danish border. 90 personnel from JG 54 were able to flee to the west by air. The German Navy evacuated as many as possible of the remaining ground personnel by ship. The Western Front In February 1943 III./JG 54 was transferred back to the west for operations against the RAF and USAAF. At first they operated as a stand-alone Bf 109G Gruppe, but later were attached to JG 26. Intensive training in the more rigorous techniques of fighting on the Western Front were only partly successful, and Oberst Josef Priller, Geschwaderkommodore of JG 26 and charged with III. Gruppe's training, refused to declare the gruppe operational. III Gruppe transferred to North Germany as a result, supporting Jagdgeschwader 1. During the autumn of 1944, III./JG 54 was the first Luftwaffe unit to be supplied with the new Fw 190 D-9 "Dora". The D-9s were used in base defence missions for the Me 262 jets of Kommando Nowotny, and later over North-West Europe. 68 operational aircraft were available early in December, but due to heavy losses, the gruppe was disbanded soon after. Pilots Robert Weiß, the Gruppenkommandeur, and 12 other pilots were killed by RAF fighters on 29 December 1944 alone. At the end of 1944 ZG 76 was disbanded and its pilots formed the nucleus of a new III./JG 54. Operating from Berlin, the unit's Fw 190s saw intensive action against Soviet ground targets such as road and rail supply columns, flak positions, armour and the bridges across the River Oder. A few weeks before the war ended, the depleted III./JG 54 was disbanded, being absorbed into JG 26. Although Luftwaffe documentation were destroyed at the end of the war surviving records indicate JG 54 lost 491 pilots killed in action and 242 pilots missing. A further 322 pilots were wounded in action. The ground personnel lost 570 killed. Total losses in aircraft were approximately 1,071 Bf 109 and 746 Fw 190. Commanding officers Geschwaderkommodore Major Martin Mettig, 1 February 1940 – 24 August 1940 Oberst Hannes Trautloft, 25 August 1940 – 6 July 1943 Major Hubertus von Bonin, 6 July 1943 – 15 December 43 Oberstleutnant Anton Mader, 28 January 1944 – 30 September 1944 Oberst Dietrich Hrabak, 1 October 1944 – 8 May 1945 Gruppenkommandeure I./JG 54 Major Hans-Jürgen von Cramon-Taubadel, 15 September 1939 – 27 December 1939 Hauptmann Hubertus von Bonin, 28 December 1939 – 1 July 1941 Hauptmann Erich von Selle, 2 July 1941 – 20 December 1941 Hauptmann Franz Eckerle, 20 December 1941 – 14 February 1942 Hauptmann Hans Philipp, 17 February 1942 – 1 April 1943 Major Reinhard Seiler, 15 April 1943 – 6 July 1943 Major Gerhard Homuth, 1 August 1943 – 3 August 1943 Oberleutnant Hans Götz (acting), 3 August 1943 – 4 August 1943 Hauptmann Walter Nowotny, 21 August 1943 – 4 February 1944 Hauptmann Horst Ademeit, 4 February 1944 – 8 August 1944 Hauptmann Franz Eisenach, 9 August 1944 – 8 May 1945 II./JG 54 Hauptmann Wilfried Müller-Rienzburg, 1 April 1938 – 9 January 1940 Major Albert Blumensaat, 10 January 1940 – 5 February 1940 Major Richard Kraut, 5 February 1940 – 10 July 1940 Hauptmann Otto Hans Winterer, 11 July 1940 – 14 August 1940 Hauptmann Dietrich Hrabak, 26 August 1940 – 27 October 1942 Major Hans "Assi" Hahn, 19 November 1942 – 21 February 1943 Hauptmann Heinrich Jung, 21 February 1943 – 30 July 1943 Hauptmann Erich Rudorffer, 1 August 1943 – February 1945 Hauptmann Herbert Findeisen, February 1945 – 8 May 1945 III./JG 54 Major Martin Mettig, 15 July 1939 – 2 February 1940 Hauptmann Fritz Ultsch, 3 February 1940 – 5 September 1940 Oberleutnant Günther Scholz (acting), 6 September 1940 – 4 November 1940 Hauptmann Arnold Lignitz, 4 November 1940 – 30 September 1941 Hauptmann Reinhard Seiler, 1 October 1941 – 15 April 1943 Hauptmann Siegfried Schnell, May 1943 – 11 February 1944 Oberleutnant Rudolf Patzak (acting), February 1944 – 21 February 1944 Hauptmann Rudolf Klemm (acting), February 1944 – March 1944 Hauptmann Rudolf Sinner, March 1944 – 10 March 1944 Major Reinhard Schroer, 14 March 1944 – 20 July 1944 Hauptmann Robert Weiß, 21 July 1944 – 29 December 1944 Oberleutnant Hans Dortenmann (acting), January 1945 Oberleutnant Wilhelm Heilmann (acting), January 1945 – 14 February 1945 Major Rudolf Klemm, 14 February 1945 – 25 February 1945 IV./JG 54 Hauptmann Erich Rudorffer, July 1943 – 30 July 1943 Hauptmann Rudolf Sinner, August 1943 – 11 February 1944 Hauptmann Siegfried Schnell, 11 February 1944 – 25 February 1944 Hauptmann Gerhard Koall (acting), February 1944 – 27 April 1944 Major Wolfgang Späte, May 1944 – 30 September 1944 Hauptmann Rudolf Klemm, 1 October 1944 – 12 February 1945 References Citations Bibliography Mombeeck, Goralczyk (2017). Luftwaffe Gallery - JG54 Special Album 1939-1945. LuGa. . Weal, John (2003). Bf109 Aces of the Russian Front''. Oxford: Osprey. . See also Organization of the Luftwaffe during World War II Jagdgeschwader 054 Military units and formations established in 1939 Military units and formations disestablished in 1945	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdgeschwader%2054
Stephen of Besançon, O.P., (ca. 1250, Free Imperial City of Besançon—22 November 1294, Republic of Lucca) was a French Dominican friar, who served briefly as the Master General of the Order. Stephen began his studies in 1273 and graduated as Baccalaureus biblicus (Bachelor of Theology in Biblical Studies) in 1286. Two years later he obtained his Master's degree (Magister) from the Faculty of Theology of the University of Paris. A popular collection of sermons entitled Alphabetum narrationum is possibly attributable to him. First as Prior Provincial of northern France (1291) and then as Master General of the Order of Preachers (in 1292) he tried to lead the Order back to the original severity of its ideal. He died in Lucca in Tuscany, while on the way back to Rome from a journey of canonical visitations of the priories of the Order. References University of Paris alumni Year of birth uncertain 1250s births 1294 deaths 13th-century French Roman Catholic priests French Dominicans Roman Catholic biblical scholars Masters of the Order of Preachers Clergy from Besançon	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20of%20Besan%C3%A7on
Alglucerase was a biopharmaceutical drug for the treatment of Gaucher's disease. It was a modified form of human β-glucocerebrosidase enzyme, where the non-reducing ends of the oligosaccharide chains have been terminated with mannose residues. Ceredase is the trade name of a citrate buffered solution of alglucerase that was manufactured by Genzyme Corporation from human placental tissue. It is given intravenously in the treatment of Type 1 Gaucher's disease. This was the first drug approved as an enzyme replacement therapy. It was approved by the FDA in 1991. It has been withdrawn from the market due to the approval of similar drugs made with recombinant DNA technology instead of being harvested from tissue; drugs made recombinantly, since there is no concern about diseases being transmitted from the tissue used in harvesting, and are less expensive to manufacture (see imiglucerase). References External links Ceredase page at Harvard's Gaucher Treatment Program Hydrolases Sanofi Withdrawn drugs	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alglucerase
The Amazing Race Asia is an Asian reality competition show based on the American series The Amazing Race. Following the premise of other versions in the Amazing Race franchise, the show follows teams of two as they race across Asia and around the world. Each season is split into legs, with teams tasked to deduce clues, navigate themselves in foreign areas, interact with locals, perform physical and mental challenges, and travel by air, boat, car, taxi, and other modes of transport. Teams are progressively eliminated at the end of most legs for being the last to arrive at designated Pit Stops. The first team to arrive at the Finish Line wins the grand prize of 100,000. The Asian cable TV network AXN Asia was among the first to acquire the rights to produce a version of The Amazing Race for its territories. The first few seasons of the series were produced by Australian television production company ActiveTV and Sony Pictures Television Networks, in association with Disney Media Distribution (formerly as Buena Vista International Television-Asia Pacific (2006-2007), then Disney-ABC International Television (2007-2010)) and ABC Studios. Production was later taken over by creator Bertram Van Munster's production company Profiles TV in association with AXN. The host for the show is Singapore based Chinese-American actor Allan Wu. In mid 2016, it was announced that the series would return in late 2016 after a six-year hiatus. The Race The Amazing Race Asia is a reality television competition between teams of two in a race around the world. The race is divided into a number of legs wherein teams travel and complete various tasks to obtain clues to help them progress to a Pit Stop where they are given a chance to rest and recover before starting the next leg twelve hours later. The first team to arrive at a Pit Stop is often awarded a prize while the last team is normally eliminated (except in non-elimination legs, where the last team to arrive may be penalised in the following leg). The final leg is run by the last three remaining teams, and the first to arrive at the final destination wins the 100,000 cash prize. Teams Each team is composed of two individuals who have some type of relationship to each other. A total of 80 participants have joined The Amazing Race Asia, many of which have been celebrities in their native country. Because of the various languages spoken around Asia and the fact that the show is broadcast on an English-language network, participants are all required to be able to communicate in English. The contestants chosen to appear are from various Asian countries and not limited to one country of origin. Participating countries include all citizens of the continent of Asia except the Middle East, Laos, North Korea, Russia and East Timor, but including Palau and non-Asian workers who are living in Asia for a long period of time. From season 2 onwards, Japanese residents were eligible to participate, having been ineligible for season 1. Fiji was formerly able to apply, but as of Season five is no longer eligible. Route Markers Route Markers are yellow and red flags that mark the places where teams must go. Most Route Markers are attached to the boxes that contain clue envelopes, but some may mark the place where the teams must go in order to complete tasks, or may be used to line a course that the teams must follow. Route Markers were, however, coloured yellow and white in the second leg of season 3 to avoid confusion with the flag of South Vietnam. Clues Clues are found throughout the legs in sealed envelopes, normally inside clue boxes. They give teams the information they need and tasks they need to do in order for them to progress through the legs. Route Info: A general clue that may include a task to be completed by the team before they can receive their next clue. Detour: A choice of two tasks. Teams are free to choose either task or swap tasks if they find one option too difficult. Roadblock: A task only one team member can complete. Teams must choose which member will complete the task based on a brief clue about the task before fully revealing the details of the task. Fast Forward: A task that only one team may complete, allowing that team to skip all remaining tasks and head directly for the next Pit Stop. Teams may only claim one Fast Forward during the entire season. Obstacles Teams may encounter the following that may affect their position: Yield: It is where a team can force another trailing team to wait a pre-determined amount of time before continuing the race. Teams may only use their ability to Yield another team once. Intersection: Introduced in season 2, it indicates that two teams must complete further tasks together until a clue indicates that they are no longer joined. U-Turn: Introduced in season 3, It is located after a Detour where a team can force another trailing team to complete the other option of the Detour they did not select. Teams may only use their ability to U-turn another team once. In Season 5, the U-Turn board was located at the Detour decision, before the Detour tasks (the first time the twist was introduced was during season 27 of the American Version). In seasons 3 and 4, both the Yield and the U-Turn were seen in separate legs (the U-Turn replaced the Yield in the 12th season of the American version) and since a team can use each once during the season, it is therefore possible for a single team to use their U-Turn power even if they have already used their Yield power in a prior leg (Geoff and Tisha, season 3). In season 5, both of the Yield and U-Turn were featured and used in a same leg, marking the first ever season in all Amazing Race franchises to feature Yield and U-Turn in the same leg. Legs At the beginning of each leg, teams receive an allowance of cash, usually in U.S. dollars, to cover expenses during the legs (except for the purchase of airline tickets, which are paid-for by credit cards provided to the teams). Teams penalised for being last in certain non-elimination legs have to surrender all of their money and will not receive any allowance on the next leg. Teams then have to follow clues and Route Markers that will lead them to the various destinations and tasks they will face. Modes of travel between these destinations include commercial and chartered airplanes, boats, trains, taxis, buses, and rented vehicles provided by the show, or the teams may simply travel by foot. Each leg ends with a twelve-hour Pit Stop where teams are able to rest and where teams that arrive last are progressively eliminated from the race until only three remain. In some legs, the first teams to arrive at the Pit Stop win prizes, usually from the show's sponsors. In season 1, all teams were required to take show-sponsored AirAsia flights as opposed to choosing whatever airline they wished while in season 5, all teams were required to take race-sponsored Garuda Indonesia when travelling in and out of Indonesia. The clue which directs a team to the Finish Line mentions it not as such but as a "Final Pit Stop." Instead of having an elevated red carpet with The Amazing Race logo enlarged on it as in the American edition, the Finish Line consists only of a regular check-in mat for the final three teams. Non-elimination Legs Each race has a number of predetermined non-elimination legs, in which the last team to arrive at the Pit Stop is not eliminated and is allowed to continue. In all seasons except the third and fifth, the first leg was a non-elimination leg. By comparison, the fifteenth American season was the first season to have the first leg being a non-elimination one, although there was an elimination at the start of that season. Before this, the first leg had always been an elimination one. The first season that has a non-elimination leg in the style of the American one that has no one being eliminated at first is season 18. Stripped of money and belongings In season one through three, the last team to check in was stripped of all their money and was not given any money at the start of the next leg, forcing that team to literally beg for money from the local population of the city they were in for such expenses as cab, bus, or train fare. Marked for elimination Used from season 2 to 4, a team that comes in last on a non-elimination leg were "marked for elimination"; if they did not come in first on the next leg, they would receive an immediate 30-minute penalty upon checking in at the mat, possibly allowing other teams to catch up and check in ahead of them at the pit stop during their penalty time; if all the trailing teams were to check in during the penalty, the penalized team could fall to last place and could be eliminated unless they receive another penalty at the end of the next leg. Speed Bump Introduced in season 5, the penalty for finishing last in a non-elimination leg is that the affected team will have to perform a "Speed Bump" task at some point during the next leg. Teams would be alerted to the upcoming Speed Bump by a Route Marker clue prior to it, while the Speed Bump itself is displayed in a manner similar to the Yield showing the affected team's picture at a stand near to the regular Route Marker. Once the team completes the Speed Bump task, they may receive the next clue that they would have gotten at the Route Marker, or they may have to backtrack to the location of the clue box to get their next clue, depending on the task. If the team fails to complete the Speed Bump, they will receive a four-hour penalty at the Pit Stop. The tasks that teams have been called on to perform are generally not very difficult or time-consuming, and the majority of teams that have been hit by the Speed Bump have recovered from it quickly enough to avoid immediate elimination. Unusual eliminations The first unusual elimination occurred in season 5 where only 10 clues were available, and the Race began with eleven teams. After ten teams completed the task at the starting line and received their next clue, the last team remaining was eliminated and at the Pit Stop later, the last team was also being eliminated. Double-length Legs Like in the show's American counterpart, The Amazing Race Asia has featured double-length legs or "superlegs". These occur when teams reach a Virtual Pit Stop. They are told that "the leg is not over" and are given their next clue to continue racing. Teams have not received prizes for coming in first at a Virtual Pit Stop, nor penalties for coming in last. In season 1, teams were instructed to "Find Allan Wu", avoiding the term Pit Stop. In seasons 2 and 4, these checkpoints were alluded to being normal Pit Stops. On-screen graphics displaying "Proceed to Pit Stop" were used on the show so that viewers wouldn't guess that a superleg was coming up. Rules and penalties Most of the rules and penalties are adopted directly from the American edition; but in some of cases, the Asian version has been seen to have a unique set of additional rules. Rules Each team will have to sign a confidentiality agreement preventing themselves from revealing the details of the season before airing. Teams will be fined with five million U.S. dollars if the contract is breached. If a team member is injured during the race, he/she has to pass medical evaluation to ensure they are fit to continue racing. In the American edition, if the injury is not serious or life-threatening, the team may choose to continue or quit. This occurred to Marshall & Lance during season 5. Margie suffered heatstroke at the end Leg 7 in season 14 and their team was allowed to continue. Teams must follow local road laws and regulations and be responsible to pay any fines and demerits they incur. Penalties If teams violate speeding laws, the number of minutes for the time penalty is the amount of speed in kilometers per hour that the team traveled minus the legal speed limit then multiplied by two minutes. However, this penalty is only served at the beginning of the next leg of the race, and causes criticisms from among the teams (see criticisms). While speeding is also against the rules in the American version (as shown in season 2 and season 13), the penalty is not given in a measurement of time additional miles per hour over the speed limit but rather of time gained plus an additional 30 minutes. In the American edition, the teams who quit a Roadblock must serve a four-hour penalty assessed starting from when the next team arrives at the task site, whereas in the Asian edition, this four-hour penalty applies at the Pit Stop prior to checking in and not at the Roadblock itself. Hitchhiking (travelling in privately owned vehicles) is prohibited; if a team violates this rule, they incur a one-hour penalty. In the American version, a hitchhiking team generally does not incur a time penalty. But if the clue says that the team must take an appropriate form of transportation, they are asked to go back and take it as directed (Nathan & Jennifer, season 12). Note that Nathan & Jennifer committed this mistake on their way to the Pit Stop and had been possible to correct the mistake whereas Sahil & Prashant (season 1) committed their mistake for one of the earlier tasks in the leg and may not be corrected before receiving their next clue. However, Richard & Richard in season 4 were asked to go back to their original location before returning to their destination when they hitchhiked. Seasons The show first aired in 2006 with the first season premiere airing in November 2006 and ending in February 2007. The first three seasons were aired yearly, but season 4 was delayed by a year and returned to television in 2010. Countries and locales visited As of 15 December 2016, The Amazing Race Asia has visited 20 countries and has visited four continents. Asia Europe Africa Oceania Notes This count only includes countries that fielded actual route markers, challenges or finish mats. Airport stopovers are not counted or listed. Only visited the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong (2, 3) and Macau (3). Includes 5 Finish Lines Reception Ratings The premiere episode of Season 1 was highly successful and was the No. 1 show in its timeslot in Singapore and Malaysia and No. 2 in the Philippines, as well as No.1 in its timeslot for Adults 18-39 in New Zealand. The ratings for the finale of its second season increased over that of Season 1 in Malaysia and Singapore. In Season 3 the show reached 18.8 million viewers in selected countries, and in its first three seasons it reached over 34 million viewers across Asia. It was the highest rated program of its timeslot among all international channels in Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines and Hong Kong. The fourth season of The Amazing Race Asia, saw a 71% increase in average ratings over the previous season country of the winning team. Overall it had a viewing audience of 19.3 million viewers across Asia. The fifth season returned after a six-year hiatus, and its premiere and finale were the highest rated show in its timeslot among all regional English language entertainment pay-TV channels in Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines. Awards and nominations The show has won consecutive Asian Television Awards for "Best Adaptation of an Existing Format" in 2008 and 2009. Its third season was nominated for an International Emmy in 2009. After returning from a six-year hiatus, the show swept all three nominations at the Asian Television Awards. Criticisms Time penalties Season 1 has seen a greater use of time penalties. While time penalties were generally served prior to the team being allowed to check into the Pit Stop (therefore possibly pushing them down the ranking lists and opening them to a possible last place finish and certain elimination, as was the case with Sahil & Prashant in Leg 5, Season 1), controversy has arisen over the fact that some time penalties are served at the beginning of the next leg. This was the case with Andy & Laura, who departed the Chard Farm Winery Pit Stop in Queenstown at the start of Leg 7 with a 92-minute time penalty as a result of Andy's speeding in Leg 6. Had this 92-minute penalty been applied prior to Andy & Laura being allowed to check into the Pit Stop at the end of Leg 6, it would have pushed them into last place and certain elimination. Melody & Sharon, who were eliminated in that leg of the Race revealed in a press interview that they were really shocked that this 'speeding rule' did not apply at the Pit Stop, despite having learnt how the rules could be applied. Miscellaneous criticism Despite the success of the first season, many fans criticised that teams did not always "self-drive" to their next destination. Fans also criticised the fact that teams were always clumped in the same flight. This was according to an interview with Wu. The second season promised to tackle these issues. Others have criticized the show for blatant commercialism of their sponsors on the show. This is most prevalent in tasks that involve the use of high definition cameras as well as the prizes of leg races that are usually technological gadgets supplied by sponsors, rather than vacations and trips like the show's American counterpart (which is sponsored by Travelocity). The executive producer and co-creator of The Amazing Race, Bertram van Munster, conceded that there were more product placements, but said that they had much less money to work with for The Amazing Race Asia, that he was "not too crazy about blatant product placement, but the bill has to be paid." There was also criticism in the ambiguity of clues and the supposed impossibility of completing some of the tasks in season 1, in particular the roadblock in Leg 3 which saw 5 out of the 9 teams fail to complete the roadblock. In addition, ambiguous clues like 'you know it when you see it' led to some teams going around in circles searching for clues. International broadcast In 2010, The first three seasons of the show premiered with Hungarian voiceovers in Hungary on AXN Hungary and Animax Eastern Europe as "The Amazing Race Ázsia" on Saturday and Sunday afternoons from 7 February. References External links The Amazing Race Format makes a pit stop in Asia Pacific Asia 2006 Singaporean television series debuts 2016 Singaporean television series endings Television series revived after cancellation Non-American television series based on American television series Television shows set in Africa Television shows set in Asia Television shows set in Europe Television shows set in Oceania	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Amazing%20Race%20Asia
Jone, ossia L'ultimo giorno di Pompei is an opera in four acts by Errico Petrella. The Italian-language libretto was by Giovanni Peruzzini, after Edward Bulwer-Lytton's famous novel The Last Days of Pompeii. Performance history The opera was premiered at La Scala on 26 January 1858. It was an immediate success, not only all over Italy, but in the rest of the world as well. It remained in the repertory for close to 50 years, being last given in Caracas in 1981. This performance has been recorded and issued both on LP and CD. Roles Most of these singers were quite well known at the time, especially Carlo Negrini who was one of Italy's leading tenors and had created the role of Gabriele Adorno in Verdi's Simon Boccanegra a year earlier. Guicciardi was the first Conte di Luna in Il trovatore. Synopsis Both Glauco, a noble Roman, and Arbace, the high priest of Isis, love Jone. She is the latter's ward, and regards him as a second father. A slave girl, Nidia, also loves Glauco. Burbo, Arbace's henchman, gives Nidia some poison, asking her to give it to Glauco to drink. He assures her that it is an elixir of love. Glauco drinks only enough to become delirious. This gives Arbace a chance to convince Jone that Glauco is worthless. He persuades her to come to the temple of Isis where he makes unwelcome advances. In the meantime, Glauco has been restored to reason. He rushes in to save her, but is seized, accused of sacrilege and condemned to death. Arbace offers to save Glauco's life in return for Jone's favors, which she refuses. With the crowd assembled in the circus, Nidia reveals Arbace's infamy to the praetor. Glauco is freed. Vesuvius erupts and Arbace dies in the eruption. Jone and Glauco find each other in the crowd, and ask Nidia to flee with them. But she returns to the city to die, while the lovers escape. References External links Operas by Errico Petrella Italian-language operas Operas 1858 operas Operas based on novels Operas set in Italy Pompeii in popular culture Operas set in the 1st century Operas based on works by Edward Bulwer-Lytton	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jone%20%28opera%29
James David Druckenmiller, Jr. (born September 19, 1972) is a former American football quarterback. In his career, Druckenmiller played for the San Francisco 49ers, Miami Dolphins, and Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League (NFL), as well as the Memphis Maniax of the XFL and the Los Angeles Avengers of the Arena Football League (AFL). College career After attending high school at Northampton Area High School in Pennsylvania, Druckenmiller prepped at Fork Union Military Academy in Fork Union, Virginia, before committing to Virginia Tech. Druckenmiller started two years at quarterback for the Virginia Tech Hokies football team. As a senior, he won all-Big East accolades. Druckenmiller's Hokies won the Big East Conference championship in 1995 and 1996. In 1995, they defeated the Texas Longhorns in the Sugar Bowl. In December 1996, Druckenmiller graduated from Virginia Tech with a degree in physical education. 1995: 151/294 for 2,103 yards with 14 touchdowns vs. 11 interceptions, ran for 57 yards 1996: 142/250 for 2,071 yards with 17 touchdowns vs. 5 interceptions, ran for 205 yards Professional career National Football League Druckenmiller was drafted in the first round (26th overall) of the 1997 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers, which intended to groom him as Steve Young's successor; after the draft, 49ers coach Steve Mariucci commented about Druckenmiller: "I would like to think he's our quarterback of the future." Because Young had a concussion, Mariucci decided to start Druckenmiller for the week 2 game (September 7, 1997) against the St. Louis Rams. Although the 49ers won 15–12, Druckenmiller completed only 10 of his 28 attempted passes for 102 yards with one touchdown pass and three interceptions. In the fourth quarter, Druckenmiller was 0-for-5 with one interception and two near-interceptions. Druckenmiller played in three more games: first in week 3 backing up Steve Young in the 49ers' 33–7 win over the New Orleans Saints. In that game, Druckenmiller completed 4 of 6 pass attempts for 41 yards, was sacked once for 9 yards, and lost one yard on a rush attempt. The following week, the 49ers beat the Atlanta Falcons 34–7. Druckenmiller was 2-for-7 for 32 yards and a 6-yard sack, and -3 yards rushing. Druckenmiller's next game action was in the 49ers' final 1997 regular season game, a 38–9 loss to the Seattle Seahawks in which Druckenmiller was 5-for-11 for 64 yards, one interception, one sack, and one rushing yard. He finished the 1997 season 21-for-52 with one touchdown pass and four interceptions. In the 1998 season, Druckenmiller played only two games: week 2 against the Washington Redskins and week 6 against the New Orleans Saints. After the season, General Manager Bill Walsh belittled his football skills and implied that Druckenmiller would have been released but for salary cap ramifications. On September 6, 1999, the 49ers traded Druckenmiller to the Miami Dolphins for a conditional draft choice. Druckenmiller did not play a down in 1999. In a preseason game on August 9, 2000, Druckenmiller completed 13 of 21 pass attempts in the Dolphins' 13–10 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers for 141 yards including the 78-yard first touchdown drive. The Dolphins cut Druckenmiller on August 16. In 2008, ESPN named him the 11th-biggest bust since the AFL-NFL merger. Later career In 2001, he had limited action as a backup with the Arena Football League's Los Angeles Avengers. He also played for the Memphis Maniax of the XFL in 2001. The XFL used the angle of Druckenmiller's history and his unusually strong arm and passing range to promote Maniax games. He ranked 13th in the league in rushing yards (208, leading all quarterbacks) and fourth in passer rating, with 13 touchdowns and seven interceptions. In 2003, just as Druckenmiller was offered a job as a sales manager for a Little Rock, Arkansas-based cargo trailer company, the Indianapolis Colts offered Druckenmiller a tryout to be Peyton Manning's third-string backup, but the Colts ultimately signed Jim Kubiak. Legal troubles Malicious wounding In 1996, Druckenmiller was charged with malicious wounding in connection with a bar brawl. One witness quoted Druckenmiller as saying to him, "Did you see me kick that guy's butt?" The judge held that the evidence against Druckenmiller was not sufficient to convict him and threw out the charge. Rape allegations On April 24, 1999, police in Blacksburg, Virginia, reported that Druckenmiller had been charged with rape, stemming from an incident in a house between 3 and 4 a.m. on March 4 of that year. According to Assistant Commonwealth Attorney Curtis "Skip" Schwab, Druckenmiller "went downstairs to have sex with a woman who had vomited twice and fallen on a couch," and that Druckenmiller did not know the woman's correct first or last name. The accuser testified that she vaguely remembered a friend putting her to bed after a night of drinking. She passed out and awoke to find Druckenmiller on top of her. When asked what he was doing by a Montgomery County assistant commonwealth's attorney, the accuser responded, "Having sex. It took me a while to realize what was going on. I was disoriented. I had no idea where I was." According to Druckenmiller, he had carried the woman to a bed after she vomited for the second time that night and slumped on a couch, and stated he went to check on her a few minutes later and asked how she was. When she told him she was drunk but doing fine, he asked her if she was going to make good on a promise she made to him earlier in the evening to have sex. On July 22, 1999, Druckenmiller was acquitted. After-football career Since 2004, Druckenmiller has lived in Memphis and worked in various sales, business management, and information technology positions with companies including ChoicePoint, LexisNexis, and A.S. Barboro. References 1972 births Living people American football quarterbacks Fork Union Military Academy alumni Memphis Maniax players Miami Dolphins players Northampton Area High School alumni Players of American football from Allentown, Pennsylvania Players of American football from Memphis, Tennessee San Francisco 49ers players Los Angeles Avengers players Virginia Tech Hokies football players Businesspeople from Tennessee	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Druckenmiller
Kerli Kõiv (; born 7 February 1987), better known mononymously as Kerli, is an Estonian singer and songwriter. Born in Elva, Kerli entered multiple singing competitions before being signed to Island Records in 2006 by LA Reid. In 2007, she released her debut self-titled extended play and in 2008, released her debut studio album, Love Is Dead, which charted on the Billboard 200. The lead single from the album, "Walking on Air," charted in many countries and was also featured as the iTunes Store's Single of the Week where it was downloaded over 500,000 times, a record at that time. In the years following, Kerli was featured on Almost Alice with the song "Tea Party" and she began to abandon her alternative rock sound and started to adopt a more electronic and dance-influenced sound, as can be heard in her 2010 single "Army of Love". Following the release of Love Is Dead, Kerli began production on a second studio album which became her second extended play Utopia, released in early 2013, where it became Kerli's second release to chart on the Billboard 200. Two promotional singles from the EP, "Army of Love" and "Zero Gravity", were released prior to the release of the album's first official single, "The Lucky Ones". All three songs entered the top ten of Billboards Hot Dance Club Songs chart; two of them peaking at number one. Two songs which were co-written by Kerli for Utopia — "Skyscraper" and "I Feel Immortal" — were later recorded by artists Demi Lovato and Tarja Turunen, respectively. Kerli's version of "I Feel Immortal" was later released on Frankenweenie Unleashed!. In 2013, Kerli performed twice on Dancing with the Stars; Vibe called the performances a "major milestone in the EDM world." In November 2013, Kerli left Island Records and signed a record deal with Ultra Music. In 2019, Kerli's second studio album Shadow Works was released. Early life Kerli Kõiv was born in Elva on 7 February 1987. Her mother, Piret Kõiv, was a social worker, and her father, Toivo Kõiv, was an auto mechanic. Her parents separated when she was 16. Kerli has stated that when she wrote "Supergirl"—a song about domestic violence written for Utopia—she "put [herself] in [her] mother's body, and said things that [she] wished that [her mother] would've said to her dad when [she] was little". Her younger sister, Eliisa, is also a musician who competed in the third season of Eesti otsib superstaari. As a child, Kerli studied ballroom dancing for eight years, practicing five days a week. She was first introduced to music by her kindergarten teacher, who told her mother that Kerli had "nice pitch" and that she was interested in taking her to various singing competitions. At eight years old, Kerli gained an interest in classical music, and as there was an absence of music in her early life, she only possessed two cassettes, which were albums of Bonnie Tyler and Phil Collins. She began writing stories, mini books, and poems at the age of 10 to escape from her "abusive" household to an "imaginary world". Despite being discouraged from doing so, Kerli dropped out of school at the age of 16 to pursue her musical career. Career 2002–2005: Career beginnings In 2002, Kerli competed in the singing competition Laulukarussell in the age group category 13–15 and on 18 May won with the song "Bridge over Troubled Water". Also in 2002, she falsified her age to enter the Baltic song contest Fizz Superstar, as the minimum age was fifteen. She ended up winning the contest, gaining a singing contract to Universal Republic Records by Rob Stevenson. She was later dropped as Stevenson's position at the label changed. Later, Estonian media began to use the term "Kerli Syndrome" as a synonym for "failure". Kerli has stated, however, that she feels no resentment towards her home country. In a 2008 interview she said the following: Stevenson later signed Kerli to his label Stolen Transmission but the label went bankrupt. At the age of 16, Kerli moved to Stockholm where she competed in Melodifestivalen in 2003 but was eliminated in the second semifinals. In 2004, she was the runner-up in that year's Eurolaul – a televised competition that determines the song that will represent Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest – with her song "Beautiful Inside". While in Stockholm for two years, she worked with numerous producers and due to lack of money as the contracts she had gained previously were unsuccessful, she ate nothing but rice for three months, lived in an abandoned house during winter and slept on a cot. At the age of 18, she moved to the United States where she continued to perform and write songs, ultimately getting an audition with L.A. Reid, who signed her to The Island Def Jam Music Group in 2006. 2006–2009: Love Is Dead In 2006, Kerli worked with producer, songwriter, and mixer David Maurice on an autobiographical set of songs, the first set of which were released on a self-titled EP in 2007. She finally released her debut album, titled Love Is Dead on 8 July 2008, following her debut single "Walking on Air" which charted at number 75 on the European Hot 100, and a promotional single "Creepshow". "Creepshow" was featured in the TV series Fringe, The City, as well as in the video game Burnout Paradise. The music video for the song "Love Is Dead" was released on 29 February 2008 and the music video for "Walking on Air" premiered on MTV Overdrive on 20 May 2008. "Walking on Air" was downloaded 550,000 times when it was featured as iTunes' "Single of the Week", which was a record at the time. The song appeared twice on So You Think You Can Dance? as well in an advertisement for Fringe. Love Is Dead charted at number 126 on the Billboard 200 for the week of 26 July. Later in 2008, she was selected to perform a song titled "When Nobody Loves You" for the video game 007: Quantum of Solace, as well as the song "Bulletproof" on the official soundtrack of Punisher: War Zone. In 2009, Kerli performed at the Estonian music festival Õllesummer in Tallinn. On 10 September 2009, Island Def Jam announced Kerli's iPhone application and the first song, "Saima", was released the following month. Kerli re-released her song "The Creationist" as a duet with the Italian songwriter Cesare Cremonini. Kerli received a European Border Breakers Award for the success of the album Love Is Dead in Estonia. 2010–2014: Utopia, and label change On 2 March 2010, Almost Alice, a compilation album featuring music inspired by Disney's Alice in Wonderland was released. It contains two songs performed by Kerli, "Tea Party" and "Strange", the latter being a collaboration with Tokio Hotel. A remix album of "Tea Party" was released on 15 June 2010. She covered the song "Nature Boy" for a promo for the tenth season of Smallville. On 19 December 2010, Kerli performed a song in Estonian titled "Sa kuldseks jää" ("Stay Golden") at her grandparents' art show in Estonia. Kerli stated that she wished to officially release the song in Estonia to gain local airplay. After the release of Love Is Dead, Kerli began working on her second studio album, which later became her third major release and second EP titled Utopia. She has stated that she has developing a "new musical style called Bubble Goth" and that the Love Is Dead album was "really moody and dark and introverted, so this album is actually more fun, but it still has that twistedness" and that she has "trying to develop a whole new sound-scape that [she does not think she has] heard before". She has also said that it is "a very strong album" about "overcoming the darkness in [her]..overcoming blaming the world for what's wrong...taking responsibility, being inspired and inspiring others." "Army of Love" was released for free via download on Kerli's official website. It was then released as a single for purchase on 12 April 2011. The song was considered for promotion to become the album's lead single. The music video for "Army of Love" was filmed over several days in Estonia during early November. The video "sets the undertone of [her] entire new album". The music video officially premiered on December 22, 2010. "Army of Love" peaked at number one on Billboard'''s Hot Dance Club Songs chart for the week of 7 May 2011. A song titled "Skyscraper" was written by Toby Gad, Lindy Robbins, and Kerli for Utopia however the song did not make it to her album and instead Kerli gave it to be recorded by American musician Demi Lovato for her album Unbroken. Kerli was very pleased by Lovato's recording and responded by saying "I really think that artists are story tellers and are here to deliver a message and there's no better person that I can think of right now than her to deliver that very story. So although I did write this song for my album, it's really her song. She nails it, she owns it. I am just the Santa's little helper here." Gad, Robbins, and Kerli also penned a song titled "I Feel Immortal" for Kerli that also did not make it to her album. The song was eventually recorded by Finnish musician Tarja for her album What Lies Beneath. A version of the track titled "Immortal" recorded by Kerli appears on Frankenweenie Unleashed!, an album consisting of tracks from and inspired by the Tim Burton film Frankenweenie. The music video for "Zero Gravity" began production on 25 January and premiered on 21 March. It is directed by Canadian director Alon Isocianu. It was supposed to be the first single from the new album as well as "Army of Love", but later Kerli stated that neither "Zero Gravity" nor "Army of Love" were official singles and that they were only buzz singles. In May 2012, Kerli wrote on Facebook the album was finished and mastered, and in September confirmed that a single from the album titled "The Lucky Ones" would be released on 29 October 2012. It was written by Kerli, Svante Halldin, and Jakob Hazell. A press release by Warner Music Group stated the album would be released in spring 2013. The music video for the song is directed by Ethan Chancer, and was released on 5 December. In March 2013, the official tracklist as well as the artwork for Utopia EP was released. It was actually first supposed to be a full LP, but as it completely leaked in the middle of December, the label wanted to cut out some songs for March and wanted to release it as an EP; the final official track listing for the EP only includes "Can't Control the Kids", "The Lucky Ones", "Sugar", "Love Me or Leave Me", "Here and Now", "Chemical" and a "The Lucky Ones" remix by one of the Estonian rising DJs Syn Cole, leaving out six songs: "Made For Loving You", "Last Breath", "Supergirl", "Speed Limit", "Kaleidoscope" (which was later released as a Benny Benassi collaboration featuring Kerli), and also "Zero Gravity" was left out, which was first supposed to be on the album too. The EP was finally released digitally on 19 March and physically on 13 May (only in the Baltic states and Finland). In October 2012, Kerli participated in ASCAP's week-long songwriting retreat at the Château Marouatte in Dordogne before joining Warner/Chappell Music. Kerli also collaborated with Australian trance musician tyDi on the tracks "Glow in the Dark" and "Something About You", as well as with Cash Cash on a track titled "Here and Now". Kerli is currently working on her third studio album and has stated that she would like it to be "a little more punk rock" and "a little more raw" than her previous work. In November 2013, Kerli parted ways with Island Records and joined Ultra Music. Kerli collaborated with Seven Lions in two songs for his EP Worlds Apart, with the title song being released as a single by Ultra Records at 3 June 2014. An accompanying music video for the song was released by 16 August. Kerli teamed up with Benny Benassi on 21 July; for a re-edit of "Kaleidoscope", a song originally recorded for her shelved second album Utopia. By the end of September, Kerli worked again with Australian DJ tyDi in a song called "Perfect Crush" for tyDi's album Redefined. In 2014, Kerli co-wrote the song "See Through" by Pentatonix with Joonas Angeria and Thomas Kirjonen for their third extended play, PTX, Vol. III. 2015–present: Eesti Laul and Shadow Works On 5 November 2015, it was revealed that Kerli composed a song for Eesti Laul 2016, Estonia's national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2016. In 2015, Kerli left Los Angeles and returned to Estonia, where she spent nine months with no running water and only her music-making gear to keep her company, where she produced her first independent album. Her single "Feral Hearts" was released digitally worldwide on 19 February 2016. The music video for "Feral Hearts" was released the following week on February 25. "Blossom", the second single from her second studio album, followed with a video on 28 April and the song's release on iTunes the next day. On 26 June, Kerli released the song "Racing Time". She explained that it was one of three songs written for the 2016 film Alice Through the Looking Glass. She had previously contributed to the Almost Alice concept album for the 2010 film Alice in Wonderland. However, the songs were not included on the latest movie's soundtrack. On 27 July, she released the third single from her upcoming sophomore studio album, "Diamond Hard", along with its music video. On 22 April 2016, Kerli was featured as a vocalist and co-wrote a song on British artist Katy B's Honey album. She co-wrote and sang the hook on "I Wanna Be". On 8 November 2016, it was revealed that Kerli would compete in Eesti Laul 2017, with the song "Spirit Animal". She reached the final and finished second in the competition. She was later announced to be representing Estonia in the OGAE Second Chance Contest 2017 with "Spirit Animal", held in Warsaw. On 24 April 2017, Kerli and Illenium released their collaboration song "Sound of Walking Away", included in Illenium's second studio album Awake (2017). By late 2018, the original second studio album, including the 2016 singles, was announced to be scrapped. To replace it, on 12 November 2018, it was announced that Kerli's new album, which was a brand new project, will be released on 22 February 2019, with three singles being released prior the album. The first one, titled "Savages", on 30 November 2018. "Better" was released as the second on 18 January 2019, and "Legends" followed as the third on February 8, 2019. The album cover and the track listing were revealed on 30 November, along with the pre-order of the album on iTunes. It was also announced that only two videos from the three singles would be released, one being "Savages" and the other is yet to be announced. The music video for "Savages" was released. The album, titled Shadow Works, was released in 2019. On 11 August 2020, Kerli was featured on the album Another Life/Eternally Yours: Motion Picture Collection by the heavy metal band Motionless in White. A re-recording of their song "Another Life" featured Kerli on guest vocals. In February of 2023, Kerli came out with her newest single titled "21st Century Kids". Artistry Style and influences In an interview, Kerli recalled buying The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill by Lauryn Hill (which she called "one of [her] favourite records of all time") at a metro station in Russia. She asked them to "give [her] something else really good", "something that people buy". She was given Greatest Hits by Björk, whom she was unfamiliar with at the time. She now cites Björk as a major influence and her favourite musician. Kerli cites Bonnie Tyler and Phil Collins as influences as well as they recorded the only two albums she possessed prior to this. Among her other influences are Anouk, Joni Mitchell, Janis Joplin, Massive Attack, Kidneythieves, Pendulum, the Cocteau Twins, A Perfect Circle, Deftones, Incubus, Apparat, and Imogen Heap. Kerli also attributes her beliefs in angels and fairies to be an influence in her music, and said the song "Xtal" by Aphex Twin was her "favourite piece of music of all time". She has also spoken of influence from Sigur Rós and has cited them as her favourite band. After the release of Love Is Dead, Kerli was labelled as "goth" and a disagreeing critic said she was more along the lines of "bubblegum goth." Kerli stated "that's exactly what I am" and that she was "going to take this concept and roll with it" and she created the derivative "BubbleGoth". Described by Kerli, BubbleGoth is "putting together light and dark, opposites, and things that you don't really necessarily think go together." Kerli cites the Spice Girls as being a major influence on BubbleGoth, which she stated is "like a gothic spice girl". Kerli is fond of wearing various unique and colourful hairstyles, often inspired by cyberpunk and goth fashion. The difference in musical style and composition in Love Is Dead compared to Kerli's further releases is significant. Love Is Dead being alternative rock and her current music being along the lines of synthpop. Kerli describes herself as being very depressed during the production of Love Is Dead and that she felt "scattered" and describes the transition to the new sound as an attempt to "make it really radio friendly without losing what people already love about [her]." In response to criticism concerning her sound compared to her older sound, Kerli said she was "not the same person anymore", stating "Maybe I will be [on] my third album. Maybe I'll be totally depressed and write another really dark album. I have no idea where I'm going to go. All I know is that I'm just always going to try to grow and do my best. And whatever comes out of me is just going to be a reflection of who I am at that moment." Public image Kerli frequently wears three dots called "moon marks" that represent integrity, love and unity, three things that are also followed by Moon Children: an elaborated fan community/street team established by Kerli in 2006 for people who "feel too much and find it hard to exist in this world, so that they wouldn't think they're crazy." It originally began as a "gathering for Indigo kids" but developed into a "movement of Integrity, Love and Unity" which is "trying to be the best you can be, taking responsibility for your reality and living with your eyes open. It's not some religious preachy thing, rather being a passenger in this dimension, trying to make the most of your experience and striving for perfection while understanding it's okay not to be perfect." In regards to LGBT rights, she has stated that she wishes "the world would already be in a place where everyone is equally able to marry, adopt and live their life without having to explain themselves" and that it is "not a matter of political views, it's a matter of human rights. All humans need to have equal rights, straight or gay. As long as one likes to go to church and believe in God and that makes them a better, nicer person, that's great. Once hatred and superiority comes to play, I'm against religion." In 2011, Kerli stated that in Estonia, "there really is no gay scene" but that "it's starting to emerge, and [she’s] trying to support it as much as [she] can." In June 2011 and 2012, Kerli performed at pride festivals in Boston, Detroit, Nashville, and San Francisco. She is also a participant in the NOH8 Campaign. In 2011, Kerli was listed as one of the 100 Most Influential Estonian Women. Personal life At the age of 15, Kerli asked her mother for a tattoo that read "music" in Chinese (""). Dubious, her mother told her that if she read "every book in town" on China and wrote a report on it, she would be allowed to get the tattoo. Kerli did as requested, and her mother took her to get the tattoo the day before her 16th birthday. She has three tattoos on her forearm; one is of a butterfly which symbolises "living every day like it was [her] last" and that she would never "leave a person that [she] loves without them knowing how much [she] loves them", one is the Triple Goddess symbol, and the other states in Latin "", which Kerli translates "a friend of the human race". A tattoo on her left forearm, again in Latin, reads "". On her right foot, she has the letter "E", an initial of someone who "broke [her] heart". In 2017, Kerli got a tattoo of a snake around her wrist. While not belonging to any religion, nor labelling herself as such, Kerli believes in reincarnation as well as other forms of life after death, fairies (which she has cited as being a large element of her life), angels, and demons, once defining them as "reflections" of one's "inner light" and "inner darkness", respectively. However, besides thanking her guardian angels in the liner notes for Love Is Dead, she has also stated she feel angels are beings, as well as using "angel cards". Kerli has said that she has bipolar disorder and attempted suicide when she was 17 as a result of her troubled upbringing, stating that her background has "made [her] stronger and now [she] can be here for other kids who are like [her]" and that she is happy to be alive, describing life as a "beautiful and rare gift". During a live video chat with fans on 7 October 2011, Kerli recalled when she was 17 and would ask her local doctor to sedate her with medication because it "hurt [her] so much to be awake" due to her depression. She also recalled an instance when she was home alone at age 17, where she covered the windows with dark towels to block out the sunlight and began cutting herself and slitting her arms with rusty scissors, stating that she "wanted to die" and "couldn't feel any physical pain at all because [she] was just hurting so much inside". Discography Studio albums Love Is Dead (2008) Shadow Works (2019) EPs Kerli (2007) Utopia (2013) Deepest Roots (2016) Music Videos "Goodbye" (2007) Directed By Dave Schwep "Love Is Dead" (2007) Directed By Josh Mond "Walking On Air" (2008) Directed By Alex Topaller & Daniel Shapiro "Creepshow" (2008) Directed By Daniel Muntinen and Jaagup Metal "Tea Party" (2009) Directed By Justin Harder "Army of Love" (2011) Directed By Kaiser Kukk "Zero Gravity" (2012) Directed By Alon Isocianu "Glow in the Dark" (2012) Directed By Darren Teale "The Lucky Ones" (2012) Directed By Ethan Chancer "Worlds Apart" (2014) Directed By Bobby Galvan "Feral Hearts" (2016) Directed By CJ Kask "Feral Hearts (Sacred Forrest Session)" (2016) Directed By CJ Kask "Blossom" (2016) Directed By CJ Kask "Blossom (The Halls Heaven Session)" (2016) Directed By CJ Kask "Diamond Hard" (2016) Directed By Kerli "Diamond Hard (360)" (2016) Directed By CJ Kask "Savages" (2019) Directed By Kerli & Everett Lee-Sung "21st Century Kids" (2023) Directed By Kerli Awards and nominations \|- \| rowspan="2" \| 2008 \| Herself \| MTV Europe Music Award for Best Baltic Act \| \|- \| rowspan="3" \| "Walking on Air" \| MTV Europe Music Award for Best Video \| \|- \| rowspan="5" \| 2009 \| Raadio 2 Hit of the Year \| \|- \| Estonian Music Award for Music Video of the Year \| \|- \| rowspan="2" \| Herself \| Estonian Music Award for Pop Artist of the Year \| \|- \| Estonian Music Award for Female Artist of the Year \| \|- \| rowspan="2" \| Love Is Dead \| Estonian Music Award for Album of the Year \| \|- \| rowspan="2" \| 2010 \| European Border Breakers Award \| \|- \| rowspan="2" \| "Army of Love" \| Raadio 2 Hit of the Year \| \|- \|\| 2011 \| Estonian Music Award for Music Video of the Year \| \|- \| 2012 \| rowspan=2\|"Zero Gravity" \| MP3 Music Award for The BNA Award \| \|- \|\| 2013 \| Estonian Music Award for Music Video of the Year \| \|- \| rowspan="2" \| 2014 \| rowspan="2" \| Utopia'' \| Estonian Music Award for Best Female Album \| \|- \| Estonian Music Award for Best Pop Album \| \|- \|\| 2017 \| "Feral Hearts" \| Estonian Music Award for Music Video of the Year \| \|} References External links 1987 births Dance musicians English-language singers from Estonia Estonian expatriates in the United States Estonian expatriates in Sweden 21st-century Estonian women singers Estonian pianists Estonian pop singers Estonian record producers Estonian rock singers Estonian songwriters Women rock singers Island Records artists Estonian LGBT rights activists Living people People from Elva, Estonia People with bipolar disorder Synth-pop singers 21st-century pianists Women record producers Eesti Laul contestants Women in electronic music 21st-century women pianists	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerli
"Sound of the Underground" is the debut single of British-Irish pop group Girls Aloud, later featured on their debut album of the same name. The song was written by Miranda Cooper, Brian Higgins, and Niara Scarlett, and produced by Higgins and his production team Xenomania. Following Girls Aloud's formation on the ITV1 reality television show Popstars: The Rivals, "Sound of the Underground" was released 16 days later, on 16 December 2002. Commercially, the song was an immediate success. It became the year's Christmas number one in the UK, spending four consecutive weeks atop of the charts in total. The song also reached number one in Ireland and peaked within the top forty in Australia, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland. The music video was recorded in an empty London warehouse days after Girls Aloud were formed. The song has been performed by Girls Aloud in a number of live appearances including Popstars: The Rivals and each of Girls Aloud's concert tours. Critically appreciated for its juxtaposition of surf guitar against electronic beats, "Sound of the Underground" was praised for its quality for both a girl group and a reality television act. The song was referred to as a defining moment of the decade musically, credited with reshaping British pop for the 2000s. Background and composition "Sound of the Underground" was written by Brian Higgins, Niara Scarlett and Miranda Cooper. In an interview with The Daily Telegraphs Alice Vincent, Cooper explained that she was into drum and bass at the time and had been inspired by Josh Abrahams and Amiel Daemion's 1998 single "Addicted to Bass", as well as popular nursery rhyme The Wheels on the Bus. The song has been described as "a mechanistic sashay of twangy surf guitar and sultry gang vocals – Girls Aloud explodes like a five-headed Kylie Minogue." The song is written in E minor (recorded in E-flat minor) with a time signature in common time and a tempo of 163 beats per minute. The vocal range spans from G3 to C#5. Following typical verse-chorus form, the song consists of a verse followed by a bridge and chorus. The second half of the bridge is also employed as a middle 8. "Sound of the Underground" was one of sixty songs that Higgins and Cooper had written with the aim of launching their own girl group. The song was originally recorded in 2001 by Orchid, a London girl group that included singer and actress Louise Griffiths and who disbanded before gaining a firm record deal. Irish artist Samantha Mumba was due to record this as her comeback song in 2002 but she opted for "I'm Right Here" instead. It was chosen by Girls Aloud's manager Louis Walsh as their debut single. The finalists of the ITV1 programme Popstars: The Rivals recorded and rehearsed the song a week before the finals. In the liner essay for the 20th anniversary re-release of the group's debut album, Sound of the Underground, Kimberley Walsh wrote, "I was just glad [the song] wasn't an insipid ballad or something really cheesy – it was definitely a song with a cooler vibe." Nicola Roberts admitted that she was initially anxious about the drum and bass sound of the track, which made it stand out from other chart hits of that era. "We didn't have drum and bass up north at the time; we just had commercial radio," she said. "So I was just very aware that Sound of the Underground sounded different from the pop groups that came before us: Atomic Kitten, Spice Girls, Hear'Say." Release Girls Aloud were formed through the show by a public vote on 30 November 2002. The concept of the programme was to produce a boyband and a girlband who would be "rivals" and compete for the Christmas number one single in 2002. Girls Aloud competed against One True Voice, managed by music producer Pete Waterman. Both groups were sent on huge promotional tour. They used a combative "Buy girls, bye boys" slogan to persuade the public to buy their single. A cover of One True Voice's single "Sacred Trust" appears on the special edition bonus disc of Girls Aloud's greatest hits album The Sound of Girls Aloud, alongside an extended performance version of "Sound of the Underground" which includes an instrumental breakdown. The single was released on two different CD single formats and on cassette. The first CD included a cover of East 17's "Stay Another Day" and Brian Higgins' remix of "Sound of the Underground", while the second CD included the instrumental of "Stay Another Day" and an interview with the girls. In some countries, a Flip & Fill remix of the single was featured. Controversy Pete Waterman caused a media frenzy after accusing Girls Aloud of being unoriginal and not singing on "Sound of the Underground" (after they claimed it was better to release a new song than a cover as the A-side). Many articles falsely claim that this track was then "stolen" from Orchid by Girls Aloud. The track was actually owned by Xenomania (the producers) and the original version was used as a "session singers" version, making it Girls Aloud's and not a cover as some articles suggested. Due to the press attention, the members of Orchid are credited on the single release and remain backing singers on the single. Sarah Harding explained that this just pads out the track and is not uncommon in the industry. Reception Critical response "Sound of the Underground" received a positive response from most music critics. It "proved a first: it was a reality pop record that didn't make you want to do physical harm to everyone involved in its manufacture." A review for Girls Aloud's debut album stated that the song has "become a pulsating pop classic with a modern, metallic beat, catchy chorus and just the right amount of sleaze." The song was further described as "an enticing blend of spiky guitars and Fatboy Slim beats topped off with an irresistibly catchy chorus." Michael Osborn said that "Sound of the Underground" offers "a fresh tune that has no intentions of following the road to seasonal schmaltzville." An article from The Guardian called the song "an icy confection very different from the normal run of girl-band things." "Sound of the Underground" and another Xenomania production, Sugababes' "Round Round", have been called "two huge groundbreaking hits", credited with reshaping British pop music for the 2000s. Peter Robinson wrote, "Instead of what would become the predictable 'victory lap' ballad, here was an upbeat attitude-soaked celebration of life, partying, and being young." In 2003, "Sound of the Underground" was voted Best Single at the Disney Channel Kids Awards. The Telegraph placed the song at number 15 on a list of 100 songs that defined the 2000s, while NME included it at number 39. Spinner.com named "Sound of the Underground" the eighth best British song of the 2000s. Chart performance "Sound of the Underground" debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart on 22 December 2002. Girls Aloud sold just over 213,000 copies, while One True Voice's "Sacred Trust" sold only 147,000. Girls Aloud stayed at number one for a second and third week, the final chart of 2002 and the first chart of 2003. The single spent another week at number one, bringing "Sound of the Underground" to a total of four consecutive weeks at number one in the UK. It spent two weeks in the top five at numbers three and five respectively, before slipping to number nine. The single spent fourteen further weeks inside the UK's top 75. It was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry in March 2003 for shipments of over 600,000 and sold over 653,000 copies. In December 2015, the Official Charts Company stated that "Sound of the Underground" had a chart sales tally of 679,770. In August 2017, the Official Charts Company updated the single's total sales figures to approximately 715,000. Following Sarah Harding's death in September 2021, the song had a resurgence in popularity with sales rising over 125%. The song had similar success on the Irish Singles Chart. "Sound of the Underground" debuted at number two behind Eminem's "Lose Yourself", while One True Voice only managed to chart at number nine. They held on at number two for a second and thirdweek. In the song's fourth week on the Irish chart, "Sound of the Underground" managed to rise to number one, finally dethroning Eminem. It spent two weeks at the pole position. The song peaked inside the top twenty on Belgium's Ultratop Flanders chart and the Netherlands' Single Top 100 chart. The song also charted in Australia and various European countries. Music video The video for "Sound of the Underground" was shot in an empty London warehouse, the Dimco Buildings, just days after Girls Aloud's formation in the last week of competition of Popstars: The Rivals. It was directed by Phil Griffin, who would later direct the videos for "No Good Advice" and "Life Got Cold". It features the band members in various scenes "underground". In the group scene, they perform the song backed by a band in a large metal enclosure. As the song progresses, each band member also incorporates a tall microphone stand into the choreography, echoed in many live performances in the song. In the solo scenes, each member is shown sitting or standing in the "underground" setting while various other shots, such as a light bulb spontaneously cracking open and catching on fire, are shown. The music video is available on the "No Good Advice" DVD single, Girls on Film, Style and 2012's Ten: The Videos. Girls Aloud released a new 4K version of the music video on 28 April 2023. Live performances Girls Aloud performed "Sound of the Underground" live for the first time on Popstars: The Rivals on 7 December 2002, wearing coordinating pink-and-black outfits as seen on the single's music video. Small puffs of smoke were sent up into the air each time the song reached its chorus. In order to promote the single, the group performed the single at various locations across the country, including a signing at an HMV store in Manchester's Trafford Centre. They also made many television appearances, performing on programmes such as CD:UK, GMTV, Popworld, RI:SE, Richard and Judy, Smile, This Morning, Top of the Pops Saturday, and UK Top 40: CBBC Viewers' Vote. They performed on Popstars again on 22 December, just moments after finding out their single was the Christmas number one. Wearing all-white outfits, the performance included lights and smoke as well as adlibs referencing the number one. They also sang "Sound of the Underground" on the Top of the Pops Christmas special, which airs annually on Christmas Day. The song was performed on shows like Tops of the Pop and The Saturday Show during 2003. It was also performed at a number of live events in 2003, such as Ireland's ChildLine Concert, Spring Break, Pepsi Silver Clef, Party in the Park, Live & Loud, and the West Belfast Festival. Girls Aloud began to promote the song's release across continental Europe, which involved appearances at Belgium's TMF Awards and on Germany's VIVA Interaktiv and the German version of Top of the Pops. In the United Kingdom, Girls Aloud performed "Sound of the Underground" at the 2003 Disney Channel Kids Awards (where it was named Best Single), the Children in Need telethon, and once again at 2003's Top of the Pops Christmas special. Girls Aloud returned to Ireland's ChildLine in 2004. It was also performed for the group's MTV special, as seen on their DVD Girls on Film. Since its release, "Sound of the Underground" has been included on each of Girls Aloud's tours. The track was included as the encore to their 2005 tour What Will the Neighbours Say...? Tour. The performance included a dance break and ended with an explosion of pyrotechnics. For 2006's Chemistry Tour, the song was accompanied by new choreography involving chairs, while 2007's The Greatest Hits Tour saw the group in black-and-white variations on a suit. The song was slightly remixed for 2008's Tangled Up Tour, during which Girls Aloud performed it in the first section alongside male dancers. "Sound of the Underground" was also included on 2009's Out of Control Tour; flames burst out of the stage as the group sang and danced. The song was again included on the band's 2013 reunion tour, . It was performed as the opening song as the band came down onto the stage on a huge sign reading the band's name. The single has also been performed at Girls Aloud's appearances at V Festival in 2006 and 2008, as well as their two nights supporting Coldplay at Wembley Stadium. It was showcased during Girls Aloud's 2007 appearance on The Album Chart Show, where they performed songs from their greatest hits album. They also performed it on their one-off variety show The Girls Aloud Party. The group was accompanied by Kaiser Chiefs, who led into "Sound of the Underground" with their own track "Never Miss a Beat". 20th anniversary In March 2023, it was reported that the band were to share unreleased tracks from the archives, to celebrate the 20th anniversary of their debut album, Sound of the Underground. On 28 April 2023, Girls Aloud released the promotional single "Sound Of The Underground (Alternative Vocal Mix)". Track listings and formats These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "Sound of the Underground". UK CD1 / Australia / New Zealand (Polydor / 0658272) "Sound of the Underground" – 3:41 "Stay Another Day" (Tony Mortimer, Rob Kean, Dominic Hawken) – 4:24 "Sound of the Underground" (Brian Higgins Remix) – 4:40 UK CD2 (Polydor / 0658202) "Sound of the Underground" – 3:41 "Stay Another Day" (Instrumental) – 4:24 "Girls Aloud Interview" – 7:13 UK Cassette (Polydor / 0658274) "Sound of the Underground" – 3:41 "Stay Another Day" – 4:24 Germany (Polydor / 0654325) "Sound of the Underground" – 3:41 "Stay Another Day" – 4:24 "Sound of the Underground" (Brian Higgins Remix) – 4:40 "Sound of the Underground" (Flip & Fill Remix) – 5:36 "Girls Aloud Interview" – 7:13 The Singles Boxset (CD1) "Sound of the Underground" – 3:41 "Stay Another Day" – 4:24 "Sound of the Underground" (Brian Higgins Remix) – 4:40 "Stay Another Day" (Instrumental) – 4:24 "Girls Aloud Interview" – 7:13 "Sound of the Underground" (Flip & Fill Remix) – 5:36 "Sound of the Underground" (Instrumental Breakdown Mix) – 3:36 2023 20th Anniversary Digital EP "Sound of the Underground" - 3:41 "Sound of the Underground (Alternative Vocal Mix)" – 3:39 "Stay Another Day" - 4:20 "Sound of the Underground" (Brian Higgins Remix) – 4:37 "Stay Another Day" (Instrumental) – 4:20 "Exclusive Interview with Girls Aloud" – 7:12 "Sound of the Underground" (Flip & Fill Remix) – 5:33 "Sound of the Underground" (Instrumental Breakdown Mix) – 3:36 Credits and personnel Guitars: Shawn Lee, Nick Cracknell Mastering: Dick Beetham for 360 Mastering Mixing and additional production: Jeremy Wheatley for 365 Artists Production: Brian Higgins, Xenomania Programming and keyboards: Nick Coler, Matt Gray, Tim "Rolf" Larcombe, Tim Powell Songwriting: Miranda Cooper, Brian Higgins, Niara Scarlett Vocals: Girls Aloud Published by Warner/Chappell Music and Xenomania Music Special thanks to Eve Bicker, Giselle Sommerville, and Louise Griffiths. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Decade-end charts All-time charts Certifications Release history References 2002 debut singles 2002 songs Christmas number-one singles in the United Kingdom Girls Aloud songs Irish Singles Chart number-one singles Number-one singles in Scotland UK Singles Chart number-one singles Polydor Records singles Song recordings produced by Xenomania Songs written by Brian Higgins (producer) Songs written by Miranda Cooper Songs written by Niara Scarlett British pop rock songs	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound%20of%20the%20Underground%20%28song%29
Maarja is an Estonian feminine given name. It is considered to be the Estonian form of the name Maria (and therefore Mary). The name is common in Estonia, and may refer to any of the following persons: Maarja-Liis Ilus (born 1980; sometimes known as just "Maarja"), singer Maarja Jakobson (born 1977), actress Maarja Kangro (born 1973), poet, short story writer and librettist Maarja Kivi (born 1986; also known as "Marya Roxx"), singer Maarja Kruusmaa (born 1970), computer scientist and professor Maarja Johanna Mägi (born 1997), actress Maarja Nummert (born 1944), architect Maarja Nuut (born 1986), singer and violinist Maarja Saulep (born 1991), footballer See also Maarja-Magdaleena, village in Tabivere Parish, Jõgeva County Väike-Maarja, settlement in Väike-Maarja Parish, Lääne-Viru County Marja (disambiguation) References Estonian feminine given names Feminine given names	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maarja
The Lancashire Evening Post is a daily newspaper based in Fulwood, a suburb of the city of Preston, Lancashire, England. According to the British Library, its first edition was published on 18 October 1886. It is known locally as the LEP. References External links Newspapers published in Lancashire Newspapers established in 1886 Evening newspapers Mass media in Preston Daily newspapers published in the United Kingdom Newspapers published by Johnston Press	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire%20Evening%20Post
Nine Parts of Desire: The Hidden World of Islamic Women (1994) is a non-fiction book by Australian journalist Geraldine Brooks, based on her experiences among Muslim women of the Middle East. It was an international bestseller, translated into 17 languages. The book deals with cultural and religious practices, describes positive as well as negative experiences, and in parts is critical of cultural practices related to the oppression of women. Brooks stated that she, as stated by Canadian Woman Studies, "wrote the book for those people who like her, before she visited Islamic countries, would look at a woman in a chador and burst into outrage or piety. She then sets out to show that neither is an appropriate attitude." Ms. wrote that Brooks "applauds the everyday rebellions of Muslim women" and that she is "[s]imultaneously challenging both Western myths and trendy notions of "cultural relativity"". In the book Brooks asks whether it is possible to create an Islamic feminism. The name comes from the saying by Ali "God created sexual desire in 10 parts; then he gave nine parts to women and one to men." William B. Quandt of Foreign Affairs wrote that in the view of Islamists, "Given women's incredible sexuality, restrictions are needed to preserve the welfare and stability of society." Martha Shelley of On the Issues wrote that compared to Women & Gender in Islam by Leila Ahmed and Price of Honor by Jan Goodwin, the book has less "historical depth". Background Brooks worked for the Cairo bureau of The Wall Street Journal. Her assistant was named Sahar, and she worked as Brooks's translator. Sahar had been educated in the West, was young, and had a secular mindset. Brooks was inspired to make the book when Sahar began wearing an Islamic veil, and began espousing religious ideologies. The woman also declined the opportunity to attend Harvard University. Brooks wanted to understand why Sahar adopted a lifestyle that could be perceived as sexist against women. Brooks had taken a six-year residence and traveled to Egypt, Eritrea, the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Iran, Israel, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. Contents The book includes chapters on Muhammad's practices with his wives and which compare and contrast the ideal in the Quran to the practiced reality. The Human Rights Quarterly wrote that "Brooks demonstrates that repressive policies toward women often are not based on accurate interpretations of religious texts." Brooks argued that because women in Islam gained the right to divorce and get inheritance, they had actually obtained rights in early Islam. People chronicled in the book include women working for Hezbollah, a Saudi businesswoman, the United Arab Emirates's first female soldier, and a female American expatriate married to an Iranian man living in Iran. Faezeh Hashemi's efforts to restore female athletics in Iran are noted. Brooks also described the voting patterns of a female member of parliament in Iran. Brooks described two arranged marriages, one being a Kuwaiti couple who is happy, and the other being a Jordanian couple with a wife who is unhappy. She describes an honor killing of a Sudanese woman resident in the United Kingdom. At the end of the book she recalls seeing Indonesian Australian women wearing hijabs. In Brooks's book she makes it clear that the status of women may differ significantly between different countries. Brooks herself stated that "the brightest hope for positive change might be found camouflaged among the black chadors of devout Iranian women". Iranian women as of 1994 had more rights compared to women from other Middle Eastern countries. Brooks wrote that "unquestioning adherence to religious rules gives them high ground from which to present their case for women's rights" but that "they have used that position sparingly." Quandt wrote that the idea that the religious following gives them the authority is "a variation on the only-Nixon-could-go-to-China theme." Shelley argued that Brooks's "somewhat rosy view" of Iranian women's lives is flawed because "the average Iranian girl will become neither an athlete nor a camerawoman covering the all-female Islamic games. Her life is much more likely to be circumscribed simply by the ideas and expectations of the man she marries." Brooks argues that Islam's judgment should be "for the kind of life it offers the people in the lands where it predominates". Brooks advocates against female genital mutilation and honor killings, and Shelley stated that during this activism the author is "most effective". Patricia Lee Dorff of Foreign Affairs stated that based on the book, "liberal women are an endangered species". Canadian Woman Studies wrote that "the author provides a good account of the rise of fundamentalism in the Muslim world and how even western-educated women are willingly accepting and follow fundamentalist interpretations and practices of Islam." The journal added that, according to the book, "women in Islamic countries are not just the passive recipients of government's ideologies, but much to the contrary are active agents in the processes of resisting, organizing, and fighting for social changes that positively improve women's status and situation." Laura Shapiro of Newsweek stated "Brooks emphasizes that there is plenty in Islamic history to justify more independent roles for women. But with fundamentalism on the rise, progressive interpretations of scripture are dangerous to advocate." Reception The author of the Canadian Woman Studies stated that the work is "very helpful for a Western audience" and that it "does not only give a more realistic picture of Middle Eastern women but it also shows the directions in which future studies should go" despite the criticisms the CWS author has. The CWS article argued that there is a lack of "a clearly identifiable theoretical approach" in Brooks's journalism and a "lack of an adequate historical analysis of Muslim societies". The publication also argues that "Brooks has difficulty in accepting the lack of interest in feminist issues showed by some of her acquaintances." In regards to Brooks's argument that the Western powers are not showing action because the issue has to do with feminism even though the Western powers take action regarding race, the CWS article stated that Western countries have issues with both sexism and racism and that "to play off gender and race issues against one another is not only unhelpful but definitely harmful to the democratic and egalitarian struggle." The publication Resources for Feminist Research is critical of the book. The publication argued that the work has "presuppositions, stereotypes, distortions and disingenuous paradoxes" because she presents the women in her book "as the wisdom of 'Muslim' authorities" and does so "without qualification". It argues that the work exhibits a "sense of superiority and the appearance of Western Self in opposition to the Other" and a double standard where the author excuses an increase of Islamic fundamentalism in Muslim countries but shows a negative reaction when seeing the hijab worn by Indonesian Australian women in her home country. Geoff Lumetta of the Washington Report on Middle East Affairs argued that the book should make comparisons between the situation of women in the West and those in Islamic countries in order to gain a "universal perspective". Citing women chronicled in the book who have a positive attitude to being Muslim, Lumetta added "However, readers already inundated with negative portrayals of Islam shouldn't shy away from this book, which is much more than a rebuke of the religion." Ms. wrote that "Brooks's exploration of the precarious status of women in the wake of Islamic fundamentalism is riveting." Bronwyn Drainie of The Globe and Mail argued that women "have access to and empathy with the half of the world's population whose lives are so often ignored by the Western press and media" so therefore Nine Parts of Desire "demonstrates the best possible reason for employing women as foreign correspondents." Victor T. Le Vine of the St. Louis Post - Dispatch wrote that "The book contains enough minor errors of interpretation and analysis to irritate some specialists on the subject, but it is not a work of scholarship, and as perceptive, intelligent and sympathetic reportage it is more than worth the price of admission." The Human Rights Quarterly wrote that Brooks "has written a fascinating account that captures both the complexity and the variety of practices among Muslim women in different countries, while also puncturing a number of western stereotypes." The New Yorker stated "The author's revelations about these women's lives behind the veil are frank, enraging, and captivating." References Further reading Bragg, Rebecca. "Western eyes see Iran in different light." Toronto Star. Saturday, March 18, 1995. Arts p. K16. NewsBank Record Number 950318TS12607. -- Contains reviews of this book and: Reed, Fred A. Persian Postcards: Iran After Khomeini. Published by Talonbooks. ISSN 0319-0781. Dunphy, Catherine. "A peek at private lives behind the veil of Islam Author reached understanding if not acceptance of hidden Mid-Eastern society." Toronto Star. Sunday, February 26, 1995. Spotlight p. C3. NewsBank Record Number 950226TS09348. -- About Geraldine Brooks and Nine Parts of Desire External links Author's official site - Nine Parts Of Desire page Books about Islam and society Feminist books 1994 non-fiction books	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine%20Parts%20of%20Desire
Santana N. Dotson (born December 19, 1969) is a former American football defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the fifth round of the 1992 NFL Draft. He was a part of Houston's Yates High School football team when it won the 1985 5A state championship. While at Baylor, Dotson was voted a unanimous All-American in 1991. He won the 1992 NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as he registered 10 sacks and then played in two Super Bowls with the Green Bay Packers. He won Super Bowl XXXI with the Packers. Santana Dotson is working to become an NFL broadcaster, and currently appears on the "Bob & Brian Show," on WHQG Radio in Milwaukee, during the NFL season. There are several other prominent football players in the Dotson family. Alphonse Dotson, father of Santana played at Grambling University then went on to play for several teams in the NFL, ending with the Oakland Raiders. Santana Dotson also has a nephew, Alonzo Dotson, who played for the Oklahoma Sooners, then was picked up as a free agent by the Washington Redskins, whom now in his 4th season with the New York Jets as a College Area Scout (South East) after spending 5 seasons with the Green Bay Packers as a area Scout. References External links Santana Dotson Foundation 1969 births Living people All-American college football players American football defensive tackles Baylor Bears football players Green Bay Packers players Players of American football from New Orleans Washington Redskins players Tampa Bay Buccaneers players	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santana%20Dotson
WGNM (channel 45) is a religious television station in Macon, Georgia, United States, owned and operated by the Christian Television Network (CTN). The station's studios are located on Steven Drive in northwestern Macon, and its transmitter is located on GA 87/US 23/US 129 ALT (Golden Isles Highway), along the Twiggs–Bibb county line. History The station first signed on the air on November 30, 1990, as an independent station owned by the locally based Macon Urban Ministries, doing business as Good News Television. WGNM became a charter affiliate of UPN in the summer of 1996. The station was sold to the Christian Television Network in February 2004; despite this, the new owner maintained the UPN affiliation and some syndicated secular programming, along with an overnight affiliation with the Shop at Home Network, though religious programming has always made up the bulk of WGNM's broadcast schedule. Upon the merger of UPN and The WB into The CW, announced in January 2006, CTN used the opportunity to withdraw WGNM from carrying secular programming, refusing to take either The CW or MyNetworkTV. CTN completed the withdrawal on September 2, 2006, and switched to originating a fully religious schedule. On February 1, 2008, WGNM turned off its analog transmitter and began broadcasting exclusively in digital. On April 24, 2020, at 12 p.m., WGNM moved from RF channel 45 to RF channel 33 and began broadcasting in 1080i high definition. Subchannels The station's digital signal is multiplexed: References External links Television channels and stations established in 1990 GNM 1990 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state) Christian Television Network affiliates	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGNM
Earl Christopher Dotson (born December 17, 1970) is a former American football offensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected in the third round (81st overall) of the 1993 NFL Draft by the Green Bay Packers after playing college football for Texas A&M–Kingsville. He played for the Packers for 10 seasons. He started in Super Bowl XXXI and XXXII. References 1970 births Living people American football offensive tackles Green Bay Packers players Texas A&M–Kingsville Javelinas football players Tyler Apaches football players Players of American football from Beaumont, Texas	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl%20Dotson
Mokshan () is an urban locality (a work settlement) and the administrative center of Mokshansky District of Penza Oblast, Russia. Population: 10,710 (1900). History It was established in 1566 as a fort to protect the country from the raids of the Tatars and the Kalmyks, and is supposedly located on the site of the Meshcheryak town of Murunza mentioned as early as the 9th century. It was granted town status in 1780 and demoted to rural locality in 1925. Urban-type settlement status was granted to it in 1960. References External links Unofficial website of Mokshan Urban-type settlements in Penza Oblast Mokshansky Uyezd Mokshansky District	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokshan
First Warning (2005) is a science fantasy novel by American writers Anne McCaffrey and Elizabeth Ann Scarborough. It is the first book in the trilogy Acorna's Children, which is part of the Acorna Universe series that McCaffrey and Margaret Ball initiated in Acorna: The Unicorn Girl (1997). First Warning chronicles the adventures of Khorii. She is the daughter of Acorna and Aari, main characters in the earlier books. It is a coming-of-age story in a sense, and as Khorii ages she learns to use the telepathic powers that are characteristic of all her people, the Linyaari. References 2005 American novels 2005 fantasy novels 2005 science fiction novels Novels by Anne McCaffrey Acorna Eos Books books	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Warning%20%28novel%29
"No Good Advice" is a song by British-Irish girl group Girls Aloud, taken from their debut album, Sound of the Underground (2003). The song was written by Aqua's Lene Nystrøm Rasted, Miranda Cooper, Brian Higgins and his production team Xenomania, and produced by Higgins and Xenomania. The song has themes of rebellion, reflecting Higgins' general mood of failure after a business partnership fell through. Following the overwhelming success of Girls Aloud's debut single, "Sound of the Underground", the group waited five months until May 2003 before releasing the follow-up. "No Good Advice" cemented their success when it peaked at number two in Ireland and on the UK Singles Chart. "No Good Advice" performed moderately elsewhere, reaching the top 40 in the Netherlands, the top 50 in Belgium, and number 88 in Australia. The music video features Girls Aloud dressed in futuristic silver outfits and hologram effects. "No Good Advice" was promoted through various live performances and has since been performed on Girls Aloud's first three concert tours. Described as "a disco track with guitar", the song has heavy 1980s influences. The track was lauded by many contemporary music critics, who deemed it a worthy sequel to its predecessor and praised Higgins' production. Background and composition Musically, the song was labelled "a disco track with guitar - a cross between Blondie and The Bangles." The song was written in the key of B minor. The song consists of a verse followed by a bridge and chorus. In place of a middle 8, there is a guitar solo instead. The song ends with a spoken outro. Originally written for Miranda Cooper under the pseudonym Moonbaby, "No Good Advice" seems to be about a rebellious girl who does not need "no good advice" and does things independently. However, according to an interview for The Guardian in July 2004, Brian Higgins said that the song reflected his general mood of failure after a special deal between Xenomania and London Records fell through in 2000, and about persisting in spite of what people told him to do or not to do. The song's chorus originally began with the phrase "I don't like fried rice". "No Good Advice" was sung over a rave backing track, until different Xenomania musicians were asked to contribute new backing tracks. Higgins was inspired by indie rock. He stated, "pop music was on its backside and indie music was about to rise [...] The guitar riff on No Good Advice is very very similar to the riff on the track Michael by Franz Ferdinand." Brian Higgins said that Girls Aloud initially did not like the song: "We played them some of it, and they said: 'That's not our sound.' I objected to the use of that phrase 'our sound'. I told them they had five minutes to talk about whether or not they wanted to continue with me. They went away and spoke about it and since then it's been fine. They come in expecting to work, and there's a trust there which, I think, dates back to that day." Release It took Girls Aloud five months to release "No Good Advice". Nadine Coyle said in an interview with The Lipster, "We were No.1 for a month straight and then getting songs from all these other producers and we were, 'Nah, don't like it'. We waited from December to May before releasing a second single because we knew it had to be our strong point or we might as well kiss our careers goodbye." Kimberley Walsh further exclaimed, "We knew it was strong enough to come back with." Girls Aloud reportedly had to re-record "No Good Advice" because "it features rude words", such as "damn" and "shit". However, the line "Here I am / Dirty hands, I don't give a damn" was kept intact. An explicit version of the song appears on the special edition bonus disc of The Sound of Girls Aloud, replacing the lyric "shut your mouth because it might show" with "shut your mouth because your shit might show". Furthermore, an early demo of the song appears on a singles boxset released in 2009; this demo including the clean lyric in the first bridge and the explicit lyric in the second bridge. The song was released as a CD single, featuring an exclusive b-side entitled "On a Round", which was later covered by Taiwanese singer Jolin Tsai under the title "Run Run" for her 2009 compilation album Jeneration. The CD format also includes the Dreadzone vocal mix of "No Good Advice" and its music video. The DVD single did not actually feature the "No Good Advice" music video, just a photo gallery and behind-the-scenes footage. It did, however, include audio of the track and the video to "Sound of the Underground". Another remix, the Doublefunk Vocal Mix, was later featured on the "Life Got Cold" single and the remix album Mixed Up. Reception Critical response "No Good Advice" received mostly positive reviews from music critics. A BBC review described the song as "better than anything else [...] in the charts." Unlike many other songs, it was said to be "not obsessed with trying to be a cutting-edge club hit, [...] with at least three different killer hooks welded together" that borrowed heavily from the 1980s. It was said to be "just as good, if not better" than "Sound of the Underground". It provides "more brassy and in-your-face lyrics of defiance and determination [...] Higgins injects an element of instant-catchy-cool to the songs without going overboard in trying to shape uber-chic dance floor hits." On a less positive side, Tourdates.co.uk said that "No Good Advice" was a failure at adding attitude to Girls Aloud's music and imitates "as many songs as possible." The song has been compared to the Knack's "My Sharona". In 2003, the song won the Popjustice £20 Music Prize, an annual prize awarded by a panel of judges organised by music website Popjustice to the singer(s) of the best British pop single of the past year. Popjustice founder Peter Robinson wrote that the song "established a motif that would saturate Girls Aloud's string of subsequent singles: an unpredictable and triumphantly contrary desire to push and pull the band in exciting new directions at every turn." Chart performance "No Good Advice" debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart, held off by R. Kelly's "Ignition Remix". The song slipped to number five in its second week on the chart. The single lasted two more weeks in the top twenty at numbers eleven and seventeen respectively. Overall, "No Good Advice" was inside the top forty for six weeks; it spent an additional eight weeks in the top 75, selling over 105,000 copies. "No Good Advice" suffered a similar fate on the Irish Singles Chart, peaking at number two behind Ireland's Eurovision finalist Mickey Joe Harte. It spent three consecutive weeks at number three, behind Harte and R. Kelly. The song fell to number seven in its fourth week on the Irish chart. It spent four further weeks in the top twenty. The song also charted in the top fifty in Belgium and the Netherlands, placing at numbers 45 and 26 respectively. Music video The video for "No Good Advice" was filmed in April 2003 and was directed by Phil Griffin, who previously directed "Sound of the Underground" and would also direct "Life Got Cold". It features the members of Girls Aloud clad in metallic, silver, futuristic outfits (which are seen on the cover of the original release of their album Sound of the Underground). Girls Aloud fade in and out like holograms, centered around a rusty old car parked near a phone booth. They are joined by several men playing electric guitar, whom they flirt with while in various other poses. In a separate scene, while a black background with bright pinkish lights being emitted from behind, all five girls shake tambourines and dance. The last two scenes are intertwined with neon-coloured animated special effects the background, finally ending with an explosion scene. In a special programme shown exclusively on MTV to promote their second album What Will the Neighbours Say?, Girls Aloud confessed that they hated the "No Good Advice" video shoot. According to the group, both Cheryl Cole and Sarah Harding's trousers ripped and the make-up artist yelled at them. The group woke with bruised thighs the following day. The music video can be found on the group's 2005 DVD release Girls on Film. In the group's 2007 DVD Style, which also features the music video, Girls Aloud were horrified by the video upon watching it again. Regardless, viewers of FHM TV voted the video for "No Good Advice" as the fifth sexiest music video of all time in 2006. Live performances "No Good Advice" was performed live for the first time on CD:UK on 5 April 2003, a month ahead of the single's release. Girls Aloud sang in front of a checkered background in red outfits with black accents, as seen on the single's artwork. The group returned to the show three more times to perform "No Good Advice", including a performance using taxi cabs as a prop and another using phone booths. It was performed on Top of the Pops Saturday twice, as well as its parent show. Girls Aloud also visited Blue Peter and Popworld. It was also performed at a number of live events in 2003, such as Spring Break, Pepsi Silver Clef, Party in the Park, the West Belfast Festival, and a festival in Belgium. Girls Aloud also sang the song on Germany's VIVA Interaktiv. In the United Kingdom, Girls Aloud later performed at the Children in Need telethon and on Popworlds Christmas special. Girls Aloud performed "No Good Advice" on their first three concert tours. For their first tour, 2005's What Will the Neighbours Say...? Tour, Girls Aloud performed the song in school uniforms. The rendition featured an introlude taken from part two of the Pink Floyd song "Another Brick in the Wall". The following year, "No Good Advice" was featured as the second track on the Chemistry Tour. The group, who were created by mad scientists in the show's opening sequence, wore lab coats. The performance, influenced by Broadway, was set in a laboratory as each member was paired with a male dance partner. After a dance break, the mad scientist dancers performed a "magic trick" in which he made Cheryl Cole "disappear" and then reappear. For 2007's The Greatest Hits Tour, Girls Aloud performed "No Good Advice" in lingerie. The stage featured pedestals and platforms which Girls Aloud were on. For 2009's Out of Control Tour, "No Good Advice" was included in a greatest hits medley which closed the show. The song was also performed on the band's 2013 reunion tour, Ten: The Hits Tour. It was performed as the second song in the show after the opener "Sound of the Underground". Track listings and formatsUK CD single (Polydor; 9800051) "No Good Advice" – 3:48 "On a Round" (Karen Poole, H. Korpi, M. Johansson) – 2:45 "No Good Advice" (Dreadzone Vocal Mix) – 6:53 "No Good Advice" (video) – 3:46UK cassette single (Polydor; 9800050) "No Good Advice" – 3:48 "On a Round" – 2:45UK DVD single (Polydor; 9800052) "No Good Advice" (audio) – 3:43 "Sound of the Underground" (video) – 3:46 "No Good Advice" (photo gallery) "No Good Advice" (behind the scenes footage) – 2:00The Singles Boxset (CD2) "No Good Advice" – 3:48 "On a Round" – 2:45 "No Good Advice" (Dreadzone vocal mix) – 6:53 "No Good Advice" (Doublefunk dub mix) – 6:34 "No Good Advice" (Dreadzone dub mix) – 6:57 "No Good Advice" (parental advisory version) – 3:48 "No Good Advice" (Flip & Fill Remix) – 6:27 "No Good Advice" (behind the scenes footage) – 2:00 "Sound of the Underground" (video) – 3:46 "No Good Advice" (photo gallery)20th Anniversary Digital EP''' "No Good Advice" – 3:48 "On a Round" – 2:45 "No Good Advice" (Demo) – 3:52 "No Good Advice" (Dreadzone vocal mix) – 6:54 "No Good Advice" (Doublefunk vocal mix) – 7:28 "No Good Advice" (Flip & Fill remix) – 6:27 "No Good Advice" (parental advisory version) – 3:46 "No Good Advice" (Doublefunk dub mix) – 6:31 "No Good Advice" (Dreadzone dub mix) – 6:54 Personnel Nadine Coyle – co-lead vocals Cheryl Cole – co-lead vocals Sarah Harding – co-lead vocals Nicola Roberts – co-lead vocals Kimberley Walsh – co-lead vocals Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications Cover versions British girl group Cleopatra performed the song on the ITV show Hit Me, Baby, One More Time'' in 2005. References 2003 singles 2003 songs Girls Aloud songs Polydor Records singles Song recordings produced by Xenomania Songs written by Brian Higgins (producer) Songs written by Lene Nystrøm Songs written by Lisa Cowling Songs written by Miranda Cooper Songs written by Nick Coler Dance-rock songs British pop rock songs	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20Good%20Advice
Water Stories is an album by German andean new age band Cusco. It was released in 1990 as their third album for the Higher Octave music label. The album peaked at #11 on the Billboard Top New Age albums chart in 1991. The album celebrates some of the world's major water bodies and surrounding areas. Although presented as a proper album, it contains tracks from throughout the early career of the band, and was designed as a sort of "best of" collection. Compared to Mystic Island, this album's tracks mostly come from the albums Cusco II, Virgin Islands and Ring der Delphine, but has selected tracks from other albums as well, as well as the brand new track "Chorus", an alternate version of "Flying Condor" from the Apurimac album. Each track has been remastered for this release. Additionally, some of the tracks have been edited to shorten them, most noticeably "Bur Said", "Jebel at Tarik", and "Bodensee". Track listing "Waters of Cesme" "Java" "Seychelles" "Lake Erie" "Bur Said" "Jebel at Tarik" "Sun of Jamaica" "Lake of the Ozarks" "Alcatraz" "Bodensee" "Aurora" "Chorus" Album credits Michael Holm – Arranger, producer, vocals, keyboard Kristian Schultze – Arranger, keyboard Billy Lang – Guitar Johan Daansen - Guitar Todd Canedy - Drums Gunther Gebauer Bass References 1990 albums Cusco (band) albums	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20Stories%20%28Cusco%20album%29
David Michael Brown (born February 25, 1970) is a former professional American football quarterback who played for Duke University and later in the National Football League (NFL) for the New York Giants and Arizona Cardinals. Brown grew up in Westfield, New Jersey and played high school football at Westfield High School, graduating in 1988. After his career in football, Dave went on to become a director at New York Life Investment Management. In 2008, Dave joined Lehman Brothers where he served as a Senior Vice President of Lehman's Private Fund Marketing Group. He left Lehman Brothers in 2008 to become the Co-Head of Greenhill's Private Capital Advisory Group. In 2015, he joined Moelis & Company to lead their new private equity fundraising business. College Brown had a successful career at Duke University. In his November 4, 1989, starting debut he threw for 444 yards against Wake Forest University, including a 97-yard touchdown to wide receiver Clarkston Hines to establish Duke's longest play from scrimmage. Later that month, Brown set a school single-game record with 479 passing yards against the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, upending Duke's rival, 41-0, to finish the year with seven straight wins and a share of the Atlantic Coast Conference championship. The Blue Devils subsequently received a bid to play in the All-American Bowl, Duke's first bowl game in almost 30 years. In 1991, Brown was chosen as the recipient of Duke's Carmen Falcone Team MVP Award. Brown ranks in the top ten in the following categories for Duke football quarterbacks: pass attempts in a season (#4, 437), pass attempts in a career (#5, 845), pass attempts in a game (#8, 54), pass completions in a game (#5, 33), pass completions in a season (#5, 230), pass completions in a career (#5, 463), passing yards in a game (#1, 479), passing yards in a season (#5, 2,794), passing yards in a career (#5, 5,717), touchdown passes in a game (#2, 4), touchdown passes in a season (#3, 20), touchdown passes in a career (#4, 42), 300-yard passing games in a season (#2, 4), 400-yard passing games in a career (#3, 8), 400-yard passing games in a season (#1, 2), and 400-yard passing games in a career (#2, 2). Brown ranks in the top ten in the following categories for Duke football offensive players: total offensive yards in a season (#5, 2,851), total offensive yards in a career(#5, 5,770), total offensive yards in a game (#2, 470), and two-point attempts in a game (#1, 3). 1989: Threw for 1,479 yards with 14 TD vs 6 INT in just 8 games. This would be his only season under head coach Steve Spurrier before Spurrier was replaced by Barry Wilson. 1990: Threw for 1,444 yards with 8 TD vs 12 INT. 1991: Threw for 2,794 yards with 20 TD vs 15 INT on 437 pass attempts. Would also run for 5 TD. NFL Brown was drafted by the Giants as the top overall selection in the 1992 Supplemental Draft. His first appearance came on December 12, 1992, when he was forced into the lineup due to injuries of Phil Simms, Jeff Hostetler, and Kent Graham, dropping a 19–0 decision to the Phoenix Cardinals. To make matters worse, Brown himself was injured during the game and didn't play a down the rest of the season. Following Simms' release after the following season, Brown won the starting job in 1994 and helped guide his team to a 9–7 record, including a season-ending six-game winning streak. However, the Giants won only a combined 11 games in the next two seasons and their offense finished statistically worst in the league in 1996. This finish led to the firing of Dan Reeves, and the hiring of noted QB guru Jim Fassel. After injuring his chest during a game against the Dallas Cowboys, Brown lost his starting job in 1997 and was never able to re-claim it. Jim Fassel went the rest of the season with Danny Kanell at quarterback and had an unexpected run to the playoffs and division title. In the off-season Brown was signed by the Arizona Cardinals to play primarily as a backup, and he ended up finishing his career in 2001 with Arizona. Following his career in professional football, Brown moved on to investment management. NFL career statistics See also History of the New York Giants (1994–present) References 1970 births Living people American football quarterbacks Arizona Cardinals players New York Giants players Duke Blue Devils football players Westfield High School (New Jersey) alumni Sportspeople from Summit, New Jersey Players of American football from Union County, New Jersey Sportspeople from Westfield, New Jersey American financiers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Brown%20%28quarterback%29

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