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Mike Straka is an American television and radio host, author and producer. He is the co-host and producer on Fighting Words with Mike Straka and Mike Madlab Iurata on TheMadLabMMa.com Previously Straka hosted The Straka and Krempel Show on WWBA Big 8 Radio, Sportstalkflorida.com, and the MMAVERICKS podcast on BLEAV networks, He is the author of Rowdy Rousey, and was host of the "MMA Noise" YouTube channel. Straka was co-host and producer on Spike TV's primetime MMA news magazine show, MMA Uncensored Live and he was the creator and the host of "TapouT Radio" on Sirius XM Sports. He served as the in-cage post fight interview correspondent for World Series of Fighting and as UFC correspondent for Fight Now TV. Straka also hosted Fighting Words with Mike Straka on Mark Cuban's HDNet which featured interviews with mixed martial arts athletes and was the creator and host of Fox Fight Game, one of the first mainstream news programs covering Mixed Martial Arts on Fox News.
Straka is a regular contributor to FIGHT! Magazine, and wrote a book on MMA, based on interviews from his television show, Fighting Words, which was published by Triumph Books. Straka was also a senior producer for FUSE TV'S "Fuse News" and has interviewed and produced several television pieces on well-known artists, including Sinead O'Connor, Zedd, Sam Smith, Naughty Boy, Wiz Khalifa, R Kelly, Lou Reed, Armin Van Buuren, Jeff Bhasker and more.
Straka was a vice president and executive producer at FOX News Digital, and also served as an on-air commentator on Hollywood and celebrity topics, as well as sports, for the cable net and on FOXNews.com. He created and produced Strategy Room. Straka hosted and was executive producer of FOX Fight Game, a mixed martial arts (MMA) features and news program, and was a columnist on FOXNews.com. Mike has interviewed some of the world's most famous artists in film and television.
Acting career
Mike Straka played a ring side fight commentator in Nick Sasso's Haymaker (2021), and previously played "Young Minetta" in the film Analyze This and appeared as "Johnny" off-Broadway in Tony n' Tina's Wedding. Straka appeared in several television commercials in the 1990s, including The Olive Garden, Papa Gino's Pizza, Healthy Choice Pasta Sauce, The Powerpuff Girls and Target.
Early years
Straka was born in Newark, New Jersey and grew up in Barnegat Township. He graduated from Monsignor Donovan High School (Toms River, New Jersey), where he was on the wrestling team. He studied acting at Rutgers University and wrestled for The Scarlet Knights, and moved to New York City to begin his career, where he starred in commercials, daytime soaps and the Off-Broadway play Tony N' Tina's Wedding.
He started his career as a CBS page, ushering audiences through the West 57th Street studios to see talk shows like Geraldo Rivera and Joan Rivers, and giving tours and answering phones throughout the building. After a year as a page, he was hired by CBS News Radio to be a desk assistant. He joined Fox News Channel just prior to the network launch in 1996, and served as a tape operator, writer, associate producer, producer, and director of operations and special projects for FOXNews.com, and ended his career there in 2010 as Vice President and Executive Producer for FOX News Digital.
Mike is also a proprietor in the pizza business.
References
External links
New York Times article on Strategy Room
Bloody Elbow Review of Fighting Words
Big Lead Sports Interview
Vigilante MMA interview with Straka
Interview with Mike Straka on MMArecap
Parcbench article on Strategy Room
Huffington Post Interview about Ronda Rousey book
Living people
Fox News people
People from Barnegat Township, New Jersey
American people of Czech descent
Rutgers Scarlet Knights wrestlers
Mixed martial arts broadcasters
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Straka |
The Iowa High School Speech Association (IHSSA) consists of member high schools from four districts in Iowa, United States, and offers three categories of competition: debate, large group, and individual events. At the end of each of the three contests, the Cooley Sweepstakes Trophy is awarded. To get to the all-state speech tournament, one must first proceed from the district and state tournaments. At district for speech, there is one judge (except for One Act Play, which has 3 judges) who issues ratings and every team or individual who receives a "I" goes on. At State (there are four "state" tournaments) there are three judges, and two out of three must not only give a "I" rating, but also give a recommendation.
Tournaments
The State Debate Tournament is typically held the first weekend of January each year. Schools are only allowed to enter a certain number of debaters in each category, aimed at getting the best debaters from Iowa to the tournament. Events include Student Congress and Lincoln-Douglas Debate, as well as others. The IHSSA uses the same rules and resolutions as the National Forensic League when hosting these events.
District tournaments are held for both large group and individual events separately.
State tournaments are also held separately for large group and individual events. There are four state tournaments in Iowa.
The All-State Festival is actually not a tournament because there are no judges or superior tournaments to compete for. Instead, the best in each category are showcased at two separate events. Critics give comments instead of ratings given by judges.
Large group events
One Act Play. A group performs either one act from a longer play, or a whole play consisting of only one act; no limits are placed on cast size and scene changes.
Readers Theatre. A group performs a presentation of a work, read from a script; There are no props besides chairs.
Choral Reading. Also known as voice choir, where group members recite a work from a script, whether in unison or not; movements and voice changes are used for effect.
Ensemble Acting. Any type of acting scene requiring more than one participant. No costuming or props allowed except for chairs and a table.
Group Mime. A group acts out a scene in silence. Background music (without lyrics) is allowed. Additionally, traditional mime face paint is no longer used in competition as it was deemed racially insensitive.
Solo Mime. An individual acts a scene in silence, usually to background instrumental music, although this is not required.
Television News Broadcasting. A video "broadcast" is prepared in advance by a group, and displayed for judging; the video includes sections on news, weather, and even commercials.
Radio News Broadcasting. A radio "broadcast" is prepared in advance by a group and is played for judging. As with the video-based competition, the "broadcast" includes news, weather reports, and commercials.
Group Improvisation. A group of 2-6 people choose one topic from a list of three, and are given two minutes to prepare a scene lasting five minutes or less.
Musical Theater. A group of 2 - 8 students performs a series of selections from a musical play, with background music. This category has a maximum time limit of 10 minutes.
Short Film. A film under five minutes is prepared in advance of the contest. The film can be of any genre, from comedy to action, as long as it meets the time requirements. This contest can involve as many as fifteen students.
Individual events
Acting. A one-act play or a segment of a play, book, or other published material
Poetry. Speak a poem or poems
Prose. Speak a section of a book or other published material
After Dinner Speaking. A speech about anything similar to what would be given after a formal dinner
Improvisational Acting. A short made-up skit, often humorous. 3 characters and 2 situations are drawn, must include 2 characters and one situation from those drawn
Radio News Broadcasting. A radio program made up of current news, drawn up and performed by one person (not to be confused with LG radio) that should cover typical news, including a commercial and a news flash.
Spontaneous Speaking. A short made-up speech concerning important issues. Three topics are drawn and one is chosen.
Original Oratory. A speech created by the speaker.
Reviewing. A general review of a book, movie, album, video game, or other published material or product.
Storytelling. Speaker tells a short story, memorized. Speaker must sit on a stool and pretend to be telling the story to an audience. The story may be a children's story or have an adult content.
Literary Program. A combination between poetry and prose categories
Public Address. Speaker gives another persons' speech, such as the "Gettysburg Address" by Abraham Lincoln (however the Address is too short to be given at contest).
Expository. A "how-to" speech that explains how something works; an explanatory speech.
Solo Musical Theater. Speaker sings a song and acts it out. The speaker may record his/her voice to the song ahead of time, however the voice and the song must be together.
See also
National Forensic League
External links
IHSSA Web Site
Student debating societies
Public speaking organizations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa%20High%20School%20Speech%20Association |
Opium is a plant latex that is a source of narcotic analgesic drugs
Opium may also refer to:
Afyonkarahisar, Turkish city formerly known as Afyon (Opium)
Opium poppy, the plant from which opium is obtained
Opium (perfume)
Film
Opium (1919 film), a 1919 German film
Opium (1949 film), a 1949 Mexican crime film
Opium: Diary of a Madwoman, a 2007 Hungarian film
Music
Opium (KMFDM album), 1984
Opium (Ottmar Liebert album), 1996
Opium (Bill Dixon, Franz Koglmann, and Steve Lacy album), 2001
Opium (Matt Berry album), 2008
Opium (Jay-Jay Johanson album)
Opium, a 1995 album by Russian rock band Agatha Christie
"Opium" (Moonspell song), 1996
"Opium" (Serebro song), 2008
"Opium", a song by Marcy Playground on their 1997 self-titled album
"Opium", a song by moe. on their 2001 album Dither
”Opium”, a record label founded by American rapper Playboi Carti
"Opium", from the Anastasis album by Dead Can Dance, 2012
Literature
Opium, a fictional country situated between Aztlán, Mexico and the United States in Nancy Farmer's novel The House of the Scorpion (2002)
Opium, graphic novel by the Spanish comic book artist Daniel Torres
"Opium", a 1980 short story by Harlan Ellison
See also
Opiates, drugs derived from opium
Opioids, drugs similar to opiates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Jasey-Jay Anderson (born 13 April 1975 in Val-Morin, Quebec) is a Canadian snowboarder and Olympic gold medallist, who competed in the 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, Winter Olympics. Anderson currently resides in Mont-Tremblant outside of Montreal.
Personal life
When he is not snowboarding, Anderson lives on a blueberry farm in Mont-Tremblant, Quebec.
Since 2007, Jasey-Jay is part of the Tremblant athletes ambassadors program.
Sports career
Anderson is Canada's most decorated snowboarder having achieved a World Championship gold medal in all 3 slalom events over his career, and an Olympic gold medal in parallel giant slalom. In addition to being a 4 time world champion Anderson has achieved success across the board. Anderson won four consecutive overall FIS Snowboard World Cup titles from 2000 to 2004 and two world cup overall titles in snowboard cross in 2001–02 and 2005–06. These titles included 20 podiums in parallel giant slalom and 19 podiums in snowboard cross.
Anderson is also a six-time Olympic athlete, having represented Canada in the 1998 Nagano, 2002 Salt Lake, 2006 Turin, 2010 Vancouver, 2014 Sochi, 2018 PyeongChang, Winter Olympic games.
Anderson's best result in the Olympics prior to Vancouver 2010 was a 5th-place finish in snowboard cross in Turin. Anderson finished 20th in the parallel giant slalom event at the 2006 Turin games.
Anderson won the gold medal in men's parallel giant slalom at the 2010 Winter Olympics on home soil as the games took place in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Anderson retired following the Vancouver 2010 Olympics but returned to snowboarding to compete in the Sochi 2014 Olympics, where he was the oldest competitor and ultimately finished in fourteenth position.
In January 2018, at age 42, he became the oldest snowboarder to compete at a World Cup. Anderson qualified for the PyeongChang Olympics. With his participation at the 2018 Winter Olympics, he became the oldest competitor in snowboarding, and the Canadian with the most appearances at the Winter Olympics, becoming a 6-time Winter Olympian.
References
External links
National Team Profile
CTV Olympic Profile
20th-century Canadian farmers
Canadian male snowboarders
Olympic snowboarders for Canada
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Snowboarders at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2018 Winter Olympics
1975 births
Living people
Anglophone Quebec people
Sportspeople from Laurentides
Olympic medalists in snowboarding
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Quebec | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasey-Jay%20Anderson |
Qońirat, also spelled as Kungrad (Karakalpak: Қоңырат, Qońırat), formerly known as Zheleznodorozhny (, until 1969), is a city in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan, located in the Amu Darya delta on the left bank of the river. It is the seat of Qońirat district. Its population is 37,100 (2016).
References
External links
Kungrad, Uzbekistan - history, photos and map
Populated places in Karakalpakstan
Cities in Uzbekistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qo%C5%84irat |
Bobby Issazadhe (born 20,February 1961) is a Swedish former professional race car driver and Performance Racing team manager. Issazadhe competed in the 2001 British Formula Three Championship B-Class for two races, driving for the Performance Racing. Issazadhe remained with Performance for 2002, but his role changed to that of team manager. Issazadhe left Performance just before the start of the 2004 season. Since the A1GP got underway, Issazadhe has been manager of the Pakistan A1GP Team.
References
External links
1961 births
Living people
Swedish racing drivers
British Formula Three Championship drivers
A1 Grand Prix people
Performance Racing drivers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Issazadhe |
DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge, created in 1958, is located along the banks of the Missouri River in the U.S. states of Iowa and Nebraska. The refuge (46% in Iowa, 54% in Nebraska) preserves an area that would have been otherwise lost to cultivation. In 1960, an Army Corps of Engineers channelization project on the Missouri River moved the main river channel in the area to the west. The former river channel became DeSoto Lake, a seven-mile long oxbow lake. As a result, part of the Nebraska portion of the refuge lies on the east side of the Missouri River.
For over 20 years after construction, the lake was used for recreational boating, with half of the lake designated for watersports and the other half a no-wake zone for wildlife habitat and fishing. The lake was so popular that access was limited by the park's rangers to keep the boat traffic down on the lake on Saturday and Sunday afternoons. The lake's marina, snack bar, swimming area and boat ramps were all removed, and restrictions were placed on boat operation.
Today, the refuge is home to around 30 mammal species, including white-tailed deer, beavers, opossums, raccoons, fox squirrels, muskrats and coyotes. Many bird species also inhabit the refuge, such as bald eagles, great blue herons, egrets, pelicans, turkeys and cardinals. The refuge is also a major stopover on the Central Flyway bird migration route; the population of migratory birds increases substantially in the spring and fall months. The numbers of snow geese used to frequently be in the hundreds of thousands, but for unknown reasons has substantially dropped for only a few thousand a year (not at once). The population of Canada geese that stopped at the lake before it was channelized is once again rising.
Several miles of nature trails provide access to the varied landscapes of the refuge. Dogs are permitted only under physical restrictive control of a leash at all times. Hunting is allowed in season (for deer, turkey, and pheasant) with a permit and there are several fishing piers along the lake, which are open outside of the bird migration seasons.
The refuge also documents the area's human history. In 1865, the sternwheel steamboat Bertrand, bound for the Montana Territory, sank in the Missouri River. The boat and its cargo rested on the river bottom until 1968, when the wreck was rediscovered. Over 500,000 items were excavated from the wreck; many of them were in excellent condition. Catalogue numbers are now in the upper 5000's, each number sometimes only having one related object, or, in the case of nails, tens of thousands. A visitor center in the refuge displays many of these items. The Bertrand site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge is located five miles (eight kilometres) east of Blair, Nebraska. Access to the refuge is on U.S. Route 30 between Blair and Interstate 29.
See also
Boyer Chute National Wildlife Refuge
Fort Atkinson State Historic Park
References
External links
Official DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge website
Recreation.gov: DeSoto NWR
Friends of Boyer Chute and DeSoto National Wildlife Refuges
National Wildlife Refuges in Iowa
National Wildlife Refuges in Nebraska
Missouri River
Protected areas of Harrison County, Iowa
Protected areas of Pottawattamie County, Iowa
Protected areas of Washington County, Nebraska
Border irregularities of the United States
1958 establishments in Iowa
1958 establishments in Nebraska
Protected areas established in 1958 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeSoto%20National%20Wildlife%20Refuge |
Cascadilla School is a co-ed preparatory school in Ithaca, New York, United States. The school was established in 1876 as a tutoring and college preparatory school for Cornell University.
History
It was founded in 1876 as a boys' preparatory school for Cornell University. At this time, Universities typically required students to be proficient in Latin and Greek. However, students from rural areas often did not have access to instruction in these subjects. Some early members of the Cornell faculty became concerned about the quality of education available to such students and founded Cascadilla School to address this inequity. However, students also pursued athletic activities such as football and crew and created yearbooks to record their activities.
Shortly after the First World War, the school fell on hard financial times. They were forced to sell several buildings and parcels of land, including the Cascadilla School Boathouse, which still stands and is the centerpiece of Stewart Park. The building immediately south of the main classroom building once housed the dormitory, a dining hall, and a gymnasium but now has been remodeled to serve as an apartment building and is privately owned and operated.
In the later part of the 20th century, headmaster Maxwell Kendall began to accept female students, created a board of trustees for the school, made Cascadilla independent of (although still affiliated with) Cornell University, obtained accreditation from the New York State Board of Regents, obtained not-for-profit status, and marketed the school to international students with great success.
His son, John Kendall, a former history and math teacher at the school, later took over as headmaster and successfully opened the school up to students looking for an accelerated approach to their education. The accelerated program allows students to earn one unit of credit in one semester. In 1999 John Kendall's wife, Patricia Kendall, officially became the dean of students, and in 2001, she took over as headmistress, a position in which she serves to this day.
Between 40 and 60 students from ten different countries are guided by a faculty of twelve teachers, many of whom hold advanced degrees. Typically, Cascadilla School students go on to four-year colleges such as Binghamton University, Georgetown University, and New York University. Approximately 3,750 students have attended the Cascadilla School since 1876.
Athletics
Cascadilla offers its students three different athletic programs:
Equestrian Club (The Hippogriffs)
Ski Club
Soccer (The Gryphons)
Notable alumni
Hermann Biggs, physician and pioneer in the field of public health (Student, 1879)
John L. Collyer, businessman and chairman of the Board of Trustees at Cornell University; served as chairman, president, and CEO at B. F. Goodrich (Class of 1913)
Adolph Coors II, businessman who served as president at Coors Brewing Company; son of Adolph Coors (Class of 1903)
Charles B. King, entrepreneur and engineer who was the first person in Detroit to design, build, and drive a self-propelled automobile
John M. Olin, businessman and philanthropist; son of Franklin W. Olin (Class of 1909)
Spencer T. Olin, businessman and philanthropist; son of Franklin W. Olin (Class of 1917)
Henry Schoellkopf, football player at Cornell University and Harvard University; head football coach at Cornell from 1907 to 1908
Walter Wanger, film producer and movie executive during the Golden Age of Hollywood (Class of 1912)
References
External links
Cascadilla School
Preparatory schools in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Ithaca, New York
Schools in Tompkins County, New York
Private high schools in New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascadilla%20School |
"Qunut" is a supplication type of prayer made while standing in Islam.
Etymology
"Qunūt" () literally means "being obedient" or "the act of standing" in Classical Arabic. The word duʿā' () is Arabic for supplication, so the longer phrase duʿā' qunūt is sometimes used.
Qunut has many linguistic meanings, such as humility, obedience and devotion. However, it is more understood to be a special du'a which is recited during the prayer.
Customs
It is permissible to make the qunut before going into ruku (bowing), or it may be recited when one stands up straight after the ruku. Humaid says: "I asked Anas: 'Is the qunut before or after the ruku?' he said: 'We would do it before or after." This hadith was related by Ibn Majah and Muhammad ibn Nasr. In Fath al-Bari, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani comments that its chain is faultless. During dua qunut, the hands should be put together like a beggar.
The minority Ibadi school of Islam rejects the practice of qunūt altogether. However, it is normative in all daily prayers among the Twelver Shia.
References
Arabic words and phrases
Salah
Salah terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qunut |
Bonham Strand (Chinese: 文咸街) is a combination of two streets in Sheung Wan, Hong Kong: Bonham Strand (文咸東街) and Bonham Strand West (文咸西街).
As the name suggests, it was a strand and close to shore in the past though currently far from the seafront after several reclamations over history. This street renders the early shore line after 1842.
The streets are named after Sir George Bonham, the third Governor of Hong Kong (1848–1854), who led the reconstruction effort of Sheung Wan after a fire destroyed part of it in 1851. This was the government's first large-scale reclamation and road construction project.
Bonham Strand
Bonham Strand (文咸東街) starts from Queen's Road Central near Cosco Tower, with several junctions with Jervois Street, Mercer Street, Hillier Street, Clevery Street, Morris Street and Wing Lok Street, then returning to another section of Queen's Road Central in Possession Point.
The street is comparatively low to the surrounding area and is easily flooded during heavy rains.
The street is sometimes mistakenly written as Bonham Strand East after its Chinese name. The directory board in MTR Sheung Wan station is an illustration of the mistake.
Bonham Strand West
Bonham Strand West (文咸西街) starts from Bonham Strand and ends in Des Voeux Road West.
Bonham Strand West:
See also
List of streets and roads in Hong Kong
References
External links
Google Maps of Bonham Strand
Google Maps of Bonham Strand West
Roads on Hong Kong Island
Sheung Wan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonham%20Strand |
The 2006 American League Division Series (ALDS), the opening round of the 2006 American League playoffs, began on Tuesday, October 3, and ended on Saturday, October 7, with the champions of the three AL divisions—along with a "wild card" team—participating in two best-of-five series. They were:
(1) New York Yankees (East Division champions, 97–65) vs. (4) Detroit Tigers (Wild Card, 95–67); Tigers win series, 3–1.
(2) Minnesota Twins (Central Division champions, 96–66) vs. (3) Oakland Athletics (West Division champions, 93–69); Athletics win series, 3–0.
The Athletics and Tigers met in the AL Championship Series, where a Detroit sweep made the Tigers the American League champions. The Tigers then faced the St. Louis Cardinals in the 2006 World Series, and lost in five games.
Playoff race
The AL playoff race of 2006 was unusually dramatic, with the last divisional championship and the wild card berth undecided until the final day of the season, and the most unlikely of all of the AL's playoff contenders taking the top spot in the AL Central and the second seed.
In the AL East, the New York Yankees (97–65) clinched the division when the Boston Red Sox were eliminated from the playoffs by the Minnesota Twins (96–66) on September 20. The Oakland Athletics (92–69) clinched the AL West on September 26, and in the AL Central, the Twins won the division by a single game over the Wild Card Detroit Tigers (95–67) after Detroit—who had led the division for the entire season—lost their last five games. Minnesota had set a torrid pace since June 7, after a horrible start. The Twins sewed up their playoff berth with an 8–1 win over the Kansas City Royals. They clinched the Central Division title, their fourth in five years, with a 5–1 victory and a 10–8 Detroit loss to the Royals on the last day of the season. The Twins' 96–66 mark is their best since the 98–64 AL West Champion Twins of 1970.
Matchups
New York Yankees vs. Detroit Tigers
†: Game was postponed due to rain on October 4
Minnesota Twins vs. Oakland Athletics
New York vs. Detroit
Game 1
Yankee Stadium (I) in Bronx, New York
The Yankees struck first with a five-run third inning off Nate Robertson, who allowed a leadoff single to Johnny Damon and subsequent double to Derek Jeter. Bobby Abreu doubled to score both men, Gary Sheffield singled in Abreu, and Jason Giambi capped the scoring with a two-run home run. In the fifth, the Tigers got on the board with a solo home run from Craig Monroe, then Brandon Inge singled with one out before back-to-back two-out RBI doubles by Plácido Polanco and Sean Casey made it 5–3 Yankees, but Chien-Ming Wang struck out Magglio Ordóñez to end the inning. The Yankees added to their lead in the sixth off Robertson when Damon singled with two outs, then Jeter doubled before both men scored on Abreu's single. Curtis Granderson's home run in the seventh off Mike Myers made it 7−4 Yankees, but they got that run back on Jeter's home run in the eighth off Jamie Walker. Mariano Rivera pitched a scoreless ninth while Jeter batted 5-for-5 in the game, becoming the sixth player to record five hits in one postseason game.
Game 2
Yankee Stadium (I) in Bronx, New York
Game 2 was postponed for one day due to rain. In the second inning, Craig Monroe doubled with two outs before scoring on Marcus Thames's single to give the Tigers a 1–0 lead. In the fourth, Johnny Damon launched a three-run home run off Justin Verlander to give the Yankees a 3–1 lead. That would be last time the Yankees would lead a game in the series, and the last time they would score until Game 4. Jamie Walker (who earned the victory in relief) and Joel Zumaya shut the Yanks down for the rest of the game. The Tiger hitters clawed their way back off Mike Mussina. In the fifth, Thames hit a leadoff double, moved to third on a wild pitch, and scored on a sacrifice fly from Curtis Granderson to cut the lead to one. Next inning, Carlos Guillén homered to tie the game and in the seventh, Thames hit a leadoff single, moved to second on a passed ball, then to third on a sacrifice bunt before scoring on Granderson's triple to give the Tigers a 4–3 lead. In the ninth, Todd Jones earned the save by getting Johnny Damon to fly out to center with one man on to end the game and even the series.
Game 3
Comerica Park in Detroit, Michigan
Feeding off a crowd witnessing its first playoff game in 19 years, Detroit pitcher Kenny Rogers pitched innings of scoreless ball, earning a victory and standing ovation from the Comerica Park crowd in a 6–0 Tigers win. Rogers was throwing as hard as 92 mph in the eighth inning, topping his usual top speed by 3–4 mph. Joel Zumaya used his 103-mph arm to close out the inning, and Todd Jones closed the game for the second time, but did not earn a save, as the Tigers were not in a save situation.
Offensively, the Tigers got on the board off Randy Johnson in the second on three straight leadoff singles, the last of which by Sean Casey scoring Carlos Guillén. After Brandon Inge struck out, Curtis Granderson hit into a forceout at second to score Iván Rodríguez. It could have been a hit had Robinson Canó not made a great diving stop behind the bag to prevent the ball from going into the outfield. On a 1-2 pitch to Plácido Polanco, Granderson appeared to be picked off base when Johnson threw to first baseman Jason Giambi, but the Yankees muffed the play when Johnson and Giambi both made poor throws to each base. Polanco capitalized on their mistake when he singled up the middle, scoring Granderson to make it 3−0. In the sixth, Guillen singled with two outs before back-to-back RBI doubles by Rodriguez and Casey made it 5−0 Tigers. Granderson capped the scoring with a leadoff home run off Brian Bruney in the seventh.
Game 4
Comerica Park in Detroit, Michigan
Detroit finished off New York behind another dominating pitching performance, this time by Jeremy Bonderman in an 8–3 clinching win. In the second inning, Magglio Ordóñez hit a leadoff home run and after Iván Rodríguez walked with one out, Craig Monroe homered off Jaret Wright to give the Tigers a 3–0 lead. Next inning, Ordonez reached on an error, moved to third on a single and scored on Rodrigeuz's single. Wright was replaced by Cory Lidle, who ended the inning without further damage and pitched a perfect fourth, but in the fifth, allowed three consecutive leadoff singles, the last of which to Ordonez scoring a run. After allowing an RBI double to Carlos Guillén, Lidle was relieved by Brian Bruney, who allowed a sacrifice fly to Rodriguez. Next inning, Scott Proctor allowed a two-out single to Plácido Polanco, who scored on Sean Casey's double to make it 8−0 Tigers. Bonderman, meanwhile, pitched a no-hitter through five innings. Robinson Canó singled in the sixth for the Yankees' first hit, but Bonderman prevented any further damage. The Yankee hitters ended their 20-inning scoreless streak in the seventh when Derek Jeter hit a leadoff single, moved to third on Bobby Abreu's single and scored on Hideki Matsui's groundout. Bonderman left the game in the ninth inning with one on and one out. Jamie Walker gave up a two-out, two-run homer to Jorge Posada in the ninth before getting Robinson Canó to ground out to end the game and send the Tigers to the 2006 ALCS against the Oakland Athletics.
The game is notable as Cory Lidle's final appearance before dying in an airplane crash four days later, and was the final ALDS game televised by Fox due to the new TV contracts as of 2011. While Fox Sports would reclaim partial Division Series broadcasting rights in 2014, all of their Division Series games since have been broadcast on FS1.
Composite box
2006 ALDS (3–1): Detroit Tigers over New York Yankees
Minnesota vs. Oakland
Game 1
Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, Minnesota
The A's struck first in Game 1 on Frank Thomas's leadoff home run in the second off Twins' ace Johan Santana. Jay Payton singled with one out and scored on Marco Scutaro's two-out double. Barry Zito pitched shutout innings before Rondell White's seventh inning home run put the Twins on the board. Thomas's second home run in the ninth off Jesse Crain made it 3–1 A's. The Twins again made it a one-run game in the bottom of the inning when Michael Cuddyer hit a leadoff triple off Huston Street and scored on Torii Hunter's one-out groundout, but White flew out to end the game and give the A's a 1–0 series lead.
Game 2
Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, Minnesota
In Game 2, Nick Swisher doubled to lead off the fifth off Boof Bonser, then scored on Marco Scutaro's double. One out later, Jason Kendall's RBI single made it 2–0 Oakland. Back-to-back home runs by Michael Cuddyer and Justin Morneau leading off the bottom of the sixth off Esteban Loaiza tied the game. In the seventh, Mark Ellis singled with one out off Pat Neshek, then Mark Kotsay's inside-the-park home run off Dennys Reyes put Oakland back in front 4–2. They added another run in the ninth when Swisher hit a leadoff double off Juan Rincón, moved to third on a groundout and scored on a wild pitch by Joe Nathan. Huston Street pitched a scoreless bottom of the ninth despite allowing a single and walk to give the A's a 2–0 series lead.
Game 3
McAfee Coliseum in Oakland, California
The A's struck first in the bottom of the second on Eric Chavez's one-out home run off Brad Radke, who would retire following the series. Jay Payton then singled before scoring on Marco Scutaro's two-out double. Next inning, Mark Kotsay reached on an error before Milton Bradley's two-run home run made it 4–0 A's. Torii Hunter's home run in the fourth off Dan Haren put the Twins on the board. In the sixth, with Justin Morneau at third and Hunter at second, Rondell White's RBI single made it 4–2 A's, but Hunter was thrown out at home for the second out. In the seventh, Dennys Reyes walked two without outs before being relieved by Jesse Crain. An error loaded the bases before Nick Swisher walked to force in a run and Scutaro cleared the bases with a double, all four runs unearned. Morneau's home run in the eighth off Justin Duchscherer made it 8–3 A's, but Huston Street pitched a scoreless ninth as the A's won their first postseason series since the 1990 ALCS.
Composite box
2006 ALDS (3–0): Oakland Athletics over Minnesota Twins
Notes
External links
DET vs. NYY at Baseball-Reference
OAK vs. MIN at Baseball-Reference
American League Division Series
American League Division Series
Detroit Tigers postseason
Oakland Athletics postseason
New York Yankees postseason
Minnesota Twins postseason
American League Division Series
American League Division Series
American League Division Series
American League Division Series
American League Division Series
American League Division Series
Baseball competitions in Detroit
2000s in Minneapolis
American League Division Series
2000s in the Bronx
Baseball competitions in Oakland, California
Baseball competitions in New York City
Baseball competitions in Minneapolis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20American%20League%20Division%20Series |
The 2006 National League Division Series (NLDS), the opening round of the 2006 National League playoffs, began on Tuesday, October 3, and ended on Sunday, October 8, with the champions of the three NL divisions—along with a "wild card" team—participating in two best-of-five series. They were:
(1) New York Mets (East Division champions, 97–65) vs. (4) Los Angeles Dodgers (Wild Card, 88–74); Mets win series, 3–0.
(2) San Diego Padres (West Division champions, 88–74) vs. (3) St. Louis Cardinals (Central Division champions, 83–78); Cardinals win series, 3–1.
The higher seed (in parentheses) had the home field advantage, which was determined by playing record. The Padres were awarded the Western Division title over the Dodgers due to their winning the season series against Los Angeles 13–5.
The Mets and the Cardinals met in the NL Championship Series, with the Cardinals becoming the National League champion and going on to defeat the American League champion Detroit Tigers in the 2006 World Series.
Playoff race
The NL playoff race was highly dramatic when as many as six teams entered the final weekend of the regular season fighting for the final three playoff spots. Two of three division champions were decided on the final day of the regular season.
The New York Mets began the season with high hopes of finally ending the Atlanta Braves' string of division titles. The Mets lived up to their high expectations and roared out of the gate, taking over first place in the division on the fourth day of the season and never looking back. They won seven of their first eight games, and had built up a double-digit lead in the standings by the end of June. The Mets clinched the division on September 18, and finished 12 games ahead of the Philadelphia Phillies. The Braves finished third, 18 games back. However, the Mets entered the postseason without injured ace Pedro Martínez, and learned the day before Game 1 of the Division Series that projected Game 1 starter Orlando Hernández would be lost for the whole round.
The St. Louis Cardinals' run to their third consecutive Central Division championship pales in comparison to their runs in the previous two seasons. As before, the Cardinals took over the lead in the division early on, overtaking the Cincinnati Reds on June 9. It appeared as if this season would follow the established pattern as the Cardinals steadily built up their lead to as much as five and a half games and a 42–26 record on June 19. The Cardinals began interleague play by being swept by both the Chicago White Sox and Detroit Tigers as part of an eight-game losing streak. Despite the slump, they did not relinquish the division lead. The Reds were able to tie the Cardinals in the standings on June 30 and July 1, but the Cardinals regained sole possession of first place the following day and held onto the lead for the rest of the season despite additional losing streaks of eight and seven games. The Cardinals' struggles largely stemmed from the numerous injuries to key players throughout the season, including Albert Pujols, Jim Edmonds, David Eckstein, Chris Carpenter, Mark Mulder, and Jason Isringhausen. The title appeared to be well in hand on September 19 with leads of seven games over the Reds and eight and half games over the Houston Astros with just 13 games left to play. The Cardinals then went on another seven-game losing streak just as the Astros won seven consecutive, shrinking the Cardinals' lead to just a game and a half. The Cardinals were able to regain their composure, winning three of their next four and clinching on the final day of the season with an Astros loss to the Atlanta Braves.
The San Diego Padres' playoff run was led by their strong pitching and saw closer Trevor Hoffman overtake Lee Smith as the all-time saves leader. This season also marked the first time in Padres history that the team went to the playoffs in consecutive years. The Padres did not clinch a playoff spot until the final weekend of the regular season and finished with an identical record to the Los Angeles Dodgers, but they were awarded the Western Division title due to the Padres winning the season series against the Dodgers 13–5.
The Los Angeles Dodgers' run to the playoffs was most notable for their streaky play in the second half of the season. The Dodgers started the second half by losing 13 out of 14 games and trailing the Padres by seven and a half games, in last place in the division, and behind eight teams in the wild card race. They immediately followed that streak by winning 17 of their next 18 to put them on top of the division by three and half games, with a better record than all eight teams they had trailed in the wild card race prior to the streak. Their inconsistent play continued as they were swept by the Padres in late August as part of a four-game losing streak, only to follow that up by winning seven consecutive, then losing their next three. The Dodgers finished the season strong by winning their final seven games, clinching a playoff berth in the final weekend over the Philadelphia Phillies and finishing tied with the Padres. The Dodgers were awarded the wild-card spot based on their 5–13 head-to-head record against San Diego, who earned the divisional championship.
Matchups
New York Mets vs. Los Angeles Dodgers
San Diego Padres vs. St. Louis Cardinals
New York vs. Los Angeles
Game 1
Shea Stadium in Queens, New York
The game started off with Mets rookie starter John Maine on the mound as an emergency replacement for Orlando Hernández. Hernández was sidelined with a torn muscle, and ended up missing the rest of the postseason. Maine kept the Mets in the game with only one earned run in innings pitched. This game was notable for having two runners getting tagged out at home plate in the second inning. With runners on first and second and nobody out, catcher Russell Martin hit a line drive to the wall in right field. Jeff Kent tried to tag up from second base in the event that right fielder Shawn Green caught the ball. Instead, the ball sailed over Green's head. Both Kent and J. D. Drew raced around the bases towards the plate. Green threw to cut-off man José Valentín, who relayed to Paul Lo Duca at the plate. Lo Duca was first able to tag out Kent. Drew, trying to score in desperation right behind Kent, was also tagged out at the plate. Lo Duca almost did not see Drew in time to slap the tag on. Martin would score on Marlon Anderson's double but Carlos Delgado and Cliff Floyd hit solo home runs in the fourth off of Derek Lowe. Lo Duca and Delgado singled in the sixth before scoring on David Wright's double to make it 4–1 Mets. In the seventh, Anderson hit a leadoff single off of Guillermo Mota and second baseman Valetin's error on Wilson Betemit's ground ball put runners on first and third with no outs for the Dodgers. After Julio Lugo struck out, Anderson scored on Rafael Furcal's single. After Furcal stole second, Nomar Garciaparra's two-out double tied the game,. In the bottom of the inning, reliever Brad Penny walked two with one out before Delgado's single and Wright's double scored a run each. In the ninth, closer Billy Wagner allowed a leadoff double to Betemit, who scored on Ramon Martinez's two-out double, but Garciaparra struck out to end the game as the Mets took a 1–0 series lead.
Game 2
Shea Stadium in Queens, New York
Game 2 pitted Dodgers rookie Hong-Chih Kuo against Tom Glavine. In the bottom of the third, outfielder Endy Chávez hit a bunt single to lead off the inning. A wild pitch and subsequent ground out moved him to third before he scored on José Reyes's ground out. In the fifth, the Mets loaded the bases on a hit and two walks with one out off of Kuo, who was then relieved by Brett Tomko. Paul Lo Duca's sacrifice fly gave the Mets a 2–0 lead. In the sixth, the Mets loaded the bases again on two hits and an error with no outs. Mark Hendrickson relieved Tomko and got Endy Chavez to hit into a force out at home. Pinch-hitter Julio Franco's fielder's choice and Reyes's RBI single scored a run each. Wilson Betemit hit a home run in the eighth off of Aaron Heilman for the Dodgers but Wagner pitched a perfect ninth for his second save of the series. The Dodgers were hit with more bad news. Nomar Garciaparra was lost after a leg injury that would keep him off the field except for pinch-hitting duties.
Game 3
Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, California
In Los Angeles, the Mets loaded the bases in the first with one out on a walk and two singles off of veteran starter Greg Maddux before RBI singles by David Wright, Cliff Floyd and Shawn Green put them up 3–0. In the third, Floyd singled with two outs before scoring on Green's double. In the fourth, the Dodgers loaded the bases on three singles off of Mets starter Steve Trachsel with one out before rookie first baseman James Loney, starting in place of the injured Nomar Garciaparra, drove in two with a single to center. In the fifth, Marlon Anderson singled with two outs before Jeff Kent's home run off reliever Darren Oliver tied the game at four. After allowing a single to J. D. Drew, Oliver was relieved by Chad Bradford, who allowed a single and walk to load the bases. Pedro Feliciano relieved Bradford and walked Loney to put the Dodgers up 5–4. In the top of the sixth, Shawn Green hit a leadoff double off of Jonathan Broxton. After José Valentín popped out on the infield, pinch hitter Michael Tucker drew a walk. Three consecutive bloop hits from José Reyes, Paul Lo Duca, and Carlos Beltrán scored a run each, making it 7–5 Mets. Chris Woodward doubled to lead off the eighth off of Brett Tomko and scored on Lo Duca's one-out single. After a walk, Takashi Saito relieved Tomko and an error on Carlos Delgado's ground ball made it 9–5 Mets. Aaron Heilman and Billy Wagner pitched a scoreless eighth and ninth, respectively, as the Mets swept a postseason series for the first time since the 1969 NLCS. Former Dodgers Green and Lo Duca finished with two RBI each.
Composite box
2006 NLDS (3–0): New York Mets over Los Angeles Dodgers
San Diego vs. St. Louis
Game 1
Petco Park in San Diego, California
In a pitching rematch of Game 1 of the 2005 NLDS, Chris Carpenter and Jake Peavy both started strong through three innings and it appeared that the pitcher's duel that was expected the previous year would occur this time around. That changed in the fourth inning when Chris Duncan hit a leadoff single, then Albert Pujols hit a two-run home run into one of the deepest parts of Petco Park. Jim Edmonds then singled, moved to third on Scott Rolen's double, and scored on Juan Encarnación's sacrifice fly. The Cardinals added to their lead on Edmonds's RBI single next inning that scored David Eckstein from third and in the sixth when Ronnie Belliard singled with one out, stole second, and scored on Yadier Molina's single to knock Peavy out of the game. Carpenter, on the other hand, continued his strong pitching performance as he pitched into the seventh inning, allowing just one run to cross the plate when Dave Roberts tripled with one out in the sixth and scored on Brian Giles's sacrifice fly. The Cardinal bullpen, which had been shaky down the stretch, pitched the final innings of the game allowing just one hit. The Cardinals led the best-of-five series one game to none.
Game 2
Petco Park in San Diego, California
Cardinal starter Jeff Weaver and four relievers combined on a four-hitter to shut out the Padres 2–0. The only runs scored in the game came in the fourth when Preston Wilson hit a leadoff double and scored on a single by Albert Pujols, who reached second on Dave Roberts's throw to home. Pujols moved to third on a groundout before scoring on Jim Edmonds's RBI single. Padres starter David Wells pitched five solid innings in a losing effort.
Game 3
Busch Stadium (III) in St. Louis, Missouri
Game 3 ended the Padres' eight-game winless streak against the Cardinals in the postseason and gave them their first postseason win since Game 6 of the 1998 NLCS. However, they left 14 runners on base. The Padres scored their runs in the third off of Jeff Suppan when he allowed a one-out double to Adrián González and walked Mike Cameron before both men scored on Russell Branyan's double to left, with Branyan reaching third on Chris Duncan's throw to home. Branyan then scored on Geoff Blum's sacrifice fly. The Cardinals scored their only run in the eighth on So Taguchi's home run off of reliever Scott Linebrink.
Game 3 of this series marked ESPN's most recent Division Series telecast to date. The network would not broadcast another postseason game again until the 2014 National League Wild Card Game.
Game 4
Busch Stadium (III) in St. Louis, Missouri
After losing Game 3, Cardinals manager Tony La Russa decided to use Carpenter to start Game 4 in hopes of closing out the Series at home. Carpenter started off shakily, allowing back-to-back one hit singles to Brian Giles and Adrián González and walking Josh Bard to load the bases. Russell Branyan walked to force in a run before Mike Cameron's ground out scored another. Carpenter settled down and pitched six scoreless innings before being pulled in the eighth.
St. Louis answered by loaded the bases in the bottom of the inning off of Woody Williams on a single, walk and hit-by-pitch with two outs before Ronnie Belliard tied the game with a two-run single, but was tagged out at second to end the inning. The game remained tied until the seventh when Albert Pujols drew a leadoff walk and scored on Juan Encarnación's triple. Williams was replaced with Cla Meredith, who hit Belliard with a pitch before allowing an RBI single to Scott Spiezio. Yadier Molina's single loaded the bases before Padre third baseman Branyan's throwing error to second on Carpenter's ground ball scored Belliard and kept the bases loaded. David Eckstein's sacrifice bunt scored Spiezio to give the Cardinals a 6–2 lead. Rookie pitcher Adam Wainwright pitched a scoreless ninth despite allowing two hits to close out the Series and allow the Cardinals to advance to the NLCS for the third consecutive year.
The offensive woes that plagued the Padres in the first three games continued for the Padres in Game 4. The team failed to score after the first, and went a combined 2-for-32 with runners in scoring position in the Series.
It was the final Division Series game televised by Fox until 2022. While Fox Sports would reclaim partial Division Series broadcasting rights in 2014, most of their Division Series games since have been broadcast on FS1.
This was the last playoff game for the Padres, until 2020.
Composite box
2006 NLDS (3–1): St. Louis Cardinals over San Diego Padres
Notes
External links
2006 MLB Postseason Schedule
NYM vs. LAD at Baseball-Reference
STL vs. SDP at Baseball-Reference
National League Division Series
National League Division Series
St. Louis Cardinals postseason
New York Mets postseason
San Diego Padres postseason
Los Angeles Dodgers postseason
National League Division Series
National League Division Series
National League Division Series
National League Division Series
2000s in San Diego
2000s in St. Louis
National League Division Series
2000s in Queens
Shea Stadium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20National%20League%20Division%20Series |
Andranik Ozanian, commonly known as General Andranik or simply Andranik; 25 February 186531 August 1927), was an Armenian military commander and statesman, the best known fedayi and a key figure of the Armenian national liberation movement. From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, he was one of the main Armenian leaders of military efforts for the independence of Armenia.
He became active in an armed struggle against the Ottoman government and Kurdish irregulars in the late 1880s. Andranik joined the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaktustyun) party and, along with other fedayi (militias), sought to defend the Armenian peasantry living in their ancestral homeland, an area known as Western (or Turkish) Armeniaat the time part of the Ottoman Empire. His revolutionary activities ceased and he left the Ottoman Empire after the unsuccessful uprising in Sasun in 1904. In 1907, Andranik left Dashnaktustyun because he disapproved of its cooperation with the Young Turks, a party which years later perpetrated the Armenian genocide. Between 1912 and 1913, together with Garegin Nzhdeh, Andranik led a few hundred Armenian volunteers within the Bulgarian army against the Ottomans during the First Balkan War.
From the early stages of World War I, Andranik commanded the first Armenian volunteer battalion within the Russian Imperial army against the Ottoman Empire, capturing and later governing much of the traditional Armenian homeland. After the Revolution of 1917, the Russian army retreated and left the Armenian irregulars outnumbered against the Turks. Andranik led the defense of Erzurum in early 1918, but was forced to retreat eastward due to an threat of encirclement and a lack of food. By May 1918, Turkish forces stood near Yerevanthe future Armenian capitaland were halted at the Battle of Sardarabad in which Andranik played a significant role. The Dashnak-dominated Armenian National Council declared the independence of Armenia and signed the Treaty of Batum with the Ottoman Empire, by which Armenia gave up its rights to Western Armenia. Andranik never accepted the existence of the First Republic of Armenia because it included only a small part of the area many Armenians hoped to make independent. Andranik, independently from the Republic of Armenia, fought in Zangezur against the Azerbaijani and Turkish armies, and helped to keep it within Armenia.
Andranik left Armenia in 1919 due to disagreements with the Armenian government and spent his last years of life in Europe and the United States seeking relief for Armenian refugees. He settled in Fresno, California in 1922 and died five years later in 1927. Andranik is greatly admired as a national hero by Armenians; numerous statues of him have been erected in several countries. Streets and squares were named after Andranik, and songs, poems and novels have been written about him, making him a legendary figure in Armenian culture.
Early life
Andranik Ozanian was born on 25 February 1865, in the town of Shabin-Karahisar (Şebinkarahisar), Sivas Vilayet, Ottoman Empire, to Mariam and Toros Ozanian. Andranik means "firstborn" in Armenian. His paternal ancestors came from the nearby village of Ozan (now Ozanlı) in the early 18th century and settled in Shabin-Karahisar to avoid persecution from the Turks. His ancestors took the surname Ozanian in honor of their hometown. Andranik's mother died when he was one year old and his elder sister Nazeli took care of him. Andranik went to the local Musheghian School from 1875 to 1882 and thereafter worked in his father's carpentry shop. He married at the age of 17, but his wife died a year later while giving birth to their sonwho also died days after the birth.
The situation of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire had worsened under the reign of Abdul Hamid II, who sought to unify all Muslims under his rule. In 1882, Andranik was arrested for assaulting a Turkish gendarme for mistreating Armenians. With the help of his friends, he escaped from prison. He settled in the Ottoman capital Constantinople in 1884 and stayed there until 1886, working as a carpenter. He began his revolutionary activities in 1888 in the province of Sivas. Andranik joined the Hunchak party in 1891. He was arrested in 1892 for taking part in the assassination of Constantinople's police chief, Yusuf Mehmed Beyknown for his anti-Armenianismon 9 February. Andranik once again escaped from prison. In 1892, he joined the newly created Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF or Dashnaktsutyun). During the Hamidian massacres, Andranik with other fedayi defended the Armenian villages of Mush and Sasun from attacks of the Turks and the Kurdish Hamidiye units. The massacres, which occurred between 1894 and 1896 and are named after Sultan Abdul Hamid II, killed between 80,000 and 300,000 people.
In 1897, Andranik went to Tiflisthe largest city of the Caucasus and a major center of Armenian culture at the timewhere the ARF headquarters was located. Andranik returned to Turkish Armenia "entrusted with extensive powers, and with a large supply of arms" for the fedayi. Several dozen Russian Armenians joined him, with whom he went to the Mush-Sasun area where Aghbiur Serob was operating. Serob's forces had already established semi-independent Armenian areas by expelling the Ottoman government representatives.
Leader of the fedayi
Aghbiur Serob, the main leader of the fedayi in the 1890s, was killed in 1899 by a Kurdish chieftain, Bushare Khalil Bey. Months later, Bey committed further atrocities against the Armenians by killing a priest, two young men and 25 women and children in Talvorik, a village in the Sasun region. Andranik replaced Serob as the head of the Armenian irregular forces "with 38 villages under his command" in the Mush-Sasun region of Western Armenia, where a "warlike semi-independent Armenian peasantry" lived. Andranik sought to kill Bey; he captured and reportedly decapitated the chieftain, and took the medal given to Bey by Sultan Abdul Hamid II. Andranik thus earned an undisputed authority among his fedayi.
Although small groups of Armenian fedayi conducted an armed struggle against the Ottoman state and the Kurdish tribes, the situation in Western Armenia deteriorated as the European powers stood indifferent to the Armenian Question. Article 61 of the 1878 Treaty of Berlin intended the Ottoman government to "carry out, without further delay, the improvements and reforms demanded by local requirements in the provinces inhabited by the Armenians, and to guarantee their security against the Circassians and Kurds" remained unimplemented. According to Christopher J. Walker, the attention of the European powers was on Macedonia, while Russia was "in no mood for reactivating the Armenian question."
Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery
In November 1901 the fedayi clashed with the Ottoman troops in what later became known as the Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery. One of the best-known episodes of Andranik's revolutionary activities, it was an attempt by the Ottoman government to suppress his activities. Since Andranik had gained more influence over the region, more than 5,000 Turkish soldiers were sent after him and his band. The Turks chased and eventually circled him and his men, numbering around 50, at the Arakelots (Holy Apostles) Monastery in early November. A regiment under the command of Ferikh Pasha and Ali Pasha besieged the fort-like monastery. The Turkish generals leading the army of twelve hundred men asked the fedayi to negotiate their surrender.
After weeks of resistance and negotiationsin which Armenian clergy and the headman of Mush and foreign consuls took partAndranik and his companions left the monastery and fled in small groups. According to Leon Trotsky, Andranikdressed in the uniform of a Turkish officer"went the rounds of the entire guard, talking to them in excellent Turkish," and "at the same time showing the way out to his own men." After breaking through the siege of the monastery, Andranik gained legendary stature among provincial Armenians. He became so popular that the men he led came to refer to him always by his first name. Andranik intended to attract the attention of the foreign consuls at Mush to the plight of the Armenian peasants and to provide hope for the oppressed Armenians of the eastern provinces. According to Trotsky, Andranik's "political thinking took shape in a setting of Carbonarist activity and diplomatic intrigue."
1904 Sasun uprising and exodus
In 1903, Andranik demanded the Ottoman government stop the harassment of Armenians and implement reforms in the Armenian provinces. Most fedayi were concentrated in the mountainous region of Sasun, an area of about with an overwhelming Armenian majority1,769 Armenian and 155 Kurdish householdswhich was traditionally considered their main operational area. The region was in "a state of revolutionary turmoil" because the local Armenians had refused to pay taxes for the past seven years. Andranik and tens of other fedayiincluding Hrayr and Sebouhheld a meeting at Gelieguzan village in the third quarter of 1903 to manage the future defense of the Armenian villages from possible Turkish and Kurdish attacks. Andranik suggested a widespread uprising of the Armenians of Taron and Vaspurakan; Hrayr opposed his view and suggested a small, local uprising in Sasun, because the Armenian irregulars lacked resources. Hrayr's suggestion was eventually approved by the fedayi meeting. Andranik was chosen as the main commander of the uprising.
The first clashes took place in January 1904 between the fedayi and Kurdish irregulars supported by the Ottoman government. The Turkish offensive started in early April with an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 soldiers and 7,000 Kurdish irregulars put against 100 to 200 Armenian fedayi and 700 to 1,000 local Armenian men. Hrayr was killed during the intense fighting; Andranik survived and resumed the fight. Between 7,000 and 10,000 Armenian civilians were killed during the two months of the uprising, while about 9,000 were left homeless. Around 4,000 Sasun villagers were forced into exile after the uprising.
After weeks of fighting and cannon bombardment of the Armenian villages, the Ottoman forces and Kurdish irregulars suppressed the uprising by May 1904; they outnumbered the Armenian forces several times. Minor clashes occurred thereafter. According to Christopher J. Walker, the fedayi came "near to organising an uprising and shaking Ottoman power in Armenia," but "even then it was unthinkable that the empire would lose any of her territory, since the idea of intervention was far from Russia." Trotsky wrote that international attention was on the Russo-Japanese War and the uprising went largely unnoticed by the European powers and Russia.
In July–August 1904, Andranik and his fedayi reached Lake Van and got to Aghtamar Island with sailing ships. They escaped to Persia via Van in September 1904, "leaving little more than a heroic memory." Trotsky states that they were forced to leave Turkish Armenia to avoid further killings of Armenians and to lower the tensions, while Tsatur Aghayan wrote that Andranik left the Ottoman Empire because he sought to "gather new resources and find practical programs" for the Armenian struggle.
Immigration and conflict with the ARF
From Persia, Andranik moved to the Caucasus, where he met the Armenian leaders in Baku and Tiflis. He then left Russia and traveled to Europe, where he was engaged in advocacy in support of the Armenians' national liberation struggle. In 1906 in Geneva, he published a book on military tactics. Most of the work was about his activities and the strategies he used during the 1904 Sasun uprising.
In February–March 1907, Andranik went to Vienna to participate in the fourth ARF Congress. The ARF, which had been collaborating with Turkish émigré political groups in Europe since 1902, discussed and approved the negotiations with the Young Turkswho later perpetrated the Armenian genocideto overthrow Sultan Abdul Hamid II. Andranik strongly denounced this cooperation and left the party. In 1908, the ARF asked Andranik to move to Constantinople and nominate his candidacy in the Ottoman parliament election, but he declined the offer, saying "I don't want to sit there and do nothing." Andranik distanced himself from active political and military affairs for several years.
First Balkan War
In 1907 Andranik settled in Sofia, where he met the leaders of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organizationincluding revolutionary Boris Sarafovand the two pledged to work jointly for the oppressed peoples of Armenia and Macedonia. During the First Balkan War (1912–13), Andranik led a company of 230 Armenian volunteers part of the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps of Aleksandar Protogerov within the Bulgarian armyagainst the Ottoman Empire. He shared the command with Garegin Nzhdeh. On the opposite side, approximately 8,000 Armenians fought for the Ottoman Empire. Andranik was given the rank of a first lieutenant by the Bulgarian government. He distinguished himself in several battles, including in the Battle of Merhamli, when he helped the Bulgarians to capture Turkish commander Yaver Pasha. Andranik was honored with the Order of Bravery by General Protogerov in 1913. However, Andranik disbanded his men in May 1913, and foreseeing the war between Bulgaria and Serbia he "retired to a village near Varna, and lived as a farmer until August 1914."
World War I
With the outbreak of World War I in July 1914 between Russia, France and Britain on one side and Germany, the Ottoman Empire and Austria on the other, Andranik left Bulgaria for Russia. He was appointed the commander of the first Armenian volunteer battalion by the Russian government. From November 1914 to August 1915, Andranik took part in the Caucasus Campaign as the head commander of the first Armenian battalion of about 1,200 volunteers within the Imperial Russian Army. Andranik's battalion particularly stood out at the Battle of Dilman in April 1915. By the victory at Dilman, the Russian and Armenian forces under the command of General Nazarbekian, effectively stopped the Turks from invading the Caucasus via Iranian Azerbaijan.
Through 1915, the Armenian genocide was underway in the Ottoman Empire. By the end of the war, virtually all Armenians living in their ancestral homeland were either dead or forced into exile by the Ottoman government. An estimated 1.5 million Armenians died in the process, ending the Armenian presence in Western Armenia. The only major resistance to the Turkish atrocities took place in Van. The Turkish army besieged the city but the local Armenians, under the leadership of Aram Manukian, kept them out until the Armenian volunteers reached Van, forcing the Turks to retreat. Andranik with his unit entered Van on 19 May 1915. Andranik subsequently helped the Russian army to take control of Shatakh, Moks and Tatvan on the southern shore of Lake Van. During the summer of 1915, the Armenian volunteer units disintegrated and Andranik went to Tiflis to recruit more volunteers and continued the combat from November 1915 until March 1916. With Andranik's support, the city of Mush was captured by Russians in February 1916. In recognition of lieutenant general Theodore G. Chernozubov, the successes of Russian army in numerous locations were significantly associated with the fighting of the first Armenian battalion, headed by Andranik. Chernozubov praised Andranik as a brave and experienced chief, who well understood the combat situation; Chernozubov described him as always at the head of militia, enjoying great prestige among the volunteers.
The situation drastically changed in 1916 when the Russian government ordered the Armenian volunteer units to be demobilized and prohibited any Armenian civic activity. Andranik resigned as the commander of the first Armenian battalion. Despite the earlier Russian promises, their plan for the region was to make Western Armenia an integral part of Russia and "possibly repopulate by Russian peasants and Cossacks." Richard Hovannisian wrote that because the "Russian armies were in firm control of most of the Armenian plateau by the summer of 1916, there was no longer any need to expend niceties upon the Armenians." According to Tsatur Aghayan, Russia used the Armenian volunteers for its own interests. Andranik and other Armenian volunteers, disappointed by the Russian policy, left the front in July 1916.
Russian Revolution and Turkish reoccupation
The February Revolution was positively accepted by the Armenians because it ended the autocratic rule of Nicholas II. The Special Transcaucasian Committee (known as OZAKOM) was set up in the South Caucasus by the Russian Provisional Government. In April 1917, Andranik initiated the publication of the newspaper Hayastan (Armenia) in Tiflis. Vahan Totovents became the editor of this non-partisan, Ottoman Armenian-orientated newspaper. Until December 1917, Andranik remained in the South Caucasus where he sought to help the Armenian refugees from the Ottoman Empire in their search for basic needs. The provisional government decree of 9 May 1917 put Turkish Armenia under civil administration, with Armenians holding key positions. About 150,000 local Armenians began to rebuild devastated Turkish Armenia; however the Russian army units gradually disintegrated and many soldiers deserted and returned to Russia.
After the 1917 October Revolution, the chaotic retreat of Russian troops from Western Armenia escalated. Bolshevik Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed the Armistice of Erzincan on 5 December 1917, ending the hostilities. The Soviet Russian government formally acknowledged the right of self-determination of the Ottoman Armenians in January 1918, but on 3 March 1918, Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Central Powers, ceding Western Armenia and large areas in Eastern Europe to concentrate its forces against the Whites in the Russian Civil War.
In December 1917, because the Russian divisions were deserting the region en masse, the Russian command authorized the formation of the Armenian Army Corps under the Transcaucasian Commissariat. Under the command of General Nazarbekian, the Corps was positioned in the front line from Van to Erzincana city of around about 20,000 people. Two of the Corps' three divisions were made up of Russian Armenians, while Andranik commanded the Turkish (Western) Armenian division. The Georgian forces patrolled the area between Erzincan and the Black Sea. Hovannisian states that the only "several thousand men now defended a 300-mile front formerly secured by a half million Russian regulars." Since December 1917, Andranik commanded the Armenian forces in Erzurum. In January 1918, he was appointed commander of the Western Armenian division of the Armenian Army Corps and given the rank of major-general by the Caucasus Front command. Andranik was unable to defend Erzurum for long and the outnumbering Turks captured the city on 12 March 1918, forcing the Armenians to evacuate.
While the Transcaucasian delegation and the Turks were holding a conference in Trebizond, through March and April the Turkish forces, according to Walker, "overran the temporary establishment of Armenian rule in Turkish Armenia, extinguishing the hope so recently raised." Hovannisian wrote, "the battle for Turkish Armenia had been quickly decided; the struggle for Russian Armenia was now at hand." After the Turks captured Erzurum, the largest city in Turkish Armenia, Andranik retreated through Kars, passed through Alexandropol and Jalaloghly, and arrived in Dsegh by 18 May. By early April 1918, the Turkish forces had reached the pre-war international borders. Andranik and his unit in Dsegh were not able to take part in the battles of Sardarabad, Abaran and Karakilisa.
First Republic of Armenia
After the Ottoman forces were effectively stopped at Sardarabad, the Armenian National Council declared the independence of the Russian Armenian lands on 28 May 1918. Andranik condemned this move and denounced the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. Angry with the Dashnaks, he favored good relations with Bolshevik Russia instead. Andranik refused to acknowledge the Republic of Armenia, which he regarded as little more than "a pawn in the grip of [Ottoman] Turkey․" He condemned the singing of the Treaty of Batum (by which the Ottoman Empire recognized the independence of a greatly reduced Armenia and imposed a number of humiliating conditions) as an act of treason. As Christopher Walker notes, many Turkish Armenians saw the new republic as "only a dusty province without Turkish Armenia whose salvation Armenians had been seeking for 40 years." In early June, Andranik departed from Dilijan with thousands of refugees; they traveled through Sevan, Nor Bayazet and Vayots Dzor, and arrived in Nakhichevan on 17 June. He subsequently tried to help the Armenian refugees from Van at Khoy, Iran. He sought to join the British forces in northern Iran, but after encountering a large number of Turkish soldiers he retreated to Nakhichevan. On 14 July 1918, he proclaimed Nakhichevan an integral part of (Soviet) Russia. His move was welcomed by Armenian Bolshevik leader Stepan Shahumyan and Vladimir Lenin.
Zangezur
As the Turkish forces moved towards Nakhichevan, Andranik with his Armenian Special Striking Division moved to the mountainous region of Zangezur to set up a defense. By mid-1918, the relations between the Armenians and Azerbaijanis in Zangezur had deteriorated. Andranik arrived in Zangezur at a critical moment with around 30,000 refugees and an estimated force of between 3,000 and 5,000 men. He established effective control of the region by September. The role of Zangezur was crucial because it was a connection point between Turkey and Azerbaijan. Under Andranik, the region became one of the last centers of Armenian resistance after the Treaty of Batum.
Andranik's irregulars remained in Zangezur surrounded by Muslim villages that controlled the key routes connecting the different parts of Zangezur. According to Donald Bloxham, Andranik initiated the change of Zangezur into a solidly Armenian land by destroying Muslim villages and trying to ethnically homogenize key areas of the Armenian state. In late 1918, Azerbaijan accused Andranik of killing innocent Azerbaijani peasants in Zangezur and demanded that he withdraw Armenian units from the area. Antranig Chalabian wrote that, "Without the presence of General Andranik and his Special Striking Division, what is now the Zangezur district of Armenia would be part of Azerbaijan today. Without General Andranik and his men, only a miracle could have saved the sixty thousand Armenian inhabitants of the Zangezur district from complete annihilation by the Turko-Tatar forces in the fall of 1918"; he further stated that Andranik "did not massacre peaceful Tatars." Andranik's activities in Zangezur were protested by Ottoman general Halil Pasha, who threatened the Dashnak government with retaliation for Andranik's actions. Armenia's Prime Minister Hovhannes Katchaznouni said he had no control over Andranik and his forces.
Karabakh
The Ottoman Empire was officially defeated in the First World War and the Armistice of Mudros was signed on 30 October 1918. The Ottoman forces evacuated Karabakh in November 1918 and by the end of October of that year, Andranik's forces were concentrated between Zangezur and Karabakh. Before moving towards Karabakh, Andranik made sure that the local Armenians would support him in fighting the Azerbaijanis. In mid-November 1918, he received letters from Karabakh Armenian officials asking him to postpone the offensive for 10 days to allow negotiations with the Muslims of the region. According to Hovannisian, "the time lost proved crucial." In late November, Andranik's forces headed towards Shushithe main city of Karabakh and a major Armenian cultural center. After an intense fight against the local Kurds, his forces broke through Abdallyar (Lachin) and the surrounding villages.
By early December, Andranik was away from Shushi when he received a message from British General W. M. Thomson in Baku, suggesting that he retreat from Karabakh because the World War was over and any further Armenian military activity would adversely affect the solution of the Armenian question, which was soon to be considered by the 1919 peace conference in Paris. Trusting the British, Andranik returned to Zangezur.
The region was left under limited control of the Armenian Karabakh Council. The British mission under command of Thomson arrived in Karabakh in December 1918. Thomson insisted the council "act only in local, nonpolitical matters," which sparked discontent among the Armenians. An "ardent pan-Turkist" Khosrov bey Sultanov was soon appointed the governor of Karabakh and Zangezur by Thomson to "squash any unrest in the region." Christopher J. Walker wrote that "[Karabakh] with its large Armenian majority remained Azerbaijani throughout the pre-Soviet and Soviet period" because of "Andranik's trust of the word of a British officer."
Departure
During the winter of 1918–19, Zangezur was isolated from Karabakh and Yerevan by snow. The refugees intensified the famine and epidemic conditions and gave way to inflation. In December 1918, Andranik withdrew from Karabakh to Goris. On his way, he met with British officers who suggested the Armenian units stay in Zangezur for the winter. Andranik agreed to such a proposal and on 23 December 1918, a group of Armenian leaders met in a conference and concluded that Zangezur could not cope with the influx of refugees until spring. They agreed that the first logical step in relieving the tension was the reparation of more than 15,000 refugees from Nakhichevanthe adjoining district that had been evacuated by the Ottoman armies. Andranik and the conference called upon the British to provide for the refugees in the interim. Major W. D. Gibbon arrived with limited supplies and money donated by the Armenians of Baku, but this was not enough to support the refugees.
At the end of February 1919, Andranik was ready to leave Zangezur. Gibbon suggested Andranik and his soldiers leave by Baku-Tiflis railway at Yevlakh station. Andranik rejected this plan and on 22 March 1919, he left Goris and traveled across Sisian through deep snowdrifts to Daralagyaz, then moved to the Ararat plain with his few thousand irregulars. After a three-week march, his men and horses reached the railway station of Davalu. He was met by Dro, the Assistant Minister of Military Affairs and Sargis Manasian, the Assistant Minister of Internal Affairs, who offered to take him to visit Yerevan, but he rejected their invitation as he believed the Dashnak government had betrayed the Armenians and was responsible for the loss of his homeland and the annihilation of his people. Zangezur became more vulnerable to Azerbaijani threats after Andranik left the district. Earlier, before Andranik's and his soldiers' dismissal, the local Armenian forces had requested support from Yerevan.
On 13 April 1919, Andranik reached Etchmiadzin, the seat of Catholicos of All Armenians and the religious center of the Armenians, who helped the troops prepare for disbanding. His 5,000-strong division had dwindled to 1,350 soldiers. As a result of Andranik's disagreements with the Dashnak government and the diplomatic machinations of the British in the Caucasus, Andranik disbanded his division and handed his belongings and weapons to the Catholicos George V. On 27 April 1919, he left Etchmiadzin accompanied by 15 officers, and went to Tiflis on a special train; according to Blackwood, "news of his journey traveled before him. At every station crowds were waiting to get a glimpse of their national hero." He left Armenia for the last time; in Tiflis he met with Georgia's Foreign Minister Evgeni Gegechkori and discussed the Georgian–Armenian War. The Tbilisi-based writer Hovhannes Tumanyan served as their interpreter.
Last years
From 1919 to 1922, Andranik traveled around Europe and the United States seeking support for the Armenian refugees. He visited Paris and London, where he tried to persuade the Allied powers to occupy Turkish Armenia. In 1919, during his visit to France, Andranik was bestowed the title of Legion of Honor Officier by President Raymond Poincaré. In late 1919, Andranik led a delegation to the United States to lobby its support for a mandate for Armenia and fund-raising for the Armenian army. He was accompanied by General Jaques Bagratuni and Hovhannes Katchaznouni. In Fresno, he directed a campaign which raised for the relief of Armenian war refugees.
When he returned to Europe, Andranik married Nevarte Kurkjian in Paris on 15 May 1922; Boghos Nubar was their best man. Andranik and Nevarte moved to the United States and settled in Fresno, California in 1922. In his 1936 short story, Antranik of Armenia, Armenian-American writer William Saroyan described Andranik's arrival. He wrote, "It looked as if all Armenians of California were at the Southern Pacific depot at the day he arrived." He said Andranik "was a man of about fifty in a neat Armenians suit of clothes. He was a little under six feet tall, very solid and very strong. He had an old-style Armenian mustache that was white. The expression of his face was both ferocious and kind." Andranik lived with the family of Armen Alchian, who later became a prominent economist, in Fresno for several months.
In his novel Call of the Plowmen («Ռանչպարների կանչը», 1979), where Andranik is called Shapinand, Khachik Dashtents describes his life in Fresno:
Death
In February 1926, Andranik left Fresno to reside in San Francisco in an unsuccessful attempt to regain his health. According to his death certificate found in the Butte County, California records, Andranik died from angina on 31 August 1927 at Richardson Springs, California. On 7 September 1927, citywide public attention was accorded to him for his funeral in the Ararat Cemetery, Fresno. On October 9 more than 2,500 members of the Armenian community attended memorial services at Carnegie Hall in New York.
He was initially buried at Ararat Cemetery in Fresno. After his first funeral, it was planned to take Andranik's remains to Armenia for final burial; however, when they arrived in France, the Soviet authorities refused permission to allow his remains to enter Soviet Armenia. Instead they remained in France and, after a second funeral service held in the Armenian Church of Paris, were buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris on 29 January 1928. In early 2000, the Armenian and French governments arranged the transfer of Andranik's body from Paris to Yerevan. Asbarez wrote that the transfer was initiated by Armenia's Prime Minister Vazgen Sargsyan. Andranik's body was moved to Armenia on 17 February 2000. It was placed in the Sport & Concert Complex in Yerevan for two days and was then taken to Etchmiadzin Cathedral, where Karekin II officiated the funeral service. Andranik was re-interred at Yerablur military cemetery in Yerevan on 20 February 2000, next to Vazgen Sargsyan. In his speech during the reburial ceremony, Armenia's President Robert Kocharyan described Andranik as "one of the greatest sons of the Armenian nation." Prime Minister Aram Sargsyan, Foreign Minister Vartan Oskanian, and one of Andranik's soldiers, 102-year-old Grigor Ghazarian, were also in attendance. A memorial was built on his grave with the phrase Zoravar Hayots"General of the Armenians"engraved on it.
Legacy and recognition
Public image
Andranik was considered a hero during his lifetime. The Literary Digest described Andranik in 1920 as "the Armenian's Robin Hood, Garibaldi, and Washington, all in one." The Independent wrote that he is "worshiped by his countrymen for his heroic fighting in their defense against the Turks." Andranik was praised by the noted Armenian writer Hovhannes Tumanyan, while Armenian Bolshevik Anastas Mikoyan wrote in his memoirs that "the name Andranik was surrounded by halo of glory." Gerard Libaridian described Andranik as the "most famous of the Armenian guerrilla fighters, although not necessarily the most important. He represented the emerging new image of the Armenian who could fight."
Andranik is considered a national hero by Armenians worldwide. He is also seen as a legendary figure in Armenian culture. In a series of polls in 2006–08, Andranik consistently placed second after Vazgen Sargsyan in the list of Armenian national heroes and leaders.
During the Soviet period, his legacy and those of other Armenian national heroes were diminished and "any reference to them would be dangerous since they represented the strive for independence," especially prior to the Khrushchev Thaw. Paruyr Sevak, a prominent Soviet Armenian author, wrote an essay about Andranik in 1963 after reading one of his soldier's notes. Sevak wrote that his generation knew "little about Andranik, almost nothing." He continued, "knowing nothing about Andranik means to know nothing about modern Armenian history." In 1965, Andranik's 100th anniversary was celebrated in Soviet Armenia.
Criticism
Andranik's activities have also attracted occasional criticism. Andranik, generally seen as a pro-Russian (and pro-Soviet) figure, was criticized by the scholar-turned-political activist Rafael Ishkhanyan for his constant reliance on Russia. Ishkhanyan characterized Andranik and Hakob Zavriev as leaders of the stream within Armenian political thought unconditionally reliant on Russia. He contrasted them with Aram Manukian and his self-reliant stance. The poet spoke out against the erection of Andranik's statue in Yerevan. He opined that Andranik "doesn't have the right" to have a statue in the capital, because he did not do "anything real" for the First Republic and left Armenia. He called Andranik a popular hero and finds calling him a national hero unacceptable.
Memorials
Statues and memorials of Andranik have been erected around the world, including in Bucharest, Romania (1936), Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris (1945), Melkonian Educational Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus (1990), Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris (2005), Varna, Bulgaria (2011), and Armavir, Russia. A memorial exists in Richardson Springs, California, where Andranik died. In May 2011, a statue of Andranik was erected in Volonka village near Sochi, Russia; however, it was removed the same day, apparently under pressure from Turkey, which earlier announced that they would boycott the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics if the statue remained standing.
The first statue of Andranik in Armenia was erected in 1967 in the village of Ujan. Another early statue in Armenia was erected in Voskehask, near Gyumri, in 1969. More statues have been erected after Armenia's independence from the Soviet Union in 1991; three of which can be found in the Armenian capital of Yerevan—in Malatia-Sebastia district (2000); near the St. Gregory Cathedral (by Ara Shiraz, 2002); and outside the Fedayi Movement Museum (2006) in the Armenian capital Yerevan. Elsewhere in Armenia, Andranik's statues stand in Voskevan and Navur villages of Tavush, in Gyumri's Victory Park (1994), Arteni, and Angeghakot, among other places.
Numerous streets and squares both inside and outside Armenia, including in Córdoba, Argentina, Plovdiv and Varna in Bulgaria, Meudon, Paris and a section of Connecticut Route 314 state highway running entirely within Wethersfield, Connecticut are named after Andranik. General Andranik Station of the Yerevan Metro was opened in 1989 as Hoktemberyan Station and was renamed for Andranik in 1992. In 1995, General Andranik's Museum was founded in Komitas Park of Yerevan, but was soon closed because the building was privatized. It was reopened on 16 September 2006, by Ilyich Beglarian as the Museum of Armenian Fedayi Movement, named after Andranik.
According to Patrick Wilson, during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War Andranik "inspired a new generation of Armenians." A volunteer regiment from Masis named "General Andranik" operated in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh during the conflict.
Many organizations and groups in the Armenian diaspora are named after Andranik. On 11 September 2012, during the Bulgaria vs. Armenia football match in Sofia's Levski National Stadium, Armenian fans brought a giant poster with pictures of General Andranik and Armenian officer Gurgen Margaryan, who was murdered in 2004 by Azerbaijani lieutenant Ramil Safarov. The text on the poster read, "Andranik's children are also heroes ... The work will be done." In the Armenian Youth Federation Eastern Region, the Granite City chapter is named "Antranig" in Andranik's honor.
The 65 page manuscripts of General Andranik, the only known memoir written by him, were returned to Armenia in May 2014 and sent to the History Museum of Armenia through Culture Minister Hasmik Poghosyan, almost a century after Andranik had parted with them.
In culture
Andranik has been figured prominently in the Armenian literature, sometimes as a fictional character. The Western Armenian writer Siamanto wrote a poem entitled "Andranik", which was published in Geneva in 1905. The first book about Andranik was published during his lifetime. In 1920, Vahan Totovents, under the pen name Arsen Marmarian, published the book Gen. Andranik and His Wars (Զոր. Անդրանիկ և իր պատերազմները) in Entente-occupied Constantinople. The famed Armenian-American writer William Saroyan wrote a short story titled Antranik of Armenia, which was included in his collection of short stories Inhale and Exhale (1936). Another US-based Armenian writer Hamastegh's novel The White Horseman (Սպիտակ Ձիավորը, 1952) was based on Andranik and other fedayi. Hovhannes Shiraz, one of the most prominent Armenian poets of the 20th century, wrote at least two poems about Andranik; one in 1963 and another in 1967. The latter one, titled Statue to Andranik (Արձան Անդրանիկին), was published in 1991 after Shiraz's death. Sero Khanzadyan's novel Andranik was suppressed for years and was published in 1989 when the tight Soviet control over publications was relaxed. Between the 1960s and the 1980s, author Suren Sahakyan collected folk stories and completed a novel, "Story about Andranik" (Ասք Անդրանիկի մասին). It was first published in Yerevan in 2008.
Andranik's name has been memorialized in numerous songs. In 1913, Leon Trotsky described Andranik as "a hero of song and legend." Italian diplomat and historian Luigi Villari wrote in 1906 that he met a priest from Turkish Armenia in Erivan who "sang the war-song of Antranik, the leader of Armenian revolutionary bands in Turkey." Andranik is one of the main figures featured in Armenian patriotic songs, performed by Nersik Ispiryan, Harout Pamboukjian and others. There are dozens of songs dedicated to him, including Like an Eagle by gusan Sheram, 1904 and Andranik pasha by gusan Hayrik. Andranik also features in the popular song The Bravehearts of the Caucasus (Կովկասի քաջեր) and other pieces of Armenian patriotic folklore.
Several documentaries about Andranik have been produced; these include Andranik (1929) by Armena-Film in France, directed by Asho Shakhatuni, who also played the main role; General Andranik (1990) directed by Levon Mkrtchyan, narrated by Khoren Abrahamyan; and Andranik Ozanian, a 53-minute-long documentary by the Public Television of Armenia.
Awards
Through his military career, Andranik was awarded with a number of medals and orders by governments of four countries. Andranik's medals and sword were moved to Armenia and given to the History Museum of Armenia in 2006.
Published works
Memoirs of Andranik written down by Levon K. Lyulejian.
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Further reading
Articles
(archived link)
Books
1865 births
1927 deaths
Armenian fedayi
Armenian generals
Armenian expatriates in Bulgaria
Armenian nationalists
Armenian people of World War I
Bulgarian military personnel of the Balkan Wars
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Burials at Yerablur
Imperial Russian Army generals
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Armenians from the Ottoman Empire
Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to the United States
People from Şebinkarahisar
Recipients of the Order of Bravery
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Second Degree
Recipients of the Cross of St. George
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 2nd class
Russian military personnel of World War I
Recipients of the War Cross (Greece)
Armenian Revolutionary Federation politicians
Deaths from coronary artery disease | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andranik |
Umet or Umyot may refer to:
Umet (inhabited locality) (Umyot), several inhabited localities in Russia
Metropolitan University (Puerto Rico), a university system in Puerto Rico now merged into Ana G. Méndez University
Turkish Space Systems, Integration and Test Center (), a spacecraft production and testing facility in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umet |
The slogan "Peace at home, peace in the world" (Turkish "Yurtta sulh, cihanda sulh") was first pronounced by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk on 20 April 1931 to the public during his tours of Anatolia. This stance was later integrated and implemented as the foreign policy of the Republic of Turkey.
The original full sentence was "Cumhuriyet Halk Fırkası'nın müstakar umumî siyasetini şu kısa cümle açıkça ifadeye kâfidir zannederim: Yurtta sulh, cihanda sulh için çalışıyoruz." This is translated into English as "To describe the stable and general diplomatic policy of the Republican People's Party, I think this short sentence is enough: We work for peace at home, peace in the world."
"Peace at Home, Peace in the World" is regarded as a central principle of the state administration and any state activities.
The statement refers to peace and comfort domestically as well as international peace and security. This principle is the fundamental basis of domestic and foreign policies.
Due to the order of the words in the statement, an interpretation of the latter is that peace at home ultimately will also lead to peace in the world. As such, any distortion of the former will cause a breach of peace in the world, too. Therefore, this principle can be seen as an implicit threat against other nations not to meddle in Turkey's inner affairs as this would give the Turks the justification to retaliate.
This integrative principle of Kemalism holds that any problem present in the world can do damage to everyone. Therefore, nations should not be indifferent to the problems of other nations.
Notes
References
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Foreign relations of Turkey
Mottos
Mottos
International relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace%20at%20Home%2C%20Peace%20in%20the%20World |
Margaret J. "Margie" Profet (born August 7, 1958) is an American evolutionary biologist with no formal biology training who created a decade-long controversy when she published her findings on the role of Darwinian evolution in menstruation, allergies and morning sickness. She argued that these three processes had evolved to eliminate pathogens, carcinogens and other toxins from the body.
Career
A graduate of Harvard University, where she studied political philosophy with Harvey Mansfield and graduated in 1980, and University of California, Berkeley, where in 1985 she received a bachelor's degree in physics, Profet returned to school in 1994, studying mathematics at the University of Washington in Seattle, where she was awarded a "visiting scholar" position in the astronomy department, an allied discipline. Several years later, she returned to Harvard, once again to study math.
When Profet won a MacArthur Fellowship in 1993, international media took notice. New York Times reporter Natalie Angier called Profet's theory that menstruation protected some female mammal's reproductive canals a "radical new view". Scientific American, Time, Omni, and even People Magazine all followed with in-depth profiles of the 35-year-old "maverick" scientific prodigy.
Profet went on to publish two equally controversial bestselling books, 1995's Protecting Your Baby-To-Be: Preventing Birth Defects in the First Trimester and a 1997 follow up, Pregnancy Sickness: Using Your Body's Natural Defenses to Protect Your Baby-To-Be. Supporters—including U.C. Santa Barbara anthropologist Donald Symons and U.C. Berkeley toxicologist Bruce Ames—considered her work a pioneering analysis of evolutionary theory in a never-before-studied, everyday context.
In 2008, Cornell University researchers Paul and Janet Shellman-Sherman found Profet's theory, that allergies are evolved ways to expel toxins and carcinogens—the so-called "toxin" or "prophylaxis hypothesis"—may explain a mysterious observation dating back to 1953 and replicated many times since: People with allergies are at much lower risk for some types of cancers, most notably the brain tumor glioma.
While research has for decades supported Profet's prophylaxis hypothesis applied to carcinogens, Stanford University Medical School and Yale University Medical School researchers in 2013 reported similar experimental support applying it to toxins, specifically bee venom. Bee venom induces allergic reactions in some people that can include anaphylactic shock and death. Both studies were published in the journal Immunology.
Yale immunology researchers Noah W. Palm, Ruslan Medzhitov, et al. reported that Phospholipase A2—the major allergen in bee venom -- "is sensed by the innate immune system" and induces an immune response in mice that can protect against potentially fatal venom doses.
Likewise, injecting mice with a small dose of bee venom conferred immunity to a much larger, fatal dose, Stanford researchers Stephen Galli, Thomas Marichal, and Philipp Starkl found. "Our findings support the hypothesis that this kind of venom-specific, IgE-associated, adaptive immune response developed, at least in evolutionary terms, to protect the host against potentially toxic amounts of venom, such as would happen if the animal encountered a whole nest of bees, or in the event of a snakebite," Galli explained.
The 2011 play The How and the Why by Sarah Treem draws on Profet's work on menstruation.
Disappearance and discovery
Profet vanished from Cambridge, Massachusetts: according to friends and colleagues, in 2005; according to family members, prior to 2005. Her whereabouts were unknown for more than seven years until she was found in Boston, Massachusetts, after a long ordeal with poverty and illness. She was reunited with her family in Southern California on May 16, 2012, as a result of nationwide attention from a May 2012 Psychology Today article.
See also
List of solved missing person cases
References
1958 births
2000s missing person cases
American non-fiction writers
Formerly missing people
Harvard University alumni
Living people
MacArthur Fellows
Missing person cases in Massachusetts
Temporary disappearances
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Washington faculty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margie%20Profet |
Togrenda is a village in the municipality of Ås, Norway. Its population (2005) is 2,588.
Ås, Akershus
Villages in Akershus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togrenda |
Debi Mae West is an American voice actress for popular radio, television, animation, and video games. In 2008, she won a Spike Video Game Award for voicing Meryl Silverburgh in Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots and Tsunade in Naruto. From 1999 to 2002, she was a featured performer on Joe Frank's radio programs.
Filmography
Film roles
Boyz Up Unauthorized
Despicable Me – additional voices
Digimon Frontier: Island of Lost Digimon – Kotemon
Highlander: The Search for Vengeance – Dahlia (credited as Eid Lakis)
Naruto Shippuden the Movie – Tsunade
Naruto Shippuden the Movie: Bonds – Tsunade
Naruto Shippuden the Movie: The Lost Tower – Tsunade
Naruto the Movie: Blood Prison – Tsunade
Naruto Shippuden the Movie: The Will of Fire – Tsunade
Queer Duck: The Movie – Joan Rivers, additional voices
Road to Ninja: Naruto the Movie – Tsunade
The Last: Naruto the Movie – Tsunade, Akane
The Secret of NIMH 2: Timmy to the Rescue – Mrs. Brisby
Anime series
Bleach – Hisana Kuchiki
Digimon Data Squad – Marcus Damon (Young)
Naruto – Tsunade
Naruto Shippuden – Tsunade
Naruto – Mission: Protect the Waterfall Village! – Himatsu
Naruto – Konoha Annual Sports Festival – Tsunade
Sailor Moon Sailor Stars - Sailor Lead Crow / Akane Karasuma
Zatch Bell! – Baransha; Hideaki; Reycom
Animated shows
101 Dalmatians: The Series – Lucky (replacing Pamela Adlon)
Drawn Together – Vajoana
Harvey Birdman: Attorney at Law – Gigi, Gleek, Spanish Woman
Higglytown Heroes – Lighthouse Keeper Hero, Physical Therapist Hero
Johnny Bravo – Doctor Babe, Soldier Babe #2, Cave Babe, additional voices
Max Steel – Kat
Superman: The Animated Series – Billy (1 episode)
The Angry Beavers – Termite Queen, Bomb
Video game roles
Alter Echo – Arana
ATV Offroad Fury: Blazin' Trails – Announcer
Blade Kitten – Terra-Li, additional voices
Dirge of Cerberus: Final Fantasy VII – Incidental characters
Evil Dead: Regeneration – Necromancer Queen, Female Deadite 1
Fallout 76: Wastelanders – Settlers
God of War: Ascension – Tisiphone
God of War II – Atropos, Bathhouse Girl #1
Heroes of the Storm – Maiev Shadowsong
Lost Planet 2 – Various
Metal Gear Solid and The Twin Snakes – Meryl Silverburgh
Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots – Meryl Silverburgh
Naruto: Ultimate Ninja 2 – Tsunade
Naruto: Ultimate Ninja Heroes – Tsunade
Naruto: Clash of Ninja Revolution – Tsunade
Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 2 – Tsunade
Neopets: The Darkest Faerie – Patricia
Tales of Symphonia – Sephie, various
Tekken 5 – Christie Monteiro (Cutscenes Voice)
Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection – Christie Monteiro (Cutscenes Voice)
Tenchu 2 - Ayame
The Chronicles of Riddick: Escape from Butcher Bay – Computer Voice, Elevator Voice
True Crime: Streets of LA - Additional voices
Ty the Tasmanian Tiger – Sheila the Koala
Ty the Tasmanian Tiger 2: Bush Rescue – Birrel, Orchid
Ty the Tasmanian Tiger 3: Night of the Quinkan – Shazza
Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne – Maiev Shadowsong, Female Night Elf
World of Warcraft – Female Night Elf
World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade – Maiev Shadowsong
World of Warcraft: Legion – Maiev Shadowsong
Zatch Bell! Mamodo Fury – Baransha, Reycom
Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines – additional voices
References
External links
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
American video game actresses
American voice actresses
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debi%20Mae%20West |
Parktown North is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is one of the older residential areas of the Northern Suburbs, having been created as a residential area for the poorer relatives of the Randlords who had built their mansions on Parktown Ridge during the early days of the Rand gold rush (during the 1890s). It takes its name from being North of Parktown. The suburb has many old colonial-style houses, and manages to maintain a village atmosphere, despite being near to one of the busiest roads in the city, Jan Smuts Avenue.
Parktown North is in close proximity to the Gautrain and has many bus stops that transport commuters to Gautrain stations.
Many suburbs of Johannesburg are laid out as grids with numbered streets in one direction and numbered avenues intersecting perpendicularly. Parktown North is the only suburb of Johannesburg to have only numbered avenues with no numbered streets. It is not a grid and the avenues run in all directions. The suburb is built around a small spring and lake, however this is not visible from the street and is hidden from the public separating the gardens of three private houses.
Parktown North is a popular dining out venue for Johannesburg residents. Most notably 7th Avenue is home to many of the area's top restaurants.
Parktown North has an active Residents Association (PNRA) that looks after its many interests around the suburb from Heritage, building and electrical issues, to power outage and maintenance issues.
References
Johannesburg Region B | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parktown%20North |
Donald Henry Heffner (February 8, 1911 – August 1, 1989) was an American second baseman, coach and manager in Major League Baseball. Born in Rouzerville, Pennsylvania, he threw and batted right-handed, and was listed as tall and .
Player and coach
Heffner entered professional baseball in 1929. After all or parts of four seasons with the then-minor league Baltimore Orioles, Heffner joined the New York Yankees for the 1934 season. He spent four seasons with the Yanks as a part-time player before a trade to the St. Louis Browns afforded him an opportunity to play regularly. He appeared in more than 100 games from 1938 to 1941 with St. Louis, including regular stints at second base (1938; 1940–41) and shortstop (1939), before reverting to a reserve role. He finished his playing career with the Philadelphia Athletics and Detroit Tigers in 1943–44. In 743 games over all or parts of 11 American League seasons (1934–44), Heffner batted .241 with six home runs and 610 hits.
In 1947, he began his managing career in the Browns' farm system, and he promptly won consecutive pennants in his first two seasons. He returned to the Major Leagues as a coach with the Athletics, now based in Kansas City, in 1958–60 and the Tigers in 1961. Heffner then spent two successful seasons managing the San Diego Padres of the Pacific Coast League, winning the 1962 league championship, before becoming third-base coach of the New York Mets in 1964–65.
Brief term as Reds' skipper
In October 1965, he succeeded Dick Sisler as manager of the Cincinnati Reds. Heffner was hired by longtime associate Bill DeWitt, the Reds' owner and general manager who was the front office boss of the Browns during Heffner's playing days.
The Reds were a first division finisher in 1965 and hopes were high for a pennant run the following year—especially after DeWitt added front-line starting pitcher Milt Pappas in a blockbuster trade with Baltimore involving former National League most valuable player Frank Robinson. But while the Orioles roared to the AL pennant and world championship in 1966, the Reds never got on track under their new skipper. Heffner tried to convert all-star second baseman Pete Rose into a third baseman, only to draw the popular star's wrath. (Oddly, Rose would later willingly become a third baseman for Sparky Anderson). The Reds struggled to reach the .500 mark during the season's first three months, and finally peaked at 36–35 on June 28. Cincinnati then proceeded to lose 11 games in a row. They broke their losing streak in the last game before the All-Star break on July 10.
But it was too late to save Heffner's job. With Cincinnati in eighth place in the National League with a record of 37–46 (.446) on July 13, Heffner was released in favor of Dave Bristol, who was serving as his third-base coach.
Heffner never again managed in the Major Leagues, although he spent 1967–68 as a California Angels coach and 1969 as manager of the Denver Bears of the American Association. He died at age 78 in Pasadena, California. He was interred at Mountain View Cemetery and Mausoleum in Altadena.
References
Baseball-library.com
John Duxbury, ed., The Baseball Register, 1968 edition. St. Louis: The Sporting News.
1911 births
1989 deaths
Augusta Tygers players
Baltimore Orioles (International League) managers
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Baltimore Orioles (International League) players
California Angels coaches
Cincinnati Reds managers
Detroit Tigers coaches
Detroit Tigers players
Goldsboro Goldbugs players
Kansas City Athletics coaches
Major League Baseball first base coaches
Major League Baseball infielders
Major League Baseball third base coaches
Newark Bears (International League) players
New Haven Profs players
New York Mets coaches
New York Yankees players
Philadelphia Athletics players
Portland Mariners players
St. Louis Browns players
Salisbury-Spencer Colonials players
San Antonio Missions managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Heffner |
Stephen Mark Bailey , known professionally as Stephen Stenning, joined the British Council in 2011 as Director Arts Middle East North Africa. He is currently British Council's Director Culture and Development in which role he set up and oversees the UK Cultural Protection Fund. Prior to joining the British Council he was Director of Edinburgh Mela and on the Board of Festival's Edinburgh. He used to be Senior Producer at UZ Ltd. delivering festivals such as Big in Falkirk (Scotland's National Street Arts Festival), "The Merchant City Festival" and working directly with artists and companies. Stenning was Chief Executive of Aberdeen International Youth Festival from 2003 to 2007.
He used to be Associate Director (Community) of Dundee Rep Theatre. He produced HOME Aberdeen for the National Theatre of Scotland in 2006 directed by Alison Peebles with a cast including Michael Marra.
Stenning was an actor and he has worked internationally including in Bulgaria, Romania and the United States.
He is a Specialist Advisor to the Scottish Arts Council/Creative Scotland, A Board Member of The Independent Street Arts Network, of Festival's Edinburgh, UZ Arts and Articulation.
Stenning was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2023 Birthday Honours for services to UK cultural relations.
Works
Adaptation of Dario Fo's 'Il ratto della Francesca, which was first published by Oberon Books in 1994 as Abducting Diana and then re-printed in 1997 when Dario Fo won the Nobel Prize for Literature.
Other full-length adaptations include "Widow's Union" an English-language version of Ginette Beauvais Garcin's 'Le Clan des Veuves'.
Full-length commissions include "Sweet Sister" for Bill Kenwright Limited.
'Arts Knowledge Bank' contributor and contributor to research on Arts Management in European Journal of Cultural Management.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Scottish male actors
British Council
Officers of the Order of the British Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Stenning |
The National Business Aviation Association (NBAA) is a non-profit, 501(c)(6) organization based in Washington, DC, United States. The association serves a membership of individuals and companies involved in private business aviation. NBAA's mission, according to the non-profit data and transparency organization GuideStar, is: "to foster an environment that allows business aviation to thrive in the United States and around the world."
Overview
As noted on NBAA's website: "Founded in 1947, the National Business Aviation Association collects, interprets and disseminates operational and managerial data related to the safe, efficient and cost-effective use of business aircraft." "The Association is the focal point for identifying and understanding advances in technology and procedures important to the business aviation community."
Surpassing the 11,000-member mark in 2016, NBAA represents the business aviation industry's access to airports and airspace. Other work performed by NBAA on behalf of the industry includes safety and security, international operations, and certification of new technologies. The association "provides more than 100 products and services to the business aviation community, including the NBAA Business Aviation Convention & Exhibition, the world's largest civil aviation trade show."
NBAA and public policy
Organizations such as NBAA, which are set up as 501(c)(6) entities with the IRS "are not organized for profit and no part of the net earnings goes to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual." Such an organization "may also perform some political activities. 501(c)(6) organizations are allowed to attempt to influence legislation that is related to the common business interests of its members."
NBAA's public policy initiatives in 2018 centered on the organization's opposition to air traffic control privatization. The matter was debated in 2018 as part of the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) congressional reauthorization process. Various proposals for extracting and privatizing air traffic control (ATC) were debated. NBAA's opposition to ATC privatization was motivated by the potential lack of representation on the AANS board (the proposed directors who would oversee a privatized ATC system). "Critics say that, given where the members are drawn from, the board would end up controlled by airline-related interests. They worry that the focus would accordingly be on the major airline corridors, with rural airports and users becoming second-class (or maybe third- or fourth-class) citizens." Ultimately, the FAA reauthorization was passed without including any ATC privatization measures.
Other public policy efforts of NBAA have focused on safety, security and tax policies related to business. In 2017, NBAA supported the passage in the U. S. House of Representatives of H.R. 3669 "Securing General Aviation and Commercial Charter Air Carrier Service Act'' which would, among other things, "Authorize the TSA to provide screening services to commercial charter operators in areas other than primary passenger terminals…". The organization also supported tax rules in the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act for deduction of business aircraft costs in the first year (also known as "immediate expensing").
NBAA has worked for many years to promote technologies, policies and procedures that ensure America's aviation system remains the largest, best, safest and most diverse system in the world, and that includes support for the FAA's ongoing rollout of next-generation, or 'NextGen' technologies, many of which have already been successfully implemented."
No Plane No Gain and data about NBAA members/business aviation
NBAA jointly sponsors the No Plane No Gain advocacy campaign with the General Aviation Manufacturers Association. The website "provides data showing a multitude of ways the industry is an integral engine to the economy".
An ongoing, multi-decade study by Harris Interactive found in 2009 "the use of business jets and other small aircraft is more about companies trying to gain efficiency and improve the bottom line than about providing a luxurious perk to those at the top of the corporate ladder."
The most recent edition of the same study by Harris in 2018 found that:
"Most users of business aviation are small companies employing 500 or fewer workers. Sixty-two percent of pilots and flight department leaders (identified as "pilots" for survey purposes) stated their companies utilize a single, turbine-powered aircraft."
"Many business aircraft are largely flown to towns with little or no airline service, with pilots reporting that, on average, 31.5 percent of their flights over the past year were to destinations lacking any scheduled airline service."
"Scheduling flexibility remains a key driver for business aviation, with 51.6 of passengers stating that traveling on business aircraft enables them to keep business schedules that could not be met efficiently using the scheduled airlines."
"A significant portion of business aircraft passengers are technical specialists, managers and other company employees, as well as customers. These passengers spend an average of 63 percent of their time on board business aircraft engaged in work, compared to just 42 percent when traveling commercially."
A research report from PWC produced in 2015, based on 2013 data, found:
"Nationwide 255,000 full- and part-time workers were directly employed in general aviation in 2013…. Including indirect, induced, and enabled impacts, general aviation, in total, supported 1.1 million jobs and $219 billion in output."
"Overall, total GDP impact attributable to general aviation amounted to $346 per person in the United States in 2013. At the national level, each direct job in the general aviation industry supported 3.3 jobs elsewhere in the economy."
NBAA conventions
NBAA organizes conferences and seminars, as well as large-scale conventions, that focus on business aviation topics.
The 2018 NBAA-BACE Business Aviation Convention & Exhibition was held in Orlando, Florida drawing 23,000+ attendees and was ranked number 12 in overall size by Trade Show News Network for the year.
The 2017 NBAA-BACE Business Aviation Convention & Exhibition was ranked number 9 in net square footage for the United States. And NBAA-BACE has been a top-ten U.S. convention in square footage size for three years since 2015. This convention attracts business aviation industry professionals, business aircraft owners and operators, aircraft manufacturers and buyers.
Prominent public officials attend NBAA conventions and are often presenters. Speaking at the NBAA Business Aviation Convention & Exhibition in Las Vegas, Nevada, on October 10, 2017, the Chairman of the United States National Transportation Safety Board, Robert L. Sumwalt, said: "I am absolutely convinced in the significant value of business aviation. I've seen it first-hand."
Other conventions managed by NBAA include the annual ABACE and EBACE exhibitions. The EBACE Convention, held in Geneva, Switzerland, is jointly hosted by NBAA and EBAA (the European Business Aviation Association). At the 2019 EBACE Convention, nearly half of the aircraft exhibited were powered by sustainable/alternative jet fuels, electricity or other sustainable propulsion. "Production and use of the alternate fuels are key to the industry's Business Aviation Commitment on Climate Change, which, among other aims, seeks to achieve carbon neutral growth from 2020 forward." Another focal topic at this event was urban air mobility (UAM), where prototype vehicles for electric-powered vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) were exhibited.
At the EBACE event in 2018, more than 400 companies exhibited and approximately 50 business aircraft were displayed. At the 2018 EBACE Convention, Ed Bolen, President and CEO of NBAA said: "'EBACE once again showed that business aviation is an industry focused on innovation and investment in the future. The new aircraft models, the new business models, the featured speakers and the trends we discussed all point to an energetic industry looking toward tomorrow.'"
The 2019 ABACE Convention for business aviation professionals and customers in the Asia-Pacific region was NBAA's eighth edition, and its largest to-date for overall exhibition size. The 2018 ABACE Convention, held in Shanghai, China, and jointly hosted with the Shanghai Airport Authority, had 170 exhibitors and 30 aircraft on display. At the 2018 ABACE Convention, Ed Bolen, President and CEO of NBAA said: "'Business aviation is becoming ever-more established in this region, with ABACE playing a pivotal role in its ongoing development.'"
NBAA leadership
Edward M. Bolen has been the president and CEO of NBAA since September 7, 2004. The organization's Board of Directors includes Chairman Lloyd Newton of L3 Technologies, Inc. and Vice Chair/Treasurer Elizabeth Dornak of DuPont Aviation.
Other NBAA board members include: Paul Anderson of UTFlight, William S. Ayer of Honeywell, Sheryl Barden of Aviation Personnel International, Shelly deZevallos of Independent Mortgage Company, Todd Duncan of Duncan Aviation, Ronald Duncan of General Communications, David Everitt of Harsco Corporation, Milt Hobbs of JPMorgan Chase & Co, Monte J.M. Koch of Falconshare LLC, Mark McIntyre of Mente LLC, Jim Schwertner of Schwertner Farms, Rich Walsh of American Express, Dan Williams of Walmart, and John Witzig of Pfizer Inc.
Executive leaders of the organization include Steve Brown (Chief Operating Officer), Marc Freeman (Chief Financial Officer), Dan Hubbard (Senior Vice President, Communications), Chris Strong (Senior Vice President, Conventions & Membership), Dina Green (Vice President, Events), Linda Peters (Vice President, Exhibits), Dick Doubrava (Vice President, Government Affairs), Christa Lucas (Vice President, Government Affairs), Doug Carr (Vice President, Regulatory and International Affairs), Todd Wormington (Vice President, Technology & Security), Mike Nichols (Senior Vice President, Strategy & Innovation), and Jo Damato (Vice President, Educational Strategy & Workforce Development).
NBAA Meritorious Service to Aviation Award
The NBAA Meritorious Service to Aviation Award is an American award in aviation given annually since 1950 by the NBAA.
The Association states that the award is business aviation's most distinguished honor, recognizing extraordinary lifelong professional contributions to aviation.
Past winners include:
Senator Barry M. Goldwater
William P. Lear Sr.
Juan Trippe
Henry B. Du Pont
Lt. Gen. James H. Doolittle
Eddie Rickenbacker
Charles Lindbergh
Arthur Godfrey
Allen E. Paulson
References
External links
Aviation in the United States
Organizations established in 1947
1947 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Business%20Aviation%20Association |
Sessvollmoen is a village in the municipality of Ullensaker, Norway. Its population (2005) is 653.
Villages in Akershus
Ullensaker | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessvollmoen |
Catalonia is internally divided into eight regional divisions, known in Catalan as (singular vegueria, ), following the regional plan of Catalonia. Each vegueria is further divided into comarques and municipalities, with the exception of the Aran Valley, considered a "unique territorial entity".
The vegueries system is based on the feudal administrative territorial jurisdiction of the Principality of Catalonia, which was abolished with the Nueva Planta decrees of 1716. The current division was established by the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 2006 with two functions: an inter-municipal government and the arrangement of the services from the Generalitat de Catalunya.
However, although the vegueries are intended to become Catalonia's first-level administrative division and a full replacement for the four diputacions of the official Catalan provinces within the Spanish system in the future and create a council for each vegueria, the latter is currently still used administratively at state level, as changes to the statewide provinces system are unconstitutional.
List
History
Origins and functions
The origins of the vegueria go back to the era of the Carolingian Empire, when vicars (Latin: vicarii, singular vicarius) were installed beneath the counts in the Marca Hispanica. The office of a vicar was a vicariate (Latin: vicariatus) and his territory was a vicaria. All these Latin terms of Carolingian administration evolved in the Catalan language even as they disappeared in the rest of Europe. The Catalan terms were even subsequently Latinised: vicarius → vigerius.
The original functions of the vigeriate were feudal and it was probably initially hereditary. The veguer was appointed by his feudal lord, the count, and was accountable to him. He was the military commander of his vegueria (and thus keeper of the publicly owned castles), the chief justice of the same district, and the man in charge of the public finances (the fisc) of the region entrusted to him. As time wore on, the functions of the veguer became more and more judicial in nature. He held a cort del veguer or de la vegueria with its own seal. The cort had authority in all matter save those relating to the feudal aristocracy. It commonly heard pleas of the crown, civil, and criminal cases. The veguer did, however, retain some military functions as well: he was the commander of the militia and the superintendent of royal castles. His job was law and order and the maintenance of the king's peace: in many respects an office analogous to that of the sheriff in England.
Historical vegueries
At the end of the twelfth century in Catalonia, there were twelve vegueries. By the end of the reign of Peter the Great (1285) there were seventeen, and by the time of James the Just there were twenty one. Some of the larger vegueries included one or more sotsvegueries (subvigueries), which had a large degree of autonomy.
While Catalonia continued to use vegueries as subdivisions of counties, elsewhere in the Iberian peninsula there were the merináticos (Kingdom of Aragon) and the corregimientos (Kingdom of Castile) whose functions were similar to those of the Catalan vegueries.
When the Kingdom of Sicily became a Catalan-run state, it was not subdivided into vegueries, since a similar Italian institution was already entrenched there: that of the capitania and the capità. The capità had similar to identical functions as the veguer. When the Catalans conquered the Duchy of Athens, they subdivided that duchy into three vegueries: Athens, Thebes, and Livadia. In the Duchy of Neopatras which the Catalans conquered in 1319, the institution of the capità appeared instead of the vigeriate, but the captaincies (Siderokastron, Neopatras, and Salona) were similar to identical in function to the vegueries of Athens. In Athens, the offices of captain and veguer were often held by the same individual as capitaneus seu vigerius and variants. Once the Aragonese crown had finally subdued most of the Kingdom of Sardinia to their rule by the end of the fourteenth century, they had subdivided its government into vegueries. All the vegueries of the Catalan possessions were, by the Usages of Barcelona, constrained to be held for only three years by any individual, though in practice some kings ignored this. In Athens, a vicar general on the Italian model was instituted above the veguers.
Catalan vegueries have changed their limits along the history and there has not always been the same number of them. The vegueries of Catalonia at the time of James the Just were:
Tortosa
Tarragona
Montblanc
Barcelona (including the Vallès sotsvegueria)
Osona
Berguedà (including the Manresa sotsvegueria)
Bages (including the Moianés sotsvegueria)
Vilafranca del Penedès (including the Igualada and Piera sotsvegueries)
Girona
Besalú
Campodron
La Ral
Ripollès
Tàrrega
Lleida (including the Balaguer sotsvegueria)
Cervera (including the Agramunt and Prats del Rei sotsvegueries)
Ribagorça
Pallars
Camarasa
Rosselló (including the Vallespir sotsvegueria)
Conflent (including the Capcir sotsvegueria)
Cerdanya (including the Ribes and Baridà sotsvegueries)
Later, during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, four more vegueries were created:
Urgell
Balaguer
Agramunt
Lluçanès
Vegueries were officially abolished in 1716, when the vegueries were replaced by 12 corregimientos, a historical Castilian administrative division. In 1833, the new Spanish territorial division divided Spain into provinces, subdividing Catalonia in four (Barcelona, Lleida, Tarragona and Girona), which did not adequate to the comarques, but outside of minor differences remains in use today.
Second Spanish Republic
During the Second Spanish Republic, after Catalonia obtained an autonomous government, it was divided into nine regions, which, in turn, were subdivided into comarques. The organisation was as follows:
Region 1, the capital was Barcelona and comprised the following comarques: Baix Llobregat, Barcelonès, Maresme, Vallès Occidental and Vallès Oriental.
Region 2, the capital was Girona and comprised the following comarques: Alt Empordà, Baix Empordà, Garrotxa, Gironès, and Selva (Pla de l'Estany, newly created in 1987, was back then included in this region).
Region 3, the capital was Tarragona and comprised the following comarques: Alt Camp, Alt Penedès, Baix Penedès, Garraf and Tarragonès.
Region 4, the capital was Reus and comprised the following comarques: Baix Camp, la Conca de Barberà, Priorat and Ribera d'Ebre.
Region 5, the capital was Tortosa and comprised the following comarques: Baix Ebre, Montsià and Terra Alta.
Region 6, the capital was Vic and comprised the following comarques: Baixa Cerdanya, Osona and el Ripollès.
Region 7, the capital was Manresa and comprised the following comarques: Anoia, Bages, Berguedà and Solsonès.
Region 8, the capital was Lleida and comprised the following comarques: Garrigues, Noguera, Urgell, Segarra and Segrià (Pla d'Urgell, newly created in 1987, was back then included in this region).
Region 9, the capital was Tremp and comprised the following comarques: Alt Urgell, Pallars Jussà, Pallars Sobirà and the Aran Valley (Alta Ribagorça, newly created in 1987, was back then included in this region).
In 1937, a government decree reinstated the name of , but they were abolished by the Francoist regime at the end of the Spanish Civil War.
After the transition to democracy
Following Franco's death and Spain's return to a democratic system, the Catalan comarques were reinstated in 1987, although the vegueries have yet to be formally recognised by the State.
Under the 2006 Statute of Autonomy, the four Catalan diputacions, which follow the Spanish province system, were to be superseded by seven consells de vegueries, additionally taking over many of the comarques' functions. However, in June 2010, the Spanish Constitutional Court declared any changes to the statewide provinces system as unconstitutional, thus only allowing vegueries as long as the provinces system remained. The Vegueries Law was approved on 27 July 2010 in Parliament. The approval provided for the replacement of the provincial councils by their own bodies, the vegueria councils (consell de vegueria), formed by the president and the Vegueria councillors. Although the law allows for an inter-municipal government and the organisation of the services of the Generalitat de Catalunya, the unapproved proposal aims to replace the current provincial deputations and to make the administrative structures more efficient.
The law does not define any vegueria capitals and allows for creating or deleting any. After some opposition from some territories, it was made possible for the Aran Valley to retain its government (included in the Regional Plan as Alt Pirineu i Aran, vegueria named Alt Pirineu) and on August 3, 2016, Parliament approved the legislative initiative that advocated the creation of the eighth vegueria, Penedès.
Notes
References
Types of administrative division
Subdivisions of Catalonia
Medieval Catalonia
Principality of Catalonia
Administrative divisions in Europe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegueria |
Nordkisa is a village in the municipality of Ullensaker, Norway. Its population (2005) is 853.
Villages in Akershus
Ullensaker | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordkisa |
Algarheim is a village in the municipality of Ullensaker, Norway. Its population (2005) is 371. Algarheim was from 2008 to 2013 and again from 2020 in Statistics Norway's settlement statistics counted as part of Jessheim. In the past there has been both a school, a camp, a post office, and a couple of larger farms connected to Algarheim.
The name Algarheim itself originally comes from a large farm in the area. Algarheim had its own general store and post office until the end of the 1990s. The place also has its own public kindergarten and primary school Algarheim School.
The place was heavily developed from the mid-1970s with new housing estates consisting of villas, as well as a new primary school.
References
Villages in Akershus
Ullensaker | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algarheim |
Ianina Zanazzi (born January 7, 1982) is an Argentinian professional racecar driver. She was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and started her career in karting in 1996, moving to Argentinian Formula Hyundai for the 1997 season. In 1998 she competed in both Argentinian Formula Honda and Argentinian Formula Renault. She moved to the Formula Super Renault for 1999, where she claimed a win at Río Cuarto, a first for a woman in Argentine formula racing. Zanazzi moving to Formula Three Sudamericana in 2000, in the B-Class. In 2001, she moved to the main class, but only competed in part of the season's schedule. She also competed in a part season of Spanish Formula Three in 2002.
Sabotage
On June 1, 2000, Zanazzi was testing her Formula 3 Light car at Río Cuarto circuit and had a spun off due to an oil spot on the asphalt. She did not suffer any damage in the incident, but found clues of sabotage near the zone, and later on it was said that she pointed to team-mate Mariano Bainotti as responsible for such a personal attack on her. However, Zanazzi refused having said that. Bainotti then threatened Zanazzi to sue her for lying, but nothing has happened since.
References
External links
1982 births
Living people
Racing drivers from Buenos Aires
Argentine racing drivers
Italian Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
Formula 3 Sudamericana drivers
Euroformula Open Championship drivers
Formula Renault Argentina drivers
Argentine female racing drivers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ianina%20Zanazzi |
Henry Sutherland Edwards (1828–1906) was a British journalist.
He was born in London, and educated in London and France. He was correspondent of The Times at the coronation of Alexander II of Russia, in the camp of the insurgents at Warsaw (1862–63), and at German army headquarters during the Franco-Prussian War.
In 1865 he took over the role of chief music critic on The Morning Post from Howard Glover and he was a regular contributor to The Pall Mall Gazette.
Selected publications
The Russians at Home (1861)
The Polish Captivity: An Account of the Present Position of the Poles in the Kingdom of Poland, and in the Polish Provinces of Austria, Prussia, and Russia (1863)
The Life of Rossini (1869)
The Germans in France (1874)
The Russians at Home and the Russians Abroad (1879, Vol. 1 is an abridgment of the 1861 book Russians at Home. Vol. 2 deals with political issues.)
The Lyrical Drama: Essays on Subjects, Composers, & Executants of Modern Opera (1881)
The Case of Reuben Malachi (1886)
The Prima Donna: Her History and Surroundings from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century (two volumes, 1888)
Rossini and His School (1895)
Personal Recollections (1900)
References
External links
1828 births
1906 deaths
British male journalists
British biographers
The Times people
Male biographers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Sutherland%20Edwards |
Borgen is a village in the municipality of Ullensaker, Norway. Its population on 1 January 1 2020 was 1,343. Borgen has both soccer and handball teams. In recent years, Borgen has started to grow. Usually, new families move to Borgen because of its good environment and proximity to the city.
References
Villages in Akershus
Ullensaker | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgen%2C%20Ullensaker |
Brårud is a village in the municipality of Nes, Akershus, Norway. Its population (2005) is 452.
References
Villages in Akershus
Nes, Akershus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A5rud |
NBAA may refer to:
National Billiard Association of America, today the Billiard Congress of America
National Board of Accountants and Auditors, a government agency in Tanzania
National Business Aviation Association, a trade association in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBAA |
A hybrid bond graph is a graphical description of a physical dynamic system with discontinuities (i.e., a hybrid dynamical system). Similar to
a regular bond graph, it is an energy-based technique. However, it allows instantaneous switching of the junction structure, which may violate the principle of continuity of power (Mosterman and Biswas, 1998).
References
Pieter Mosterman and Gautam Biswas, 1998: "A Theory of Discontinuities in Physical System Models" in Journal of the Franklin Institute, Volume 335B, Number 3, pp. 401-439, January, 1998.
Further reading
Pieter Mosterman, 2001: "HyBrSim - A Modeling and Simulation Environment for Hybrid Bond Graphs" in Journal of Systems and Control Engineering, vol. 216, Part I, pp. 35-46, 2002.
Cuijpers, P.J.L., Broenink, J.F., and Mosterman P.J., 2008: "Constitutive Hybrid Processes: a Process-Algebraic Semantics for Hybrid Bond Graphs" in SIMULATION, vol. 84, No. 7, pages 339-358, 2008.
Bond graph | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20bond%20graph |
Caucasus Germans () are part of the German minority in Russia and the Soviet Union. They migrated to the Caucasus largely in the first half of the 19th century and settled in the North Caucasus, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia and the region of Kars (present-day northeastern Turkey). In 1941, the majority of them were subject to deportation to Central Asia and Siberia during Joseph Stalin's population transfer in the Soviet Union. After Stalin's death in 1953 and the beginning of the Khrushchev Thaw, the Caucasus Germans were allowed to return, though only few did. Many assimilated and, after 1991, emigrated to Germany. Although the community today is a fraction of what it once was, many German buildings and churches are still extant, with some turned into museums.
History
Origins
The victory of the Russian Empire under Catherine the Great in the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 ensured its expansion into the Caucasus. It also created a need in populating these lands with Russian subjects in order to hasten their exploration. In the late 18th century, the government permitted families of Volga Germans to settle in the Kuban. However, poor infrastructure, lack of organization of the officials responsible for the settlement and the refusal of the military personnel to have these lands populated by non-Russians were an obstacle to the steady and constant migration of the Germans. In 1815, while participating in the Congress of Vienna, Russian Tsar Alexander I visited Stuttgart, a city in his mother's native Kingdom of Württemberg. Upon witnessing the oppression that local peasants were undergoing either due to belonging to different non-Lutheran Protestant sects or to their participation in separatist movements, he arranged for their settlement in Russian Transcaucasia in order to form agricultural colonies.
Early 19th century
On September 21, 1818, the first German settlement in Transcaucasia, Marienfeld, was established by a group of Swabian Germans near the Georgian capital Tiflis (Tbilisi), along the Kakheti highway, now part of Sartichala. Two months later, another group of colonists founded another settlement in Georgia on the bank of the Asureti River and named it Elisabethtal, after the Emperor's wife Elizabeth Alexeievna (now Asureti in the Georgian province of Kvemo Kartli). Within the next year, five more colonies were established in eastern Georgia: New Tiflis (later Mikhailovsky Avenue, now part of David Agmashenebeli Avenue in Tbilisi), Alexandersdorf on the left bank of the Kura (now the vicinity of Akaki Tsereteli Avenue in Tbilisi), Petersdorf (near Marienfeld, now part of Sartichala) and Katharinenfeld (now Bolnisi). Three more colonies were founded in Abkhazia: Neudorf, Gnadenberg and Lindau.
By the late 1840s, there were five German colonies in the North Caucasus. The migration waves (especially to the Don Host Oblast) grew beginning in the second half of the 19th century with the capitalist influence on farming in Russia. Germans would immigrate not only from the regions adjacent to the Volga River but also from the Black Sea region and Germany. The majority of these Germans adhered to various branches of Protestantism: most were Lutherans, Mennonites, or Baptists. Roman Catholics formed a minority and lived in six colonies.
In the winter of 1818–1819, 194 Swabian families primarily from Reutlingen arrived in Elisabethpol (Ganja) in eastern Transcaucasia from Tiflis. They were granted land 6 kilometres to the west of the city and founded the town of Helenendorf (Goygol) in the summer of 1819. Another German settlement, the town of Annenfeld (later merged with the city of Shamkir) was founded almost simultaneously 40 kilometres away from Helenendorf.
Germans became an active and well-integrated community in Russian Transcaucasia. Unlike the settlement of Russian religious minorities, German colonies were located in "places that were more economically advantageous, close to cities or important transportation routes." It became "typical for Caucasian administrative centers to have a satellite agrarian German colony." According to Charles King, "rows of trees lined the main streets" of the German colonies near Tiflis. "Schools and churches, conducting their business in German, offered education and spiritual edification. Beer gardens provided the main entertainment." In eastern Transcaucasia, German colonists were overwhelmingly bilingual in Azeri, while Russian was formally taught in schools starting in the late 19th century. Dolma, a traditional dish in the Caucasus and the Middle East popular among all Caucasus nationalities, became as common with the Caucasus Germans as traditional German dishes.
The Baltic German naturalist and explorer Friedrich Parrot encountered Swabian settlers near Tiflis on his expedition to Mount Ararat in 1829. He listed their settlements and personally visited Katharinenfeld and Elisabethtal, describing them:
These colonies may be known to be German at first sight from their style of building, their tillage, their carts and wagons, their furniture and utensils, mode of living, costume, and language. They contrast, therefore, strongly with the villages of the natives, and very much to their advantage, particularly in the eyes of one who has lived for some time, as was the case with us, wholly among the latter. [...] At last, after riding for five hours, I espied, high on the left bank of the river [i.e. the Khrami], symptoms not to be mistaken of the German colony: these were, regularly-built white houses, with good windows, doors, and ridge stone on the roof. I joyfully rode up, and found that this was Katharinenfeld.
The colonies suffered during the Russo-Persian War of 1826–28. Many of the settlements had been raided by marauding Kurds in 1826 who, according to Parrot, killed 30 people of Katharinenfeld's 85 families and captured 130 more. Half of those had not yet returned at the time of the naturalist's visit in 1829. While visiting the great bazaar in Erivan (Yerevan) with Khachatur Abovian (the Armenian writer and national public figure), Parrot encountered "two Württemberg women, with five children" who "talked to one another in true Swabian dialect." They were from Katharinenfeld and Parrot resolved to tell their relatives back home about their location. When Parrot visited the village and told the colonists the news, he was very well received. The two women who he met in Erivan returned from comparably benign captivity with a "wealthy Tatar chief" where they had been pressured to convert to Islam. Parrot surmised that others might have been sold into slavery deeper into Turkish territory. Furthermore, he told of a case where a man received a letter from his wife who had married a Persian cleric in captivity and therefore allowed him to remarry.
Some Germans moved voluntarily further south to Russian Armenia. Those who came from Württemberg were inspired by the concept of meeting the end of the world at the foot of Mount Ararat. On the invitation of Parrot, the Armenian writer Abovian attended the German-speaking University of Dorpat (Tartu) in present-day Estonia. He became a Germanophile and, after his return to the Caucasus, married a German woman, Emilia Looze, in Tiflis. They moved to Abovian's native Armenia and "established a complete German household."
During his travels to the Caucasus during the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829, the celebrated Russian poet Aleksandr Pushkin visited one of the German colonies near Tiflis and recorded his experience in his Journey to Arzrum. He ate dinner there, but was unimpressed by the food and the beer. "We drank beer which is made there, with a very unpleasant taste, and paid very much for a very bad dinner," he wrote.
In 1843, during his visit to Russian Transcaucasia, German Baron August von Haxthausen also visited the German colonies of Georgia and the Tiflis region and extensively described their agricultural practices. He related an account from Moritz von Kotzebue about an unsuccessful religious pilgrimage of German colonists to Jerusalem, led by a woman who "knew the whole Bible by heart, from beginning to end" and who "exercised a kind of magical influence on all around her." During his travels in the Caucasus, Haxthausen was accompanied by Peter Neu, a Swabian colonist from the Tiflis area who had "a remarkable genius for languages and knew a dozen European and Asiatic tongues,—German, French, Russian, Circassian, Tatar, Turkish, Armenian, Georgian, Persian, Kurdish, etc." In addition, he "possessed a rich gift of poetical imagination and had an inexhaustible treasury of märchen, legends and popular songs, gleaned from all the countries he had visited." Neu accompanied Haxthausen, Khachatur Abovian and Abovian's uncle Harutiun on a visit to the Yazidi community of Armenia. Haxthausen, Abovian and Neu also visited the center of the Armenian Apostolic Church at Etchmiadzin and Neu accompanied Haxthausen on an excursion to the area of present-day South Ossetia.
Late imperial era
Additional German colonies were established in eastern Transcaucasia during the latter half of the 19th century and in the beginning of the 20th century. In the Tiflis Governorate as of 1926, a total of 9,000 Germans lived in the colonies of Alexandersdorf (now part of Didube, Tbilisi), Alexandershilf (now Trialeti), Blümenthal (later Chapaevka, now Kavta), Elisabetthal (now Asureti), Freudenthal (now part of Sartichala), Georgsthal (now Dzveli Kanda), Gnadenberg (now Dziguta), Grünthal (later Akhali Ulianovka, now Ruisbolo), Hoffnungsthal (now Akhalsheni), Katharinenfeld, Lindau (now Lindava), Marienfeld (now part of Sartichala), Marnaul (now part of Marneuli), Neudorf (now Akhalsopeli), Neu Tiflis (now part of Kukia and Chughureti, Tbilisi), Petersdorf (now part of Sartichala), Steinfeld (now Kotishi), Traubenberg (now Tamarisi), Waldheim (now Ipnari), and Wiesendorf (now Akhali Marabda).
Beginning in the 1880s, in addition to Helenendorf and Annenfeld, six more German colonies were formed the Elisabethpol Governorate: Georgsfeld in 1888, Alexejewka in 1902, Grünfeld and Eichenfeld in 1906, Traubenfeld in 1912 and Jelisawetinka in 1914. They became populated mostly by the descendants of the Germans from the two older colonies of Helenendorf and Annenfeld. By 1918 according to the German consul in Constantinople, there were 6,000 Germans living in these colonies overall. Helenendorf became the primary spiritual center for the Germans of the eight colonies. The oldest Lutheran church in present-day Azerbaijan, St. John's Church, was built in this town in 1857. Other Lutheran churches were built in Gadabay, Shamakhi, Elisabethpol, Baku and Annenfeld in 1868, 1869, 1885, 1897 and 1911 respectively. The ceremony of laying the first stone of Baku's German Church of the Saviour was attended by Emanuel Nobel, brother of Alfred Nobel, and other members of the city's elite.
Baku's booming oil industry attracted many people from all over the Caucasus. By 1903, the German population of the city had grown to 3,749 (2.4% of the city's entire population at the time) and consisted mostly of natives of the original German colonies. Nikolaus von der Nonne, an ethnic German who had been working in Baku since 1883, was the mayor of Baku from 1898 to 1902. Notably, Richard Sorge, the famous ethnic German-Soviet spy, was born in a suburb of Baku in 1895. His father was a German mining engineer who worked for the Caucasus Oil Company. Sorge is considered to have been one of the best Soviet spies in Japan before and during World War II and he was posthumously declared a Hero of the Soviet Union. The city of Baku dedicated a monument and park to him.
Commonly referred to as nemsə or lemsə (from the Russian немец – "German") by the local Azerbaijani population, Germans in the Elisabethpol Governorate were traditionally engaged in farming. However, starting from 1860, viticulture was becoming more and more important in the life of the German agricultural communities. By the end of the 19th century, 58% of the region's wine production was manufactured by the Vohrer Brothers and the Hummel Brothers of Helenendorf.
In 1865 and 1883, Siemens built two copper smelteries in Gadabay and a hydroelectric station in Galakand. In the 1860s, it initiated cobalt extraction in Dashkasan and built two power stations in Baku. The Siemens smelteries were officially closed down in 1914 when the Russian Empire entered World War I fighting against Germany and the tsarist government banned all German businesses in Russia.
Following the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, Imperial Russia annexed the Kars region from the Ottoman Empire. The tsarist government launched a campaign to populate the newly established Kars Oblast with perceived "reliable" populations, including Germans. In 1891, a number of German families were resettled in Kars from the colony of Alexandershilf near Tiflis and established the village of Petrovka. Its population remained relatively low and consisted of about 200 people by 1911. Another two colonies in the province, Vladikars and Estonka, were founded between 1911 and 1914. These settlements were short-lived. Due to the Russian-Ottoman military confrontation at the start of World War I, most of the remaining German settlers from the Kars Oblast were evacuated to Eichenfeld. The Kars region itself was eventually annexed by Turkey in the treaties of Moscow and Kars.
From 1906 to 1922, Baron Kurt von Kutschenbach published the German-language newspaper Kaukasische Post in Tiflis. It called itself the "only German newspaper in the Caucasus." The editor-in-chief was the writer, journalist and Caucasus scholar Arthur Leist.
After the outbreak of World War I, Russian government attempts to Russify the German colonies in the Caucasus created a local backlash. Following Russian Revolutions of 1917 and the formation of the Transcaucasian Federation, German colonists formed the Transcaucasian German National Council (Transkaukasischer Deutscher Nationalrat), with its seat in Tiflis. In May 1918, the Transcaucasian Federation dissolved and the short-lived republics of Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia were established. The German colonists strove to maintain their communities amid the upheaval of the Russian Civil War in the Caucasus. In the short-lived Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the centenary of Helenendorf was marked by a public celebration within the community. The German community was also represented in the parliament of the republic by Lorenz Kuhn, a Helenendorf-born oil industry businessman.
Soviet era
Following the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War and the Sovietization of the Caucasus, the new Soviet government initially demonstrated a favorable attitude toward multiculturalism in the era of the New Economic Policy (NEP). The cultural and linguistic rights of ethnic groups were promoted by Soviet authorities in accordance with the korenizatsiya (nativization) policy of Soviet nationalities. In 1926, there were seven public primary schools in Soviet Azerbaijan with German as the language of instruction. The First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union in 1926 showed that 93,915 Caucasus Germans lived in the North Caucasus region of the Russian SFSR. Within the Transcaucasian SFSR, 13,149 lived in the Azerbaijan SSR, 12,047 in the Georgian SSR and 104 in the Armenian SSR. The situation changed with the rise of Joseph Stalin. The Soviet government gradually ordered all German-sounding place-names to be changed by the mid-1930s. The forced collectivization of agriculture under the first five-year plan and the resulting famine of 1932-33 hit the North Caucasus and the local German community very hard.
After the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany in June 1941, the Caucasus Germans were internally deported by Soviet authorities to Central Asia and Siberia on the pretext that their loyalties were with Germany, even though this was not the case. According to scholar Pavel Polian, most of the Caucasus Germans (approximately 190,000 people) were deported from the North and South Caucasus to Kazakhstan and Siberia from September 1941 to June 1942.
The deportees were allowed to take very little luggage, hardly any food and then had to undergo a voyage across the Caspian Sea to the camps of Central Asia. They were told the voyage would only be for several days but many ships went back and forth for months, resulting in mass death from starvation and the climate, especially among children, the elderly and the sick. On one ship carrying deportees, about 775 Germans froze to death. Evidently, maritime officials had no clear instructions to land the deportees at a particular destination and were prohibited from landing them anywhere else. They eventually arrived by rail in the Lake Balkhash area, in Kazakhstan. This torment can be ascribed, in part, to the confusion caused by the war, but also, more importantly, to the typical callous treatment of political prisoners by the Stalin regime, which did not care if prisoners lived or died. The following eye-witness report relates a harrowing story of evacuation by ship:
For two months ethnic Germans from the Caucasus were pointlessly dragged back and forth on the Caspian Sea, and more people, especially children, were dying of starvation. They were just thrown overboard. My four-year-old son was thrown there as well. My other son, seven years of age, saw that. He grabbed my skirt and begged me with tears in his eyes: 'Mummy, don't let them throw me in the water. I beg you, leave me alive, and I will always be with you and take care of you when I grow up'... I always cry when I remember that he also died of starvation and was thrown overboard, which he feared so much.
The only ones not subject to deportation were German women (and their descendants) who were married to non-Germans. Soon after Stalin's death in 1953 and the rise of Nikita Khrushchev to the Soviet leadership, the ban for the majority of the deported peoples to return to their homes was lifted. However, relatively few Germans returned to the Caucasus region. By 1979, there were only 46,979 Germans living in both North and South Caucasus.
History since 1991
There has been renewed interest in the Caucasus German community in the post-Soviet states since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Bolnisi, Georgia
The 2014 census recorded only two Germans living in the Bolnisi municipality. The German town cemetery was leveled under Stalin and is marked today by a memorial honouring the memory of the German colonists. Recently, there has been increasing interest in Georgia on the part of local youth to find out more about their German heritage. Often this desire is closely related to Protestant beliefs, so as a result the New Apostolic Church works intensively with these young people as part of its regular youth programs.
Azerbaijan
In Azerbaijan, the remaining Germans are concentrated in the capital city of Baku, and many belong to the Evangelical Lutheran Community restored and officially registered in the early 1990s. The last German resident of Goygol (Helenendorf), Viktor Klein, died in 2007. The city has nowadays over 400 buildings whose construction dates back to the German period. In 2015, according to Klein's will, his familial house, built by his grandfather in 1886, was turned into the Museum of Caucasus German History. The former Lutheran church of Ganja has housed the Ganja State Puppet Theatre since 1986. In 2009, the non-functioning Lutheran church in Shamkir (and into which Annenfeld was absorbed), which had been used as a community centre in the Soviet era, was renovated and turned into a museum. Yunis Hajiyev, born in 1928 to an Azeri father and a German mother, and his descendants are said to be the last family of German origin still residing in Shamkir as of 2018. Gadabay's German population left by 1922 after the exhaustion of the copper industry. The Lutheran Church of the town was razed by the Soviet government in the 1920s.
Armenia
Already small compared to the historical German communities of the neighboring Georgia and Azerbaijan, Armenia's remaining German population declined following the country's independence in 1991 due to economic factors. Many of the country's Germans emigrated to Germany. In recent years, the German community has been working closely with the German Educational and Cultural Center of Armenia to help organize German-language schools and cultural events.
Turkey
The last German resident of the Estonka colony (the present-day village of Karacaören in the Kars Province of Turkey), Frederik Albuk, died in 1999 in his native village, survived by his wife Olga Albuk of Russian-Estonian ancestry, who died there in August 2011. The 150-grave Lutheran cemetery where they were buried is the only remnant of the German community's presence in northeastern Turkey.
See also
History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union
Crimea Germans
Volga Germans
Lenins Weg
References
Further reading
M. Friedrich Schrenk: Geschichte der deutschen Kolonien. In: Geschichte der deutschen Kolonien in Transkaukasien. Tiflis 1869
Paul Hoffmann: Die deutschen Kolonien in Transkaukasien. Berlin 1905
Werner Krämer: Grünfeld, ein deutsches Dorf im Südkaukasus. o. O., o. J.
Max Baumann, Peter Belart: Die Familie Horlacher von Umiken in Katharinenfeld (Georgien)
Andreas Groß: Missionare und Kolonisten: Die Basler und die Hermannsburger Mission in Georgien am Beispiel der Kolonie Katharinenfeld; 1818–1870. Lit, Hamburg 1998,
U. Hammel: Die Deutschen von Tiflis. In: Georgica. Bd. 20 (1997), pp 35–43
Immanuel Walker: Fatma. Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Russland, Stuttgart, 1966 3. Edition
Mammad Jafarli: Politischer Terror und Schicksale der aserbaidschanischen Deutschen. Baku 1999
External links
Germans From Russia Heritage Society
American Historical Society of Germans from Russia
Germans from Russia Settlement Locations Google Map
RFE/RL report on the German heritage of Asureti, Georgia
Euronews report on the German heritage of Goygol, Azerbaijan
Russian and Soviet-German people
Ethnic groups in Georgia (country)
Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan
Ethnic groups in Armenia
Ethnic groups in Russia
History of Kars Province
German minorities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus%20Germans |
Uralsky (masculine), Uralskaya (feminine), or Uralskoye (neuter) may refer to:
Ural Federal District (Uralsky federalny okrug), a federal district of Russia
Uralsky (inhabited locality) (Uralskaya, Uralskoye), name of several inhabited localities in Russia
Uralskaya metro station, a station of the Yekaterinburg Metro, Yekaterinburg, Russia
See also
Ural (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralsky |
The 4A Dulles District is a high school conference in the state of Virginia that includes schools from Northern Virginia, with all of its full-time members from Loudoun County. 4A is the third largest enrollment class of the Virginia High School League and is typically very competitive in Virginia high school sports.
The Dulles District schools compete in the 4A West Region with the schools from Conference 21A, Conference 22, Conference 23, and Conference 24.
History and Facts about the District
The Dulles District was created in 2001 from all six Loudoun County high schools that were in the AA Northwestern District, which were Broad Run High School, Loudoun County High School, Loudoun Valley High School, Park View High School, Potomac Falls High School, and Stone Bridge High School.
The Dulles District's name is derived from the district's proximity to Washington Dulles International Airport, which is located in eastern Loudoun County.
Membership Changes
Loudoun County's growth has been a factor in creating the Dulles District as more high schools in the county were being built during the 2000s, including four new members in the district since its founding in 2001. In 2002, Heritage High School opened; in 2003, Dominion High School opened; in 2005, Briar Woods High School and Freedom High School opened. In 2005, Loudoun Valley was moved to the AAA National District and Stone Bridge moved to the AAA Liberty District because their enrollments were considerably above the AA/AAA enrollment cutoffs. In 2007, George Mason High School in Falls Church, Virginia became the first non-Loudoun County school to enter the Dulles District, though only as a part-time member for lacrosse only, as their district, the A Bull Run District did not hold enough members to sponsor it. Mason's swim team will also be competing in the Dulles District in the 2009–2010 season. In 2009, Heritage was moved to the AAA Cedar Run District and the AAA Northwest Region due to their increasing enrollment.
Woodgrove High School of Purcellville and Tuscarora High School of Leesburg joined the district when they opened in 2010. Loudoun Valley and Heritage returned to AA in 2011 because of the new school openings. In 2011, Broad Run and Freedom moved up to the AAA Cedar Run District.
John Champe High School joined the AA Dulles District when the school opened in 2012 and Independence High School and Lightridge High School joined the Dulles district when the schools opened in 2019 and 2020.
In the 2013–2014 school year, the Dulles District will be split as a result of the overall VHSL realignment. Current and former member schools in the 5A classification, Briar Woods, Broad Run, Freedom, Potomac Falls and Tuscarora will form the new Potomac District. Stone Bridge will remain in the Liberty District. Schools in the 4A and 3A classification, Champe, Dominion, Heritage, Loudoun County, Loudoun Valley, Park View, Riverside, and Woodgrove will remain in the Dulles District. In the postseason, schools will compete only against members of the same group classification.
Strengths and Notable Facts on the Dulles District
In 2001, the Dulles District was expected to be a football powerhouse, with Park View, the AA Division 4 runner up in 1999 and 2000 leading the way. Former Park View coach and teacher Mickey Thompson went to Stone Bridge to start up the new program there, and the Bulldogs were also expected to be another strong contender for the AA title. Both schools were very competitive in the district's initial years, but Park View's program steadily declined as players who first had Thompson at Park View graduated, and Stone Bridge moved to AAA after winning two AA Region II Division 4 titles. Loudoun Valley also made a playoff appearance in 2003 but is also in AAA. This trend has reversed this year, however, with three of the districts teams making playoff appearances (Briar Woods, Broad Run, and Park View). Broad Run has won the last two VHSL AA Division 4 state championships, in 2008 and 2009. In recent years, Briar Woods has emerged as a football powerhouse as they defeated Broad Run twice in 2010 en route to a state championship and lost once (to Broad Run) en route to a second state championship in 2011. The Falcons began the 2012 season with an early away victory at Broad Run and capped a perfect 15–0 season, rolling over Lynchburg Heritage 52–0 in the championship game to garner a third consecutive title.
Dulles District schools have been among the strongest in Virginia in softball, girls soccer, volleyball, and girls basketball, with multiple members earning AA tournament berths and AA titles since the district's founding. Boys and Girls lacrosse was offered as a varsity sport for the first time in Loudoun County high schools in 2002, and girls' field hockey may be added as well within a few years.
The biggest strength of the Dulles District as a league is not its sports however, but it is because seven out of the ten Loudoun schools routinely play each other in all sports, making the AA Dulles District the mainstay of Loudoun County athletics. In addition, the Dulles District is the only AA (and non-AAA) district with all of its members in Northern Virginia. This has also allowed more exposure on Loudoun County high school sports in the Washington area, because many Northwestern District members are located in the northern Shenandoah Valley and do not receive much exposure due to their distance from the immediate Washington area.
Dulles District members schedule non-district members primarily against schools in the AA Northwestern District and they also regularly play some high schools in the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia, including Jefferson, Hampshire, and Musselman.
State Champions since 2001-2002
{| class="wikitable" style="float:center;"
|-
! colspan=3 | Virginia State Championships
|-
! Year
! Sport/Competition
!School
|-
|2001–2002
|Girls Volleyball
|Loudoun Valley
|-
|2001–2002
|Golf
|Potomac Falls
|-
|2002
|Softball
|Park View
|-
|2002
|Boys Tennis
|Potomac Falls
|-
|2003
|Girls Tennis
|Loudoun County
|-
|2003
|Softball
|Loudoun Valley
|-
|2004
|Girls Soccer
|Potomac Falls
|-
|2004–2005
|Cheerleading
|Stone Bridge
|-
|2004–2005
|Girls Volleyball
|Loudoun Valley
|-
|2005
|Softball
|Loudoun Valley
|-
|2005
|Girls Soccer
|Stone Bridge
|-
|2006
|Boys Tennis
|Loudoun County
|-
|2006
|Boys Soccer
|Potomac Falls
|-
|2007
|Girls Track and Field
|Park View
|-
|2007
|Softball
|Broad Run
|-
|2007
|Girls Volleyball
|Loudoun County
|-
|2008
|Softball
|Broad Run
|-
|2008
|Girls Soccer
|Broad Run
|-
|2008
|Girls Track and Field
|Park View
|-
|2008
|Girls Volleyball
|Loudoun County
|-
|2008
|Football
|Broad Run
|-
|2008–2009
|Division 4 Girls Basketball
|Loudoun County
|-
|2008–2009
|Division 3 Girls Basketball
|Freedom
|-
|2009
|Softball
|Broad Run
|-
|2009
|Girls Soccer
|Broad Run
|-
|2009
|Girls Volleyball
|Loudoun County
|-
|2009
|Cheerleading
|Briar Woods
|-
|2009
|Football
|Broad Run
|-
|2009–2010
|Division 4 Girls Basketball
|Freedom
|-
|2009–2010
|Division 4 Boys Basketball
|Potomac Falls
|-
|2010
|Cheerleading
|Briar Woods
|-
|2010
|Football
|Briar Woods
|-
|2011
|Division 4 Boys Basketball
|Potomac Falls
|-
|2011
|Girls Soccer
|Broad Run
|-
|2011
|Softball
|Briar Woods
|-
|2011
|Cheerleading
|Briar Woods
|-
|2011
|Football
|Briar Woods
|-
|2012
|Softball
|Woodgrove
|-
|2012
|Girls Soccer
|Woodgrove
|-
|2016
|Cheerleading
|Riverside
|-
|2017
|Marching Band
|Riverside
|-
|2017
|Girls Swimming
|Riverside
|-
|2017
|Boys Soccer
|Riverside
|-
|2017
|Boys Lacrosse
|Riverside
|-
|2018
|Marching Band
|Riverside
|-
|2018
|Girls Lacrosse
|Riverside
|-
|2018
|Boys Tennis
|Riverside
|-
|2018
|Football
|Woodgrove
|-
|2019
|Boys Lacrosse
|Riverside
|}
Total Number of State Championships
{| class="wikitable" style="float:center;"
|-
! colspan=3 | Virginia State Championships
|-
! School
! No. of Titles
! Founded
|-
| Loudoun County
| 6
| 1954
|-
| Loudoun Valley
| 4
| 1963
|-
| Park View
| 3
| 1976
|-
| Heritage
| 0
| 2002
|-
| Dominion
| 0
| 2003
|-
| Woodgrove
| 3
| 2010
|-
| Riverside
| 9
|2015
|-
|}
2011-2012 District Champions
Fall Sports Regular Season Champions
Cheerleading: Briar Woods Falcons
Boys Cross Country: Loudoun County Raiders
Girls Cross Country: Potomac Falls Panthers
Golf: Dominion Titans (Season) - Briar Woods Falcons (Tournament)
Football: Briar Woods Falcons
Volleyball: Loudoun County Raiders
Winter Sports Regular Season Champions
Boys Basketball: Potomac Falls Panthers
Girls Basketball: Loudoun County Raiders
Girls Gymnastics: Freedom Eagles
Boys Swimming: Broad Run Spartans
Girls Swimming: Briar Woods Falcons
Wrestling: Freedom Eagles
Spring Sports Regular Season Champions
Baseball: Potomac Falls Panthers
Boys Lacrosse: Briar Woods Falcons
Girls Lacrosse: Woodgrove Wolverines
Boys Soccer: Broad Run Spartans
Girls Soccer: Broad Run Spartans
Softball: Briar Woods Falcons
Boys Tennis: Freedom Eagles
Girls Tennis: Broad Run Spartans
Boys Track: Loudoun County Raiders
Girls Track: Briar Woods Falcons
Member schools
Broad Run Spartans, Ashburn
Dominion Titans, Sterling
Heritage Pride, Leesburg
Independence Tigers, Ashburn
Lightridge Lightning, Aldie
Loudoun County Captains, Leesburg
Loudoun Valley Vikings, Purcellville
Park View Patriots, Sterling
Tuscarora Huskies, Leesburg
Rock Ridge Phoenix, Ashburn
Former Dulles Members
Freedom High School, played from 2005 to 2011
Stone Bridge High School, played from 2001 to 2005
Briar Woods Falcons, Ashburn
John Champe Knights, Aldie
Potomac Falls Panthers, Sterling
Riverside Rams, Leesburg
Rock Ridge Phoenix, Ashburn
George Mason Mustangs, Falls Church (Only for lacrosse and swimming)
Woodgrove Wolverines, Purcellville
External links
Gameday Magazine Covers All Loudoun High Schools and Broadcasts Hundreds of Loudoun County athletic events during the year on the Gameday Radio Network: Covers in depth on all sports in the Dulles District.
Loudoun Field Hockey Association: Youth and adult field hockey league in Loudoun County.
Potomac Field Hockey: leagues for adult and youth, with skills clinics
Education in Loudoun County, Virginia
Virginia High School League
2001 establishments in Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulles%20District |
The Gallant Men is a 1962–1963 ABC Warner Bros. Television series which depicted an infantry company of American soldiers fighting their way through Italy in World War II.
Description
The Gallant Men dramatized the experiences of the fictional Able Company within the 36th Infantry Division, Fifth Army, beginning with the division's amphibious landing at Salerno, Italy, on September 9, 1943. The pilot episode was directed by Robert Altman.
The company's commander was Capt. Jim Benedict, played by William Reynolds, who later appeared in the long-running series, The F.B.I. Their exploits were narrated by a newspaper correspondent — Conley Wright, played by Robert McQueeney — who accompanied them on their missions. The show lasted only one season. It succumbed to tough competition from the other networks and tepid responses from critics and audiences. The show also faced unfavorable comparisons with ABC's other World War II series launched the same year, Combat!.
The Gallant Men tended to be formulaic in plotting and characterization, with such stereotypes as ladies' man PFC Pete D'Angelo (played by Eddie Fontaine), hard-as-nails Sgt. John McKenna (Richard X. Slattery), and inseparable buddies Pvt. Ernie Lucavich (Roland La Starza) and Pvt. Sam Hanson (Robert Gothie). The regular cast would unrealistically dispatch large numbers of German troops while experiencing minimal or no injuries themselves in the Italian campaign, where historically the Allies suffered heavy casualties from determined German resistance that lasted until the end of World War II in Europe. Although promotional materials for the series promised a dramatization of the Italian campaign from Salerno to Rome, the series played out nearly in real time. Its 26 episodes take place between September 1943 and early spring 1944.
The series blended original footage with shots from wartime newsreels and stock footage from Warner Bros. war films such as Force of Arms, Darby's Rangers and A Walk in the Sun.
Regular cast
Episodes
Development
Warner Bros. television producer William T. Orr tried as early as 1960 to generate interest in a weekly dramatic series set in World War II. The early concept was called Battle Zone. The reception he found from the three major TV networks was lukewarm at best. "It wasn't that the networks were hostile to the idea," Orr told The New York Times in 1962. "They seemed to be in a kind of morass of indecision about it." Orr also predicted that, if Gallant Men were successful, networks would warm to more series set during the war. Looking for more original programming in its 1962-63 TV season, ABC gave the green light to Battle Zone, which was re-titled The Gallant Men.
The pilot episode was budgeted at $170,000 ($1.46 million in 2020 dollars). In preparation for shooting, director Robert Altman and story editor Richard Bluel screened John Huston's 1945 documentary The Battle of San Pietro. Eight days were spent on production, broken down into one day each for tests and post-production, and six shooting days. Primary filming took place in December 1961 and January 1962. Warner Bros. offered Altman a contract to continue directing the series, but the director found himself dissatisfied with Warner's production style and accepted an offer from Combat! executive producer Selig J. Seligman instead.
Members of the principal cast received basic military training on the Warner backlot over the spring of 1962, led by two veterans of the Italian campaign, Maj. Richard Lauer and SFC Robert McClintic. The cast familiarized themselves with action sequences using trenches and bomb craters dug by studio special effects personnel.
In May 1962, Army Lt. Col. David Sisco was tapped to be the series' military adviser. By coincidence, Sisco was friends with. Maj. Homer Jones, the technical adviser for Combat! Sisco served in the 36th Infantry Division in Italy, the group depicted in The Gallant Men. His job wasn't just limited to teaching the actors how to properly shoot; at times, Sisco and his Army superiors nixed or altered storylines so as not to cast soldiers or the Army itself in a negative light. At least one television critic said such changes weakened the show.
Cancellation and syndication
In December 1962 ABC cancelled The Roy Rogers and Dale Evans Show, opening an hour-long gap (7:30 - 8:30 p.m. ET) in the network's Saturday primetime schedule. Gallant Men was moved into that timeslot. By February 1963, doubtful reports began to circulate about The Gallant Men'''s future. Late that month, ABC announced it would not order a second season, and the same week William T. Orr was removed as head of Warner's television division. Warner Bros. then tried to sell commissioned but unproduced episode scripts to Combat! That effort may have borne fruit, as three episodes from the second season of Combat! are credited to Gallant Men writers.
Before the year was out, Warner Bros. was selling the series' 26 episodes to local stations across the country as part of its syndicated program offerings. A magazine ad in February 1964 claimed Gallant Men reruns beat first-run network programming in the New York City television market, and that the series was running in 20 markets across the United States. The series remained part of Warner Bros.' television syndication package until at least 1968.
Home media
On July 24, 2012, Warner Bros. released The Gallant Men: The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 via their Warner Archive Collection. This is a Manufacture-on-Demand (MOD) release, available exclusively in the US and only through Warner's online store.
Tie-ins
Eddie Fontaine sang lyrics to Sy Miller's end title song "My Heart Belongs to You" on one episode with Warner Bros. Records releasing the song on 45rpm
The Louis Marx and Company released a 1963 military playset with character figures from the show joining the usual American toy soldiers.
In 1966, Senator Everett McKinley Dirksen recorded the song "Gallant Men." It became a hit in the U.S., reaching #29 on the Billboard'' Hot 100 during the winter of 1967. It also reached #100 in Canada.
In 1963, Dell Publishing produced one issue of a comic book based on the show. The comic book contained two original standalone stories not drawn from the broadcast episodes.
References
External links
Classic TV Archive page for The Gallant Men
AmericanLife TV Network page for The Gallant Men
American Broadcasting Company original programming
1962 American television series debuts
1963 American television series endings
World War II television drama series
Television series based on actual events
Television series set in 1943
Television series set in 1944
Television series by Warner Bros. Television Studios
English-language television shows
Black-and-white American television shows
Television shows set in Italy
Television series about the United States Army | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Gallant%20Men |
Frogner is a village in Sørum municipality, Norway. Its population is 1,174.
References
Villages in Akershus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frogner%2C%20Akershus |
Arno Klasen (born 1967 in Karlshausen, Germany) is a German racecar driver best known for his long career in VLN endurance racing series on the Nürburgring. He has collected 26 overall wins in the category, ranking fourth after Jürgen Alzen, Olaf Manthey and Ullrich Richter.
Klasen started his career in karting. He entered VLN in 1994, scoring 26 overall wins, mainly on Jürgen Alzen Porsche.
Klasen was also on the Seikel Motorsport roster for the 2004 Le Mans Series season, but he never raced.
He entered for the 2006 24 Hours of Le Mans.
External links
1971 births
German racing drivers
Living people
European Le Mans Series drivers
People from Bitburg-Prüm
Racing drivers from Rhineland-Palatinate
24H Series drivers
Nürburgring 24 Hours drivers
Manthey Racing drivers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno%20Klasen |
Sophie of Pomerania (1498–1568) was Queen of Denmark and Norway as the spouse of Frederick I. She is known for her independent rule over her fiefs Lolland and Falster, the castles in Kiel and Plön, and several villages in Holstein as queen.
Life
Born in Stettin (Szczecin) into the House of Pomerania, she was the daughter of Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania and the Polish princess Anna Jagiellon.
After the death of his first spouse Anna of Brandenburg in 1514, she married the future Frederick I of Denmark. Not much is known about her personality. She is not known to have played any political role. She is thought to have been interested in religion: a German psalm, "Gott ist mein Heil, mein Hülf und Trost", is believed to have been written by her.
Sophie became queen consort of Denmark and Norway upon the ascension of her spouse to the throne of Denmark in 1523 and Norway in 1524. She was crowned Queen of Denmark on 13 August 1525 (but never crowned Queen of Norway). At her coronation, she was granted Lolland and Falster, the castles in Kiel and Plön, and several villages in Holstein for her income. In 1526, Anne Meinstrup was appointed head lady-in-waiting for her court. Queen Sophie did not live at the Danish court as queen, but resided separated from her spouse on her property in Kiel, and treated her estates as her private independent fiefs, which caused disagreements with her spouse during his reign. The conflicts continued during the reign of his successors and until her death.
In 1533, she became a widow and moved to Gottorp Castle with her children, awaiting the outcome of the election of the new king. During the Count's Feud 1533–36, her estates was occupied. In 1538, the new king, Christian III, asked her to leave Gottorp because of the costs and reside in Kiel. She demanded the right to rule independently over her fiefs, but was in 1540 forced to accept the superiority of the king.
Issue
She had six children:
Duke John of Holstein-Haderslev (28 June 1521 – 2 October 1580)
Elizabeth (14 October 1524 – 15 October 1586), married:
on 26 August 1543 to Duke Magnus III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
on 14 February 1556 to Ulrich, Duke of Mecklenburg
Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (25 January 1526 – 1 October 1586)
Anne (1527 – 4 June 1535)
Dorothea (1528 – 11 November 1575), married on 27 October 1573 to Duke Christof of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
Frederick, Bishop of Hildesheim and Schleswig (13 April 1532 – 27 October 1556).
Ancestry
Literature
Politikens bog om Danske monarker, af Benito Scocozza, 1997
Danske dronninger i tusind år, af Steffen Heiberg, 2000
References
Dansk biografisk Lexikon / XVI. Bind. Skarpenberg - Sveistrup (in Danish)
External links
|-
|-
1498 births
1568 deaths
16th-century Danish people
16th-century Norwegian people
16th-century Norwegian women
Danish royal consorts
House of Griffins
Norwegian royal consorts
People from Szczecin
People from the Duchy of Pomerania
16th-century Danish women landowners
Danish Roman Catholic hymnwriters
Mothers of monarchs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie%20of%20Pomerania |
Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski (in Latin, Matthiās Casimīrus Sarbievius; Lithuanian: Motiejus Kazimieras Sarbievijus; Sarbiewo, Poland, 24 February 1595 – 2 April 1640, Warsaw, Poland), was Europe's most prominent Latin poet of the 17th century, and a renowned theoretician of poetics.
Life
Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski was born in Sarbiewo, near Płońsk, in the Duchy of Masovia, on 24 February 1595. He entered the novitiate of the Jesuits at Vilnius on 25 July 1612; studied rhetoric and philosophy during 1614-17; taught grammar and humanities during 1617-18 and rhetoric at Polotsk during 1618-20; studied theology at Vilnius from 1620–22; was sent in 1622 to complete his theology at Rome, and was there ordained priest in 1623. He may have been laureated for his poetry by Pope Urban VIII.
Returning to Poland, Sarbiewski taught rhetoric, philosophy, and theology at Vilnius University from 1626 to 1635, was then made preacher to King Władysław, and was for four years companion in his travels. The fame of Sarbiewski is as wide as the world of letters. He was gifted with remarkable general talent, especially in music and the fine arts, but his chief excellence was as a poet versed in all the metres of the ancients. He was especially devoted to Horace, whose Odes he knew by heart. He also made the lyrical poetry of Pindar his own. To his familiarity with these great poets he added an industry which has given the splendid yield of his poetic works. The latest edition of these, printed at Stara Wieś in 1892, embraces four books of lyrics, a book of epodes, his posthumous Silviludia (Woodland Notes), and his book of epigrams. Of all these the lyrics furnish the best example of his qualities of mind and heart. All are pitched in a high key of thought, sentiment, or passion. His themes are for the most part love and devotion for Christ Crucified, for Our Blessed Lady, or friendship for a noble patron, such as Bishop Łubieński, Cardinal Francesco Barberini, nephew to Urban VIII, and that pontiff himself, whom he hailed as his Maecenas in several odes of exquisite finish. His noblest and most sustained efforts, however, are his patriotic odes upon the fatherland, the Knights of Poland, and kindred subjects. His tenderest pieces are those in praise of the rose, the violet, and the grasshopper, in which he rivals the grace and happy touch of Horace himself. He was crowned poeta laureatus by King Władysław IV Vasa. Urban VIII named him one of the revisers of the hymns of the Breviary, and he in particular is credited with having softened their previous ruggedness of metre. Some critics have urged that in his love of Horace he went so far as to become servile in imitating him, while others again have made a very virtue out of this close imitation. As a religious he was noted for his love of solitude, turning from the attractions of court life to solitude, prayer, and useful study and occupation.
Works
His prose works are:
De acuto et arguto liber unicus, sive Seneca et Martialis;
Dii gentium, a speculative work on the ancient arts and sciences;
De perfecta poesi libri quattuor;
De Deo uno et trino tractatus;
De angelis;
De physico continuo;
Memorabilia;
scattered orations, sermons, and letters.
Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski was the first Polish poet to become widely celebrated abroad, and the most popular Polish author before Henryk Sienkiewicz. He became known as Horationis par (“the peer of Horace“), “the Sarmatian Horace” and “the last Latin poet.” His European fame came from his first collection of poetry, Lyricorum libri tres (Three Books of Lyrics). An expanded edition, Lyricorum libri IV (Four Books of Lyrics), was so successful in Europe that it was released in 60 editions in different countries. Select poems of Sarbiewski have been translated from the original Latin into other languages. But his poetical works, as a whole, have found few translators. In Polish may be counted no less than twenty-two versions of the poet; yet, only two of these are in any measure complete, the rest being translations of chosen odes. The most notable Polish version, embracing almost all the poems, is that of Ludwik Kondratowicz, who also wrote the life of Sarbiewski and translated his letters. There is also a copy in Polish of all the odes extant in manuscript at Stara Wieś, the work of some few Jesuit fathers of the province of White Russia. Detached translations also exist in Italian, Flemish, and Czech. In German there are at least eight or nine translations, principally from the odes, and also incomplete. The French versions are of the same character: they are three or four in number, choice odes or pieces taken from the Poems. Sarbiewski's poetry was extremely popular in Great Britain and was copiously translated into English. The English translations are fuller and more complete than any others. There are at least four that may be styled integral versions: Odes of Casimire by G.H., printed for Humphrey Moseley at the Princes Armes in St. Paul's Church Yard, 1646; Translations from Casimir with Poems, Odes, and specimens of Latin Prose, J. Kitchener (London and Bedford, 1821); Wood-notes, the Silviludia Poetica of M.C. Sarbievius with a translation in English verse, by R.C. Coxe (Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1848); Specimens of the Polish poets, with notes and observations on the Literature of Poland, by John Bowring (printed for the author, London, 1827). In 2008 a collected edition of English translations was published as Casimir Britannicus: English Translations, Paraphrases and Emulations of the Poetry of Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski, edited by Krzysztof Fordoński and Piotr Urbański. The collection was published again in 2010 in an expanded and corrected version.
Gallery
See also
List of Poles
History of the concept of creativity
Notes
External links
International Days of Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski, SI - Academia Europea Sarbieviana
1595 births
1640 deaths
17th-century writers in Latin
Polish nobility
Polish male poets
Polish male writers
Neo-Latin poets
Vilnius University alumni
Academic staff of Vilnius University
17th-century male writers
Baroque writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maciej%20Kazimierz%20Sarbiewski |
This list of birds of Florida includes species documented in the U.S. state of Florida and accepted by the Florida Ornithological Society Records Committee (FOSRC). As of November 2022, there were 539 species included in the official list. Of them, 168 species and eight identifiable subspecies are classed as accidental, 18 have been introduced to North America, four are extinct, and one has been extirpated. More than 100 "verifiable...exotic species [are] found free-flying in the wild" according to the FOSRC. Additional accidental, extirpated and recently extinct species have been added from other sources. A hypothetical species has also been added from another source.
This list is presented in the taxonomic sequence of the Check-list of North and Middle American Birds, 7th edition through the 62nd Supplement, published by the American Ornithological Society (AOS). Common and scientific names are also those of the Check-list, except that the common names of families are from the Clements taxonomy because the AOS list does not include them.
The following status codes have been used to annotate some species:
(A) Accidental - a species that occurs rarely or accidentally in Florida, and for which the FOSRC requests a full report for verification
(I) Introduced - a species that has been introduced to North America by the actions of humans, either directly or indirectly, and has become established in Florida
(E) Extinct - a recent bird that no longer exists
(e) Extirpated - a species that is no longer in Florida, but exists elsewhere
Tinamous
Order: TinamiformesFamily: Tinamidae
The tinamous are one of the most ancient groups of bird. Although they look similar to other ground-dwelling birds like quail and grouse, they have no close relatives and are classified as a single family, Tinamidae, within their own order, the Tinamiformes. They are distantly related to the ratites (order Struthioniformes), that includes the rheas, emus, and kiwis.
Great tinamou, Tinamus major (A?)
Screamers
Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anhimidae
The screamers are a small family of birds related to the ducks. They are large, bulky birds, with a small downy head, long legs and large feet which are only partially webbed. They have large spurs on their wings which are used in fights over mates and in territorial disputes.
Horned screamer, Anhima cornuta (A) (not on the AOS checklist)
Ducks, geese, and waterfowl
Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anatidae
The family Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to special oils.
West Indian whistling duck, Dendrocygna arborea (A)
Black-bellied whistling-duck, Dendrocygna autumnalis
Fulvous whistling-duck, Dendrocygna bicolor
White-faced whistling duck, Dendrocygna viduata (A)
Emperor goose, Anser canagicus (A)
Snow goose, Anser caerulescens
Ross's goose, Anser rossii
Greater white-fronted goose, Anser albifrons
Lesser white-fronted goose, Anser erythropus (A)
Taiga bean-goose, Anser fabalis (A)
Brant, Branta bernicla (A)
Cackling goose, Branta hutchinsonii (A)
Canada goose, Branta canadensis
Tundra swan, Cygnus columbianus (A)
Trumpeter swan, Cygnus buccinator (A)
Egyptian goose, Alopochen aegyptiaca (I)
Muscovy duck, Cairina moschata (I)
Wood duck, Aix sponsa
Blue-winged teal, Spatula discors
Cinnamon teal, Spatula cyanoptera
Northern shoveler, Spatula clypeata
Gadwall, Mareca strepera
Eurasian wigeon, Mareca penelope
American wigeon, Mareca americana
Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos
Eastern spot-billed duck, Anas zonorhyncha (A)
American black duck, Anas rubripes
Mottled duck, Anas fulvigula
White-cheeked pintail, Anas bahamensis (A)
Northern pintail, Anas acuta
Green-winged teal, Anas crecca
Common teal, A. c. crecca (A)
Southern pochard, Netta erythrophthalma (A)
Canvasback, Aythya valisineria
Redhead, Aythya americana
Ring-necked duck, Aythya collaris
Greater scaup, Aythya marila
Lesser scaup, Aythya affinis
King eider, Somateria spectabilis (A)
Common eider, Somateria mollissima
Harlequin duck, Histrionicus histrionicus (A)
Surf scoter, Melanitta perspicillata
White-winged scoter, Melanitta deglandi
Black scoter, Melanitta americana
Long-tailed duck, Clangula hyemalis
Bufflehead, Bucephala albeola
Common goldeneye, Bucephala clangula
Labrador duck, Camptorhynchus labradorius (E)
Hooded merganser, Lophodytes cucullatus
Common merganser, Mergus merganser (A)
Red-breasted merganser, Mergus serrator
Masked duck, Nomonyx dominicus (A)
Ruddy duck, Oxyura jamaicensis
Guans, chachalacas, and curassows
Order: GalliformesFamily: Cracidae
The chachalacas, guans, and curassows are birds in the family Cracidae. These are large birds, similar in general appearance to turkeys. The guans and curassows live in trees, but the smaller chachalacas are found in more open scrubby habitats. They are generally dull-plumaged, but the curassows and some guans have colorful facial ornaments.
Crested guan, Penelope purpurascens (A)
New World quail
Order: GalliformesFamily: Odontophoridae
The New World quails are small, plump terrestrial birds only distantly related to the quails of the Old World, but named for their similar appearance and habits.
Northern bobwhite, Colinus virginianus
Marbled wood-quail, Odontophorus gujanensis (A)
Scaled quail, Callipepla squamata (A)
Montezuma quail, Cyrtonyx montezumae (A)
Pheasants, grouse, and allies
Order: GalliformesFamily: Phasianidae
The Phasianidae is the family containing the pheasants and their allies. These are terrestrial birds, variable in size but generally plump, with broad, relatively short wings. Many are gamebirds or have been domesticated as a food source for humans.
Wild turkey, Meleagris gallopavo
Ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus (A?)
Flamingoes
Order: PhoenicopteriformesFamily: Phoenicopteridae
Flamingoes are gregarious wading birds, usually tall, found in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. Flamingos filter-feed on shellfish and algae. Their oddly shaped beaks are adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they consume and, uniquely, are used upside-down.
American flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber
Grebes
Order: PodicipediformesFamily: Podicipedidae
Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.
Least grebe, Tachybaptus dominicus (A)
Pied-billed grebe, Podilymbus podiceps
Horned grebe, Podiceps auritus
Red-necked grebe, Podiceps grisegena (A)
Eared grebe, Podiceps nigricollis
Western grebe, Aechmorphorus occidentalis (A)
Pigeons and doves
Order: ColumbiformesFamily: Columbidae
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks, and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.
Rock pigeon, Columba livia (I)
Common wood-pigeon, Columba palumbus (A)
Scaled pigeon, Patagioenas speciosa (A)
Scaly-naped pigeon, Patagioenas squamosa (A)
Pale-vented pigeon, Patagioenas cayennensis (A)
White-crowned pigeon, Patagioenas leucocephala
Band-tailed pigeon, Patagioenas fasciata (A)
Eurasian collared-dove, Streptopelia decaocto (I)
European turtle-dove, Streptopelia turtur (A)
Passenger pigeon, Ectopistes migratorius (E)
Inca dove, Columbina inca (A)
Common ground dove, Columbina passerina
Plain-breasted ground dove, Columbina minuta (A)
Ruddy ground dove, Columbina talpacoti (A)
Blue ground dove, Claravis pretiosa (A)
Blue-headed quail-dove, Starnoenas cyanocephala (A)
Ruddy quail-dove, Geotrygon montana (A)
Violaceous quail-dove, Geotrygon violacea (A)
Key West quail-dove, Geotrygon chrysia (A)
White-tipped dove, Leptotila verreauxi (A)
Lined quail-dove, Zentrygon linearis (A)
White-winged dove, Zenaida asiatica
Eared dove, Zenaida auriculata (A)
Zenaida dove, Zenaida aurita (A)
Mourning dove, Zenaida macroura
Cuckoos
Order: CuculiformesFamily: Cuculidae
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners, and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails, and strong legs.
Smooth-billed ani, Crotophaga ani
Groove-billed ani, Crotophaga sulcirostris
Greater ani, Crotophaga major (A)
Little cuckoo, Coccycua minuta (A)
Squirrel cuckoo, Piaya cayana (A)
Pheasant cuckoo, Dromococcyx phasianellus (A)
Rufous-vented ground-cuckoo, Neomorphus geoffroyi(A)
Dark-billed cuckoo, Coccyzus melacoryphus (A)
Yellow-billed cuckoo, Coccyzus americanus
Mangrove cuckoo, Coccyzus minor
Black-billed cuckoo, Coccyzus erythropthalmus
Nightjars and allies
Order: CaprimulgiformesFamily: Caprimulgidae
Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs, and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is cryptically colored to resemble bark or leaves.
Lesser nighthawk, Chordeiles acutipennis
Common nighthawk, Chordeiles minor
Short-tailed nighthawk, Lurocalis semitorquatus (A)
Common pauraque, Nyctidromus albicollis (A)
Common poorwill, Phalaenoptilus nuttallii (A)
Antillean nighthawk, Chordeiles gundlachii
Chuck-will's-widow, Antrostomus carolinensis
Eastern whip-poor-will, Antrostomus vociferus
Potoos
Order: NyctibiiformesFamily: Nyctibiidae
The potoos (sometimes called poor-me-ones) are large near passerine birds related to the nightjars and frogmouths. They are nocturnal insectivores which lack the bristles around the mouth found in the true nightjars.
Common potoo, Nyctibius griseus (hypothetical)
Swifts
Order: ApodiformesFamily: Apodidae
The swifts are small birds, spending most of their lives flying. They have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have very long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.
White-collared swift, Streptoprocne zonaris (A)
Band-rumped swift, Chaetura spinicaudus (A)
Gray-rumped swift, Chaetura cinereiventris (A)
Chimney swift, Chaetura pelagica
Vaux's swift, Chaetura vauxi (A)
White-throated swift, Aeronautes saxatalis (A)
Antillean palm-swift, Tachornis phoenicobia (A)
Lesser swallow-tailed swift, Panyptila cayennensis (A)
Hummingbirds
Order: ApodiformesFamily: Trochilidae
Hummingbirds are small birds capable of hovering in mid-air due to the rapid flapping of their wings. They are the only birds that can fly backwards.
White-necked jacobin, Florisuga mellivora (A)
Bahama woodstar, Calliphlox evelynae (A)
Green-breasted mango, Anthracothorax prevostii (A)
Ruby-topaz hummingbird, Chrysolampis mosquitus (A)
Green-throated mango, Anthracothorax viridigula (A) (not on the AOS checklist)
Long-billed starthroat, Heliomaster longirostris (A)
Ruby-throated hummingbird, Archilochus colubris
Black-chinned hummingbird, Archilochus alexandri
Anna's hummingbird, Calypte anna (A)
Costa's hummingbird, Calypte costae (A)
Calliope hummingbird, Selasphorus calliope (A)
Rufous hummingbird, Selasphorus rufus
Allen's hummingbird, Selasphorus sasin (A)
Broad-tailed hummingbird, Selasphorus platycercus (A)
Broad-billed hummingbird, Cynanthus latirostris (A)
Cuban emerald, Riccordia ricordii (A)
White-eared hummingbird, Basilinna leucotis (A)
Antillean crested hummingbird, Orthorhyncus cristatus (A)
Buff-bellied hummingbird, Amazila yucatanensis
Copper-rumped hummingbird, Saucerottia tobaci (A) (not on the AOS checklist)
Rails, gallinules, and coots
Order: GruiformesFamily: Rallidae
The Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots, and gallinules. The most typical family members occupy dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps, or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive, making them difficult to observe. Most have strong legs with long toes, short rounded wings, and are weak fliers.
Clapper rail, Rallus crepitans
King rail, Rallus elegans
Virginia rail, Rallus limicola
Sora, Porzana carolina
Common gallinule, Gallinula galeata
American coot, Fulica americana
Purple gallinule, Porphyrio martinicus
Yellow-breasted crake, Hapalocrex flaviventer (A)
White-throated crake, Laterallus albigularis (A)
Purple swamphen, Porphyrio poliocephalus (I)
Yellow rail, Coturnicops noveboracensis (A)
Black rail, Laterallus jamaicensis
Finfoots
Order: GruiformesFamily: Heliornithidae
Heliornithidae is a small family of tropical birds with webbed lobes on their feet similar to those of grebes and coots.
Sungrebe, Heliornis fulica (A)
Limpkin
Order: GruiformesFamily: Aramidae
The limpkin is an odd bird that looks like a large rail, but is skeletally closer to the cranes. It is found in marshes with some trees or scrub in the Caribbean, South America, and southern Florida.
Limpkin, Aramus guarauna
Thick-knees
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Burhinidae
The thick-knees are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes, and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats.
Double-striped thick-knee, Burhinus bistriatus (A)
Eurasian thick-knee, Burhinus oedicnemus (A) (not on the AOS checklist)
Cranes
Order: GruiformesFamily: Gruidae
Cranes are large, tall birds with long legs and long necks. Unlike the similar-looking but un-related herons, cranes fly with necks extended. Most have elaborate and noisy courtship displays or "dances". When in a group, they may also "dance" for no particular reason, jumping up and down in an elegant manner, seemingly just for pleasure or to attract a mate.
Demoiselle crane, Anthropoides virgo (A) (not on the AOS checklist)
Sandhill crane, Antigone canadensis
Common crane, Grus grus (A)
Whooping crane, Grus americana (reintroduced)
Stilts and avocets
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Recurvirostridae
Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.
Black-necked stilt, Himantopus mexicanus
American avocet, Recurvirostra americana
Oystercatchers
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Haematopodidae
The oystercatchers are large, conspicuous, and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs.
American oystercatcher, Haematopus palliatus
Lapwings and plovers
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels, and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short thick necks, and long, usually pointed, wings. They are generally found in open country, mostly in habitats near water.
Southern lapwing, Vanellus chilensis (A)
Northern lapwing, Vanellus vanellus (A)
Black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola
American golden-plover, Pluviali dominicas
Pacific golden-plover, Pluvialis fulva (A)
Killdeer, Charadrius vociferus
Semipalmated plover, Charadrius semipalmatus
Piping plover, Charadrius melodus
Lesser sand-plover, Charadrius mongolus (A)
Greater sand-plover, Charadrius leschenaultii (A)
Wilson's plover, Charadrius wilsonia
Collared plover, Charadrius collaris (A)
Snowy plover, Charadrius nivosus
Mountain plover, Charadrius montanus (A)
Jacanas
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Jacanidae
The jacanas are a family of waders found worldwide within the tropical zone. They are identifiable by their huge feet and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat.
Northern jacana, Jacana spinosa (A)
Wattled jacana, Jacana jacana (A)
Sandpipers and allies
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large and diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds which includes the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers, and phalaropes. Most eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or sand. Different lengths of legs and bills enable multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.
Upland sandpiper, Bartramia longicauda
Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus
Long-billed curlew, Numenius americanus
Bar-tailed godwit, Limosa lapponica (A)
Black-tailed godwit, Limosa limosa (A)
Hudsonian godwit, Limosa haemastica
Marbled godwit, Limosa fedoa
Ruddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres
Red knot, Calidris canutus
Surfbird, Calidris virgata (A)
Ruff, Calidris pugnax
Sharp-tailed sandpiper, Calidris acuminata (A)
Stilt sandpiper, Calidris himantopus
Curlew sandpiper, Calidris ferruginea (A)
Red-necked stint, Calidris ruficollis (A)
Sanderling, Calidris alba
Dunlin, Calidris alpina
Purple sandpiper, Calidris maritima
Baird's sandpiper, Calidris bairdii
Least sandpiper, Calidris minutilla
White-rumped sandpiper, Calidris fuscicollis
Buff-breasted sandpiper, Calidris subruficollis
Pectoral sandpiper, Calidris melanotos
Semipalmated sandpiper, Calidris pusilla
Western sandpiper, Calidris mauri
Short-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus griseus
Long-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus scolopaceus
American woodcock, Scolopax minor
Wilson's snipe, Gallinago delicata
Spotted sandpiper, Actitis macularius
Solitary sandpiper, Tringa solitaria
Gray-tailed tattler, Tringa brevipes (A)
Lesser yellowlegs, Tringa flavipes
Willet, Tringa semipalmata
Common greenshank, Tringa nebularia (A)
Greater yellowlegs, Tringa melanoleuca
Wilson's phalarope, Phalaropus tricolor
Red-necked phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus
Red phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarius
Pratincoles and coursers
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Glareolidae
Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards.
Collared pratincole, Glareola pratincola (A)
Skuas and jaegers
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Stercorariidae
Skuas are medium to large seabirds, typically with gray or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They have longish bills with hooked tips and webbed feet with sharp claws. They look like large dark gulls, but have a fleshy cere above the upper mandible. They are strong, acrobatic fliers.
South polar skua, Stercorarius maccormicki (A)
Pomarine jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus
Parasitic jaeger, Stercorarius parasiticus
Long-tailed jaeger, Stercorarius longicaudus
Auks, murres, and puffins
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Alcidae
Alcids are superficially similar to penguins due to their black-and-white colors, their upright posture, and some of their habits; however they are not closely related to penguins and are (with one extinct exception) able to fly. Auks live on the open sea, only deliberately coming ashore to breed.
Dovekie, Alle alle (A)
Common murre, Uria aalge (A)
Thick-billed murre, Uria lomvia (A)
Razorbill, Alca torda (A)
Great auk, Pinguinus impennis (E)
Black guillemot, Cepphus grylle (A?)
Long-billed murrelet, Brachyrampus perdix (A)
Ancient murrelet, Synthliboramphus antiquus (A)
Atlantic puffin, Fratercula arctica (A)
Tufted puffin, Fratercula cirrhata (A)
Gulls, terns, and skimmers
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Laridae
The Laridae are a family of medium to large seabirds and containing the gulls, terns, kittiwakes, and skimmers. They are typically gray or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet.
Black-legged kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla (A)
Sabine's gull, Xema sabini
Bonaparte's gull, Chroicocephalus philadelphia
Gray-hooded gull, Chroicocephalus cirrocephhalus (A)
Black-headed gull, Chroicocephalus ridibundus (A)
Little gull, Hydrocoleus minutus (A)
Laughing gull, Leucophaeus atricilla
Gray gull, Leucophaeus modestus (A)
Franklin's gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan
Audouin's gull, Ichthyaetus audouinii (A) (not on the AOS checklist)
Belcher's gull, Larus belcheri (A)
Black-tailed gull, Larus crassirostris (A)
Heermann's gull, Larus heermanni (A)
Ring-billed gull, Larus delawarensis
California gull, Larus californicus (A)
Herring gull, Larus argentatus
"Vega gull", L. a. vega (A)
Yellow-legged gull, Larus michahellis (A)
Iceland gull, Larus glaucoides
"Nominate Iceland gull", L. g. glaucoides (A)
Thayer's gull, L. g. thayeri (A)
Lesser black-backed gull, Larus fuscus
Slaty-backed gull, Larus schistisagus (A)
Glaucous gull, Larus hyperboreus
Great black-backed gull, Larus marinus
Kelp gull, Larus dominicanus (A)
Brown noddy, Anous stolidus
Black noddy, Anous minutus
Sooty tern, Onychoprion fuscata
Bridled tern, Onychoprion anaethetus
Least tern, Sternula antillarum
Gull-billed tern, Gelochelidon nilotica
Caspian tern, Hydroprogne caspia
White-winged tern, Chlidonias leucopterus (A)
Black tern, Chlidonias niger
Large-billed tern, Phaetusa simplex (A)
Roseate tern, Sterna dougallii
Common tern, Sterna hirundo
Arctic tern, Sterna paradisaea
Forster's tern, Sterna forsteri
Royal tern, Thalasseus maxima
Sandwich tern, Thalasseus sandvicensis
"Cayenne tern", T. s. eurygnathus (A)
Elegant tern, Thalasseus elegans (A)
Black skimmer, Rynchops niger
Sunbittern
Order: EurypygiformesFamily: Eurypygidae
The sunbittern is a bittern-like bird of tropical regions of the Americas and the sole member of the family Eurypygidae (sometimes spelled Eurypigidae) and genus Eurypyga.
Sunbittern, Eurypyga helias (A)
Tropicbirds
Order: PhaethontiformesFamily: Phaethontidae
Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their long wings have black markings, as does the head.
White-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon lepturus
Red-billed tropicbird, Phaeton aethereus (A)
Loons
Order: GaviiformesFamily: Gaviidae
Loons are aquatic birds the size of a large duck, to which they are unrelated. Their plumage is largely gray or black and they have spear-shaped bills. Loons swim well and fly adequately but, because their legs are placed towards the rear of the body, are clumsy on land.
Red-throated loon, Gavia stellata
Arctic loon, Gavia arctica (A)
Pacific loon, Gavia pacifica (A)
Common loon, Gavia immer
Albatrosses
Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Diomedeidae
Albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and the great albatrosses from the genus Diomedea have the largest wingspans of any extant birds.
Yellow-nosed albatross, Thalassarche chlororhynchos (A)
Southern storm-petrels
Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Oceanitidae
The storm-petrels are the smallest seabirds, relatives of the petrels, feeding on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like. Until 2018, this family's three species were included with the other storm-petrels in family Hydrobatidae.
Wilson's storm-petrel, Oceanites oceanicus
Northern storm-petrels
Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Hydrobatidae
Though the members of this family are similar in many respects to the southern storm-petrels, including their general appearance and habits, there are enough genetic differences to warrant their placement in a separate family.
European storm-petrel, Hydrobates pelagicus (A)
Leach's storm-petrel, Hydrobates leucorhous
Band-rumped storm-petrel, Hydrobates castro
Shearwaters and petrels
Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Procellariidae
The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterized by united tubular nostrils with a median septum.
Northern fulmar, Fulmarus glacialis (A)
Bermuda petrel, Pterodroma cahow (A)
Black-capped petrel, Pterodoma hasitata
Fea's petrel, Pterodroma feae (A)
Bulwer's petrel, Bulweria bulwerii (A)
Cory's shearwater, Calonectris diomedea
Wedge-tailed shearwater, Ardenna pacifica (A)
Short-tailed shearwater, Ardenna tenuirostris (A)
Sooty shearwater, Ardenna griseus
Great shearwater, Ardenna gravis
Manx shearwater, Puffinus puffinus (A)
Audubon's shearwater, Puffinus lherminieri
Storks
Order: CiconiiformesFamily: Ciconiidae
Storks are large, heavy, long-legged, long-necked wading birds with long stout bills and wide wingspans. They lack the powder down that other wading birds such as herons, spoonbills and ibises use to clean off fish slime. Storks lack a pharynx and are mute.
Jabiru, Jabiru mycteria (A)
White stork, Ciconia ciconia (A?) (not on the AOS checklist)
Wood stork, Mycteria americana
Frigatebirds
Order: SuliformesFamily: Fregatidae
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black, or black-and-white, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have colored inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.
Magnificent frigatebird, Fregata magnificens
Great frigatebird, Fregata minor (A)
Boobies and gannets
Order: SuliformesFamily: Sulidae
The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium-large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.
Masked booby, Sula dactylatra
Blue-footed booby, Sula nebouxii (A)
Brown booby, Sula leucogaster
Red-footed booby, Sula sula (A)
Northern gannet, Morus bassanus
Anhingas
Order: SuliformesFamily: Anhingidae
Anhingas, also known as darters or snakebirds, are cormorant-like water birds with long necks and long, straight beaks. They are fish eaters, diving for long periods, and often swim with only their neck above the water, looking rather like a water snake.
Anhinga, Anhinga anhinga
Cormorants and shags
Order: SuliformesFamily: Phalacrocoracidae
Cormorants are medium-to-large aquatic birds, usually with mainly dark plumage and areas of colored skin on the face. The bill is long, thin, and sharply hooked. Their feet are four-toed and webbed.
Great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo (A)
Double-crested cormorant, Nannopterum auritum
Neotropic cormorant, Nannopterum brasilianum
Guanay cormorant, Leucocarbo bougainvillii (A)
Pelicans
Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Pelecanidae
Pelicans are very large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. Like other birds in the order Pelecaniformes, they have four webbed toes.
Dalmatian pelican, Pelecanus crispus (A) (not on the AOS checklist)
American white pelican, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos
Brown pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis
Great white pelican, Pelecanus onocrotalus (A) (not on the AOS checklist)
Herons, egrets, and bitterns
Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the herons, egrets, and bitterns. Herons and egrets are wading birds with long necks and legs. Herons are large and egrets are smaller. The cattle egret or "cow bird" is seen amongst flocks of cattle, for instance in ranches north of the Everglades. A bird will often attach itself to a particular bull, cow or calf, even being tolerated perching on the back or even the head of the animal. The birds are more shy than the animals, and will fly away if approached. The birds feed on various items turned over by the cattle as they graze and tramp the ground. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more secretive. Unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises, and spoonbills, members of the Ardeidae fly with their necks pulled back into a curve.
American bittern, Botaurus lentiginosus
Least bittern, Ixobrychus exilis
Great blue heron, Ardea herodias
Gray heron, Ardea cinerea (A)
Cocoi heron, Ardea cocoi (A)
Goliath heron, Ardea goliath (A) (not on the AOS checklist)
Purple heron, Ardea purpurea (A) (not on the AOS checklist)
Great egret, Ardea alba
Intermediate egret, Ardea intermedia (A)
Whistling heron, Syrigma sibilatrix (A)
Capped heron, Pilherodius pileatus (A)
Little egret, Egretta garzetta (A)
Pacific reef-heron, Egretta sacra (A) (not on the AOS checklist)
Snowy egret, Egretta thula
Little blue heron, Egretta caerulea
Tricolored heron, Egretta tricolor
Reddish egret, Egretta rufescens
Cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis
Green heron, Butorides virescens
Striated heron, Butorides striata (A)
Black-crowned night-heron, Nycticorax nycticorax
Yellow-crowned night-heron, Nyctanassa violacea
Boat-billed heron, Cochlearius cochlearius (A)
Ibises and spoonbills
Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Threskiornithidae
The family Threskiornithidae includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings. Their bodies are elongated, the neck more so, with long legs. The bill is also long, curved downward in the ibises, straight and markedly flattened in the spoonbills.
White ibis, Eudocimus albus
Scarlet ibis, Eudocimus ruber (A)
Glossy ibis, Plegadis falcinellus
White-faced ibis, Plegadis chihi
Bare-faced ibis, Phimosus infuscatus (A)
Green ibis, Mesembrinibis cayennensis (A)
Roseate spoonbill, Platalea ajaja
New World vultures
Order: CathartiformesFamily: Cathartidae
New World vultures are not closely related to Old World vultures, but superficially resemble them because of convergent evolution. Like the Old World vultures, they are scavengers. Unlike Old World vultures, which find carcasses by sight, New World vultures have a good sense of smell with which they locate carcasses. The turkey vulture has a red head. The black vulture has a grey head. Although not a water bird, a flock of black vultures at the Myakka River State Park, southeast of Sarasota, has been seen bathing at the edge of the lake and then drying out their wings in the same way as cormorants like the Florida anhinga. This habit may help free them of parasites.
King vulture, Sarcoramphus papa (e)
Black vulture, Coragyps atratus
Turkey vulture, Cathartes aura
Osprey
Order: AccipitriformesFamily: Pandionidae
Pandionidae is a family of fish-eating birds of prey possessing a very large, powerful hooked beak for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight. The family is monotypic.
Osprey, Pandion haliaetus
Hawks, eagles, and kites
Order: AccipitriformesFamily: Accipitridae
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey that includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers, and Old World vultures. They have very large, hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight.
White-tailed kite, Elanus leucurus
Hook-billed kite, Chondrohierax uncinatus (A)
Gray-headed kite, Leptodon cayanensis (A)
Swallow-tailed kite, Elanoides forficatus
Golden eagle, Aquila chrysaetos (A)
Double-toothed kite, Harpagus bidentatus (A)
Northern harrier, Circus hudsonius
Harpy eagle, Harpia harpyja (A)
Ornate hawk-eagle, Spizaetus ornatus (A)
Tiny hawk, Microspizias superciliosus (A)
Sharp-shinned hawk, Accipiter striatus
Cooper's hawk, Accipiter cooperii
American goshawk, Accipiter atricapillus (A)
Gundlach's hawk, Accipiter gundlachi (A)
Red kite, Milvus milvus (A) (not on the AOS checklist)
Black kite, Milvus migrans (A) (not on the AOS checklist)
Bald eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Steller's sea-eagle, Haliaeetus pelagicus (A)
White-tailed eagle, Haliaeetus albicilla (A)
Mississippi kite, Ictinia mississippiensis
Black-collared hawk, Busarellus nigricollis (A)
Crane hawk, Geranospiza caerulescens (A)
Snail kite, Rostrhamus sociabilis
Slender-billed kite, Helicolestes hamatus (A)
Plumbeous hawk, Cryptoleucopteryx plumbea (A)
Rufous crab hawk, Buteogallus aequinoctialis (A)
Savanna hawk, Buteogallus meridionalis (A)
Great black hawk, Buteogallus urubitinga (A)
Roadside hawk, Rupornis magnirostris (A)
Harris's hawk, Parabuteo unicinctus (A)
White hawk, Pseudastur albicollis (A)
Red-shouldered hawk, Buteo lineatus
Gray-lined hawk, Buteo nitidus (A)
Broad-winged hawk, Buteo platypterus
Short-tailed hawk, Buteo brachyurus
Swainson's hawk, Buteo swainsoni
Zone-tailed hawk, Buteo albonotatus (A)
Red-tailed hawk, Buteo jamaicensis
Harlan's hawk, B. j. harlani
Rough-legged hawk, Buteo lagopus (A)
Ferruginous hawk, Buteo regalis (A)
Barn-owls
Order: StrigiformesFamily: Tytonidae
Barn-owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.
Barn owl, Tyto alba
Owls
Order: StrigiformesFamily: Strigidae
Typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak, and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.
Flammulated owl, Psiloscops flammeolus (A)
Eastern screech-owl, Megascops asio
Crested owl, Lophostrix cristata (A)
Spectacled owl, Pulsatrix perspicillata (A)
Great horned owl, Bubo virginianus
Snowy owl, Bubo scandiacus (A)
Northern pygmy-owl, Glaucidium gnoma (A)
Ferruginous pygmy-owl, Glaucidium brasilianum (A)
Burrowing owl, Athene cunicularia
Mottled owl, Strix virgata (A)
Spotted owl, Strix occidentalis (A)
Great gray owl, Strix nebulosa (A)
Black-and-white owl, Strix nigrolineata (A)
Barred owl, Strix varia
Long-eared owl, Asio otus (A)
Stygian owl, Asio stygius (A)
Short-eared owl, Asio flammeus
Striped owl, Asio clamator (A)
Boreal owl, Aegolius funereus (A)
Northern saw-whet owl, Aegolius acadicus (A)
Hoopoes
Order: BucerotiformesFamily: Upupidae
Hoopoes have black, white, and orangey-pink coloring with a large erectile crest on their head.
Eurasian hoopoe, Upupa epops (A)
Trogons
Order: TrogoniformesFamily: Trogonidae
The family Trogonidae includes trogons and quetzals. Found in tropical woodlands worldwide, they feed on insects and fruit, and their broad bills and weak legs reflect their diet and arboreal habits. Although their flight is fast, they are reluctant to fly any distance. Trogons have soft, often colorful, feathers with distinctive male and female plumages.
Pharomachrus species, Pharomachrus sp. (A)
Slaty-tailed trogon, Trogon massena (A)
Black-tailed trogon, Trogon melanurus (A)
White-tailed trogon, Trogon viridis (A)
Collared trogon, Trogon collaris (A)
Motmots
Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Momotidae
The motmots have colorful plumage and long, graduated tails which they display by waggling back and forth. In most of the species, the barbs near the ends of the two longest (central) tail feathers are weak and fall off, leaving a length of bare shaft and creating a racket-shaped tail.
Amazonian motmot, Momotus momota (A)
Lesson's motmot, Momotus lessonii (A)
Rufous motmot, Baryphthengus martii (A)
Kingfishers
Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Alcedinidae
Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long pointed bills, short legs, and stubby tails.
Ringed kingfisher, Megaceryle torquata (A)
Belted kingfisher, Megaceryle alcyon
Amazon kingfisher, Chloroceryle amazona (A)
American pygmy kingfisher, Chloroceryle aenea (A)
Green kingfisher, Chloroceryle americana (A)
Green-and-rufous kingfisher, Chloroceryle inda (A)
Puffbirds
Order: PiciformesFamily: Bucconidae
The puffbirds are related to the jacamars and have the same range, but lack the iridescent colors of that family. They are mainly brown, rufous, or gray, with large heads and flattened bills with hooked tips. The loose abundant plumage and short tails makes them look stout and puffy, giving rise to the English common name of the family.
White-necked puffbird, Notharchus hyperrhynchus (A)
Black-breasted puffbird, Notharchus pectoralis (A)
Jacamars
Order: PiciformesFamily: Galbulidae
The jacamars are near passerine birds from tropical South America, with a range that extends up to Mexico. They feed on insects caught on the wing and are glossy, elegant birds with long bills and tails. They resemble the Old World bee-eaters, although they are more closely related to puffbirds.
Rufous-tailed jacamar, Galbula ruficauda (A)
New World barbets
Order: PiciformesFamily: Capitonidae
The barbets are plump birds, with short necks and large heads. They get their name from the bristles which fringe their heavy bills. Most species are brightly colored.
Red-headed barbet, Eubucco bourcierii (A)
Toucan-barbets
Order: PiciformesFamily: Semnornithidae
The toucan-barbets are birds of montane forests in the Neotropics. They are highly social and non-migratory.
Toucan barbet, Semnornis ramphastinus (A)
Toucans
Order: PiciformesFamily: Ramphastidae
Toucans are near passerine birds from the Neotropics. They are brightly marked and have enormous, colorful bills which in some species amount to half their body length.
Northern emerald-toucanet, Aulacorhynchus prasinus (A)
Collared aracari, Pteroglossus torquatus (A)
Keel-billed toucan, Ramphastos sulfuratus (A)
Woodpeckers
Order: PiciformesFamily: Picidae
Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails, and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.
Red-headed woodpecker, Melanerpes erythrocephalus
Acorn woodpecker, Melanerpes formicivorus (A)
Golden-fronted woodpecker, Melanerpes aurifrons (A)
Red-bellied woodpecker, Melanerpes carolinus
Williamson's sapsucker, Sphyrapicus thyroideus (A)
Yellow-bellied sapsucker, Sphyrapicus varius
Downy woodpecker, Dryobates pubescens
Red-cockaded woodpecker, Dryobates borealis
Hairy woodpecker, Dryobates villosus
Black-backed woodpecker, Picoides arcticus (A)
Golden-olive woodpecker, Piculus rubiginosus (A)
Northern flicker, Colaptes auratus
Red-naped sapsucker, Sphyrapicus nuchalis (A)
Pileated woodpecker, Dryocopus pileatus
Ivory-billed woodpecker, Campephilus principalis (considered (E) by FOSRC)
Falcons and caracaras
Order: FalconiformesFamily: Falconidae
The Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey containing the falcons and caracaras. They differ from hawks, eagles, and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.
Laughing falcon, Herpetotheres cachinnans (A)
Barred forest-falcon, Micrastur ruficollis (A)
Slaty-backed forest-falcon, Micrastur mirandollei (A)
Collared forest-falcon, Micrastur semitorquatus (A)
Red-throated caracara, Ibycter americanus (A)
Crested caracara, Caracara plancus
Yellow-headed caracara, Milvago chimachima (A)
Eurasian kestrel, Falco tinnunculus (A)
American kestrel, Falco sparverius
"Cuban American kestrel", F. s. sparveroides (A)
Prairie falcon, Falco mexicanus (A)
Aplomado falcon, Falco femoralis (A)
Bat falcon, Falco rufigularis (A)
Merlin, Falco columbarius
Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus
New World and African parrots
Order: PsittaciformesFamily: Psittacidae
Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly colored, and some are multi-colored. In size they range from to in length. Most of the more than 150 species in this family are found in the New World.
Monk parakeet, Myiopsitta monachus (I)
Carolina parakeet, Conuropsis carolinensis (E)
Green parakeet, Psittacara holochlorus (A)
Red-bellied macaw, Orthopsittaca manilatus (A)
Blue-headed parrot, Pionus menstruus (A)
Green-rumped parrotlet, Forpus passerinus (A)
Nanday parakeet, Aratinga nenday (I)
Mitred parakeet, Psittacara mitratus (I)
White-winged parakeet, Brotogeris versicolurus (I)
Old World parrots
Order: PsittaciformesFamily: Psittaculidae
Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly colored, and some are multi-colored. In size they range from to in length. Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand.
Budgerigar, Melopsittacus undulatus (I) (e) ("Disestablished" per the FOSRC)
Ovenbirds
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Furnariidae
Ovenbirds comprise a large family of small sub-oscine passerine bird species found in Central and South America. They are a diverse group of insectivores which gets its name from the elaborate "oven-like" clay nests built by some species, although others build stick nests or nest in tunnels or clefts in rock. The woodcreepers are brownish birds which maintain an upright vertical posture, supported by their stiff tail vanes. They feed mainly on insects taken from tree trunks.
Olivaceous woodcreeper, Sittasomus griseicapillus (A)
Manakins
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Pipridae
The manakins are a family of subtropical and tropical mainland Central and South America, and Trinidad and Tobago. They are compact forest birds, the males typically being brightly colored, although the females of most species are duller and usually green-plumaged. Manakins feed on small fruits, berries, and insects.
Blue-backed manakin, Chiroxiphia pareola (A)
White-collared manakin, Manacus candei (A)
White-bearded manakin, Manacus manacus (A)
Tityras and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Tityridae
Tityridae is family of suboscine passerine birds found in forest and woodland in the Neotropics. The approximately 30 species in this family were formerly lumped with the families Pipridae and Cotingidae. They are small to medium-sized birds.
Masked tityra, Tityra semifasciata (A)
Rose-throated becard, Pachyramphus aglaiae (A)
Tyrant flycatchers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Tyrannidae
Tyrant flycatchers are passerines which occur throughout North and South America. They superficially resemble the Old World flycatchers, but are more robust and have stronger bills. They do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of the songbirds. Most, but not all, are rather plain. As the name implies, most are insectivorous.
Elaenia species, Elaenia sp. (A)
Ash-throated flycatcher, Myiarchus cinerascens
Great crested flycatcher, Myiarchus crinitus
Dusky-capped flycatcher, Myiarchus tuberculifer (A)
Brown-crested flycatcher, Myiarchus tyrannulus
Great kiskadee, Pitangus sulphuratus (A)
La Sagra's flycatcher, Myiarchus sagrae (A)
Sulphur-bellied flycatcher, Myiodynastes luteiventris (A)
Piratic flycatcher, Empidonomus leucophaius (A)
Variegated flycatcher, Empidonomus varius (A)
Tropical kingbird, Tyrannus melancholicus
Cassin's kingbird, Tyrannus vociferans (A)
Western kingbird, Tyrannus verticalis
Eastern kingbird, Tyrannus tyrannus
Gray kingbird, Tyrannus dominicensis
Loggerhead kingbird, Tyrannus caudifasciatus (A)
Giant kingbird, Tyrannus cubensis (A?)
Scissor-tailed flycatcher, Tyrannus forficatus
Fork-tailed flycatcher, Tyrannus savana (A)
Olive-sided flycatcher, Contopus cooperi
Western wood-pewee, Contopus sordidulus (A)
Eastern wood-pewee, Contopus virens
Cuban pewee, Contopus cariibaeus (A)
Yellow-bellied flycatcher, Empidonax flaviventris (A)
Acadian flycatcher, Empidonax virescens
Alder flycatcher, Empidonax alnorum
Willow flycatcher, Empidonax traillii (A)
Least flycatcher, Empidonax minimus
Hammond's flycatcher, Empidonax hammondii (A)
Western flycatcher, Empidonax difficilis (A)
Black phoebe, Sayornis nigricans (A)
Eastern phoebe, Sayornis phoebe
Say's phoebe, Sayornis saya (A)
Vermilion flycatcher, Pyrocephalus rubinus
Antbirds
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Thamnophilidae
The antbirds are a large family of small passerine birds of subtropical and tropical Central and South America. They are forest birds which tend to feed on insects at or near the ground.
Great antshrike, Taraba major (A)
Barred antshrike, Thamnophilus doliatus (A)
Vireos, shrike-babblers, and erpornis
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Vireonidae
The vireos are a group of small to medium-sized passerines. They are typically greenish in color and resemble wood warblers apart from their heavier bills.
White-eyed vireo, Vireo griseus
Thick-billed vireo, Vireo crassirostris
Cuban vireo, Vireo gundlachii (A)
Black-capped vireo, Vireo atricapilla (A)
Bell's vireo, Vireo bellii
Yellow-throated vireo, Vireo flavifrons
Blue-headed vireo, Vireo solitarius
Philadelphia vireo, Vireo philadelphicus
Warbling vireo, Vireo gilvus
Red-eyed vireo, Vireo olivaceus
Yellow-green vireo, Vireo flavoviridis (A)
Black-whiskered vireo, Vireo altiloquus
Old World orioles
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Oriolidae
The Old World orioles are colorful passerine birds that are not related to the New World orioles.
Eurasian golden oriole, Oriolus oriolus (A) (not on the AOS checklist)
Shrikes
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Laniidae
Shrikes are passerines known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A shrike's beak is hooked, like that of a typical bird of prey.
Loggerhead shrike, Lanius ludovicianus
Northern shrike, Lanius borealis (A?)
Crows, jays, and magpies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Corvidae
The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers, and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.
Black-throated magpie-jay, Calocitta colliei (A)
Green jay, Cyanocorax yncas (A)
Blue jay, Cyanocitta cristata
Florida scrub-jay, Aphelocoma coerulescens
American crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos
Carrion crow, Corvus corone (A) (not on the AOS checklist)
Tamaulipas crow, Corvus imparatus (A)
Fish crow, Corvus ossifragus
Chihuahuan raven, Corvus cryptoleucus (A)
Common raven, Corvus corax (A)
Black-billed magpie, Pica hudsonia (A)
Tits, chickadees, and titmice
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Paridae
The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.
Carolina chickadee, Poecile carolinensis
Black-capped chickadee, Poecile atricapillus (A)
Tufted titmouse, Baeolophus bicolor
Larks
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Alaudidae
Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.
Horned lark, Eremophila alpestris
Swallows
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings, and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partly joined at the base.
Bank swallow, Riparia riparia
Tree swallow, Tachycineta bicolor
Bahama swallow, Tachycineta cyaneovirdis (A)
Violet-green swallow, Tachycineta thalassina (A)
Mangrove swallow, Tachycineta albilinea (A)
Southern rough-winged swallow, Stelgidopteryx ruficollis (A)
Northern rough-winged swallow, Stelgidopteryx serripennis
Brown-chested martin, Progne tapera (A)
Purple martin, Progne subis
Gray-breasted martin, Progne chalybea (A)
Southern martin, Progne elegans (A)
Cuban martin, Progne cryptoleuca (A)
Caribbean martin, Progne dominicensis (A)
Barn swallow, Hirundo rustica
Cliff swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
Cave swallow, Petrochelidon fulva
Bulbuls
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Pycnonotidae
The bulbuls are a family of medium-sized songbirds native to Africa and tropical Asia. They are noisy and gregarious and often have beautiful songs.
Red-whiskered bulbul, Pycnonotus jocosus (I)
Kinglets
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Regulidae
The kinglets are a small family of birds which resemble the titmice. They are very small insectivorous birds. The adults have colored crowns, giving rise to their name.
Ruby-crowned kinglet, Corthylio calendula
Golden-crowned kinglet, Regulus satrapa
Waxwings
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Bombycillidae
The waxwings are a group of birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers. In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings, these tips look like sealing wax and give the group its name. These are arboreal birds of northern forests. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter.
Bohemian waxwing, Bombycilla garrulus (A)
Cedar waxwing, Bombycilla cedrorum
Silky-flycatchers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Ptiliogonatidae
The silky-flycatchers are a small family of passerine birds which occur mainly in Central America, although the range of one species extends to central California. They are related to waxwings and like that group, have soft silky plumage, usually gray or pale-yellow. They have small crests.
Phainopepla, Phainopepla nitens (A)
Nuthatches
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sittidae
Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike most other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails, and powerful bills and feet.
Red-breasted nuthatch, Sitta canadensis
White-breasted nuthatch, Sitta carolinensis
Brown-headed nuthatch, Sitta pusilla
Pygmy nuthatch, Sitta pygmaea (A)
Treecreepers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Certhiidae
Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical trees.
Brown creeper, Certhia americana
Gnatcatchers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Polioptilidae
The family Polioptilidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds containing the gnatcatchers and gnatwrens.
Blue-gray gnatcatcher, Polioptila caerulea
Wrens
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Troglodytidae
Wrens are small and inconspicuous birds, except for their loud songs. They have short wings and thin down-turned bills. Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous.
Rock wren, Salpinctes obsoletus (A)
House wren, Troglodytes aedon
Winter wren, Troglodytes hyemalis
Sedge wren, Cistothorus platensis
Marsh wren, Cistothorus palustris
Carolina wren, Thryothorus ludovicianus
Bewick's wren, Thryomanes bewickii (A)
Mockingbirds and thrashers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Mimidae
The mimids are a family of passerine birds which includes thrashers, mockingbirds, tremblers, and the New World catbirds. They are notable for their vocalization, especially their remarkable ability to mimic a wide variety of birds and other sounds heard outdoors. The species tend towards dull grays and browns in their appearance.
Gray catbird, Dumetella carolinensis
Curve-billed thrasher, Toxostoma curvirostre (A)
Brown thrasher, Toxostoma rufum
Sage thrasher, Oreoscoptes montanus (A)
Bahama mockingbird, Mimus gundlachii
Northern mockingbird, Mimus polyglottos
White-banded mockingbird, Mimus triurus (A) (not on the AOS checklist)
Starlings
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sturnidae
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerines with strong feet. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is open country, and they eat insects and fruit. Their plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.
European starling, Sturnus vulgaris (I)
Common myna, Acridotheres tristis (I)
Thrushes and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Turdidae
The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly but not exclusively in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.
Eastern bluebird, Sialia sialis
Mountain bluebird, Sialia currucoides (A)
Townsend's solitaire, Myadestes townsendi (A)
Veery, Catharus fuscescens
Gray-cheeked thrush, Catharus minimus
Bicknell's thrush, Catharus bicknelli (A)
Swainson's thrush, Catharus ustulatus
Hermit thrush, Catharus guttatus
Wood thrush, Hylocichla mustelina
Clay-colored thrush, Turdus grayi (A)
American robin, Turdus migratorius
Red-legged thrush, Turdus plumbeus (A)
Varied thrush, Ixoreus naevius (A)
Old World flycatchers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Muscicapidae
The Old World flycatchers are a large family of small passerine birds. These are mainly small arboreal insectivores, many of which, as the name implies, take their prey on the wing.
European robin, Erithacus rubecula (A)
Blue rock thrush, Monticola solitarius (A) (not on the AOS checklist)
Common rock thrush, Monticola saxatilis (A) (not on the AOS checklist)
Northern wheatear, Oenanthe oenanthe (A)
Waxbills and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Estrildidae
The estrildid finches are small passerine birds native to the Old World tropics. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colors and patterns.
Scaly-breasted munia, Lonchura punctulata (I)
Tricolored munia, Lonchura malacca (I)
Old World sparrows
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Passeridae
Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small plump brownish or grayish birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.
House sparrow, Passer domesticus (I)
Wagtails and pipits
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Motacillidae
Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws, and pipits. They are slender, ground-feeding insectivores of open country.
Eastern yellow wagtail, Motacilla tschutschensis (A)
White wagtail, Motacilla alba (A)
American pipit, Anthus rubescens
Sprague's pipit, Anthus spragueii (A)
Finches, euphonias, and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Fringillidae
Finches are seed-eating passerines. They are small to moderately large and have strong, usually conical and sometimes very large, beaks. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. They have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.
Evening grosbeak, Coccothraustes vespertinus (A)
Eurasian bullfinch, Pyrrhula pyrrhula (A)
House finch, Haemorhous mexicanus (I) (native to the southwestern U.S; introduced in the east)
Purple finch, Haemorhous purpureus
Common redpoll, Acanthis flammea (A)
Red crossbill, Loxia curvirostra (A)
White-winged crossbill, Loxia leucoptera (A)
Common chaffinch, Fringilla coelebs (A)
Pine siskin, Spinus pinus
Lesser goldfinch, Spinus psaltria (A)
American goldfinch, Spinus tristis
Thick-billed euphonia, Euphonia laniirostris (A)
Orange-bellied euphonia, Euphonia xanthogaster (A)
Violaceous euphonia, Euphonia violacea (A)
Longspurs and snow buntings
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Calcariidae
The Calcariidae are a group of passerine birds that had traditionally been grouped with the New World sparrows, but differ in a number of respects and are usually found in open grassy areas.
Lapland longspur, Calcarius lapponicus (A)
Chestnut-collared longspur, Calcarius ornatus (A)
Smith's longspur, Calcarius pictus (A)
Snow bunting, Plectrophenax nivalis (A)
Old World buntings
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Emberizidae
Emberizidae is a family of passerine birds containing a single genus. Until 2017, the New World sparrows (Passerellidae) were also considered part of this family.
Little bunting, Emberiza pusilla (A)
New World sparrows
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Passerellidae
Until 2017, these species were considered part of the family Emberizidae. Most of the species are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many of these have distinctive head patterns.
Bachman's sparrow, Peucaea aestivalis
Grasshopper sparrow, Ammodramus savannarum
Florida grasshopper sparrow, A. s. floridanus
Black-throated sparrow, Amphispiza bilineata (A)
Lark sparrow, Chondestes grammacus
Lark bunting, Calamospiza melanocorys (A)
Chipping sparrow, Spizella passerina
Clay-colored sparrow, Spizella pallida
Field sparrow, Spizella pusilla
Fox sparrow, Passerella iliaca
American tree sparrow, Spizelloides arborea (A)
Dark-eyed junco, Junco hyemalis
"Oregon junco", J. h. oreganus group (A)
White-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys
Golden-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia atricapilla (A)
Harris's sparrow, Zonotrichia querula (A)
White-throated sparrow, Zonotrichia albicollis
Vesper sparrow, Pooecetes gramineus
LeConte's sparrow, Ammospiza leconteii
Seaside sparrow, Ammospiza maritima
Dusky seaside sparrow, A. m. nigrescens (E)
Nelson's sparrow, Ammospiza nelsoni
Saltmarsh sparrow, Ammospiza caudacta
Henslow's sparrow, Centronyx henslowii
Savannah sparrow, Passerculus sandwichensis
Song sparrow, Melospiza melodia
Lincoln's sparrow, Melospiza lincolnii
Swamp sparrow, Melospiza georgiana
Green-tailed towhee, Pipilo chlorurus (A)
Spotted towhee, Pipilo maculatus (A)
Eastern towhee, Pipilo erythrophthalmus
Spindalises
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Spindalidae
The members of this small family, newly recognized in 2017, are native to the Greater Antilles. One species occurs fairly frequently in Florida.
Western spindalis, Spindalis zena
Yellow-breasted chat
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Icteriidae
This species was historically placed in the wood-warblers (Parulidae) but nonetheless most authorities were unsure if it belonged there. It was placed in its own family in 2017.
Yellow-breasted chat, Icteria virens
Troupials and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Icteridae
The icterids are a group of small to medium-sized, often colorful, passerines restricted to the New World, including the grackles, New World blackbirds and New World orioles. Most have black as a predominant plumage color, often enlivened by yellow, orange or red.
Yellow-headed blackbird, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus
Bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus
Crested oropendola, Psarocolius decumanus (A)
Yellow-rumped cacique, Cacicus cela (A)
Red-rumped cacique, Cacicus haemorrhous (A)
Eastern meadowlark, Sturnella magna
Western meadowlark, Sturnella neglecta (A)
Orchard oriole, Icterus spurius
Hooded oriole, Icterus cucullatus (A)
Bullock's oriole, Icterus bullockii
Spot-breasted oriole, Icterus pectoralis (I)
Baltimore oriole, Icterus galbula
Scott's oriole, Icterus parisorum (A)
Red-winged blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus
Tawny-shouldered blackbird, Agelaius umeralis (A)
Shiny cowbird, Molothrus bonariensis
Bronzed cowbird, Molothrus aeneus
Brown-headed cowbird, Molothrus ater
Rusty blackbird, Euphagus carolinus
Brewer's blackbird, Euphagus cyanocephalus
Common grackle, Quiscalus quiscula
Boat-tailed grackle, Quiscalus major
Great-tailed grackle, Quiscalus mexicanus (A)
Yellow-hooded blackbird, Chrysomus icterocephalus (A)
New World warblers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Parulidae
The wood warblers are a group of small, often colorful, passerines restricted to the New World. Most are arboreal, but some are terrestrial. Most members of this family are insectivores.
Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapilla
Worm-eating warbler, Helmitheros vermivorum
Louisiana waterthrush, Parkesia motacilla
Northern waterthrush, Parkesia noveboracensis
Bachman's warbler, Vermivora bachmanii (E)
Golden-winged warbler, Vermivora chrysoptera
Blue-winged warbler, Vermivora cyanoptera
Black-and-white warbler, Mniotilta varia
Prothonotary warbler, Protonotaria citrea
Swainson's warbler, Limnothlypis swainsonii
Tennessee warbler, Leiothlypis peregrina
Orange-crowned warbler, Leiothlypis celata
Nashville warbler, Leiothlypis ruficapilla
Connecticut warbler, Oporornis agilis
MacGillivray's warbler, Geothlypis tolmiei (A)
Mourning warbler, Geothlypis philadelphia (A)
Kentucky warbler, Geothlypis formosa
Common yellowthroat, Geothlypis trichas
Hooded warbler, Setophaga citrina
American redstart, Setophaga ruticilla
Kirtland's warbler, Setophaga kirtlandii (A)
Cape May warbler, Setophaga tigrina
Cerulean warbler, Setophaga cerulea
Northern parula, Setophaga americana
Tropical parula, Setophaga pitiayumi (A?)
Magnolia warbler, Setophaga magnolia
Bay-breasted warbler, Setophaga castanea
Blackburnian warbler, Setophaga fusca
Yellow warbler, Setophaga petechia
Chestnut-sided warbler, Setophaga pensylvanica
Blackpoll warbler, Setophaga striata
Black-throated blue warbler, Setophaga caerulescens
Palm warbler, Setophaga palmarum
Pine warbler, Setophaga pinus
Yellow-rumped warbler, Setophaga coronata
"Audubon's warbler", S. c. auduboni (A)
Yellow-throated warbler, Setophaga dominica
Prairie warbler, Setophaga discolor
Black-throated gray warbler, Setophaga nigrescens (A)
Townsend's warbler, Setophaga townsendi (A)
Hermit warbler, Setophaga occidentalis (A)
Golden-cheeked warbler, Setophaga chrysoparia (A)
Black-throated green warbler, Setophaga virens
Canada warbler, Cardellina canadensis
Wilson's warbler, Cardellina pusilla
Cardinals and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Cardinalidae
The cardinals are a family of robust, seed-eating birds with strong bills. They are typically associated with open woodland. The sexes usually have distinct plumages.
Summer tanager, Piranga rubra
Scarlet tanager, Piranga olivacea
Western tanager, Piranga ludoviciana
Northern cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis
Rose-breasted grosbeak, Pheucticus ludovicianus
Black-headed grosbeak, Pheucticus melanocephalus (A)
Blue grosbeak, Passerina caerulea
Lazuli bunting, Passerina amoena (A)
Red-crowned ant-tanager, Habia rubica (A)
Indigo bunting, Passerina cyanea
Varied bunting, Passerina versicolor (A)
Painted bunting, Passerina ciris
Dickcissel, Spiza americana
Tanagers and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Thraupidae
The tanagers are a large group of small to medium-sized passerine birds restricted to the New World, mainly in the tropics. Many species are brightly colored. As a family they are omnivorous, but individual species specialize in eating fruits, seeds, insects, or other types of food. Most have short, rounded wings.
Green honeycreeper, Chlorophanes spiza (A)
Bananaquit, Coereba flaveola (A)
Red-legged honeycreeper, Cyanerpes cyaneus (A)
Black-faced dacnis, Dacnis lineata (A)
Blue dacnis, Dacnis cayana (A)
Yellow-faced grassquit, Tiaris olivacea (A)
Black-faced grassquit, Tiaris bicolor (A)
Swallow tanager, Tersina viridis (A)
Blue-black grassquit, Volatinia jacarina (A)
Speckled tanager, Ixothraupis guttata (A)
Yellow-bellied seedeater, Sporophila nigricollis (A)
Wing-barred seedeater, Sporophila americana (A)
Ruddy-breasted seedeater, Sporophila minuta (A)
Grassland yellow-finch, Sicalis luteola (A)
Golden-hooded tanager, Stilpnia larvata (A)
Scarlet-rumped tanager, Ramphocelus passerinii (A)
Bay-headed tanager, Tangara gyrola (A) (not on the AOS checklist)
Turquoise tanager, Tangara mexicana (A) (not on the AOS checklist)
Cuban grassquit, Phonipara canora (A)
Black-headed saltator, Saltator atriceps (A)
Buff-throated saltator, Saltator maximus (A)
Cuban bullfinch, Melopyrrha nigra (A)
Greater Antillean bullfinch, Melopyrrha violacea (e)
Notable exotics
The following introduced species, while not considered officially established by the FOSRC, have self-sustaining populations and, within range and proper habitat, are likely to be encountered.
Mandarin duck, Aix galericulata (I)
Red junglefowl, Gallus gallus (I - Key West)
Common peafowl, Pavo cristatus (I)
Blue-and-yellow macaw, Ara araruana (I)
Notes
References
See also
List of North American birds
List of birds of Everglades National Park
List of birds of Dry Tortugas National Park
List of invasive species in the Everglades
List of amphibians of Florida
Reptiles of Florida
External links
Florida Ornithological Society
Non-native birds according to Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission
Pictures of birds of Florida
Birds
Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20birds%20of%20Florida |
Laila El-Haddad () is a Palestinian author and public speaker based in the United States. She frequently lectures on Gaza, the intersection of food and politics, and contemporary Islam. She is also a policy advisor with Al-Shabaka: the Palestinian Policy Network.
She is the author of Gaza Mom: Palestine, Politics, Parenting, and Everything In Between (in India, Gaza Mama: Politics and Parenting in Palestine), co-author of the critically acclaimed The Gaza Kitchen: A Palestinian Culinary Journey and co-editor of Gaza Unsilenced.
Personal life and background
El-Haddad was born in Kuwait in 1978. She was raised primarily in Saudi Arabia, where her parents worked, and she spent her summers in Gaza. She traveled to the United States to attend Duke University, and then went on to receive her MPP from Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, where she was awarded the Clinton Scholarship for Palestinian graduate students. She moved to Gaza to work as a journalist while her husband remained in the US. The experience of constantly waiting, whether for documentation or for borders to open, informs her take on the issues that Palestinians face today.
El-Haddad is married with one son and three daughters.
Life and career
From 2003 to 2007, El-Haddad was the Gaza correspondent for the al-Jazeera English website. She was praised for her extensive behind the scenes coverage of the Gaza Disengagement in 2005 and Palestinian parliamentary elections in 2006.
El-Haddad co-directed Tourist With A Typewriter Production Company's film Tunnel Trade, and she has contributed to the Beit-Sahur based Alternative Tourism Guide's Palestine guidebook.
She previously authored a blog called Raising Yousuf: Diary of a Mother Under Occupation also known as Gaza Mom. The website won the Brass Crescent Award for "best Mideast blog", was nominated as best Mideast blog in the 2007 Bloggies Award, was selected as Blog of the Day by www.BlogAwards.com, and was chosen as a Blog of Note by www.Blogspot.com. In 2010, she "curated" her work, compiling choice blog entries and other writing into a book, Gaza Mom: Palestine, Politics, Parenting, and Everything In Between.
El-Haddad writes about her daily life with a wry sense of humor, making the situation that Gazans and Palestinians face much more personal
and portraying Palestinians in a more sympathetic light than they are often presented in. She has been published in The Washington Post, The International Herald Tribune, The Baltimore Sun, New Statesman, Le Monde diplomatique, and The Electronic Intifada, among others, and she has been a guest on al Jazeera, NPR stations, CNN, and the BBC.
Writing
El-Haddad has published two books. Gaza Mom: Palestine, Politics, Parenting, and Everything In Between, published in 2010, is a compilation of El-Haddad's blogs and other writing about her daily life as she covers the story of Gaza while living it and trying to explain it to her children. In 2013, she co-authored The Gaza Kitchen: A Palestinian Culinary Journey with Maggie Schmitt; this cookbook of recipes from across the Gaza Strip both explores the food heritage of the region and tells the stories of Gazan women and men to portray the reality of Palestinian life from a personal perspective.
She was also featured on the CNN travel show 'Parts Unknown with Anthony Bourdain' 'Jerusalem Episode'. In it she shows Bourdain around Gaza's rich food culture.
References
External links
"'Disengagement from Justice,' Washington Post, July 2005."
Palestinian journalists
The Guardian journalists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Duke University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laila%20el-Haddad |
was a Japanese samurai lord who was the daimyo of Shimabara Domain and the head of the Hizen-Arima clan. In his early years, he was a retainer of Ryūzōji clan.
Biography
Harunobu was born in Hinoe Castle, the Arima clan castle that controlled the Shimabara area of Hizen Province. He was the second son and successor of Arima Yoshisada. After Yoshisada's death, he began the persecution of Kirishitan in his region. With Ryūzōji Takanobu expanding into his domain, Harunobu turned to the help of the Jesuits.
Harunobu was baptized by Alessandro Valignano in 1579. His conversion was spurred by the prospects of the goods and military assistance offered by the Portuguese. He took the baptismal name Protasius, and later took the name John when he received Confirmation. As a result of his conversion to Christianity, Harunobu started to receive weapons from the Portuguese, which strengthened the Arima clan. Harunobu also founded a seminary and training center for novices in his domain where, apart from the ordinary curriculum, students were also taught European music, painting and sculpture and the manufacture of organs and pocketwatch.
Soon after the conversion, Harunobu and the Jesuits ordered the destruction of over 40 Buddhist and Shinto temples and shrines in the domain, along with the forced evictions of Buddhist monks. Before their destruction, the temples and shrines were said to be some of the most stunning and famed in all of Japan.
In 1582 Harunobu teamed up with the Kyūshū Christian daimiyōs Ōtomo Sōrin and Ōmura Sumitada to send a Japanese embassy to the Pope in Rome, led by Valignano and represented by Mancio Itō.
During the year 1582, Harunobu lost Shimabara Castle and was reduced to holding a thin strip of the peninsula. Harunobu called for the help of the Shimazu clan against the forces of Ryūzōji Takanobu. The Shimazu sent Shimazu Iehisa to Shimabara. During the year 1584, the combined forces of the Arima and the Shimazu, with over 3,000 troops, defeated that of the Ryūzōji clan. The battle that they fought was known as the Battle of Okitanawate. During that battle, Ryūzōji Takanobu was killed. Afterwards, Shimazu Yoshihisa suggested that the Arima renounce Christianity, but this was only refused by Harunobu.
In 1586, he had a vision in which there appeared to him two persons of celestial exterior, who thus spoke to him: "Know that on the lands over which you rule, the sign of Jesus is found; honor and love it much, for it is not the work of man." Six months afterwards, it happened that a fervent Christian from the neighborhood of Arima sent his son to the woods to cut firewood. On his arrival the young man noticed a tree that was somewhat dried up; he split it in two, and found inserted in the middle of it a cross of a brown color and of a regular form. As soon as Harunobu heard of this, he went to the place, and on seeing the cross he cried out: "Behold the sign of Jesus, that I was told was hidden in my dominions, and that was not made by the hand of man." He then fell on his knees, and after having venerated it amidst many tears, he had it carried to Arima, where by his order it was formed in a magnificent crystal. This miraculous cross brought about the conversion of twenty thousand people. When Toyotomi Hideyoshi expelled the Catholic fathers and outlawed the teaching of Christianity in 1587, the Arima domain became a refuge for many Christian missionaries and believers.
After Kyūshū was invaded in 1587, Harunobu allied with Toyotomi Hideyoshi. During the year 1592, the allied force led some 2,000 men to Korea under Konishi Yukinaga. During the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, Harunobu supported Tokugawa Ieyasu, and thus did not lose any land after the battle.
Okamoto Daihachi incident
During the year 1609, Harunobu was tasked to scout out a potential trade center for Japanese, Chinese, and Western ships. When they arrived in Taiwan, the indigenous Taiwanese attacked Harunobu's men, and many were killed. Later that same year, a trading party Harunobu had sent to Champa was attacked by the Portuguese while stopping at Macau. Harunobu retaliated the following year by attacking the Portuguese trading ship Madre de Deus, bound for Nagasaki from Macau. Immediately following this incident, the Okamoto Daihachi incident resulted in Arima Harunobu's death.
A certain Okamoto Daihachi, who was a servant of Tokugawa Ieyasu's close advisor Honda Masazumi, was sent to Harunobu to congratulate him on his triumph against the Portuguese. Okamoto was also a Christian and he was entertained by Arima Harunobu with a feast. During the banquet, Okamoto told Arima that through his influence upon his master, he could help Arima recover three districts (gun (郡)) that were lost to the Ryūzōji clan over the preceding years. Arima believed him and sent him payments of gold and silver to lobby for him in the Tokugawa government.
However, Okamoto pocketed the money and never did anything about the situation. When Arima Harunobu encountered Honda Masazumi during his obligatory visit to Edo, he learned that Honda was unaware of Harunobu's dealings with Okamoto. Furious with Okamoto, Arima presented the case to Tokugawa Ieyasu. Ieyasu immediately imprisoned Okamoto; further investigation revealed that Arima had various other dealings with Okamoto and they were involved in a conspiracy to assassinate the Bugyo of Nagasaki. In the end, Okamoto was sentenced to death by burning, while Arima was stripped of his holdings and exiled to Kai Province.
Death
When Arima was ordered by the Shogunate to commit suicide, Arima refused based upon his Christian principles and instead ordered his retainers to behead him.
St. Alphonsus Liguori wrote of his death as follows:
The emperor had deposed and exiled him, in consequence of an odious intrigue concocted against him by his own son, named Michael. In his exile King John led a very penitent life, to repair all the bad example that he had given, and he desired nothing so much as to expiate by his death his past iniquities. God soon brought about the accomplishment of his desires.
Prince Michael, not content with having thus humbled his father, and with seating himself on his throne, wished also to deprive him of life. He had him accused to the emperor of several supposed crimes. The latter, taking counsel only of the hatred that he bore him, condemned him without trial to be beheaded, and sent one hundred and fifty soldiers to carry out the sentence. It is the custom in Japan that when it is desired that a prince should die, the persons of his court defend him till death. But John begged his servants not to oppose his execution, and through affection for him they obeyed most reluctantly. Moreover, he made them swear not to open his body after death ... He then wrote to his unnatural son a letter full of tenderness, and asked his pardon should he ever have offended him. He afterwards had the Passion of Jesus Christ read to him, praying with tears that the many sins of his past life might be forgiven him. Having had a crucifix put before him, he went on his knees and calmly awaited the death-blow. The good Princess Justa, his wife, who was present, took the head of her husband between her hands and kissed it. Then she withdrew to her apartments, where she cut off her hair, indicating thereby that she renounced the world.
The new king of Arima, the infamous parricide Michael, after having taken possession of all the goods of his father, declared war against the Christian religion ...
His son Arima Naozumi married Tokugawa Ieyasu's adopted daughter Kuni-hime and as a result inherited the land that was confiscated from his father.
References
The Christian Century in Japan 1549–1650 C. R. Boxer,
Biographical Dictionary of Japanese History Iwao, Seiichi (Tokyo 1978)
|-
Daimyo
1567 births
1612 deaths
Converts to Roman Catholicism
Japanese Roman Catholics
People from Nagasaki Prefecture
Deaths by decapitation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arima%20Harunobu |
The Tippecanoe School Corporation administers 18 high schools, middle schools and elementary schools in Tippecanoe County, Indiana:
High schools
Elston Community Education Center
McCutcheon High School
Harrison High School
Middle schools
Battle Ground Middle School
East Tipp Middle School
Klondike Middle School
Southwestern Middle School
Wainwright Middle School
Wea Ridge Middle School
Elementary schools
Battle Ground Elementary School
Burnett Creek Elementary School
Dayton Elementary School
Hershey Elementary School
James Cole Elementary School
Klondike Elementary School
Mayflower Mill Elementary School
Mintonye Elementary School
Wea Ridge Elementary School
Woodland Elementary School (19)
References
External links
Tippecanoe School Corporation
Education in Tippecanoe County, Indiana
School districts in Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tippecanoe%20School%20Corporation |
George Gill Green (January 16, 1842 – February 26, 1925) was a patent medicine entrepreneur, and Union surgeon in the American Civil War.
Biography
George Gill Green was born in Clarksboro, New Jersey, to Mary Ann and Lewis M. Green. Green's mother was from Pennsylvania and his father worked as a butcher.
Green attended the University of Pennsylvania medical school for two years, but left in 1864 before he graduated. He enlisted in the 142nd Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment and was active from 1864 to 1865 during the American Civil War. In 1867, he started a wholesale drug business in Baltimore but the factory was destroyed by fire. He moved to Ohio, married Angie Brown, and they had their first child there.
Green bought the rights to Green's August Flower and Dr. Boschee's German Syrup from his father, who sold the elixir under the name L.M. Green. Green created a marketing campaign involving mass mailings of free samples and the distribution of thousands of his almanacs. Both elixirs were mostly laudanum. He became a millionaire and, in 1880. he built Woodbury's Opera House in Woodbury, New Jersey; the family moved to Woodbury on November 23, 1872.
The Greens had a son, George Gill Green II, born January 17, 1883, who died in January 1971. In 1893, Green acquired an uncompleted hotel in Pasadena, California. In 1894, it was completed and opened it as the Hotel Green.
Green completed a summer home, Kil Kare Castle, in 1895 at Lake Hopatcong in New Jersey. In 1898, Green built an annex west of the Hotel Green, the Central Annex building, or Castle Green, on the block across Raymond Avenue. Castle Green is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Pasadena, the California State Historic Landmark Register, and the City of Pasadena Register of City Treasures.
In 1903, Green added a third annex to the Hotel Green, known as the Wooster Block. His patent medicine business declined after the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906, and by 1916 his company's products were discontinued. Green died on February 26, 1925, in Woodbury, New Jersey.
Publications by Green
G.G. Green's Diary & Almanac — first produced in 1878, printed millions of copies each year, distributed all over the world, and produced until 1916.
George G. Green; Wit and Wisdom (pub. 1887)
Timeline
1842 Birth of George Gill Green on January 16, in Clarksboro, East Greenwich Township, New Jersey
1864 Leaves the University of Pennsylvania before graduation.
1867 Moved to Baltimore, Maryland
1883 Birth of his son, George Gill Green II, on January 17
1894 Death of his father, Lewis M. Green, on January 26
1895 Completed his summer cottage, "Kil Kare Castle" on Lake Hopatcong, New Jersey.
1893 Purchased and completed the main Hotel Green building, in Pasadena, California.
1898 Built the "Central Annex" to Hotel Green, the "Castle Green"
1903 Built the "Wooster Block" annex to Hotel Green
1925 Death of George Gill Green on February 26
Census timeline
1850 US Census of Woodbury, New Jersey
1880 US Census of Woodbury, New Jersey
1900 US Census of Woodbury, New Jersey
1920 US Census of Woodbury, New Jersey
References
Further reading
Karen Reeds; A State of Health: New Jersey's Medical Heritage; New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press (2001)
Encyclopedia of New Jersey
External links
Castlegreen.com: "About the Castle Green"
Lake Hopatcong Historical Museum
Hagley.org: "G.G. Green" August flower and German syrup advertising
Altadena Historical Society
American businesspeople
Patent medicine businesspeople
Union Army colonels
1842 births
1925 deaths
People from Pasadena, California
People from East Greenwich Township, New Jersey
People from Woodbury, New Jersey
Military personnel from California
Military personnel from New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Gill%20Green |
A tuba is a musical instrument that plays notes in the bass clef.
Tuba can also refer to:
Instruments
Roman tuba, a straight trumpet of ancient Rome
Tuba curva, a revival of the Roman cornu
Wagner tuba, an instrument like the tuba curva (cornu)
Places
Tuba (river), a tributary of the Yenisey in Siberia, Russia
Tuba, Benguet, a municipality in the Philippines
Tuba, Iran, a village in Qazvin Province, Iran
A Palestinian village east of At-Tuwani, in the South Hebron Hills
An ancient Middle Eastern city, the contemporary Umm el-Marra
Tuba City, Arizona, a city in the United States named after Chief Tuba
Tubas (city), a Palestinian city in the northern West Bank
TUBA
Trans-umbilical breast augmentation, a plastic surgical procedure
Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi (TÜBA), the Turkish Academy of Sciences
TCP and UDP with Bigger Addresses, a proposed replacement for Internet Protocol v4
Other uses
Tubâ, Filipino palm wine, also found in Mexico, Guam, the Marianas, and Australia
Tuba (given name), also spelt Tooba, or Tuğba in Turkish
Ṭūbā (tree), a tree that Muslims believe grows in heaven
Tuba Dei, the largest medieval bell in Poland, in the tower of the Cathedral in Toruń
Tuba mirum, a mass liturgy
Tuba Records, a Scandinavian music distributor and owner of Tabu Recordings
Chief Tuba (c. 1810–1887), leader of the Hopi nation
Cumulonimbus tuba, a column of cloud that may develop into a funnel cloud
An alternate name for the Bidayat, an ethnic group in the Sudan and Chad
The singular name that the Tubular people apply to themselves
The Indonesian word for the plant Derris elliptica
See also
Touba (disambiguation)
Tubatuba, the Filipino word for Jatropha curcas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba%20%28disambiguation%29 |
A transfer deed is a document used in conveyancing in England and Wales to transfer real property from its legal owner to another party.
Sometimes referred to as a transfer and formerly a conveyance or assignment (if a transfer of an existing Leasehold title).
Several different forms of transfer are used, depending on the circumstances of the transaction. For example, a TR1 is used for most cases where the whole of a title is to be transferred, a TR2 is used for most possession sales, and a TP1 for most transfers of part.
HM Land Registry requires that prescribed forms are used for transfer deeds, and these are available from the Registry's website, as well as from law stationers.
External links
The Land Registry's forms download page
Real estate in the United Kingdom
Real property law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer%20deed |
Stanley Bowles (born 24 December 1948) is an English former professional footballer who as a player in the 1970s was known for his skills as a forward, and also gained a reputation as one of the game's great non-conformists and mavericks.
Club career
Bowles was born in Collyhurst, Manchester, Lancashire. He began his career as an apprentice at Manchester City, although his fiery temper resulted in his falling out with coach Malcolm Allison and being released after a series of off-field incidents. After a brief and unsuccessful stay at Bury, he was signed by Ernie Tagg, manager of Crewe Alexandra, then in the Fourth Division, where his skill caught the eye of a number of bigger clubs. In October 1971 he was signed by Carlisle United, at the time a Second Division club, and scored 13 goals in 36 appearances for the club. After a managerial change at the club, he was sold to Queens Park Rangers (QPR) for £110,000 in September 1972.
He replaced in the team a previous QPR folk hero, Rodney Marsh, who had been transferred to Bowles' first club Manchester City only six months before. Bowles took over Marsh's number 10 shirt, which other players had been reluctant to wear in fear of being compared unfavourably to the mercurial Marsh. Bowles had no such qualms about taking the shirt, and joked that, coming from the North, he had never really heard of Marsh.
Bowles was often regarded as something of a character both on and off the pitch. Bowles has been known to cite a notable incident in his playing days involving the famous FA Cup trophy. Having won the FA Cup competition four days prior, Sunderland were parading the trophy at Roker Park on 9 May 1973 when they met QPR in the old Division 2. The trophy had been placed on a table at the side of the pitch when Bowles tore straight across the park and claims to have kicked the ball at it full speed, sending the Cup flying through the air. According to Stan, the crowd predictably went ballistic, but he had the last laugh by scoring two goals in the match which ended in a pitch invasion. Some reports suggest that some of the QPR players had laid bets as to who could hit the trophy first. However this version of events has been disputed and, according to Gordon Jago (QPR's manager at the time), it was Bowles's teammate, defender Tony Hazell, who struck the cup with an accidental clearance.
Bowles spent just over seven years at QPR, playing a central role in arguably the club's greatest ever team, that which finished as league runners-up in 1975–76 under Dave Sexton. A 2004 fans poll saw him voted the club's all-time greatest player. In 1979, Bowles fell out with QPR's new manager, Tommy Docherty. Bowles responded to Docherty's plea of "You can trust me, Stan" with "I'd rather trust my chickens with Colonel Sanders". Docherty made Bowles train with the reserves for nearly six months, before selling Bowles to Nottingham Forest in December 1979. Despite the fallout between Docherty and Bowles, Docherty continued to play Bowles for QPR right up until he was sold to Nottingham Forest.
At Nottingham Forest, Bowles failed to settle under the management of Brian Clough and he ruled himself out of the 1980 European Cup Final after Clough refused to allow Bowles to play in John Robertson's testimonial. Bowles was essentially understudy to the UK's first £1 million signing Trevor Francis during his one season at the City Ground, and before the season was out Clough was already targeting Coventry City's top scorer Ian Wallace as his replacement. Bowles was then sold to Leyton Orient for £100,000 after making only 23 appearances in all competitions. He joined Brentford the following year and remained at the club until retiring at the end of the 1982–83 season. Bowles came out of retirement to briefly rejoin the club on a non-contract basis during 1983–84 season, before retiring again in February 1984. He received a testimonial in 1987, earning £17,000. After retirement from the professional game, he continued to play at non-league level for Epping Town.
His 1996 autobiography revealed the extent of his drinking, womanising and gambling during his playing days, and also helped to secure a role as a pundit on Sky Sports, where he again replaced Rodney Marsh. Bowles is also the life chairman of the Queens Park Rangers supporters group L.S.A (Loyal Supporters Association).
A cult icon, he had the honour of a song bearing his name being released as a single by the group The Others. Bowles has also written betting columns in the national press and a column in 'lads' mag' Loaded and also appeared on the after-dinner-speaker circuit. He was also the personal favourite player of John Barnes.
International career
Bowles made his international debut against Portugal in April 1974 in Sir Alf Ramsey's last match in charge. Despite his unquestionable ability and consistently high-level league performances, he won only five caps for England, all while playing for QPR (playing for three managers: Sir Alf Ramsey, Joe Mercer and Don Revie) and scored his only international goal in a 2–0 win over Wales at Ninian Park in 1974.
Personal life
Bowles is a cousin of Paul Bowles. On 20 June 2015, Stan Bowles was reported to be a sufferer from Alzheimer's disease. On 22 August 2015, Queens Park Rangers honoured Bowles as he was presented to the crowd at Loftus Road before their game against Rotherham United.
Honours
Brentford Supporters' Player of the Year: 1981–82
References
External links
A Carlisle United fans tribute
Bowles comments on The Others' tribute song
Profile and career stats from Crewe Alexandra site
Booze birds bust ups and betting from gambling site
BRIAN VINER INTERVIEWS - Stan Bowles: 'Clough, Brooking, Eriksson' 13 October 2005
Football: Stan Bowles book launch 7 September 1996
BBC Sport interview with Bowles about his career and the prospects for QPR in season 2008-09
English men's footballers
English association football commentators
England men's international footballers
Manchester City F.C. players
Bury F.C. players
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Carlisle United F.C. players
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Leyton Orient F.C. players
Brentford F.C. players
People from Collyhurst
1948 births
Living people
English Football League players
English Football League representative players
Men's association football forwards
Men's association football midfielders
People with Alzheimer's disease
Footballers from Manchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan%20Bowles |
The Ambassador Cinema was Dublin's longest-running cinema and was operational on and off until 1999. It operated as a music venue between 2001 and 2008. The Ambassador's current use is as an exhibition hall and event centre.
The building was constructed as part of the Rotunda Hospital in 1764 as an assembly hall and social rooms on what is now called Parnell Street.
From 1897 onwards, the venue was given the name Rotund Room and hosted a number of "moving picture" screenings which were a great novelty at the time. From about 1908 onwards, it was used more regularly to show film presentations and in 1910 it became a full-time cinema, with 736 seats, a basic layout at the time.
Again known as the Rotunda (its nickname being the 'Roto' or the 'Roxy'), the cinema-going public thronged to the venue. Over the years, the cinema changed hands until the 1940s when it was run by Capitol and Allied Theatres Ltd.
In the 1950s, the cinema was redesigned, increasing the capacity to 1,200. Added to the main hall was a balcony (containing 500 seats) with private boxes. A new entrance area was also constructed. The cinema was reopened on 23 September 1954 as the Ambassador. It became a gala event venue, holding screenings of many films for the first time. Of note was the screening of The Blue Max in 1966, which was shot in Ireland. For the screening, a World War I plane adorned the roof of the cinema above the entrance.
In 1977, the cinema was forced to close briefly, but it reopened that summer under new ownership. The Green Group ran the cinema until 1988, and the cinema mainly played children's films such as The Care Bears Movie and its sequels. In 1988, with single-screen cinemas on the wane, it closed.
However, in 1994 it was given a new lease of life when it reopened under the ownership of Ward Anderson. Notable screenings upon reopening included Titanic, however, attendances were poor, most notably when a reissue of the 1935 film The Informer was screened to as few as two people per show. On 27 September 1999, after 45 years, the cinema closed.
This however was not the end of the venue. Entertainment promoters MCD Productions leased the building and for a number of years ran The Ambassador as a live music venue, until 2008. The Ambassador now hosts a variety of events including exhibitions, one-off concerts and corporate events.
Recent events include Bodies exhibition, CSI: The Experience, Dinosaur Encounters, Princess Exhibition, Game On, Santa's Playland, Xbox launch, Jameson Live presents White Lies, and running from Spring to Summer 2014, Lego exhibition The Art Of The Brick.
External links
Guide to venue on Ticketmaster
Reviews of various concerts in Ambassador Theatre, Dublin
Buildings and structures in Dublin (city)
Former cinemas in Dublin (city)
Former music venues
Parnell Square
Commercial buildings completed in 1897
1897 establishments in Ireland
Music venues completed in 2001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador%20Cinema |
In conflict of laws, habitual residence is the standard used to determine the law which should be applied to determine a given legal dispute or entitlement. It can be contrasted with the law on domicile, traditionally used in common law jurisdictions to do the same thing.
Habitual residence is less demanding than domicile and the focus is more on past experience rather than future intention. There is normally only one habitual residence where the individual usually resides and routinely returns to after visiting other places. It is the geographical place considered "home" for a reasonably significant period of time.
Description
In conflict of laws there are three personal connecting factors that help courts determine which law should apply to a particular dispute or issue. These are nationality, domicile, and habitual residence. Habitual residence is the newest concept of the three and is becoming a more commonly used factor than domicile in many common law jurisdictions and within statutes and international conventions.
General principles
There is no internationally agreed upon definition of habitual residence. Even within specific jurisdictions, many courts have yet to fully define the term. Numerous domestic statutes and conventions that use habitual residence, such as the Hague Conference on Private International Law, also do not define the term. This may be to avoid “the rigidity associated with the alternative concepts of domicile and nationality”. The lack of definition means that habitual residence is generally left to judicial interpretation by the courts in whichever jurisdiction uses it as a connecting factor.
Although there is no definition, habitual residence can generally be considered something less than domicile but something more than simple residence: a midpoint between the two. Previous definitions suggested that habitual residence required someone to be physically present in a place for a certain period of time to be considered habitual resident in that place. However, many scholars and courts have disagreed with this and believe that there are a number of factors that are to be considered in determining someone's habitual residence; while the amount of time spent in a given place is one of those factors, it is not determinative. Other factors that may be relevant depend on the jurisdiction; for example in the European Union, continuity and durability of the residence are considered in addition to the duration.
Application
Domestically, the use and application of habitual residence depends on which states are involved in the dispute. Each jurisdiction may use habitual residence in different instances. Therefore, habitual residence can have a significant impact on a person when it is the sole factor, or a factor, used to determine which law applies to a particular dispute or issue. A person's habitual residence could affect marital disputes, land-related disputes, succession, and other types of disputes or matters, depending on the rules of the states involved.
International Conventions
The concept of habitual residence is used in a number of international conventions, beginning with the Hague Convention on Civil Procedure of 14 November 1896. Since then it has become the basis of a number of other conventions either to complement or supplant the traditional connecting factor of domicile. One example of this is in the Convention on International Child Abduction, which uses habitual residence throughout to determine the applicable law in an actual or potential child abduction case.
Comparison with nationality
Habitual residence may also be more discriminating that the test of nationality or lex patriae in that the connection is to a specific location within a state rather than to the country of nationality which may contain several subnational jurisdictions (such as states or provinces). Hence, where a country contains more than one legal system, the residence must determine which of the several possible laws might apply (e.g. in the United States which of the laws of the U.S. states is to be applied). A supranational example of this selection process is contained in Article 19 of the Rome Convention:
States with more than one legal system
Where a State comprises several territorial units each of which has its own rules of law in respect of contractual obligations, each territorial unit shall be considered as a country for the purposes of identifying the law applicable under this Convention.
A State within which different territorial units have their own rules of law in respect of contractual obligations shall not be bound to apply this Convention to conflicts solely between the laws of such units.
Comparison with domicile
Habitual residence is fact-dependent; it cannot be a purely legal concept and there are different views about the factual situations that it is supposed to denote. Much of the case law on habitual residence suggests it is purely objective, seeking evidence of physical presence over a considerable period of time. However, there is an argument to be made that habitual residence does have a subjective element like domicile since intention may, at times, be a factor in considering an individual's habitual residence. This is particularly true if habitual residence it is considered synonymous with ordinary residence which requires an analysis of a person's "ordinary mode of living". However, it is not universally accepted that habitual residence and ordinary residence are the same, making it debatable if habitual residence has subjective elements like ordinary residence.
In comparison, to establish a domicile of choice, it is necessary to have a clear factual base in one state and that must be accompanied by an animus semper manendi (). Although it is not so difficult to produce evidence that an individual has established a home in a state, it is very difficult to prove that someone has no intention of ever establishing a home in another state. Therefore, the test for habitual residence is less demanding without this subjective element of intention. The court focuses on the past experience of the individual and not so much on future intention.
However, it may be more difficult to determine where a person has a habitual residence if they are constantly on the move with no real or continuing connection with any of the countries through which they have passed. This could be resolved by reference to the individual's intention, which is well-defined in the case law for the purposes of domicile, but not for the purposes habitual residence.
The subjective element required for domicile is the biggest difference when comparing the factor with habitual residence. This could be either positive or negative depending on the situation.
The law in specific jurisdictions
Canada
The use of the term "habitual residence" in Canadian law stems from the Hague Convention on Private International Law. At common law, a person's habitual residence is a question of fact determined on a case by case basis. Canadian courts have not provided a clear definition on the term; however, the word “habitual” qualifying the term “residence” suggests that more than just physical presence is required to find someone to be a habitual residence of a place. Also required is “a minimum connection with some form of dwelling” and “a stay of some duration”. Duration of time, while important as a factor to consider, is not determinative. Evidence of present intention to reside is also a factor to be considered.
In Canadian legislation, residence is becoming more common as the primary personal connecting factor instead of domicile, following the lead of international conventions like the Hague Convention. Habitual residence specifically is also becoming more common in legislation as drafters use the term as the primary connecting factor. One example is in the Federal Divorce Act which uses a one year period of habitual residence as the basis for which a court in a province has a jurisdiction to hear and determine a divorce proceeding.
Interpretation of habitual residence in the Hague Convention
When determining habitual residence pursuant to Article 3 of the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, courts are to apply the hybrid approach outlined by the Supreme Court of Canada in Office of the Children's Lawyer v Balev, 2018 SCC 16 which places emphasis on the best interests of the child. There is no specific test for defining habitual residence under the Convention, rather, a non-exhaustive list of potentially relevant factors. The importance of the factors may vary depending on the child's age. The Court is not to focus solely on parental intention or the child's acclimatization, but to all relevant considerations. Factors to be considered include the child's links to and circumstances in Country A, the circumstances of the move between countries, and the child's links to and circumstances in country B. Other factors suggested by the majority include the nationality of the child, as well as the duration, regularity, conditions and reasons for the child's stay in a jurisdiction.
Ontario
In Ontario the legislature has started to use and define habitual residence in certain statutes. For example, habitual residence is defined in the Children's Law Reform Act . Under the act, a child will be considered habitually resident in the last place where the child resided with both parents; or if the parents are living separate and apart, with one parent under a separation agreement, consent, or acquiescence of the other, or under a court order; or with a person other than a parent on a permanent basis or for a significant period of time.
British Columbia
In British Columbia, habitual residence is now used in a number of statutes, specifically in provincial family law statutes. For example, British Columbia's Family Law Act uses habitual residence through-out the act as the only connecting factor and has similar wording to Ontarios Children's law Reform Act in determining where a child is habitually resident.
Quebec
The Quebec Superior Court has defined habitually as meaning "almost constantly, generally". Habitual residence is the place one regularly, normally or customarily lives. Habitual residence requires more durable ties than mere residence; merely passing through a place is not sufficient to establish habitual residence.
In the context of International Child Abductions, the Quebec Court of Appeal outlined that determining habitual residence requires focussing on the reality of the child not the parents; considering the duration of time necessary for the child to develop ties and be integrated into the new environment; the child's real and active connection with their place of residence. To be habitual, the residence must have a certain degree of continuity, but, there is no minimum period necessary to establish the acquisition of the new habitual residence.
Manitoba
Manitoba has abolished any common law use of domicile and habitual residence by codifying it through The Domicile and Habitual Residence Act. Under the act habitual residence is to be determined under the act and not by the common law. Under the act the basis for determining the habitual residence of each person is set out in section 8(1) of the act which states the following:
See also
Ordinarily resident status
Habitual residence test
Notes
References
Agne Limante (2018) Establishing habitual residence of adults under the Brussels IIa regulation: best practices from national case-law, Journal of Private International Law, 14:1, 160–181, DOI: 10.1080/17441048.2018.1442128
External links
Index of documents on the subject, UNHCR
Conflict of laws
Legal tests
Home | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitual%20residence |
Straumgjerde is a village in Sykkylven Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is located where the lake Fitjavatnet empties into the Sykkylvsfjorden. It is about south of the municipal center of Aure and about south of Ikornnes. The mountain Råna lies south of the village.
The village has a population (2018) of 488 and a population density of .
References
Villages in Møre og Romsdal
Sykkylven | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straumgjerde |
Ikornnes is a village in Sykkylven Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located along the Sykkylvsfjorden, about east of the village of Tusvik, north of Straumgjerde, and about west of the municipal center of Aure via the Sykkylven Bridge.
The village has a population (2018) of 842 and a population density of .
The village is home to the largest furniture manufacturer in Norway, Ekornes. Ikornnes Church is located in this village.
References
Villages in Møre og Romsdal
Sykkylven | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikornnes |
Valle is a village in Ålesund Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is located on the eastern end of the island of Oksenøya, along the northern shore of the Storfjorden. Valle sits along the European route E39/European route E136 highway, about south of the municipal center of Skodje, east of the city of Ålesund, and west of the village of Sjøholt in the neighboring Ørskog Municipality. The historic Skodje Bridge lies about to the northwest of Valle.
The village has a population (2018) of 557 and a population density of .
References
Villages in Møre og Romsdal
Ålesund | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle%2C%20M%C3%B8re%20og%20Romsdal |
Mandy Nga-man Chiang is a Hong Kong singer formerly signed to the Emperor Entertainment Group's Music Icon Records. Her music career first began in 2002 when she was partnered with Yumiko Cheng (鄭希怡) and Maggie Lau (劉思惠) to form the female group 3T. The group released one EP (少女蝶) and separated shortly after. Then, in 2005, Mandy's music career began again when she was asked to form a musical dua with Don Li, and together, they released three albums. In January 2007, Chiang announced that she and Li would continue their music careers as solo artists. Her debut solo album was released on 24 April 2007, titled Other Half. She also appeared in several movies and TV series. Today, she is the owner of a café and clothing store in Taipei, Taiwan, where she now resides.
Filmography
The Twins Effect (2003)
Anna in Kung-Fu Land (2003)
New Police Story (2004)
Yarudora (2005)
Rob-B-Hood (2006)
Luxury Fantasy (2007)
Whispers and Moans (2007)
A Mob Story (2007)
The Sparkle in the Dark (2008)
Yes, I Can See Dead People (2008)
A Decade of Love (2008)
Discography
3T – Butterfly (2003)
Don & Mandy (2005)
Don & Mandy – Rainy Lover (2006)
Don & Mandy – Winter Lover (2006)
Mandy Chiang – Other Half (2007)
Mandy Chiang – Winter Story (2007)
Television series
All About Boy'z (2002)
The Vigilante in the Mask (2004)
Kung Fu Soccer'' (2005)
References
External links
Her Personal Xanga
HK cinemagic entry
loveHKfilm entry
1982 births
Living people
Cantopop singers
Hong Kong film actresses
Hong Kong Mandopop singers
Hong Kong television actresses
21st-century Hong Kong actresses
21st-century Hong Kong women singers
Hong Kong idols | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandy%20Chiang |
Brandal is a village in Hareid Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located on the eastern shores of the island of Hareidlandet, along the Sulafjorden. The village lies about north of the municipal centre of Hareid and about northeast of the town of Ulsteinvik on the other side of the island. The village has a population (2018) of 338 and a population density of .
Seal hunting
Brandal was historically known as the home of seal hunters, which had annual hunting trips to the White Sea from 1898 until 1939, and to West Ice and Newfoundland from 1939 until 1982. A pioneer in seal hunting was captain and shipowner Peter S. Brandal. The Museum Aarvak (founded in 1981) is located in Brandal. On the grounds of the museum stands the monument , made by Bjørn Tore Skjølsvik and was unveiled on 18 June 2005.
References
Villages in Møre og Romsdal
Hareid | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandal |
CCIP may refer to:
Centre for Critical Infrastructure Protection, New Zealand
Cisco Certified Internetwork Professional, one of the Cisco Career Certifications
Common Configuration Implementation Program
Constantly computed impact point
Paris Chamber of Commerce (Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie de Paris)
Contractor Controlled Insurance Program, an alternative to an Owner Controlled Insurance Program in the construction industry
Cross-Chain Interoperability Protocol, an omnibus blockchain feature of Chainlink | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCIP |
Michael B. Adam, ONL (born June 3, 1981) is a Canadian curler who won gold at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Biography
Born in Labrador City, Newfoundland and Labrador, Adam won a bronze medal at the Canada Winter Games in 1999.
Adam was part of Gushue's 2001 Canadian Junior Curling Championships winning team, when he played lead. Adam returned the following year at the 2002 Canadian Juniors, but played third for Ryan Ledrew, and finished 4–8. He was still on Gushue's team as well, and played second at the provincials that year. In 2003, they won provincials, but by this time Adam was just the team's alternate. In 2004 Adam moved to Keith Ryan's team where he played second. Failing to win at the provincials with Ryan, Adam joined Gushue who had won provincials as his alternate at the 2004 Nokia Brier. In 2005 Adam was left off the team, but rejoined in 2006 as the alternate once again for the Olympics. He was replaced for the 2006–07 season.
Adam was the alternate for the Canadian 2006 Winter Olympics curling team skipped by Brad Gushue. As the team's alternate, he only played one game when lead Jamie Korab was ill.
Adam currently resides in Harbour Grace.
Awards
World Junior Curling Championship: Sportsmanship Award - 2001
References
External links
1981 births
Curlers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Curlers from Newfoundland and Labrador
Living people
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Members of the Order of Newfoundland and Labrador
Olympic curlers for Canada
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Olympic medalists in curling
People from Labrador City
Canadian male curlers
21st-century Canadian people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Adam |
Haddal is a settlement in Ulstein municipality in Møre og Romsdal county. Haddal is located about 9 kilometers south of the municipal center Ulsteinvik.
References
Ulstein
Villages in Møre og Romsdal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddal |
Sætre (also called Vartdal) is a village along the shore of the Vartdalsfjorden in the municipality of Ørsta, in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located in the Årset valley in the Vartdal district of Ørsta. The village sits along the European route E39 highway about northeast of the village of Flåskjer and about southwest of the village of Nordre Vartdal. The mountain Saudehornet is located about south of the village.
The village has a population (2018) of 423 and a population density of .
This village was the administrative centre of the former municipality of Vartdal from 1895–1964.
References
Ørsta
Villages in Møre og Romsdal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A6tre%2C%20M%C3%B8re%20og%20Romsdal |
WDCT AM 1310 is a Korean broadcast radio station licensed to Fairfax, Virginia, the only Korean language station serving Northern Virginia, Washington, D.C., and Maryland. WDCT is operated and licensed to Yoonhee Kim and Yongyil Kim of Bareun Media Inc.
Origins of AM 1310
WDCT was originally a Korean religious formatted broadcast radio station, serving Northern Virginia. WDCT was owned and operated by Kwang Ok Sung and Suk Chan Lee, through licensee KBC Broadcasting Inc.
References
External links
1955 establishments in Virginia
Asian-American culture in Virginia
Korean-language radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1955
DCT
Fairfax, Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDCT |
Myklebost or Myklebust is a village in Ålesund Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located on the south side of the island of Ellingsøya, about west of the village of Årset and about east of the village of Hoffland. Myklebost is about northeast of the city center of Ålesund.
The village has a population (2018) of 306 and a population density of . Ellingsøy Church is located just west of the village of Myklebost.
References
Villages in Møre og Romsdal
Ålesund | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myklebost%2C%20%C3%85lesund |
Hoffland or Hovland is a village in Ålesund Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is located on the western end of the island of Ellingsøya, about northeast of the town of Ålesund and about west of the village of Myklebost.
The village has a population (2018) of 816 and a population density of . It is located at the entrance to two undersea tunnels. The Ellingsøy Tunnel leads to the city of Ålesund on the nearby island of Nørvøya and the Valderøy Tunnel leads to the island of Valderøya in neighboring Giske Municipality.
Ole Brunes, a native of Hoffland, was among a group of fishermen of primarily Scandinavian ancestry who in the late 1880s founded the community of Hovland, Minnesota which he named for his Norwegian place of origin. Of similar origin is also the community of Hoffland, Nebraska.
References
Ålesund
Villages in Møre og Romsdal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoffland |
Neil Gavin Welliver (July 22, 1929 – April 5, 2005) was an American modern artist, best known for his large-scale landscape paintings inspired by the deep woods near his home in Maine. One of his sons, Titus Welliver, later became a successful actor.
Life and career
Welliver was born in Millville, Pennsylvania. He graduated from the Philadelphia College of Art (now part of the University of the Arts) and then received an MFA from Yale University. At Yale, he studied with the abstract artists Burgoyne Diller and Josef Albers, whose theories on color were influential. Welliver taught at Cooper Union from 1953 to 1957 and at Yale from 1956 to 1966. In 1966, he began teaching at, and eventually became chairman of the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Fine Art, from which he retired in 1989.
While teaching at Yale, Welliver's style evolved from abstract color field painting to the realistic transcription of small-town scenes in watercolor. In the early 1960s he went to Maine, where he began painting figures outdoors, the large oil paintings often focusing on his sons canoeing or female nudes bathing. In 1970 he moved permanently to Lincolnville, and by the mid 1970s the figure as subject had given way to the exclusive study of landscape.
His mature works, often as large as , are at once richly painted abstractions and clear representational images of intimate Maine landscapes, taking as their subjects rocky hills, beaver houses, tree stumps, and rushing water, occasionally opening out to blue cloud-laden skies. Carrying his equipment on his back, Welliver hiked into the woods to make plein-air sketches. His equipment-laden backpack weighed 70 pounds, and included eight colors of oil paint: white, ivory black, cadmium red scarlet, manganese blue, ultramarine blue, lemon yellow, cadmium yellow, and talens green light. These plein-air studies usually took about 9 hours, and were painted in 3 hour increments, after which time the light would change too much to continue. Welliver insisted that he was uninterested in trying to copy the exact colors of objects, desiring instead to find "a color that makes it look like it is, again, surrounded by air." He often painted out of doors in winter, and enjoyed the crystal quality of the air and luminosity created by light reflecting off snow, but acknowledged that the process was not easy:
Painting outside in winter is not a macho thing to do. It's more difficult than that. To paint outside in the winter is painful. It hurts your hands, it hurts your feet, it hurts your ears. Painting is difficult. The paint is rigid, it's stiff, it doesn't move easily. But sometimes there are things you want and that's the only way you get them.
Welliver later expanded some of the outdoor studies into large paintings in the studio, painting 4 to 7 hours a day, meticulously starting the canvases in the upper left-hand corner and finishing in the lower right. If the finished paintings were vibrantly painted, containing "an emotional intensity that goes beyond the ordinary limits of realism", they also tended to be emotionally somber.
Welliver died of pneumonia in Belfast, Maine on April 5, 2005 near his home in Lincolnville. He was survived by his wife, Mimi Welliver.
Welliver's works are represented in many museums, among them the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Museum of Modern Art, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art and the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.
Personal life
Welliver's personal life was marked by tragedy. In 1975, he lost his home, studio, and all the art therein to a fire. In 1976, a daughter died, followed soon thereafter by the death of his second wife. In 1991, his son Eli was killed, and a second son, Silas, died. Of his surviving children, one is the actor Titus Welliver, and another is Ethan Welliver.
Controversy
In January 2018, The Pennsylvania Gazette, the University of Pennsylvania's alumni magazine, published an op-ed from a Penn graduate that described several encounters with Neil Welliver, accusing him of leveraging his position as chair of the university's Department of Fine Arts to sexually harass students.
The letter detailed a period of sexual harassment and unwanted sexual advances during the student's matriculation at Penn, and noted that Welliver was known on campus as the "Silver Fox". The Dean of the University of Pennsylvania School of Design, Frederick Steiner, responded in the same paper with a letter offering support to the op-ed and asking other readers to come forward with similar stories.
References
Bibliography
External links
Welliver Documentary produced by Maine Public Broadcasting Network
1929 births
2005 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia in Maine
People from Millville, Pennsylvania
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
21st-century American male artists
Modern painters
People from Lincolnville, Maine
University of the Arts (Philadelphia) alumni
Yale School of Art alumni
Sexual harassment in the United States
20th-century American male artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20Welliver |
The European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT) is an independent body of the European Union with juridical personality, established in 2008 intended to strengthen Europe's ability to innovate. The EIT’s three “core pillars” of activities are: entrepreneurial education programmes and courses across Europe that transform students into entrepreneurs; business creation and acceleration services that scale ideas and budding businesses; and innovation-driven research projects that turn ideas into products by connecting partners, investors, and expertise.
As part of the EU's Framework Program for Research and Innovation ‘Horizon Europe’ under Pillar 3 ‘Innovative Europe’, the EIT contributes to achieving the four key strategic orientations of the Horizon Europe Strategic Plan. These are: promoting an open strategic autonomy by leading the development of key digital, enabling and emerging technologies, sectors and value chains; restoring Europe’s ecosystems and biodiversity and managing sustainably natural resources; making Europe the first digitally-enabled circular, climate-neutral and sustainable economy; creating a more resilient, inclusive and democratic European society. The EIT is funded through Horizon Europe.
In total, nine KICs (Knowledge and Innovation Communities) have been created by the EIT (European Institute of Innovation & Technology) since its creation in 2010.
Organisation
The Governing Board
The EIT Governing Board is the principal governing body entrusted with the strategic leadership of the Institute and the overall direction of its operational activities. It is autonomous in its decision-making and is responsible for the selection, evaluation, and support given to the EIT Knowledge and Innovation Communities (KICs).
The EIT Governing Board has 15 members (experts in higher education, research, business, and innovation at the EU level) as well as one independent observer from the European Commission.
EIT management team and executive directors
The EIT Director is supported by the Director’s office and the Legal section, together with the Heads of Operations I, II, and the Administrative Unit. The current Director of the EIT is Martin Kern.
Participation and funding
The EIT is part of the Horizon Europe Framework Programme for Research and Innovation 2021–2027. At the start of 2021, it became part of Pillar 3 - Open Innovation of Horizon Europe. The Horizon Europe Regulation states that the KICs are institutionalised European Partnerships and, as such, they shall deliver clear impacts for the European Union and their citizens.
The EIT Member State Representatives Group (MSRG)
The new EIT Regulation and the EIT Strategic Innovation Agenda for 2021–2027 established the EIT Member State Representatives Group (MSRG). The MSRG advises the EIT Governing Board and the EIT Director on strategically important issues, such as the extension or termination of the EIT’s partnership agreements and the conclusion of a memorandum of cooperation with each KIC. It also facilitates interaction between EIT Community and national or regional activities, sharing information about potential national and regional co-financing.
The MSRG is composed of a representative and a substitute from each EU Member State and each Associated Country to Horizon Europe. They are delegated at the invitation of the European Commission. Members come from ministries or national authorities responsible for the EIT and must demonstrate relevant knowledge and understanding of Horizon Europe, as well as national and EU-level innovation policies.
The MSRG meets at least twice a year and is co-chaired by the EIT Director and a Representative nominated by the MSRG. Representatives of the European Commission (from DG EAC), the EIT Governing Board, and the CEOs of the KICs may be invited to attend the meetings to align better the work carried out by the group.
History
Foundation and objective
On 11 March 2008, the European Parliament and the Council signed the Regulation (EC) No 294/2008, establishing the European Institute of Innovation and Technology. The goal was to foster the integration of the knowledge triangle — higher education, research, and innovation — across the European Union. The rationale behind the establishment of the EIT was the EU’s attempt to re-launch its Lisbon Strategy, signed in 2000, focusing on a ‘growth and job’ agenda. The EIT was, therefore, an attempt to redefine the European Commission mandates and governance of higher education institutions as part of a knowledge-based economy route to economic and social development.
On 18 June 2008, HQ were established in Budapest, Hungary, and on 15 September 2008 the inaugural meeting of EIT Governing Board was held. There, Martin Schuurmans was elected Chair of the Board.
Initial phase (2008–2011)
As determined in the Regulation establishing EIT, within 12 months after its creation, the Governing Board had to submit the draft of the first rolling triennial work programme and, within a period of 18 months, select and designate two or three KICs.
The topics of the first wave of KICs (climate, energy, digital) were selected based on the criteria for selection described in Article 7 (“Selection of KICs”) in December 2009. Article 7 was open to some degree of interpretation and the Governing Board working group was essential in shaping a common understanding of each potential KIC. For instance, the concept of EIT Climate-KIC was defined as climate change mitigation and adaptation; KIC InnoEnergy (now InnoEnergy) was focused on sustainable energy sources; and EIT ICT Labs (now EIT Digital) put emphasis not only on digital technology but on the future of social information sharing and communication.
Consolidation (2012–2013)
The EIT’s main goal for 2012 was to move from an initial start-up phase to a consolidation of activities with the existing three KICs, as well as to start preparations for an enlarged KIC portfolio in the future. Scaling up was done through the pilot implementation of EIT-labelled degrees with the goal of creating role models for the kind of education it wanted to promote. That meant hands-on entrepreneurial education that addressed topical issues such as the climate crisis, finding alternative power source solutions, and technological advances to improve people’s lives.
All three KICs accelerated the enlargement of their project portfolio through MSc, Master’s, and Doctoral programmes. During these two years, EIT-labelled programmes allowed the EIT to raise awareness of its activities and value proposition for society among external stakeholders.
EIT as part of Horizon 2020 (2014-2020)
Horizon 2020 was adapted in 2013 to reduce the fragmentation of European research and industry and refocus their efforts on UN SDG-related issues. Its implementation would be partly carried out by the EIT, who would use the KICs to overcome Europe’s fragmentation. The EIT’s budget was expanded to €2.7 billion for the 2014 to 2020 to meet Horizon 2020 objectives.
Based on the Strategic Innovation Agenda (SIA) of the EIT for 2014–2020, a call for proposals was announced in 2014 with two distinct thematical areas. One was for innovation for healthy living and active ageing (EIT Health) and the second was raw materials - sustainable explorations, extraction, processing, recycling, and substitution (EIT RawMaterials). The SIA also set the themes for 2016 and 2018 calls to establish an additional three KICs in the themes of Food4Future (now EIT Food), added-value manufacturing (now EIT Manufacturing), and eco-friendly urban mobility (EIT Urban Mobility). During this period, the eight KIC EIT structure was established to contribute to a larger EU policy agenda and, specifically, Horizon 2020.
Additionally, the RIS Scheme was introduced as an answer to underrepresentation of innovation start-ups and education for entrepreneurs in non-EU countries. The scheme seeks out and nurtures new partnerships with research and education institutions in RIS countries. Its funding mobility programmes offer students, researchers, and entrepreneurs of any age the chance to gain new skills. In 2017, the EIT expanded the total EIT RIS countries to 18.
That same year, Forbes chose 18 EIT Community members for the annual Forbes 30 Under 30 list.
In 2018, the EIT and its KICs established the EIT Global Outreach Programme, the first EIT Community-coordinated effort at the global level. It expanded the reach of the EIT Community to non-European partners.
In 2020, the EIT launched the EIT Crisis Response Initiative which mobilised 60 million in additional funding for the Community to launch new projects dealing directly with the COVID-19 pandemic and its socioeconomic fallout.
EIT as part of Horizon Europe (2021–2027)
For the budget period of 2021–2027, the EIT was mandated by the EU Parliament and Council to deliver on Horizon Europe objectives.
Between 2021 and 2027, the EIT should:
Increase the impact of its activities
Create two new KICs:
Cultural and Creative Sectors and Industries (already established in June 2022) and
Water, Marine and Maritime Sectors and Ecosystems
Put more emphasis on the regional dimensions of its activities by providing targeted support to countries who lag in innovation performance
Launch a new pilot initiative to increase the entrepreneurial and innovation capacity of higher education institutions.
In March 2021, the EIT opened its liaison office in Brussels, ensuring close working ties with stakeholders like the EU Commission and the EU Parliament. 2021 also saw the launch of the HEI Initiative: Innovation Capacity Building for Higher Education, addressing one of the key objectives of the EIT’s SIA 2021–2027. The HEI Initiative helps coordinate cross-sectoral activities related to education and gives a wider circle of future entrepreneurs access to the EIT Community’s experience and knowledge. Several projects were developed through this initiative: Skills for Future, Girls go Circular, and Women in AgriFood.
In light of a full-scale war against Ukraine started by Russia on February, 24, 2022, the EIT together with several KICs initiated activities to help Ukrainians. These included providing traineeships and professional development, as well as initiating projects aimed at post-war reconstruction.
Budget 2021–2027
In the EU Parliament and Council Decision of 20 May 2021, which sets the 2021–2027 EIT Agenda, the budget needs of the EIT were set at €2,965,000,000. €2,854,000,000 (96% of the total EIT budget) is envisaged to fund existing and new KICs, of which:
at least 10% and a maximum of 15% shall be dedicated to the RIS
a maximum of 7% shall be dedicated to cross-KIC activities, including support for KICs, for which the partnership agreement is expired or terminated
a maximum of 3% shall be dedicated to a pilot higher education initiative of three years.
Collaborations
The EIT signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with several European organisations:
The European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training, formerly known as European Police College (CEPOL) (27 October 2014)
The Joint Research Centre (JRC) (22 September 2016)
The European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) (8 October 2020)
The European Innovation Council (EIC) (8 January 2021)
The European Investment Fund (EIF) (20 September 2021)
The European Investment Bank (EIB) (20 September 2021)
See also
Agencies of the European Union
Lisbon Strategy
European Research Area (ERA)
European Research Council (ERC)
Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development
Science and Technology in Europe
Joint Research Centre (JRC)
European Innovation Council (EIC)
European Investment Fund (EIF)
European Investment Bank (EIB)
European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO)
European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training (CEPOL)
References
European Union and science and technology
Innovation organizations
International scientific organizations based in Europe
Research and development in Europe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Institute%20of%20Innovation%20and%20Technology |
is a Japanese female rock vocalist. She is arguably best known for her work as the vocalist and lyrics writer for SEKIRIA, the band that did the music for the anime series Bubblegum Crisis: Tokyo 2040 and played live in the movie Shuto Kōsoku Max.
References
External links
Akira Sudou official fan site
Video of 'Face of Love' MP3 gallery of Eric Martin, duet with Sudou Akira
1971 births
Living people
Japanese women rock singers
Singers from Gunma Prefecture
21st-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese women singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira%20Sudou |
Fort Halstead was a research site of Dstl, an executive agency of the UK Ministry of Defence. It is situated on the crest of the Kentish North Downs, overlooking the town of Sevenoaks, southeast of London. Originally constructed in 1892 as part of a ring of fortresses around London, Fort Halstead was to be staffed by volunteers in the event of a crisis.
The base became home to the Projectile Development Establishment, the Ministry of Supply and later was the headquarters of the Royal Armament Research and Development Establishment (RARDE).
Design and construction
Fort Halstead formed a part of the London Defence Positions, a scheme devised by Lieutenant General Sir Edward Bruce Hamley and implemented by the Secretary of State for War, Edward Stanhope, who announced the plan to Parliament in 1889. The scheme envisaged a line of entrenchments which would be dug in the event of war to protect the southern and eastern approaches to the capital. Supporting these were to be thirteen simple forts, known as "Mobilisation Centres", which would contain the tools, stores and ammunition for the men of the Volunteer Force, who were tasked with digging the entrenchments and manning them against any invaders.
Putting these plans into action in 1890, the War Office purchased land at Halstead, Kent, on high ground near the town of Sevenoaks. Delayed by a shortage of funds, the polygonal fort was constructed between 1895 and 1897; it featured vaulted barrack casemates on the west side and a magazine on the east. An earthen rampart with positions for light field artillery pieces and machine guns was surrounded by a ditch with a concrete revetment on the scarp face. A cottage was built for a caretaker, who was responsible for maintenance and security in peacetime.
History as a defensive work
The growing superiority of the Royal Navy , and the signing of the Entente Cordiale with France, resulted in the reduced likelihood of an invasion and the London Defence Scheme was officially abandoned in March 1906. Many of the Mobilisation Centres were quickly sold; however, Fort Halstead and a few others were retained, perhaps to facilitate the dispersal of the stores removed from the other sites. After the outbreak of the First World War, the London Defence Scheme was revived and many of the planned entrenchments were actually dug to form an inland stop line.
Fort Halstead seems to have reverted to its intended role at this time; in 1915, a laboratory was built inside the fort for the inspection of ammunition. In 1921, the fort was sold to a retired colonel, who took up residence in the laboratory and let out the cottages. The rest of the site was used as a campsite for the Territorial Army, Boy Scouts, Girl Guides, and accommodation of refugees.
Rocket research
In 1938, Fort Halstead became the home of the Projectile Development Establishment, which was continuing work on solid fuelled rockets that had started at Royal Arsenal in Woolwich two years earlier. Under the direction of Alwyn Crow, work was mainly on rockets that could be used as anti-aircraft weapons. In connection with this research, over eighty new buildings were constructed in and around the fort.
The work at Halstead resulted in the 7-inch Unrotated Projectile used on ships of the Royal Navy, and a 3-inch version that was operated by the British Army in hundreds of Z Batteries for the air defence of the United Kingdom. Further developments were the RP-3 air-to-surface anti-tank rocket and the Mattress and Land Mattress surface-to-surface bombardment systems.
In 1940, Fort Halstead became vulnerable to enemy action and Germans knew about the rocket development there, so Projectile Development Establishment was evacuated to RAE Aberporth.
History of RARDE
Two departments, the "Research Department" and the "Design Department", were established in 1922 at Woolwich Arsenal. During the Second World War, the Design Department moved to Fort Halstead, followed by the Research Department. It is believed that Britain's development of the atomic bomb, hidden under the name High Explosive Research ("HER") was initially based at Fort Halstead, where the first atomic bomb was developed under the directorship of William George Penney, who had been appointed Chief Superintendent Armament Research ("CSAR", called "Caesar") by C. P. Snow. Operation Hurricane saw the bomb conveyed by frigate to Australia and successfully exploded in the Montebello Islands. In 1950, it is thought that the "HER" research was moved to a new site at Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston in Berkshire.
In 1955, the two departments were merged to give the Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE), which was granted the title "Royal" in February 1962. In the 1980s, RARDE was amalgamated with the Military Vehicles and Engineering Establishment (MVEE) – formerly the Fighting Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (FVRDE) – with sites at Chertsey and Christchurch, and the Propellants, Explosives and Rocket Motor Establishment based at Waltham Abbey and Westcott.
Following the December 1988 Lockerbie bombing, forensic experts from RARDE's explosives laboratory examined material recovered from the crash scene, and subsequently testified as expert witnesses at the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial.
In 1996, the bus from the Aldwych bus bombing was taken to Fort Halstead for analysis, where previously a number of IRA explosive devices had been examined.
RARDE was home to a number of military simulation and war game projects, mainly aimed as assessing the effectiveness of future defence equipment procurement. After Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and throughout the latter half of 1990, a series of computerised war games were conducted at RARDE in preparation for Operation Granby, Britain's contribution to the Gulf War.
In 2017, scientists from the Forensic Explosives Laboratory at Fort Halstead examined the wreckage of the aircraft from the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash, for traces of explosives, after being engaged by the Polish government.
Evolution to DERA
On 1 April 1991, the Defence Research Agency (DRA) was set up by bringing together Royal Aerospace Establishment (RAE), Admiralty Research Establishment (ARE), RARDE, and the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment (RSRE). It was an executive Agency of the Ministry of Defence. Four years later, when DRA was itself merged to form the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA), the forensic explosives laboratory came under media and scientific scrutiny. In 1996, amid allegations that contaminated equipment had been used in the testing of forensic evidence, an inquiry was set up under Professor Brian Caddy of Strathclyde University to investigate the laboratory's alleged shortcomings.
Dstl and QinetiQ
Following the split of DERA in 2001 into QinetiQ and Dstl, the Fort Halstead site was retained by QinetiQ who leased part of it back to Dstl. Its most recent principal functions have been research, test, evaluation and forensic analysis into explosives, and the site's explosives laboratory was again used in the investigation following the attempted 21 July 2005 London bombings. The facility has been the largest employer in the Sevenoaks district, with 1,300 personnel working on the site in 2000.
In March 2006, QinetiQ sold the Fort Halstead site to Armstrong Kent LLP for an undisclosed sum, remaining on-site as a tenant. In June 2011, Dstl announced that its facilities at Fort Halstead were to close following a review of operations at the site, although delays in building new facilities at Porton Down has meant Dstl finally left in October 2022 (taking eleven rather than the planned five years).
In 2017, Armstrong Kent sold the site to Merseyside Pension Fund. Current plans are for a mix-use regeneration, with 450 new homes and a business campus, including QinetiQ.
Distinguished former staff
Richard, Baron Beeching of East Grinstead, "Dr Beeching", author of the report The Reshaping of British Railways
Sir Alwyn Crow, developer of the Unrotated Projectile
Sir Frank Ewart Smith
Douglas Hartree, after whom the Hartree unit of atomic energy is named, and the Hartree–Fock method of approximating n-body wavefunctions
Sir John Lennard-Jones, devisor of the Lennard-Jones potential description of atomic attraction
J.W. Maccoll, of Taylor-Maccoll theory of supersonic flow over a cone
Sir Nevill Mott, Nobel Laureate in Physics
William, Baron Penney of East Hendred, a principal scientist on the Manhattan Project, and leader of Britain's High Explosive Research project
Dick Strawbridge, engineer, environmentalist and broadcaster
See also
Investigation into the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103
Blue Peacock nuclear land mine
UK nuclear weapons development
Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE or the Harwell Laboratory)
Atomic Weapons Research Establishment (AWRE)
References
General
Hamilton-Baillie, J.R.E, "Fort Halstead & the London Defence Positions", Fort (Fortress Study Group), 1977, (3), pp31–35
External links
Comprehensive historical review by Historic England
RARDE's Alan Feraday
Dstl – Defence Science and Technology Laboratory
Fort Halstead Aerial Photograph (Microsoft Live Maps)
Fort Halstead: preserving the history of British defence research and development
Friends of Fort Halstead
19th-century forts in England
Forts in Kent
Buildings and structures in Sevenoaks
Fortifications of London
Research institutes in Kent
Research installations of the Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)
Military installations established in 1897
1897 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Halstead |
Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (Sophia; 4 September 1557 – 14 October 1631) was Queen of Denmark and Norway by marriage to Frederick II of Denmark. She was the mother of King Christian IV of Denmark and Anne of Denmark. She was Regent of Schleswig-Holstein from 1590 to 1594.
In 1572, she married her cousin, Frederick II of Denmark, and their marriage was remarkably happy. She had little political influence during their marriage, although she maintained her own court and exercised a degree of autonomy over patronages. Sophie developed an interest in astrology, chemistry, alchemy and iatrochemistry, supporting and visiting Tycho Brahe on Ven in 1586 and later. She has later been described as a woman "of great intellectual capacity, noted especially as a patroness of scientists". She became widowed at the age of 31.
Through the skilful management of her vast widowed estate, she amassed an enormous fortune, becoming the richest woman in Northern Europe and the second wealthiest individual in Europe after Maximillian I of Bavaria. Through her "inexhaustible coffers", she financially supported her son, and thereby effectively the entire Danish-Norwegian state. She maintained a large lending business, earning interest, and extending loans to, among others: her son Christian IV, the Danish Council of the Realm, her son-in-law King James VI & I, her grandson Duke Frederick Ulrich of Brunswick-Lüneburg and other German princes. When she died in 1631, James Howell, a 17th-century Anglo-Welsh historian and writer, remarked that she was the "richest Queen in Christendom".
Queen Sophie exerted significant political influence both domestically and internationally during her widowhood. Through extensive correspondence with Protestant princes and her strategic financial dealings, she played a crucial role in shaping Danish and Northern European politics, notably during the Thirty Years' War, influencing danish peace negotiations and ultimately contributing to the Treaty of Lübeck in 1629.
Early life
Born in Wismar, she was the daughter of Duke Ulrich III of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and Princess Elizabeth of Denmark (a daughter of Frederick I and Sophie of Pomerania). Through her father, a grandson of Elizabeth of Denmark, she descended from King John of Denmark. Like Ulrich, she had a great love of knowledge. Later, she would be known as one of the most learned Queens of the time.
Queen
At the age of fourteen Sophie, on 20 July 1572, married Frederick II of Denmark in Copenhagen; he was thirty-eight. She was crowned the following day. They were first half-cousins, through their grandfather, Frederick I, King of Denmark and Norway. They met at Nykøbing Castle, when it had been arranged for the king to meet with Margaret of Pomerania. She was brought to Denmark by Sophie's parents, who decided to also bring their own daughter. Sophie found favour with the king, who betrothed himself to her, and married her six months later. King Frederick had been in love with the noblewoman Anne Corfitzdatter Hardenberg for many years, but was unable to marry her due to her being a noblewoman, not a princess, the opposition of the Danish Privy Council as well as eventually Anne herself.
Despite the age difference between Sophie and Frederick, the marriage was a happy one. Queen Sophie was a loving mother, nursing her children personally during their illnesses. When Frederick was sick with malaria in 1575, she personally nursed him and wrote many worried letters to her father about his progress. King Frederick was well known for being fond of drinking and hunting, but he was a loving spouse to Sophie, writing of her with great fondness in his personal diary (where he kept careful track of where she and their children were in the country) and there is no evidence of extramarital affairs on the part of either spouse. Their marriage is described as having been harmonious. All of their children were sent to live with her parents in Mecklenburg for the first years of their lives, with the possible exception of the last son, Hans, as it was the belief at the time that the parents would indulge their children too much. She showed a keen interest in science and visited the astronomer Tycho Brahe. She was also interested in the old songs of folklore.
In 1588, Daniel Rodgers, a Anglo-Flemish diplomat employed for Lord Burghley as a spy to report the characters of the Danish royal family, wrote of Queen Sophie; "She is a right virtous and godly princess, who with a motherly care and great wisdom, ruleth her children".
Matchmaker
Around the time of Frederick's death, Sophie's most important function was as a matchmaker for her children. Her daughter, Anne of Denmark, married James VI of Scotland and became queen consort in 1589. She arranged the marriage against the will of the council. When James VI came to Denmark, she gave him a present of 10,000 dalers. She was also deeply involved in the negotiations that led to the wedding of Princess Elizabeth to Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. She oversaw the levying of 150,000 dalers for the two weddings and other expenses, and spent herself 50,000 on jewellery.
In 1596, she arranged the marriage of her daughter Princess Augusta to John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, which improved Denmark's connections to the north German Lutheran states. Finally, in 1602, she negotiated the marriage of Hedwig to Christian II, Elector of Saxony. She also played a key role in finding appropriate spouses for her younger sons. She was the main negotiator in the marriage arrangements between her son Christian, heir to the throne, and Princess Anne Catherine of Brandenburg, whom Sophie called a "pure pearl".
Widowhood and queen-dowager
Regency
Queen Sophie had no political power during the lifetime of her spouse. When her underage son Christian IV became king in 1588, she was given no place in the regency council in Denmark itself. From 1590, however, she acted as regent for the duchies of Schleswig-Holstein for her son.
She organized a grand funeral for her spouse, arranged for the dowries for her daughters and for her own allowance, all independently and against the will of the council. She engaged in a power struggle with the regents of Denmark and with the Council of State, which had Christian declared of age in 1593. She wished the duchies to be divided between her younger sons, which caused a conflict. Sophie only gave up her position the following year, 1594. In response, Sophie began securing the resources she would need to remain an influential figure within Denmark.
Landowner and successful entrepreneur
As dowager-queen, Sophie was entitled to 'Dowager-pension' (, lit. 'support of life') as well as the castles that comprised her morning gift. These vast estates included Denmark's fourth-largest island Lolland, and the neighbouring island Falster, on which the castle of Nykøbing was situated, which she also received. She also received Aalholm Castle, Halsted Priory, Vennerslund, Ravnsborg, and the fiefs belonging thereto. She succeeded in obtaining 30,000 rigsdaler from her late husband's liquid assets, as well as an annual income of 8,000 rigsdaler from the Sound Dues. Over a number of years, her crown property on Lolland and Falster was expanded, with large properties being transferred to the widow's estate, including Corselitze and Skørringe, whose holdings on Falster totalled over 100 farm estates.
During her long widowhoow, Sophie mainly devoted herself to managing her estates, where she was effectively an independent ruler. She protected the residents of her dowerlands and engaged in large-scale trade and in money-lending. She took a keen interest in new agricultural technology, converted her land to large-scale farming, sold grain and cattle to northern Germany through her large established network in the principalities, built mills and was especially interested in cattle breeding, which was an important source of income during this period. The Dowager Queen Sophie managed her estates in Lolland-Falster so well, that her son could borrow money from her on several occasions for his wars.
She helped to fund her son Christian IV's military campaign against Sweden in 1611, the Kalmar War, and his entry into the Thirty Years War in 1615. Likewise, she also assisted her son with a loan in 1605 of 140,000 Danish rigsdaler, whereupon Christian launched a series of expeditions to Greenland. In 1614, Christian IV took out another loan of 210,000 rigsdaler from his mother. In 1621, the Danish Council of the Realm obtained two loans of 100,000 and 280,000 rigsdaler respectively from the Dowager Queen, to cover the state's deficit. The majority of the Dowager Queen's loans to her son were never repaid.
In 1620–21, Dowager Queen Sophie was the main contributor of a loan of 300,000 rigsdaler from the Danish state under Christian IV, to England under her son-in-law James VI and I. The interest rate was the "extremely favourable" 6%. In addition to her liquid assets amounting to millions of guilders, she also had extensive properties in the north of the Holy Roman Empire, pledged by princely creditors. The queen inspected these estates during her numerous journeys.
Political influence as widow
Because of her great wealth, Dowager Queen Sophie was able to exercise considerable influence on both Danish domestic affairs and the international politics of Northern Europe during the reign of her son, Christian IV (reigned 1596–1648). During a period from the death of her husband in 1588 until her death forty-three years later, she was active in the political life of Denmark. The queen dowager maintained a constant awareness of the current political developments in Europe and in the empire, through intensive correspondence with Protestant princes and her Mecklenburg relatives.
Domestically, Sophie influenced and supported the realm through continuous financial loans. Correspondence also shows that Sophie engaged in financial discussions with her son about the levying of taxes.
The Dowager Queen also had political influence internationally, as a consequence of her loans to North German principalities. During the Thirty Years’ War, she lent money to several German Protestant princes, and among her creditors was her grandson Duke Frederick Ulrich of Brunswick-Lüneburg, who owed her 300,000 Danish rigsdaler, as well as her son-in-law John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, to whom she also lent 300,000 rigsdaler. She also conducted financial dealings with the leader of the Catholic forces, Count Tilly, with whom she wanted to form a joint creditors' front.
During the latter stages of the Danish participation in the Thirty Years' War, Dowager Queen Sophie played a diplomatic role by engaging in extensive correspondence with various parties involved. She corresponded with, among others, John George I, Elector of Saxony, Maximilian 1, Elector of Bavaria, Ferdinand of Bavaria, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne, Philipp Christoph von Sötem, Archbishop-Elector of Trier and Georg Friedrich von Greiffenklau, Archbishop-Elector of Mainz, through which she established numerous declarations from German princes for their assistance in the promotion and intervention on behalf of peace, and to send delegates to participate in peace negotiations in Lübeck, which in May 1629 led to the Treaty of Lübeck, ending the Danish intervention in the Thirty Years' War.
She also corresponded with Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, notably concerning her displeasure at the inadequate protection of her financial interests during the Thirty Years' War, where imperial supreme commander, Albrecht von Wallenstein, had seized the Mecklenburg territories of her debtors, and refused to pay interest or instalments on the debt.
Later life and fortune
She often visited Mecklenburg, and attended her daughter's wedding in Dresden in 1602. In 1603 she became involved in an inheritance dispute with her uncle, which remained unsolved at his death in 1610. In 1608, she managed to soften the punishment of Rigborg Brockenhuus, and in 1628, she was one of the influential people who prevented her son from having her grandson's lover, Anne Lykke, accused of witchcraft.
When Sophie died in 1631 at Nykøbing Falster, at the age of seventy-four, she was the richest woman in Europe. She left a huge inheritance of over 5.5 million Danish rigsdaler, which was equivalent to approximately 13 times the annual budget surplus of the Danish state, compared to the period 1618–1620.
Burial and inheritance dispute
At her death, she left three children (Christian, Hedwig and Augusta), four had died before her. All three attended the funeral, "which was conducted with great splendour". Her body was brought from Nykøbing via Vordingborg to Copenhagen, and a solemn funeral service took place in the Church of Our Lady on 13 November 1631. The next day the body was taken to Roskilde Cathedral, and laid to rest in the chapel beside her long-deceased husband.
The Dowager Queen had left no actual testament, but in a letter to her son King Christian, had declared that her three living children should receive a non-distributable portion (), the rest to be divided according to law, with the exception of a few bequests.
Upon Sophie's death, a dispute quickly arose over her inheritance. Her grandson, Charles I, ordered the English court to enter into mourning, and immediately deployed an ambassador extraordinaire, Robert Sidney, 2nd Earl of Leicester, to the Danish court to offer condolences, and claim part of the inheritance. Sophie's granddaughter, Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia, also wanted a part of the inheritance. Unlike her brother Charles, she had not inherited from her mother, Anne of Denmark, and therefore argued that she should receive part of her brother's inheritance from their late grandmother. Initially Charles was accepting of this, but after he found out the vast size of the inheritance, he changed his mind. However, Christian IV quickly appropriated most of the inheritance, claiming that what he had seized only served to pay part of the English debt.
Issue
Sophie and Frederick had seven children:
Ancestry
References
Sources
External links
Queen Sophie at the website of the Royal Danish Collection
http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/womeninpower/Womeninpower1570.htm
1557 births
1631 deaths
16th-century Danish people
16th-century Norwegian people
16th-century Norwegian women
16th-century Danish women
17th-century Danish people
17th-century Norwegian people
Burials at Roskilde Cathedral
Danish royal consorts
House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Norwegian royal consorts
People from Wismar
16th-century women rulers
Frederick II of Denmark
Queen mothers
Daughters of monarchs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie%20of%20Mecklenburg-G%C3%BCstrow |
Annona is a plant genus.
Annona may also refer to:
Annona (mythology), personification of the produce of the yearly harvest in ancient Roman religion
Cura Annonae, the grain supply to the city of Rome
Praefectus annonae, official responsible for the grain supply to the city of Rome
Anonas station (Line 2), a train station in Quezon City, Philippines
Annona, Texas, a settlement in Red River County, Texas
Annona (crater), in the southern hemisphere of the dwarf planet Ceres
See also
Antona (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annona%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The Apollo Affair was a 1965 incident in which a US company, Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation (NUMEC), in the Pittsburgh suburbs of Apollo and Parks Township, Pennsylvania was investigated for losing of highly enriched uranium, with suspicions that it had gone to Israel's nuclear weapons program.
History
From 1965 to 1980, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigated Zalman Shapiro, the company's president, over the loss of of highly enriched uranium. Shapiro was a long-time Zionist, and he had business interests and contacts among high government officials in Israel, including a contract to build nuclear-powered generators for Israel. The Atomic Energy Commission, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), other government agencies, and inquiring reporters conducted similar investigations, and no charges were ever filed. A General Accounting Office study of the investigations declassified in May 2010 stated "We believe a timely, concerted effort on the part of these three agencies would have greatly aided and possibly solved the NUMEC diversion questions, if they desired to do so."
In February 1976 the CIA briefed senior staff at the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) about the matter, stating that the CIA believed the missing highly enriched uranium went to Israel. The NRC informed the White House, leading to President-elect Carter being briefed about the investigation. Carter asked for an assessment by his National Security Advisor, whose staff concluded "The CIA case is persuasive, though not conclusive."
Some remain convinced that Israel received or more of highly enriched uranium from NUMEC, particularly given the visit of Rafi Eitan, later revealed as an Israeli spy and who was later involved in the Jonathan Pollard incident. In June 1986, analyst Anthony Cordesman told United Press International:
There is no conceivable reason for Eitan to have gone [to the Apollo plant] but for the nuclear material.”
In his 1991 book, The Samson Option, Seymour Hersh concluded that Shapiro did not divert any uranium; rather "it ended up in the air and water of the city of Apollo as well as in the ducts, tubes, and floors of the NUMEC plant." He also wrote that Shapiro's meetings with senior Israeli officials in his home were related to protecting the water supply in Israel rather than any diversion of nuclear material or information.
A later investigation was conducted by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (successor to the AEC) regarding an additional of uranium that was found to be missing between 1974 and 1976, after the plant had been purchased by Babcock & Wilcox and Shapiro was no longer associated with the company. That investigation found that more than of it could be accounted for by what was called "previously unidentified and undocumented loss mechanisms", including "contamination of workers' clothes, losses from scrubber systems, material embedded in the flooring, and residual deposits in the processing equipment." Hersh further quoted one of the main investigators, Carl Duckett, as saying "I know of nothing at all to indicate that Shapiro was guilty."
In 1993, Glenn T. Seaborg, former head of the Atomic Energy Commission wrote a book, The Atomic Energy Commission under Nixon, Adjusting to Troubled Times which devoted a chapter to Shapiro and NUMEC, the last sentence of which states:
Distinguished as Shapiro's career has been, one cannot but wonder whether it might not have been even more illustrious had these unjust charges not been leveled against him.
Later U.S. Department of Energy records show that NUMEC had the largest highly enriched uranium inventory loss of all U.S. commercial sites, with a inventory loss before 1968, and thereafter.
At the prompting of Zalman Shapiro's lawyer, senator Arlen Specter asked the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to clear him of any suspicion of diversion in August 2009. The NRC refused, stating:
NRC found no documents that provided specific evidence that the diversion of nuclear materials occurred. However, consistent with previous Commission statements, NRC does not have information that would allow it to unequivocally conclude that nuclear material was not diverted from the site, nor that all previously unaccounted for material was accounted for during the decommissioning of the site.
In 2014, further documents about the investigation were declassified, though still heavily redacted.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is overseeing a cleanup of contaminated land at the site of NUMEC's waste disposal. The project was scheduled to be completed in 2015, but the discovery of a substantially larger amount of contamination resulted in a seven year delay. Excavation is now scheduled to begin in 2021, with an estimated project time of 10 years.
In popular culture
Dominique LaPierre and Larry Collins mentioned this incident as part of a lengthy and detailed backstory to Israel's nuclear arsenal and its aborted nuclear strike against Libya in The Fifth Horseman. The film states that at least half of the uranium, according to the CIA, made it to Israel.
In the movie The Sum of All Fears, after determining that the Baltimore nuclear bomb's plutonium came from Savannah River in 1968, Jack Ryan asked Spinnaker via smartphone where the plutonium went. This is a fictitious reference to the Apollo Affair. In the movie an Israeli A-4 carrying a plutonium bomb is shot down, its bomb later recovered by scrap dealers, and its plutonium sold to neo-Nazis (Palestinian terrorists in the book).
See also
Israel and weapons of mass destruction
Nuclear technology
Further reading
Stealing the Atom Bomb: How Denial and Deception Armed Israel by Roger Mattson (2016, )
”The NUMEC Affair: Did Highly Enriched Uranium from the U.S. Aid Israel’s Nuclear Weapons Program? National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 565, Posted - November 2, 2016
References
External links
FBI file on NUMEC
NUMEC made significant advancements, Thomas, Mary Ann and Santanam, Ramesh. 2002-08-28. Valley News Dispatch
Government agencies investigated missing uranium, NUMEC, Thomas, Mary Ann and Santanam, Ramesh. 2002-08-25. Valley News Dispatch
The Third Temple's Holy Of Holies: Israel's Nuclear Weapons, Warner D. Farr, USAF Counterproliferation Center, Maxwell Air Force Base, September 1999
Israeli nuclear development
Nuclear history of the United States
Israel–United States relations
1965 in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Apollo%20Affair |
Tai Po Road is the second longest road in Hong Kong (after Castle Peak Road). It spans from Sham Shui Po in Kowloon to Tai Po in the New Territories of Hong Kong. Initially, the road was named Frontier Road.
Location
The road begins at Nathan Road near Sham Shui Po, runs through the valley between Golden Hill and Beacon Hill, and connects to Sha Tin. It then continues northward along Sha Tin Hoi and Tai Po Hoi.
History
Built in 1902, Tai Po Road is one of the earliest major roads in the New Territories. Until the completion of the Lion Rock Tunnel in 1967, Tai Po Road was the main road connecting the New Territories with Kowloon. Before the construction of the Fanling Highway in the 1980s, the road connected Fanling and Sheung Shui.
On 10 February 2018, at approximately 18:13 HKT, a Kowloon Motor Bus (KMB) double-decker bus flipped onto its side on Tai Po Road. The crash killed 19 people and injured 65.
The incident was Hong Kong's second deadliest road traffic accident, behind a 2003 incident on Tuen Mun Road that killed 21.
Gallery
See also
2018 Hong Kong bus accident
List of streets and roads in Hong Kong
Castle Peak Road
Mang Gui Kiu
North Kowloon Magistracy, located at No. 292 Tai Po Road
References
External links
Google Maps of Tai Po Road:
All sections except Tai Wo (大窩段)
Tai Wo section (大窩段)
Route 9 (Hong Kong)
Sham Shui Po
So Uk
Tai Wai
Sha Tin
Fo Tan
Ma Liu Shui
Pak Shek Kok
Tai Po
Fanling
Sheung Shui
Roads in New Kowloon
Roads in the New Territories | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai%20Po%20Road |
The Sarah-Jane Mee Show (also known as Sky News with Sarah Hewson) was a weekday news programme in the United Kingdom on Sky News, presented by Sarah-Jane Mee. The slot had been part of the Sky News schedule since 2005, most notably with Kay Burley as presenter until October 2019. It combined rolling-news coverage with debates and interviews on the day's issues plus human interest stories. The show aired between 2 pm5 pm Monday to Friday. On Fridays, the show title was not used on air, however the same show format was used and presented by Belle Donati.
Broadcasts
The show began in its final format in October 2019 when Kay Burley and Sarah-Jane Mee swapped time slots. Kay took over a shorter self titled breakfast programme whilst Sarah-Jane moved to afternoons at the earlier 2 pm-5 pm slot, with The News Hour with Mark Austin following from 5 pm til 7 pm.
The show was broadcast from the "Glass Box", actually Studio 21, Sky Central, Osterley. It has also been broadcast from the UK party conferences.
From September 2020 to June 2021, The Sarah-Jane Mee Show was branded in programme guides as Sky News with Sarah Hewson as Mee was on maternity leave from Sky News. During this time the typical Friday format was used each weekday (i.e. the programme title isn't been used and Sarah Hewson is presenting). Isabel Webster hosted the slot on Fridays during this period.
After serving as Friday presenter and relief anchor for many years, Sarah Hewson left Sky News in December 2021.
Mee presented the final episode of the show on 31 August 2023 and replaced with rolling news reports.
Final presenters
History
Until October 2007, the programme ran for two hours, and aired between 12 pm2 pm, under the name of Lunchtime Live. Thereafter the programme, known as Afternoon Live ran for 4 hours (1 pm5 pm) until the launch of The Live Desk in September 2008. From October 2016, the programme was moved to run from 3 pm6:30 pm, as part of a new schedule. On Friday, as a result of no Ian King Live from 6:30 pm7 pm, the show ran until 7 pm.
On 11 April 2011 the Afternoon Live name was axed as part of a wider refresh at Sky News; the strand was then simply known as Sky News. It was presented by Sarah Hewson on Friday, or Gamal Fahnbulleh when she is unavailable. Afternoon Live was also the name of a news programme on BBC News between 2 pm5 pm on weekdays from 9 October 2017 until 17 March 2020 which was usually presented by Simon McCoy.
From September 2018, the afternoon slot on the channel was again rebranded to The Kay Burley Show, broadcast between 2 pm5 pm, Kay hosted Monday to Thursday, while on Fridays the slot wasn't named The Kay Burley Show as such, but a similar format is used and presented by Sarah Hewson.
In September 2019, Sky News announced changes to their schedule, including Burley moving to present a new breakfast show. As part of the reorganisation, Sunrise presenter Sarah-Jane Mee would move to presenting the afternoon show in Burley's place. The programme was renamed The Sarah-Jane Mee Show on Monday 14 October 2019. Sarah Hewson continued to host each Friday until December 2021 when Hewson decided to leave Sky News. Belle Donati then took over Friday presenting duties.
Former names
The Kay Burley Show September 2018 – October 2019
Sky News with Kay Burley April 2011 – September 2018
Afternoon Live October 2007 – April 2011
Lunchtime Live October 2005 – October 2007
References
2005 British television series debuts
2010s British television series
2020s British television series
Sky News
Sky television news shows
Sky UK original programming
English-language television shows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sarah-Jane%20Mee%20Show |
Larsnes is the administrative centre of the municipality of Sande in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located on the southwest side of the island of Gurskøya, about east of the island of Kvamsøya, southwest of the village of Gursken, and about southwest of the town of Ulsteinvik.
The village is home to manufacturing industry, fish processing, fish farming, and cement production. Larsnes Chapel is located in this village.
The village has a population (2018) of 626 and a population density of .
From 1905 to 1964, the village of Larsnes was part of the short-lived municipality of Rovde.
Notable residents
Bjartmar Gjerde (1931–2009), a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party
References
Sunnmøre
Villages in Møre og Romsdal
Sande, Møre og Romsdal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larsnes |
The Liberty District is a high school district in the state of Virginia that includes schools from Northern Virginia.
About the district
The Liberty District was founded in 1993 as part of an attempted realignment of the AAA Northern Region. The charter members were all Fairfax County schools, including: Fairfax, Falls Church, George C. Marshall, James Madison, Langley, McLean and Robert E. Lee.
Member changes
The Liberty District has experienced the most change of the four Northern Region districts. In 1996, the Liberty District moved Falls Church to the National District to reunite it with its primary rival J.E.B. Stuart, but added Broad Run and Park View High Schools of Loudoun County who played in the Northwestern District. When a new Loudoun County high school opened in 1997, both Broad Run and Park View were AA size again and moved down to AA in 1999, but Woodson was added to reunite it against its rival Fairfax. In 2003, South Lakes joined the district, bringing the Liberty back to eight teams.
In 2005, the Liberty went through a significant change by removing charter members Fairfax and Lee to the Concorde and Patriot Districts respectively. Its geography expanded considerably eastward and westward by adding Jefferson of Alexandria from the Concorde and Stone Bridge of Ashburn from the AA Dulles District. In 2009, Fairfax returned to the district, but W.T. Woodson moved to the Patriot District. In 2015, Stone Bridge left the district and moved into the new Potomac District and Thomas Jefferson along with Marshall went to the National District. But added Arlington schools Washington-Liberty, and Yorktown.
Membership history
Current members
George Marshall Statesmen of Falls Church
Herndon Hornets of Herndon
Langley Saxons of McLean
McLean Highlanders of McLean
Wakefield Warriors of Arlington
Washington-Liberty Generals of Arlington
Yorktown Patriots of Arlington
Former members
Broad Run Spartans of Ashburn (1996-1999)
Fairfax Lions of Fairfax (1993-2005, 2009–2017)
Falls Church Jaguars of Falls Church (1993-1996)
George C. Marshall Statesmen of Falls Church (1993-2015)
James Madison Warhawks of Vienna (1993-2017)
Park View Patriots of Sterling (1996-1999)
Robert E. Lee Lancers of Springfield (1993-2005) now John R. Lewis
South Lakes Seahawks of Reston (2003-2021)
Stone Bridge Bulldogs of Ashburn (2005-2015)
W.T. Woodson Cavaliers of Fairfax (1999-2009)
References
Virginia High School League
1993 establishments in Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty%20District |
Sjøholt is a village in Ålesund Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is located along the northern shore of the Storfjorden, about east of the village of Skodje. The village of Stordal is located about to the south, through several tunnels. Sjøholt is located roughly halfway between the towns of Ålesund and Molde, along European route E39 and European route E136.
The village has a population (2018) of 1,472 and a population density of . The village is home to furniture, wood, and plastics industries. The regional high school and Ørskog Church are also located here. The newspaper Bygdebladet is published in Sjøholt.
The village was the administrative centre of the old Ørskog Municipality until 2020.
References
Villages in Møre og Romsdal
Ålesund | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B8holt |
The AMD Professional Gamers League (PGL), founded around 1997, was one of the first professional computer gaming eSports leagues. The PGL was run by Total Entertainment Network and was sponsored by AMD. The first professional tournament they held was for StarCraft in September 1997. The league was official unveiled at a press conference at Candlestick Park in San Francisco on November 3, 1997. It was sponsored by Microsoft, Nvidia, and Levi Strauss & Co. The organization raised over $1.2mil USD in sponsorship money.
Nearly 1,400 players took part in the first Quake tournament, which took place online. The first-ever Professional Gamers League Finals took place on January 30 and January 31, 1998, in Seattle, Washington at the Sega GameWorks super-arcade. Two games were played in this competition, Command & Conquer: Red Alert and Quake. Both tournaments featured 1 on 1 play with David "DeepBlue" Magro winning the Red Alert tournament and Dennis "Thresh" Fong winning the Quake tournament. Both players won $7,500 and new AMD computers.
Season 3 hosted the first ever Starcraft World Championship where 128 players from around the globe competed online from August 14 - September 6, 1998. The final 8 competitors played live in San Francisco, CA. Jay "Gadianton" Severson took first place playing random and going undefeated in the double-elimination bracket to win $8500 and a new AMD computer.
In 2000, Gamers.com acquired the PGL from Pogo.com, after PGL had been inactive for a year.
See also
Guillaume "Grrrr..." Patry, StarCraft: Brood War player who got 3rd in 1998, later went on to be the only non-Korean to win an OnGameNet Starleague tournament
Cyberathlete Professional League - similar esports league
References
1997 establishments in Washington (state)
Defunct esports competitions
StarCraft competitions
Defunct sports leagues in the United States
Quake (series) competitions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional%20Gamers%20League |
Tresfjord is former municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The municipality existed from 1899 until its dissolution in 1964. It encompassed about in the southern part of the present-day Vestnes Municipality. The municipality included the Skorgedalen valley and the area surrounding both sides of the southern half of the Tresfjorden. The village of Tresfjord was the administrative centre of the municipality, and it was the location of Tresfjord Church, the main church for the municipality.
History
The municipality of Sylte was established on 1 January 1899 when it was separated from Vestnes Municipality. The initial population was 1,408. The name was changed to Tresfjord on 28 April 1922.
During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the municipality ceased to exist when it became a part of Vestnes Municipality once again. The population at that time was 1,319.
Name
The municipality (originally the parish) was first named Sylte. This comes from the old Sylte farm () since the first Sylte Church was built there. The name comes from the genitive case of the word which means "hunger" or "famine", possibly referring to a swampy area near the farm that is not suitable for farming.
In 1922, the municipality was re-named Tresfjord after the local fjord, Tresfjorden (). The main village in the municipality was located at the head of the fjord and it was also named Tresfjord. The first element comes from the local river Tressa. This name is probably derived from the word which means "to walk restlessly back and forth" or "to trot about". This likely refers to the strong current in the fjord. The last element is which means "fjord".
Government
While it existed, this municipality was responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment, social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. During its existence, this municipality was governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor was indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council.
Municipal council
The municipal council of Tresfjord was made up of representatives that were elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the final municipal council was as follows:
See also
List of former municipalities of Norway
References
Vestnes
Former municipalities of Norway
1899 establishments in Norway
1964 disestablishments in Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tresfjord |
There are 291 peaks in Norway with elevations of over above sea level and that have a topographic prominence of more than . The following list includes those 186 that have a topographic prominence of or more. The topographic isolation refers to the shortest horizontal distance one would have to travel to find a higher summit.
Location of peaks
Most of these peaks are in the municipalities of Lom, Skjåk, Luster, and Vågå, connected to the mountain chain that reaches its prominence with Jotunheimen. There are also several peaks in Dovrefjell, Rondane, Dovre, Lesja, and Folldal that also reach above 2000 meters. All the peaks are to be found in 14 topographical maps (Norge 1:50000) published by the Norwegian government cartography office, of which 21 peaks are in 1518 II Galdhøpiggen, 18 in 1618 III Glittertinden, and 13 in 1617 IV Gjende. The northernmost is in the Dovre area, meaning there are no 2000 m peaks in northern Norway, even though there are some almost 2000 m there, and some above 2000 m in Sweden near the border.
Most of the difficult summits were ascended in the late 19th and early 20th century by a combination of Norwegian explorers, local guides (in particular the Sulheim family), and British adventurers. Five women – Margaret S. Green, Theresa Bertheau, Antonette Kamstrup, Anne Aukrust, and Rønnaug Garmo – were the first to ascend some of these peaks. Aukrust and Garmo were from farms in Lom, where many of the peaks are located. The peak most recently climbed for the first time was Veobrehesten, first ascended in 1949.
Highest peaks in Norway with prominence above 50 m
The listing originates from www.nfo2000m.no.
Cross tabulation of number of peaks by height and primary factor
{| class="wikitable"
|+Cross tabulation of Norwegian peaks by height and primary factor (topographic prominence)
|-
!Height
!>2400 m
!>2300 m
!>2200 m
!>2100 m
!>2000 m
|-
|Prime factor
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|>500 m
|3
|5
|13
|22
|29
|-
|>250 m
|3
|11
|23
|42
|62
|-
|>100 m
|3
|19
|38
|73
|121
|-
|>50 m
|3
|21
|54
|105
|172
|-
|>30 m
|3
|22
|60
|125
|209
|-
|>10 m
|3
|28
|77
|170
|291
|}
See also
List of highest points of Norwegian counties
List of mountains in Norway by prominence
References
External links
Norwegian mountaintops over 2000 m (In Norwegian)
Statens Kartverk, Norway's governmental cartography office
Norway, peaks over 2000 meters
Norway
Mountains
Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mountains%20in%20Norway%20by%20height |
Castelo Branco (Portuguese: Queijo de Castelo Branco) is a cheese named after the city of the same name in Portugal, the main city of the district where it is produced.
Since 1996 Castelo Branco cheese has had a Protected designation of origin (PDO), being one of the three Beira Baixa cheeses (PDO) (Portuguese: Queijos da Beira Baixa DOP).
The cheese is made from goat or sheep milk, and has a soft texture. Typically, the cheese takes 40 days to mature when made with goat's milk, and 50 days when made with ewe's milk. The fat content is around 45% and the cheese is usually a close-to-white colour.
See also
Cheeses sometimes also known as Castelo Branco cheese:
Beira Baixa yellow cheese (Portuguese: Queijos Amarelo Beira Baixa DOPP)
Beira Baixa spicy cheese (Portuguese: Queijos Picante da Beira Baixa DOP)
List of Portuguese cheeses with protected status
References
Portuguese cheeses
Portuguese products with protected designation of origin
Goat's-milk cheeses
Sheep's-milk cheeses
Cheeses with designation of origin protected in the European Union
Cheese | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelo%20Branco%20cheese |
Jerry Ellis may refer to:
Jerry Ellis (author) (born 1947), American author
Jerry Ellis (Oklahoma politician) (born 1946), Oklahoma State Senator
Jerry Ellis (Washington politician), Washington State Representative
Jerry Ellis, founder of Building 19, a chain of discount stores in New England
See also
Gerry Ellis (born 1957), American football player | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry%20Ellis |
Eidsvåg is a village in Molde Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is located at the end of the Langfjorden on the isthmus connecting the Romsdal peninsula to the Norwegian mainland. It is located about southwest of the village of Raudsand, about north of the village of Eresfjord, and north of the village of Boggestranda. Nesset Church is located in this village. The village is home to some mechanical industries.
The village has a population (2018) of 947 and a population density of .
The Prestaksla Nature Reserve lies southwest of the village.
The village was the administrative centre of the old Nesset Municipality until its dissolution in 2020.
References
Villages in Møre og Romsdal
Molde | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidsv%C3%A5g%2C%20Nesset |
Route 33 is a , secondary north–south state highway in the U.S. state of Connecticut, from Westport to Ridgefield.
Route description
Route 33 begins at an intersection with Route 136 and I-95 in Westport. It heads north, intersecting with US 1, Route 57, and Merritt Parkway (Route 15) before crossing into Norwalk. Route 33 barely crosses the northeastern corner of Norwalk before continuing into Wilton. Where it passes through the Wilton Center Historic District.
In Wilton, Route 33 heads northwest, crossing Route 53 before joining US 7 and Route 106, in that order, to form a triple concurrency. Route 106 leaves the concurrency shortly after joining, and US 7 and Route 33 continue northwest for approximately another mile before US 7 turns off to the north. Route 33 continues northwest and west before turning north into Ridgefield.
In Ridgefield, Route 33 continues north to end at an intersection with Route 35.
In Wilton, Route 33 is a Scenic Route known as Ridgefield Road from Old Ridgewood Road #1 to the Ridgefield town line.
History
Route 33 was commissioned in 1932 from parts of former 1920s state highways 304 and 176. In 1967, the northern end was truncated from New York state line to the intersection with modern Route 116 in Ridgefield. In 1978, the concurrency with Route 35 was deleted and the northern end truncated from Route 116 to its current location at Route 35.
Major intersections
References
033
Norwalk, Connecticut
Ridgefield, Connecticut
Westport, Connecticut
Wilton, Connecticut
Transportation in Fairfield County, Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut%20Route%2033 |
Raudsand or Rausand is a village in Molde Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located on the Romsdal peninsula along the Tingvollfjorden about northeast of the village of Eidsvåg and south of the village of Angvika in Gjemnes Municipality.
The village had a population (in 2018) of 276 and a population density of .
References
Villages in Møre og Romsdal
Molde | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rausand |
Anniston City Schools is the public school district of Anniston, Alabama. Anniston City Schools serves 1,898 students and employs 100 teachers and 98 staff as of the 2020–2021 school year. The district includes three elementary schools, one middle school, and one high school.
Schools
Anniston City Schools consists of five schools:
Cobb Preparatory Academy (PK-K)
Golden Springs Elementary School (1-5)
Randolph Park Elementary School (1-5)
Anniston Middle School (6-8)
Anniston High School (9-12)
The district's Tenth Street Elementary School was closed in 2021.
School Board
Failing schools
Statewide testing ranks the schools in Alabama. Those in the bottom six percent are listed as "failing." As of early 2018, Anniston High School was included in this category.
Continuing Improvement Program
Anniston City Schools have adopted a Continuing Improvement Program to monitor Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) under the No Child Left Behind initiative. For school year 2010–2011, the High School made adequate yearly progress in math but not in reading. In grades 6 through 8 it was the other way round. In grades 3 through 5 the goals were not met in either reading or math.
Five-year strategic plan
The system has a five-year strategic plan designed to address perceived shortcomings such as poor facilities, lack of discipline, lack of community support, inadequate funding, and an emphasis on athletics at the expense of academic progress. The top priorities were seen as improving test scores, boosting community and business involvement, and improving relationships between parents and teachers.
Sports
Anniston High School's basketball coach since 1997 has been Schuessler L. Ware, named Alabama State 4-A Coach of the Year for 2011.
Discipline
In December 2004 the School Board decided to retain the use of corporal punishment. Under the policy, principals and teachers may paddle students for minor or intermediate violations of the disciplinary code.
At Anniston High School, only the Principal or Vice Principal may spank students. Parents who do not wish corporal punishment to be used must sign a form asking that some other penalty be applied.
In academic year 2008-09 there were 528 disciplinary paddlings in the Anniston schools system, none of which occurred at the High School.
External links
Anniston City Schools website
References
School districts in Alabama
Education in Calhoun County, Alabama
Anniston, Alabama
1909 establishments in Alabama
School districts established in 1909 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniston%20City%20Schools |
Klemens Janicki (Janiciusz, Januszkowski, from Januszkowo) () (1516–1543) was one of the most outstanding Latin poets of the 16th century.
Biography
Janicki was born in Januszkowo, a village near Żnin, Poland, to a peasant family. He first went to an elementary school in Żnin, then to the Lubrański Academy in Poznań where he studied Greek, Latin and Ancient literature.
In 1536, he became secretary to Gniezno archbishop Andrzej Krzycki, and met such scholars as Jan Dantyszek (), Stanisław Hozjusz (). At that time he wrote several elegies such as Ad Andream Cricium, De Cricio Cracovia eunte, and Vitae archaepiscoporum Gnesnensium for his patron.
After Archbishop Krzycki died, Janicki worked under patronage of Count Piotr Kmita and wrote Querella Reipublicae Regni Poloniae i Ad Polonos proceras. In 1538 Count Sobieński sponsored his studies in Padua, where he met Piotr Myszkowski, Filip Padniewski and Andrzej Zebrzydowski. On 22 July 1540, he graduated in philosophy with the designation of doctor. Pope Paul III awarded him the title of poeta laureatus.
During his travel to Italy, he fell ill with hydrops and soon returned to Poland. Not wanting to work for Count Kmita, he devoted himself to work as a parson in Gołaczewy near Olkusz. In 1541 he wrote a collection of elegies titled "Tristium liber" in which he foresaw his death, especially Elegy VII De se ipso ad posteritatem (About myself to posterity).
Janicki died in January 1543; his last work, Epithalamium Serenissimo Regi Poloniae, Sigismundo Augusto, was found by his heirs Jan Antonin and Augustinus Rotundus who decided to publish it.
Janicki, a humanist and an expert on the classics, mastered his poetic technique at the highest possible level. At the same time, however, he approached the topics originally, which is clearly seen in the fragments dedicated to his native nature, the past and the present of Poland. The personal tone of his poetry was a new element in Polish poetry. He was the first poet to write so much about himself and his relatives, about the dignity and pride of the poet.
Works
Janicki was above all a writer of lyric verse, which can be proved by the contents of the 1542 volume. Inspired by Ovid, he created elegies developing personal motifs, sometimes giving topographical and personal details. Among these poems there is an autobiographical elegy De se ipso ad posteritatem ("On Myself for Posterity"), which is sometimes seen as a paraphrase of one of the elegies of the Roman master (Tristia IV, 10). With the title of his collection of poems Tristium Liber, the poet clearly refers to Ovid's elegies written in exile, Tristia.
Apart from elegies, epigrams were the most common genre in the poet's writing. Janicjusz expressed himself in various kinds of this genre: epitaphs, stemmata (poems on coats of arms) and in imagery poems similar to emblematic compositions. Using the examples of Martial, Propertius and Catullus, he undertook various erotic, laudatory, humorous and satirical motifs.
There are two series of his epigrams: Vitae archiepiscoporum Gnesnensium and Vitae regum Polonorum. The first consists of 43 poems presenting the lives of the Gniezno archbishops, and was created owing to archbishop Krzycki. The characteristics of the clerical dignitaries are generally positive, however, there is some criticism or humorous overtones. The second series consists of 44 biograms of legendary (starting with Lech I) and historic rulers of Poland (starting with Mieszko I), this collection was initiated by Kmita.
Querela Reipublicae Regni Poloniae is of a completely different character. Poem, which refers to the events of the nobles' rebellion known as the Chicken War, through the words of personified Poland, the artist complains about the nobility, magnates especially, their internal quarrels and their private interests.
A wedding song, Epithalamium Serenissimo Regi Poloniae, Sigismundo Augusto, written for the planned marriage of King Zygmunt August and Elżbieta, a daughter of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor who was then King of the Bohemia and of Hungary, was the last work of Janicjusz. It contains two poems comprising over 500 verses as a whole. The first one, addressed to the King Zygmunt I the Old, was invented as a praise of the monarch and his military achievements among other things. The second, is a true wedding song and sings the praises of the bride and the groom.
Bibliography
Querela Reipublicae Regni Poloniae ("A Complaint of the Kingdom of Poland") 1538
Tristium Liber I – X ("Sorrows", Book I) 1542
Elegy VII About myself to posterity
Variarum elegiarum liber I ("Various Elegies", Book I) 1542
Epigrammatum liber I ("Epigrams", Book I) 1542
Epithalamium Serenissimo Regi Poloniae, Sigismundo Augusto ("A Wedding Song for the Polish King Zygmunt August") Antwerp 1563
Vitae regum Polonorum Antwerp 1563
In Polonici vestitus varietatem et inconstantiam dialogus ("A Dialogue Against the Diversity and Changeability of Polish Dress") Antwerp 1563
Vitae archiepiscoporum Gnesnensium ("The Lives of Gniezno Archbishops") Kraków 1574
See also
Polish Literature
Polish history
List of Poles
References
Polish male writers
Polish male poets
Neo-Latin poets
University of Padua alumni
1516 births
1543 deaths
People from Żnin County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens%20Janicki |
Myklebost is the name of the following places:
Myklebost, Sandøy, a village in Sandøy municipality, Møre og Romsdal, Norway
Myklebost, Vanylven, a village in Vanylven municipality, Møre og Romsdal, Norway
Myklebost, Ålesund, a village in Ålesund municipality, Møre og Romsdal, Norway
See also
Myklebust (disambiguation)
Myklebostad (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myklebost |
Myklebost or Syvde is a village in Vanylven Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is located at the end of the Syvdsfjorden about east of the municipal center of Fiskåbygd and south of the village of Rovdane. The village has a population (2012) of 393, giving the village a population density of .
The village was the administrative centre for the old municipality of Syvde which existed from 1918 until 1964 when it was merged into Vanylven Municipality. The main church for the Syvde area is Syvde Church, located in Myklebost, right along the fjord.
References
Vanylven
Villages in Møre og Romsdal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myklebost%2C%20Vanylven |
Johann Holetschek (29 August 1846 in Thuma – 20 November 1923 in Vienna) was an Austrian astronomer, known for his research on comets. Born in Thuma, in Lower Austria, he worked at the observatory of the University of Vienna. He died at Vienna.
The crater Holetschek on the Moon is named after him.
Sources
All About Austria
19th-century Austrian astronomers
1846 births
1923 deaths
Discoverers of comets
20th-century Austrian astronomers
People from Waidhofen an der Thaya District
Academic staff of the University of Vienna
University of Vienna alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Holetschek |
Fiskåbygd or Fiskå is a coastal village that is also the administrative centre of Vanylven Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is located about southwest of the city of Ålesund, about east of the village of Myklebost, and about southwest of the village of Rovdane. Fiskåbygd lies along the shores of the Vanylvsfjorden, east of the Stadlandet peninsula in Selje Municipality.
The village has a population (2018) of 499 and a population density of .
The nearest church is Vanylven Church, located in Slagnes about to the southwest.
References
Vanylven
Villages in Møre og Romsdal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisk%C3%A5bygd |
Muni Meter is the name used by the New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) for its pay and display centralized parking meter system. The Muni Meter system was introduced broadly in 2009, following a period of experimentation that began in 1999. Muni Meters are located on streets adjacent to a group of parking spots, with no designated striping that separates spots. A driver parks their car, pays at the Muni Meter (using coins, credit cards, or prepaid parking cards), and takes a receipt provided by the Meter. They then display that receipt on their vehicle's dashboard. The system reduces the number of individual meter devices required, increases the number of parking spots available (by allowing as many cars to park as can fit) and, some argue, reduces losses due to unused time left on meters (which may then be reused by subsequent parkers).
References
External links
New York City department of Transportation Muni Meter information
Transportation in New York City
Parking | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muni%20Meter |
The Nord Electro is a series of electronic keyboards, developed in Sweden by Clavia, that digitally emulate electro-mechanical keyboards, such as electric pianos and electronic organs, while designed to be highly portable.
Features
The original Nord Electro has two sections. One was a sample-player intended for electric pianos, although samples of acoustic grand and upright pianos are also available. The sample libraries are exchangeable, and Clavia has made several samples libraries available for free for Nord Electro owners. The second section is a digital emulation of electronic organs. This is not sample based, but instead generated by the digital modelling of several types of organs. Unlike many other keyboards that feature tonewheel organ emulation, the drawbars on some models of the Nord Electro are represented by LED bar graphs and up/down buttons instead of the traditional mechanical drawbars. The Electro 3 added a sample player which offered the ability to play a wider range of sounds, notably including those from the Mellotron and Chamberlin libraries.
There is an effect section that emulates popular "stomp box" effect pedals from the '70s and amplifiers including the famous Leslie rotary speaker cabinet. These can be applied to piano, organ or samples. Reverb and Delay effects are also available. As with other Clavia products, it is distinctive for its red color. Unlike the Clavia Nord Stage, earlier models could only play one instrument at a time, although a second keyboard could be attached via MIDI as an additional organ manual. The Electro 5 allows for a maximum of two sound sources to be used simultaneously in layered or split-keyboard configuration while the Electro 6 allows for a maximum of three sound sources (organ+piano+sample).
Models
The original Nord Electro was released in 2001. It contained emulations of a Hammond B3 as well as samples of a Rhodes Stage 73, a Wurlitzer electric piano, a Hohner Clavinet and an acoustic grand piano. The Electro was released in 61- and 73-key versions as well as a rack version, which featured all the same controls as the keyboard versions.
In 2002, the Nord Electro 2 was released. It contained new and updated software, but the electronics were identical to the original Electro, which permitted the original Electro to be updated to Electro 2 functionality through a software update. Like the original Electro, the Electro 2 was also released in 61- and 73-key versions as well as a rack version.
In 2009, the Nord Electro 3 was released. It expanded the functionality of the Nord Electro 2 with Farfisa and Vox organ emulations as well as improved B3 emulation and more effects. It also includes samples from the Mellotron library and support for the entire Nord Sample Library. It was initially released only in 61- and 73-key semi-weighted versions.
In 2011, the Nord Electro 3 HP (Hammer Portable) was released, which replaces the organ-style semi-weighted "waterfall" keys of the original models with a light-weight 73-key hammer-action keyboard.
In 2012, the Nord Electro 4D was released, which replaces the digital organ drawbars of prior models with physical drawbar sliders and has updated Hammond B3 emulation. It has a 61-key organ-style semi-weighted "waterfall" keyboard. Later in 2012, the Nord Electro 4 HP and 4 SW were released. They have the same features as the Electro 4D, except with the digital drawbars of the Electro 3 and earlier, increased sample memory, and 73-key keyboards like the Electro 3 HP and SW.
On January 16, 2015, Clavia announced the Nord Electro 5 on their website: two 5D models, one with 61 (5D 61) and the other with 73 keys (5D 73), and a 5 HP with 73 hammer-action keys.
On January 19, 2018, Clavia announced the Nord Electro 6. As with the previous generation, there are two models with physical drawbars and waterfall keys (Electro 6D 61 and 6D 73) and one with a 73-note hammer-action keybed (Electro 6 HP). This model has for the first time multi-timbrality (3 parts) and a "Dual Organ" mode to allow the player quick access to split keyboard setups to emulate a dual-manual organ on a single-manual instrument.
References
Clonewheel organs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%20Electro |
Die Maske des Roten Todes (German: „The Masque of the Red Death“) is the third and final album by German punk band Feeling B. It was released in 1993. It is named after a short story by Edgar Allan Poe.
Track listing
"Vorwort" (Foreword)
"Heiduckentanz" (Hajduk-Dance)
"Rumba, Rumba" (Rhumba, Rhumba)
"Mystisches Mysterium" (Mystic Mysterium)
"Rotta" (Rotta)
"Traubentritt" (Grape Kick)
"Hammersong" (Hammersong)
"Tod des Florio" (Death of The Florio)
"Die Pest" (The Pest)
"Cantigas" (Cantigas)
"Veris Dulcis" (Art Dulcis)
Bonus tracks on CD version
"Rumba Rai" (Rhumba Rai)
"Ankunft der Gesandten" (Arrival of The Messenger)
"Stockkampf" (Floor Fight)
"Nachwort" (Outro)
"Space Race"
1993 albums
Feeling B albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die%20Maske%20des%20Roten%20Todes |
Sunndalsøra () is the administrative centre of Sunndal Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The village of Sunndalsøra lies at the mouth of the river Driva at the beginning of the Sunndalsfjord. Sunndalsøra is surrounded by steep mountains, such as Hårstadnebba, which reach elevations as high as . Some of these mountains around Sunndalsøra are used for BASE jumping.
The village has a population (2018) of 4,054 and a population density of .
Location
The village is located about west of the village of Hoelsand, southeast of the village of Øksendalsøra, and about west of the village of Grøa. Norwegian National Road 70 runs through the village of Sunndalsøra on its way from the town of Kristiansund to Oppdal Municipality in the neighboring Trøndelag county.
Economy
Sunndalsøra is the largest village in Sunndal Municipality and it is home to Hov Church, the main church for the parish. Norsk Hydro operates an aluminium plant at Sunndalsøra. About 900 employees work at the plant, which has been operating since 1954. In 2004, the plant was modernized to become the biggest and among the most modern aluminium plants in Europe, greatly reducing pollution. In addition to aluminium related research, aquaculture research also takes place in Sunndalsøra, and many also work in public service in Sunndal municipality.
Climate
Sunndalsøra has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb). Atlantic lows can produce a strong foehn effect in winter. This occurs when there is a strong low located southwest of the coast bringing mild air from the Atlantic Ocean, and the air is further warmed when forced over the mountains, and a dry warm air comes down on the leeward side down to the fjord. Sunndalsøra has the national all-time high for all winter months: December with recorded in 1998, January with , recorded January 2, 2020. This is also the warmest winter temperature ever recorded in Scandinavia. And in February with recorded February 23, 1990.
The record high is from July 2014, and the record low is from February 2010.
Old climate normal
Media gallery
References
External links
Sunndal
Villages in Møre og Romsdal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunndals%C3%B8ra |
Grøa is a village in Sunndal Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is located along the river Driva and along the Norwegian National Road 70, about east of Sunndalsøra and about east of Hoelsand. The Vinnufossen waterfall lies about west of the village.
The village has a population (2018) of 389 and a population density of .
See also
Other neighboring villages in Sunndal municipality: Gjøra, Hoelsand, Jordalsgrenda, Romfo, Ålvund, Ålvundeidet, and Øksendalsøra.
References
Sunndal
Villages in Møre og Romsdal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B8a |
Hoelsand or Holssanden is a village in Sunndal Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is located along the river Driva, just west of the Vinnufossen waterfall. The village lies along the Norwegian National Road 70, about east of the village of Sunndalsøra and about west of the village of Grøa.
The village has a population (2018) of 332 and a population density of .
See also
Other neighboring villages in Sunndal municipality: Gjøra, Grøa, Jordalsgrenda, Romfo, Ålvund, Ålvundeidet, and Øksendalsøra.
References
Sunndal
Villages in Møre og Romsdal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoelsand |
Torger Nergård, also spelled Nergaard (born 12 December 1974) is a Norwegian curler from Oslo.
Career
Nergård has curled professionally since 1987 and currently plays third for Team Thomas Ulsrud. At the Junior level, he played third at the 1991 and 1992 World Junior Curling Championships for Thomas Due, and skipped his own team in 1996. Nergård was the alternate for Pål Trulsen's team when Norway won the gold medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2005 European Curling Championships.
With Team Ulsrud, Nergård played lead in 1997, second in 1998, and third in 2000, 2002–2003 and 2006–2010; the latter years saw the team winning six World Curling Tour events, four European Curling Championship medals (silver in 2007 and 2008; bronze in 2002 and 2009), three World Curling Championship bronze medals (2006, 2008 and 2009), and silver at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics.
Nergård competed as skip during the 2010 World Curling Championship in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, when Thomas Ulsrud had to return home for family reasons. Team Nergård won the silver medal having played some memorable matches, including a 9–8 win against Canada's Team Kevin Koe in the final round-robin game, which placed Norway first in the rankings (10–1), and a 9–7 win against Scotland's Team Warwick Smith in the semi-final. On the strength of Norway's national team during the tournament, Nergård commented that "it wasn't easy coming into the championship without Tom [Ulsrud], but I think we have shown that we can play well. We are a small nation, and there are not many curlers compared to the choice in Canada." At the closing ceremony of the championship, Nergård was honoured by his fellow competitors with the 2010 Colin Campbell Memorial Award, a recognition given to an athlete who "by deed and action in the course of their performance, best exemplified the traditional curling values of skill, honesty, fair play, friendship and sportsmanship."
Following 2010, the team would not medal again at the World Championships, but they did win back-to-back golds at the European Curling Championships in 2010 and 2011 and won silver in 2012.
Personal life
Nergård is married to fellow curler Marianne Rørvik and has two children. He is employed as an engineer with Goodtech Projects and Services.
Teams
References
External links
Complete coverages of Team Norway's Olympics performances at the official Vancouver Olympic Games 2010 Channel
Team Ulsrud in training on Eurosport Norge. "EurosportNorge møter curlinggutta". 4 December 2009.
Team Norway interviewed on Grand Slam of Curling. Olympic Curling – Team Norway. 17 February 2010.
Curlers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Curlers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Curlers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Curlers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Curlers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Norwegian male curlers
Olympic curlers for Norway
Olympic silver medalists for Norway
Olympic gold medalists for Norway
Living people
1974 births
Olympic medalists in curling
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
World curling champions
Sportspeople from Oslo
Sportspeople from Trondheim
Continental Cup of Curling participants
European curling champions
Curlers at the 2022 Winter Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torger%20Nerg%C3%A5rd |
The Maple Creek phase is an archaeological phase, remains of which have been found on the Ohio and Kentucky sides of the Ohio River, primarily around the area of modern Cincinnati. The material culture of the Maple Creek phase is characterized by McWhinney Heavy Stemmed points, Meron-Trimble points, a chipped-stone micro-tool industry, diagnostic features such as earth ovens, and large riverine base camps. This suite of cultural characteristics appear to be shared by a number of sites in this area in the period of approximately 5000-3000 B.P., ending with the Early Woodland period.
Maple Creek phase sites within the Ohio River Valley proper include the Maple Creek site, at the confluence of Maple Creek and the Ohio River in Clermont County, and Mexico Bottoms, in the Ohio River Bottoms of Indiana. Both are described by Kent Vickery as regional base camps with summer and fall occupations.
Sites have also been found further east than Cincinnati, along the Ohio River. The Mabel Hall site, on the Ohio River floodplain, in Lawrence County, Ohio, is another example of a site that bears affinities to the Maple Creek phase, although it is considerably east of the area that is generally identified with the phase. It has a Late Archaic-Early Woodland period occupation with a minor Late Woodland component. Late Archaic stemmed points, some of which are similar to McWhinney Heavy Stemmed points, are present at this site, as well as Early Woodland Fayette Thick ceramics. The Davisson Farm site in Lawrence County has a Maple Creek component and a Late Archaic component that Purtill describes as Laurentian Archaic.
Fewer cultural diagnostics are attributable to upland populations far from the major river valleys. However, upland Maple Creek culture sites are known at the Houpt site, Glacken site, and the Oberschlake #1 site.
References
Archaic period in North America
Archaeological cultures of North America
Pre-Columbian cultures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple%20Creek%20phase |
Råkvåg, () or Råkvågen is a village in the municipality of Indre Fosen in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located at the inner part of the Stjørnfjorden in the northern part of what was the old municipality of Rissa. It is about north of the village of Husbysjøen and about east of the village of Høybakken in the neighboring municipality of Bjugn. The Ramsvik Church lies just south of the village.
The village has a population (2020) of 305 and a population density of .
Råkvåg is popular with boat owners. It has become a tradition to meet here on one weekend during the summer (known as Råkvåg-dagene), when boats of all sizes and people of all ages gather to relax and socialize. Råkvåg-dagene is usually organized the last weekend of July.
References
Villages in Trøndelag
Indre Fosen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A5kv%C3%A5g |
Islam is the second-largest religion in Europe after Christianity. Although the majority of Muslim communities in Western Europe formed recently, there are centuries-old Muslim communities in the Balkans, Caucasus, Crimea, and Volga region. The term "Muslim Europe" is used to refer to the Muslim-majority countries in the Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo) and parts of countries in Eastern Europe with sizable Muslim minorities (Bulgaria, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and some republics of Russia) that constitute large populations of indigenous European Muslims, although the majority are secular.
Islam expanded into the Caucasus through the Muslim conquest of Persia in the 7th century and entered Southern Europe after the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in the 8th–10th centuries; Muslim political entities existed firmly in what is today Spain, Portugal, Sicily, and Malta during the Middle Ages. The Muslim populations in these territories were either converted to Christianity or expelled by the end of the 15th century by the indigenous Christian rulers (see Reconquista). The Ottoman Empire further expanded into Southeastern Europe and consolidated its political power by invading and conquering huge portions of the Serbian Empire, Bulgarian Empire, and the remaining territories of the Byzantine Empire in the 14th and 15th centuries. Over the centuries, the Ottoman Empire gradually lost almost all of its European territories, until it was defeated and eventually collapsed in 1922. Islam spread in Eastern Europe via the conversion of the Volga Bulgars, Cuman-Kipchaks, and later the Golden Horde and its successor khanates, with its various Muslim populations called "Tatars" by the Russians. Historically significant Muslim populations in Europe include the Gorani, Torbeshi, Pomaks, Bosniaks, Muslim Albanians, Cham Albanians, Greek Muslims, Vallahades, Muslim Romani people, Balkan Turks, Turkish Cypriots, Cretan Turks, Yörüks, Volga Tatars, Crimean Tatars, Kazakhs, Gajals, and Megleno-Romanians.
In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, large numbers of Muslims immigrated to Western Europe. By 2010, an estimated 44 million Muslims were living in Europe (6%), including an estimated 19 million in the EU (3.8%). They are projected to compose 8% or 58 million by 2030. Islam in Europe is often the subject of intense discussion and political controversies sparked by events such as Islamic terrorist attacks in European countries, The Satanic Verses controversy, the cartoons affair in Denmark, debates over Islamic dress, and growing support for right-wing populist movements and parties that view Muslims as a threat to indigenous European culture and liberal values. Such events have also fueled ongoing debates regarding the topics of globalization, multiculturalism, nativism Islamophobia, relations between Muslims and other religious groups, and populist politics.
History
The Muslim population in Europe is extremely diverse with varied histories and origins. Today, the Muslim-majority regions of Europe are the Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and the European part of Turkey), some Russian republics in the North Caucasus and the Idel-Ural region, and the European part of Kazakhstan. These communities consist predominantly of indigenous Europeans of the Muslim faith, whose religious tradition dates back several hundred years to the Middle Ages. The transcontinental countries of Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Kazakhstan are also majority Muslim.
Western Europe and the Mediterranean Region
Arab Muslim forays into Europe began shortly after the foundation of Islam in the 7th century CE. Soon after the death of Muhammad in 632 CE, his community needed to appoint a new leader, giving rise to the title of caliph (), which was claimed by some of Muhammad's closest companions (ṣaḥāba) and their descendants over the succession for the role of caliph throughout the centuries. The four "rightly-guided" (rāshidūn) caliphs who succeeded him oversaw the initial phase of the early Muslim conquests, advancing through Persia, the Levant, Egypt, and North Africa.
The early Muslim conquests expanded westwards, and within less than a century encompassed parts of the European continent. Arab Muslim forces easily prevailed over the Byzantine army in the crucial battles of Ajnâdayn (634 CE) and Yarmûk (636 CE), and incorporated the former Byzantine province of Syria, pushing to the north and west. At the same time, consolidation of the hold of Islam by the Arab empires in North Africa and the Middle East was soon to be followed by incursions into what is now Europe, as Arab and Berber Muslim armies raided and eventually conquered territories leading to the establishment of Muslim-ruled states on the European continent.
A short-lived invasion of Byzantine Sicily by a small Arab and Berber contingent that landed in 652 was the prelude of a series of incursions; from the 8th to the 15th centuries, Muslim states ruled parts of the Iberian Peninsula, southern Italy, southern France, and several Mediterranean islands, while in the East, incursions into a much reduced in territory and weakened Byzantine Empire continued. In the 720s and 730s, Arab and Berber Muslim forces fought and raided north of the Pyrenees, well into what is now France, reaching as north as Tours, where they were eventually defeated and repelled by the Christian Franks in 732 to their Iberian and North African territories.
Islam gained its first genuine foothold in continental Europe from 711 onward, with the Umayyad conquest of Hispania. The Arabs renamed the land al-Andalus, which expanded to include the larger parts of what is now Portugal and Spain, excluding the northern highlands. Arab and Berber Muslim forces established various emirates in Europe after the invasion of southern Iberia and the foundation of al-Andalus. One notable emirate was the Emirate of Crete, a Muslim-ruled state and center of Muslim piratical activity that existed on the Mediterranean island of Crete from the late 820s until the Byzantine reconquest of the island in 961, when the Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas defeated and expelled the Muslim Arabs and Berbers from Crete for the Byzantine Empire, and made the island into a theme. The other was the Emirate of Sicily, which existed on the eponymous island from 831 to 1091; Muslim Arabs and Berbers held onto Sicily and other regions of southern Italy until they were eventually defeated and expelled by the Christian Normans in 1072 to their Iberian and North African territories.
The presence of a Muslim majority in North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula by the foundation of al-Andalus and other Muslim-ruled states in the Mediterranean Region between the 7th and 10th centuries CE is debated among scholars and historians; one author claims that al-Andalus had a Muslim majority after most of the local population allegedly converted to Islam on their own will, whereas other historians remark how the Umayyad Caliphate persecuted many Berber Christians in the 7th and 8th centuries CE, who slowly converted to Islam. Modern historians further recognize that the Christian populations living in the lands invaded by the Arab Muslim armies between the 7th and 10th centuries CE suffered religious persecution, religious violence, and martyrdom multiple times at the hands of Arab Muslim officials and rulers; many were executed under the Islamic death penalty for defending their Christian faith through dramatic acts of resistance such as refusing to convert to Islam, repudiation of the Islamic religion and subsequent reconversion to Christianity, and blasphemy towards Muslim beliefs. The martyrdom of forty-eight Iberian Christians that took place under the rule of Abd al-Rahman II and Muhammad I in the Emirate of Córdoba (between 850 and 859 CE) has been recorded in historical documents and treatises of the time.
This coincided with the La Convivencia period of the Iberian Peninsula as well as the Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain. In Francia, the Arab and Berber Muslim forces invaded the region of Septimania in 719 and deposed the local Visigothic Kingdom in 720; after the Frankish conquest of Narbonne in 759, the Muslim Arabs and Berbers were defeated by the Christian Franks and retreated to their Andalusian heartland after 40 years of occupation, and the Carolingian king Pepin the Short came up reinforced. The Iberian Christian counter-offensive known as the Reconquista began in the early 8th century, when Muslim forces managed to temporarily push into Aquitaine. Slowly, the Christian forces began a re-conquest of the fractured Taifa kingdoms in al-Andalus. There was still a Muslim presence north of Spain, especially in Fraxinet all the way into Switzerland until the 10th century. Muslim forces under the Aghlabids conquered Sicily after a series of expeditions spanning 827–902, and had notably raided Rome in 846. By 1236, practically all that remained of Muslim-ruled Iberia was the southern province of Granada.
Since they are considered "People of the Book" in the Islamic religion, Christians and Jews under Muslim rule were subjected to the status of dhimmi (along with Samaritans, Gnostics, Mandeans, and Zoroastrians in the Middle East), which was inferior to the status of Muslims. Arab Muslims imposed the Islamic law (sharīʿa) in these Muslim-ruled countries; thus, the Latin- and Greek-speaking European Christian populations, as well as the Jewish communities of Europe, faced religious discrimination and persecution due to being considered religious minorities; they were further banned from proselytising (for Christians, it was forbidden to evangelize or spread Christianity) in the lands invaded by the Arab Muslims on pain of death, they were banned from bearing arms, undertaking certain professions, and were obligated to dress differently in order to distinguish themselves from Arabs. Under the Islamic law (sharīʿa), Non-Muslims were obligated to pay the jizya and kharaj taxes, together with periodic heavy ransom levied upon Christian communities by Muslim rulers in order to fund military campaigns, all of which contributed a significant proportion of income to the Islamic states while conversely reducing many Christians to poverty, and these financial and social hardships forced many Christians to convert to Islam. Christians unable to pay these taxes were forced to surrender their children to the Muslim rulers as payment who would sell them as slaves to Muslim households where they were forced to convert to Islam.
Cultural impact and interaction
Overthrown by the Abbasids, the deposed Umayyad caliph Abd al-Rahman I fled the city of Damascus in 756 and established an independent Emirate of Córdoba in al-Andalus. His dynasty consolidated the presence of Islam in al-Andalus. By the time of the reign of Abd al-Rahman II (822–852), Córdoba was becoming one of the biggest and most important cities in Europe. Umayyad Spain had become a centre of the Muslim world that rivaled the Muslim cities of Damascus and Baghdad. "The emirs of Córdoba built palaces reflecting the confidence and vitality of Andalusi Islam, minted coins, brought to Spain luxury items from the East, initiated ambitious projects of irrigation and transformed agriculture, reproduced the style and ceremony of the Abbasid court ruling in the East and welcomed famous scholars, poets and musicians from the rest of the Muslim world". But, the most significant impact of the Emirate was its cultural influence over the Non-Muslim local populations. An "elegant Arabic" became the preferred language of the educated—Muslim, Christian, and Jewish, the readership of Arabic books increased rapidly, and Arabic romance and poetry became extremely popular. The popularity of literary Arabic was just one aspect of the Arabization of the Christian and Jewish populations of the Iberian Peninsula, which led contemporaries to refer to the affected populations as "Mozarabs" (mozárabes in Spanish; moçárabes in Portuguese; derived from the Arabic musta’rib, translated as "like Arabs" or "Arabicized")."
Arabic-speaking Iberian Christian scholars preserved and studied influential pre-Christian and pre-Islamic Greco-Roman texts, and introduced aspects of medieval Islamic culture, including the arts, economics, science, and technology. (See also: Latin translations of the 12th century and Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe). Muslim rule endured in the Emirate of Granada, from 1238 as a vassal state of the Christian Kingdom of Castile until the completion of La Reconquista in 1492. The Moriscos (Moorish in Spanish) were finally expelled from Spain between 1609 (Castile) and 1614 (rest of Iberia), by Philip III during the Spanish Inquisition.
Throughout the 16th to 19th centuries, the Barbary States sent pirates to raid nearby parts of Europe in order to capture Christian slaves to sell at slave markets in the Muslim world, primarily in North Africa and the Ottoman Empire, throughout the Renaissance and early modern period. According to historian Robert Davis, from the 16th to 19th centuries, Barbary pirates captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as slaves, although these numbers are disputed. These slaves were captured mainly from the crews of captured vessels, from coastal villages in Spain and Portugal, and from farther places like the Italian Peninsula, France, or England, the Netherlands, Ireland, the Azores Islands, and even Iceland.
For a long time, until the early 18th century, the Crimean Khanate maintained a massive slave trade with the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East. The Crimean Tatars frequently mounted raids into the Danubian principalities, Poland–Lithuania, and Russia to enslave people whom they could capture.
Eastern Europe
Hungary
The Böszörmény Muslims formed an early community of Muslims in Hungary. Their biggest settlement was near the town of present-day Orosháza in the central part of the Hungarian Kingdom. At that time this settlement entirely populated by Muslims was probably one of the biggest settlements of the Kingdom. This and several other Muslim settlements were all destroyed and their inhabitants massacred during the 1241 Mongol invasion of Hungary.
Russia and Ukraine
In the mid-7th century AD, following the Muslim conquest of Persia, Islam spread into areas that would later become part of Russia. There are accounts of the trade connections between Muslims and the Rus', apparently people from the Baltic region who made their way towards the Black Sea through Central Russia. During his journey to Volga Bulgaria in 921–922, Ibn Fadlan observed the Rus', claiming that some had converted to Islam. "They are very fond of pork and many of them who have assumed the path of Islam miss it very much." The Rus' also relished their nabidh, a fermented drink which Ibn Fadlan often mentioned as part of their daily fare.
The Mongols began their conquest of Rus', of Volga Bulgaria, and of the Cuman-Kipchak Confederation (parts of present-day Russia and Ukraine) in the 13th century. After the Mongol empire split, the eastern European section became known as the Golden Horde. Although not originally Muslim, the western Mongols adopted Islam as their religion in the early-14th century under Berke Khan, and later Uzbeg Khan established it as the official religion of the state. Much of the mostly Turkic-speaking population of the Horde, as well as the small Mongol aristocracy, became Islamized (if they were not already Muslim, like the Volga Bulgars) and became known to Russians and Europeans as the Tatars. More than half
of the European portion of what is now Russia and Ukraine came under the suzerainty of Muslim Tatars and Turks from the 13th to the 15th centuries. The Crimean Khanate became a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire in 1475 and subjugated what remained of the Great Horde by 1502. The Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible conquered the Muslim Khanate of Kazan in 1552.
Belarus and Poland–Lithuania
Lipka Tatar Muslims of Belarus and Poland–Lithuania. The material of their Mosques is wood.
Balkans
Seljuks
As a result of Babai revolt, in 1261, one of the Turkoman dervish Sari Saltuk was forced to take refuge in the Byzantine Empire, alongside 40 Turkoman clans. He was settled in Dobruja, whence he entered the service of the powerful Muslim Mongol emir, Nogai Khan. Sari Saltuk became the hero of an epic, as a dervish and ghazi spreading Islam into Europe.
Ottomans
The Ottoman Empire began its expansion into Europe by taking the European portions of the Byzantine Empire in the 14th and 15th centuries up until the 1453 capture of Constantinople, establishing Islam as the state religion in the region. The Ottoman Empire continued to stretch northwards, taking Hungary in the 16th century, and reaching as far north as the Podolia in the mid-17th century (Peace of Buczacz), by which time most of the Balkans was under Ottoman control. Ottoman expansion in Europe ended with their defeat in the Great Turkish War. In the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), the Ottoman Empire lost most of its conquests in Central Europe. The Crimean Khanate was later annexed by Russia in 1783. Over the centuries, the Ottoman Empire gradually lost almost all of its European territories, until its collapse in 1922, when the former empire was transformed into the nation of Turkey.
Between 1354 (when the Ottomans crossed into Europe at Gallipoli) and 1526, the Empire had conquered the territory of present-day Greece, Bulgaria, Romania]], Albania, Kosovo, Serbia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Bosnia, and Hungary. The Empire laid siege to Vienna in 1683. The intervention of the Polish King broke the siege, and from then afterwards the Ottomans battled the Habsburg Emperors until 1699, when the Treaty of Karlowitz forced them to surrender Hungary and portions of present-day Croatia, Slovenia, and Serbia. From 1699 to 1913, wars and insurrections pushed the Ottoman Empire further back until it reached the current European border of present-day Turkey.
For most of this period, the Ottoman retreats were accompanied by Muslim refugees from these provinces (in almost all cases converts from the previous subject populations), leaving few Muslim inhabitants in Hungary and Croatia. Bulgaria remained under Ottoman rule until around 1878, and currently its population includes about 131,000 Muslims (2001 Census) (see Pomaks).
Bosnia was conquered by the Ottomans in 1463, and a large portion of the population converted to Islam in the first 200 years of Ottoman domination. By the time Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia in 1878, the Habsburgs had shed the desire to re-Christianize new provinces. As a result, a sizable Muslim population in Bosnia survived into the 20th century. Albania and the Kosovo area remained under Ottoman rule until 1913. Prior to the Ottoman conquest, the northern Albanians were Roman Catholic and the southern Albanians were Christian Orthodox, but by 1913 the majority were Muslim.
Conversion to Islam
Apart from the effect of a lengthy period under Ottoman domination, many of the subject population were periodically and forcefully converted to Islam as a result of a deliberate move by the Ottomans as part of a policy of ensuring the loyalty of the population against a potential Venetian invasion. However, Islam was spread by force in the areas under the control of the Ottoman Sultan through devşirme and jizya. Rather Arnold explains Islam's spread by quoting 17th-century author Johannes Scheffler who stated:
Cultural influences
Islam piqued interest among European scholars, setting off the movement of Orientalism. The founder of modern Islamic studies in Europe was Ignác Goldziher, who began studying Islam in the late 19th century. For instance, Sir Richard Francis Burton, 19th-century English explorer, scholar, and orientalist, and translator of The Book of One Thousand and One Nights, disguised himself as a Pashtun and visited both Medina and Mecca during the Hajj, as described in his book A Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Medinah and Meccah.
Islamic architecture influenced European architecture in various ways (for example, the Türkischer Tempel synagogue in Vienna). During the 12th-century Renaissance in Europe, Latin translations of Arabic texts were introduced.
Twentieth century
Muslim emigration to metropolitan France surged during the Algerian War of Independence. In 1961, the West German Government invited first Gastarbeiters and similar contracts were offered by Switzerland; some of these migrant workers came from majority-Muslim countries such as Turkey. Migrants came to Britain from its majority-Muslim former colonies Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Current demographics
The exact number of Muslims in Europe is unknown but according to estimates by the Pew Forum, the total number of Muslims in Europe (excluding Turkey) in 2010 was about 44 million (6% of the total population), including 19 million (3.8% of the population) in the European Union. A 2010 Pew Research Center study reported that 2.7% of the world's Muslim population live in Europe.
Turkish people form the largest ethnic group in the European part of Turkey (as well as the Republic of Turkey as a whole) and Northern Cyprus. They also form centuries-old minority groups in other post-Ottoman nation states within the Balkans (i.e. the Balkan Turks), where they form the largest ethnic minority in Bulgaria and the second-largest minority in North Macedonia. Meanwhile, in the diaspora, the Turks form the largest ethnic minority group in Austria, Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. In 1997, there was approximately 10 million Turks living in Western Europe and the Balkans (i.e. excluding Northern Cyprus and Turkey). By 2010, up to 15 million Turks were living in the European Union (i.e. excluding Turkey and several Balkan and Eastern European countries which are not in the EU). According to sociologist Araks Pashayan 10 million "Euro-Turks" alone were living in Germany, France, the Netherlands, and Belgium in 2012. In addition, substantial Turkish communities have been formed in the United Kingdom, Austria, Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark, Italy, Liechtenstein, Finland, and Spain. Meanwhile, there are over one million Turks still living in the Balkans (especially in Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo, North Macedonia, and Dobruja), and approximately 400,000 Meskhetian Turks in the Eastern European regions of the Post-Soviet states (i.e. Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine).
Estimates of the percentage of Muslims in Russia (the biggest group of Muslims in Europe) vary from 5 to 11.7%, depending on sources. It also depends on if only observant Muslims or all people of Muslim descent are counted. The city of Moscow is home to an estimated 1.5 million Muslims.
58.8% of the population in Albania adheres to Islam, making it the largest religion in the country. The majority of Albanian Muslims are secular Sunnīs with a significant Bektashi Shīʿa minority. The percentage of Muslims is 93.5% in Kosovo, 39.3% in North Macedonia (according to the 2002 Census, 46.5% of the children aged 0–4 were Muslim in Macedonia) and 50.7% in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In transcontinental countries such as Turkey and Azerbaijan, 99% and 93% of the populations from the respective countries are initially registered by the state as Muslims. According to the 2011 census, 20% of the total population in Montenegro are Muslims.
"Non-denominational Muslims" is an umbrella term that has been used for and by Muslims who do not belong to a specific Islamic denomination, do not self-identify with any specific Islamic denomination, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable Islamic schools and branches. A quarter of the world's Muslim population are non-denominational Muslims. Non-denominational Muslims constitute the majority of the Muslim population in eight countries, and a plurality in three others: Albania (65%), Kyrgyzstan (64%), Kosovo (58%), Indonesia (56%), Mali (55%), Bosnia and Herzegovina (54%), Uzbekistan (54%), Azerbaijan (45%), Russia (45%), and Nigeria (42%). They are found primarily in Central Asia. Kazakhstan has the largest number of non-denominational Muslims, who constitute about 74% of the population. Southeastern Europe also has a large number of non-denominational Muslims.
In 2015, Darren E. Sherkat questioned in Foreign Affairs whether some of the Muslim growth projections are accurate as they don't take into account the increasing number of non-religious Muslims. Quantitative research is lacking, but he believes the European trend mirrors that from North America: statistical data from the General Social Survey in the United States show that 32% of those raised Muslim no longer embrace Islam in adulthood, and 18% hold no religious identification (see also: Ex-Muslims).
A survey conducted by Pew Research Center in 2016 found that Muslims make up 4.9% of all Europe's population. According to the same study, conversion does not add significantly to the growth of the Muslim population in Europe, with roughly 160,000 more people leaving Islam than converting into Islam between 2010 and 2016.
Projections
A Pew Research Center study, published in January 2011, forecast an increase of Muslims in European population from 6% in 2010 to 8% in 2030. The study also predicted that Muslim fertility rate in Europe would drop from 2.2 in 2010 to 2.0 in 2030. On the other hand, the non-Muslim fertility rate in Europe would increase from 1.5 in 2010 to 1.6 in 2030. Another Pew study published in 2017 projected that in 2050 Muslims will make 7.4% (if all migration into Europe were to immediately and permanently stop - a "zero migration" scenario) up to 14% (under a "high" migration scenario) of Europe's population. Data from the 2000s for the rates of growth of Islam in Europe showed that the growing number of Muslims was due primarily to immigration and higher birth rates.
In 2017, Pew projected that the Muslim population of Europe would reach a level between 7% and 14% by 2050. The projections depend on the level of migration. With no net migration, the projected level was 7%; with high migration, it was 14%. The projections varied greatly by country. Under the high migration scenario, the highest projected level of any historically non-Muslim country was 30% in Sweden. By contrast, Poland was projected to remain below 1%.
In 2006, the conservative Christian historian Philip Jenkins, in an article for the Foreign Policy Research Institute thinktank, wrote that by 2100, a Muslim population of about 25% of Europe's population was "probable"; Jenkins stated this figure did not take account of growing birthrates amongst Europe's immigrant Christians, but did not give details of his methodology. in 2010, Eric Kaufmann, professor of politics at Birkbeck, University of London said that "In our projections for Western Europe by 2050 we are looking at a range of 10-15 per cent Muslim population for most of the high immigration countries – Germany, France, the UK"; he argued that Islam was expanding, not because of conversion to Islam, but primarily due to the religion's "pro-natal" orientation, where Muslims tend to have more children. Other analysts are skeptical about the accuracy of the claimed Muslim population growth, stating that because many European countries do not ask a person's religion on official forms or in censuses, it has been difficult to obtain accurate estimates, and arguing that there has been a decrease in Muslim fertility rates in Morocco, the Netherlands, and Turkey.
Religiosity
According to an article published on the German public broadcaster Deutsche Welle, communities of Muslim immigrants remain strongly religious in some Western-European countries, in a trend which continues across generations. In the United Kingdom, 64% identify as "highly religious", followed by 42% in Austria, 33% in France, and 26% in Switzerland.
A 2005 survey published by the Université Libre de Bruxelles estimated that only 10% of the Muslim population in Belgium are "practicing Muslims". In 2009, only 24% of Muslims in the Netherlands attended mosque once a week according to another survey.
According to the same 2004 survey, they found that the importance of Islam in the lives of Dutch Muslims, particularly of second-generation immigrants was decreasing. According to a survey, only 33% of French Muslims who were interviewed said they were religious believers. That figure is the same as that obtained by the INED/INSEE survey in October 2010.
Society
Islamic organizations
In Europe, a variety of Islamic organizations serve to represent the diverse interests of Muslim communities and promote Islamic teachings, encourage Interfaith harmony and cultural contributions.
The Federation of Islamic Organizations in Europe (FIOE) an umbrella organization that represents more than 30 Muslim organizations in Europe. Its mission is to represent the interests of Muslims, and to foster dialogue and cooperation between Muslims and non-Muslims in Europe. FIOE subsequently created the European Council for Fatwa and Research, a pan European Muslim Brotherhood organisation which provides guidance to Muslims in Europe. The Muslim Council for Cooperation in Europe (MCCE) is a representative body of European citizens of Muslim faith before the EU administration for advice, representation and intra-European collaboration. In 1997, the MCCE has joined the initiative "A Soul for Europe" in the framework of "Dialogue with religions, churches and humanism" as part of the Group of Policy Advisors in the European Commission.
Mosques
Islamic dress
In the context of Islamic dress in Europe, there are diverse perspectives regarding the wearing of face-covering veils and other traditional clothing among Muslim communities. Various European countries have implemented laws and regulations that pertain to religious clothing, including face-covering veils such as the burka or the hijab. These laws have generated considerable debate and criticism within and outside Muslim communities. Those who argue for the restrictions say they are in favor of security, or secularism. However, critics of such laws express concerns about infringements on individual freedom and religious expression, arguing that these restrictions have unintended consequences, including isolating and stigmatizing Muslim communities. Additionally, it has been noted by some observers that these dress bans have raised concerns about fueling Islamophobia across Europe.
The prevailing perspective supports the right of Muslim women to wear religious clothing that does not cover their face, with a smaller proportion advocating for restrictions on all forms of religious clothing. On a regional average, around 25% hold a more permissive view, asserting that Muslim women should be allowed to wear the religious clothing of their choice according to Pew Research Center.
The stance on clothing restrictions is not the same in every country. For example, about six-in-ten Portuguese adults who hold positive feelings toward Muslims support no restrictions on religious clothing. Overall, most people in Western Europe say they accept religious minorities – Muslims included. For example, a median of 66% of non-Muslim adults in the region say they would accept a Muslim as a member of their family, according to a separate question in a survey.
Islamic fundamentalism and terrorism
A 2013 study conducted by Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB) found that Islamic fundamentalism was widespread among Muslims in Europe. The study conducted a poll among Turkish immigrants to six European countries: Germany, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, and Sweden. In the first four countries also Moroccan immigrants were interviewed. Fundamentalism was defined as: the belief that believers should return to the eternal and unchangeable rules laid down in the past; that these rules allow only one interpretation and are binding for all believers; and that religious rules have priority over secular laws. Two thirds of Muslims the majority responded that religious rules are more important than civil laws and three quarters rejecting religious pluralism within Islam. Of the respondents, 44% agreed to all three statements. Almost 60% responded that Muslims should return to the roots of Islam, 75% thought there was only one possible interpretation of the Quran.
The conclusion was that religious fundamentalism is much more prevalent among European Muslims than among Christian natives. Perceived discrimination is a marginal predictor of religious fundamentalism. The perception that Western governments are inherently hostile towards Islam as a source of identity is prevailing among some European Muslims. However, a recent study shows that this perception significantly declined after the emergence of ISIS, particularly among the youth, and highly educated European Muslims. The difference between countries defies a "reactive religious fundamentalism", where fundamentalism is viewed as a reaction against lacking rights and privileges for Muslims. Instead, it was found that Belgium which has comparatively generous policies towards Muslims and immigrants in general also had a relatively high level of fundamentalism. France and Germany which have restrictive policies had lower levels of fundamentalism.
In 2017, the EU Counter-terrorism Coordinator Gilles de Kerchove stated in an interview that there were more than radicals and jihadists in Europe. In 2016, French authorities stated that of the individuals on the list of security threats belong to Islamist movements. In the United Kingdom, authorities estimate that jihadists reside in the country, of which about 3000 are actively monitored. In 2017, German authorities estimated that there were more than militant salafists in the country. European Muslims have also been criticized for new antisemitism.
Attitudes towards Muslims
The extent of negative attitudes towards Muslims varies across different parts of Europe.
The European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia reports that the Muslim population tends to suffer Islamophobia all over Europe, although the perceptions and views of Muslims may vary.
In 2005 according to the Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau annual report, half the Dutch population and half the Moroccan and Turkish minorities stated that the Western lifestyle cannot be reconciled with that of Muslims.
A 2015 poll by the Polish Centre for Public Opinion Research found that 44% of Poles have a negative attitude towards Muslims, with only 23% having a positive attitude towards them. Furthermore, a majority agreed with statements like "Muslims are intolerant of customs and values other than their own." (64% agreed, 12% disagreed), "Muslims living in Western European countries generally do not acquire customs and values that are characteristic for the majority of the population of that country." (63% agreed, 14% disagreed), "Islam encourages violence more than other religions." (51% agreed, 24% disagreed).
A February 2017 poll of 10,000 people in 10 European countries by Chatham House found on average a majority were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Of the respondents, 55% were opposed, 20% offered no opinion and 25% were in favour of further immigration from Muslim-majority countries. The authors of the study add that these countries, except Poland, had in the preceding years suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the centre of a refugee crisis. They also mention that in most of the polled countries the radical right has political influence.
According to a study in 2018 by Leipzig University, 56% of Germans sometimes thought the many Muslims made them feel like strangers in their own country, up from 43% in 2014. In 2018, 44% thought immigration by Muslims should be banned, up from 37% in 2014.
Based off U.S. State Department records in 2013, there were about 226 Anti-Muslim attacks in France, which was more than an 11% increase from the year previous. Examples of the attacks included a bomb in an Arab restaurant, and grenades thrown at mosques. In more recent years, the aftermath of terrorist attacks in France have led to huge amounts of anti-Islamic rhetoric and increasing amounts of hate crimes. The French government has also acted upon the Muslim population of France in recent years, with the lower house passing an anti-radicalism bill and increasing checks in places of worship.
As of October 2023, Slovakia is the only EU member state that does not have a mosque due legislation that has barred Islam from gaining state recognition.
Employment
According to a WZB report investigating Muslims in Germany, France, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Belgium and Switzerland, Muslims in Europe generally have higher levels of unemployment which is to a great part caused by the lack of language skills, the lack of inter-ethnic social ties and a traditional view of gender roles where women are not to work outside the home. Discrimination from employers caused a small part of the unemployment.
See also
A Common Word Between Us and You
Antemurale Christianitatis
Early Muslim conquests
History of Islam
Islam and other religions
Islam by country
Islamic culture
Islamic dress in Europe
Islamic extremism
Islamic feminism
Islamic fundamentalism
Islamic terrorism
Islamic terrorism in Europe
Islamism
Islamophobia
Islamophobic incidents
List of cities in the European Union by Muslim population
List of mosques in Europe
Ottoman wars in Europe
Persecution of Muslims
Turks in Europe
Catholic–Muslim Forum
European Council for Fatwa and Research
Muslim Council for Cooperation in Europe
References
Bibliography
Franke, Patrick, Islam: State and Religion in Modern Europe, EGO - European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2016, retrieved: March 8, 2021 (pdf).
Further reading
König, Daniel G., Arabic-Islamic Views of the Latin West. Tracing the Emergence of Medieval Europe, Oxford, OUP, 2015.
Hamza, Gabor, Zur Rolle des Islam in der Geschichte des ungarischen Rechts. Revista Europea de Historia de las Ideas Políticas y de las Instituciones Públicas (REHIPIP) Número 3 - Junio 2012 1-11.pp. http://www.eumed.net/rev/rehipip/03/gh.pdf
External links
For Muslim Minorities, it is Possible to Endorse Political Liberalism, But This is not Enough
BBC News: Muslims in Europe
Euro-Islam Website Coordinator Jocelyne Cesari, Harvard University and CNRS-GSRL, Paris
Asabiyya: Re-Interpreting Value Change in Globalized Societies
Why Europe has to offer a better deal towards its Muslim communities. A quantitative analysis of open international data
Köchler, Hans, Muslim-Christian Ties in Europe: Past, Present and Future, 1996
Religion in Europe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Europe |
Derek Gregory Ph.D. (Cantab) FBA, FRSC (born 1 March 1951) is a British academic and world-renowned geographer who is currently Peter Wall Distinguished Professor and Professor of Geography at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. He formerly held positions at the University of Cambridge.
Gregory is best known for his book The Colonial Present: Afghanistan, Palestine and Iraq, published in 2004. This book discusses the actions of various western governments in the Middle East after the 9/11 attacks. It reflects how the popular discourses found in the media and in political circles indicate a continued presence of orientalist and neocolonialist undercurrents. The work also draws on the work of political theorist Giorgio Agamben and in particular his theory of the 'state of exception'.
Earlier works by Gregory have concentrated on political, cultural and historical geography. He has also contributed to theoretical writing on imagined geographies and David Harvey. A book published in 1994, Geographical Imaginations, explores the relations between social theory and place, space and landscape.
He graduated from the University of Cambridge with a Master of Arts and a Doctor of Philosophy in 1981. He has honorary doctorates from the University of Heidelberg and Roskilde University, and he was awarded the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society in 2006. His current research is on late modern war and on the cultural/political histories and geographies of bombing.
He blogs at www.geographicalimaginations.com
Bibliography
War and Peace, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Volume 35, Issue 2, pages 154–186, (April 2010)
Violent Geographies: Fear, Terror, and Political Violence. Routledge(November 22, 2006)
The Colonial Present: Afghanistan, Palestine, Iraq. Wiley-Blackwell (4 Jun 2004)
Geographical Imaginations. Blackwell (1994)
References
External links
Audio of Derek Gregory's lecture "Vanishing Points: Law, Violence and Exception in the Global War Prison" at the Walter Chapin Simpson Center for the Humanities on October 25, 2006.
1951 births
Living people
British geographers
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Place of birth missing (living people)
British historical geographers
Political geographers
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia
Human geographers
Fellows of King's College London
Recipients of the Royal Geographical Society Founder's Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek%20Gregory |
Laibin (, Zhuang: Laizbinh) is a prefecture-level city in the central part of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
History
Laibin is an ancient town with more than 2000 years of history. The area was settled in prehistoric times, more than 30,000 years ago.
Geography and climate
Laibin is located in central Guangxi. The Hongshui River or Red River and Rong River, both tributaries of the Xi River, meet in Laibin. Its administrative area is , of which more than 43% is forested.
Administration
Laibin administers 1 district, 1 county-level city 3 counties, and 1 autonomous county.
District:
Xingbin District ()
County-level city:
Heshan City ()
Counties:
Xincheng County ()
Xiangzhou County ()
Wuxuan County ()
Autonomous county:
Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County ()
Demographics
Laibin's population is 2,498,236 (2010). 69.4% of the people belong to the Zhuang ethnic group. The rest include Han, Yao, and other ethnic groups.
These figures are based on the following official statistics:
Economy
Laibin is an important transportation hub with several regional and national highways, important rail lines, and shipping along the Hongshui River to Hong Kong, Macau, and Guangzhou. Agriculture is a major industry, with sugarcane, rice, peanuts, tea, and fruits being the major crops. There are more than 600 industries in Laibin, including sugar processing, powerplants, construction materials, mining, and Chinese medicine. The area produces 1/4 of the world's indium.
Culture
Laibin is filled with numerous examples of unique ethnic minority culture, especially from the Yao. There are also many types of dance found only in the area, including the Bamboo Horse, the Colorful Butterfly, the Dragon Fish, the Emerald, the Bright Lantern, and the Yao dance, the Monkey Drum.
Notable people
Xiao Qiaogui () (1821–1852) Taiping general.
Zhai Fuwen () (1866–1942) educator, author, and national assembly representative for Guangxi province
Liu Ceqi () (1895–1927) revolutionary hero and martyr, Zhuang.
Mo Jiangbai () (1918–1949) revolutionary hero and martyr, Zhuang.
Zhang Hua () (1911–1990) military and political figure.
Jin Baosheng () (1927– ) military and political figure, Yao.
Han Feng () (1956– ) Tobacco monopoly apparatchik outed in 2010 as a "Chinese Casanova".
Jing Xianfa ( ) (1957– ) Current Mayor of Laibin.
References
External links
Official Website(Chinese)
Prefecture-level divisions of Guangxi
Cities in Guangxi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laibin |
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