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Bufalo can refer to:
Búfalo, brand of hot sauce
Bufalo pistol from Llama firearms
Gaspare del Bufalo, a Roman Catholic priest and the founder of the Missionaries of the Precious Blood
Bufalo Bill, an album of Italian singer-songwriter Francesco De Gregori.
See also
Buffalo (disambiguation)
Bufalino (disambiguation)
Buffalo Bill (disambiguation)
Bufalos | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufalo |
Stabroek Market is the largest market of Georgetown, Guyana. Located in the centre of the capital city, the market is housed in an iron and steel structure with a prominent clock tower.
Construction
In 1842, the Georgetown Town Council designated the current location of the market on Water Street, officially recognizing it as a market despite the fact that it had served such a capacity for quite some time. The market was designed by an American engineer Nathaniel McKay, and constructed by the Edgemoor Iron Company of Delaware, USA over the period 1880-1881. Construction of the iron and steel structure was completed in 1881 and may be the oldest structure still in use in the city. The market covers an area of about . and houses a wide variety of items for sale.
Though the architectural style is elusive, the iron structure and the prominent clock tower is reminiscent of the Victorian era of Great Britain (see British colonization of Guyana for more information).
Market
The Stabroek Market area is easily the busiest such place in the city, always bustling with people and activity. It is a central hub for taxis and "minibuses", and also for ferries that transport people and goods from all towns and villages along the Demerara River.
Stabroek Market is widely known as the biggest market location in Guyana, where many sellers go to make a living. The market has attracted a great variety of business owners, whose wares range from jewelry to clothes to produce. Stabroek Market is filled with customers every day and is known for its clock located at the top of the building.
Stabroek Market is located in the middle of what Guyanese people call "Town", where many other major businesses surround its tall and recognized building. Stabroek Market is one of Georgetown's main attractions and is renowned throughout Guyana.
Crime
Stabroek Market is generally not a high crime area, but robberies do occur from time to time. In 2011, a grenade attack at Stabroek Market killed one person and injured several others.
References
External links
Aerial view
Commercial buildings completed in 1881
Buildings and structures in Georgetown, Guyana
Retail markets in Guyana
1881 establishments in the British Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabroek%20Market |
Brookfield Central High School is a comprehensive public secondary school located in the city of Brookfield, Wisconsin, United States. About 1200 students attend every year. It is a sister school to Brookfield East High School, also in Brookfield. The high school is administered by the Elmbrook School District, which operates nine schools in Brookfield and Elm Grove.
Athletics
BCHS won the 2019 boys' basketball state championship in 2019
BCHS won a state championship in boys' cross country in 1964.
Notable alumni
Ayad Akhtar (1988), playwright and author
Steve Avery (1984), former NFL running back for the Pittsburgh Steelers
Kip Carpenter (1998), Olympic bronze medalist (speedskating)
Susan Engeleiter (1970), Wisconsin politician and former Administrator of the United States Small Business Administration
Daron Hagen (1979), composer, stage director, author
Kathleen Hogan (1984), Chief People Officer at Microsoft
John P. Otjen (1960), United States Army lieutenant general
Joe Thomas (2003), former NFL offensive tackle for the Cleveland Browns, NFL Hall of Famer 2023
Brad Nortman (2008), former NFL Punter for the Carolina Panthers and Jacksonville Jaguars
Kenny Harrison (1983), track and field athlete and Olympic gold medalist
References
External links
Official website
Public high schools in Wisconsin
Greater Metro Conference
Educational institutions established in 1956
Schools in Waukesha County, Wisconsin
1956 establishments in Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookfield%20Central%20High%20School |
The Musicland Group, Inc. was an entertainment company that ran Musicland, Sam Goody, Discount Records, Suncoast Motion Picture Company, On Cue, and the Media Play Superstore Chains. The Musicland Group was purchased by Best Buy in 2001 at the height of Musicland's success, which ultimately led to its demise. Jack Eugster was the CEO of The Musicland Group, from 1980, until February 2001. Its headquarters were in Minnetonka, Minnesota.
History
The first Musicland store was opened in 1955 in Minneapolis by Grover Cleveland Sayre II, where the company continued to be headquartered for the remainder of its history, by Heilicher Brothers, a Minneapolis-based regional record distributor and owner of the Soma Records label. In 1964 Musicland merged with JL Marsh and in 1968 with Pickwick International. In 1977, American Can Company purchased Pickwick International and in 1978 purchased the Sam Goody chain of record stores, which had a long history going back to 1951 in New York. Shortly after, Musicland began converting the majority of its stores to the Sam Goody brand name, although some locations did retain the Musicland name into the early 2000s.
In 1997, the Musicland Group converted the remaining Musicland stores to the Sam Goody brand.
The company expanded rapidly during the mall boom of the 1980s and continued to grow into the nineties, enjoying a long tenure as the United States' largest specialty retailer of entertainment products. Most of its Sam Goody stores were located in shopping malls. The company helped launch the careers of many prominent artists, including Michael Jackson. In 1986, the first Suncoast Motion Picture Company store was opened as Paramount Pictures (the name change would come in 1988.) This store concept specialized in movies and movie memorabilia, also located in shopping malls. In 1992, Musicland launched a major initiative with the rollout of its big-box Media Play concept. Media Play was a chain of retail superstores that sold movies on video, laserdiscs, music, electronics, video games, books, toys, and games in the United States. Each store essentially contained a book store, a movie store, a music store, and a video game store under one roof. At their height, they operated 72 stores in 19 states with 2,000 employees. The first store opened in Rockford, Illinois, in 1992.
Hundreds of stores were slated to be opened, but only 89 ever were. Mostly freestanding, the stores averaged a massive in metropolitan areas. During the same period, the company also developed a small market Media Play by opening On Cue stores across the country as well. These "small town Media Plays" also sold Music, Books and Movies, as well as musical instruments and gave small towns that were not near a major metro a place for great selection.
In 2001, The Musicland Group Inc. was purchased by Best Buy inc. as part of its initiative to diversify its retail holdings to reach a larger demographic with its consumer electronics and entertainment products. By then, Musicland numbered over 1300 stores. Their intention was to transform Sam Goody into a destination for young people looking for hip electronics. They launched a major remerchandising campaign and converted Musicland's On Cue concept of rural stores to the Sam Goody brand, reducing its position in books and moving more into video games and DVD. Many Musicland employees, particularly management, were not happy at all with the Best Buy acquisition or their business model and tactics.
As part of a 2002 settlement with 41 states over CD price fixing Musicland, along with retailers Tower Records and Trans World Entertainment, agreed to pay a $3 million (~$ in ) fine. It is estimated that between 1995 and 2000 customers were overcharged by nearly $500 million and up to $5 per album.
Downfall
Best Buy failed to generate the results they were looking for with Musicland, losing $85 million (~$ in ) in 2002. Best Buy admitted mall based retail was a different business concept from their Best Buy stores, and that they had failed at properly running The Musicland Group. As a result, they put the company up for sale and were likely just weeks away from liquidating the entire chain when they found a buyer in Sun Capital Partners of Boca Raton, Florida. Sun Capital acquired the company in a cash-free transaction in exchange for acquiring Musicland's debt and leases. Sun Capital attempted to get the company back to basics, but ultimately the dual pressure of internet downloading and big box competition proved too much and in December 2005 Sun Capital announced the closure of all remaining Media Play stores. The now Sun Capital owned Musicland Group filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in January 2006, and in February announced the closing of 226 Sam Goody and 115 Suncoast Motion Picture Company stores, and all Media Play locations.
In March 2006, Trans World Entertainment announced the purchase of Musicland's remaining 400 Sam Goody and Suncoast stores from Sun Capital, along with their websites. Trans World kept 345 of those stores open and closed 55. Transworld began converting the remaining Sam Goody mall stores to FYE, their signature retail brand, but chose to keep the Suncoast Motion Picture Co. name on about 170 stores.
Recent years
More than 100 Sam Goody stores remained in operation as of January 2007, but as a result of a disappointing fourth quarter and full year 2006 for Transworld Entertainment, chief executive Robert Higgins announced in their fourth quarter earnings conference call that many of those remaining Sam Goody stores would be facing closure. In late 2006, Transworld started converting Sam Goody stores to FYE stores.
In Popular Culture
A Musicland store was one of the various stores reconstructed for the set of R. L. Stine's Fear Street at the North DeKalb Mall in Atlanta, Georgia.
Late Slipknot drummer, Joey Jordison, once worked at a Musicland store in Iowa.
References
External links
Suncoast website
Sam Goody website now redirect to FYE website
Transworld Entertainment company website
Best Buy
Defunct retail companies of the United States
Defunct companies based in Minnesota
Music retailers of the United States
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicland |
Plane of immanence () is a founding concept in the metaphysics or ontology of French philosopher Gilles Deleuze.
Immanence, meaning residing or becoming within, generally offers a relative opposition to transcendence, that which extends beyond or outside. Deleuze "refuses to see deviations, redundancies, destructions, cruelties or contingency as accidents that befall or lie outside life; life and death [are] aspects of desire or the plane of immanence." This plane is a pure immanence which is an unqualified immersion or embeddedness, an immanence which denies transcendence as a real distinction, Cartesian or otherwise. Pure immanence is thus often referred to as a pure plane, an infinite field or smooth space without substantial or constitutive division. In his final essay entitled Immanence: A Life, Deleuze wrote: "It is only when immanence is no longer immanence to anything other than itself that we can speak of a plane of immanence."
Immanence as a pure plane
The plane of immanence is metaphysically consistent with Spinoza’s single substance (God or Nature) in the sense that immanence is not immanent to substance but rather that immanence is substance, that is, immanent to itself. Pure immanence therefore will have consequences not only for the validity of a philosophical reliance on transcendence, but simultaneously for dualism and idealism. Mind may no longer be conceived as a self-contained field, substantially differentiated from body (dualism), nor as the primary condition of unilateral subjective mediation of external objects or events (idealism). Thus, all real distinctions (mind and body, God and matter, interiority and exteriority, etc.) are collapsed or flattened into an even consistency or plane, namely immanence itself, that is, immanence without opposition.
The plane of immanence thus is often called a plane of consistency accordingly. As a geometric plane, it is in no way bound to a mental design but rather an abstract or virtual design; which for Deleuze, is the metaphysical or ontological itself: a formless, univocal, self-organizing process which always qualitatively differentiates from itself. So in A Thousand Plateaus (with Félix Guattari), a plane of immanence will eliminate problems of preeminent forms, transcendental subjects, original genesis and real structures: "Here, there are no longer any forms or developments of forms; nor are there subjects or the formation of subjects. There is no structure, any more than there is genesis." In this sense, Hegel’s Spirit (Geist) which experiences a self-alienation and eventual reconciliation with itself via its own linear dialectic through a material history becomes irreconcilable with pure immanence as it depends precisely on a pre-established form or order, namely Spirit itself. Rather, on the plane of immanence there are only complex networks of forces, particles, connections, relations, affects and becomings: "There are only relations of movement and rest, speed and slowness between unformed elements, or at least between elements that are relatively unformed, molecules, and particles of all kinds. There are only haecceities, affects, subjectless individuations that constitute collective assemblages. ... We call this plane, which knows only longitudes and latitudes, speeds and haecceities, the plane of consistency or composition (as opposed to a plan(e) of organization or development)."
The plane of immanence necessitates an immanent philosophy. Concepts and representations may no longer be considered vacuous forms awaiting content (concept of x, representation of y) but become active productions in themselves, constantly affecting and being affected by other concepts, representations, images, bodies etc. In their final work together, What is Philosophy?, Deleuze and Guattari state that the plane of immanence constitutes "the absolute ground of philosophy, its earth or deterritorialization, the foundation on which it creates its concepts."
Pure immanence as lived philosophy
The concept of the plane itself is significant as it implies that immanence cannot simply be conceived as the within, but also as the upon, as well as the of. An object is not simply within a larger system, but folds from that very same system, functioning and operating consistently upon it, with it and through it, immanently mapping its environment, discovering its own dynamic powers and kinetic relations, as well as the relative limits of those powers and relations. Thus, without a theoretical reliance on transcendent principles, categories or real divisions producing relative breaks or screens of atomistic enclosure, the concept of the plane of immanence may replace nicely any benefits of a philosophical transcendentalism: "Absolute immanence is in itself: it is not in something, to something; it does not depend on an object or belong to a subject. ... When the subject or the object falling outside the plane of immanence is taken as a universal subject or as any object to which immanence is attributed, ... immanence is distorted, for it then finds itself enclosed in the transcendent."
Finally, Deleuze offers that pure immanence and life will suppose one another unconditionally: "We will say of pure immanence that it is A LIFE, and nothing else. ... A life is the immanence of immanence, absolute immanence: it is complete power, complete bliss." This is not some abstract, mystical notion of life but a life, a specific yet impersonal, indefinite life discovered in the real singularity of events and virtuality of moments. A life is subjectless, neutral, and preceding all individuation and stratification, is present in all things, and thus always immanent to itself. "A life is everywhere ...: an immanent life carrying with it the events and singularities that are merely actualized in subjects and objects."
An ethics of immanence will disavow its reference to judgments of good and evil, right and wrong, as according to a transcendent model, rule or law. Rather the diversity of living things and particularity of events will demand the concrete methods of immanent evaluation (ethics) and immanent experimentation (creativity). These twin concepts will become the basis of a lived Deleuzian ethic.
See also
Actual idealism
Baruch Spinoza
Complex systems
Husserl
Henri Bergson
Nonduality
Substance theory
Transcendence
References
Sources
Deleuze, Gilles and Félix Guattari. 1980. A Thousand Plateaus. Trans. Brian Massumi. London and New York: Continuum, 2004. Vol. 2 of Capitalism and Schizophrenia. 2 vols. 1972-1980. Trans. of Mille Plateaux. Paris: Les Editions de Minuit. .
External links
"Immanence and Deterritorialization: The Philosophy of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari"*
"Plane of Immanence"
Ontology
Concepts in metaphysics
Gilles Deleuze
Philosophy of life
Philosophy of death | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane%20of%20immanence |
Chris Jacobs (born January 30, 1970) is a television host and personality. He is the Host of "Long Lost Family" on TLC and also the host of Overhaulin' and Barrett-Jackson Collector Car Auctions, which both air on Velocity. For several years, he was an on-air talent for the NFL Network, guest hosting several episodes of "NFL AM" as well as "Up to the Minute" updates. He formerly hosted The Insider and worked as a correspondent for Entertainment Tonight.
Biography
Career
Jacobs had moderate success with roles in television (like Two and a Half Men), film (like 44 Minutes: The North Hollywood Shoot-Out) and commercial projects for eight years before being tapped to co-host Overhaulin' in 2004. After the show went on hiatus in 2008, he co-presented The Insider with Lara Spencer from 2009 to 2011.
On March 5, 2011, it was announced that he had been named a correspondent for Entertainment Tonight. He left ET in early 2013 after Overhaulin' returned for a sixth season on Velocity in the fall of 2012.
From 2013, when Jacobs left Entertainment Tonight, he became a weekend presenter for the NFL Network and has hosted several live events for Discovery networks, including Skywire Live, Skyscraper Live, Chopper Live, Gold Rush Live, and Klondike Live. He began co-hosting Velocity's live broadcast of the Barrett-Jackson Auto Auctions in 2014. The final season of the series Overhaulin''' finished airing in November 2015.
In June 2015, production began on Long Lost Family, which debuted on TLC on March 6, 2016. Jacobs hosts the show along with Lisa Joyner.
In January 2019, Jacobs became a spokesperson for wrench.com, a tech startup focusing on bringing mobile mechanics direct to the customer.
In February 2022, Jacobs was announced as the newest member of the Mecum collector car auction's broadcast team on MotorTrend''.
Personal life
Jacobs was adopted at the age of 14 months. In 1993, at the age of 22 years, he was reunited with his birth mother, Mary Hagberg, through an adoption location service with the support of his adoptive parents. He attended New Trier High School in Winnetka, Illinois and then Cranbrook School in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan before moving to California in 1988 where he attended Whittier College, earning a bachelor's degree in English. He also attended and graduated from Western State University College of Law and was later admitted to the state bar of California in 1995, although he has been inactive since 1999.
Chris is currently engaged and has a daughter born in 2022.
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
Male actors from Chicago
American male television actors
American television personalities
Whittier College alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Jacobs%20%28television%20host%29 |
Pigeonite is a mineral in the clinopyroxene subgroup of the pyroxene group. It has a general formula of . The calcium cation fraction can vary from 5% to 25%, with iron and magnesium making up the rest of the cations.
Pigeonite crystallizes in the monoclinic system, as does augite, and a miscibility gap exists between the two minerals. At lower temperatures, pigeonite is unstable relative to augite plus orthopyroxene. The low-temperature limit of pigeonite stability depends upon the Fe/Mg ratio in the mineral and is hotter for more Mg-rich compositions; for a Fe/Mg ratio of about 1, the temperature is about 900 °C. The presence of pigeonite in an igneous rock thus provides evidence for the crystallization temperature of the magma, and hence indirectly for the water content of that magma.
Pigeonite is found as phenocrysts in volcanic rocks on Earth and as crystals in meteorites from Mars and the Moon. In slowly cooled intrusive igneous rocks, pigeonite is rarely preserved. Slow cooling gives the calcium the necessary time to separate itself from the structure to form exsolution lamellae of calcic clinopyroxene, leaving no pigeonite present. Textural evidence of its breakdown to orthopyroxene plus augite may be present, as shown in the accompanying microscopic image.
Pigeonite is named for its type locality on Lake Superior's shores at Pigeon Point, Minnesota, United States. It was first described in 1900.
References
Pyroxene group
Calcium minerals
Magnesium minerals
Iron(II) minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeonite |
Susuga Malietoa Laupepa (1841 – 22 August 1898) was the ruler (Malietoa) of Samoa in the late 19th century.
Personal life
Laupepa was born in 1841 in Sapapali'i, Savai'i, Samoa. His father was Malietoa Mōli and mother was Fa’alaitaua Fuatino Su’apa’ia. He was raised in Malie, received a religious education at Malua Seminary and was well known as a devout Christian. He was the recognized leader of the Sā Mōlī which was based primarily in northern Tuamasaga. Laupepa cemented ties with Palauli (the only significant Sā Mōlī support base on Savai‘i) through his marriage to Sisavai‘i Malupo, a daughter of Niuva‘ai of Palauli, Savaii. The children of this marriage were two sons named Tanumafili and Siliva‘ai, and daughter Fa‘amuleuatoivao.
When about 20, he became Malietoa Tanumafili I and had other marriages. One he had a daughter by the name of Saitaua who married Leota Laiafi of Solosolo. From his marriage to Fuaolemalo Faumuina Fiame Leitutua Johnson of Lepea and Lefaga he had two daughters; Ta‘ase and Faamusami. Faamusami married Mata‘afa Fiame Faumuina Mulinu‘u I and Ta‘ase married Ainu‘u Maualaivao Tasi Tupou of Malie and Sapapali‘i, Savai‘i. and Laupepa later married a Rarotongan woman named Tui Ariki of a chiefly Cook Islands family. In May 1892 laupepa made a visitation to the founding house of Feigla in Western Samoa, Upolu.
In June 1894, both Laupepa and his son Mōlī II visited with the Latter-day Saint missionaries at Lalovi, Mulifanua with an army regiment of about 1,000 men. The missionaries described Laupepa to be “a very pleasant old gentleman,” about 5’9” and 180 pounds who spoke in a “deep bass voice”. Laupepa underwent the rituals to receive the pe'a traditional tattoo when he was in his forties.
Military and political campaigns
Laupepa maintained his devout profession of Christianity throughout his life, although he became increasingly aggressive as he was thrust into the power struggle against his warlike uncle Talavou. Laupepa did not enjoy universal support from his fellow Samoans and his warfare record was dismal; he did, however, win some battles and managed to have himself crowned and subsequently deposed as Joint-King, Deputy-King (under Talavou), and sole King of Samoa in 1881.
Churchward (84) recorded that the "Ellice group", now known as the Tuvalu islands, were "formally annexed to Samoa in the name of Malietoa" by one of Laupepa's colleagues from Malua Theological College. Before his death on August 22, 1898, Laupepa managed to gain the support of the foreign consuls but he had suffered great losses of prestige and confidence in the eyes of many Samoans after being continually routed in battle and eventually exiled to the Marshall Islands.
Laupepa owned a "prized Samoan war club" – probably a Malietoa family anava heirloom – which he gave to the American consul William Churchill. This club was sought by the Bernice P. Bishop Museum in 1897 but was not relinquished by Churchill (Sorenson & Theroux 2005).
Laupepa, the Sā Tupua and foreign governments
Laupepa was crowned King of Samoa by the German Empire, American, and British consuls in March 1881. Curiously, the Tumua polities of Ātua and A‘ana did not accept Laupepa as king (even though they previously supported him against Malietoa Talavou Tonumaipe'a) and they subsequently set up their own government in Leulumoega with Tuiātua Tupua Tamasese Titimaea as their declared King of Samoa. War between Tamasese and Laupepa was declared but the Lackawanna Agreement, signed on July 12, 1881, maintained an uneasy peace. This treaty, mediated by US Navy Captain J.H. Gillis, upheld Laupepa's claim to the throne and named Titimaea as vice-king and Matā‘afa Iosefo as premier (Keesing 1934:68). King Laupepa protested the increasing German interference in Samoan politics and the Samoan government by petitioning Queen Victoria of Great Britain for protection in 1883 and again (twice) in November 1884. When German consul Weber learned of the petitions he banished Laupepa and his chiefs from Apia. The German consul Stuebel asserted his dominance over Laupepa's kingship in December 1885 when he ordered the removal of the national flag from Laupepa's base in Apia (Gilson 1970). The German consul placed Tuiātua Tupua Tamasese Titimaea in Laupepa's office and yet another war between the Sā Malietoa and Sā Tupua began in 1887. Districts and families were very often divided or remained neutral since so many leading chiefs were related to both clans.
Laupepa received a delegation from King Kalākaua of the Kingdom of Hawaii on January 7, 1887.
It was headed by John Edward Bush, and awarded the honorary decoration Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Star of Oceania the same day. The order had just been created for the heads of state for the proposed Polynesian empire.
On February 17, 1887, Laupepa signed the Deed of Federation allying his government to that of the Kingdom of Hawaii. The Hawaiians seemed to understand Samoan politics better than the Europeans since they also sought the signatures of the other tama‘āiga but the Germans prevented Matā‘afa and Tupua Tamasese from attesting the document. Laupepa did not appreciate the rowdiness of the Hawaiian delegation, but he hoped that the Polynesian Confederation would provide more than lip service to the Samoan cause. Support from the Hawaiian Kingdom never materialized and Laupepa was ultimately driven into hiding by the German-backed Sā Tupua army in August. Laupepa and some of his leading chiefs avoided capture for several weeks before turning themselves into the German authorities. German Captain Eugen Brandeis coerced Laupepa and others to formally recognize Titimaea as King of Samoa on September 15, 1887 (Gray 78–79) and then Laupepa was exiled on September 17, 1887.
The Germans, along with the Ta‘imua and Faipule, declared Tupua Tamasese Titimaea King of Samoa and by August 1888 Tamasese was calling himself both Malietoa and Tafa‘ifā. He gravely offended the Malietoa families because he did not in fact hold the Malietoa title. He added further insult by amassing Malietoa family fine-mats for himself. Matā‘afa Iosefo, who was the actual and , likewise took offense to Tamasese's audacious claim. With Laupepa in exile the Sā Malietoa was divided once again as to who should rightfully represent the Malietoa families. Some believed Tamasese's claim to the Malietoa was legitimate; others felt that Fa‘alataitaua (Talavou's son) was the rightful sa‘o; others saw Matā‘afa Iosefo as the legitimate contender. Mata'afa Iosefo [Faife‘au] eventually came to the forefront of the Malietoa title struggle and he seems to have obtained the Malietoa title in 1888 or 1889.
Matā‘afa – who was supported by Fa‘alataitaua and the Sā Talavou faction – managed to reconsolidate the Malietoa allies and led them against Tamasese Titimaea in August 1888. Matā‘afa's people refused to recognize Tamasese as king, especially Manono and Apolima. In response, the German gunship SMS Adler attacked Manono and Apolima on September 5, 1888 (Sorenson & Theroux 2005), three days before Matā‘afa Iosefo was declared King of Samoa at Fale‘ula. In mid-September, Matā‘afa's forces drove Tamasese's Ātua forces from Vaiala to Matafagatele (Vaimauga, Tuamasaga) and won the battle around 10 o’clock at night (Tuvale 45). Malietoa allies from Satupa'itea on Savaii island, raided and razed Leulumoega, the capital of A'ana, on September 20 and Matā‘afa's militias burned villages and plantations in Satapuala, Faleasiu, Fasito'o Uta, and other areas of A‘ana within a month of the Leulumoega victory. The people of Atua experienced the same fate when the newly refurbished Matā‘afa-Malietoa fleets from Manono and Fa'asaleleaga invaded the coastal villages of Tamasese's allies in Falefā, Faleapuna, Lufilufi and Sāluafata. By February 1889 Matā‘afa's personal army had swelled to about 6,000 warriors.
Malietoa Laupepa and Mata'afa Iosefo
At first, Germany refused to recognize Mata'afa Iosefo as ruler even though the Samoans in general recognized him as their king, and a leader of the itūmālō. Instead, Germany, Britain, and the United States signed the General Act of Berlin on June 14, 1889, which declared Laupepa king once again even though he was still in exile (Bevans 118).
When Laupepa returned to Samoa on November 8, 1889, he acknowledged Matā‘afa's right to the title and office which had both been acquired through war and the consent of the people. Peace existed for a time and both men were acknowledged as Malietoa titleholders and national leaders. However Laupepa was soon convinced by his chiefly colleagues to reclaim the kingship which the foreign powers and the Berlin Treaty had allotted him. On December 4, 1889, a fono (traditional council of Samoan leaders) was held in Lepea, Faleata and Laupepa's supporters (including several Tutuila chiefs) declared him King of Samoa. This declaration led to another division of the Sā Malietoa, this time between Laupepa-Sā Mōlī and Matā‘afa-Sā Talavou.
Under Sā Talavou sanction, Matā‘afa challenged Laupepa and the Sā Mōlī by establishing himself in Malie, the traditional government seat of the Malietoa chiefs, on May 31, 1891. Laupepa and his supporters moved in to occupy Mulinu‘u where Laupepa's government had been headquartered. Latter-day Saint missionary journals reveal that support from eastern ‘Upolu (Ātua) had rallied behind Matā‘afa (who was by this time the Tuiātua) in Malie and hundreds were arriving to offer their assistance. A similar show of support for Laupepa was witnessed on October 28, 1892 when “a hundred boats” arrived at Mulinu‘u bearing military support and provisions. Malietoa Laupepa eventually succeeded in ousting Matā‘afa from Malie toward the end of April 1893. Matā‘afa then “set up house” in Manono where he was designated “Tama Sā” through the title To‘oā, not to be confused with the title of the Malietoa (Tamasese 1995b:71).
The subsequent War of 1893 was won by Malietoa Laupepa in July of that year and Matā‘afa and other notable leaders were deported to Jaluit, Marshall Islands on July 26 of that year (Keesing 1934:72). Even though Matā‘afa had been deported, the factions that favored him over Laupepa continued in their opposition of King Laupepa. Malietoa Fa‘alataitaua assumed full leadership of the Sā Talavou in the absence of his ally, Matā‘afa. Matā‘afa's sanction as Malietoa was “washed out” through a desanctification ritual and the title then fell into dispute between the Sā Talavou (behind Malietoa Fa‘alataitaua) and the Sā Moli (led by Malietoa Laupepa).
Charles Morris Woodford was Acting British Consul and Deputy Commissioner in Apia from December 1894 to September 1895. His goal was for Samoa to be annexed by Great Britain, although the American Consul, J. A. Mulligan, was supporting Tupua Tamasese Lealofio-a’ana (Tupua Tamasese Lealofi I). Woodford arranged a reconciliation meeting between Laupepa and Lealofi-o-a’ana in 1895.
Malietoa Laupepa – and – died at 10 o’clock in the morning of August 22, 1898 and was succeeded by his son Malietoa Tanumafili I. The situation in Samoa further deteriorated after the death of Laupepa, which lead to the Second Samoan Civil War.
References
External links
Malietoa
1841 births
1898 deaths
Recipients of the Royal Order of the Star of Oceania
People from Fa'asaleleaga
First Samoan Civil War
1880s in Samoa
1890s in Samoa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malietoa%20Laupepa |
Ricky Alan Berry (October 6, 1964 – August 14, 1989) was an American professional basketball player in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Sacramento Kings.
Early life
Berry was born in Lansing, Michigan in 1964, when his father Bill Berry was a student-athlete at Michigan State University. The Berry family moved to the Sacramento, California area in 1966 when Bill Berry became head coach at a local high school and later Cosumnes River Junior College. Berry attended Live Oak High School in Morgan Hill, California, when his father became head coach at San Jose State in 1979.
Basketball career
Berry was and played small forward. After graduating from high school, he played for Oregon State in the 1983–84 season, and then transferred to San Jose State in 1984 to play under his father Bill Berry. After sitting out one year per transfer rules, Berry played for the San Jose State Spartans from 1985 to 1988. Berry was selected 18th overall in the 1988 NBA draft by the Sacramento Kings and had a solid rookie season, averaging 11.0 points, 3.1 rebounds, 1.3 assists while shooting 40.6 percent from three-point range.
Berry is one of only three former San Jose State players to have his jersey retired, when San Jose State retired his number 34 jersey.
Death
In the 1989 off-season, and just weeks before his 25th birthday, Berry was found dead after a self-inflicted gunshot. He had showed no signs of depression, but left a suicide note in which he reportedly wrote that his wife did not love him and was taking advantage of him.
Career statistics
NBA
Source
Regular season
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Sacramento
| 64 || 21 || 22.0 || .450 || .406 || .789 || 3.1 || 1.3 || .6 || .3 || 11.0
See also
List of basketball players who died during their careers
References
External links
Article about Ricky Berry's NBA signing (published August 3, 1988) at The New York Times
Article about Berry's suicide (published August 15, 1989) at The New York Times
'He was Reggie Miller with a handle': Thirty years ago, the NBA lost Ricky Berry (published August 14, 2019, Mark J. Spears) @ theundefeated.com
1964 births
1989 suicides
1989 deaths
American men's basketball players
Basketball players at the 1987 Pan American Games
Basketball players from Sacramento, California
Basketball players from Lansing, Michigan
Medalists at the 1987 Pan American Games
Oregon State Beavers men's basketball players
Pan American Games medalists in basketball
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
People from Fair Oaks, California
People from Morgan Hill, California
Basketball players from Santa Clara County, California
Sacramento Kings draft picks
Sacramento Kings players
San Jose State Spartans men's basketball players
Small forwards
Suicides by firearm in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky%20Berry |
Simon 'Presti' Prestigiacomo (born 31 January 1978) is a retired Australian rules footballer who played for the Collingwood Football Club in the Australian Football League.
Playing career
Early career: forward line
As a tall youngster that was capable as a strong forward that could also play in the midfield, Prestigiacomo was drafted from Research Junior Football Club at pick 10 in the 1995 AFL Draft. He was given guernsey number 35, made famous by Collingwood legend Peter Daicos.
He made his debut against the West Coast Eagles in Round 11, 1996. His form was good enough for him to play the final twelve games in his debut year.
In 1997 his career was threatened to be almost over after contracting glandular fever throughout the season. He only managed six matches. He also struggled during the 1998 season with shoulder injuries, playing ten games and kicking two goals for the year. However, it was during this season when then-Collingwood assistant coach Danny Frawley would give Prestigiacomo defensive roles during Collingwood reserves games.
Mid career: back line
In 1999, Prestigiacomo made a breakthrough in his career, as his solid work in defence proved himself to be a required player. In Round 2, 2000 he played his 50th AFL game. He performed well enough to finish equal third in the 2000 best and fairest, finishing behind winner Nathan Buckley and Tarkyn Lockyer. Between seasons 1999–2002, Prestigiacomo played in 86 matches for Collingwood, missing only five.
Prestigiacomo was a key performer in the Collingwood season of 2002, when the club reached the Grand Final. He played every game except one and was very heavily relied on as a stopping defender, and less-so as a rebounding defender, and played in Collingwood's Grand Final loss against Brisbane. In 2003 he injured his knee late in the season, but returned for the final series and once again played in the Magpies' losing Grand Final team.
Late career
Prestigiacomo struggled with injury in 2004, but returned to full fitness in 2005, playing twenty matches that season, including his 150th. He returned to his best form in 2006 and 2007, but missed the 2007 finals with injury. In 2008, at age 30, injuries and form kept him out of the team for almost the entire season, but he returned late in the season for two matches, including an elimination final win, but an arm injury kept him out of the semi-final.
In 2009, Prestigiacomo had arguably the best season of his career, in which he played every game, including his 200th on Anzac Day. He was named in the 40-man squad for the 2009 All-Australian team, but was not selected in the final team.
Prestigiacomo managed to play only 13 games in 2010. He missed the finals with injury, and although he had recovered enough to come into consideration for selection in the drawn Grand Final, he considered that he had not recovered enough and voluntarily ruled himself out of contention, a decision for which he was widely praised by fans and commentators.
Post-AFL
On 10 November 2010, Simon Prestigiacomo announced his retirement from the AFL after 233 games with Collingwood. Collingwood honoured Prestigiacomo, by having him unveil the 2010 Premiership Flag at the MCG in Round 3, 2011.
In 2011, Prestigiacomo played for West Preston Lakeside in the Northern Football League, alongside former Collingwood teammate, Anthony Rocca. He also played a once-off match for Bungaree in the Central Highlands Football League on Saturday 21 May against former teammate Shane O'Bree.
Matthew Richardson and Jonathan Brown are both quoted saying that Prestigiacomo is one of the hardest players they have ever had to play against.
References
External links
Simon Prestigiacomo at the Collingwood Football Club website
1978 births
Living people
Collingwood Football Club players
Australian people of Italian descent
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Northern Knights players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20Prestigiacomo |
is a 4-volume yuri manga series written and illustrated by author Satoshi Urushihara. The manga was originally serialized in Comic NORA in 1995, and later published in three bound volumes, which was re-released into two bound volumes in 2003. In 1997 Chirality was licensed for released in North America by Central Park Media. It was originally published as 18 issues between March 1997 and August 1998, as well as being released into four bound volumes from 1997 to 2000. The art was also flipped so that it would read left to right which was not an uncommon practice for manga released in Western Hemisphere at the time.
Plot
The story is set in a not too distant future, in which Earth has been overrun by a horrifying artificial virus. Mechanical parasites, mistakenly created in an attempt to advance technology, attach themselves to human spinal cords and turn their hosts into cyborgs, called GM. The Original GM were created by Gaia, a program designed by humans to regulate nature. Gaia malfunctioned and started creating their own GM. Currently, Gaia is repairing parts of it that were damaged, and once this is done, it will attempt to destroy the Earth.
Desperate to rid themselves of this technological terror, the remaining human survivors try to band together and learn to defend themselves against these android enemies.
Carol is an artificial being that was created specifically to save mankind. Unfortunately, in her youth she suffered greatly at the hands of the very humans she sought to save, and lost sight of her mission. Only through the kindness of one human girl named Shiori was Carol able to find her focus and a reason to save the world; for Shiori's sake.
The two reunite years later, as Carol saves Shiori from her friend Elena, who was tragically infected with the parasitic virus. Although Shiori doesn't remember Carol at first, Carol remembers Shiori and stops at nothing to protect her and express her love for her. Though Shiori is uncomfortable and embarrassed with Carol at first, she quickly grows to return her feelings. However, the two soon find out that their deep love isn't just a small matter between the two of them; it'll be a big factor in saving the entire world.
Characters
Carol
An artificial being that was created specifically to save mankind. Unfortunately, in her youth, she suffered greatly at the hands of the very humans she sought to save and lost sight of her mission. Due to the kindness of Shiori, a human girl, she now stops at nothing to protect her and express her love for her. Author notes say Carol chose to have a "male mentality" in order to fall in love with Shiori.
Her abilities include immunity to GM infestation, assuming a male form -which provides her with additional strength during battle-, and creating animals from her own body. She was implanted with many kinds of animal DNA, meant to restore the animal population. Since Carol is able to absorb DNA through physical contact, she has been able to donate organs to injured humans with no chance of rejection, since they are their organs.
Shiori
A human girl who showed kindness towards Carol, and becomes the one thing that Carol strives to protect. She is very brave and compassionate, very close to her family and friends, and wholeheartedly wishes to end the GM threat with Carol and her family. While not trained in combat, she doesn't usually panic in the middle of a battle, and has some skill with firearms.
Big (Vic in some versions)
Carol's robot companion and auxiliary weapon against the GM. Maintains a sort of telepathic contact with her, which proves decisive in their mission to take down Gaia. Big possesses superhuman strength and has a veritable arsenal of weapons hidden in his body.
Adam
An android like Carol, but with male genes. He was intended to protect Carol, but Mother, a program building him, was destroyed. Being left incomplete, he was eventually revived by Gaia, therefore making his mission from protecting Carol to having to kill her.
Patty
A medic who accompanies the Gaia expedition and knows of Shiori and Carol's relationship.
Shizuma
Shiori's older brother who's oblivious to Shiori and Carol's relationship.
References
External links
CPM Press
1995 manga
Romance anime and manga
Science fiction anime and manga
Seinen manga
Yuri (genre) anime and manga
1990s LGBT literature | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality%20%28manga%29 |
America's Test Kitchen (originally America's Test Kitchen from Cook's Illustrated Magazine) is a half-hour long cooking show broadcast by public television stations and Create and distributed by American Public Television. Originally hosted by Christopher Kimball, the program currently is co-hosted by Julia Collin Davison and Bridget Lancaster.
On the show, a handful of test cooks are filmed in a real, working test kitchen, including hosts Davison and Lancaster and chefs Keith Dresser, Becky Hayes, Lan Lam, Erin McMurrer, Elle Simone Scott, and Dan Souza. Also, Bryan Roof, Christie Morrison, Ashley Moore, Lawman Johnson, and Morgan Bolling
prepare recipes as they discuss what works, what doesn't, and why, highlighting the rigorous recipe testing process at the core of the test kitchen's mission. Equipment expert Adam Ried, gadget critic Lisa McManus, and tasting expert Jack Bishop help viewers understand what to look for when buying gear and ingredients.
The show is affiliated with America's Test Kitchen, publishers of Cook's Illustrated and Cook's Country magazines, and beginning in Season 19, the show is recorded at ATK's test kitchen facility at the Innovation and Design Building in Boston, Massachusetts.
On February 2, 2023, Marquee Brands became a majority owner of ATK (America's Test Kitchen Limited Partnership) and its associated brands, including Cook's Illustrated and Cook's Country.
On March 24, 2023, America’s Test Kitchen laid off 23 workers or about 10 percent of its staff. That included the entire team that worked on the ATK Kids brand.
Episode format
A typical episode of the show consists primarily of two or three recipes that are consistent with the theme of the episode. Each recipe is tested 40-60 times before appearing on the show or in the books, at an average cost of $10,000; they also have a network of 35,000 people who have volunteered to test them. For broadcast, each recipe is presented by a test cook to one of the hosts, Julia Collin Davison or Bridget Lancaster, who walk through recipe steps, explain common problems that can occur when cooking it, and explain how to cook it the right way by sharing discoveries made during the testing and the science behind the recipe using instructional graphics. Periodically throughout the episode, other segments are inserted, usually consisting of two or more of the following:
An Equipment-Testing segment, where Adam Ried reviews kitchen equipment and explains the best product to buy.
A Tasting Lab segment, where an ingredient or several representative supermarket brands of a prepared food product is run through expert and audience tasting panels and taste-tested by one of the hosts
A Science Desk segment, discussing the science behind a pertinent technique used in the recipe
A Quick Tips segment, demonstrating tips and tricks from Cook's Illustrated magazine and viewers' emails and letters
A Gadget Expert segment, where Lisa McManus reviews and ranks smaller kitchen gadgets
Through season 6 the show was taped in standard definition, 4:3 video; season 7 saw the show switch to widescreen 16:9 video. The high definition version of the show is broadcast as part of PBS HD's master digital schedule, and by some PBS affiliates as part of their normal schedules.
During recording, 26 episodes are videotaped during a three-week period. Six recipes are recorded per day, and there are two recipes demonstrated per episode.
Cast
America's Test Kitchen features several recurring cast members, although not every cast member appears in each episode.
Julia Collin Davison (identified on-screen before season 7 as "Julia Collin"), Bridget Lancaster, Kay Rentschler, Rebecca "Becky" Hays, Sandra Wu, Yvonne Ruperti, J. Kenji Alt (now J. Kenji Lopez-Alt), Erika Bruce, Bryan Roof and Dan Souza are the chefs who explain and prepare the recipes in each episode as Kimball watches and comments.
Yvonne Ruperti and J. Kenji Lopez-Alt departed the company in 2009 and 2011 respectively; Christopher Kimball, ATK co-founder, editor and publisher, who appeared from the show's inception through 2016, parted ways with the company and the show in the fall of that year over a contract dispute.
Usually only one or two of the chefs will appear in an episode. Collin Davison, Lancaster and Rentschler appeared as regular cast members on season 1. Since, Rentschler moved to the positions of Culinary Producer and Executive Chef by season 2 and appeared in only one episode that season, before leaving the show by Season 3. Hays joined the permanent cast in season 5, Bruce, Wu, and Ruperti each appear for a single season (seasons 5, 6, and 8, respectively), and Alt appears in seasons 7 and 8. All are prominent recipe testers or editors in Cook's Illustrated.
Beginning in season 5, Cook's Illustrated staff chefs Hays, Bruce, Jeremy Sauer, and Matthew Card appeared in segments answering common viewer mail questions. Hays, Bruce, and Sauer joined the on-camera cast for season 6; Hays moved into credited cast member status beginning in season 7. Roof and Souza were added to the regular cast starting season 15.
Christopher Kimball, the show's host for seasons 1–16, was the co-founder, editor and publisher of America's Test Kitchen and its associated magazine, book, television and radio programs from their inception through 2016. Kimball and ATK parted company in the fall of 2016 over a contract dispute.
Julia Collin Davison, executive food editor for the cookbook division, took over as co-host of America's Test Kitchen alongside Bridget Lancaster with the start of season 17 in January 2017 and took over Kimball's role in introducing the recipes featured in each episode. Collin Davison appeared in most episodes of ATK seasons 1–16, but was to appear in all upcoming episodes thereafter. Collin Davison continues cooking selected recipes on each episode with the help of others.
Bridget Lancaster, executive food editor for television, radio and new media, appeared as a regular cast member in seasons 1–16 and joins Julia Collin Davison as host in all episodes beginning in season 17. Lancaster will also continue to cook through select recipes on upcoming episodes alongside other cast members.
Jack Bishop, Chief Creative Officer for ATK, appears in most episodes hosting the Tasting Lab segment. In the Tasting Lab, he describes a tasting panel's opinions on different brands of the food or ingredient in question, as Kimball, Lancaster or Davison tastes several of the items blind. After Kimball, Lancaster or Collin Davison provides his or her thoughts on the different varieties, Bishop reveals the brands that Kimball, Lancaster or Collin Davison tasted and compares his or her thoughts to those of the tasting panel. Bishop and Kimball frequently refer to a running joke that Kimball's tastes are often vastly different from the tasting panel's; as an example, in a segment tasting bottled waters, Kimball picked Boston tap water over all the brands of bottled water. Bishop also hosts the Cook's Illustrated podcast.
Dan Souza is editor-in-chief of Cook's Illustrated magazine.
Adam Ried appears in most episodes as the host of the Equipment Corner segment. In his segment, he shows several brands of a piece of kitchen equipment and often asks Kimball, Lancaster or Collin Davison to use several of the items or eat food prepared with different brands. In the end, he identifies the test kitchen's preferred brand and demonstrates its key features. For particularly expensive items, he often identifies a best buy: an item that was ranked highly but is significantly less expensive than the top brand. Throughout the show's run, items previously tested in other seasons have been retested as technology changes warrant; for instance, in season 8, garlic presses were retested due to the failure of the non-stick coating on the previous winning brand after heavy usage, and a new favorite brand was chosen. Occasionally the Equipment Corner segment does not focus on a single piece of equipment; instead, a "buy it/don't buy it" format is used to pick the best items among newer, trendier kitchen gadgets. One of Ried's favorite "buy it" gadgets was a timer that came with its own lanyard so cooks could wear it around their necks and not have to be in visual range of the oven timer; Ried revealed, however, that the timer was normally used to stay one step ahead of local traffic law enforcers by signaling that it was time to feed the meter or move the car.
Lisa McManus first appeared as the show's gadget expert in season 10, reviewing smaller kitchen gadgets in short segments. She is executive editor on the ATK Reviews team, which conducts equipment testing and ingredient tasting reviews at America's Test Kitchen.
John "Doc" Willoughby hosted the Science Desk segment in the show's first two seasons but was gradually phased out during season 3. After he became executive editor of Gourmet magazine, there was no Science Desk segment for two seasons. Willoughby returned to America's Test Kitchen in 2010, though he left again.
Odd Todd (Todd Rosenberg) designs animations for the Science Desk segment, illustrating such concepts as flambé, brining, marinating vs. dry spice rubs, and whether plastic or wooden cutting boards are better for overall kitchen hygiene. His segments made their debut in season 5 but were replaced by non-animated segments with Jeremy Sauer in season 6. The animations returned for season 7, interspersed with non-animated science segments done by Kimball and Sauer.
Guy Crosby is the science adviser for America's Test Kitchen. He began working for Cook's Illustrated as a consulting editor in early 2005.
Rebecca "Becky" Hays, Dan Souza, Keith Dresser, Elle Simone, Erin McMurrer and Lan Lam are the chefs who explain and prepare the recipes in each episode as the host watches and comments. Usually only one or two of the chefs will appear in an episode. Collin Davison, Lancaster and Rentschler appeared as regular cast members on season 1. Since, Rentschler moved to the positions of Culinary Producer and Executive Chef by season 2 and appeared in only one episode that season, before leaving the show by Season 3. Hays joined the permanent cast in season 5, Bruce, Wu, and Ruperti each appear for a single season (seasons 5, 6, and 8, respectively), and Alt appears in seasons 7 and 8. All are prominent recipe testers or editors in Cook's Illustrated. Beginning in season 5, Cook's Illustrated staff chefs Hays, Bruce, Jeremy Sauer, and Matthew Card appeared in segments answering common viewer mail questions. Hays, Bruce, and Sauer joined the on-camera cast for season 6; Hays moved into credited cast member status beginning in season 7. Souza and Bryan Roof were added to the regular cast starting season 15. Chin, Dresser and Simone were added to the regular cast starting season 17. Also during Season 17, McMurrer and Roof traded places, with McMurrer moving from the cast of sister show Cook's Country to America's Test Kitchen and Roof moving from the America's Test Kitchen cast to Cook's Country. Lan Lam has been added to the cast in season 19 while Tim Chin left the rotation.
Episodes
Other media
Books
Radio shows
Awards
References
External links
America's Test Kitchen Online Cooking School
Cook's Illustrated
Cook's Country
Cook's Science
2000s American cooking television series
2001 American television series debuts
2010s American cooking television series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s%20Test%20Kitchen |
Michael Gray may refer to:
Sportspeople
Mike Gray (Canadian football) (born 1960), Canadian Football League player
Michael Gray (footballer) (born 1974), English footballer
Others
Michael Gray (DJ) (born 1966), British DJ and house music producer
Michael Gray (actor) (born 1951), American actor
Michael Gray (author) (born 1946), author of books on popular music, in particular Bob Dylan
Michael Gray (British Army officer) (1932–2011)
Michael Gray (game designer), American game designer
Michael John Gray (born 1976), Arkansas politician
Mike Gray (1935–2013), American screenwriter
Mike Wingate Gray (1921–1995), British Army officer
Michael Gray, character in Peaky Blinders
See also
Michael Joaquin Grey (born 1961), American artist, inventor, and toy designer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Gray |
The Wilks coefficient or Wilks formula is a mathematical coefficient that can be used to measure the relative strengths of powerlifters despite the different weight classes of the lifters. Robert Wilks, CEO of Powerlifting Australia, is the author of the formula.
Equation
Original version
The following equation is used to calculate the Wilks coefficient:
where is the body weight of the lifter in kilograms.
The total weight lifted (in kg) is multiplied by the coefficient to find the standard amount lifted, normalised across all body weights.
2020 version
The formula was updated in March 2020 to allow for a rebalancing of coefficients, with men and women's performances better aligned and the extreme bodyweight classes brought into better balance with the middle bodyweight classes.
where is the body weight of the lifter in kilograms.
The total weight lifted (in kg) is multiplied by the coefficient to find the standard amount lifted, normalised across all body weights.
Validity
One journal article has been written on the topic of Wilks formula validation. Based on the men's and women's world record holders and the top two performers for each event in the IPF's 1996 and 1997 World Championships (a total of 30 men and 27 women for each lift), it concluded:
There is no bias for men's or women's bench press and total.
There is a favorable bias toward intermediate weight class lifters in the women's squat with no bias for men's squat.
There is a linear unfavorable bias toward heavier men and women in the deadlift.
Example
The main function of the Wilks formula is involved in powerlifting contests. It is used to identify the best lifters across the different body-weight categories and can also be used to compare male and female lifters as there are formulas for both sexes. First, second and third places on the winner's podium within their own age, bodyweight and gender classes are awarded to the competitors who lift the most weight respectively. Where two lifters in a class achieve the same combined total lifted weight, the lighter lifter is determined the winner.
The Wilks formula comes into play when comparing and determining overall champions across the different categories. The formula can also be used in team and handicap competitions where the team includes lifters of significantly varying bodyweights. The Wilks formula, like its predecessors (the O'Carroll and Schwartz formulas), was set up to address the imbalances whereby lighter lifters tend to have a greater Power-to-weight ratio, with lighter lifters tending to lift more weight in relation to their own body-weight. This occurs for a number of reasons relating to simple physics, the nature of the makeup and limitations of the human skeletal and muscular system as well as the shorter leverages of smaller people. Note the totals section and that lighter lifters below 100 kg body-weight achieve totals in excess of ten times bodyweight whereas heavier lifters do not. The Wilks system is primarily a handicapping process that provides an adjusted statistical method to compare all lifters of varying classes and groups on an equal standing and makes allowances for the disparities.
According to this setup, a male athlete weighing 320 pounds and lifting a total of 1400 pounds would have a normalised lift weight of 353.0, and a lifter weighing 200 pounds and lifting a total of 1000 pounds (the sum of their highest successful attempts at the squat, bench, and deadlift) would have a normalised lift weight of 288.4. Thus the 320-pound lifter would win this competition. Notably, the lighter lifter is actually stronger for his body-weight, with a total of 5 times his own weight, while the heavier lifter could only manage 4.375 times his own bodyweight. In this way, the Wilks Coefficient places a greater emphasis on absolute strength, rather than ranking lifters solely based on the relative strength of the lifter compared to body-weight. This creates an even playing field between light and heavyweight lifters—the lighter lifters tend to have a higher relative strength level in comparison to the heavyweight lifters, who tend to have a greater amount of absolute strength.
Alternatives
While Wilks coefficient was used in the IPF up until the end of 2018, other federations use other coefficients or they even made one of their own like NASA. The switch by IPF comes at a time where Olympic Weightlifting Federation (IWF) decided in June 2018 to change from the existing Sinclair coefficient to Robi Points. Former IWF Technology Director Robert Nagy developed the Robi Points system. The Robi Points are calculated based on the actual World Records in the category and the point value of a result equal to a World Record is the same (1000 points) in all bodyweight categories
Alternatives are Glossbrenner coefficient (WPC), Reshel coefficient (GPC, GPA, WUAP, IRP), Outstanding Lifter (OL) or NASA coefficient (NASA), Schwartz/Malone coefficient and Siff coefficient.
While all coefficients take into account gender and body weight difference there are some that also take into account age difference. For cadet and junior age group Foster coefficient is used and for master age group (40yo and above) McCulloch or Reshel coefficient.
See also
Sinclair coefficient
References
External links
Online wilks calculator with lbs- and kg-based calculation
1RM & Wilks Points Calculator
Comparison of all used powerlifting coefficients
Sports terminology
Powerlifting
Weightlifting | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilks%20coefficient |
John Arnold Offerdahl (born August 17, 1964) is an American former professional football player who spent his entire eight-year career as an inside linebacker for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Western Michigan Broncos, before being selected by the Dolphins with the 52nd pick of the 1986 draft.
While at WMU, Offerdahl set school records in tackles and recovered fumbles, making the All Mid-American Conference first-team his last three years, the Associated Press All American third-team his junior year, and the All American second-team his senior year. In his professional career, Offerdahl was selected for the Pro Bowl in each of his first five years in the league, and was a two-time All-Pro; in 1986 as a second-team selection and in 1990 as a first-team selection.
While still playing, Offerdahl opened a chain of bagel restaurants called Offerdahl's Bagel Gourmet, before selling the franchise in 1995. In 2000, he started a second franchise, Offerdahl's Cafe Grill.
Early life
John Offerdahl was born in Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin, on August 17, 1964, to Arnold and Irene Offerdahl. His mother was a teacher, first of art and later of furniture refinishing. He has four older sisters, Mary, Ruth, Susan, and Sarah.
After graduating from Fort Atkinson High School, Offerdahl received a partial football scholarship by Western Michigan University, the only Division I team to make him an offer. WMU noticed Offerdahl while scouting his teammate Jerry Quaerna. The scholarship became a full scholarship after Offerdahl impressed the coaching staff in early practices. Offerdahl stayed at WMU for four years – from the 1982 through 1985 seasons – and majored in biomedicine. He started every game over that time.
While at WMU, Offerdahl recorded 694 career tackles, a school record. In addition to the career record, he set the school's single-season record with 192 tackles during his sophomore year. He led the Mid-American Conference in tackles his sophomore, junior, and senior years, and was second in the conference his freshman year. He also forced 17 fumbles during his time at WMU, recovering a school record of 8.
Offerdahl was named a third-team All American by the Associated Press in 1984, and second-team All American in 1985. He made the all-conference first-team in each of his last three years, and was the conference Defensive Player of the Year in his senior year. Western Michigan University retired his jersey number in 1995 and inducted Offerdahl into its Hall of Fame a year later. He was inducted into the Mid-American Conference Hall of Fame in 2013.
Professional career
Offerdahl was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the second round in the 1986 NFL Draft. The Dolphins did not have a first-round pick, making Offerdahl their first selection of the draft, and the draft's 52nd overall. Originally considered a middle or late-round pick, Offerdahl's draft stock skyrocketed during the Senior Bowl, which saw him put on an impressive performance against Heisman Trophy-winning running back Bo Jackson. His Senior Bowl highlights included two stops at the goal line during the same drive, one of which was an acrobatic move that stopped Jackson in mid-air. Offerdahl was taken to reinforce a struggling Dolphins defense, which held the 23rd-overall rank in the previous season.
In his rookie year, Offerdahl was the Dolphins' starting right inside linebacker. As with his rookie year in college, he impressed the coaching staff early in the preseason; he was named the starter 10 days after joining training camp, and had twice as many tackles as any of his teammates after the first three preseason games. Although the Dolphins had an 8–8 season, Offerdahl impressed individually. He was selected for the Pro Bowl and was named a second-team All-Pro by the Associated Press after recording 130 tackles, two sacks, and an interception in 15 games. He also shared the Pro Football Weekly/Pro Football Writers Association's Defensive Rookie of the Year Award with the San Diego Chargers' Leslie O'Neal.
In his second season, which was shortened by a players' strike, Offerdahl was limited to nine starts due to injury. Despite the reduction in playing time, he recorded sacks and was invited back to the Pro Bowl. His third season was the first in which he played in all 16 games. He had two interceptions – the most in a season during his professional career – as well as his career's only fumble recovery and a half-sack, on the way to his third consecutive Pro Bowl appearance.
Offerdahl spent the first 81 days of the 1989 season, his fourth in the league, in a contract holdout. Veteran player Barry Krauss was brought into the Dolphins at the beginning of the season to play the right inside linebacker position while Offerdahl held out. Instead of displacing Krauss, Offerdahl was moved to the left inside linebacker position upon his return. Offerdahl played 10 games and started 8, recording sacks, and was invited to the Pro Bowl for a fourth time.
The 1990 season is considered one of Offerdahl's best. Continuing at left inside linebacker, Offerdahl started all sixteen regular-season games, leading the team in tackles and contributing a sack and an interception for a 28-yard return, the longest in his career. He was invited to a fifth consecutive Pro Bowl and was named a first-team All-Pro.
Injuries plagued Offerdahl's last three years in the league, including bicep, shoulder, and hamstring injuries in his final season. Between 1991 and 1993, he played in 6, 8, and 9 regular-season games respectively, although in all but one of those games he was a starter. Returning to the right inside linebacker position, he recorded sacks in each of the 1991 and 1992 seasons, and none in 1993. Including the Dolphins' two games in the 1992 playoffs, Offerdahl played in 24 out of a possible 50 games, during which time they went 14–3 when he was fully fit, and 15–18 when he was playing through injury or inactive. He retired after the 1993 season, walking away from a contract worth up to $2.5 million for the year after struggling in a 1994 preseason game at only 31 years of age.
In October 2013, Offerdahl was added to the Dolphins' Ring of Honor, an honor roll permanently displayed inside of the team's stadium. He joined the 1972 undefeated team and 24 other players as a member of the Ring.
Business ventures
In 1990, while still playing for the Dolphins, Offerdahl opened a bagel store, Offerdahl's Bagel Gourmet, in Weston, Florida. It would become the first of 10 locations. In 1995, Offerdahl merged with three other bagel retailers to form Einstein Bros. Bagels, a national chain. He stayed with the company for just over a year as the Vice President of Operations for Florida, and was a member of the board until 1997. In the aftermath of Hurricane Andrew in 1992, Offerdahl's Bagel Gourmet, then with three locations, produced 6,000 bagels to distribute to people that lost their homes in the storm.
In 2000, he again entered the restaurant business, opening Offerdahl's Café Grill, a chain of casual restaurants. According to Katie Sharp and Louis Bien of SB Nation, Offerdahl – while not alone as an athlete-turned restaurateur – is one of only a few to focus on healthy food. As of December 2015, there are six Offerdahl's Café Grill locations; four in Broward County and one in each of Miami-Dade and Palm Beach counties. Offerdahl's bagels eventually was sold and merged with Einstein Bros. Bagels. Offerdahl's Café Grill is now called Offerdahl's Off the Grill.
Personal
Offerdahl lives in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, with his wife, Lynn. The couple have three children, Alexandra, Drew, and Jameson.
In his final season with the Dolphins, Offerdahl received the Ed Block Courage Award, an NFL-wide award for humanitarian work. He also received the Nat Moore Community Service Award, a Miami Dolphins-specific award for community engagement, in 1989, 1990, and 1993. He is the chairperson of the National Christian Foundation of South Florida. He holds an annual charity event in Pompano Beach, Florida, called the Gridiron Grill-off Food, Wine, & Tailgate Festival.
In 1993, while recovering from a bicep injury during the preseason, Offerdahl and four others rescued an elderly couple whose car was knocked into a pond after being hit by another car. After rescuing the passenger, Offerdahl dived into the pond repeatedly in an effort to free the driver, and was ultimately successful in doing so.
In 2009, Offerdahl and his son approached two men acting suspiciously outside of the house of neighbor Bernice Novack; the men fled and Offerdahl and his son were unable to catch them. Novack was later murdered; it is believed that one of those two men was the killer and that Offerdahl's intervention foiled a first attempt at Novack's life.
References
External links
MAC HOF BIO
1964 births
Living people
American football linebackers
Miami Dolphins players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
Western Michigan Broncos football players
Players of American football from Wisconsin
People from Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin
American restaurateurs
Sigma Alpha Epsilon members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Offerdahl |
Information ethics has been defined as "the branch of ethics that focuses on the relationship between the creation, organization, dissemination, and use of information, and the ethical standards and moral codes governing human conduct in society". It examines the morality that comes from information as a resource, a product, or as a target. It provides a critical framework for considering moral issues concerning informational privacy, moral agency (e.g. whether artificial agents may be moral), new environmental issues (especially how agents should behave in the infosphere), problems arising from the life-cycle (creation, collection, recording, distribution, processing, etc.) of information (especially ownership and copyright, digital divide, and digital rights). It is very vital to understand that librarians, archivists, information professionals among others, really understand the importance of knowing how to disseminate proper information as well as being responsible with their actions when addressing information.
Information ethics has evolved to relate to a range of fields such as computer ethics, medical ethics, journalism and the philosophy of information. As the use and creation of information and data form the foundation of machine learning, artificial intelligence and many areas of mathematics, information ethics also plays a central role in the ethics of artificial intelligence, big data ethics and ethics in mathematics.
History
The term information ethics was first coined by Robert Hauptman and used in the book Ethical Challenges in Librarianship.
The field of information ethics has a relatively short but progressive history having been recognized in the United States for nearly 20 years. The origins of the field are in librarianship though it has now expanded to the consideration of ethical issues in other domains including computer science, the internet, media, journalism, management information systems, and business.
Evidence of scholarly work on this subject can be traced to the 1980s, when an article authored by Barbara J. Kostrewski and Charles Oppenheim and published in the Journal of Information Science, discussed issues relating to the field including confidentiality, information biases, and quality control. Another scholar, Robert Hauptman, has also written extensively about information ethics in the library field and founded the Journal of Information Ethics in 1992.
One of the first schools to introduce an Information Ethics course was the University of Pittsburgh in 1990. The course was a master's level course on the concept of Information Ethics. Soon after, Kent State University also introduced a master's level course called "Ethical Concerns For Library and Information Professionals." Eventually, the term "Information Ethics" became more associated with the computer science and information technology disciplines in university. Still however, it is uncommon for universities to devote entire courses to the subject. Due to the nature of technology, the concept of information ethics has spread to other realms in the industry. Thus, concepts such as "cyberethics," a concept which discusses topics such as the ethics of artificial intelligence and its ability to reason, and media ethics which applies to concepts such as lies, censorship, and violence in the press. Therefore, due to the advent of the internet, the concept of information ethics has been spread to other fields other than librarianship now that information has become so readily available. Information has become more relevant now than ever now that the credibility of information online is more blurry than print articles due to the ease of publishing online articles. All of these different concepts have been embraced by the International Center for Information Ethics (ICIE), established by Rafael Capurro in 1999.
Dilemmas regarding the life of information are becoming increasingly important in a society that is defined as "the information society". The explosion of so much technology has brought information ethics to a forefront in ethical considerations. Information transmission and literacy are essential concerns in establishing an ethical foundation that promotes fair, equitable, and responsible practices. Information ethics broadly examines issues related to ownership, access, privacy, security, and community. It is also concerned with relational issues such as "the relationship between information and the good of society, the relationship between information providers and the consumers of information".
Information technology affects common issues such as copyright protection, intellectual freedom, accountability, privacy, and security. Many of these issues are difficult or impossible to resolve due to fundamental tensions between Western moral philosophies (based on rules, democracy, individual rights, and personal freedoms) and the traditional Eastern cultures (based on relationships, hierarchy, collective responsibilities, and social harmony). The multi-faceted dispute between Google and the government of the People's Republic of China reflects some of these fundamental tensions.
Professional codes offer a basis for making ethical decisions and applying ethical solutions to situations involving information provision and use which reflect an organization's commitment to responsible information service. Evolving information formats and needs require continual reconsideration of ethical principles and how these codes are applied. Considerations regarding information ethics influence "personal decisions, professional practice, and public policy". Therefore, ethical analysis must provide a framework to take into consideration "many, diverse domains" (ibid.) regarding how information is distributed.
Censorship
Censorship is an issue commonly involved in the discussion of information ethics because it describes the inability to access or express opinions or information based on the belief it is bad for others to view this opinion or information. Sources that are commonly censored include books, articles, speeches, art work, data, music and photos. Censorship can be perceived both as ethical and non-ethical in the field of information ethics.
Those who believe censorship is ethical say the practice prevents readers from being exposed to offensive and objectionable material. Topics such as sexism, racism, homophobia, and anti-semitism are present in public works and are widely seen as unethical in the public eye. There is concern regarding the exposure of these topics to the world, especially the young generation. The Australian Library Journal states proponents for censorship in libraries, the practice of librarians deciphering which books/ resources to keep in their libraries, argue the act of censorship is an ethical way to provide information to the public that is considered morally sound, allowing positive ethics instead of negative ethics to be dispersed. According to the same journal, librarians have an "ethical duty" to protect the minds, particularly young people, of those who read their books through the lens of censorship to prevent the readers from adopting the unethical ideas and behaviors portrayed in the books.
However, others in the field of information ethics argue the practice of censorship is unethical because it fails to provide all available information to the community of readers. British philosopher John Stuart Mill argued censorship is unethical because it goes directly against the moral concept of utilitarianism. Mill believes humans are unable to have true beliefs when information is withheld from the population via censorship and acquiring true beliefs without censorship leads to greater happiness. According to this argument, true beliefs and happiness (of which both concepts are considered ethical) cannot be obtained through the practice of censorship. Librarians and others who disperse information to the public also face the dilemma of the ethics of censorship through the argument that censorship harms students and is morally wrong because they are unable to know the full extent of knowledge available to the world. The debate of information ethics in censorship was highly contested when schools removed information about evolution from libraries and curriculums due to the topic conflicting with religious beliefs. In this case, advocates against ethics in censorship argue it is more ethical to include multiple sources information on a subject, such as creation, to allow the reader to learn and decipher their beliefs.
Ethics of downloading
Illegal downloading has also caused some ethical concerns and raised the question whether digital piracy is equivalent to stealing or not. When asked the question "Is it ethical to download copyrighted music for free?" in a survey, 44 percent of a group of primarily college-aged students responded "Yes."
Christian Barry believes that understanding illegal downloading as equivalent to common theft is problematic, because clear and morally relevant differences can be shown "between stealing someone’s handbag and illegally downloading a television series". On the other hand, he thinks consumers should try to respect intellectual property unless doing so imposes unreasonable cost on them.
In an article titled "Download This Essay: A Defence of Stealing Ebooks", Andrew Forcehimes argues that the way we think about copyrights is inconsistent, because every argument for (physical) public libraries is also an argument for illegally downloading ebooks and every argument against downloading ebooks would also be an argument against libraries. In a reply, Sadulla Karjiker argues that "economically, there is a material difference between permitting public libraries making physical books available and allowing such online distribution of ebooks." Ali Pirhayati has proposed a thought experiment based on a high-tech library to neutralize the magnitude problem (suggested by Karjiker), and justify Forcehimes’ main idea.
Security and privacy
Ethical concerns regarding international security, surveillance, and the right to privacy are on the rise. The issues of security and privacy commonly overlap in the field of information, due to the interconnectedness of online research and the development of Information Technology (IT). Some of the areas surrounding security and privacy are identity theft, online economic transfers, medical records, and state security. Companies, organizations, and institutions use databases to store, organize, and distribute user's information—with or without their knowledge.
Individuals are far more likely to part with personal information when it seems that they will have some sort of control over the use of the information or if the information is given to an entity that they already have an established relationship with. In these specific circumstances, subjects will be much inclined to believe that their information has been collected for pure collection's sake. An entity may also be offering goods or services in exchange for the client's personal information. This type of collection method may seem valuable to a user due to the fact that the transaction appears to be free in the monetary sense. This forms a type of social contract between the entity offering the goods or services and the client. The client may continue to uphold their side of the contract as long as the company continues to provide them with a good or service that they deem worthy. The concept of procedural fairness indicates an individual's perception of fairness in a given scenario. Circumstances that contribute to procedural fairness are providing the customer with the ability to voice their concerns or input, and control over the outcome of the contract. Best practice for any company collecting information from customers is to consider procedural fairness. This concept is a key proponent of ethical consumer marketing and is the basis of United States Privacy Laws, the European Union's privacy directive from 1995, and the Clinton Administration's June 1995 guidelines for personal information use by all National Information Infrastructure participants. An individual being allowed to remove their name from a mailing list is considered a best information collecting practice. In a few Equifax surveys conducted in the years 1994–1996, it was found that a substantial amount of the American public was concerned about business practices using private consumer information, and that is causes more harm than good. Throughout the course of a customer-company relationship, the company can likely accumulate a plethora of information from its customer. With data processing technology flourishing, it allows for the company to make specific marketing campaigns for each of their individual customers. Data collection and surveillance infrastructure has allowed companies to micro-target specific groups and tailor advertisements for certain populations.
Medical records
A recent trend of medical records is to digitize them. The sensitive information secured within medical records makes security measures vitally important. The ethical concern of medical record security is great within the context of emergency wards, where any patient records can be accessed at all times. Within an emergency ward, patient medical records need to be available for quick access; however, this means that all medical records can be accessed at any moment within emergency wards with or without the patient present.
Ironically, the donation of one's body organs "to science" is easier in most western jurisdictions than donating one's medical records for research.
International security
Warfare has also changed the security of countries within the 21st Century. After the events of 9-11 and other terrorism attacks on civilians, surveillance by states raises ethical concerns of the individual privacy of citizens. The USA PATRIOT Act 2001 is a prime example of such concerns. Many other countries, especially European nations within the current climate of terrorism, is looking for a balancing between stricter security and surveillance, and not committing the same ethical concerns associated with the USA Patriot Act. International security is moving to towards the trends of cybersecurity and unmanned systems, which involve the military application of IT. Ethical concerns of political entities regarding information warfare include the unpredictability of response, difficulty differentiating civilian and military targets, and conflict between state and non-state actors.
Journals
The main, peer-reviewed, academic journals reporting on information ethics are the Journal of the Association for Information Systems, the flagship publication of the Association for Information Systems, and Ethics and Information Technology, published by Springer.
Branches
Bioinformatics
Business ethics
Computer ethics
Cyberethics
Information ecology
Library Bill of Rights
Media ethics
Notes
Further reading
Floridi, Luciano (2013). The Ethics of Information. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Froehlich, Thomas (2017). "A Not-So-Brief Account of Current Information Ethics: The Ethics of Ignorance, Missing Information, Misinformation, Disinformation and Other Forms of Deception or Incompetence". BiD: textos universitaris de biblioteconomia i documentacio. Num. 39.
Himma, Kenneth E.; and Tavani, Herman T. (eds.) (2008). The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc..
Moore, Adam D. ed (2005). "Information Ethics: Privacy, Property, and Power", University of Washington Press.
Spinello, Richard A.; and Herman T. Tavani (eds.) (2004). Readings in Cyberethics, second ed. Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
Tavani, Herman T. (2004). Ethics & Technology: Ethical Issues in an Age of Information and Communication Technology. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc..
External links
IRIE, The International Review of Information Ethics
Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility
IEG, the Information Ethics research Group at Oxford University
Information Ethicist
International Center for Information Ethics
Computing and society
Ethics of science and technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20ethics |
Paul Duchesnay (born 31 July 1961 in Metz) is a retired ice dancer who represented France for most of his career. With his sister Isabelle Duchesnay, he is the 1991 World champion and the 1992 Olympic silver medalist.
Career
The Duchesnays started skating at an early age in Canada in pairs. Their first major success came at the 1982 Canadian Nationals, where they placed second in the junior competition. After a serious accident where Isabelle hit her head, they switched to ice dancing. Over time, the Duchesnays’ skating became more innovative and revolutionary with help from 1984 Olympic champion Christopher Dean. After Skate Canada criticized their skating, they decided to leave the Canadian team. Writer Ellyn Kestnbaum states, about Dean's choreography of the Duchesnays' programs: "Once Dean began to choreograph their programs in 1988, they introduced a whole new range of meanings to the issue of a man and woman skating together on the ice". In 1985, they began skating for their mother's homeland, France. They were coached by Martin Skotnicky, based out of Oberstdorf, Germany. They also switched teams because they felt they were not progressing as quickly as they thought they should in Canada.
The Duchesnays’ 1988 Winter Olympics programs were considered unusual. Their free dance, a jungle-inspired dance set to drums, was not well received by judges and they finished eighth overall. Kestnbaum states that although the Duchesnays were not expected to win a gold medal at the Olympics so early in their career, their "novelty and the originality of their style made an impression". It was reported that the spectators in Calgary enjoyed the free skating program, which was described as a "comedic, melodramatic tango", as well as "percussive" and "tribal", the judges' disparate scores, however, demonstrated that they did not know what to make of the program. Despite the judges’ reactions, the Duchesnays continued skating in their unusual and innovative style. They placed third and second in the 1989 and 1990 World Championships, respectively.
The Duchesnays came in second place at the 1991 European Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria. Kestnbam calls their free dance program "controversial". They both wore blue-violet trousers and shirts; Isabelle Duchesnay wore her hair french-braided against her head, which emulated Paul Duchesnay's shorter curls. The choreography was focused on the theme of mirror images. As Kestnbaum states, "It was not always possible to distinguish which skater was Paul and which was Isabelle". Kestnbaum goes on to state, "All markers of difference seem to have been suppressed in service of the mirror image theme; the skaters' bodies are gendered as neutral". Additionally, the Duchesnays' choice of trousers for both skaters pushed the gender neutrality depicted in the program towards maleness because female skaters did not typically wear trousers; Kestnbaum stated that it depicted Isabelle Duchesnay as "cross-dressed on the ice", which Kestnbaum called an "instant of transvestitism" that "profoundly disturbed the skating world, so accustomed to perceiving male/female differences as a given". Their program did not go well with the judges; according to Christopher Dean, who choreographed the program, they were told that they had no hope of winning the Worlds Championships with it because it was too contemporary and avant-garde. According to Kestnbaum, the Duchesnays' experimentation influenced other ice dancers, which resisted the ballroom origins of ice dancing. The gender dynamics in their programs, due to their status as siblings, also resisted the "traditional clichés" of the sport.
The Duchesnays won their only World title at the 1991 Worlds in Munich, Germany. Determined to win the gold medal, they came to Munich with a new free dance program, entitled "Missing II," a sequel to their previous season's free dance, about the disappeared victims of Latin American dictatorships. As in 1990, Isabelle Duchesnay wore a tattered knee-length dress and a red leotard, while Paul Duchesnay wore dark trousers, a blue striped shirt with torn-up sleeves, and a red tie. Kestnbaum reports that although the partners wore costumes traditionally ascribed to their respective genders, "the choreography avoids narrativizing gender binarism". Kestnbaum also states that the fast section of their free dance, which occurred at the end of the program, "becomes a symbolic victory over oppression and an actual victory for the Duchesnays".
As the reigning world champions, Duchesnays were favoured to win gold at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France, in their home country. They won the silver medal behind Marina Klimova and Sergei Ponomarenko. Their free skate was set to music from West Side Story; they portrayed the characters Maria and Bernardo, brother and sister in the musical.As Kestnbaum states, "the Duchesnays erase sexual difference by making the girl one of the boys. Again masculinity is valorized as normative, but it is not the exclusive property of biological males".
The Duchesnays then retired from amateur competition and competed professionally until Paul suffered a serious rollerblading accident in 1996. In 1996, the Duchesnays were nominated for a Gemini Award in Best Performance - Performing Arts Program or Series for their performance in “The Planets”. Paul Duchesnay is now a coach in the United States.
Personal life
Duchesnay was born to a French mother and Canadian father. He was born in France but his family moved to Aylmer, Quebec, in 1962. He also had an elder brother, Gaston, who died in 1991.
Results
(ice dance with Isabelle Duchesnay)
Amateur career programs
Works cited
Kestnbaum, Ellyn (2003). Culture on Ice: Figure Skating and Cultural Meaning. Middleton, Connecticut: Wesleyan Publishing Press.
References
External links
1991 European Championships free dance (YouTube clip)
1991 World Championships free dance (YouTube clip)
1992 Olympics free dance (YouTube clip)
1961 births
Living people
Canadian male ice dancers
European Figure Skating Championships medalists
French emigrants to Quebec
French male ice dancers
Figure skaters at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters for France
Olympic medalists in figure skating
Olympic silver medalists for France
Sportspeople from Gatineau
Sportspeople from Metz
World Figure Skating Championships medalists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Duchesnay |
Fire suppression systems are used to extinguish, control, or in some cases, entirely prevent fires from spreading or occurring. Fire suppression systems have an incredibly large variety of applications, and as such, there are many different types of suppression systems for different applications being used today. Of these, there are some that are still in use but are no longer legal to manufacture and produce.
Suppression systems
Fire suppression systems are governed by the codes under the National Fire Protection Association, also known as the NFPA. This organization writes codes, regulations, and recommendations on the proper installation and maintenance of these fire suppression systems. Likewise, the NFPA also lists criteria that must be met for the requirements of certain types of fire suppression systems.
Types
Fire sprinkler systems
Wet pipe
Wet pipe antifreeze
Dry pipe
Pre-action
Deluge
Electronic
Foam water sprinkler
Water spray
Water mist
Gaseous agents
Chemical agent systems
Wet chemical
Dry chemical
Fully automatic suppression systems
Fully automatic vehicle fire suppression systems
Manual vehicle fire suppression systems
External water spray system
Fire sprinkler systems
A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, consisting of a water supply system, providing adequate pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected. Although historically only used in factories and large commercial buildings, systems for homes and small buildings are now available at a cost-effective price. Fire sprinkler systems are extensively used worldwide, with over 40 million sprinkler heads fitted each year. In buildings completely protected by fire sprinkler systems, over 96% of fires were controlled by fire sprinklers alone.
See also
Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
National Fire Protection Association
References
Firefighting equipment
Fire suppression
Active fire protection | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire%20suppression%20system |
Rajwadi is a village found in Maharashtra, India.
Villages in Ratnagiri district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajwadi |
Michael F. Wilton (born February 23, 1962) also known as The Whip, for how fast his fingers "whip" around the guitar fretboard, is an American musician, best known for being a guitarist and songwriter in the progressive metal band Queensrÿche, which he co-founded in 1982.
Childhood
Wilton was born in San Francisco, California, but his family moved to Seattle, Washington when he was 6 years old. His father took him to concerts from an early age and introduced him to many musical styles, especially jazz, including John McLaughlin, Larry Coryell and Al Di Meola, but also to rock music like Led Zeppelin, The Allman Brothers Band, and Eric Clapton. At age 8, he started practicing on the bass guitar, learning songs by bands from his father's collections, such as The Beatles, Jimi Hendrix, The Rolling Stones and Bob Dylan. At age 13, he also got a nylon string acoustic from his aunt and accidentally blew his father's speaker. He convinced his father to give him the Fender Bassman and speaker cabinet Wilton inherited from an uncle who died in a motorcycle accident.
While attending junior high school and Interlake High School, Wilton began to explore the guitar world further by listening to hard rock and heavy metal music such as Judas Priest, UFO, Iron Maiden, Van Halen, and Deep Purple, and he began practicing seriously, for 2 hours per day. He changed his mind about playing bass guitar, and chose to play guitar instead. At age 16, his guitar teacher said, that Wilton "whipped on the guitar", which got him the nickname "Whip". He bought a Les Paul copy and a fuzzbox, and joined some garage bands with his school-mates, such as Joker, which was formed in 1978. In 1979, new sophomore Chris DeGarmo was briefly part of this band. By the end of the 1979–1980 school year, they disbanded.
Career
Queensrÿche
After high school, Wilton attended the Cornish Institute of Allied Arts in Seattle (now known as Cornish College of the Arts), where he studied among others music theory, jazz improvisation, gamelan music and classical music (piano and guitar). This was a big step in his life as he began to appreciate more ethnic and improvisational music, which later gave him influences as a progressive rock musician. After studying for 1–5 years, he ran out of money, but by this time, he had met bass guitarist Eddie Jackson and drummer Scott Rockenfield. In 1980, Wilton and Rockenfield had founded a band called Cross+Fire, which DeGarmo and Jackson joined shortly thereafter. The quartet began to play at parties, by which time they called themselves The Mob. In late summer of 1982, Geoff Tate was involved as vocalist to record a four-song demo. The band changed its name to Queensrÿche, and the demo was released in 1983 as the eponymous EP Queensrÿche.
Wilton remains a guitarist in Queensrÿche to date. After DeGarmo left Queensrÿche in 1998, Wilton gradually began performing most of the songs that previously featured DeGarmo doing the main solo live, including "Silent Lucidity", "The Mission", "En Force", "I Am I", "Take Hold of the Flame", "Best I Can", "The Killing Words", "Bridge", "The Lady Wore Black" and "Anybody Listening?", amongst others. Queensrÿche had first taken in Kelly Gray as guitarist, who was replaced in 2002 by Mike Stone, and in February 2009 by Parker Lundgren, initially as a touring guitarist but mainly as a rhythm guitarist only joining in for dual guitar solos in songs like "Neue Regel" and "London". After the band's 2009 American Soldier tour, Wilton took over all of the solos.
Soulbender
In 2002, Wilton started a side-band with former Alice N' Chains guitarist and My Sister's Machine vocalist Nick Pollock, called Soulbender. They released one album in 2004 on Licking Lava Records, following which they played various shows around the Northwest. Soulbender subsequently went on an extensive hiatus. A new album, Soulbender 2, was announced to be released in 2014, with plans to tour in 2015.
Wratchet Head
In 2010, Wilton released the single "Coming for You" with his hard rock project Wratchet Head, which was intended for those Queensrÿche fans, "whose ears have longed to once again be filled with the classic, melodic and sometimes haunting sounds of 'the earlier years'". In 2012, he continued making music with Wratchet Head.
Personal life
Wilton is an avid sports fan and guitar collector. In high school, he was better known for being a star athlete in football, baseball and basketball than as a musician. He was among others in an all-star youth baseball team that toured through Europe.
Discography
Queensrÿche
Aury Moore
Just A Taste (2002)
Soulbender
Soulbender (2004)
Pamela Moore
Stories from a Blue Room (2006)
Ronnie Munroe
The Fire Within (2009)
Wratchet Head
"Coming For You" (2010)
Soundtrack appearances
References
External links
Official home page
American heavy metal guitarists
American male guitarists
1962 births
20th-century American guitarists
Cornish College of the Arts alumni
Glam metal musicians
Guitarists from Washington (state)
Lead guitarists
Living people
Musicians from Seattle
Progressive metal guitarists
Songwriters from Washington (state)
Soulbender members
Queensrÿche members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Wilton |
Wonder Lake State Park is a Putnam County state park located in Patterson, New York.
History
Wonder Lake was constructed in the 1930s as part of a series of improvements to the property by A. L. Cushman, who owned a chain of bakeries in New York City. The smaller Laurel Pond, in size, was also formed after the construction of a dam was completed during the same time period.
The core of Wonder Lake State Park was the summer home of television star Elizabeth Montgomery prior to her death in 1995.
The New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation acquired the Wonder Lake property in November 1998 using Clean Water/Clean Air Bond Act funds. The park was expanded by the purchase of of open space in February 2006 and it was further expanded in 2010, expanding the park to its current size. Prior to the purchase, the tract was surrounded by private property with no public access.
Park's description
As of 2013, Wonder Lake State Park contained of trails, including the Highlands Trail, which passes Laurel Pond and encircles Wonder Lake. Four other trails cover much of the northern, central and western areas of the park.
Wonder Lake State Park serves to protect portions of the Great Swamp watershed, and serves as a link with other public lands in the area.
See also
List of New York state parks
References
External links
New York State Parks: Wonder Lake State Park
New York-New Jersey Trail Conference: Wonder Lake State Park details and trail information
NY – NJ – CT Botany Online: Hiking Wonder Lake State Park
Town of Patterson: State Preserves: Wonder Lake State Park
State parks of New York (state)
Parks in Putnam County, New York
Protected areas established in 1998
1998 establishments in New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder%20Lake%20State%20Park |
The Rock Creek Railway, which operated independently from 1890 to 1895, was one of the first electric streetcar companies in Washington, D.C., and the first to extend into Maryland.
Created to increase the value of land owned by the Chevy Chase Land Company, the railroad began service in 1890. By 1893, it stretched more than seven miles from the Cardoza/Shaw neighborhood of D.C. to Chevy Chase Lake, Maryland. The trip from Chevy Chase to downtown took about 35 minutes.
In 1895, the railroad purchased the Washington and Georgetown Railroad Company and changed its name to the Capital Traction Company, which would become one of the two major streetcar companies that operated in and around Washington, D.C., in the early decades of the 20th century. The line fostered the development of several neighborhoods of northwest Washington, D.C., and suburban Maryland.
History
The Rock Creek Railway was founded by Francis Newlands as part of a plan to develop streetcar suburbs in northwestern D.C. and adjacent Maryland. He and his partners incorporated the company on June 23, 1888 (just four days after D.C.'s first electric trolley company, the Eckington and Soldiers' Home Railway). The railroad's officers were the same as the Chevy Chase Land Company's: Newlands, president; Edward J. Stellwagen, vice-president; Howard S. Nyman, secretary; Thomas M. Gale, treasurer, and A. J. Warner, manager.
In 1890, the railroad began operations on its first quarter-mile of track, connecting Connecticut Avenue NW and 18th Street NW along Florida Avenue (recently renamed from Boundary Street). Overhead trolley poles were forbidden in this part of the city, so the railroad used the Love conduit system between the rails to provide power to the cars. (These original tracks would be removed in 1899 as the city's streetcar network developed.)
Meanwhile, the railroad worked to extend its line toward the land that would become Chevy Chase, Maryland. Track was laid down the middle of Connecticut Avenue, which the Land Company was extending from the Rock Creek valley past the D.C.-Maryland line. A bridge was built to carry road and track across Klingle Ford Road.
But the major engineering work was bridging Rock Creek. The company hired the Edge Moor Iron Works to build an iron truss bridge at Cincinnati Street NW (now Calvert Street NW). The 775-foot, 1,226-ton bridge, whose six trusses sat on 125-foot-high iron trestles, was completed on July 21, 1891. (In 1911, the rickety bridge would be shored up by narrowing its roadway from 40 feet to 25 and adding timber cribbing, which would in 1922 be replaced by steel joints and asphalt surface. The bridge itself would be replaced in 1935 by the Duke Ellington Bridge; to minimize traffic disruption, the trestle was moved 80 feet downstream on rollers and kept in use until the new bridge was completed, whereupon it was demolished on December 17 of that year.) Per the terms of its charter, the railroad transferred both of its bridges to the city of Washington, D.C., on July 20, 1891.
On September 16, 1892, service opened on a six-mile extension of the line that made the Rock Creek Railway the first D.C.-based streetcar to reach Maryland. The tracks ran from the original terminus at U Street NW up 18th Street through the neighborhood today known as Adams Morgan, where it formed a junction with the Metropolitan Railroad at Columbia Road. Turning west along Erie Street (today's Calvert Street), the line crossed the Rock Creek bridge, then ran north-northwest along the recently graded extension of Connecticut Avenue NW north of Rock Creek. The line continued on Connecticut to the District line at Chevy Chase Circle, then on trackage built by Newlands' Chevy Chase Land Company to Chevy Chase Lake, Maryland.
The line ended just south of the grade crossing of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's Georgetown Branch at Connecticut Avenue. Here the Rock Creek built a terminus complex that included a small station and the railroad's six-track car barn. Coquelin Run, a small tributary of Rock Creek, was dammed to create a lake to supply water to the railroad's northern power house. This generating plant, which burned coal that arrived on a B&O siding, used the Thomson-Houston system installed by General Electric to deliver electricity to streetcars via overhead poles. The poles—ornamented iron within the city and a mile beyond, square post lumber for the remaining mile—drove streetcars all the way to 18th and U Streets.
Congress approved two proposed extensions on April 30, 1892. One was a northern spur to the National Zoo that was never built, but the authorization to lay track east along Florida Avenue to North Capital Street was eventually used.
On March 2, 1893, the Rock Creek Railway opened a 1-mile extension that ran from its former terminus at 18th and Florida east along U Street NW through the neighborhood of Shaw to 7th Street NW. This double-track line, which used the Love conduit system, intersected with several downtown lines and made Adams Morgan more readily accessible from downtown.
The price for a single streetcar ride was 5 cents, or 6 rides for 25 cents. (It would rise to 7 cents in 1919.)
To boost ridership, the line advertised its route past the National Zoological Park, which opened in 1889. And like many streetcar companies, the Chevy Chase Land Company built its own trolley park: Chevy Chase Lake Amusement Park, which opened on 1894 just east of Connecticut Avenue at the railroad's northern terminus. A central feature was the power house's artificial lake, landscaped for boating.
One more source of passenger traffic was the Chevy Chase Lake & Kensington Railway (later, the Kensington Railway Company), a streetcar line that opened in 1895 and ran two winding miles north from the Rock Creek's terminus to the town of Kensington.
Expansion
On March 1, 1895, Congress authorized the Rock Creek Railway to purchase the Washington and Georgetown Railroad as part of an attempt to consolidate the streetcar system. Negotiations in August led to a deal in which the RCR issued stock with a total par value of $12,000,000, of which $10,750,000 was given to W&G stockholders. The actual value of RCR stock and bonds at the time was $1,500,000 ($ today).
On September 21, 1895, the two formed the Capital Traction Company, the first company created during "the great streetcar consolidation." The deal also took advantage of a peculiar facet of the Rock Creek Railway, whose revenues were rather sparse but whose charter placed no limits on the amount of money that might be raised through the sale of stock and bonds. "This providential clause was turned to good advantage in the reorganization of the prosperous Washington and Georgetown Railroad which was severely crippled by its fixed capital ceiling of only $500,000", according to a 1966 history of D.C. streetcars.
Aftermath
The Rock Creek line fostered development along upper Connecticut Avenue, helping to spawn several northwest Washington, D.C., neighborhoods: Adams Morgan, Woodley Park, Cleveland Park, North Cleveland Park, Forest Hills, and Chevy Chase. Similarly, and as explicitly intended by its founders, the line fostered the suburb of Chevy Chase, Maryland.
In 1923, Capital Traction gained the right to run its streetcars on the tracks of the Kensington Railway, which allowed it to operate through service from downtown D.C. through Chevy Chase Lake to Norris Station in Kensington.
Twelve years later, Capital Traction was given permission to replace streetcars on the Chevy Chase line with buses. The last streetcars ran on September 15, 1935. The trolley poles, safety domes, and most of the waiting stations were removed the following week. The tracks remained for several years, but when the Export Control Act was passed barring the sale of most scrap metal to Japan it had a loophole for old rails, which made Rock Creek rail very lucrative. At that point, the tracks in Maryland were pulled up and sold to Japan by the state of Maryland. It's likely the tracks were melted down for use in the Japanese war effort.
In 1980, the Chevy Chase Lake waiting station at the northern end of the line was disassembled and moved to Hyattstown, Maryland.
External links
1893 article about the Rock Creek Railway details the track construction and Love conduit system.
1934 photos of the Calvert Street Bridge
2005 historic marker in Adams Morgan
Notes
Streetcars in Washington, D.C.
Defunct Washington, D.C., railroads
Rock Creek (Potomac River tributary)
Streetcars in Maryland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%20Creek%20Railway |
Autosomal recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (ARMED), also called epiphyseal dysplasia, multiple, 4 (EDM4), multiple epiphyseal dysplasia with clubfoot or –with bilayered patellae, is an autosomal recessive congenital disorder affecting cartilage and bone development. The disorder has relatively mild signs and symptoms, including joint pain, scoliosis, and malformations of the hands, feet, and knees.
Some affected individuals are born with an inward- and downward-turning foot (a clubfoot). An abnormality of the kneecap called a double-layered patella is also relatively common. Although some people with recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia have short stature as adults, most are of normal height. The incidence is unknown as many cases are not diagnosed due to mild symptoms.
Cause
Mutations in the SLC26A2 (DTDST) gene, located at human chromosome 5q32-33.1, are the cause of ARMED. It is considered a milder disorder within a spectrum of skeletal disorders caused by mutations in the gene, which encodes a protein that is essential for the normal development of cartilage and its conversion to bone. Mutations in the SLC26A2 gene alter the structure of developing cartilage, preventing bones from forming properly and resulting in associated skeletal maldevelopment.
The disorder is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. This means the defective gene responsible for the disorder is located on an autosome (chromosome 5 is an autosome), and two copies of the defective gene (one inherited from each parent) are required in order to be born with the disorder. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder both carry one copy of the defective gene, but usually do not experience any signs or symptoms of the disorder.
Diagnosis
Treatment
See also
Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia
References
External links
Autosomal recessive disorders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomal%20recessive%20multiple%20epiphyseal%20dysplasia |
Fairhope High School (FHS) is a public secondary school located in Fairhope, Alabama. Fairhope High School is a part of the Baldwin County Public Schools system. They service grades 9–12. Fairhope High school offers not only sports, but a band program.
Clubs and activities
A wide variety of clubs some include: Chess Club, FCCLA, a Christian prayer group known as First Priority, the Girls Service Club, Interact, Honors Society, and Key Club.
Athletics
The Pirates compete in the AHSAA's largest classification, 7A. Fairhope annually fields teams in football, baseball, basketball, soccer, track, volleyball, cross country, golf, tennis, swimming and wrestling.
Football
Each year, the football team plays Foley High School for the Blue-Gold trophy and the Daphne Trojans for the Jubilee Cup. Fairhope's biggest rivals are Foley and the Trojans of Daphne High School. Prior to division of student talent with Daphne High School, Fairhope was a perennial contender in many team sports and earned several state titles.
In 2009, the Pirates finished the regular season 10–0, with wins over both Daphne and Foley. However, Fairhope lost in the second round of the AHSAA 6A State Playoffs, finishing the season 11–1.
Soccer
Fairhope has an established boys' and girls' soccer program with winning traditions. Fairhope's boys' soccer team won the 6A Alabama State Championship in 2009. A new field was built across the street from the school.
Baseball
The Pirates have gone to the AHSAA playoffs eight years in a row and won state championships in 1983 and 1984. The Pirates have also claimed the 6A Area 2 Championship two years running and finished this season 36–8, losing in the playoffs semifinals to the eventual state champions of Auburn High.
Notable alumni
Regina Benjamin - 18th Surgeon General of the United States
David King - NFL player
Leon Lett - NFL Football Cowboys, All-Pro
Riley Leonard - college football quarterback for the Duke Blue Devils
Ben Rudolph - Former Defensive tackle/Defensive end of the New York Jets
Eric Yelding - Former MLB player (Houston Astros, Chicago Cubs)
Feeder schools
Schools that feed into Fairhope High include:
Fairhope Middle School (7–8), 842 students, Principal Angie Hall
J. Larry Newton School (K–6), 931 students, Principal Patrice Wolfe.
Fairhope East Elementary School (K-6), 721 students, Principal Carol Broughten.
Fairhope West Elementary School (K–6), 1011 students, Principal Julie Pierce.
References
External links
Fairhope High School Website
Public high schools in Alabama
Schools in Baldwin County, Alabama
Fairhope, Alabama
Educational institutions established in 1923
International Baccalaureate schools in Alabama
1923 establishments in Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairhope%20High%20School |
Jiyuan Yu (July 5, 1964 – November 3, 2016) was a Chinese moral philosopher noted for his work on virtue ethics. Yu was a long-time and highly admired Professor of Philosophy at the State University of New York at Buffalo, in Buffalo, New York, starting in 1997. Prior to his professorship, Yu completed a three-year post as a research fellow at the University of Oxford, England (1994-1997). He received his education in China at both Shandong University and Renmin University, in Italy at Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, and in Canada at the University of Guelph. His primary areas of research and teaching included Ancient Greek Philosophy (esp. Plato, Aristotle), and Ancient Chinese Philosophy (esp. Classical Confucianism).
He served on the Editorial Boards of History of Philosophy Quarterly (2002-2005), World Philosophy (2000-present), Frontiers in Philosophy (2006–present), the Chinese translation of the Complete Works of Aristotle (1988-1998), and the book series on Chinese and Comparative Philosophy (New York: Global Publications). He received the University's Exceptional Scholar (Young Investigator) Award, as well as the SUNY Chancellor's Award for Excellence in Teaching in 2002. He was appointed a 2003–2004 Fellow at the National Humanities Center and a SUNY Buffalo Humanities Institute Faculty Fellow in the spring of 2008.
Yu served as Director of the Confucius Institute at SUNY Buffalo. He was a Wu Yuzhang Chair Professor (2007-2009) at Renmin University of China, and a Changjiang Chair Professor at Shandong University. Yu also served as President (2012-2013) and Executive Director (2012-2016) of the International Society for Chinese Philosophy (ISCP).
On November 3, 2016, Yu died from cancer in Buffalo, New York at age 52.
Bibliography
"Transmitting and Innovating in Confucius: Analects 7:1", Asian Philosophy 22 (4), 2012, 374-386
"The Practicality of Ancient Virtue Ethics: Greece and China" in Confucianism and Virtue Ethics, eds. Michael Slote and Stephen Angle, Routledge, 2013, 117-140; revised and reprinted from Dao, 9(3), 2010, 289-230.
"Living Well and Acting Well: An Ambiguity in Aristotle’s Theory of Happiness", Skepsis 29 (1), 2008, 136-151
The Ethics of Confucius and Aristotle: Mirrors of Virtues, New York/London: Routledge, 2007 (paper cover, 2009)
The Structure of Being in Aristotle's Metaphysics, Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2003
Rationality and Happiness: from the Ancients to the Early Medievals (co-editor with Jorge Gracia), University of Rochester Press, 2003
Uses and Abuses of the Classics: Western Interpretation of Greek Philosophy (co-editor with Jorge Gracia), Ashgate, 2004
A Dictionary of Western Philosophy: English and Chinese (co-compiler with Nick Bunnin), People's Press, 2001, pp. 1191
The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy, Oxford: Blackwell, 2004
"Ethics in Greek Philosophy and Chinese Philosophy", in special issue of the Journal of Chinese Philosophy, September 2002, Blackwell
"Two Conceptions of Hylomorphism in Metaphysics ZH", in Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy (XV, 1997, 119-145)
"Virtue: Aristotle and Confucius", in Philosophy East and West (Vol.48, no.2, 1998, 323-347)
"The Language of Being: Between Aristotle and Chinese Philosophy", in International Philosophical Quarterly (Vol.39, no.4, 1999, 439-454)
"Justice in the Republic: An Evolving Paradox", in History of Philosophy Quarterly (Vol.17, No.2, 2000, 121-141)
"Saving the Phenomena: An Aristotelian Method in Comparative Philosophy" (With N.Bunnin), in Two Roads to Wisdom?: Chinese and Analytical Philosophical Traditions, Mou (ed.), Open Court, 2001, 293-312
"Xiong Shili's Metaphysics of Virtue", in Contemporary Chinese Philosophy, eds, C-Y Cheng and N.Bunnin, Blackwell Publishers (2002, 127-146).
"Aristotle on Eudaimonia: After Plato's Republic", in History of Philosophy Quarterly (Vol.18, No. 2, 2001, 115-138)
"The Moral Self and the Perfect Self in Aristotle and Mencius", in Journal of Chinese Philosophy (Vol.28, no.3, 2001, 235-256)
"The Identity of Form and Essence in Aristotle", in Southern Journal of Philosophy (Vol. XXXIX, 2001, 299-312)
"What is the Focal Meaning of Being in Aristotle?", in Aperion: A Journal for Ancient Philosophy and Science (Vol. XXXIV, no.3, 2001, 205-231)
"Introduction: Towards a Greek-Chinese Comparative Ethics", in Ethics in Greek Philosophy and Chinese Philosophy, special issue of JCP, September 2002.
"Aristotelian Mean and Confucian Mean", in Ethics in Greek Philosophy and Chinese Philosophy, special issue of JCP, September 2002.
"Rationality and Happiness" (with Gracia), in Rationality and Happiness: from the Ancients to the Early Medievals, 1-15
"Will Aristotle Count Socrates Happy?", in Rationality and Happiness: from the Ancients to the Early Medievals, 51-73
"MacIntyre's Interpretation of Aristotle", in Uses and Abuses of the Classics: Western Interpretation of Greek Philosophy
See also
Virtue ethics
Noesis
References
External links
SUNY at Buffalo, Department of Philosophy, Faculty Page
Personal website of Jiyuan Yu
21st-century Chinese philosophers
1964 births
2016 deaths
Renmin University of China alumni
Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa alumni
University of Guelph alumni
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Chinese ethicists
People from Zhuji | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiyuan%20Yu |
Jasar Takak (born 4 March 1982) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
Career
Early career
Born in 's-Hertogenbosch by Aramean parents from Turkey, Takak started his career with local side RKVV Sint-Michielsgestel. Takak was a big fan of PSV Eindhoven, and after impressing PSV scouts and staff on an arranged talent day, he joined their youth at age eleven.
PSV
In 2002, Takak was promoted to the PSV first team. Although being a part of the first-team squad, he never made any appearances for the first team. In September 2003, FC Zwolle signing him on a one-year loan deal after he had impressed in a friendly. In Zwolle, he established himself in the starting lineup and managed to score eight goals.
Despite impressing, it was decided that Takak would once again be loaned out for another season. Several clubs showed their interest, ultimately choosing to play for RKC Waalwijk. Once again, he was loaned out for one season.
In the summer of 2005, he returned to PSV, where his contract was terminated, effectively making him a free agent. After attracting the interest from several Dutch clubs, he signed a loan deal with NEC. With NEC, he established himself in the starting lineup, but after manager Cees Lok's dismissal, he lost his starting position and left NEC after only one season – without signing a new deal. His contract with PSV had, and Takak spent the 2006–07 season outside professional football, choosing instead to focus on other ventures.
Vitesse
After spending the season on the training ground of Roda JC, Takak signed a one-year contract with Vitesse. Although making some strong appearances, he was not offered a contract extension.
Again, he received no considerable interest, but was eventually invited to train with Willem II, to keep up his fitness.
VVV-Venlo
In the 2009–10 pre-season, he was invited for training with VVV-Venlo where he impresses the staff. However, due to limited funds he was only offered an amateur-deal with VVV. He once again signed a one-year contract.
Takak was released at the end of the 2009–10 season.
SC Cambuur
In January 2012, after being a free agent for one and a half year, Takak signed with SC Cambuur until the end of the season.
Etar Veliko Tarnovo
He signed with Etar 1924 in 2012 after being approved by manager Serdar Dayat.
References
1982 births
Living people
Assyrian sportspeople
Dutch men's footballers
PSV Eindhoven players
PEC Zwolle players
RKC Waalwijk players
NEC Nijmegen players
SBV Vitesse players
VVV-Venlo players
SC Cambuur players
FC Etar 1924 Veliko Tarnovo players
Eredivisie players
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
Expatriate men's footballers in Bulgaria
Footballers from 's-Hertogenbosch
Dutch people of Assyrian/Syriac descent
Men's association football midfielders
Assyrian footballers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasar%20Takak |
Alan Bennion (18 April 1930 – 27 July 2018) was a British actor. He was best known for his work on the science fiction television series Doctor Who and the police drama Z-Cars. He made a total of five appearances on Z-Cars, and appeared in the Doctor Who serials The Seeds of Death, The Curse of Peladon and The Monster of Peladon, each time playing a different "Ice Lord".
He also appeared in a 1971 production of Hamlet with Sir Ian McKellen and Tim Pigott-Smith.
Filmography
References
External links
1930 births
2018 deaths
British male television actors
People from Northwich | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Bennion |
Richard Rufus (, "Richard the Red"; ) was a Cornish Franciscan scholastic philosopher and theologian.
Life
Richard Rufus who studied at Paris and at Oxford starting from the 1220s. He became a Franciscan around 1230. Rufus was one of the first medieval philosophers to write on Aristotle and his commentaries are the earliest known among those which have survived. He also wrote influential commentaries on Peter Lombard's Sentences. Rufus was influenced by Robert Grosseteste, Alexander of Hales, Richard Fishacre, and Johannes Philoponus, and in turn influenced Bonaventure and Franciscus Meyronnes. Roger Bacon was a fervent critic of Rufus, claiming that his fame was greatest with the ignorant multitude; on the other hand, Thomas of Eccleston praised him as an excellent lecturer. Adam de Marisco describes him in a letter to Grosseteste as "a man lacking in command of the English tongue, yet of most honest conversation and unblemished reputation, learned in human and divine literature." The reason given for his lack of proficiency with English is that he was primarily a Cornish speaker.
Works
Peter Raedts, Richard Rufus of Cornwall and the Tradition of Oxford Theology. Oxford historical monographs (Oxford University 1984, PhD).
Richard Rufus of Cornwall, In Aristotelis De Generatione et corruptione, edited by Rega Wood and Neil Lewis, 'Auctores Britannici Medii Aevi', New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Richard Rufus of Cornwall, In Physicam Aristotelis, edited by Rega Wood, 'Auctores Britannici Medii Aevi', New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
External links
The Richard Rufus of Cornwall Project
1260 deaths
13th-century philosophers
British philosophers
Scholastic philosophers
Medieval Cornish people
Writers from Cornwall
Cornish-speaking people
Year of birth unknown
13th-century writers in Latin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Rufus%20of%20Cornwall |
Electroacoustic or Electroacoustics may refer to:
Electroacoustics (acoustical engineering), a branch of acoustical engineering
Electro-acoustic guitar, a type of guitar
Electroacoustic music, a variety of experimental music
See also
Electro-Acoustic Ensemble, a laptop-based ensemble at Loyola University New Orleans | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroacoustic |
Edward James Zosky (born February 10, 1968) is a former professional baseball shortstop. He played in brief parts of five seasons in Major League Baseball, between 1991 and 2000, for the Toronto Blue Jays, Florida Marlins, Milwaukee Brewers and Houston Astros. He also played in the Baltimore Orioles, San Francisco Giants and Pittsburgh Pirates minor league systems.
Zosky was a collegiate star prior to playing professionally, becoming a member of Fresno State University's athletic Hall of Fame. He developed into a promising shortstop prospect for the Toronto Blue Jays in the early 1990s, being named their starting shortstop of the future multiple times, though injury problems and a lack of offense ended his hopes of stardom.
Zosky began his professional career in 1989 at the age of 21 and played for 12 seasons until the age of 32 in 2000. He spent most of his professional career in the minor leagues, spending parts of two seasons at the rookie level, part of one season at the Class A level, two full seasons at the Double-A level, parts of three seasons at the Triple-A level and seven full seasons at the Triple-A level. In total, he played in 1,056 minor league games, hitting .257 with 59 home runs and 407 RBI in 3,670 at-bats. Defensively, he spent 752 games at shortstop, 147 games at third base, 139 games at second base, two games at pitcher and one game in the outfield. As a pitcher, he threw 1 innings, striking out two batters and allowing one earned run, posting a 6.75 ERA.
He spent parts of five seasons at the Major League level – 1991, 1992, 1995, 1999 and 2000. He played in 44 big league games, collecting eight hits in 50 at-bats for a .160 batting average. Though he never hit a home run, he did collect two triples and a double, while driving three runs in. Defensively, he played 30 games at shortstop (starting eight of them), four games at third base and three games at second base. He committed two errors for a .967 fielding percentage, while turning eight double plays.
At all levels, both Major League and minor league, Zosky hit a combined .256 with 59 home runs and 410 RBI in 3,720 at-bats.
Early and personal life
Zosky, who is Jewish, was born in Whittier, California to Ed and Yvonne Zosky and attended St. Paul High School in Santa Fe Springs, California, graduating in 1986.
College career
After his graduation from high school, he attended Fresno State University, where he mostly played shortstop. He hit .292 in his first season with Fresno State University, earning second-team all-league honors. In May 1988, he suffered from mononucleosis and an ankle sprain, slightly shortening his sophomore season. In addition, Zosky was selected to try out for the United States Olympic baseball team in June of his sophomore season, along with teammates Tom Goodwin and John Salles. Though he was considered the front-runner for the shortstop position on the Olympic squad, he did not make the team. During his junior and final season at Fresno State University, Zosky was named Sporting News and Baseball America All-Americans after posting a .370 batting average. In addition, he was named first-team All Big West, along with teammates Bobby Jones, Tom Goodwin and Rich Crane.
Draft
Zosky was drafted by Major League Baseball teams twice. Originally, he was drafted out of St. Paul High School by the New York Mets in the fifth round of the 1986 amateur draft, 128th overall. He did not sign, choosing to attend college instead.
He was next drafted by the Toronto Blue Jays 19th overall in the first round of the 1989 draft, out of Fresno State University. He was one of three Fresno State University alum drafted in the first round that year, the others being Steve Hosey (14th overall) and Tom Goodwin (22nd overall). It was the first time since the 1979 draft that three players were selected in the first round from the same school. The Blue Jays gave Zosky a $185,000 ($ today) signing bonus.
Professional career
Early minor league career
The initial plan was to have Zosky begin his professional career with the Dunedin Blue Jays of the Single-A Florida State League. However, citing poor performances by his current shortstops, Double-A manager Barry Foote had Zosky start with the Southern League Knoxville Blue Jays. He made his professional debut on July 4, collecting a hit and driving in Knoxville's lone run in his first professional game. He played 56 games at shortstop for Knoxville, batting .221 with a .303 slugging percentage.
In 1990, Zosky was ranked the third-best prospect in the Southern League. After he attended Major League spring training, he spent the entire season in the minor leagues, playing for the Knoxville Blue Jays and hitting .271 in 115 games – tying William Suero for the team lead in triples with seven.
Prior to the 1991 season, Baseball America named Zosky the 22nd-best prospect in professional baseball, ahead of Jeff Bagwell (32nd), Chipper Jones (49th) and Jim Thome (93rd). That season, he attended his second Major League spring training, and was in competition with Manuel Lee and Rene Gonzales for the starting shortstop position. However, after making six errors during the spring, he was deemed unready for Major League action and sent to minor league camp on April 1.
He spent most of the season with the Triple-A International League Syracuse Chiefs, hitting .264 with six home runs, 39 RBI and 69 runs. He led the team in both plate appearances and at bats, and, despite committing 24 errors in the field, he led league shortstops with 221 putouts, 371 assists and 88 double plays. His performance landed him a spot on the 1991 International League All-Star Team, as well as a September 1 promotion to the Major Leagues.
Major League debut
Though Zosky spent the majority of the 1991 season with the Syracuse Chiefs, he made his Major League Baseball debut that season as well. He appeared in his first big league game on September 2, against the Baltimore Orioles replacing shortstop Manuel Lee, who had been feeling dizzy and suffering from a stiff neck, in the top of the fourth inning. In the fifth inning, facing pitcher Dave Johnson in his first at-bat, Zosky singled to left field. Later in the game, he was replaced by Rance Mulliniks.
So anticipated was Zosky's debut that Toronto Star writer Dave Perkins compared Zosky's debut to Lou Gehrig in 1925, asking "Did Manuel Lee just become Manuel Pipp?" (in reference to Gehrig usurping Wally Pipp's first base position that season). The next day, September 3, he made his first Major League start, again against the Baltimore Orioles. Batting ninth in the starting lineup, he collected zero hits in three at-bats, striking out twice against pitchers Ben McDonald and Mike Flanagan.
He spent 18 games in total with the Toronto Blue Jays in 1991, batting .148 with two runs and two RBI in 27 at-bats. Though he did not hit a home run, two of his four hits were for extra bases—the first was a triple off of Bob Welch and the second was a double off of Denny Neagle. He also drove in his first career RBIs against Welch, scoring John Olerud and Candy Maldonado on the same play.
1992–1994: Zosky's Blue Jays career
Prior to the 1992 minor league baseball season, Baseball America ranked Zosky as the 82nd best prospect in professional baseball. Though he was expected to unseat Manuel Lee as the starting shortstop for the 1992 Major League season, he began the year with the Triple-A Syracuse Chiefs after posting a batting average of .151 and committing five errors during spring training. Rather than giving Zosky the backup job, the Blue Jays gave it to non-roster invitee Alfredo Griffin, who had been signed previously.
He struggled early during the season with batting averages of .150 and .160 in April and May, respectively, and though he batted .350 in June, his season batting average was only .231. Following the conclusion of the 1992 minor league season in September, Zosky was promoted to the Toronto Blue Jays, with whom he appeared in eight games. He batted .286 in seven at-bats, with one of his two hits being a triple (which he hit off of José Mesa on September 14—exactly one year after his first career extra-base hit, which was also a triple). Following the 1992 regular season, Zosky played for the Tucson Javelinas in the newly formed Arizona Fall League, hitting .326.
As early as January 1993, Zosky was expected to be the Toronto Blue Jays' starting shortstop for the 1993 regular season. However, later that month Zosky was shut down due to a muscle problem in his throwing elbow. To provide insurance in case Zosky floundered, the Toronto Blue Jays signed veteran free agent Dick Schofield, who had played for the California Angels and New York Mets the previous season. They also re-signed Alfredo Griffin and traded Kelly Gruber and cash to the California Angels for Luis Sojo, who would provide even further insurance in case Zosky failed. Though Zosky was expected to be the starting shortstop earlier in the year, by February Schofield was the leading contender for the position. Due to his struggles in 1992 – not only did he hit .231, he also committed 27 errors – and his injuries, the Blue Jays began looking beyond Zosky as the future starting shortstop for the team, paying more attention to their other prospect Alex Gonzalez.
After undergoing a surgery on his bad elbow to remove a bone spur on March 16, Zosky's starting prospects dimmed even further – he was placed on the 15-day disabled list on March 26, 1993, later spending some time in extended spring training. He returned to the playing field in late July, and played in 33 minor league games – five in a rehabilitation stint with the Hagerstown Suns, for whom he hit .100 in 20 at-bats and 28 for the Syracuse Chiefs, for whom he hit .215 in 103 at-bats. Overall, he batted .195 with zero home runs and nine RBI, while committing five errors in the field. He did not play in the Major Leagues in 1993. Instead, Dick Schofield was the Opening Day starter, though Tony Fernández seized the starting job after his June 11 trade to the Blue Jays from the New York Mets. Following the 1993 season, he played for the Scottsdale Scorpions in the Arizona Fall League.
By 1994, Alex Gonzalez had all but replaced Zosky as the Blue Jays' shortstop of the future. Though he had some bright moments during that season's spring training, including a game-winning three-run home run in an exhibition game on March 23, Zosky had become relegated to back-up status as Dick Schofield was set to make another Opening Day start – this time as a placeholder for Gonzalez, rather than Zosky. As it turned out, Gonzalez won the starting shortstop job and was the Opening Day performer at that position. By April 28, however, Gonzalez was struggling, Schofield had retaken the starting shortstop position, and – because he was performing well with the Syracuse Chiefs – Zosky was back in the mix as a potential suitor for the position himself. Schofield retained a hold on the job, however, and Zosky spent the entire year in Triple-A with the Chiefs, batting .264 with seven home runs and 34 RBI in 85 games, rattling off a 16-game hitting streak at one point. Though he played a shortened season due to injury, he tied Robert Montalvo for the team lead in sacrifice hits with six. Despite hitting .264, his on-base percentage was only .287 as he walked only nine times in 284 at-bats. Though a shortstop by trade, he played more games at second base (41) than shortstop (34) that season.
Florida Marlins
On November 18, 1994, Zosky's Blue Jays career came to an end when he was traded to the Florida Marlins for a player to be named later, who ended up being minor league pitcher Scott Pace. That was the first trade ever made by new Blue Jays general manager Gord Ash, who replaced Pat Gillick following the 1994 season. Zosky made the Marlins Opening Day roster for the 1995 season and on April 29, he played in his first Major League game since October 4, 1992. Facing Trevor Wilson of the San Francisco Giants, Zosky singled in his first big league at-bat in over two seasons. He played the whole game, going 1-for-3 at the plate. Appearing in only six games at the Major League level in 1995 (with the single in his first at-bat his only big league hit), Zosky spent most of the year with the Triple-A International League's Charlotte Knights, to whom he was optioned after the Marlins cut their roster from 28 to 25 players on May 15. With Charlotte, he hit .247 with three home runs and 42 RBI in 92 games, walking only seven times in 312 at-bats. On October 16, he was granted free agency.
Baltimore Orioles and San Francisco Giants
On January 24, 1996, Zosky signed a contract with the Baltimore Orioles. He spent most of the season with the Orioles' Triple-A International League affiliate, the Rochester Red Wings, though he also spent a game with their rookie-level affiliate, the Gulf Coast League Orioles. That season, he hit a combined .257 with three home runs, 34 RBI and a career-high 23 doubles. With eight double plays grounded into, he tied Joe Hall for the Red Wings team lead. On October 15, he was granted free agency by the Orioles.
On November 25, 1996, the San Francisco signed Zosky to a contract, making him a non-roster invitee to spring training. He was cut from the big league squad on March 17 and was assigned to minor league camp the following day. He then spent the entire 1997 season in Triple-A, playing for the Pacific Coast League's Phoenix Firebirds. He began the season with a bang, hitting a grand slam on April 6 against the Colorado Springs Sky Sox. In total, he played in 86 games that season, hitting .278 with nine home runs and 45 RBI. Defensively, he spent more games at third base (42) than at his natural shortstop position (30). On October 15, 1997, he was granted free agency by the Giants.
Milwaukee Brewers
On December 17, 1997, the Milwaukee Brewers signed Zosky as a free agent, inviting him to spring training. By the second week of the 1998 season's spring training, it looked as though Zosky would earn a spot on the Brewers' 25-man roster – he would eventually be cut after the Brewers purchased outfielder Eric Owens from the Florida Marlins, however, and spend the entire season with the Triple-A Louisville Redbirds. That season, he hit .245 with eight home runs and 35 RBI in 90 games. He pitched for the first time in his career that season as well, appearing as a reliever in one game, allowing one hit and striking out the second batter he faced. He was granted free agency by the Brewers on October 15, but was re-signed on December 18 and given an invite to spring training.
Like in previous years, Zosky began the 1999 season in Triple-A, playing for the Louisville RiverBats. He remained with the RiverBats through late July, though after catcher Bobby Hughes went on the 15-day disabled list, the Brewers purchased Zosky's contract and brought him up to the Major League team. He made his first Major League appearance since May 14, 1995, when, on August 1, 1999, he pinch hit for Brewers pitcher Reggie Harris in the sixth inning and remained in the game, replacing Ronnie Belliard at second base. In his first Major League game in over four seasons, Zosky went 1-for-2 at the plate, collecting a single in his second at-bat off of Montreal Expos pitcher Dan Smith. Just a few days later, on August 5, he was assigned back to Louisville. He earned yet another promotion to the Major Leagues on September 5 with starting shortstop Mark Loretta injured and pitcher Chad Fox placed on the 60-day disabled list. In total, he played in eight games for the Brewers that season, collecting one hit in seven at-bats for a .143 batting average. He had perhaps the best minor league season of his career in 1999, as he hit .294 with 12 home runs and 47 RBI (all career-highs). Following the season, on October 7, he refused a minor league assignment and became a free agent.
Pittsburgh Pirates and Houston Astros
On January 18, 2000, the Pittsburgh Pirates signed Zosky to a minor league contract, also offering him an invitation to spring training. On March 15, the Pirates assigned him to minor league camp. He began the 2000 season in the Pirates minor league system, playing in 53 games for the Triple-A Nashville Sounds (with whom he hit .221 with two home runs and 16 RBI) and in eight games for the rookie-level GCL Pirates (with whom he hit .333 with six doubles in 30 at-bats).
On August 23, he was traded to the Houston Astros for a player to be named later. He began his stint in the Astros organization in the minor leagues, playing in 11 games with the Triple-A New Orleans Zephyrs and hitting .273 in 33 at-bats. On September 12, the Astros purchased his contract, bringing him up to the Major League squad. The Astros used him sporadically after his promotion as he played in four games with them, collecting zero hits in four at-bats. His final appearance with the Astros, on October 1, would also be the final game of his professional career. On October 11, he became a free agent. No team ended up signing him. In the minor leagues that season, he hit a combined .247 with two home runs and 22 RBI in 72 games.
Jersey numbers and salaries
See also
List of select Jewish baseball players
References
External links
, or Baseball Prospectus, or Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Winter League)
1968 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
California State University, Fresno alumni
Charlotte Knights players
Florida Marlins players
Fresno State Bulldogs baseball players
Gulf Coast Orioles players
Gulf Coast Pirates players
Hagerstown Suns players
Houston Astros players
Jewish American baseball players
Jewish Major League Baseball players
Knoxville Blue Jays players
Louisville Redbirds players
Louisville RiverBats players
Major League Baseball shortstops
Milwaukee Brewers players
Nashville Sounds players
New Orleans Zephyrs players
Phoenix Firebirds players
Rochester Red Wings players
Baseball players from Whittier, California
Syracuse Chiefs players
Tiburones de La Guaira players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Toronto Blue Jays players
All-American college baseball players
21st-century American Jews
Alaska Goldpanners of Fairbanks players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie%20Zosky |
The Lestidae are a rather small family of cosmopolitan, large-sized, slender damselflies,
known commonly as the spreadwings or spread-winged damselflies.
Characteristics
While most damselflies rest with their wings folded together, most members of the family Lestidae hold them at an angle away from their bodies. The pterostigma (a single dark spot in the meshwork of the leading edge near the tip of each wing) is noticeably elongated. The quadrilateral (a part of the wing venation, close to the body) has an acute angle at the end. The body has a greenish, metallic shine. The superior anal appendages, commonly called claspers (body parts of male insect for clasping the female during copulation) of male spreadwings are long and strongly curved.
Breeding takes place in slow-moving or still water in stream backwaters, swamps, marshes and temporary pools. The nymphs have a long abdomen and a distinctive prementum (part of the lower lip). There is one generation per year in North American species.
Taxonomy
The two subfamilies in Lestidae are Lestinae and Sympecmatinae. Damselflies in the Lestinae rest with their wings partly open, while those in the Sympecmatinae, the reedlings, ringtails, and winter damselflies, rest with their wings folded. The exact taxonomy of the family is disputed, with some authorities including twelve genera and some eight.
Genera include:
See also
List of damselflies of the world (Lestidae)
References
Odonata families
Odonata of Europe
Odonata of Australia
Odonata of Oceania
Odonata of Africa
Odonata of New Zealand
Odonata of North America
Taxa named by Philip Powell Calvert
Insects described in 1901
Damselflies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lestidae |
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Sporting Club (often abbreviated as HAL, or HASC) is an Indian institutional multi-sports club based in Bangalore, known for its association football team. It was named after the company Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). The club competed in the top tier of Karnataka football — the Bangalore A Division and from 2001, the Bangalore Super Division.
As one of the top clubs from Karnataka, they have also competed in the National Football League till 2007, and subsequently the I-League, then top tier of Indian football league system.
The club was originally founded in 1950s, with having hockey, football and other sections. They were revived in 2006. Nicknamed "the pilots", HAL used Bangalore Football Stadium as their home ground. In 2014, following poor performance in 2013–14 season, the club announced of "temporary shutting down... activities".
History
Formation and journey
Originally founded in the 1950s, the club later became affiliated with Bangalore District Football Association (BDFA) in the 90s. In 1952, the club clinched prestigious Stafford Challenge Cup title. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Sports Club began their journey through participating in the Bangalore A Division league, in which they emerged champions in 2000. Before getting revived in 2006, they clinched the Bangalore Super Division titles in 2001, 2002, 2004 and 2005.
2006–2010
After finishing third in the NFL Second Division in 2006, HASC were promoted to the Premier Division. Although only the top two teams from the Second Division gain promotion, Tata Football Academy who finished first in the standings were not able to form a professional team for the Premier Division. Therefore, HASC were promoted to the 11th NFL Premier Division along with runners up Churchill Brothers.
In 2010, the club emerged as the runners-up of the 2010 I-League 2nd Division after the end of final round, hosted in Bengaluru. With 16 points in 7 matches, HAL finished on 2nd as ONGC FC clinched title.
2010–2014
HASC qualified for 2010–11 I-League season after finishing second in the 2010 I-League 2nd Division. They were the second South Indian team in I-League after Viva Kerala. In the last match of the season, they defeated defending champions Dempo 4–2 to starve off relegation to I-League 2nd Division, with Xavier Vijay Kumar scoring two goals. HAL later clinched the 2012–13 Bengaluru Super Division title.
In the 2013–14 edition of the Bangalore Super Division, HASC finished eighth among nine teams. This prompted the club to shut down their activities "temporarily" in December 2014. The coach H. Chnadrashekhar said, "We will not field a team temporarily (in the Cups and the league) and to that effect HASC's management had sent a letter to BDFA secretary ST Bhoopal." Reports of the club resuming operations and fielding their team emerged after they held selection trials in 2019.
Crest
The HASC crest was different from the crest its parent company. For instance the Hindustan Company logo has a picture of the earth with a plane going around and has the word HAL written as well as the Hindi way of writing HAL while the HASC just has a crest with the word HAL in green letters.
Home ground
HASC used the Bangalore Football Stadium as its home ground for domestic and regional league matches since 2006, which previously had a capacity of 45,000 spectators. Built in 1967, the stadium has Artificial turf and currently has a capacity of 8,400.
Club's training facilities are situated at the HAL Sports Club Ground in Bengaluru, which is used as venue for selection trials of their U19, U23 teams, alongside state youth competitions.
Ownership and finances
The ownership of HASC has been from Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). The company HAL were not so influential when running the club at first, as shown from their poor record before the 2010 I-League 2nd Division season in which the club achieved promotion.
Notable players
The following HAL players have been capped at senior/youth international level, with their respective countries. Years in brackets indicate their spells at the club.
Jimmy Mulisa (2001–2002)
Raja Baliev Nurlan (2001–2002)
Ruslan Sydykov (2001–2002; 2002–2003)
Philip Tarlue (2004)
Rohit Chand (2010–2012)
Aleksandar Šujdović (2011–2012)
Honours
League
National Football League II
Champions (1): 2000–01
Third place (1): 2005–06
I-League 2nd Division
Runners-up (1): 2010
Bangalore Super Division/Bangalore Football League
Champions (9): 1984, 1990, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005–06, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2012–13
Runners-up (1): 2011–12
Bangalore B Division
Champions (1): 2020–21
Cup
Stafford Challenge Cup
Champions (1): 1952
Sait Nagjee Football Tournament
Champions (3): 1952, 1953, 1954
Puttiah Memorial Trophy
Champions (6): 1977, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2008
Gadhinglaj Cup
Runners-up (1): 2016
ONGC Invitational Trophy
Runners-up (1): 2016
Other departments
Field hockey
The club has its hockey team, that competed in Beighton Cup (one of the oldest field hockey tournaments in the world). Then known as Hindustan Aircraft, they lifted the trophy in 1951, and finished as runners-up in 1952.
Honours
Beighton Cup
Champions (1): 1951
Runners-up (1): 1952
Aga Khan Gold Cup
Runners-up (1): 1949
Academy and youth football
Club's youth/academy team (colts) participated in I-League U19.
See also
List of football clubs in India
References
Further reading
Bibliography
Others
External links
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC at WorldFootball.net
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC at Soccerway
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC at Global Sports Archive
I-League clubs
I-League 2nd Division clubs
Football clubs in Bangalore
Works association football clubs in India
2006 establishments in Karnataka
Association football clubs established in 2006
Association football clubs established in the 1940s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan%20Aeronautics%20Limited%20SC |
Lane Hall is a later 20th-century neoclassical building serving as the principal workplace and headquarters of the central administration of Bates College, located at 2 Andrews Road in Lewiston, Maine. It has been the principle administrative headquarters of every Bates president since Thomas Hedley Reynolds in 1964. Lane Hall was named after George Lane Jr., who served as treasurer of the college and secretary of the corporation.
The building name, Lane Hall is used to refer metonymically to the central administration of Bates College. The board of trustees combined with the office of the presidency create the Bates College Corporation, the highest level of authority for the college and its extended domains. The members of the board of trustees, central administration, and the president are afforded certain and selected powers, privileges, rights and immunities through the laws of the president and trustees of Bates College, the highest ranking document in the Corporation of Bates College.
The hall, often confused with the official residence of the president, provides no residential space for any executive offices. The president is afforded the President's House as an official residence. Lane Hall has no specific security detail but is under the security protection of the college's security units and the Lewiston Police Department. Lane Hall is by Hathorn Hall to the south and to the North flanked by Parker Hall and Dana Chemistry Hall. It is adjacent to Pettigrew Hall and Pettengill Hall. Lane overlooks the Historic Quadrangle of the college and protrudes from Lake Andrews.
History
1900 photo of Bates College featuring a newly constructed refurbished Historic Quad; protruding from the Hathon mound. The only buildings constructed at the time was the first academic building Hathorn Hall, and the first residential dormitory Parker Hall as well as Hedge Hall and Roger Williams Hall.
The founder of Bates College, Oren Burbank Cheney, began with the establishment of the Nichols Latin School, a collegiate preparatory school and the Cobb Divinity School which subsequently turned into the Maine State Seminary in 1852, later expanding to include liberal arts academics in 1855, making it one of the oldest liberal arts colleges in the United States. Cheney met with religious leaders in Topsham, Maine, to discuss the formation of a school that catered to Free Will Baptists and was based on principles of egalitarianism, liberty, and scholarship. He began his speech by stating:We do not propose an Academy [referring to Colby College (then Waterville Academy)], but a school of higher order, between a college [referring to Bowdoin College] and an Academy. We shall petition the state legislature to suitably endow, as well as incorporate, such an institution. We know our claim is good and intend openly and manfully and we trust in a Christian spirit to press it. If we fail next winter, we shall try another legislature. If we fail on a second trial, we shall try a third and a fourth.
The speech was well received and of the one required, twenty-four petitions were submitted to the Maine State Legislature. After minimal delay the charter was approved and appropriated with $15,000 for its conception. Benjamin Bates suggested to Cheney that the school be located in a more central part of Maine; Lewiston, Maine.
Construction
The construction of the Lane Hall began with the laying of the cornerstone in 1963, although there was no formal ceremony. The principal façade of the Lane Hall, from the north, is of four floors and eleven bays. The ground floor is hidden by a raised carriage ramp and parapet, thus the façade appears to be of three floors. The central three bays are behind a prostyle portico (this was a later addition to the hall, built in 1970) serving, thanks to the carriage ramp, as a porte cochere. The hall's southern façade is a combination of the Palladian and neoclassical styles of architecture. It is of three floors, all visible. The ground floor is rusticated in the Palladian fashion. At the center of the façade is a neoclassical projecting triangular point of four bays. The point is flanked by two bays, the windows of which, as on the north façade, have alternating segmented and pointed pediments at first-floor level. The bows cover two staircase levels leading to a colonnaded loggia, next to Pettengill Hall. Lane Hall was constructed at a totaled cost of $630,000 ($4.8 million in 2016 U.S. dollars.)
Administration
Past presidents
There have been eight presidents of Bates College, and one interim president.
Trustees of the college
The college's Board of Fellows and board of overseers combined to create a united board of trustees featuring alumni, and accomplished members of society associated with Bates. The president and board of trustees of Bates College are afforded certain and selective rights that they are free to exercise in their official capacity. The property and government has historically been vested in its founder, and in his each president thereafter, including each of the following groups by ruling of the laws of the president and trustees of Bates College. The Laws of the president and trustees of Bates College ensures the following:
The number of active members on the board of trustees is constitutionally set to be barred from exceeding a maximum of forty people with a minimum set at three members. When the allowed and mandated amount is reached only then can the Board of Trustees establish their quorum. The members are directly responsible for the election and eventual appointment of a chairperson of the board, Vice-Chairperson of the Board and a Secretary of the board. With the aforementioned completed, the board of trustees may pursue the nomination, confirmation, and appointment of new members. All members of the Board of Trustees have a good standing term limit of up to five years, with a maximum of one selection. Although a rarity, a trustee may serve for longer than ten years (or two terms of five years each) and may even serve at the incumbent president's pleasure. In order for such a status to be reached the trustee must be appointed by the executive committee, and must be confirmed by two-thirds majority vote by the entire board of trustees. Only the president of the college and the chairperson of the board of trustees may convene a meeting unprompted and unscheduled in the event of a confirmed emergency.The board of trustees may convene independently of the Corporation, that is to say, the office of the presidency and central administration to discuss sensitive or legally personal matters effecting the welfare of the college or its administration. Independent meetings may choose to bar the president or any member of the central administration from attending. An age limit of seventy years old is set for each and every trustee unless one has been selected to serve at the incumbent president's pleasure.
The board of trustees is to elect a treasurer of the board of trustees, who is to also serve as the Treasurer of the Corporation. This office is separate and distinctive from the central administration's treasurer and vice president for finance and administration. More specifically the corporation's treasurer is directly responsible for its "stocks, bonds, debentures, notes and other such instruments".
Due to the provisions of Title 13-B of the Maine Revised Statutes, any member of the Corporation of Bates College, including the president and trustees, in good faith and standing, has totaled immunity from all financial and economic expenses through the charter's indemnification policy. Enacted only when directly protecting, securing or promoting the overall welfare of the college.
The board of trustees establish the numerous committees to secure the administration and wellbeing of the college. The Committee on Academic Affairs was established to oversee the college's athletic program and the academic activities and meet with the Faculty's Committee on Faculty Governance to discuss and promote the academic program of the college. The Committee on Admissions and Financial Aid was created to reviews policies and decides the direction for new admissions standards.
Executive committee
The board of trustees are constitutionally required to elect an executive committee, that features the president of the college and the chairperson of the board of trustees, and no less than five members of the board of trustees. The committee is directly responsible for the general administration of the college and its domains. The chairman of the board of trustees is to also be appointed as the chairman of the Bates College Corporation and to serve as the chief council to the president of Bates College.
Presidency of the college
The president of Bates College is the appointed head of the college, as well as the principal securer, principal academic, chief executive officer of the corporation, and the ex officio president of the board of trustees. Lane Hall serves as the principal workplace and headquarters of the president's central administration.
Barring the specifications of the board of trustees, the president has full and final authority and responsibility for all components of Bates including the academics, operations, and finances. The president is de facto the highest ranking academic official of ten separate functions including, the board of trustees (both active and honorary), Departments of Student Affairs, Finance, Admissions, Communications, Faculty, Library Services, College Advancement and the treasury. Although not the highest-ranking officer within the departments, the president maintains substantial influence (should they choose to exercise the right) over the operational capabilities of such departments. The president is granted the right to, at their pleasure, attend, vote and otherwise participate in any (with some minimal specified restrictions) meeting established by the Corporation. Only the president of the college and the chairperson of the board of trustees may convene a meeting unprompted and unscheduled in the event of an confirmed emergency. The office of the presidency is filled by a majority vote by the board of trustees and the office of the presidency is vacated by the same. The president may not be removed for any reason whatsoever if a majority is not reached, formal notification is not presented to the incumbent, or a requested hearing is not granted. The president is the chief executive officer of the corporation and principal academic of the college. Only the president of the college may physically confer honorary degrees to recipients, no other member of the college, board of trustees, or corporation is allowed to do so.
The executive compensation for the president as of 2013 included a base salary of $432,000, with overall compensation totaling $465,170. This make the president the second highest paid president of the CBB schools off of base pay, and the third highest paid president of the CBB schools off of overall compensation. The presidency of the college is afforded an official residence, and various other expense free benefits. The presidential salary is ranked as the 7th highest paid president (in base pay) in the New England Small College Athletic Conference.
Charter specifications
Rights and privileges
The office of the presidency of Bates College is afforded certain rights and responsibilities, as well as some select privileges.It will be the duty of the President to be the chief executive and academic officer of the College and to cooperate with the other members of the Corporation and with the Faculty of the College in the formulation of the policies of the Corporation and to administer these policies when formulated, in accordance with such instructions as the Corporation as a whole, its Executive Committee, or its other committees, acting within their authority, will give the President. He/she will have such powers as are reasonable and necessary for the carrying out of such instructions. All officers of administration and members of the teaching faculty shall be responsible to the President of the College, or to such officers or officers as the President may designate, for the satisfactory performance of their respective duties as set forth by the President, or by such of cer or of cers as the President may designate, except as may otherwise be provided in the Charter, these Bylaws, or by the vote of the Trustees.The Office of the President, along with the board of trustees, is immune from paying expenses incurred during the defense of the operational well-being of the college.[The President of the College when] acting within the scope of his or her employment in good faith and in a manner reasonably believed by such person to be lawful and in the best interest of the College, shall, in accordance with the provisions of Title 13-B of the Maine Revised Statutes, be indemnified against all expenses, including attorneys’ fees, judgments, nes and amounts paid in settlement, actually and necessarily incurred by action.
Signature
The signature of the president is considered an essential execution in the operation of the college.The signature of the President or the Treasurer will be essential to the execution of all deeds and contracts to which the Corporation may become a party, except for those contracts involving less than an amount designated by the Board from time to time, and the signature of the President will be essential to the authentication of diplomas unless otherwise ordered by the Corporation.
State of the College
It is mandated by both board of trustees and the laws of the president and trustees of Bates College that the incumbent president present an annual report detailing the current state of the institution.The President will present annually at a meeting of the corporation a report on the state of the College, including in each such report such recommendations as to policies or changes thereof as he/she may consider desirable.
Ex officio membership
The president is given the ex officio position of President of the Board of Trustees.The President is an ex officio member of the Board of Trustees and all committees, and may at his/her pleasure attend, participate and vote at the meetings of the Board of Trustees and its committees, except for meetings or portions of meetings designated by the Trustees or any committee thereof as "independent."
Tenure and term limits
The president of Bates College serves at Trustees' Pleasure, meaning a set contractual term that is suspensive and expansive. Certain specifications of the laws of the president and trustees of Bates College bar the board of trustees from removing the incumbent for any reason.The term of the President's service will be described in a contract between the Board of Trustees and the President. Should the office of President become vacant or should the President be temporarily unable to perform the duties of his/her office, the Executive Committee will elect some person as Acting President, who will perform such duties of the presidency as they may determine until further action thereon is taken by the Board.
Corporation of the college
With the office of the presidency, the board of trustees completes the Bates College Corporation which is given the right to adopt new rules, bylaws, and regulations as long as they stay within the jurisdiction of the legal system of the state of Maine. It is held directly responsible for the actions of the college with regard to finance and economic expenditure. The corporation as a whole may establish new departments, majors, as well as schools within the college itself. It also reserves the right to hire and terminate professors, administrators, and staff. The employees of the college may be removed at any time, even faculty with academic tenure, if contractual destinations are faulted on or in any way disbanded. The Corporation also has the exclusive rights to establish the conferring of academic degrees. The members of the board of trustees, central administration, and the president are afforded certain and selected powers, privileges, rights and immunities through the laws of the president and trustees of Bates College, the highest ranking document in the corporation of the college. The corporation is to convene annually prior to the college's commencement in May to discuss the academic structuring of the following academic and calendar year.
Societies
The central administration of Bates sanctions five giving and participant societies. They are, in alphabetical order;
Benjamin Bates Society – Established in 2005: For those who donate more than $US 1 million dollars in their lifetime.
Cheney Society – Established in 2005: For those who serve honorably on the Board of Trustees of Bates College.
Garcelon Society – Established in 2005: For those donate to the Androscoggin Scholarship Fund.
Mount David Society – Established in 2005: For those "who put the college first in their annual philanthropy."
Phillips Society – Established in 1998: For those participate in legacy or estate donations.
See also
History of Bates College
List of Bates College people
References
Citations
Further reading
Alfred, Williams Anthony. Bates College and Its Background. (1936) Online Deposit.
Stuan, Thomas. The Architecture of Bates College. (2006)
Chase, Harry. Bates College was named after Mansfield Man. (1878)
Woz, Markus. Bates College – Traditionally Unconventional. (2002)
Bates College Archives. Bates College Catalog. (1956–2017). 2017 Catalog.
Bates College Archives. Maine State Seminary Records. Online Deposit.
Bates College Archives. Bates College Oral History Project. Online Deposit.
Clark, Charles E. Bates Through the Years: an Illustrated History. (2005)
Smith, Dana. Bates College – U. S. Navy V-12 Program Collection. (1943) Online Deposit.
Eaton, Mabel. General Catalogue of Bates College and Cobb Divinity School. (1930)
Larson, Timothy. Faith by Their Works: The Progressive Tradition at Bates College. (2005)
Calhoun, Charles C. A Small College in Maine. p. 163. (1993)
Johnnett, R. F. Bates Student: A Monthly Magazine. (1878)
Phillips, F. Charles Bates College in Maine: Enduring Strength and Scholarship. Issue 245. (1952)
Dormin J. Ettrude, Edith M. Phelps, Julia Emily Johnsen. French Occupation of the Ruhr: Bates College Versus Oxford Union Society of Oxford College. (1923)
The Bates Student. The Voice of Bates College. (1873–2017)
Emeline Cheney; Burlingame, Aldrich. The story of the life and work of Oren Burbank Cheney, founder and first president of Bates College. (1907) Online Version.
Direct notes
"Faith by Their Works: The Progressive Tradition at Bates College from 1855 to 1877", By Tomothy Larson (2005), Multi-source.
Bates College | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane%20Hall |
Harry K. Harring (1871–1928) was a zoologist specializing in the study of Rotatoria. He was born in Nykjobing, Denmark and emigrated to the United States in 1893. He wrote The Rotifers of Wisconsin with Frank Jacob Myers. He was awarded the honorary title of Custodian of the Rotatoria in the Division of Marine Invertebrates of the United States National Museum (USNM) in 1914.
References
Harry K. Harring papers from the Smithsonian Institution Archives
External links
1871 births
1928 deaths
American zoologists
Smithsonian Institution people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20K.%20Harring |
Jared Rittenhouse Boll (born May 13, 1986) is an American former professional ice hockey player. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for nine seasons with the Columbus Blue Jackets organization before closing out his career after two seasons with the Anaheim Ducks. During his playing career, he was known primarily for his role as an enforcer.
Playing career
Boll was born in Charlotte, North Carolina, but grew up in Crystal Lake, Illinois. He attended Prairie Ridge High School and left after sophomore year.
Boll was originally drafted by the Kingston Frontenacs of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL), but chose to attempt playing in the American college system by playing for the Lincoln Stars in the United States Hockey League (USHL). While there, he was named captain of the Stars. After a very successful second year with Lincoln, he was offered a deal to play in the NCAA at the University of Minnesota Duluth. However, declined the offer in favour of playing in the OHL, his playing rights having been acquired by the Plymouth Whalers in a trade for their sixth round OHL Priority Selection draft pick in 2006. Boll was named an alternate captain of the Whalers and was a fan favorite, spending two seasons with the Whalers and helping the team win the 2007 OHL Championship over the Sudbury Wolves on his 21st birthday.
Boll was signed by the Columbus Blue Jackets and made the roster for the 2007–08 season, scoring his first NHL goal on October 10, 2007, on a breakaway against the Phoenix Coyotes.
Appearing in 75 games for Columbus during the 2008–09 season, Boll posted four goals and ten assists.
On March 26, 2015, the NHL's Department of Player Safety suspended Boll for three games, without pay, for an illegal check to the head of Anaheim Ducks forward Patrick Maroon during a game two days earlier. On March 24, 2016, Boll was again suspended by the Department of Player Safety, this time for four games, for a hit it described as "both excessively late and incredibly forceful" against Philadelphia Flyers' forward Pierre-Édouard Bellemare. Boll, a repeat offender under the terms of the NHL's Collective Bargaining Agreement, forfeited $82,926.84 in salary as a result.
Boll's 11-year tenure in the Blue Jackets organization came to an end on June 30, 2016, when the team, which was up against the salary cap, placed him on unconditional waivers for the purpose of buying out the final year of his contract. On July 5, 2016, Boll agreed to a two-year contract as a free agent with the Anaheim Ducks. On December 10, 2017, Boll was placed on waivers by the Ducks, after which he was demoted to their American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the San Diego Gulls, on December 11. At the conclusion of his contract with the Ducks, and with the change in the professional ranks in moving away from pure enforcers, Boll opted to end his professional playing career after 11 NHL seasons.
Post-playing career
On September 17, 2018, Boll joined the Columbus Blue Jackets organization as an assistant development coach.
Career statistics
References
External links
1986 births
Living people
American men's ice hockey right wingers
Anaheim Ducks players
Columbus Blue Jackets coaches
Columbus Blue Jackets draft picks
Columbus Blue Jackets players
Ice hockey players from Illinois
Ice hockey people from North Carolina
Lincoln Stars players
People from Crystal Lake, Illinois
Sportspeople from McHenry County, Illinois
Plymouth Whalers players
San Diego Gulls (AHL) players
Sportspeople from Charlotte, North Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared%20Boll |
Some of Your Blood is a short horror novel in epistolary form by American writer Theodore Sturgeon, first published in 1961.
Plot summary
The book opens with a prologue addressed directly to "The Reader", informing the reader of the fictional basis of the novel. The novel presents as a case file of Dr. Philip Outerbridge and attempts to "falsely" emphasize the fictional basis of the novel.
The novel takes place in the middle of an unnamed war. The novel focuses on George Smith, an American soldier, transferred to the military psychiatric clinic, where Outerbridge works. Smith was brought to the clinic due to a confrontation with a superior officer. Smith was labeled psychotic and told to recount his story in the third person.
Smith's autobiography takes up about half of the book, describing his childhood as the son of the town drunk. Smith is imprisoned for shoplifting, and eventually joins the army as a means of escaping an uncomfortable situation with his lover, Anna.
The rest of the book consists of documents relating to Outerbridge's treatment of Smith, therapy sessions and correspondence between Outerbridge and his superior, the increasingly impatient Colonel Williams. By using information gained in his treatment to fill in the gaps in the narrative, Outerbridge deduces Smith to be a non-supernatural vampire who feels compelled to drink blood at times of emotional crisis.
The novel ends with an explanation of various potential and unrealized outcomes.
External links
1961 American novels
1961 fantasy novels
Epistolary novels
American horror novels
Novels by Theodore Sturgeon
American vampire novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some%20of%20Your%20Blood |
Ranganatha Temple or Ranganathaswamy Temple may refer to any of several temples dedicated to the Hindu God Ranganatha, including:
Ranganatha
Ranganatha Temple, Nellore, in Andhra Pradesh
Ranganatha Temple, Thiruneermalai, in Tamil Nadu
Ranganatha Temple, Vavilavalasa, in Andhra Pradesh
Ranganathaswamy
Ranganathaswamy Temple, Jiyaguda, in Andhra Pradesh
Ranganathaswamy Temple, Karamadai, in Tamil Nadu
Ranganathaswamy Temple, Shivanasamudra, in Karnataka
Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam, in Tamil Nadu
Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangapatna, in Karnataka
See also
Nanakramguda Temple, also called Sri Ranganadha swamy temple, in Telangana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranganatha%20Temple |
The Timothy Plan is an American mutual fund company headquartered in Maitland, Florida that promotes their products as being the first investments of their type to utilize Biblically based screens as the first criteria in the selection of its investment portfolios of companies. The company was founded in 1994 by Arthur Ally, formerly of Lehman Brothers, who wanted to cater retirement investments to socially conservative Christian American pastors. The company states they are non-Demominational Christian in orientation and their name is taken from passages in Timothy 1. Arthur Ally, authored Invested with Purpose, the story of The Timothy Plan and how one man's vision had led to a revolution: Biblically Responsible Investing.
The fund family avoids companies that support or profit from abortion, pornography, gambling, alcohol and tobacco production, violations of child labor laws, supporting terrorist nations as defined by the US Government, or entertainment, lifestyles or marriages the company perceives as contrary to Biblical principles. The fund family is categorized as Biblically responsible investment (BRI). Its ultimate goal is to provide an alternative investment that allows Christian and socially conservative investors to align their investment portfolio with their beliefs. Timothy Plan constantly monitors the holdings in its investment portfolios to determine if any of the companies have changed their policies and procedures subsequent to being placed into the portfolio.
Funds
Funds offered by Timothy Plan (classes A, C and I) are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE):
The Timothy Plan Mutual Funds
The Timothy Plan Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs)
The class I shares are offered exclusively through registered investment advisors.
See also
Ave Maria Mutual Funds
Faith-based investing
References
External links
Official website
Mutual funds of the United States
Ethical investment
Financial services companies established in 1994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Timothy%20Plan |
Bob Lape (born Robert Cable Lape; 1933 in Akron, Ohio) is an American broadcast journalist, writer, restaurant reviewer, and food critic.
Career
Lape worked as a reporter and news director at WCUE in Akron, Ohio, WICE in Providence, Rhode Island and WBZ in Boston, Massachusetts, before joining WABC-TV in New York City as a charter member of the Eyewitness News team in 1968. Originally hired as a political and crime reporter (beats he would continue throughout his run with the station), as well as being an occasional anchor, Lape started a segment called "The Eyewitness Gourmet" in 1970. It became a highly popular feature on the program, running 1,200 times in 12 years and was called "the harbinger of the Television Food Network" by restaurateur Drew Nieporent. Lape also reviewed film and theater for WBZ-TV and WKBG-TV in Boston and for WABC-TV. After leaving Eyewitness News, he hosted a phone in talk show, Bob Lape's Food Show, on WABC (AM) and wrote a restaurant column in the New York Law Journal. He also served as a network radio news correspondent for the ABC Information Network. His restaurant review column in Crain's New York Business was its most popular feature for 24 years, and "Bob Lape's Dining Diary," broadcast on WCBS since 1986, focuses on eating and drinking reviews, trends and events. Lape is the author of the journals Epicurean Rendezvous, 1990–1996, and Bob Lape's Restaurant Index, 1987-1991 (along with art by Milton Glaser). Lape is co-author with Joanna Pruess of the book Seduced by Bacon : Recipes & Lore About America's Favorite Indulgence
Awards
Bob Lape's awards include Kent State University 2022 Alumni Award for Professional Achievement, Chevalier d'honneur Swiss Ordre du Channe, conferred in 2004, and an Emmy Award for TV News Coverage in 1980; a series of UPI Tom Phillips Awards for radio news in the 1960s; and a Congressional Citation for WBZ's coverage of the Great NE Blackout. He led the combined WBZ radio and TV news team, the sole broadcaster on the air for the region.
Personal
He is a member of the Ohio-based Broadcasters' Hall of Fame, The Friars Club, the Commanderie de Cordon Bleu de France, and the Association of Italian Sommeliers. He received his bachelor's degree at Kent State University in 1955.
References
5.
6. https://www.kent.edu/alumni/kent-state-alumni-awards
Notes
"Robert Cable Lape." Marquis Who's Who, 2006.
short autobiography
New York Times. (Late Edition (East Coast)). New York, N.Y.: Sep 19, 2004. pg. 9.18
New York Times. (Late Edition (East Coast)). New York, N.Y.: Aug 7, 2005. pg. 11.9
https://web.archive.org/web/20060420171936/http://www.poynter.org/dg.lts/id.45/aid.76937/column.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20141204160038/http://www.wheretodineonline.com/home/articles/16/
http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/documentary-subject-and-former-host-of-abc-eyewitness-news-news-photo/485770053
http://www.worldcat.org/title/walden-1962/oclc/22444449
1933 births
Living people
Writers from Akron, Ohio
New York (state) television reporters
Television anchors from New York City
American broadcast news analysts
American reporters and correspondents
American food writers
Journalists from Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Lape |
Hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside found in citrus fruits. Its aglycone is hesperetin. Its name is derived from the word "hesperidium", for fruit produced by citrus trees.
Hesperidin was first isolated in 1828 by French chemist M. Lebreton from the white inner layer of citrus peels (mesocarp, albedo).
Hesperidin is believed to play a role in plant defense.
Sources
Rutaceae
700–2,500 ppm in fruit of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange, petitgrain)
in orange juice (Citrus sinensis)
in Zanthoxylum gilletii
in lemon
in lime
in leaves of Agathosma serratifolia
Lamiaceae
Peppermint contains hesperidin.
Content in foods
Approximate hesperidin content per 100 ml
481 mg peppermint, dried
44 mg blood orange, pure juice
26 mg orange, pure juice
18 mg lemon, pure juice
14 mg lime, pure juice
1 mg grapefruit, pure juice
Metabolism
Hesperidin 6-O-α--rhamnosyl-β--glucosidase, an enzyme that uses hesperidin and water to produce hesperetin and rutinose, is found in the Ascomycetes species.
Research
As a flavanone found in the rinds of citrus fruits (such as oranges or lemons), hesperidin is under preliminary research for its possible biological properties in vivo. One review did not find evidence that hesperidin affected blood lipid levels or hypertension. Another review found that hesperidin may improve endothelial function in humans, but the overall results were inconclusive.
Biosynthesis
The biosynthesis of hesperidin stems from the phenylpropanoid pathway, in which the natural amino acid -phenylalanine undergoes a deamination by phenylalanine ammonia lyase to afford (E)-cinnamate. The resulting monocarboxylate undergoes an oxidation by cinnamate 4-hydroxylase to afford (E)-4-coumarate, which is transformed into (E)-4-coumaroyl-CoA by 4-coumarate-CoA ligase. (E)-4-coumaroyl-CoA is then subjected to the type III polyketide synthase naringenin chalcone synthase, undergoing successive condensation reactions and ultimately a ring-closing Claisen condensation to afford naringenin chalcone. The corresponding chalcone undergoes an isomerization by chalcone isomerase to afford (2S)-naringenin, which is oxidized to (2S)-eriodictyol by flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase. After O-methylation by caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase, the hesperitin product undergoes a glycosylation by flavanone 7-O-glucosyltransferase to afford hesperitin-7-O-β--glucoside. Finally, a rhamnosyl moiety is introduced to the monoglycosylated product by 1,2-rhamnosyltransferase, forming hesperidin.
See also
Diosmin
List of phytochemicals in food
List of MeSH codes (D03)
List of food additives
References
External links
Flavanone glycosides
Flavonoid antioxidants
Bitter compounds
Flavonoids found in Rutaceae | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperidin |
A pot-in-pot refrigerator, clay pot cooler or zeer () is an evaporative cooling refrigeration device which does not use electricity. It uses a porous outer clay pot (lined with wet sand) containing an inner pot (which can be glazed to prevent penetration by the liquid) within which the food is placed. The evaporation of the outer liquid draws heat from the inner pot. The device can cool any substance, and requires only a flow of relatively dry air and a source of water.
History
Many clay pots from around 3000 BC were discovered in the Indus Valley civilization and are considered to have been used for cooling as well as storing water. The pots are similar to the present-day ghara and matki used in India and Pakistan.
There is evidence that evaporative cooling may have been used in North Africa as early as the Old Kingdom of Egypt, circa 2500 BC. Frescoes show slaves fanning water jars, which would increase air flow around porous jars to aid evaporation and cooling the contents. These jars exist even today and are called zeer, hence the name of the pot cooler. Despite being developed in Northern Africa, the technology appeared to have been forgotten since the advent of modern electrical refrigerators.
However, in the Indian subcontinent, ghara, matka and surahi, all of which are different types of clay water pots, are in everyday use to cool water. In Spain, botijos are popular. A botijo is a porous clay container used to keep and to cool water; they have been in use for centuries and are still in relatively widespread use. Botijos are favored most by the low Mediterranean climate; locally, the cooling effect is known as "botijo effect".
In the 1890s, gold miners in Australia developed the Coolgardie safe, based on the same principles.
In rural northern Nigeria in the 1990s, Mohamed Bah Abba developed the Pot-in-Pot Preservation Cooling System, consisting of a small clay pot placed inside a larger one, and the space between the two filled with moist sand. The inner pot is filled with fruit, vegetables or soft drinks and covered with a wet cloth. Abba, who hails from a family of potmakers, tapped into the large unemployed local workforce and hired skilled pot makers to mass-produce the first batch of 5,000 Pot-in-Pots. He received the Rolex Award for Enterprise in 2001 and used his $75,000 award to make the invention available throughout Nigeria. Abba devised an educational campaign tailored to village life and the illiterate population featuring a video-recorded play by local actors to dramatise the benefits of the desert refrigerator. The pots sell at 40 US cents a pair.
After the millennium, several international NGOs began to work on the dissemination of this technology in various African countries: Practical Action in Sudan, Humanity First in Gambia and Movement e.V. in Burkina Faso.
Extensive research has also been done in Mali by D-Lab, in partnership with World Vegetable Center.
Construction
A zeer is constructed by placing a clay pot within a larger clay pot with wet sand in between the pots and a wet cloth on top.
The device cools as the water evaporates, allowing refrigeration in hot, dry climate. It must be placed in a dry, ventilated space for the water to evaporate effectively towards the outside. Evaporative coolers tend to perform poorly or not at all in climates with high ambient humidity, since the water is not able to evaporate well under these conditions.
If there is an impermeable separation layer between the food and the porous pots, undrinkable water such as seawater can be used to drive the cooling process, without contaminating the food. This is useful in arid locations near the ocean where drinkable water is a limited commodity, and can be accomplished by using a pot that has waterproof glaze or cement applied to the inner wall where the food is stored.
Extended operation is possible if the pots are able to draw water from a storage container, such as an inverted airtight jar, or if the pots are placed in a shallow pool of water. A strap can be used to tie the inner pot down instead of using sand to prevent it from floating.
Alternatives to the Pot-in-Pot construction include various versions of a simple Pot-in-Dish. For larger storage capacity, evaporative cooling chambers (ECCs) can be constructed from a double walled brick structure with a straw and wood cover. The same basic operating principles apply. Detailed information on construction materials and methods can be found in the D-Lab best practices guide.
Operating conditions
Several key considerations are important for determining if an evaporative cooling device will provide effective cooling and storage. ECCs and clay pot coolers provide the most benefits when they are used in low humidity climates (less than 40% relative humidity), the temperature is relatively high (maximum daily temperature higher than 25 °C), water is available to add to the device between one and three times per day, and the device can be located in a shady and well-ventilated area. If any of these key criteria cannot be met at the time when improved vegetable storage is needed, then ECCs or clay pot coolers may not provide sufficient benefits to justify their use.
Effectiveness
The effectiveness of evaporative cooling varies with the temperature, humidity and airflow. Given a constant flow of cool dry air, evaporative cooling can achieve temperatures as low as the wet-bulb temperature, the 100% humidity condition at the given temperature. Documented tables show the minimum temperature that can be achieved at different starting temperatures and percent humidities.
To determine the effectiveness of evaporative cooling chambers for specific uses it is helpful to consider the following:
Type of vegetables or other products needing improved storage
ECCs or clay pot coolers provide benefits if post-harvest vegetable spoilage is the result of exposure to high temperatures, low humidity, animals, or insects. Some examples of vegetables that are particularly vulnerable to these conditions include eggplants, tomatoes, leafy greens, peppers, and okra. See the "Conclusions and Additional Resources" section of the Best Practices Guide for a more complete list of vegetables that can benefit from storage in an evaporative cooling device. Non- electric evaporative cooling devices – such as ECCs and clay pot coolers – are not suitable for items that require sustained temperatures below 20 °C (medicine, meat, and dairy products) or foods that require a low humidity environment (onions, coffee, garlic, millet, and other grains).
Volume of vegetables stored at any one time
If the vegetables can fit into a clay pot with a capacity of 150 liters or less, then a clay pot cooler is suitable. Storing larger amounts of vegetables requires a larger ECC. A brick ECC can be designed to accommodate the storage volumes between roughly 500 and 5,000 liters, see the "Construction of Evaporative Cooling Chambers" section of the Best Practices Guide.
How often is it needed?
Variations in the need for improved vegetable storage can arise due to seasonal growing and harvest cycles, vegetable production surpluses relative to local demand, and climate variations. It is important to determine if proper operating conditions exist for evaporative cooling to effectively provide benefits during the time when vegetable storage is needed, and if the need for improved vegetable storage is frequent enough that the value an ECC or clay pot cooler can provide is greater than its cost.
Impact
Pot-in-pot refrigeration has had multiple positive impacts on the population that uses them beyond the simple ability to keep food fresh for longer periods of time and decreasing instances of food-related disease.
Increased profits from food sales: As there is no rush to sell food to avoid spoilage, farmers are able to sell their produce on demand and can command higher prices.
Rural employment opportunities: Farmers are able to support themselves with their increased profits at market, slowing the move into cities. Also, the creation of the pots themselves generates job opportunities.
Increased diet variety because food is available for longer into the year.
The ability to store vaccines and medicines that would otherwise be unavailable in areas without refrigeration facilities.
A zeer costs about 150 naira (approximately in 2011) to make in Nigeria, and they sell for 180-200 naira ( to in 2011).
See also
Botijo (Spanish evaporative water cooler)
Solar-powered refrigerator
Evaporative cooler
Coolgardie safe
People
Mohammed Bah Abba
References
External links
Bibliography
Oluwemimo Oluwasola: Pot-in-pot Enterprise: Fridge for the Poor. United Nations Development Programme, New York 2011. ( Online pdf)
Peter Rinker: Der Tonkrugkühler – eine angepasste Kühlmöglichkeit. Bau- und Nutzungsanleitung. Movement e. V., Teningen 2014. (Online article (pdf files in German/English/French are also linked))
Appropriate technology
Food preservation
Food safety
Nigerian inventions
Refrigerators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot-in-pot%20refrigerator |
Jan Lam (16 January 1838 in Stanyslaviv – 3 August 1886 in Lviv) was a Polish journalist, writer and comic, as well as a teacher in numerous schools of Galicia. He is probably best remembered as the author of a poem Marsz Sokołów, the anthem of the Sokół, as well as a long-time journalist of the Dziennik Polski daily.
Jan Lam was born Johann Lam on January 16, 1838, in the town of Stanisławów, Austria-Hungary (now Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine). Born to a German family, he chose to be a Pole much like most of his colleagues and took part in the January Uprising against Imperial Russia. Upon his return to Austria in 1864 he was arrested and sentenced to one year in prison for his part in the struggle against Russia.
In 1866 he moved to Lwów, where he briefly appeared as a journalist of the Gazeta Narodowa daily. In 1868 he started publishing a weekly Lwów chronicles column, a largely popular satirical rubric. Its popularity made him change the newspaper and the following year he was hired by the Dziennik Polski, the most popular Polish language newspaper of Galicia. He also published a number of novels, most of which were also satirical to some extent. In his works he mocked the short-mindedness of the szlachta and the clergy, as well as the absurdities of Austro-Hungarian rule and red-tape in Galicia. Such topics made Lam one of the most popular journalist of Lwów, a town primarily inhabited by burghers rather than gentry. He died August 3, 1886, in Lwów (then Austro-Hungarian Galicia, modern Lviv in Ukraine).
Works
Wielki świat Capowic (Fashionables of Buckville; 1869)
Koroniarz w Galicji (A Crown-man in Galicia; 1870)
Głowy do pozłoty (Heads to be Gilt; 1873)
Idealiści (Idealists; 1876)
Dziwne kariery (Strange Careers; 1881)
Dzieła (Selected works in 4 volumes; 1956–1957)
1838 births
1886 deaths
19th-century Polish journalists
19th-century Polish male writers
19th-century Polish novelists
Polish male novelists
January Uprising participants
Male journalists
Writers from Ivano-Frankivsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Lam |
John Desmond Singleton (born 9 November 1941) is an Australian entrepreneur. He built his success and wealth in the advertising business in Australia in the 1970s and 1980s. He now has diverse investment interests in radio broadcasting, publishing and thoroughbred breeding and racing.
Early life
Singleton was born in the Sydney suburb of Enfield and educated at Fort Street High School.
Advertising career
He commenced a career in advertising in 1958 as a mail boy in the Sydney office of J. Walter Thompson and after five years took a creative role at Berry Currie Advertising. Five years hence he was the Creative Director at that agency. In 1968 together with his Art Director partner Dunc McAllan, he started his own agency in Sydney and the pair soon teamed-up with Rob Palmer and Mike Strauss who had an existing small Melbourne shop with media buying accreditation to start Singleton, Palmer and Strauss, McAllan. SPASM opened with offices in Sydney and Melbourne.
SPASM (and Singleton in particular) are notable in the history of Australian advertising for embracing an ocker voice in their communications at a time when multi-national agency groups were making their presence felt with the advent of strategic planning and British or American-imitating tones of voice. SPASM's clients were largely local Sydney retailers and rather than using polished voices, Singleton's ads embraced the tone of working-class man. A successful campaign was created for the wholesalers David Holdings. The voice-over screamed the retailer's prices before the irritating catchphrase "Where do you get it?". Similar "low-brow" approaches were taken for Jax Tyres "Jax the ripper Tyremen with the deals" and for Hudsons Timber and Hardware using a toothless old handyman spruiking "'udsons with a haitch". Critics derided this style as ocker advertising but it would pave the way for the later success of the laconic and self-deprecating style of local Australian advertising such as that created by the Mojo agency in the 1980s.
In 1973 Singleton and his partners sold SPASM to the US Doyle Dane Bernbach and Singleton for a time was managing director of DDB's Australian operations. Working for a large multi-national with overseas owners was a challenge for Singleton and he left the business in 1977 triggering a long non-compete provision in his contract. In 1985 Singleton started up again on his own with "John Singleton Advertising". Sydney stockbroker Rene Rivkin bought a silent-holding in the agency during its development in the 1980s. Singleton developed close ties with the Australian Labor Party and created the advertising for Bob Hawke's successful 1983 election campaign. John Singleton Advertising listed publicly, became the Singleton Group Ltd in 1994, then grew to become the STW Communications Group Ltd in 2002 which now owns over fifty Australian marketing and advertising businesses including the Singleton Ogilvy & Mather ad agency and holds an interest in J. Walter Thompson's Australian operations. Along the way Singleton acquired personal stakes in ventures including the 1990 buy-out of the Ten Group TV network from receivership and an acquisition in 2000 of Indonesia's No 3 network SCTV. These personal holdings in addition to the success and growth STW Group interests enabled Singleton to amass a massive personal fortune.
In 2019, Singleton sold his 32.2% stake in Macquarie Media for A$80 million, which Nine Entertainment purchased for $1.46 per share.
Honours and awards
In 1994 Singleton was appointed as a Member of the Order of Australia for service to the community through his own personal support and fundraising activities more broadly. In 2000 Singleton was awarded the Australian Sports Medal. In 2009 Singleton was included in the inaugural twelve inductees to Ad News magazine's, Australian Advertising Hall of Fame.
Personal life
He has eight children from six marriages. He has been married to Margaret Wall (Jack born 1971), Maggie Eckardt, Belinda Green (Jessie born 1982, Sally born 1984), Liz Hayes, Jennifer Murrant - de facto (Joe born 1993, Hannah born 1995) and Julie Martin (Dawnie born 1998, Summer born 2000, Daisy born 2006).
Net worth
References
Further reading
External links
Original Singo 27 July 2002
History of Sydney Advertising
Blackman "Post War Advertising in Australia" 1997
Singleton's Advertising Age profile 2002
1941 births
Living people
Australian advertising executives
Australian copywriters
Members of the Order of Australia
Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal
Businesspeople from Sydney
People educated at Fort Street High School | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Singleton%20%28Australian%20entrepreneur%29 |
The Republic Square or the Square of the Republic (Serbian: Трг републике / Trg republike) is one of the central town squares and an urban neighborhood of Belgrade, located in the Stari Grad municipality. It is the site of some of Belgrade's most recognizable public buildings, including the National Museum, the National Theatre and the statue of Prince Michael.
Location
The square is located less than 100 meters away from Terazije, designated center of Belgrade, to which it is connected by the streets of Kolarčeva (traffic) and Knez Mihailova (pedestrian zone). Many people erroneously consider Square of the Republic to be the center of the city. Through Vasina street it is connected to the fortress and park of Kalemegdan to the west and through Sremska street it is connected to the neighborhood of Zeleni Venac and further to Novi Beograd. It also borders the neighborhoods of Stari Grad and Dorćol, to the north. Today, it makes one of the local communities within Belgrade with a population of 2,360 in 2002.
Name
The name of the square has been the subject of much debate in the city. Vuk Drašković of the Serbian Renewal Movement suggested the square be renamed to Freedom Square (Трг Слободе / Trg Slobode) after pro-democracy demonstrations were held in the square to oust Slobodan Milosević on 9 March 1991, during the 1991 protests in Belgrade. Most recently, a group of theater academics suggested the square's original name Theater Square (Позоришни Трг / Pozorišni trg) be returned.
History
Antiquity
The Celtic and Roman predecessor of Belgrade was Singidunum. Castrum occupied part of today's Belgrade Fortress but the civilian zone spread from the Kralja Petra Street, over both the Sava and Danube slopes, till Kosančićev Venac, extending in a series of necropolises from Republic Square, along the Bulevar kralja Aleksandra all the way to the Mali Mokri Lug. Necropolis at Republic Square contained a well-shaped graves from the 1st century AD. In general, the largest section of the civilian settlement was situated between the modern Simina (Dorćol) and Brankova streets (Zeleni Venac, Kosančićev Venac), and the Republic Square.
During the digging of the foundations for the Monument to Prince Michael in 1882, tombs from different periods of Roman rule were discovered. One tomb was made from bricks, and there were 13 circular and 2 rectangle grave pits. Some of them are "well-tombs", named so because they are more than deep. The "well-tombs" are rare in these areas and it is believed that the custom arrived from Gaul. The brick tomb, which contained rushlight, was discovered close to the Čika Ljubina Street, while the other pits were where the monument is today. The materials found in the tombs include pottery fragments and vessels, pieces of terracotta and stone statues, fan-shaped floor tiles, bronze and bone needles, bricks, rushlights, etc. The pits were filled with ashes and contained animal bones. Coins and bronze rings, parts of the armor, have also been discovered. These "well-tombs" are considered to be the oldest part of the vast Singidunum necropolis, originating from c.100 AD, while the brick tomb is dated to c.400 and some of its bricks have a stamp of the Legio IV Flavia Felix. The entire square area belongs to the Archaeological Site of Singidunum, which was declared a protected zone on 30 June 1964. During the 2018–2019 renovation, two additional, though devastated tombs were discovered.
Baroque Belgrade
During their occupation of northern Serbia from 1717 to 1739, the Austrians conducted massive project of extensive refurbishment of Belgrade from an oriental town into the modern, baroque-style, European one. Major section was the German Town, modern Dorćol, where large-scale settlement of ethnic Germans ensued. In the next two decades the goal was mostly achieved, and the historians today refer to this part of city's history as Baroque Belgrade. Project included construction of several imposing objects, some of which were located in the area of modern square, which was on the outskirts of German Town.
After Austria lost the Austro-Turkish War of 1737–1739, the northern Serbia, including Belgrade, was returned to the Turks. One of the provisions of the 1739 Treaty of Belgrade stated that Austria had to demolish all the fortifications and military and civilian building it has constructed during the occupation. Many baroque buildings were demolished, however, Austrians didn't demolish the buildings outside of the Belgrade Fortress' walls, so the Ottomans destroyed them and almost completely re-orientalized Belgrade.
Württemberg Gate
The Württemberg Gate was built in 1725. It predated the construction of the protective trench built on the orders by the Generalissimo Ernst Gideon von Laudon. It was one of the four gates which lead outside of the fortress and was part of the fortification's outer walls. The gate was a typical baroque gate of its day. It was designed by Nicolas Doxat, who renovated the entire fortress during the Austrian period. His task was to project the new walls and ramparts system around the city, to develop a completely new grid of streets and the transform Belgrade into the typical baroque town. The final completed section of the inner fortified system was the Württemberg Gate. Other three gates were located in the modern Cara Dušana Street (Imperial Gate), Pop-Lukina Street and along the Sava river.
The basic layout of the entire fortified system was finished by 1737. That year, another Austro-Turkish war broke out and the works on further fortification were stopped. After being defeated in the Battle of Grocka in July 1739, Austria agreed to sign a truce. As stipulated by the Treaty of Belgrade in 1739, Austrians had to withdraw and they insisted to demolish all objects and fortifications within the Belgrade Fortress, built in the period of their rule. In June 1740, on a boat in the middle of the Sava river, which now became border between Austria and Ottoman Empire again, an agreement was signed and the fortress, including the gates was demolished. The remains of the gate were found during the 1958 digging of the foundations for the "Press House". The remains of the walls and foundations were re-discovered during the 2018 reconstruction and showed no evidence of additional works and reconstructions after it was built.
The gate was named after Charles Alexander, Duke of Württemberg, who was Austrian governor of occupied Serbia from 1720 to 1733. His court and military barrack were located right behind the gate, at the very entrance into the fort. The National Theatre is today located on that spot. From descriptions, it is known that it was much larger and more monumental than the latter Stambol Gate, but there are no surviving illustrations so the exact appearance of the gate is unknown.
Württemberg Palace
Württemberg also ordered construction of the massive building, stretching over several blocks, which occupied the area between the German and Serbian sections of Belgrade. Originally intended to be a military barrack, after Württemberg's direction it was vastly expanded into his palace, or court. The palace occupied the area between the modern Ruski car Tavern, Zmaj Jovina Street and Republic Square. On one of its narrower side, where the "Jadran" cinema was located for decades, it faced the Württemberg Gate. On the other side it also faced a square, which was designated for the musters.
The palace had rectangular base and was vertically divided into ground floor, two storeys and Mansard roof. As the original purpose of the edifice was military one, the facade is ornamented in the style of plainer, classical baroque. The narrower sides were decorated more. The longer sides were divided in three avant-corps, one central and two flanks. The central avant-corps, or risalit, was especially enhanced with decorative elements, on all four facades. Also, all four had balcony porch, under which all four entrances into the building were located. The upper outline of the building ended with highly elevated roof and plump chimneys, which was typical for the Austrian architecture of the day.
Later Serbian folk songs said the palace had "windows as many as there are days in the year". However, after the examinations of the surviving images, that number was established to be around 312 rather than 365. Württemberg also formed something of the first zoo in Belgrade. He ordered his military to capture and bring to him "wild beasts from the forests and mountains of Serbia", which he then kept in cages.
After the Austrians withdrew in 1739, the local Ottoman administration sent a letter to the Sublime Porte asking for the "large masonry saray for the wālis to be demolished. Even before the reply came from Constantinople, local administration mined the building and leveled it to the ground. Partial remains of the palace were discovered during the 2018-2019 reconstruction. The building is today considered one of the most representative Belgrade edifices in the entire 18th century. Digital archaeological 3D representation of the building was finished in 2020.
Stambol Gate
After entering Belgrade in 1740, the Ottomans found completely destroyed ramparts. They walled the remaining earthen defensive mounds with palisades. The Ottomans decided to build only one gate, while on the other access points they set čardaks. They didn't use the foundations of the demolished Württemberg Gate, but built their gate a bit to the right, where the modern Vasina Street is, so the gate occupied the area between the modern National Theatre and the Monument to Prince Michael.
During the Austrian occupation, generalissimo Laudon ordered a vast effort to fortify the city, which included the defensive trench which encircled a wider Belgrade area. The trench became known as the Laudan's Trench (Laudanov šanac) and passed in front of the gate which was accessed over a small bridge over it. Though smaller than the previous Württemberg Gate, it was still the largest of all city gates at the time, but was also considered the most beautiful.
The gate got its name as it was the starting point of the Tsarigrad Road, which linked Belgrade with Constantinople. Hence the name of both the road (Carigrad was Serbian name for Constantinople) and the gate (after shortened Serbian version of the Ottoman name for Constantinople, "Istanbul Gate"). The gate was made of dressed stone and bricks, on a rectangular base. It had rooms for housing the sentry units and three entry points: large, central one, for the carts and two smaller ones on the sides for the pedestrians. Above the main entrance there was tughra, a medallion with the signature of the Ottoman sultan. Doors were made of thick oak beams, nailed down with the strong iron plating. In time, the plating became full of obvious bullet holes.
The Stambol Gate became notorious as the place in front of which the Turks executed the rayah, their non-Muslim subjects, by impaling them on stakes. It was also the place where during the attack on Belgrade in 1806 in the First Serbian Uprising, one of the leading Serbian military commanders, Vasa Čarapić, was fatally wounded. In his memory, a street near the square (Vasina Street) and a monument in the vicinity were named after him. When the rebellion collapsed, the Ottomans regained Belgrade in October 1813. Their vanguards burned wooden hovels in Savamala and when the main army landed, a large number of people remained stranded on the bank in Savamala, trying to flee across the river into Austria. Men were massacred, while women and children were sold into slavery. All over the city heads on a spike appeared, while people were impaled on stakes along all city roads. Rows of impaled people were placed from the gate to Terazije in one direction, and along the Tsarigrad Road itself, from the Batal mosque to Tašmajdan, in another.
The gate continued to have certain strategic role in the 18th and the 19th century. After 1815, when Serbia was granted autonomy, Ottoman guards were placed at the gate to control the entering into the fortress. Already notorious, it became a symbol of the hated Ottoman rule after the Čukur Fountain incident in 1862. After the armed clash and rioting which followed, the gate lost its importance as the Ottoman garrison withdrew into the Belgrade Fortress itself, abandoning the gate.
The gate was demolished in 1866, on the orders of Prince Michael, as the plans for the National Theatre were already in the works. The prince ordered it to be completely demolished to the ground on 20 March 1866. On 1 April, the military parade of the regular units of Serbian army was organized, from the gate, over Terazije, to the Old Konak, in the Royal Compound. Demolition began on 26 April, and the work was finished on 31 May 1866. That way, the last physical obstacle which divided city parts on the opposite sides of the trench was demolished, thus making neighborhoods outside of the old city walls one urban unit with the older part of the city which prompted accelerated urbanization. The Ottomans fully evacuated from Belgrade in 1867. The stones from the gate were re-used for the construction of the surrounding houses and for the building of the theatre itself. The rubble was partially used for burying the marsh in Bara Venecija, where the Belgrade Main railway station was built. When the square was renovated in 1928–1929, the remains of the Stambol Gate's foundations were discovered beneath the pavement, but it was not recorded whether the remains were dug up again or were removed. Additional remains were found in 1949, during another rearrangement of the square.
Formation of the square
Belgrade's first chief urbanist, Emilijan Josimović, devised a plan in 1867 for the system of "green groves" along the former route of the Laudon trench, which now divided old part of the city from the newer neighborhoods. The green belt was also to include avenues, promenades, etc. The plan was only partially conducted at the time, while the only two surviving parts of the plan are two small squares, at Topličin Venac, where the Park Proleće is today, and at the present Republic Square's section in front of the Central Military Club building.
After the demolition of the gate and establishment of Serbian rule in all of Belgrade in 1867, the site of the present square was not laid out for a long time. The remains of the Stambol Gate were still visible. They were surrounded by bogs and gullies and a row of black locusts, which was leading to the open farmer's market. The market was known for the lamb and pork meat, while the kiridžije, who transported various goods from Užice on their little horses, were bringing and selling bacon, sirene, kaymak, pršut and kegs of rakia.
The National Theatre, built in 1869, was the only large building for the more than 30 years as the square didn't develop as an urban area until the monument to Prince Mihailo was erected on 19 December 1882 when the square gradually started to acquire more buildings. The square was named Pozorišni Trg ("Theatre square"), keeping the name until the Communist rule after 1945. The square was formed between the theatre building, Cooperation of the printing workers, the Dardaneli kafana, the lots of Dimitrije and Lazar Andrejević, the Kolarac House with pharmacy and the First Belgrade Brewery.
The second ice rink in Belgrade, after one in Savamala, was built in 1909 near the modern Army House. The place where now the National Museum is, was the location of long single-storied building which housed, among other edifices, the famous "Dardaneli" restaurant, founded in 1855. It was the most popular kafana in Belgrade at that time, especially after the 1896 reconstruction, when it became the meeting-place of actors and writers, and the central point of city's urban spirit and bohemianism. The building was pulled down to make way in 1903 for the Treasury (now the building of the National Museum). In a small park next to the National Theatre, there were the well-known "Kolarac" kafana and cinema (owned by Ilija Milosavljević-Kolarac, a merchant and benefactor). The "Kolarac" was a regular meeting place of young officers and here, headed by Dragutin Dimitrijević Apis, they plotted the 1903 May Coup, which ended with the deaths of king Alexander Obrenović and queen Draga and termination of the Obrenović dynasty. As the building was also location of the Association of Writers of Serbia, the first book fair in the city was held here.
The square was damaged during World War I, in the bombardment by the Austro-Hungarian and German armies. Especially damaged was the building of the National Theatre. It was fully reconstructed by 1922.
The "Riunione" Palace, in which "Jadran" cinema used to be located, was built from 1929 to 1931, on one section of the Andrejević family parcel. It was built by the Adriatic Insurance Company "Riunione" from Trieste, Italy. The palace had apartments, offices, cinema "Uranija" and "Milanović" bistro. It was adapted into the pastry shop later (Kod kneževog spomenika) and is café-pastry shop even today. Part of the building was rented to German Transportation Bureau (Deutsches Verkehrs Buro). It was a public secret that it is actually a hotspot for German spies, but the state didn't react. Few days before the 27 March 1941 anti-German protests, including the coup d'état, Germans hastily left the building, so the protesters smashed it. Boško Buha Theatre is today located in that section of the building.
"Uranija" was later renamed "Jadran", and the cinema was popular for its repertoire, mostly made of dramas and romantic movies. When it was sold to the privately owned company in 2007, they resold it the a company from Cyprus which closed the cinema and opened a café and a pastry shop instead.
World War II and later
Most of the buildings were destroyed during the German bombing on 6 April 1941. In the summer of 1942 a failed assassination on Dušan Letica by a group of six Yugoslav Partisans happened here. German occupational forces reconstructed the building of the theatre in 1942. After World War II, the tram tracks were removed as, until then, a tram terminus was located in the square.
During the Belgrade Offensive in 1944, in which the Partisans and the Red Army expelled occupying Germans from Belgrade, 24 Red Army tank crewmen were killed. On 23 October 1944, three days after the liberation, a funeral procession consisting of 24 tanks moved from the Slavija Square to the Republic Square, where the crewmen were buried. Among the buried soldiers was Lt. (1921–44), who was the only soldier participant in the Belgrade Offensive awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union medal. General Vladimir Zhdanov held eulogy at the mass burial, but addressed Kravtsov specifically. In 1954, the crypt and the monument were moved to the newly formed Cemetery of the Liberators of Belgrade at Belgrade New Cemetery. The crypt was known as the "Monument with cross and five-pointed star".
Later, the biggest building on this square, the "Press House" was constructed in 1961 on the remaining part of the former Andrejević family lot, so as the "City Restaurant" and the International Press Center. For the construction of the Press House, a series of old, ground-floor houses was demolished.
In the early 1990s, club "Buha" was opened in the building of the Boško Buha Theatre. It was very popular in the 1990–1992 period as one of the first venues in Belgrade to play electronic music, and was also a pioneer of rave music in Serbia.
Opera controversy
The area of the present 'Plateau of Dr Zoran Đinđić', right across the National Theatre was seen as the site of the future Belgrade Opera from the 1960s. However, this became highly controversial issue, both academic and public, in the 2003, when city government decided to tear down the Staklenac mall (saying it has done its purpose, even though it was built in 1989) and to construct City Gallery, while the Opera is supposed to be built in the swampy and uninhabited area of Ušće in Novi Beograd. Despite opposition from the citizens, ensemble of the opera and prominent architects and artists, the city government, most prominently the official city architect Đorđe Bobić, insisted that regardless of everything, they already made a decision that the Opera will not be built on the Square. Architect Milan Pališaški proposed in 2003 a project "Opera on the Square". It included construction of the national opera and ballet house (up to 1,200 seats) and a large underground garage (1,400 parking spots). The project would rule out the need for smaller underground garages in the vicinity (like to one planned on Studentski Trg or, as it is the case with La Scala and Covent Garden, a separate building for the Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra which could also use it. The project, which also included the underground passage which would connect the new building with the building of the National Theatre across the Francuska Street, was supported by the "Opera at the Square" movement, headed by the opera singer . As of 2018 nothing has been either demolished or built.
In 2015 city announced that the Staklenac mall (Serbian for glassy) will be demolished. The mall, with of floor area, was built in 1989 on a temporary permit from 1988, which expired after ten years. Hence, the object can't be officially legalized. It was built concurrently with the reconstruction of the National Theatre, in the scopes of the city beautification for the IX Non-Aligned Movement summit which was held in Belgrade. New project is a cultural venue, covering and comprising galleries, bookstores, conference halls and an underground garage for 500 vehicles. In August 2017, city architect Milutin Folić said that the plan will include opera, ballet and a gallery, or a combination of those, though that was not in the project accepted in 2015 and even announced a possibility of yet another architectural design competition.
In January 2018 it was again announced by the city that the mall will be demolished to make room for an opera and ballet house. It was disclosed that the demolition will start in the summer of 2018, but there is a possibility of postponing it, as the city will only then organize an architectural design competition so there is no economic point in demolishing the well established mall so early. In August 2018 it was announced by the city officials that the Staklenac will be demolished and the building of the Opera and ballet house will be built, "in the next several years". Some architects consider opera house on the square as a bad solution. City then announced in March 2022 that the "House of Dance" will be built instead on the location.
21st century
After 2013, new city government announced the closing of the entire downtown for traffic, including the square, and turning the central city area in the pedestrian zone. The square and the entire section till the Kalemegdan will be paved in granite or concrete slabs, almost without any trees. The idea met with the universal opposition from the professionals (architects, urbanists, traffic experts) but also from the public. Total open pedestrian square area, west of the thoroughfare, is - of which is the plateau with the prince's monument, and is the section with fountains which connects the square with the Knez Mihailova Street.
In 2017 city announced plans for the details of the major reconstruction of the square. The flower beds will be removed, the square will be paved with granite slabs and the traffic calming zone will be formed. The works started in August 2018 and the deadline is 14 months. The works will be organized in two phases. Phase I is dealing with the square plateau itself and should be finished on 1 March 2019. In the phase II, the streets will be closed for adaptation and renovation, rerouting the traffic in the sole center of the city. It is planned that the granite slabs in different color will mark the locations of some former landmarks, like the Stambol Gate and the temporary graveyard from 1944. During the process, the Prince Michael Monument will be renovated, too. In the end, even this idea was abandoned.
In September 2018, during the excavations, original wooden cobble laid in the second half of the 19th century was discovered. Once, the entire square, up to the Terazije, was covered with it. The cobbles were removed for cleaning. One part will be returned and form the protected patch so that pedestrians can see what the cobble looked like. Another part will be kept in the National Museum while the third will be used for other pedestrian areas in the city. Also, it was originally thought that remains of the former Stambol Gate were discovered, though it was believed that nothing survived. The remains were to be preserved and shielded by glass so that they will remain visible to passersby. The works were then stopped again for a while after the remains of the Roman tombs were discovered. It was later announced that the remains are actually of the Württemberg Gate, not the Stambol Gate. It was decided to scrap the idea of a glass cover which would leave the remains visible, and to continue with the original plan which included reburying of the remains and differently colored slabs which will mark its former position.
The deputy mayor Goran Vesić said that the works will be done "24 hours a day" and that cameras will be installed so that everyone can watch the progress. Asked why it takes 420 days for such a reconstruction, under such a rigorous working hours, Vesić replied that it was a question for the authors of the project. Soon, reporters and public figures noted that the working site is still without workers from time to time or that it took less to build the entire Empire State Building, back in 1930–1931. In April 2019, administration of the Stari Grad municipality began intermittent physical blockades of the construction site and removal of the construction fencing, hence "liberating the square". Employees, local residents and sympathizers of the opposition would either physically prevent machines from working and escort workers from the site or would organize sport activities or sitting sessions on the square thus stopping works.
Public complains continued, including the lack of greenery and replacement of the street pavement with the stone slabs. The cobblestone was placed as it was originally intended to turn the entire square into the pedestrian zone, but after much protests, the idea was scrapped, at least for now. Instead, city urbanist Marko Stojčić announced the revival of an old idea of building an underground garage on the square. During one of his inspections, president Vučić said that the massive building of the Press House should be demolished because it is "so ugly". Despite the legion of problems caused by the reconstruction, a patio of the local café, belonging to the controversial businessman with criminal past , was opened and operational all the time, even though it was right next to the reconstruction site.
In June 2022 city announced that the Boško Buha Theatre will get additional, evening scene in the building of the Post Office No. 6 which was to be renovated within the project Belgrade Waterfront. However, in March 2023 the theatre ensemble went to protest as they were informed the entire theatre will be relocated from the Riunione Palace, where it has been since the foundation in 1950 and has indefinite lease right, to Belgrade Waterfront. Problem turned out to be the ownership in the cadaster, which was explained to the ensemble being a mistake which will be corrected.
Problem turned out to net that the premises of the theatre were purchased by the company owned by Aleksandar Kajmaković in 2017. Nicknamed Aca Bosanac, he already owns numerous hospitality venues throughout Belgrade, including the recently purchased Western City Gate which also caused protests. Kajmaković's connections to major criminal clans in Serbia include being a right-hand man of Peconi. He was also apprehended by the police during investigation of top Serbian gang kingpin for suspicion of Kajmaković acting as the legal owner of Belivuk's properties safeguarded by the Belivuk's gang members, and for money laundering. A bomb was placed under Kajmaković's car in 2002 in Budva, Montenegro.
A state cadaster service reacted claiming everything is clear and legal, and that there is no mistake. A major public backlash, and support for the theatre from citizens and colleagues, ensued. Prime minister Ana Brnabić personally intervened, claiming the theatre stays at the square, and accusing previous administration for "vague documentation" which allowed for the "mistaken" registration of Kajmaković's company despite all the cadastre registrations in question happened during the present administration. She then contradicted herself and the cadaster, claiming that actually nothing is true, including Kajmaković's ownership, but that his company, as a co-owner of the building, gave permission to the city to reconstruct the theatre.
Post-reconstruction
The square was reopened on 1 September 2019. Public reaction was overwhelmingly negative: carriageway cobblestones were 41,000 cubes of rugged stone which made driving unpleasant and motorcycle, bicycle, pedestrian traffic almost impossible. City claimed such cubes were placed deliberately, to slow down the vehicles. At the widest section, the carriageways were narrowed. In protest, residents placed a fake monument to Goran Vesić on the square. City and state official praised the works. President of the Republic, Aleksandar Vučić, said the square looks "wonderful and that the cobblestone is from high quality material which is "for ever". Vesić said they originally wanted plain concrete cubes, but president Vučić said "no, you are doing the central city square, place everything best for Belgrade...and he was right, so we placed the best granite".
Less than two weeks later, heavy rains damaged the surface layer of the carriageways, prompting question whether it was granite at all. Amidst continued negative reactions, Stojčić said granite cubes will be turned upside down, with lower, flat part of the cubes on top. Vesić, claiming he was in a "surprise control visit", had an outburst, scolding the contractor "Strabag" (which billed additional €287,000 for "unexpected works"), calling them to repair it with their own money and without closing the traffic. Asked how the cubes, by city's orders with rugged side up, were praised for 12 days, Vesić replied that "Strabag had to point out this is not a functional solution", calling the situation "unacceptable". 15 days after the re-opening, "reconstruction of the reconstruction" began. Despite promises, the traffic was stopped again.
Repairs showed cubes are not made of granite as stipulated by the invitation to tender and paid as such by the city, but concrete cubes with a thin silicone-glued rugged layer on top. Architects criticized the process - simple flipping of the cubes, especially glued ones like this - as a threat for traffic safety, especially during rain or winter, with pedestrians already complaining the cubes are slippery. The responsible engineer refused to sign the reconstruction project as the original project was changed by the city during the reconstruction, unknowingly to the public. Additional rains showed the draining system on the square wasn't functional.
President Vučić supported city government again, saying "Vesić has done everything right" and that he doesn't understand the "hysteria surrounding continued works", adding he is proud how things are done in Belgrade. City claims the total price of the reconstruction is €8 million, which is deemed way to high and criticized even by the state Radio Television Serbia. Architect estimated real cost to no more than €4.4 million, though he deemed the reconstruction as unnecessary anyway. In protest, students painted cubes in "gold", to show how things function in Belgrade: façades are painted, but everything decays inside. They were invoking government's claim that Serbia currently lives its "golden age". City filed charges against students claiming they are hooligans who destroy "granite" cubes. It was soon obvious that new cubes, instead of the old, turned upside down ones, are being placed. Mayor Zoran Radojičić, when asked who is paying for this, said: "Well, you know what, I can't really know about every single cube, you have to admit that".
The square was re-re-opened for traffic on 1 November 2019, however, despite claims that all lines of public transportation will be restored, two trolleybus lines remained shortened to Slavija Square, while two were completely abolished. This right away resulted in crowds in the surviving lines and massive public discontent. Authorities said that everything is covered with changing buses on other lines, but it turned out that for some, previously direct routes, it takes an extra hour for the commuters. But it was also reported that the reduction is part of the plan to transform the main traffic route into the pedestrian zone and because of the weight restrictions due to the botched reconstruction of the square. City responded that they acted after "serious analyses and talks" and upon wishes of the citizens. Asked to make public those analyses and explain when and how the citizens were interviewed about such "tectonic" changes, administration refused to disclose any documents. Simultaneously, city extended the deadline to 23 January 2020, which would make the reconstruction 519 days long, though without specifications what will be done in this period, except that there will be "no field work". In the end, locations of the Stambol Gate and the Red Army soldiers burial site were marked with different slabs. City announced that the total expenditures per contract (for 420 days) is 768.3 million dinars, or €6.5 million, but that exact number will be known by the end of the year. The warranty period is three years. In the end, city claimed that the total price was 744 million dinars, or €6.4 million.
In August 2020, city announced continuation of their idea of closing the central city streets for traffic and the reintroduction of the tram line across the square. The bidding for the project was announced and, though the works were not planned in at least a year due to the preparatory works, they should include another removal of the new cubes so that tracks can be placed. Due to the negative reactions, and even though deputy mayor Vesić said in 2018 that the tracks will, at least partially, be laid already in 2019, city's Directorate for Land Development now claimed that works can't start before 2025 or 2027, while president Vučić, who personally pushed the project, now called it unnecessary. Just few days after the announcement, the directorate called the bidding off.
University of Manchester professor and meteorologist Vladimir Janković, was guest in the September issue of the TV serial , hosted by . Janković estimated that, in September, in sunset, temperature of the square's granite slabs is up to . This heat is then being radiated over the entire night, until the next morning. He concluded this wouldn't happen if majority of the square remained covered by the flower beds, trees and a fountain.
Architecture
In terms of architecture, the square is not favorably perceived by the architects and artists nor is considered a proper square, which are generally lacking in Belgrade. Isidora Sekulić wrote in the 1930s that "in Belgrade, you have no beautiful squares. The square is a bordered and appeasing plane, which can't express the real character of Belgrade which is arbitrary, complex and opposed to the planimetrics". During the Interbellum, the square was smaller and less "spilled" than it is today. One the sides where the Press House, space in front of it and park area in front of the Staklenac are today, the square was cornered by two blocks of tall and unrepresentative buildings. In such arrangement, the Riunione Palace (modern Boško Buha Theatre) was de facto the frontal edifice of the square's composition, despite the building of the National Theatre was clearly the most public object.
The objects surrounding the square were all of different heights, creating "height schism" and not allowing for the buildings to be considered as an "ensemble". As a result of this, after the Riunione Palace was built in 1931, it created insulating fluctuation, both daily and seasonal. After the noon, one half of the square is in deep shade while the other is fully lit up. In summer, this becomes extreme due to the heat, which was only aggravated with the 2018-2019 reconstruction. Building of the Mortgage Bank (now a National Museum) wasn't a proper public building until it was adapted into the museum. Just as the height is diversified, the arrangement on the ground is off the markers, too. The strictly symmetrical front façade of the museum faces the monument to Prince Michael, which, however, is not in the symmetrical axis regarding the museum's façade. Older, monument was placed right in the central axis between the Vasina and Čika Ljubina streets and misses the museum's axis because the streets are not equally wide.
After the reconstruction, the square retained its amorphous borderline. The curved section to the Kolarčeva Street was bounded by two rows of trees, some of which withered before the reconstruction was finished. However, several trees were placed in front of the museum's front façade, closing it, especially as the trees grow bigger in the future. Though it was tried to transform the square into the "casserole" (tepsija), the perceptive plane of the square was indeed lowered to the level zero but it only made obvious the tilting of the square. While some, even more tilted squares are considered architectural gems, like the Piazza Grande in Arezzo, the Republic Square misses all the important elements: spatial articulation, borderline edifices and impeccable junction details of all objects with the paved ground. In the "shaved" square, the tilted empty space reinforced its "collage" character.
In December 2021, the existing 21 trees on the square were replaced, with the idea of uniforming the species of trees. Newly planted but already mostly withered sycamore maples were replaced with plane trees. Maple trees which remained in good shape were replanted across the city. However, the older linden trees, across the street and in front of the Staklenac, were not replaced with planes, but with ash trees.
Characteristics
The square is one of the busiest places in Belgrade, as one of the central business areas in the city, with over 20 bus and trolleybus lines of the city public transportation passing through the square.
On one side, the square extends to the Knez Mihailova street, the pedestrian zone and one of the main commercial sections of Belgrade. On the opposite side, the square is occupied by the Staklenac, the Belgrade's first modern glass and steel constructed shopping mall. The small flat area in front of Staklenac has been officially named 'Plateau of Dr Zoran Đinđić', after the Serbian prime minister was assassinated in 2003. There are two park areas in this section of the square. One, in front of the Army House ("Guards Park", which covers ), and another in front of the Staklenac ().
Prince Michael monument
The bronze statue of Prince Michael on a horse, by the Italian sculptor Enrico Pazzi was erected in 1882. It was erected in honor of the Prince's most important political achievement, complete expulsion of the Turks from Serbia and liberation of the remaining 7 cities within (then) Serbian territory, still under the Turkish rule (1867). The names of the cities are carved on a plates on the monument itself, on the statue's pedestal and prince is sculptured with his hand allegedly pointing to Constantinople, showing the Turks to leave. During recent years, the role and honor of prince somewhat fell into the oblivion and the statue became simply known as kod konja (Serbian for 'at the horse'). Even the nearby restaurant is named that way, Kod konja.
Millennium clock
In 2000, a modern public clock, named the Millennium clock and funded by Delta Holding, was installed in the square. The clock is placed on a tall stand, and it also displays current weather conditions. Two main, digital clocks face the less busy sides of the square (near Čika Ljubina and Kolarčeva streets), while two small, analog clocks face the two busier sides (near Knez Mihailova street and the National Theatre). The clock and its stand are made of chromed steel and glass and the stands are tall.
The clock was described as the "nice and modern architectural detail" of Belgrade and that it has been designed and built in the accordance with the surrounding objects. Due to its appearance and construction, it looks almost transparent. With the addition of the clock, as the square is one of the most popular meeting points in the city, for a while Belgraders also used 'let's meet at the clock' as a meeting catchphrase, but by 2018 the clock was out of order for a long time. Public opinion on the clock remained divided as it was perceived by many as a foreign body in the square environment.
One of the complaints by the citizens during the massive 2018-2019 reconstruction was why the clock wasn't removed from the square. In August 2019 it was announced that the clock will be moved to the plateau next to the Belgrade Arena, across the Sava river, in the New Belgrade. On 8 August 2019 the clock and the entire installation were dismantled and sent to the repair shop as it was out of service for years. After the repairs, it will be installed next to the Arena.
Jugoexport building
Lushly decorated building at the entry section into the square from the Terazije direction was built in 1923. Located in the Kolarčeva Street, the building has a total floor area of and is protected within the Spatial Cultural-Historical Complex of Old Belgrade. The building is projected by the architect Matija Bleh, but it is better known for its façade ornamentation, which can be divided into the façade plastics and sculptures. Ornamental plastic was done by the Czech sculptor while Serbian sculptor of Italian origin Giuseppe Pino Grassi carved the sculptures in artificial stone. Decorative elements include figures of Atlases with Earth on their shoulders, male heads with šajkača caps, female heades with bandanas, half-figures of lions, etc.
After World War II, the building was occupied by the state-owned trade company Jugoexport. Jugoexport went bankrupt in 2001 and state tried to sell the building since 2006, but it was unsuccessful in the next 10 years. Main flaws of the building included non-functionality, high maintenance costs and lack of parking places. Serbian industrialist Petar Matijević, nicknamed the "meat king" purchased the object in 2016 for €7,3 million, with an intention to turn it into hotel. It was announced that actually his sons purchased the building to him for his birthday, in the memory of Matijević's father, who worked in the building as a bellboy.
Adaptation into the hotel began in November 2017. As the building is protected, the exterior must be preserved. The investment is €6 million and it is expected to return in the next 12 years. Matijević also purchased a lot of in Simina Street, below the square, for the future parking lot. The four star hotel with 68 tooms, which should be named "Centar", is expected to open in summer of 2018, but as of July 2019 the hotel still wasn't finished.
References
External links
City of Belgrade
Tourist Organization of Belgrade
Squares in Belgrade
Neighborhoods of Belgrade
Stari Grad, Belgrade | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic%20Square%20%28Belgrade%29 |
BIPU (Bioremediation Infield Personnel Unit) is a sanitation method suitable for disaster relief and for temporary or isolated locations. It consists of flat-packed plastic panels which fit together to make a box, which is buried in the ground, and a large plastic bag to be placed inside the box. It is quick to set up but also suitable for longer term use if required.
A latrine, (Western style, or squat style) pour-flush latrine, is placed over the top. The S-shaped water seal improves hygiene, compared to pit latrines.
Background
The BIPU is manufactured and distributed by Poly Marketing Pty Limited.
See also
Appropriate technology
External links
BiPu - New Inventors TV program
Certificate of Authorisation for use in Tasmania.
Appropriate technology
Disaster management tools
Sewerage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BiPu |
The University of Texas Longhorn Band (LHB), also known as the Showband of the Southwest, is the marching band of The University of Texas at Austin. The Longhorn Band was founded in 1900 by distinguished professor of chemistry, Dr. Eugene P. Schoch. The band is currently under the direction of Dr. Cliff Croomes. The band performs at all in-state football games, for various Texas Longhorn Athletics teams, and at special pep rallies and parades throughout the year. The band includes about 375 students, all of whom must register for a year-round course offered by the Butler School of Music.
The Longhorn Band has received prestigious honors, such as the Sudler Trophy, in 1986 and performed at many notable occasions, including Super Bowl VIII and the inaugural parades of five presidents: John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and George W. Bush.
History
Founding and early years (1900–1955)
The Longhorn Band was founded in 1900 by distinguished professor of chemistry, Dr. Eugene P. Schoch. With Dr. H. E. Baxter, the first director of the Longhorn Band, they purchased $150 worth of instruments from a local pawn shop and recruited 16 students to make up the band. Dr. Baxter served as the director for five years before stepping aside, after which Dr. Schoch took full control of the band. Dr. Schoch stepped down as director after five years, but continued to serve as a chaperone for the band. For the next seven years, the Longhorn Band was run by students.
In 1921, Mr. Burnett "Blondie" Pharr became the director of the Longhorn Band. Pharr developed the young band and led it on a tour through 17 states, performing at the Chicago World's Fair, Madison Square Garden, and Washington, D.C. Colonel George E. Hurt became director in 1936. Under his tenure, the Longhorn Band grew to over 200 members. After Col. Hurt suffered a stroke in 1949, Moton Crockett assumed the directorship of the Longhorn Band. In his final year as director, Mr. Crockett oversaw the purchase of the large bass drum that is today known as Big Bertha and affectionately called the "Sweetheart of the Longhorn Band". Big Bertha was purchased from the University of Chicago for $1. The drum had sat in storage in the school's stadium after UChicago disbanded their varsity football program. Big Bertha was radioactively contaminated by testing for the Manhattan Project that occurred at the stadium.
Vincent R. DiNino era (1955–1975)
In 1955, Vincent R. DiNino was hired as the director of the Longhorn Band. He is credited with shaping the band into the organization it is today. DiNino's time as director saw the introduction of many traditions and characteristics of the band, such as the western-style uniforms, Big Flags Brigade, the Longhorn Alumni Band, and cowbells. DiNino oversaw the introduction of women into the band in a position besides majorette in 1956 and the integration of the band in 1962. The adoption of the moniker "Showband of the Southwest" also occurred during this time.
Under the direction of Mr. DiNino, the Longhorn Band performed in the inaugural parades of Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson.
Late 20th century (1975–2001)
Tom C. Rhodes served as director of the band from 1975 to 1980. Glenn A. Richter, an alumnus of the University of Texas, returned to his alma mater as director of the Longhorn Band from 1980 to 1995. Paula Crider became director in 1995 and remained until 1999. Kevin Sedatole served as director for the short span from 1999 to 2001.
Present day (2001–present)
Dr. Robert Carnochan assumed the directorship of the Longhorn Band in 2001. He served as director until 2015, leaving the Longhorn Band for a position as the Director of Bands at the University of Miami.
Dr. Scott Hanna became the 14th director of the Longhorn Band in 2015. Dr. Hanna had served as the associate director of the band for the sixteen years prior to his appointment as director.
In May 2021, Dr. Hanna announced his retirement, effective May 31. Dr. Cliff Croomes, then assistant director of bands at Louisiana State University was chosen to succeed as the 15th director of the Longhorn Band and the first Black director. Dr. Croomes graduated with his Bachelor of Music from the UT Butler School of Music in 2001 and is a former member of the Longhorn Band.
Directors
Drum Majors, Presidents, and Twirlers
Organizational structure
Audition Process
Membership in the Longhorn Band is contingent upon a multi-step audition process. Prospective members must first submit a video playing audition. Upon approval of the video audition by band staff, the prospective member is invited to Band Week, which immediately precedes the start of the fall semester, and are sent traditional music and selected halftime music. At Band Week, prospective members are taught the band's marching style and attend multiple music rehearsals to prepare for the final marching and playing audition. This final audition determines membership in the band and field placement.
Auditions for feature twirler are held only when the position is open. These auditions occur separately from the auditions for the main band and are generally held in the spring.
Auditions for the colorguard involve submitting a short video demonstrating flag technique and dance skill. Upon approval of the video audition by the colorguard director, the prospective member is then invited to attend band week, where they will perform a short choreography and marching audition to determine membership in the band and field placement.
Instrumentation
Rather than mellophones, baritones, and tubas, LHB has Mellos, SOB's (Society of Baritones), and TUBA!s. Also, the band does not march flutes, only piccolos or Piccs.
Marching
The Longhorn Band performs a different show at each home football game throughout the year. These shows include 'Traditional Shows', which feature signature music and drill, and 'Non-Traditional Shows', which feature contemporary music and a modern marching style.
Curl-on entrance
The curl-on entrance is a traditional entrance in which the marchers enter from both east and west sidelines. To reach this position, the section is positioned on the field, divided in the center, and then the marcher closest to the sideline begins a spiral towards the nearest end zone until all marchers are in a tight spiral with the last marcher on the sideline. This entrance is utilized for Wall-to-Wall Band performances, as well as other special occasions. Marchers enter with a Taps 8 to 5 stride, but adjust to a 6 to 5 interval for downfield marching.
Execution
After 4 whistles, the percussion will play eight "dead beats," during which time the band remains at attention. The function of these 8 counts is to establish tempo in a noisy stadium. Following the 8 dead beats, the person on the sideline leads on the marchers to the field. Marchers kick off from the sideline every two steps. After a designated number of counts, a 9-count halt cadence will be played.
Script Texas
First performed in 1957, "Script Texas" is a traditional halftime show performed every year. The Drum Major leads the band onto the field in a single-file line, spelling "Texas" in script writing. The band is split into two blocks at the start of the performance and begins by playing "The Yellow Rose of Texas." The Drum Major marches over to the front of block one and block one begins spelling out the T-E-X of "Texas". They only spell out the bottom part of the T and the / of the X, though. While the first block follows the Drum Major out onto the field, the color guard who are in block one march in a large circle to the side of the band before putting the top on the T after block one has marched to their positions. At the end of "The Yellow Rose of Texas," the band goes straight into "March of the Longhorns" and the rest of "Texas" is spelled out. Once "March of the Longhorns" is over, "Calypso" starts and the Drum Major leads the Saxophones, who are by themselves, into an arc that comes down and below A and S. This concludes Script Texas, and "Texas Fight" is played while the band marches off of the field.
Wall-to-Wall Band/Shotgun Texas
"Wall to Wall Band" is another traditional drill performed annually by Longhorn Band. The drum line starts in the end zone while the band is off on each of the sidelines curled into spirals. The drum line marches onto the field, playing a cadence while the band usually jumps up and down over on the sides. After the drum line reaches their starting position, the Drum Major calls the band to attention, followed by another cadence that brings the band onto the field. The spirals are unrolled and the band marches straight down the yard lines and form into fronts. A roll off ensues, and "March Grandioso" begins. Every six counts, parts of fronts step off, marching in a six-to-five step, and form less dense fronts that still span the width of the field. Halfway through "March Grandioso," the band halts for 4 counts of silence, followed by a proclamation to beat the hell out of Texas' opponent. The band then continues down the field playing the rest of "March Grandioso" and transitioning straight into "March of the Longhorns." Once a front reaches the opposite end zone, a counter-march is performed to bring the band back the way it came. Before the counter-march, the Longhorn band covers the entire football field, putting meaning to the name Wall-to-Wall band. At the trio of "March of the Longhorns," the band contracts into larger fronts that span the width of the football field, then condense into smaller ones that span a little more than the distance between the hashes. At the end of "March of the Longhorns," Wall-to-Wall Band is officially finished, though it is typically followed by Shotgun Texas, in which several condensed fronts quickly shift to spell "TEXAS" in block letters. To start Shotgun Texas, another roll off starts and the band goes straight into "Texas Fight." After the Intro of "Texas Fight," the band spells out each letter of "TEXAS," leaving the fronts every 8 counts of "Texas Fight." In 2007, a twist was added to Shotgun Texas where, during the Interlude of "Texas Fight," the Longhorn band flipped the "Texas" from its traditionally facing west direction to spell it to the east side for the student section of the stadium. After the Interlude, the band marches off the field, concluding Shotgun Texas.
Pregame
Prior to kickoff at all home football games, the band marches through the north tunnel and fills the north end-zone with fourteen fronts. Instruments are held above the heads of the band members while they march in before coming down to play the fight song. The fronts cross the field using a modified high-step, called Taps Stride. The fronts march through the duration of "Texas Fight" and 8 counts afterwards, then halt and perform "Eyes Fanfare" to the east, north, and finally west side. Afterwards, the band begins "Texas Fight" again and marches the rest of the way down the field, turning once each front hits the 15 yard line and performing a counter-march toward the opposite end zone until stopping at the end of "Texas Fight." The band turns to face the west stands and performs an up-tempo arrangement of "Texas our Texas", the official state song, and the fronts then adjust to form an interlocking UT. The band stays at this position for announcements, the opponent's school song, and finally "The Star Spangled Banner" is played. Since some opponents travel long distances, they can't bring their band. If this is the case, the Longhorn band plays the opponents school song. After "The Star Spangled Banner" and the presentation of the colors, the band starts "Deep in the Heart of Texas" and marches to form a block T. After "Deep in the Heart of Texas," the sideways block T is then floated toward the south end zone while the band plays "Calypso." About a third of the way through "Calypso," the band halts and faces toward the 25 or 35 yard line. Normally, the top of the T stops at the back of the south end zone. However, due to stadium construction, for the 2007 season, the visiting team uses a locker room at the south end of the stadium, so the band stops at the front of the end zone to give the visiting team room to run to their side line. Once stopped, there are a few more announcements that take place, followed by the possible performance of "March Grandioso." "March Grandioso" is only played if enough time is left before the football team comes out. If not, the band goes straight into "The Eyes of Texas." Right after this, a short video is shown, followed by the entrance of the football team, accompanied by "Texas Fight." After this, the band marches through the south end zone before entering the stand for the game.
Non-traditional shows
The Longhorn Band performs four non-traditional shows each year. The band typically selects music that highlights a wide variety of musical artists and thematic ideas. The music and drill for these performances are arranged by current and former staff of the University of Texas School of Music. Thanks to the high general level of musical talent in the Longhorn Band, complex arrangements of popular tunes appear many times every year.
Selected recent non-traditional shows
Grammy's Show – "Get Lucky", "Happy", "Can't Hold Us", "Black Dog", and "Kashmir" Performed November 27, 2014
Buble Show – "It Had Better Be Tonight", "Fever", and "Theme from Spiderman" Performed October 4, 2014
LHBeyoncé Show – "End of Time", "Crazy in Love", "Single Ladies", "Love on Top", "Countdown", and "Love on Top" Performed September 7, 2014
Les Misérables Show – "Look Down", "On My Own", "Plummet Attack", and "One Day More" Performed October 12, 2013
Funk Show – "Living in America", "Superstition", "Uptight", and "Fantasy" Performed November 28, 2013
Disney Show – "The Incredibles", "Pirates of the Caribbean", and "Circle of Life" – Performed September 14, 2013The Who Show – "Who Are You", "Pinball Wizard", "I Can See for Miles", "Won't Get Fooled Again" Performed November 22, 2012Music from West Side Story – "Mambo", "Maria", "Tonight" Performed October 20, 2012Queen Show – "Somebody to Love", "We Are the Champions", "Bicycle Race", "Fat Bottomed Girls", "Bohemian Rhapsody" Performed November 19, 2011Led Zeppelin Show – "Rock and Roll", "Heartbreaker", "Black Dog", "Kashmir", "Stairway to Heaven" Performed January 5, 2009 at the Fiesta Bowl
Heroes Show – "Batman/ Superman", "The Incredibles", "Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves" Performed November 10, 2007Channel One Suite – Buddy Rich's "Channel One Suite" Performed October 20, 2007TV Show – Theme from "Hawaii Five-O", "The A-Team", "The Simpsons", "Family Guy" Performed November 4, 200670s/80s Rock Show – "Any Way You Want It", "25 or 6 to 4", "Carry On Wayward Son" Performed September 2, 2006The Beatles Show – "Help!", "Got to Get You In My Life", "She Loves You", "I Want to Hold You Hand", "Hey Jude" Performed January 4, 2006 at the Rose Bowl
Malagueña – Ernesto Lecuona's "Malagueña" Performed October 7, 2006Secret Agent Show – Theme from "James Bond", "Austin Powers", "Inspector Gadget" Performed October 22, 2005Video Game Show – Theme from "Tetris", "The Legend of Zelda", "Super Mario Bros." Performed November 6, 2004Music
In attendance at all home and away football games, the band performs signature songs. Many have been rooted in the band for many years.
"The Eyes of Texas"
"Texas Fight"
"Taps in One" (a version of Texas Fight played in 3, played after a win)
"Wabash Cannonball" (first played at the request of Darrell K Royal), coincidentally a main fight song of Big 12 Conference rival Kansas State
"March Grandioso"
"March of the Longhorns"
"Deep in the Heart of Texas"
"Calypso"
"William Tell Overture"
"UT Detroit"
"Victory"
"Ghost Riders in the Sky"
"Respect"
"Rawhide"
"Bone Tell" (a version of William Tell Overture arranged for the trombone section and performed at all home games, sometimes for fans around the stadium)
"Strong Eyes"
"Mickey Mouse March" (played to make fun of the Texas A&M Aggies; the Longhorn Band discontinued this practice after the 1999 Aggie Bonfire collapse)
Features
Big Bertha
The band features Big Bertha, which is considered to be one of the world's largest bass drums. The drum is managed by the Bertha Crew, sometimes called "drum wranglers". The crew moves the drum around the field during performances, and twirls it when the team scores. Big Bertha was nicknamed the "Sweetheart of the Longhorn Band" when it arrived at The University of Texas campus in 1955. In 1955, the director of the Longhorn Band was Colonel D. Harold Byrd who purchased Big Bertha from the University of Chicago, then for only one dollar. Big Bertha performs in the traditional Longhorn Band pregame show performed before kickoff at every home game. She also performs in 'Script Texas', another LHB traditional show. She makes appearances at other events, such as appearing outside Gregory Gymnasium before volleyball games.
The drum was retired on October 15, 2022, after 100 years of service, making its last appearance during the halftime show in the football game with the Iowa State Cyclones alongside its replacement, Big Bertha II. The new drum measures 9.5 ft in diameter, making it the largest bass drum in the world.
Cowbells
During football games, members of the Longhorn Band shake cowbells to create noise in the stadium while the opposing team has the ball. The bells are rung only after the opposing team snaps the ball or in conjunction with drum cadences. When the opposing team is in the "red zone", the drumline will, at times, call a cadence that simply calls for the band to create as much noise as possible with the cowbells.
Travel Band
While the entire band traditionally travels to all in-state football games and bowl games, a smaller travel band composed mainly of section leaders is taken to out-of-state games.
Traditions
The University of Texas and Longhorn Band are rooted in countless traditions and historic events. High standards of achievement are at the foundation of these institutions. The most important and lasting of all band traditions are the ever-present pride and spirit. Longhorn Band, the largest organization on The University of Texas campus, is the backbone of school spirit on campus. They take the initiative at pep rallies and games in firing up Texas fans with their favorite yells, and generally add to the excitement that is so characteristic of Texas sporting events. Below are a few of examples of these Longhorn Band and University of Texas traditions.
"Shake the Fringe"
Performed in conjunction with certain drum cadences, "Shake the Fringe" refers to the effect that results from a Longhorn Band member moving their shoulders back and forth in quick, violent motions. The "Fringe" of the uniform then flails wildly in the air.
"Home on the Range"
Sung during the last two minutes of every home football game, the members of the Longhorn Band place their arms around each other, begin swaying from side to side and then jump up-and-down as they sing their own colorful take on a traditional state song:
Home, home on the range,
where the deer and the antelope play [shout: with themselves!]
Where seldom is heard,
a discouraging word,
and the skies are not cloudy all day. [Hey, hey, hey]
The tradition started in the 1970s when the band would often sing dirty songs in the stands. The director at the time yelled at the band to sing something nice like "Home on the Range", and so the version now sung was created.
"Hup...hup...hup"
Innocent and unsuspecting pedestrians may find themselves as objects of entertainment for the Longhorn Band members. After targeting an individual, LHB members will yell "hup" every time the target takes a step. Once the individual realizes what is happening they typically adjust their strides in an effort to confuse, trick, evade, or hoodwink the band. The "hups" continue until the individual stands still, at which point the band lets out a long sigh, or if the individual trips and falls down.
In The Stands
The Longhorn Band follows many traditions while in the stands for Longhorn football games. Most of all, all members stand for the entire game and yell before every play in conjunction with ringing their cowbells. Numerous times throughout the game, the "Texas! . . . Fight!" chant is yelled by the entire stadium. Also, the drumline plays cadences between almost every play, all of which are accompanied by dancing or chanting, such as "Go, Horns, Go", "Where my horns at?", "Defense!", and "Texas, Texas, yeehaw!"
New Member Beanie
After audition results are posted, the new members are presented with the traditional Longhorn Band New Member Beanie. There is then a contest held to see which of the new members can consecutively wear the beanie to practices the longest. The male and female new members who wear their beanie the longest are traditionally rewarded with a steak dinner.
Spring Banquet
Each spring, usually the first weekend in May, the Longhorn Band Spring Awards Banquet takes place. This event is not only a celebration of the previous year's achievements but also the event that passes the torch to the next generation of LHB by the presentation of scholarships and traditional honors such as:
Scholarships awarded by the Alumni Band
Lettering awards for LHB's First and Veteran Members
Passing of the President's Ring to the new council president
Passing of the Freshman Advisor Beanies to the new Advisors
Announcement of the next year's Drum Major, and presentation of the Drum Major Buckle''
Presentation of various other awards for service, achievement, or other significance.
President's Ring
One tradition of LHB is the "Passing of the President's Ring." During this ceremony, which takes place at the annual Spring Banquet, the former Band President presents the ring to the new president. The tradition began at the close of World War II when the parents of Curtis Popham, Longhorn Band Drum Major, who was killed in the war, gave Curtis' University ring to the Band for this purpose.
Drum Major's belt buckle
The Drum Major's belt buckle is passed on to the new Drum Major at the annual Spring Banquet. Engraved on the back are the names of past Longhorn Band Drum Majors beginning in 1969.
Auxiliary and related organizations
Longhorn Alumni Band
The Longhorn Alumni Band, or LHAB, was founded in 1964 by 5 couples and former director Vincent R. DiNino and his wife Jane. LHAB is composed of former members of the Longhorn Band. The Longhorn Alumni Band plays at many events, services, and celebrations around the state as well as Alumni Band Day. On Alumni Band Day, many of the former band members come together for a special halftime performance during one of the football games. During the combined performance, LHB and LHAB share the field, with over 1,000 musicians. The Longhorn Alumni Band is the largest in the world, with over 5,000 members among its ranks, scattered around the globe. In 2015, LHAB performed in the London New Year's Day Parade as the featured band and Big Bertha led the parade. In 2019, LHAB was featured at the 75th Anniversary of D-Day in Normandy France, performed a parade in St. Marie Egleses, and a public performance in Paris France at the Jardin d'Acclimatation. Members of the Longhorn Alumni Band also were instrumental in the formation of the National Association of Alumni Bands in 2020. Since its inception, LHAB has raised over $2,000,000 in scholarships to help Longhorn Band students with tuition and school expenses.
Longhorn Band Student Association
The Longhorn Band Student Association (LHBSA) is the group responsible for organizing student activities within the Longhorn Band. Its main purpose is to serve the Longhorn Band by helping members become acquainted and accustomed to working with one another. The LHBSA is a registered student organization with the U.T. dean of students office. Membership is open to any Longhorn Band member, and the active fees are determined by the members each year. The LHBSA sponsors social events throughout the year and the annual Longhorn Band Awards Banquet in the spring.
The officers of LHBSA are collectively termed the Band Council. Election of officers is held during the spring semester at a general meeting of the members of the LHBSA. The Freshman Advisors are elected by the LHBSA members during a general meeting in the fall. The Presidents of Kappa Kappa Psi and Tau Beta Sigma are elected by their respective organizations and the Drum Major is determined by audition. Freshman Representatives are elected by the first year members of Longhorn Band at a special meeting following the posting of the final Longhorn Band audition results. The Parliamentarian, if deemed beneficial, is appointed by the President.
Kappa Kappa Psi/Tau Beta Sigma
The band is supported by a service fraternity and sorority, the Alpha Tau chapter of Kappa Kappa Psi and the Beta Gamma chapter of Tau Beta Sigma, respectively.
Longhorn Pep Band
The Longhorn Pep Band plays at all home volleyball and men's and women's basketball games. While technically a separate ensemble from the Longhorn Band, it falls under the same umbrella of leadership and shares many members with the Longhorn Band.
Supporting organizations
The Longhorn Air Force Reserve Officers Training Corps (AFJROTC) Detachment 825 maintains a small military band that also supports the Longhorn Marching Band.
Awards and honors
In 1974, the Longhorn Band was selected to perform at Super Bowl VIII in Houston, Texas.
In 1986, the Longhorn Band was awarded the prestigious Louis Sudler Intercollegiate Marching Band Trophy.
The Longhorn Band was selected and performed for inaugurations of Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and the two inaugurations of George W. Bush.
Honorary members
On May 7, 2007, for the first time in Longhorn Band history presented Coach Mack Brown and Athletic Director DeLoss Dodds with Honorary Membership for their outstanding spirit, pride, and leadership. The Longhorn Band Honorary Membership honor was established by then President of Kappa Kappa Psi Eddie Lopez.
Notable alumni
Rex Tillerson — 69th United States Secretary of State and former ExxonMobil CEO
Alan Bean — NASA astronaut and fourth man to walk on the Moon
Michael Webber — distinguished engineering professor, author, and energy scientist
Carl Meade — NASA astronaut and mission specialist on STS-38, STS-50, and STS-64
References
External links
The University of Texas Longhorn Band
The University of Texas Longhorn Alumni Band
Story on Longhorn Football and Band on ESPN.com
Musical groups established in 1900
University of Texas at Austin
Big 12 Conference marching bands
Musical groups from Texas
1900 establishments in Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Texas%20Longhorn%20Band |
USS Peosta—also known as "Tinclad" # 36—was a steamboat acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. Peosta was outfitted as an armed gunboat, with heavy guns for battles at sea, and large howitzers for shore bombardment. She served on the rivers and other waterways of the Confederate States of America enforcing the Union blockade on the South.
Service history
Peosta, a side-wheel wooden gunboat, was built in 1857 at Cincinnati, Ohio, for civilian employment. She was purchased at Dubuque, Iowa, 13 June 1863; fitted out at Cairo, Illinois, and commissioned 2 October 1863, Lt. Thomas E. Smith in command. Assigned to the Naval forces on the Tennessee River, Peosta departed Cairo 28 October and arrived at Paducah, Kentucky, 3 November. Remaining on the Tennessee River throughout the Civil War, she cruised between Paducah and Eastport, Mississippi, to protect Union shipping and support Union Army activities. In the spring of 1864 she assisted in halting a Confederate land and river offensive against Paducah as they moved through Union lines to repossess defenses along the river. On 25 March 1864, she engaged Confederate troops at Paducah. Remaining on the Tennessee River into June 1865 she arrived at Mound City, Illinois, on the 5th for inactivation. On 7 August 1865 she decommissioned and 10 days later was sold to John W. Waggoner. She retained her name in postwar merchant service and burned at Memphis, Tennessee, on 25 December 1870.
See also
Anaconda Plan
References
USS Peosta (1863-1865, "Tinclad" # 36)
Ships of the Union Navy
Ships built in Cincinnati
Steamships of the United States Navy
Gunboats of the United States Navy
American Civil War patrol vessels of the United States
1857 ships | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Peosta |
Gerry Harvey (born 18 September 1939) is an Australian entrepreneur best known for being the executive chairman of Harvey Norman Holdings, a company which runs Australian retail chain Harvey Norman. He co-founded it with Ian Norman in 1982.
Biography
Harvey was born in rural New South Wales and attended school at Bathurst and Katoomba before moving to Sydney to go to university when he was 17, but he dropped out. He got his start early, selling vacuum cleaners and fridges door-to-door for Goodwins of Newtown. When he was younger, Harvey was determined to be a farmer.
Harvey first met Ian Norman while both were working as door-to-door vacuum salesmen. They partnered to open their first store in Sydney in 1961. The chain, which was called Norman Ross, expanded to forty-two stores with annual sales of 240 million by 1979. This company was sold in 1982 to firstly Grace Bros. for $23 million, then was onsold to Alan Bond's Walton Bond company. After that transaction was completed, Harvey was sacked via order from Alan Bond by John Walton. This action was spoken about in Harvey's first ad for his next venture. Harvey, with Ian Norman as a silent partner, started Harvey Norman that same year through its first store in Auburn, NSW. It then expanded and now owns the retailers Domayne, and Joyce Mayne, along with numerous other, smaller businesses. Harvey adopts a very hands-on approach to his business, appearing as a spokesman during radio adverts for Harvey Norman. He frequently gives comment on economic and business matters in the national press and television media and has a sizeable public profile. He is generally regarded as a slightly maverick businessman and is often critical of Australian CEOs, particularly when it comes to remuneration. He often states that no one is worth the millions they earn and that if they think they are worth more, they can be paid in options and shares.
In 1999, Harvey partnered with George Goh Ching Wah of multi-national retailer Ossia International Limited to establish a $S33 million joint venture named Harvey Norman Ossia (Asia) to retail the Harvey Norman brand in Asia.
In January 2011, Harvey was embroiled in a widely-condemned campaign, backed by a number of brick-and-mortar Australian retailers, to scrap tax rules that allowed Australians to shop on overseas websites without paying GST. In response to the campaign, the Federal Government asked the Productivity Commission to investigate and report on the retail industry. Harvey subsequently said the report was a waste of time and money, and that he did not read it.
Thoroughbred business interests
Over the last decade he has become increasingly involved with breeding race horses, and he owns Baramul Stud. Harvey has one of the world's largest thoroughbred portfolio, with over 600 thoroughbreds in his stables. He also owns 50% of Magic Millions, one of the largest and most expensive thoroughbred auction events in the Australian racing industry.
Personal life
Harvey has two children with his first wife, Lynette. He remarried to Katie Page in 1988; they have two children. In 1999, Page became the CEO of Harvey Norman.
In an interview in 2008, he described giving charity to the homeless as "a waste", and said that it was "helping a whole heap of no-hopers to survive for no good reason". He later claimed the comments were taken out of context and he did give money to homeless charities, among others.
In 2016, Harvey expressed contempt for what he saw as political uncertainty since John Howard left office, and said the only solution is "to have a dictator like in China".
Net worth
In 2014, the Business Review Weekly (BRW) assessed Harvey's net worth at 1.55 billion; an increase of 9 million on the 2013 BRW Rich 200 list. From 2013 up to and including 2020, the BRW/Financial Review assessed Harvey's wealth as an individual. From 2021, the Financial Review assessed the combined net worth of Harvey and Page jointly.
Notes
: 20132020 = BRW/Financial Review assessed the net worth of Harvey only
: Since 2021 = Financial Review assessed the combined net worth of Harvey and Page jointly
References
External links
1939 births
Living people
Australian chairpersons of corporations
Australian businesspeople in retailing
Australian billionaires
Australian company founders
Retail company founders
People from Katoomba, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry%20Harvey |
Cameroon is a Christian majority nation, with Islam being a minority faith practiced by around 20.2% of the total population as of 2020. Among Cameroonian Muslims, approximately 27% identify themselves as Sunni, 2% Ahmadi and 3% Shia, while the majority of the rest do not associate themselves with a particular group and sect.
In Cameroon, 48% of Muslims belong to a Sufi Tariqah (order). The Fulani, a pastoral nomadic group, spread Islam in early 19th century West Africa largely through commercial activity and Sufi brotherhoods (Qadiri and Tijani). In the northern provinces, the locally dominant Fulani is overwhelmingly Muslim. Other ethnic groups, known collectively as the Kirdi, generally practice some form of Islam. The Bamoun ethnic group of the West Province is also largely Muslim.
Islam in German Cameroon 1884-1916
In the rush to claim African territories Germany first entered Cameroon in 1884 and established rule in northern Cameroon by 1902. Throughout the German colonial period, the Adamawa and Lake Chad regions were governed by combining heavy military presence with indirect rule. The local Muslim rulers, called Lamido in Adamawa and Sultan in the far north, remained in power, although their influence was much more limited than during the nineteenth century, owing their legitimacy to the Germans and not to the Emir in Yola, the Caliph in Sokoto or the Shehu in Kuka. Existing political and legal institutions, together with Muslim and native law and customs, were kept intact. Contrary to British rule in Northern Nigeria, German indirect rule did not involve immediate taxes or land reforms before 1913, when such reforms were proposed but, due to the war, never implemented.
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Cameroon |
A Place in England is a novel by Melvyn Bragg, first published in 1970. It is the second part of Bragg's Cumbrian Trilogy.
The story is set predominantly in Thurston (Bragg's name for Wigton), from the 1920s to the 1960s, and follows the life of Joseph Tallentire, a labourer, footman, and eventually publican. Joseph is the son of John Tallentire, the central character of Bragg's The Hired Man, and father of Douglas Tallentire, central character of Kingdom Come.
1970 British novels
Novels by Melvyn Bragg
Novels set in Cumbria
Secker & Warburg books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Place%20in%20England |
Emerson Boozer (born July 4, 1943) is an American former professional football player who spent his entire career as a running back for the New York Jets in the American Football League (AFL) and National Football League (NFL). In the last year of separate drafts by the AFL and the NFL, Boozer signed with the AFL's Jets, rather than with an NFL team. He was a member of the Jets team that defeated the NFL's champion Baltimore Colts, 16–7, in Super Bowl III. Before joining the AFL, Boozer played college football at the Maryland State College, which is now the University of Maryland Eastern Shore.
Early life
Boozer's natural athletic ability came to the attention of football coaches at Lucy Craft Laney High School in Augusta, Georgia. Despite his proven talent there, football scholarships were not widely offered to the black star. Boozer excelled as well at the college level, where he showed open field ability as a back as well as strength and intensity as a player that exceeded his 5'11 190-pound size.
Boozer played for Maryland State College from 1962 to 1965. A two-time All-American, Boozer rushed for a school-record 2,537 yards and 22 touchdowns on 374 carries, an average of 6.8 yards per rush.
Professional career
Not widely sought by the NFL, Boozer was drafted by the Jets, who were assembling a team of talented and enthusiastic players under George Sauer and Wilbur "Weeb" Ewbank. The team already had fullback Matt Snell and figured Boozer to be paired with him at halfback. Sharing the job with Bill Mathis as a rookie, Boozer worked hard and became a starter in 1967. His ability to block with intensity earned him a league-wide reputation.
In 1967, with Snell injured, the Jets turned to Boozer as a rusher. In the first half of that season, Boozer displayed talent that drew comparisons to Gale Sayers. He often broke tackles and excelled in the open field. He had ten touchdowns by mid-season and appeared ready to easily surpass the league record, but then suffered a devastating knee injury against the Kansas City Chiefs that completely altered his career. Despite playing just half that year, he still led the AFL in rushing touchdowns for the season.
Boozer's work ethic further revealed itself over the next two seasons. No longer a breakaway runner, he changed himself into more of an outstanding blocker and goal-line touchdown scorer. Ewbank utilized Boozer in pass blocking schemes then new to football. In blocking for both Snell and Joe Namath, Boozer was part of two outstanding teams that narrowly lost just three games in 1968 and went 10–4 in 1969. Boozer and Winston Hill were the blockers during Snell's famous touchdown run against the Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III. Boozer's blocking freed Snell often that day for effective running that was key to the legendary 16–7 win.
Namath turned to Boozer more as a third-down pass catcher in 1970. In 1971, with Snell down again, Boozer took up the slack with a career-high in carries.
In 1972, with Joe Namath back from injuries himself, the Jets were one of the top offenses in football. Boozer's ability to block and score near the goal line impressed many as he led the NFL in rushing touchdowns for most of the year before injuries stopped him with 11 touchdowns in 11 games.
In 1973, he was again the main back with 831 yards rushing before taking a spot next to John Riggins in 1974. Boozer scored the first regular-season overtime ("sudden death") touchdown in NFL history on a short pass from Joe Namath in 1974 to beat the cross-town rival New York Giants, beginning an improbable six-game winning streak for the previously 1–7 Jet squad.
Boozer was a player who made the most of limited opportunities early on. When injury robbed him of stardom, he reinvented himself and still had a remarkable career as a key contributor to a set of famous Jets teams.
Boozer is a member of The Pigskin Club Of Washington, D.C. National Intercollegiate All-American Football Players Honor Roll. In 2010, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. The Jets inducted him into their Ring of Honor in 2015. He was inducted into the Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame on Long Island in the Football Category with the Class of 1996.
In popular culture
In the 1999 movie Big Daddy, Adam Sandler is wearing Boozer's New York Jets #32 jersey at the bar
.
See also
List of American Football League players
References
External links
Georgia Sports Hall of Fame
Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame
Friday Nights, Emerson Boozer, and Me
1943 births
African-American players of American football
Living people
Players of American football from Augusta, Georgia
American football running backs
New York Jets players
American Football League All-Star players
Maryland Eastern Shore Hawks football players
National Football League announcers
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
American Football League players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson%20Boozer |
Æthelwine (died ) was the last Anglo-Saxon bishop of Durham, the last who was not also a secular ruler, and the only English bishop at the time of the Norman Conquest who did not remain loyal to King William the Conqueror.
Life
Æthelwine was consecrated bishop in 1056. He was installed as bishop by Tostig, the Earl of Northumbria and was the choice of King Edward the Confessor. Æthelwine was the brother of the previous bishop, Æthelric, who had been forced to resign after a financial scandal. In 1059, Æthelwine, along with Tostig and Cynesige, the Archbishop of York, accompanied King Malcolm III of Scotland to King Edward's court, where Malcolm may have acknowledged Edward as Malcolm's overlord. Æthelwine oversaw the translation of the relics of the saint Oswine of Deira to Durham in 1065. Æthelwine, like his brother, was unpopular with the clergy of his cathedral, mainly because he was an outsider and had been installed in office without any input from the cathedral chapter. In 1065, the monks of Æthelwine's cathedral chapter were leaders in the revolt against Tostig, which was successful, although Æthelwine remained as bishop.
Æthelwine was initially loyal to King William after the Norman Conquest, and in the summer of 1068 he submitted to William at York. The submission followed on the heels of William building the first castle at York and receiving the submission of most of the northern thegns. Æthelwine also brought word from King Malcolm that the Scottish king wished to live in peace with the new English king. King William sent Æthelwine back to Malcolm's court with William's terms, which were accepted. In 1069, when the new earl of Northumbria Robert de Comines came north to begin governing, it was Æthelwine who warned the new earl about an English army loose in the area. Unfortunately, the new earl did not pay heed to the warning, and was surprised and burned to death in the bishop's house on 29 January 1069. When King William marched north in retaliation on the scorched earth campaign generally known as the Harrying of the North, Æthelwine tried to flee with many Northumbrian treasures (including the body of Saint Cuthbert) to Lindisfarne, but he was caught, outlawed, imprisoned, and later died in confinement in the winter of 1071–1072; his see being temporarily left vacant until William appointed the native of Lorraine William Walcher.
Notes
Citations
References
External links
1071 deaths
Bishops of Durham
11th-century English Roman Catholic bishops
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelwine%20%28bishop%20of%20Durham%29 |
is an inhabited volcanic island in the Izu archipelago in the Philippine Sea, off the coast of Honshu, Japan, east of the Izu Peninsula and southwest of Bōsō Peninsula. As with the other islands in the Izu Island group, Izu Ōshima forms part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. Izu Ōshima, at is the largest and closest of Tokyo's outlying islands, which also include the Ogasawara Islands.
Geography
The island is a stratovolcano with a basaltic composite cone, dating from the late Pleistocene period, between 10,000 and 15,000 years ago. It rises from an ocean floor with a depth of between . The island has a roughly circular coastline of approximately in length. The highest elevation, , is an active volcano with a height of . The mountain has been recorded to have erupted numerous times through history and is mentioned as far back as Nara period written records.
Major eruptions occurred in 1965 and 1986, each forcing the temporary evacuation of the inhabitants. The last recorded eruption was in 1990.
Important Bird Area
The island has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports populations of Japanese wood pigeons, Ijima's leaf-warblers, Izu thrushes and Pleske's grasshopper warblers.
Climate
Izu Ōshima has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with warm summers and cool winters. Precipitation is abundant throughout the year, but is somewhat lower in winter than the rest of the year.
Administration
The island is administered by the Ōshima subprefecture of the Tokyo Metropolitan government. serves as the local government of the island.
Ōshima Town consists of the six traditional hamlets of Okata (岡田), Motomachi (元町), Senzu, Nomashi, Sashikiji and Habuminato (波浮港), with Motomachi as the administrative center.
Access
Izu Ōshima is a popular site for tourists from both Tokyo and Shizuoka due to its close proximity to the mainland. There are a number of ferries which leave from Takeshiba Sanbashi Pier, near Hamamatsuchō, Tokyo to Motomachi Port. Ferries also leave from Atami in Shizuoka to Motomachi Port. Both lanes are operated by Tōkai Kisen
There are several flights per day from Ōshima Airport to Chōfu Airport in Chōfu.
In popular culture
Mount Mihara and Izu Ōshima featured prominently in The Return of Godzilla, as the location in which the JSDF successfully trapped Godzilla after luring him to the crater, whereupon charges were detonated, sending him falling into the magma-filled volcano. Mt. Mihara appeared again in the direct sequel, Godzilla vs. Biollante, in which Godzilla was released when the volcano erupted.
Mt. Mihara and Izu Ōshima were also featured in Koji Suzuki's Ring and its film adaptation as pivotal locations for the story.
In the Pokémon franchise, Cinnabar Island is based on Izu Ōshima.
In the anime Vividred Operation, Izu Ōshima is the home of several protagonists.
Gallery
See also
List of islands of Japan
Izu Islands
Tokyo Islands - English Ship booking and information website of Tokyo Islands(Izu Islands)
List of volcanoes in Japan
Notes
References
Hammer, Joshua. (2006). Yokohama Burning: The Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II. New York: Simon & Schuster. (cloth)
External links
Ōshima Town Official Website
Izu-Oshima – Japan Meteorological Agency
– Japan Meteorological Agency
Izu Oshima – Geological Survey of Japan
Tokyo Islands – English Ship booking to Tokyo Islands(Izu Islands) and travel Information Page of Izu Oshima and other islands in Tokyo
Izu Islands
Islands of Tokyo
Important Bird Areas of the Nanpo Islands
Active volcanoes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izu%20%C5%8Cshima |
The Odin-class submarine (or "O class") was a class of nine submarines developed and built for the Royal Navy (RN) in the 1920s. The prototype, , was followed by two boats originally ordered for the Royal Australian Navy, but transferred to the RN in 1931 because of the poor economic situation in Australia, and six modified boats ordered for the RN. Three modified boats were built for the Chilean Navy as the s in 1929.
Design
The class was built to replace the ageing L-class submarines which did not have adequate endurance for use in the Pacific Ocean. These boats were theoretically able to dive to , though none were formally tested beyond . Armament consisted of eight torpedo tubes (6 bow, 2 stern) and one gun. The boats were of a saddle tank type with fuel carried in riveted external tanks. These external tanks proved vulnerable to leaking after depth charge damage, thus betraying the position of the submarine. These boats were the first British submarines fitted with Asdic and VLF radio which could be used at periscope depth.
Boats
References
External links
RN Subs 1925 - 1946: Odin Class
Battleships-cruisers.co.uk: Odin Class
Uboat.net
Submarine classes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin-class%20submarine |
Unemployment Indemnity (Shipwreck) Convention, 1920 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1920:
Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to the "supervision of articles of agreement; provision of facilities for finding employment for seamen; application to seamen of the Convention and Recommendations adopted at Washington in November last in regard to unemployment and unemployment insurance",...
Ratifications
As of 2013, the convention has been ratified by 60 states. Of the ratifying states, 45 have subsequently denounced the treaty automatically.
External links
Text.
Ratifications and denunciations.
Unemployment
International Labour Organization conventions
Treaties concluded in 1920
Treaties entered into force in 1923
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Belize
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of Chile
Treaties of Colombia
Treaties of Costa Rica
Treaties of Cuba
Treaties of Dominica
Treaties of Estonia
Treaties of Fiji
Treaties of the French Third Republic
Treaties of the Weimar Republic
Treaties of Ghana
Treaties of Grenada
Treaties of the Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)
Treaties of the Irish Free State
Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
Treaties of Jamaica
Treaties of Japan
Treaties of Lebanon
Treaties of Mauritius
Treaties of Mexico
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of New Zealand
Treaties of Nicaragua
Treaties of Nigeria
Treaties of Panama
Treaties of Papua New Guinea
Treaties of Peru
Treaties of Portugal
Treaties of the Kingdom of Romania
Treaties of Saint Lucia
Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
Treaties of Seychelles
Treaties of Sierra Leone
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of the Solomon Islands
Treaties of the Dominion of Ceylon
Treaties of North Macedonia
Treaties of Tunisia
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties of Uruguay
Admiralty law treaties
Treaties extended to Curaçao and Dependencies
Treaties extended to the Territory of Papua and New Guinea
Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
Treaties extended to Guadeloupe
Treaties extended to French Guiana
Treaties extended to Martinique
Treaties extended to Réunion
Treaties extended to the West Indies Federation
Treaties extended to British Honduras
Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands
Treaties extended to Brunei (protectorate)
Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
Treaties extended to the Colony of Fiji
Treaties extended to the Gambia Colony and Protectorate
Treaties extended to Gibraltar
Treaties extended to Guernsey
Treaties extended to British Guiana
Treaties extended to Jersey
Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Malta
Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
Treaties extended to British Mauritius
Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Seychelles
Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Singapore
Treaties extended to the British Solomon Islands
Treaties extended to the French Southern and Antarctic Lands
1920 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment%20Indemnity%20%28Shipwreck%29%20Convention%2C%201920 |
O-class submarine may refer to:
Several early submarine classes of the Royal Netherlands Navy:
O 1-class submarine consisting only
O 6-class submarine consisting only
O 7-class submarine consisting only
O 16-class submarine consisting only | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-class%20submarine |
Paul Joseph Ingrassia (August 18, 1950 – September 16, 2019) was an American Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist who served as managing editor of Reuters from 2011 to 2016. He was also an editor at the Revs Institute, an automotive history and research center in Naples, Florida, and the (co-)author of three books. He was awarded the Gerald Loeb Lifetime Achievement Award for financial journalism.
Early life and education
Ingrassia was born in Laurel, Mississippi, to Angelo and Regina (née Iacono) Ingrassia. His father was a research chemist while his mother was a homemaker. He obtained degrees in journalism from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (bachelor's, 1972) and the University of Wisconsin–Madison (master's).
Career
Ingrassia began his career in 1973, working for a Lindsay-Schaub Newspaper Group in Decatur, Illinois, and in 1977 he moved to The Wall Street Journal in Chicago. In December 2007, Ingrassia completed a 31-year career at The Wall Street Journal and its parent company, Dow Jones, where he served as a reporter, editor, and executive.
Prior to his appointment as managing editor of Reuters in December 2012, Ingrassia had been deputy editor-in-chief of Thomson Reuters since April 2011, where he directed content creation across regions and specialty beats, in text and multimedia.
Over the years he taught as an adjunct professor at the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University and lectured at the business schools at Columbia and the University of Michigan.
From 1998 to 2006, Ingrassia was president of Dow Jones Newswires, and from 2006-2007 the company's vice president for news strategy.
Ingrassia was also author or co-author of three books, and wrote extensively about the auto industry for more than 30 years. His third and most recent book, published by Simon and Schuster in May 2012, was Engines of Change: A History of the American Dream in Fifteen Cars. It was described by Michiko Kakutani in The New York Times as “a highly informed but breezy narrative history of the vehicles that have shaped and reflected American culture.”
His previous book (Random House, January 2010) was Crash Course: The American Automobile Industry's Road from Glory to Disaster, which chronicled the 2008–2009 bankruptcies and bailouts of General Motors and Chrysler. The book was the basis for Live Another Day, a 2016 documentary film about the bailouts.
As the Wall Street Journals Detroit bureau chief from 1985 to 1994, Ingrassia won a
1993 Pulitzer Prize—along with his deputy, Joseph B. White—for coverage of the boardroom revolt at General Motors. They also received the Gerald Loeb Award that year in the Deadline and/or Beat Writing category for the same coverage. The following year, Ingrassia and White wrote Comeback: The Fall and Rise of the American Automobile Industry.
Ingrassia's broadcast appearances included Meet the Press, CNBC, National Public Radio, CBS Sunday Morning, ABC's 20/20, Newshour, and The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. His work also appeared in the Nihon Keizei Shimbun of Japan, Newsweek, Institutional Investor, and other publications. He was a member of the Dow Jones Special Committee, which was established in 1997 to monitor the editorial integrity of The Wall Street Journal after the newspaper and its parent company were sold to Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation.
Climate change
Ingrassia, a self-described climate change skeptic, drew media attention in 2013 when a former Reuters reporter accused him of suppressing the news organization's coverage on the topic; one study showed that Reuters's coverage of climate change fell by nearly 50% in the year after Ingrassia was hired.
Personal life and death
Ingrassia was a multiple cancer survivor due to a rare genetic condition that made him, and others with the condition, susceptible to malignancies. In accepting the Gerald Loeb Lifetime Achievement Award in June 2016, he thanked the judges for their recognition and added that, due to his health history, “I often think that my biggest lifetime achievement is simply having a lifetime.”
Paul Ingrassia and his wife, Susan, lived in Naples, Florida, and had three adult sons. One of his sons, Charlie, died of cancer in February, 2019.
Paul Ingrassia's brother Larry Ingrassia is also a journalist.
Ingrassia died on September 16, 2019, from cancer.
References
Other sources
Comeback: the fall and rise of the American automobile industry (2nd ed 1995) by Paul Ingrassia and Joseph B. White; online
Columbia University School of Journalism, Faculty biographies
Amazon author biography
1950 births
2019 deaths
Gerald Loeb Award winners for Deadline and Beat Reporting
Gerald Loeb Lifetime Achievement Award winners
Pulitzer Prize for Beat Reporting winners
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign College of Media alumni
University of Michigan faculty
University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Journalism & Mass Communication alumni
Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism faculty
People from Laurel, Mississippi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Ingrassia |
Daphne mezereum, commonly known as mezereum, mezereon, February daphne, spurge laurel or spurge olive, is a species of Daphne in the flowering plant family Thymelaeaceae, native to most of Europe and Western Asia, north to northern Scandinavia and Russia. In southern Europe it is confined to medium to higher elevations and in the subalpine vegetation zone, but descends to near sea level in northern Europe. It is generally confined to soils derived from limestone.
Description
It is a deciduous shrub growing to 1.5 m tall. The leaves are soft, 3–8 cm long and 1–2 cm broad, arranged spirally on the stems. The flowers are produced in early spring on the bare stems before the leaves appear. They have a four-lobed pink or light purple (rarely white) perianth 10–15 mm diameter, and are strongly scented. The fruit is a bright red berry 7–12 mm diameter; it is very poisonous for humans, though fruit-eating birds like thrushes are immune and eat them, dispersing the seeds in their droppings.
Toxicity
Daphne mezereum is very toxic because of the compounds mezerein and daphnin present especially in the berries and twigs. If poisoned, victims experience a choking sensation. Handling the fresh twigs can cause rashes and eczema in sensitive individuals. Despite this, it is commonly grown as an ornamental plant in gardens for its attractive flowers. The native wild version became a protected species in the UK in 1975 under the Conservation of Wild Creatures and Wild Plants Act.
Symptoms of poisoning
Ingestion of plant parts leads within a few hours to severe irritation and a burning sensation in the mouth, with swelling of the lips and face, increased salivation, hoarseness and difficulty in swallowing. These symptoms are soon followed by severe abdominal pain, headache, numbness, nausea and bloody diarrhoea. Children (who may be poisoned by the attractive red fruits) often show additional narcotic symptoms with muscular twitching. Work by Frohne and Pfänder has determined that it is the chewed seed, not the fruit pulp, that is responsible for the severe symptoms in poisoning by the berries.
1955 Case study involving consumption of flowers
A seven year old boy, who was admitted to hospital (Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Heidelberg) after consuming several flowers of D. mezereum (number unspecified) at first exhibited symptoms very similar to acute appendicitis, with headache and abdominal pain.<blockquote>...a number of neurologically and psychically striking symptoms developed in the hours that followed: periods of complete disorientation and very severe motor unrest alternated with periods of complete clarity, with tetanoid fearfulness. Towards evening, signs of meningitis and finally generalised convulsions appeared. Very severe diarrhoea then heralded serious enteritis which only subsided after a week.<ref>Nöller, H.G. 'Ein Seidelbastintoxikation beim Kinde' Monatschr. Kinderheilk. 103, 327-330 (1955). (Translation: 'Poisoning of a child by Daphne mezereum' Monthly Bulletin of Paediatrics no. 103.)</ref></blockquote>
Gallery
Notes
References
Manfred A. Fischer: Exkursionsflora von Österreich, Stuttgart 1994,
Smeil, Fitschen: Flora von Deutschland'', Heidelberg, Wiesbaden.
External links
Mezereon Plant Information
mezereum
Alpine flora
Flora of Europe
Flora of Western Asia
Flora of Finland
Flora of Russia
Flora of Ukraine
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne%20mezereum |
Chromium(II) chloride describes inorganic compounds with the formula CrCl2(H2O)n. The anhydrous solid is white when pure, however commercial samples are often grey or green; it is hygroscopic and readily dissolves in water to give bright blue air-sensitive solutions of the tetrahydrate Cr(H2O)4Cl2. Chromium(II) chloride has no commercial uses but is used on a laboratory-scale for the synthesis of other chromium complexes.
Synthesis
CrCl2 is produced by reducing chromium(III) chloride either with hydrogen at 500 °C:
2CrCl3 + H2 → 2CrCl2 + 2HCl
or by electrolysis.
On the laboratory scale, LiAlH4, zinc, and related reductants produce chromous chloride from chromium(III) precursors:
4 CrCl3 + LiAlH4 → 4 CrCl2 + LiCl + AlCl3 + 2 H2
2 CrCl3 + Zn → 2 CrCl2 + ZnCl2
CrCl2 can also be prepared by treating a solution of chromium(II) acetate with hydrogen chloride:
Cr2(OAc)4 + 4 HCl → 2 CrCl2 + 4 AcOH
Treatment of chromium powder with concentrated hydrochloric acid gives a blue hydrated chromium(II) chloride, which can be converted to a related acetonitrile complex.
Cr + nH2O + 2HCl → CrCl2(H2O)n + H2
Structure and properties
Anhydrous CrCl2 is white however commercial samples are often grey or green. It crystallizes in the Pnnm space group, which is an orthorhombically distorted variant of the rutile structure; making it isostructural to calcium chloride. The Cr centres are octahedral, being distorted by the Jahn-Teller Effect.
The hydrated derivative, CrCl2(H2O)4, forms monoclinic crystals with the P21/c space group. The molecular geometry is approximately octahedral consisting of four short Cr—O bonds (2.078 Å) arranged in a square planar configuration and two longer Cr—Cl bonds (2.758 Å) in a trans configuration.
Reactions
The reduction potential for Cr3+ + e− ⇄ Cr2+ is −0.41. Since the reduction potential of H+ to H2 in acidic conditions is +0.00, the chromous ion has sufficient potential to reduce acids to hydrogen, although this reaction does not occur without a catalyst.
Organic chemistry
Chromium(II) chloride is used as precursor to other inorganic and organometallic chromium complexes. Alkyl halides and nitroaromatics are reduced by CrCl2. The moderate electronegativity of chromium and the range of substrates that CrCl2 can accommodate make organochromium reagents very synthetically versatile. It is a reagent in the Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi reaction, a useful method for preparing medium-size rings. It is also used in the Takai olefination to form vinyl iodides from aldehydes in the presence of iodoform.
References
Chromium(II) compounds
Chlorides
Metal halides
Reducing agents | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium%28II%29%20chloride |
The Hired Man is a novel by Melvyn Bragg, first published in 1969 by Secker and Warburg. It is the first part of Bragg's Cumbrian Trilogy.
The story is set predominantly in the rural area around Thurston (Bragg's name for Wigton, his home town), from the 1890s to the 1920s, and follows the life of John Tallentire, a farm labourer and coal miner. John is the father of Joseph Tallentire, the central character of Bragg's A Place in England, whose son, Douglas Tallentire, is the central character of Kingdom Come.
Musical adaptation
In 1984 The Hired Man was turned into an award-winning musical with Bragg collaborating with Howard Goodall. The musical has been refined over time, including a new song, "Day Follows Day", which was introduced for the 2003 revival at the Salisbury Playhouse. It features characters John and Emily Tallentire, and two periods in their lives. The first opens with a Hiring Fair, where John is employed by Pennington, a local farmer. Emily also has an affair with Pennington's son, Jackson. John finds out while on a hunting trip with his brother, Isaac, and returns and knocks out Jackson. Emily is torn between the two men.
Act 2 begins with May and Harry (John and Emily's children). May is a very naïve 16-year-old and Harry is a brave and sometimes foolish 13-year-old. Time passes, and World War I disrupts the country, John, Isaac and Jackson all serve in the armed forces. Isaac loses his leg and his life is saved by Jackson. After Isaac's return, Harry also enlists. He dies in the war, along with Jackson. Emily finally declares her love for John in a beautiful duet. John goes to work in the mines, and Emily dies during a pit accident. May finds her dead mother, and John walks in to find his wife dead. The company re-assemble and sing the haunting finale sequence.
In 2011 The Hired Man was revived at the Landor Theatre, London, directed by Andrew Keates, with a cast of 17. The production won "Best Musical Production" in the 2012 OffWestEnd.com Awards. It has also been performed far from home in Briarcliff Manor, NY. It was revived by the local High School, and gained attention from Melvyn Bragg himself.
In September 2016, a concert production was presented at London's Cadogan Hall, starring Jenna Russell and John Owen-Jones in the roles of Emily and John, and narrated by Bragg himself.
The Musical Youth Company of Oxford performed the show in April 2017, and received several supportive tweets from Howard Goodall. He was unable to attend the show, but sent his parents and brother to watch in his absence.
The show returned to London at the Union Theatre in July 2017. The cast included Ifan Gwilym-Jones as John, Rebecca Gilliland as Emily, Luke Kelly as Jackson, Kara Taylor Alberts as May and Jack McNeill as Harry. The revival was described as "heartfelt but patchy" in a review published in The Stage.
In 2019, the musical was revived once more in the UK, in a co-production by Hull Truck Theatre and Queen's Theatre Hornchurch, in association with Oldham Coliseum. This production was directed by Douglas Rintoul.
References
1969 British novels
1984 musicals
British musicals
Novels by Melvyn Bragg
Novels set in Cumbria
Secker & Warburg books
West End musicals
Musicals set in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hired%20Man |
Committed is a Canadian animated sitcom based on the comic strip of the same name by Michael Fry. Produced by Nelvana and Philippine Animators Group, the series aired on CTV from March 3 to June 8, 2001, and was broadcast by WE: Women's Entertainment in the United States.
Content
The show is based on the comic strip of the same name. It features father Joe Larsen, his wife Liz, their children, Tracy, Zelda, and Nicholas; and their pet dog, Bob. The show's comedy focuses on the parents' attempts to balance their careers and personal lives while raising their children. Interludes of the cartoon feature Bob acting as a Greek chorus. Bob also breaks the fourth wall throughout the series.
The show features celebrity voice talents such as Eugene Levy as Joe Larsen, Catherine O' Hara as Liz Larsen, Andrea Martin as Frances Wilder, and Dave Foley as Bob the Dog.
Cast
Eugene Levy as Joe Larsen
Catherine O'Hara as Liz Larsen
Andrea Martin as Frances Wilder
Dave Foley as Bob the Dog
Annick Obonsawin as Tracy Larsen
Charlotte Arnold as Zelda Larsen
Cole Caplan as Nicholas Larsen
Oscar Hsu as Gary Wong
Ron Pardo as Cal
Linda Kash as Val
Len Carlson as Additional Voices
Greg Spottiswood as Additional Voices
Adrian Truss as Additional Voices
Episodes
Critical reception
Lynne Heffley of The Los Angeles Times gave the show a mostly-negative review, stating that "Not even the show's few moments of genuinely resonant parental reality can overcome forced plotlines".
References
External links
2000s Canadian adult animated television series
2000s Canadian sitcoms
2001 Canadian television series debuts
2001 Canadian television series endings
Canadian adult animated comedy television series
Canadian animated sitcoms
English-language television shows
CTV Television Network original programming
Television series by Bell Media
Television series by Nelvana
Animated television series about dysfunctional families
Television shows based on comic strips | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committed%20%28Canadian%20TV%20series%29 |
This list article contains names of notable people commonly considered as Sufis or otherwise associated with Sufism.
List of notable Sufis
A
Abu Baqar Siddique
Abadir Umar ar-Rida
Abd al-Rauf al-Sinkili
Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi
Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani
Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari
Al-Fudayl ibn 'Iyad
Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi
Al-Qushayri
Abu al-Husain al-Nuri
Abu Madyan
Al-Sha'rani
Al-Suyuti
Al-Zaylaʽi
Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi
'Abd Allah ibn 'Alawi Al-Haddad
Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi
Ahmad al-Tijani
Ahmad Zarruq
Ali al-Qari
Ali Sher Bengali
Ahmad Sirhindi
Ahmad al-Dardir
Ahmad ibn Ajiba
Ahmad al-Tayyeb
Ahmad Yasawi
Ali Gomaa
Ali al-Jifri
Abdalqadir as-Sufi
Abdul Qadir Gilani
Ameer Muhammad Akram Awan
Abdūl-Khāqeem Arvāsī
Abdullah Ibn Umar Badheeb Al Yamani (1825–1892)
Ad-Dağhestānī
Mufti Akhtar Raza Khan Azhari
Abdul Waahid Bin Zaid
Abu Ishaq Shami
Ahmad al-Alawi
Ahmed Reza Khan Fazil-e-Barelvi (1856–1921)
Kayhan Dede
Al-Shaghourī
Al-Busiri
Ali Hujwiri (Daata Ganj Bakhsh, Persian/Punjabi: 990-1077)
Ahamed Mohiyudheen Noorishah Jeelani
Amadou Bamba (1853-1927)
Arshadul Qaudri (1925–2002)
Ata Hussain Fani Chishti (1817–1896)
Azangachhi Shaheb (1828-1932)
Ali ibn abi talib
Bawa ji noor muhammad churahi
Baba Rexheb
Baba Qamar U Zaman Faridi Chishti (1940-2011)
Babajan (1806–1931)
Bande Nawaz
Barkat Ali
Bawa Muhaiyaddeen
Bishr al-Hafi
Bu ali shah qalandar
D
Dawud al-Ta'i
Dhul-Nun al-Misri
E
El Hadj Malick Sy
Esad Erbili
F
Feisal Abdul Rauf
G
Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu
Ghousi Shah
Ghulam Mustafa Khan
René Guénon
H
Haji Imdadullah Muhaajir Makki (1817–1899)
Hamzah Al-Fansuri
Harith al-Muhasibi
Hasan al-Basri
Hasnain Baqai safipur
Hisham Kabbani
Hilmi Işık
I
Ibn 'Ashir
Ibn 'Ata' Allah al-Sakandari
Ibn 'Arabi
Ibn Hajar al-Haytami
Ibrahim ibn Adham
Ibrahim ibn Faïd
Ibrahim Niass (1900 - 1975)
Idries Shah
Inayat Khan (1882–1927)
Ismail Haqqi Bursevi
Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam
Ivan Aguéli (1869-1917)
J
Jahaniyan Jahangasht
Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari
L
Lal Shahbaz Qalandar
M
Mawlana Muhummad Attullah Sahib Faizani
Muhammad Uthman Siraj al-Din
Machiliwale Shah
Mahmoodullah Shah
Mahmud Esad Coşan
Mahmut Ustaosmanoğlu
Makdoom Hamzah
Maruf Karkhi
Maula Shah (1836–1944)
Maulana Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi (1797–1861)
Maulana Syed Muhammad Zauqi Shah (1878–1951)
Meher Ali Shah of Golra Sharif (1859–1937)
Shaykh Muhammed Mehmet Adil ar-Rabbani
Mian Bashir Ahmed (1923– )
Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani
Muhammad Bin Husayn al-Sulami
Mohammad Badshah Qadri (1903–1978)
Muhammad al-Yaqoubi
Muhammad Alawi al-Maliki
Muhammad Iqbal
Muhammad Ishaq
Muhammad Masihullah Khan
Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi
Muhammad Qadiri ( 1552-1654)
Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhlawi
Mu'in al-Din Chishti
N
Nadir Ali Shah
Nahid Angha
Nasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi
Nizamuddin Auliya
Nooruddeen Durkee
Nuh Ha Mim Keller
Nuruddin ar-Raniri
O
Omar Saidou Tall
Omar Ali-Shah
Osman Nuri Topbaş
P
Pir Fazal Ali Qureshi (d. 1935)
Pir Muhammad Alauddin Siddiqui (1936-2017)
Pir Hadi Hassan Bux Shah Jilani (1846–1900)
Pir Naseer-uddin-Naseer of Golra Sharif (1949–2009)
Q
Qalander Ba Ba Auliya (1898–1979)
Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki (1173-1235)
R
Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya
Rahman Baba
Reshad Feild
Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi
Rumi
Ruwaym
S
Sari al-Saqati
Sahl al-Tustari
Shaqiq al-Balkhi
Sanai Hakim Sanai Ghaznavid
Sidi Boushaki
Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
Sheikh Yusuf
Syed Faiz-ul Hassan Shah
Syed Rashid Ahmed Jaunpuri
Syed Ghulam Mohiyyuddin Gilani
Sultan Bahu (1630-1691)
Shah Maroof Khushabi
Shah Sulaimān Nūri (1508-1604)
Sai Baba of Shirdi (1838–1918)
Said al-Chirkawi
Said Nursī
Shams Ali Qalandar
Sayed Badiuddin Zinda Shah Madar
Sayyid Mir Jan (1800-1901)
Sayyid Sahib Husayni of Tekmal (1805–1880)
Syed Jamal Al-Din Al-Afghani
Shah Abdul Aziz (1745–1823)
Shah Inayat Qadiri (d. 1728)
Shah Jalal (1271-1346)
Shah Nazar Ali
Kianfar
Shah Niyaz (1742-1834)
Syed Ahmad Hussain Gilani
Shah Nooranī
Shah Paran
Shah Siddiq
Shah Syed Hasnain Baqai of Safipur
Sheikh Mustafa (1836–1888)
Sheikh Madar
Sidi Heddi
Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan
Syed Mohammed Asrarullah (1856)
Syed Nasiruddin
Syed Shujaat Ali Qadri
Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai
Syed Mohammed Mukhtar Ashraf
Saalim Al-Madhar (1848–1908)
T
Tahir Allauddin Al-Qadri Al-Gillani (1932–1991)
Taj al-Din al-Subki
Tajuddin Muhammad Badruddin of Nagpur (1861–1925)
Taqi al-Din al-Subki
Tashna (1872–1931)
Timothy Winter
Tosun Bayrak
U
* Uways al-Barawi
W
Waheed Ashraf
Waris Shah
Waris Ali Shah
Wasif Ali Wasif (1929–1993)
Y
Yahya ibn Mu'adh al-Razi
Yunus Ali Enayetpuri (1886-1952)
Yunus Emre
Yusuf al-Nabhani
Z
Zaheen Shah
Zakariyya al-Ansari
Sufi leaders
Mahmud of Ghazni
Ahmad Shah Durrani
Diponegoro
Mirwais Hotak
Emir Abdelkader
Izz ad-Din al-Qassam
Mehmed the Conqueror
Omar al-Mukhtar
Saladin
See also
List of Sufi saints
References
Sufi people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Sufis |
is a village located in Ōshima Subprefecture, Tokyo Metropolis, Japan. The village comprises the whole of To-shima Island.
The island, at , is one of the smallest inhabited islands in the Izu Island chain. Approximately 330 people live on the island. Eighty per cent of the island is covered by camellia forests. From November to March, much of the island is red from the camellia flowers. The island is also home to the Saku lily (Lilium auratum var. platyphyllum), the largest lily in the world.
The island is between Izu Ōshima, the largest of the Izu Islands, and Nii-jima. Ferries that sail to Nii-jima make a brief stop in To-shima. Toshima is also accessible (weather permitting) by helicopter departing from Ōshima island, from Ōshima airport it is a 10-minute flight to To-shima.
The main industry on To-shima is fishing. There is some small-scale farming and tourism.
Geography
, a volcanic island in the Izu Islands, is administered by the Tōkyō Metropolitan government. It lies south of Tōkyō and east of the Izu Peninsula, Shizuoka Prefecture. To-shima forms part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. The island has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports populations of Japanese wood pigeons, Pleske's grasshopper warblers, Ijima's leaf-warblers and Izu thrushes.
Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Toshima has remained relatively steady in recent decades.
Education
There is a single combined elementary and junior high school, Toshima Elementary and Junior High School (利島村立利島小中学校).
For high school students may attend schools on other islands operated by the Tokyo Metropolitan Board of Education.
Gallery
See also
List of islands of Japan
Notes
References
Teikoku's Complete Atlas of Japan, Teikoku-Shoin Co., Ltd. Tokyo 1990,
Saishin-Nihon-chizu 1990 - Atlas of Japan, Imidas Shueisha, Tokyo
External links
To-shima Village Official Website
Izu Islands
Islands of Tokyo
Important Bird Areas of the Nanpo Islands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To-shima%2C%20Tokyo |
The 1944 Louisiana gubernatorial election was held in two rounds on January 18 and February 29, 1944. Like most Southern states between the Reconstruction Era and the Civil Rights Movement, Louisiana's Republican Party was virtually nonexistent in terms of electoral support. This meant that the two Democratic Party primaries held on these dates were the real contest over who would be governor. The 1944 election saw the reformer ‘anti-Long’ faction retain power for another four years under Jimmie Davis.
Louisiana's constitution did not allow incumbent governor Sam Jones to succeed himself in a consecutive term. Instead, the reformer forces endorsed Jimmie Davis, a country singer from Shreveport who was then serving as Public Service Commissioner. Davis campaigned on a theme of "Peace and Harmony", and punctuated his campaign stops with performances of "You Are My Sunshine."
Louisiana's Longite faction desired a return to power after being defeated in 1940. Huey Long's brother Earl had ambitions to return as governor, and began to prepare for a campaign. But Long failed to gain the support of New Orleans mayor Robert Maestri, whose Old Regular machine was seen as an essential component of any victorious Longite candidate. Instead, Maestri threw his support behind Lewis L. Morgan, an elderly politician from Covington whose unexciting campaign found little resonance with voters. Long had to satisfy himself with running for Lieutenant Governor on Morgan's ticket.
Other candidates included Jimmy Morrison of Hammond, Dudley J. LeBlanc of Vermilion Parish, Vincent Moseley, State Senator Ernest S. Clements of Oberlin, the seat of Allen Parish, and Shreveport Mayor Sam Caldwell. Coming amid the grim mood of wartime, the 1944 campaign was widely seen as one of the quietest in years.
Results of First Primary
LeBlanc and Morrison each won a handful of parishes in their respective bases in south Louisiana. Morgan did poorly in much of the state aside from the Long stronghold of Winn Parish and the surrounding area, but the number of votes turned out for him by the Old Regulars in New Orleans propelled him into the runoff. But Davis's popularity in north Louisiana and throughout the state's rural parishes gave him a strong lead.
Results of Second Primary
In the second primary, Morgan maintained much of his support, but Davis was able to pick up many of the votes of candidates defeated in the first primary, particularly in south Louisiana and New Orleans. Davis won with a comfortable majority and became governor.
Sources
Michael L. Kurtz and Morgan D. Peoples. Earl K. Long: The Saga of Uncle Earl and Louisiana Politics, 1990.
Louisiana Secretary of State. Compilation of Primary Election Results of the Democratic Party of the State of Louisiana, 1944.
Gubernatorial
1944
Louisiana
January 1944 events
February 1944 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944%20Louisiana%20gubernatorial%20election |
Jaco Van Dormael (born 9 February 1957) is a Belgian film director, screenwriter and playwright. His films especially focus on a respectful and sympathetic portrayal of people with mental and physical disabilities.
Van Dormael spent his childhood travelling around Europe, before going on to study filmmaking at the INSAS in Brussels, where he wrote and directed his first short film, Maedeli la brèche (1981), which received the Honorary Foreign Film Award at the Student Academy Awards. Van Dormael's feature debut, Toto le héros (1991), won the Caméra d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival.
Five years later, Le huitième jour (1996) played at Cannes, where his two leading actors, Daniel Auteuil and Pascal Duquenne, were jointly awarded the prize for Best Actor. His third feature film, Mr. Nobody (2009), won six Magritte Awards, including Best Film and Best Director.
Early life
Jaco Van Dormael was born in Ixelles. Belgium, on 9 February 1957 to a Belgian couple. Van Dormael was raised in Germany until age seven, when his family returned to Belgium. At his birth, he had nearly been strangled by the umbilical cord and received an insufficient supply of oxygen. It was feared that he might end up mentally impaired. This trauma may partly account for the recurring themes in his films, which explore the worlds of people with mental and physical disabilities.
He delighted in working with children and for a while pursued a career as a circus clown. He became a producer of children's entertainment with the Theatre de Galafronie, Theatre Isocele and Theatre de la Guimbarde. After developing an interest in filmmaking, he enrolled at the INSAS in Brussels and later the Louis Lumière College in Paris. As a children's entertainer, childhood and innocence would become strong themes throughout his work.
Career
Early work
In the 1980s, Van Dormael directed a number of short films. While he was a student at the INSAS, he wrote and directed the children's story Maedeli la brèche. The short film received the Honorary Foreign Film Award at the 1981 Student Academy Awards presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. The following year Van Dormael directed Stade 81, a documentary short film about the Paralympic Games. He later directed the short films Les voisins (1981), L'imitateur (1982), Sortie de secours (1983), and De boot (1985). His most famous short of the period is È pericoloso sporgersi (1984) which won the Grand Prix in international competition at the Clermont-Ferrand International Short Film Festival.
Mainstream breakthrough
Van Dormael made his feature-length debut in 1991 with Toto le héros (Toto the hero), a tale about a man who believes his life was "stolen" from him when he was switched at birth, told in a complex mosaic of flashbacks and dream sequences, sometimes with almost a stream of consciousness effect. Toto le héros was ten years in the making as Van Dormael rewrote the script at least eight times. In 1985, two Belgian producers read a version of the script, and over the next five years they raised about $3.5 million, a huge amount for a Belgian production, all in public money from Belgium, the European Community and state television in France and Germany. Van Dormael premiered Toto le héros at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Camera d'Or. The film was released to the public later that year. Reviewing the film, The New York Times called him "a bright new talent to celebrate". It won five Joseph Plateau Awards, the César Award for Best Foreign Film, four European Film Awards, the André Cavens Award, and received a BAFTA nomination. Van Dormael's brother, Pierre composed the soundtrack for the film; since their first collaboration in 1980, he has composed the music to all his brother's films. Toto le héros propelled Van Dormael into the international spotlight as both a writer and director.
In 1995, Van Dormael participated in the 1995 project Lumière et compagnie (Lumière and Company). This work is an anthology of very short works (on average 50–60 seconds) contributed by international film directors in which each used the original Auguste and Louis Lumière's motion picture camera to make his film. The Kiss is the 52-second film made by director Jaco Van Dormael featuring actor Pascal Duquenne. At the same time, Van Dormael was at work writing his next major work.
He wanted to make a more linear film than Toto le héros, one which explored the world through the eyes of a man with Down syndrome. Van Dormael's next film, Le huitieme jour (The Eighth Day), accomplishes this with the chance meeting and friendship between Georges, played by Pascal Duquenne, and Harry, an unhappy divorced businessman portrayed by Daniel Auteuil. Van Dormael's interest in people with mental and physical disabilities stems from an interest in their "talent for life, for loving life, that we often lack." He sought to explore the concept of two worlds (that of Georges and that of Harry) existing simultaneously and yet separately. Le huitième jour premiered at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival, where it was nominated for the Palme d'Or. It did win the Best Actor award at the festival, which was given to both Pascal Duquenne and Daniel Auteuil. This was the first time in the festival's history that two actors had shared the award. The film received four Joseph Plateau Awards and was nominated for a César Award and the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Le huitième jour grossed $33 million worldwide on a budget of $5 million, making it Van Dormael's highest-grossing film to that point.
In 1998, Van Dormael participated in the project Spotlights on a Massacre: 10 Films Against 100 Million Antipersonnel Land Mines, a collection of short films that works as an anti-land mine campaign. The same year he was also a member of the jury at the 51st Cannes Film Festival. In 1999, Toto le héros received the Best Belgian Screenplay 1984–1999 Award at the 13th Joseph Plateau Awards.
Mr. Nobody and after
Van Dormael began seeking to film Mr. Nobody in 2001, an attempt that lasted six years before the director was able to make his English-language feature debut in 2007. This project differed from other Belgian productions in being filmed in English instead of in one of Belgium's main languages. The director explained, "The story came to me in English. It's a story set over very long distances and time frames. One of the strands of the plot is about a kid who must choose between living with his mother in Canada or his father in England. There are also some incredible English-speaking actors I wanted to work with." The production budget for Mr. Nobody was €37 million, ranking it the most expensive Belgian film as of 2008. The budget was approved before casting was done, based on the prominence of the director's name and the strength of his script. The film utilizes nonlinear narrative and the many-worlds interpretation to tell the life story of the last mortal on Earth, Nemo Nobody, portrayed by Jared Leto.
Mr. Nobody had its world premiere at the 66th Venice International Film Festival on 12 September 2009, where it won the Biografilm Award and the Golden Osella for Outstanding Technical Contribution. It received 10 minutes of applause at its premiere at the 66th Venice International Film Festival and has a 64% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes It received seven Magritte Award nominations, winning Best Film, Best Director, Best Screenplay, Best Cinematography, Best Original Score and Best Editing. It also won the André Cavens Award and the People's Choice Award for Best European Film at the 23rd European Film Awards. Empire called it "a bit of a mess" but "a cult movie in the truest sense of the word".
In August 2014, Van Dormael began filming his fourth feature film, Le Tout Nouveau Testament (The Brand New Testament), with Catherine Deneuve, Yolande Moreau and Benoît Poelvoorde, a comedy in which God (Poelvoorde) is alive and lives in Brussels with his daughter. It premiered at the 68th Cannes Film Festival on 17 May 2015 to critical acclaim.
Themes
Van Dormael's films, while few, have strong common themes between them. They make distinctive use of naive voiceover and examine the world from an innocent perspective (the young Thomas in Toto le héros, the protagonist with a developmental disability of Le huitième jour, and the unborn child of Mr. Nobody). These characters views are often colorful, imaginative, and somewhat removed from reality, with slight elements of surreal imagery used to illustrate their active imaginations.
His films also typically end with a death, which is portrayed not as a tragedy, but as a happy moving on where the deceased looks down happily at the world below. Between Heaven and Earth ends with a birth, but it is similarly handled the passing of a character into a new world. This pattern is continued in Mr. Nobody, where two deaths open the film and a unique twist on death at the end of the film conveys a wistful sense of happiness.
Van Dormael makes prominent use of nostalgic standards music, as well, featuring "Boum!" by Charles Trenet in Toto le héros and "Mexico" by Luis Mariano in Le huitième jour as recurring themes. Mr. Nobody used "Mr. Sandman" as its recurring musical theme.
All of Van Dormael's films contain surreal elements. In his first two films, these moments were few, like dancing flowers in Toto le héros or Georges flying around the room in Le huitième jour. Mr. Nobody makes much more extensive use of surreal imagery throughout the film.
Both Toto le héros and Le huitième jour prominently featured characters with Down syndrome, and portrayed these characters lovingly, emphasizing their characteristic strengths.
Filmography
Short films
Maedeli la brèche (1980)
Stade 81 (1981)
Les voisins (1981)
L'imitateur (1982)
Sortie de secours (1983)
È pericoloso sporgersi (1984)
De boot (1985)
The Kiss (1995)
Eole (2010)
Feature films
References
External links
1957 births
20th-century Belgian dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Belgian dramatists and playwrights
Belgian male dramatists and playwrights
Belgian cinematographers
Belgian film directors
Belgian film producers
Belgian male screenwriters
César Award winners
Directors of Caméra d'Or winners
English-language film directors
European Film Award for Best Screenwriter winners
French-language film directors
Magritte Award winners
Living people
People from Ixelles
People from Uccle
20th-century Belgian screenwriters
21st-century Belgian screenwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaco%20Van%20Dormael |
A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. Caliphs led the Muslim as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history.
The first caliphate, the Rashidun Caliphate, was ruled by the four Rashidun caliphs (, ), Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali, who are considered by Sunni Muslims to have been the most virtuous and pure caliphs. They were chosen by popular acclamation or by a small committee, in contrast with the following caliphates, which were mostly hereditary. On the other hand, Shiites only recognise Ali and consider the first three caliphs to be usurpers.
The Rashidun caliphate ended with the First Fitna, which transferred authority to the Umayyad dynasty that presided over the Umayyad Caliphate, the largest caliphate and the last one to actively rule the entire Muslim world.
The Abbasid Revolution overthrew the Ummayads and instituted the Abbasid dynasty which ruled over the Abbasid Caliphate. The Abbassid Caliphate was initially strong and united, but gradually fractured into several states whose rulers only paid lip service to the caliph in Baghdad. There were also rivals to the Abbasids who claimed the caliphates for themselves, such as the Isma'ili Shia Fatimids, the Sunni Ummayyads in Córdoba and the Almohads, who followed their own doctrine. When Baghdad fell to the Mongols, the Abbassid family relocated to Cairo, where they continued to claim caliphal authority but had no political power, and actual authority was in the hands of the Mamluk Sultanate.
After the Ottoman conquest of Egypt, the Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil III was taken to Constantinople, where he surrendered the caliphate to the Ottoman Sultan Selim I. The caliphate then remained in the House of Osman until after the First world war. The Ottoman Sultanate was abolished in 1922 by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The head of the House of Osman, Abdulmejid II, retained the title of caliph for two more years, after which the caliphate was abolished in 1924.
Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)
Hasan ibn Ali's Caliphate (661)
After the death of Ali, the Muslims selected Hasan ibn Ali as the caliph. He successfully made a treaty with governor Mu'awiyah that led to the latter assuming political power. Later, he abdicated as the caliph after ruling for six or seven months.
Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)
Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)
During the later period of Abbasid rule, Muslim rulers began using other titles, such as Amir al-umara and Sultan.
Mamluk Abbasid dynasty (1261–1517)
The Cairo Abbasids were largely ceremonial Caliphs under the patronage of the Mamluk Sultanate that existed after the takeover of the Ayyubid dynasty.
Ottoman Caliphate (1517–1924)
The head of the Ottoman dynasty was just entitled Sultan originally, but soon it started accumulating titles assumed from subjected peoples. Murad I (reigned 1362–1389) was the first Ottoman claimant to the title of Caliph; claimed the title after conquering Edirne.
The Office of the Ottoman Caliphate was transferred to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey which dissolved the office on March 3, 1924, in keeping with the policies of secularism that were adopted in the early years of the Republic of Turkey by its President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
After the abolition of the Caliphate, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey founded the Presidency of Religious Affairs as the new highest Islamic religious authority in the country.
Other caliphates
Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr's Caliphate (684–692)
Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, the nephew of Aisha, the third wife of Muhammad, led a rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate in 684 AD. He was proclaimed caliph in Mecca but was defeated and killed there in 692 AD after a six-month siege by general Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf.
Talib al-Haqq (747–748)
Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171)
Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031)
(Not universally accepted; actual authority confined to Spain and parts of Maghreb)
Almohad Caliphate (1145–1269)
(Not widely accepted, actual dominions were parts of North Africa and Iberia)
Bornu and Songhai Empires (15th/16th century)
Several rulers of West Africa adopted the title of Caliph. Mai Ali Ghaji ibn Dunama was the first ruler of Bornu Empire to assume the title. Askia Mohammad I of Songhai Empire also assumed the title around the same time.
Indian caliphates (late medieval/early modern)
Since the 12th century, despite the South Asian domination of numerous Muslim empires, kingdoms and sultanates, Islamic caliphates were not fully attempted to be established across the Indian subcontinent. However, under the sharia based reigns of Sunni emperors such as Alauddin Khalji, Mughal Empire's Aurangzeb, and Mysore's rulers Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, absolute forms of caliphates were clearly to have appeared. These largely impacted the French-Italian emperor Napoleone Bonaparte and soldiers of the British Empire.
Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903)
(Not widely accepted, actual dominions were parts of West Africa)
Established by Tariqa Islamic scholar and religious leader Usman dan Fodio through the Fulani War (alternatively known as the Fulani Jihad), which sought to reduce the influence of pre-Islamic religious practices and spread a more vigorous form of Islam through the auspices of a Caliphate.
Ahmadiyya Caliphate (1908–present)
The Khalīfatul Masīh (; ; ), sometimes simply referred to as Khalifah (i.e. Caliph, successor), is the elected spiritual and organizational leader of the worldwide Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and is the successor of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, who had taken the titles of Mahdi and Messiah of Islam. The Caliph is believed to be divinely guided and is also referred to by members of current Khalifatul Masih is Mirza Masroor Ahmad.
After the death of Ghulam Ahmad, his successors directed the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community from Qadian in Punjab, British India, which remained the headquarters of the community until 1947 with the independence of Pakistan. From this time on, the headquarters moved to and remained in Rabwah, a town built on land bought in Pakistan by the community in 1948. In 1984, Ordinance XX was promulgated by the government of Pakistan which rendered the Khalifatul Masih unable to perform his duties and put the very institution in jeopardy. Due to these circumstances, Khalifatul Masih IV left Pakistan and migrated to London, England, provisionally moving the headquarters to the Fazl Mosque.
Sharifian Caliphate (1924–1925)
A last attempt at restoring the caliphal office and style with ecumenical recognition was made by Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz and Sharif of Mecca, who assumed both on 11 March 1924 and held them until 3 October 1924, when he passed the kingship to his son `Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Hashimi, who did not adopt the caliphal office and style. Like the Fatimid caliphs, he was a descendant of Muhammad through a grandson of Hasan ibn Ali. Hussein's claim for caliphate was not accepted by the Wahhabi and Salafi movements, and in 1925 he was driven from Hejaz by the forces of Ibn Saud as an outcome of the Second Saudi-Hashemite War. He continued to use the title of caliph during his remaining life in exile, until his death in 1931.
Islamic State (2014–present)
On 29 June 2014, the Islamic State proclaimed the return of the Islamic caliphate, with its first caliph as Amir al-Mu'minin Abu Bakr Ibrahim bin Awwad Al-Badri Al-Husaini Al-Hashimi Al-Quraishi As-sammera'i al-Baghdadi. The caliphate's claimed territory at its peak controlled 12 million people. At its height, Islamic State ruled territories in various countries including Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Nigeria, Libya, the Philippines, Afghanistan, Congo, Yemen, and the Sinai region in Egypt, in addition to running guerrilla cells in many other countries.
In 2014-15, dozens of Salafi Jihadi groups and scholars around the world pledged allegiance to ISIL claimed Caliphate.
On 10 April 2018, during a rally of U.S. President Donald Trump in Elkhart, Indiana in support of Mike Braun’s bid for the US Senate, Vice President Mike Pence referred to ISIS as a Caliphate, claiming "ISIS is on the run, their Caliphate has crumbled, and we will soon drive them out of existence once and for all."
The Islamic State of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, the militant jihadist organization prescribed by many states as a terrorist organization, and the founding organization of the Islamic State caliphate. Were severely degraded in operational capability, subscribers and territorial control during the military intervention in Iraq and Syria by the U.S.-led Global Coalition to Defeat Daesh, and in Syria by the military of the Russian Federation.
As of early, 2022 Islamic State occupies some territory in Nigeria and has 3 million people under its rule; and also it continues to maintain control over some of rural un-habitant areas in both Iraq and Syria
See also
Worldwide caliphate
Shah
Emir
Shaykh al-Islām
List of Sheikh-ul-Islams of the Ottoman Empire
Grand Imam of al-Azhar
List of Grand Imams of al-Azhar
List of presidents of Al-Azhar University
Mouride#Leadership
Succession to Muhammad
History of Islam
Shia Islam
Sunni Islam
Sharifate of Mecca
Notes
References
Bibliography
Caliphs
Caliphs
Caliphs
632 establishments
Medieval Islamic world-related lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20caliphs |
Placing of Seamen Convention, 1920 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1920:
Ratifications
As of 2013, the convention had been ratified by 41 states. Of the ratifying states, 15 have subsequently denounced the convention, some by a process that automatically denounces the treaty when the same state ratifies a convention that supersedes the 1920 treaty.
References
External links
Text.
Ratifications and denunciations.
Placing
Treaties concluded in 1920
Treaties entered into force in 1921
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of Cameroon
Treaties of Chile
Treaties of Colombia
Treaties of Cuba
Treaties of Djibouti
Treaties of Egypt
Treaties of Estonia
Treaties of the Weimar Republic
Treaties of Israel
Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
Treaties of the Empire of Japan
Treaties of Lebanon
Treaties of Mexico
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of New Zealand
Treaties of Nicaragua
Treaties of Panama
Treaties of Peru
Treaties of the Kingdom of Romania
Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of North Macedonia
Treaties of Uruguay
Admiralty law treaties
Treaties extended to Curaçao and Dependencies
Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
Treaties extended to the French Southern and Antarctic Lands
1920 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placing%20of%20Seamen%20Convention%2C%201920 |
The U.S. Pharmacist is a monthly magazine for pharmacists and health professionals. It is published by Jobson Publishing. In 2018 the company was acquired by WebMD. The magazine is based in Riverton, New Jersey. As of 2013 Harold Cohen was the editor-in-chief of U.S. Pharmacist.
References
External links
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Health magazines
Magazines with year of establishment missing
Magazines published in New Jersey
Professional and trade magazines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%20Pharmacist |
Kinneloa Mesa is an unincorporated community located in Los Angeles County, California, United States, with a population of 1,070 as of 2000. Unlike Altadena, a larger unincorporated area nearby, Kinneloa Mesa is not an official census-designated place. According to the Los Angeles Times, the population was counted in the 2000 census and the area is considered "unincorporated Pasadena". Kinneloa Mesa is in the Los Angeles County list of unincorporated areas and street maps, including those of the Los Angeles County Assessor's office which recognize Kinneloa Mesa Road and Kinneloa Canyon Road as the area's two principal roads.
Kinneloa Mesa is an unincorporated community of the Fifth Supervisorial District of Los Angeles County. It is bordered by the San Gabriel Mountains and the Angeles National Forest to the north and the city of Pasadena around the rest of its perimeter; it is also near Altadena, across the Eaton Canyon wash, and Sierra Madre, across an intervening fingertip section of Pasadena.
History
The streets on Kinneloa Mesa were created and named by the founder of the Kinneloa Mesa community Mr. Abbot Kinney. The name "Kinneloa" meaning "Kinney's Hill" in Hawaii was later used to create the street names in a Hawaiian fashion, (Mesaloa, Meyerloa, Lindaloa). The street name Clarmeya was named for the two original residents of Kinneloa Mesa, the Clarks and the Meyers. The community is situated beside a hill that when looking down, it resembles a Hawaiian mountain range. This resemblance inspired the Hawaiian names for the streets and community itself.
According to Altadena web-historians, Kinneloa Mesa may comprise part or all of the ranch of Abbot Kinney, and the community has also been known as the Kinneloa Estates.
In 1993, the Kinneloa Fire, begun accidentally on the slopes above Eaton Canyon, burned dozens of homes in Kinneloa Mesa and neighboring Altadena as part of a rash of late October wildfires driven by Santa Ana winds in Southern California. One man died of complications from smoke inhalation and dozens were injured.
News stories that reference Kinneloa Mesa occasionally misspell Kinneloa as "Kinneola" creating difficulty in researching current and historical events for this area.
References
Sources
"Burning Concerns; New Mexico 'Controlled' Fire Puts Local Officials on Defensive", by Lee Condon. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, Calif.: May 21, 2000, page 1.
"Cold Front Puts the Chill on Ill Winds; Weather: Alaskan storm system blocks return of powerful Santa Ana winds." by Dexter Filkins, Eric Malnic. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, Calif.: Oct 27, 1996, page 1.
"Californians Set For More Wind And New Blazes; But a Day of Calm Lets Firefighters Catch Up", by Robert Reinhold. New York Times, New York, N.Y.: Oct 30, 1993, page 6.
"Transient's Act Means Others Now Homeless", by Deborah Hastings. The Associated Press. Orange County Register. Santa Ana, Calif.: Oct 29, 1993, page A24.
"A Drive in January", by Clara Spalding Brown. Ballou's Monthly Magazine. Boston, Mass.: July to December, 1883, page 62.
"The Plateau of Sierra Madre", by Charles F. Lummis. The Land of Sunshine: A Southwestern Magazine. Los Angeles, Calif.: December, 1895, to, May, 1896, page 193.
External links
Los Angeles County's Unincorporated Areas
The official Timeline of Altadena History
Unincorporated communities in Los Angeles County, California
Altadena, California
Geography of Pasadena, California
Communities in the San Gabriel Valley
San Gabriel Mountains
Unincorporated communities in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinneloa%20Mesa%2C%20California |
Kingdom Come is a novel by Melvyn Bragg, first published in 1980. It is the third part of Bragg's Cumbrian Trilogy.
The story moves from Thurston (Bragg's name for Wigton), to London and New York, some time in the 1970s, and follows a series of major disruptions in the life of Douglas Tallentire, a writer and TV producer. Douglas is the son of Joseph Tallentire, the central character of Bragg's A Place in England, and grandson of John Tallentire, central character of The Hired Man.
1980 British novels
Novels by Melvyn Bragg
Novels set in Cumbria
Novels set in London
Novels set in New York (state)
Secker & Warburg books
Novels set in the 1970s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom%20Come%20%28Bragg%20novel%29 |
WBND-LD (channel 57) is a low-power television station in South Bend, Indiana, United States, affiliated with ABC. It is owned by Weigel Broadcasting (as the company's only ABC affiliate), and is sister to CW affiliate WCWW-LD (channel 25) and MyNetworkTV affiliate WMYS-LD (channel 69). The stations share studios on Generations Drive (near the Indiana Toll Road) in northeastern South Bend, while WBND-LD's transmitter is located just off the St. Joseph Valley Parkway on the city's south side.
Due to its low-power status, its broadcasting radius only covers the immediate South Bend area. Therefore, Weigel relies on paid television subscription carriage for all three of its South Bend television stations to reach the entire market.
History
The station signed on the air on October 18, 1995, the date that longtime ABC station WSJV (channel 28) became Michiana's new Fox affiliate, as W58BT, originally broadcasting on UHF channel 58. However, from the beginning, it branded itself under the fictional call letters "WBND", relegating mentions of its legal call sign to station identifications, and signed on as the area's new ABC affiliate in Michiana. Prior to the launch, Fox won the rights to NFL football games starting with the 1994 season, and the network signed an affiliation agreement with Quincy Newspapers to have WSJV join Fox on April 21, 1995; prior to this, some Fox programming (including its NFL game telecasts) had been airing on CBS affiliate WSBT-TV (channel 22), while the network's full schedule was only available on cable via network-owned WFLD from Chicago or WFFT from Fort Wayne (on the Indiana side), and WXMI from Grand Rapids or, until late 1994, WKBD from Detroit (on the Michigan side). ABC approached WNDU-TV (channel 16) and WSBT, but both had firm affiliation deals with NBC and CBS, respectively. The only other viable choice was WHME-TV (channel 46), but that station's owner, religious broadcaster LeSEA, never even considered putting it up for sale or taking a network affiliation.
With just weeks to go before WSJV was due to join Fox, it appeared that ABC would be left without an affiliate in Michiana. Facing the prospect of piping in network-owned WLS-TV in Chicago, WPTA in Fort Wayne, and WOTV in Battle Creek, Michigan, for cable viewers, ABC agreed more or less by default to sign an affiliation deal with W58BT. This was the second 11th-hour affiliation deal Weigel had reached as a result of the massive network switches of 1994–95; sister station WDJT-TV in Milwaukee (by coincidence, also on channel 58) had become a CBS affiliate under similar circumstances in 1994.
Weigel would have preferred to sign on the station in December, when it planned to bring a new transmitter online that would have increased channel 58's footprint to a radius of South Bend. However, ABC officials insisted that the swap be made on the day WSJV joined Fox. Due in part to the rush to get ready for the switch, the station's 2,000-watt transmitter suffered a partial failure on the morning of October 18, rendering it almost unviewable. The transmitter was fixed within a few days.
By the end of that year, the station changed its call letters to WBND-LP. During the late 1990s, the station carried UPN programming outside of network hours as a secondary affiliate. The station relocated to UHF channel 57 in 2002, after WSJV received approval from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to use channel 58 for its digital signal. In 2003, the station's UPN affiliate ended with that network's move to WSBT-TV's second digital subchannel, known as "UPN Michiana", which programmed the network in regular primetime hours.
Ultimately, WBND would outlast WSJV, when in August 2016, "SBT2" (which had carried an independent format after UPN's demise) assumed the market's Fox affiliation from WSJV as "Fox Michiana". WSJV then positioned themselves to try to sell their broadcast spectrum in the 2016 auction, but were ultimately unsuccessful, and now carries Weigel's Heroes & Icons network on their main channel.
In early August 2008, Weigel Broadcasting agreed to sell all three of its South Bend stations, including WBND, to Schurz Communications, founding owner of WSBT-TV, for undisclosed terms. If this sale had been approved by the FCC, WBND's operations would have been moved into WSBT's new facility in Mishawaka (which opened in November 2008) and it may have resulted in the WDJT-produced newscast on channel 57 being replaced by simulcasts of WSBT-TV's newscasts. However, after the FCC failed to approve the deal within a year, Weigel and Schurz walked away from the deal in August 2009.
From June to July 2011, the station's website was redirected to WBND's Facebook account as Weigel's web staff undertook a major rebuilding of both WDJT and WBND's websites (WDJT's original site remained operational, while WBND's was taken down completely). During this time, the station unusually reported current weather conditions using map imagery uploaded through its on-staff meteorologists via their Twitter accounts to the TwitPic service and the station's Facebook photos section. The station debuted its new website by the start of August 2011.
Programming
Sports programming
WBND-LD carries the road games of Notre Dame football which air as part of the ESPN College Football on ABC package, either as a part of its regular schedule or games against Atlantic Coast Conference opponents (including the 2020 ACC Championship Game as part of that year's temporary conference affiliation).
News operation
WBND-LD currently broadcasts 31 hours of local newscasts each week (with 4½ hours each on Mondays through Saturdays and four hours on Sundays); in addition to the newscasts seen on WBND, the station produces and airs 13½ hours of news a week for CW affiliate WCWW-LD (with 2½ hours each weekday and a half-hour each on Saturdays and Sundays). Unlike most ABC stations in the Eastern Time Zone, the station does not produce a midday newscast on weekdays. WBND-LD's news operation has no sports department.
The station ran an abbreviated 11-minute-long newscast at 11 p.m. from 2007 to April 2011, using a form of the Eleven @ 11:00 news format, with The Insider filling out the timeslot following the newscast until 11:35 p.m. The newscast was produced and anchored by staff at WDJT, and featured emphasis on a weather forecast segment within the first ten minutes, under the "First Alert Weather" branding. WBND was the third Weigel station to carry a newscast produced by WDJT, the others being their Milwaukee sister stations WMLW-CA and WYTU-LD. Local news footage was shot by photographers in South Bend, and then transmitted to WDJT's studios in Milwaukee via satellite. WDJT's reporters and anchors then edited the video and added voiceovers, before sending the completed program back to South Bend.
In November 2010, Weigel began to seek applicants for reporting, anchoring and web content positions to be locally based in South Bend, suggesting the station was looking to start a standalone news operation. On April 4, 2011, the station officially launched its news operation and began broadcasting locally produced daily newscasts at 6 a.m., 6 p.m. and 11 p.m. This made WBND one of the few low-powered television stations to operate an in-house news department. The newscasts air in high definition, though in downscaled 4:3 on its analog low-power signal until that channel went dark later that year.
In September 2011, WBND-LD added an additional hour to its weekday morning newscast at 5 a.m. and launched two half-hour newscasts: one at 7 p.m. on Monday through Saturday evenings and a newscast at 6 p.m. on Saturdays (replacing the 6:30 p.m. newscast previously seen on that night). The station launched an hour-long 5 p.m. newscast on September 10, 2012, simultaneously discontinuing the 7 p.m. newscast on weeknights (the station continued production of the Saturday edition of the 7 p.m. newscast). In September 2014, the station expanded its weekday morning newscast by a half-hour to 4:30 a.m., and debuted a two-hour extension of the program from 7:00 to 9:00 a.m. on WCWW-LD; WBND also debuted three hours of newscasts on weekend mornings, with a two-hour block running from 6:00 to 8:00 a.m. on both Saturday and Sunday, and an additional hour on Saturdays from 9:00 to 10:00 a.m. and on Sundays from 10:00 to 11:00 a.m.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
On June 2, 2011, WBND launched its second digital subchannel on 57.2 as an owned-and-operated MeTV station. On December 17, 2013, Movies! was added to 57.3.
Analog-to-digital conversion
WBND received a construction permit from FCC on March 21, 2007 for a companion digital channel. Six months later on September 14, 2007, began broadcasting its high definition digital signal on UHF frequency 49; using PSIP to display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 57. The station had been providing an HD feed to local cable providers for over a year prior to the launch of the over-the-air digital signal to provide ABC programming in high definition.
On May 29, 2012, the FCC granted WBND-LD a permit to move its digital signal from UHF channel 49 to channel 39. On August 19, WBND-LD swapped digital frequencies with WMYS-LD, with WBND taking WMYS's proposed channel 34 allotment and WMYS taking the channel 39 allotment. The newly reassigned digital RF channels went on the air on August 19, replacing the previous digital signals.
References
External links
Weigel Broadcasting
ABC network affiliates
BND-LD
MeTV affiliates
Movies! affiliates
BND-LD
Television channels and stations established in 1995
1995 establishments in Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBND-LD |
Burgau is a town in the district of Günzburg in Swabia, Bavaria. Burgau lies on the river Mindel and has a population of just under 10,000.
History
The territory around Burgau was originally part of the stem duchy of Swabia. The death of Conradin and the resulting extinction of the Hohenstaufen line in 1268 led to the collapse of the integrity of the duchy and its division into lands, after local nobles resisted the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph's attempts to annex the duchy. The Lords of Burgau are first found in documentary mention in 1147, as . Burgau was raised to a margraviate in 1212.
With the death of Margrave Henry III in 1301, the margravial line fell extinct and the Empire claimed the fief. Albert I of Germany transferred the feudal rights to his two sons, thereby permanently adding the territory to the Habsburg dominions, with Henry III's widow purchasing the allodial rights. Four different titles were awarded: that of allodial rights, Imperial feudal rights (), manorial rights () and guardianship (, usually translated as bailiwick).
The location of the castle produced latent tensions with the Bavarian Wittelsbachs, who coveted the margraviate to round off their territories. Their attempted purchase of the territory in 1418 was resisted by the Imperial Cities of Augsburg and Ulm, with the support of other Swabian cities. Burgau came to rely on the support of the Imperial Cities, along with the Bishopric of Augsburg and the Fugger lands to stem the Wittelsbachs' acquisitive desires, particularly after they won the land west of the Lech; see Swabian League.
Throughout the 14th century, the Habsburgs were compelled to mortgage the margraviate or its parts; the last such mortgage being to the Bishopric of Augsburg, ending in 1559. Further Austria fell to Emperor Ferdinand I in 1522, passing to his second son Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria, on his death.
In the German Peasants' War in 1525, Burgau supported the against Ulm, but was defeated by the Swabian League. The city suffered badly during both the Thirty Years' War and the War of the Spanish succession.
Ferdinand II's successor, his nephew Emperor Rudolph II, entrusted the margraviate to Charles von Österreich, Ferdinand II's second son by his morganatic wife Philippine Welser, daughter of a wealthy Augsburg burgher. Charles was the last holder of the margraviate, from 1609–18; on his death, the land returned to the senior Austrian Habsburg line. When that archducal line expired, with the death of Sigismund Francis, the Viennese court took responsibility for the margraviate.
A significant Jewish community existed in Burgau from early medieval times to the beginning of the 17th century and reached its pinnacle in the 1500s. In 1617, after being accused of "excessive usury," the Jewish community was officially expelled.
In 1805, by the Peace of Pressburg, Napoléon forced a defeated Emperor Francis II to cede Further Austria to French allies on his abdication and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, with Burgau passing to the new kingdom of Bavaria.
In September 1853, the Ulm–Augsburg railway was built as part of the Bavarian Maximilian's Railway () through Burgau, with the station officially opening on 1 May 1854. Bavarian administrative reforms in 1862 established a court, a notary, and a tax office; the following year, a large fire resulted in the creation of a volunteer fire service.
Towards the end of World War II, two subcamps of Dachau concentration camp — one for men, and one for women — were established in Burgau. More than 1000 prisoners, including 500 Jewish women and girls from Poland and Hungary, were transported from Dachau, Bergen-Belsen, and Ravensbrück. They were forced to work in miserable conditions in an aircraft hangar in Scheppach Forest; 18 died and were buried in the Jewish cemetery in Ichenhausen.<ref>Gedenkstätten für die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus. Eine Dokumentation, Band 1. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Bonn 1995, , S. 149</ref> After the war, some 1600 were resettled in Burgau.
Bavarian regional reforms in 1978 merged the previously-independent municipalities of Oberknöringen, Unterknöringen, Großanhausen, Kleinanhausen and Limbach into Burgau.
Politics
Since May 2022, the mayor has been Carlos Pinto (CSU).
The city council has 20 members, currently distributed as below.
Burgau also has two partnerships with other towns:
Burgau, Styria, Austria — officially twinned since 1982, but informal partnerships for a decade before that.
Knöringen, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany — informal partnerships, particularly with the municipalities of Ober- and Unterknöringen.
Attractions and culture
Attractions in Burgau include:
the only remaining town gate, the , built in 1614
a fountain in honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary with a figure designed by Franz Schäfferle in 1696 designed, 1731
the chapel of St Leonard, built in 1667 with a Baroque façade
the town parish church, built between 1788 and 1791
the castle, high above the Mindeltal
the former Capuchin monastery. In its apse there was Leonardo da Vinci's Madonna of the Carnation, now in Munich's Alte Pinakothek
the oldest domestic house in Burgau, which dates from the Thirty Years' War
In 1997, the city celebrated the 850-year anniversary of its first documentary mention in a complex . In a slightly reduced form, further festivities were celebrated in 2001 and 2005 for the 700th anniversary of joining Further Austria and the 200th anniversary of joining Bavaria, respectively. The next Historic Festival is scheduled for July 2009.
Since the Thirty Years' War, there had been an annual custom of the (literally: feeding children bread); this custom was revived by Albert Vogele in the 1950s. Now on Rosenmontag, disguised as a town soldier, his son Drummer Albert'' leads the children out of their schools and through the streets with his drum. The children call out traditional carnival sayings in front of the shops, demanding the shopkeepers distribute presents. This is the start of a day-long street carnival, which attracts thousands of spectators annually.
Transport
The town has a railway station, , on the Ulm–Augsburg line.
Sons and daughters of the city
Anton Eggstein (1780-1819), brewer and deputy of the first Bavarian Landtag
Andreas Mayer (footballer, born 1972), footballer
Otto Meyer (1926-2014), educator and politician (CSU)
Sven Müller (born 1980), soccer player
See also
Günzburg (district)
References
External links
History of the coat of arms of Burgau
Populated places in Günzburg (district)
Former states and territories of Bavaria
Marches of the Holy Roman Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgau |
John Perry may refer to:
Politicians
John Perry (1845–1922), Australian politician, member for Richmond, Ballina and Byron
John Perry (1849–1935), Australian politician, member for Liverpool Plains
John Perry (Irish politician) (born 1956), Irish politician
John Perry (MP) (c. 1630–1732), English politician, MP for New Shoreham
John C. Perry (1832–1884), New York politician, and Wyoming Chief Justice
John D. Perry (born c. 1935), New York state senator
John H. Perry (1848–1928), American lawyer, judge and politician
John J. Perry (1811–1897), U.S. Representative from Maine
John R. Perry (judge) (born 1954), Wyoming judge and politician
Sportspeople
John Perry (footballer) (born 1945), Australian football player
Pete Perry (basketball) (John Perry, born 1948), American basketball player
John Perry (American football, born 1950), American football coach
John Perry (American football, born 1969), American football coach
Johnny Perry (1972–2002), American strongman competitor
Others
John Perry (musician) (born 1952), English musician, guitarist with The Only Ones
John G. Perry (born 1947), English bass guitarist with Quantum Jump
John Perry (philosopher) (born 1943), American philosopher
John Bennett Perry (born 1941), American actor
John Perry (bishop) (born 1935), Anglican Bishop of Southampton and Chelmsford
John Curtis Perry (born 1930), East Asian and Oceanic studies professor
John R. Perry (1899–1955), U.S. Rear Admiral, Pacific Fleet, World War II
John Perry (engineer) (1850–1920), Irish engineer
John Perry (judge) (1937–2007), on List of judges of the Supreme Court of South Australia
John Perry (shipbuilder) (1743–1810), British ship builder
John Perry (priest) (1920–2017), Archdeacon of Middlesex
John Perry, English singer, member of Grapefruit and Tony Rivers and the Castaways
John Perry, playwright who collaborated with M. J. Farrell
John Perry, the protagonist in the novel Old Man's War by John Scalzi
See also
Jack Perry (disambiguation)
John Parry (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Perry |
The Bouzingo were a group of eccentric poets, novelists, and artists in France during the 1830s that practiced an extreme form of romanticism whose influence helped determine the course of culture in the 20th century including such movements as Bohemianism, Parnassianism, Symbolism, Decadence, Aestheticism, Dadaism, Surrealism, the Lost Generation the Beat Generation, Hippies, Punk rock, etc.
Legacy
The stories the Bouzingo wrote about themselves were full of intentional exaggerations. The stories were meant to frighten the middle and upper class. They believed that people from the middle and upper class would be offended by the idea of poets and artists acting like barbarians and primitives. This was the aim of the Bouzingo and for a time they spawned major controversies. The actual truth is now nearly impossible to find out. These artists were not well documented with any kind of journalistic objectivity during their prime. The legends of the Bouzingo are captured most notably by Gautier in "Les Jeunes-France" (1833) but also to a lesser extent in Henry Murger's "La Vie de Bohème" (1849).
Truth or myth?
These are a few of the most famous exaggerations invented by the Bouzingo:
They hosted parties where clothes were banned and wine was consumed from human skulls.
They played instruments that they did not know how to play on street corners.
Nerval was said to have walked a pet lobster on a leash because "it does not bark and knows the secrets of the sea".
Miscellaneous
Members of the Bouzingo became highly influential in the Avant-Garde Movements of the Late 19th Century and on into the 20th Century.
André Breton mentioned the influence of Nerval in the first Surrealist Manifesto. He also included Petrus Borel and Xavier Forneret in his influential "Anthology of Black Humor".
André Breton wrote, "To be even fairer, we could probably have taken over the word SUPERNATURALISM employed by Gérard de Nerval in his dedication to the Filles de feu... It appears, in fact, that Nerval possessed to a tee the spirit with which we claim a kinship..." - The Surrealist Manifesto, 1924
Italo Calvino included Petrus Borel and Gérard de Nerval in his anthology of "Fantastic Tales". La Main de gloire by Gérard de Nerval was a story intended to be published in the "Contes du Bouzingo".
Marcel Proust, Joseph Cornell, René Daumal, and T. S. Eliot have all cited Gérard de Nerval as a major influence. Eliot's The Waste Land borrowed one of its most enigmatic lines from Nerval's "El Desdichado".
Oscar Wilde, Joris-Karl Huysmans, and Lautréamont have all mentioned the works of Gautier as influential. His thoughts on the philosophy of "Art for Art's Sake" have continued to be the source of debate.
Gautier with Nerval and Baudelaire created the infamous Club des Hashischins dedicated to exploring experiences with drugs.
Some members of the Bouzingo
Gérard de Nerval
Petrus Borel "the Lycanthrope"
Théophile Gautier
Augustus Mac Keat (Auguste Maquet)
Philothée O'Neddy
Xavier Forneret
Aloysius Bertrand
Joseph Bouchardy
Alphonse Brot
External links
Club des Haschischins by Gautier (1846)
Mount Holyoke College's Bohemianism and Counterculture
The Spirit of Bohemia, Bohemia Books
Bouzingo Means Noise: Satan, Anarchy, and Les Jeunes-France by Todd Pendu
Found in a Trunk: The Lost Avant-Garde Movement that came Decades before Dada by Cecile Paul
Further reading
Dumont, Francis, 1958. Nerval et les Bousingots (La Table ronde)
Dumont, Francis, 1949 Les Petits Romantiques Francais (Les Cahiers Du Sud)
Starkie, Enid, 1954. Petrus Borel: The Lycanthrope, His Life and Times. (Faber and Faber Ltd.)
Starkie, Enid, 1954. 'Bouzingos and Jeunes-France', in On Bohemia: The Code of the Self-Exiled, edited by César Graña and Marigay Graña, London: Routledge, 2017, pp. 364–369.
André Breton, 1997. Anthology of Black Humor. (City Lights Publishers)
Italo Calvino, 1998. Fantastic Tales. (Vintage)
Mélanges tirés d'une petite bibliothèque romantique: bibliographie anecdotique et pittoresque...by Charles Asselineau, Théodore Faullain de Banville, Charles Baudelaire, 1866.
Lettre inédite de Philothée O'Neddy [pseud.] auteur de: Feu et flamme, sur le groupe littérai...by Théophile Dondey, 1875
History of literature in France
Romanticism
19th-century French literature | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouzingo |
Consummation is an album by the Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Jazz Orchestra. It was released in 1970 on Blue Note Records and re-released in 2002. It was recorded at A&R Studios in New York City. The album was nominated for a 1970 Grammy award in the "Best Jazz Performance - Large Group..." category. All tracks were included in Mosaic's limited edition boxed set, The Complete Solid State Recordings of the Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra.
Reception
Richard Cook and Brian Morton gave Consummation a four-star review in The Penguin Guide to Jazz, and included it in the book's Core Collection. Cook and Morton described the recording as "one of the best big-band records of its day and some kind of proof that the bands weren't completely dead."
Track listing
All compositions and arrangements are by Thad Jones.
LP side A:
"Dedication" – 5:13
"It Only Happens Every Time" – 3:07
"Tiptoe" – 6:42
"A Child Is Born" – 4:09
"Us" – 3:37
LP side B:
"Ahunk Ahunk" – 7:57
"Fingers" – 10:38
"Consummation" – 5:09
Personnel
Thad Jones – flugelhorn
Snooky Young – trumpet
Danny Moore – trumpet
Al Porcino – trumpet
Marvin Stamm – trumpet
Eddie Bert – trombone
Benny Powell – trombone
Jimmy Knepper – trombone
Cliff Heather – bass trombone
Jerome Richardson – soprano saxophone, alto saxophone, flute, alto flute
Jerry Dodgion – alto saxophone, clarinet, flute, alto flute
Billy Harper – tenor saxophone, flute
Eddie Daniels – tenor saxophone, clarinet, flute
Richie Kamuca – baritone saxophone (tracks A1, 2, 3, 5, B3), clarinet
Pepper Adams – baritone saxophone (tracks A4, B1)
Joe Farrell – baritone saxophone (track B2)
Roland Hanna – acoustic piano, electric piano
Richard Davis – acoustic bass, electric bass
Mel Lewis – drums
Jimmy Buffington - French horn, tracks A1, B3
Earl Chapin - French horn, tracks A1, B3
Dick Berg - French horn, tracks A1, B3
Julius Watkins - French horn, tracks A1, B3
Howard Johnson - tuba, tracks A1, B3
David Spinozza - guitar, tracks A5, B1
References
Blue Note (U.S.) BST 84346
Solid State (Japan) SR 3110
Consummation at discogs.com
Blue Note Records albums
The Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra albums
1970 albums
Solid State Records (jazz label) albums
Albums produced by Sonny Lester | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consummation%20%28The%20Thad%20Jones/Mel%20Lewis%20Orchestra%20album%29 |
Kanal A is the first Slovenian commercial television station. The channel, which operates within PRO PLUS d.o.o., has national coverage. In its primary target group of viewers (18–49 years), Kanal A is the second most watched TV channel in Slovenia.
Viewers are offered the news program The World (SVET), which is broadcast on working days. In the fall of 2011 SVET launched a new Saturday edition: World: Zoom (Svet: Povečava). Kanal A also screens Moto GP races, TopGear, a program for car enthusiasts called The steering wheel (Volan). From autumn 2013 a new reality show TOP 4 with Tjaša Kokalj is screened.
Kanal A also screens several popular international formats, top feature films and hit series.
History
Viewers have been able to watch Kanal A since 16 May 1991. It was a completely new element on the Slovenian television market and at the time, the first independent television station on the territory of former Yugoslavia. Development accelerated with the entrance of SBS (1997), which enabled development of fast television technologies and internet.
On 23 October 2000 Kanal A merged with PRO PLUS d.o.o. The programming scheme was changed and Kanal A now offers even wider and complementary selection of contents to POP TV. On 1 October 2001, the first news magazine program called Extra was launched (forerunner of Extra Magazine) and also a modern and urban weather forecast Meteor with foreign Slovenian-speaking hosts. Kanal A sets the glamour trends with Oscars (March 2001) and from May 2001, six years in a row, also with the beauty contests; Slovenia Miss Universe and Miss Universe World. In May 2002, Kanal A offered exclusive coverage for Slovenian territory of the World Football Championship in Tokio and in June 2006 one-half (32) of the matches of the World Football Championship in Germany.
On 27 March 2002 Kanal A launched the first reality show in Slovenia – Popstars, and one year later the second version of that music Odyssey. The music groups Bepop and Unique were born on Kanal A. Younger audiences were also able to enjoy the music show Non-Stop Music from March 2004 to the end of August 2004 the show E+, which presents »All you Need for Life«. Kanal A also offered the shows Katarina (2007), TV Tuba (2008), Svingerji (2008), Zvezda pokra (2010), etc. In February 2007, The World was launched as the first news show on Kanal A.
Achievements
Viktors 2002 (2003) – Viktor for special achievements for Popstars project (first reality show in Slovenia)
Viktors 2005 (2006) – Viktor for best television show E+
Viktors 2006 (2007) – Viktor for special achievements for coverage of the World Football Championship in Germany
Viktors 2007 (2008) – Viktor for promising media personality for Lili Žagar, anchor of the program The World, Viktor for television personality was awarded to Marko Potrč, anchor of the program SVET
Viktors 2008 (2009) – Bojan Traven (Viktor for special achievements)
Program
In its domestic production Kanal A offers its viewers news and entertaining contents. The program is rich with numerous foreign hits—films, series. The news program The World on Kanal A (SVET na Kanalu A) is broadcast on working days at 18.00 and at 19.45 and is followed by a short summary including the latest news.
The creators of the program form their stories on the basis of live television. The editorial policy is on the side of the ordinary man with a focus on the so-called citizen journalism—the viewers can participate in the show and send their MMSs or videos.
Current programming
Nationally created shows (fragment)
Nationally created series
Internationally created series
Internationally created shows
Internationally created animated series
Past programming
Nationally created shows
Reality shows
Game shows
News / tabloid shows
Comedy shows
Magazines
Sport shows
Music shows
Call TV
Other shows
Ljubo doma! (show similar to Extreme Makeover: Home Edition)
2009
Katarina (talk show similar to The Oprah Winfrey Show)
2007
Problem (comedy show)
2003
Mozaik Slovenije (documentary show)
2001
Zmenkarije (dating show)
in the 1990s and early 2000s
Komedija zmešnjav (comedy show)
in the 1990s and early 2000s
Odklop (comedy stunts show)
in the 1990s
Adrenalin (comedy stunts show)
in the 1990s
Aktivno! (talk show)
in the 1990s
Lepota telesa (show about fashion)
in the 1990s
Stilski izziv (show similar to Extreme Makeover)
in the 1990s
Modna dežela (show about fashion)
in the 1990s
Ob 20:00 si na Kanalu A priglejte (talk show)
in the 1990s
Klik (talk show)
in the 1990s
Imamo jih radi (talk show about pets)
in the 1990s
Dance Session (dance show)
in the 1990s
Moj film (talk show)
in the 1990s
Dobro jutro (morning talk show)
in the 1990s
Zajček dolgoušček (morning kids cartoon and talk show)
in the 1990s
Kaličopko (morning kids cartoon and talk show)
in the 1990s
Na piki imamo (news magazine)
in the 1990s
Danijeve Zvezde (Astro show)
1992–2006
Series
General director
Pavel Vrabec can be placed among the pioneers of the Slovenian media area and is a leading expert on the industry. Before he started his career in the company PRO PLUS d.o.o., he was a successful manager on popular Slovenian radio stations. He joined PRO PLUS in 1996 as Director of Sales. In April 2005, he was appointed Deputy General Director and until December 2009 he performed his function with a professional approach and thorough, long-standing expertise on the domestic market and abroad.
DVB-T
Since 1 December 2010 Kanal A is available free-to-air in the digital (DVB-T) broadcasting technique. Transmission is since 14 October 2013 a part of the national digital multiplex called multiplex C. On 16 January 2017 Kanal A ceased DVB-T broadcasts.
See also
Pro Plus d.o.o.
POP TV
POP BRIO
External links
Kanal A at LyngSat Address
Schedule for Kanal A
References
Television channels and stations established in 1991
Television channels in Slovenia
Mass media in Ljubljana
1991 establishments in Slovenia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal%20A |
Turkic mythology refers to myths and legends told by the Turkic people. It features Tengrist and Shamanist strata of belief along with many other social and cultural constructs related to the nomadic and warrior way of life of Turkic and Mongol peoples in ancient times. Turkic mythology shares numerous points in common with Mongol mythology. Turkic mythology has also been influenced by other local Asiatic and Eurasian mythologies. For example, in Tatar mythology elements of Finnic and Indo-European mythologies co-exist. Beings from Tatar mythology include Äbädä, Alara, Şüräle, Şekä, Pitsen, Tulpar, and Zilant.
The ancient Turks apparently practised all the then-current major religions in Inner Asia, such as Tibetan Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Judaism, and Manichaeism, before the majority's conversion to Islam filtered through the mediation of Persian and Central Asian culture, as well as through the preaching of Sufi Muslim wandering ascetics and mystics (fakirs and dervishes). Often these other religions were assimilated and integrated through syncretism into their prevailing native mythological tradition, way of life, and worldview. Irk Bitig, a 10th-century manuscript found in Dunhuang, is one of the most important sources for the recovery and study of Turkic mythology and religion. The book is written in Old Turkic alphabet like the Orkhon inscriptions. The circumcision of boys was not practiced, this custom only found its way through Islam.
Mythical creatures
Qarakorshaq, a hiding animal-like creature that can be scared away by light and noise.
Tepegöz, a cyclops-like creature with only one eye on his forehead.
Mythical locations
Yalbuz (Bald Mountain), a mysterious and legendary mountain.
Gods in Turkic mythology
Turko-Mongol mythology is essentially polytheistic but became more monotheistic during the imperial period among the ruling class, and was centered around the worship of Tengri, the omnipresent Sky God. Deities are personified creative and ruling powers. Even if they are anthropomorphised, the qualities of the deities are always in the foreground.
İye are guardian spirits responsible for specific natural elements. They often lack personal traits since they are numerous. Although most entities can be identified as deities or İye, there are other entities such as Genien (Çor) and demons (Abasi).
Tengri
Kök Tengri is the first of the primordial deities in the religion of the early Turkic people. After the Turks started to migrate and leave Central Asia and encounter monotheistic religions, Tengrism was modified from its pagan/polytheistic origins, with only two of the original gods remaining: Tengri, representing goodness and Uçmag (a place like heaven), while Erlik represents evil and hell. The words Tengri and Sky were synonyms. Tengri's appearance is unknown. He rules the fates of all people and acts freely, but he is fair as he awards and punishes. The well-being of the people depends on his will. The oldest form of the name is recorded in Chinese annals from the 4th century BC, describing the beliefs of the Xiongnu. It takes the form /, which is hypothesized to be a Chinese transcription of Tengri.
Other deities
Umay (The Turkic root originally meant 'placenta, afterbirth') is the goddess of fertility and virginity. Umay resembles earth-mother goddesses found in various other world religions and is the daughter of Tengri.
Öd Tengri is the god of time and is not well-attested. It is recorded in the Orkhon stones that Öd Tengri is the ruler of time and a son of Kök Tengri.
Boz Tengri, like Öd Tengri, is also not well-attested. He is seen as the god of the grounds and steppes and is a son of Kök Tengri.
Kayra is the Spirit of God. A primordial god of the highest sky, upper air, space, atmosphere, light, life and a son of Kök Tengri.
Ülgen is the son of Kayra and Umay and is the god of goodness. The Aruğ (Arı) denotes "good spirits" in Turkic and Altaic mythology. They are under the control of Ülgen and do good things on earth.
Mergen is the son of Kayra and the brother of Ülgen. He represents the mind and intelligence. He sits on the seventh floor of the sky, and is considered omniscient.
Kyzaghan is associated with war and depicted as a strong and powerful god. Kyzaghan is the son of Kayra and the brother of Ulgan, and lives on the ninth floor of the sky. He is portrayed as a young man with a helmet and a spear, riding on a red horse.
Erlik is the god of death and the underworld, also known as Tamag.
Alara is a water fairy from Tatar mythology that lives in Lake Baikal. She has the power to heal broken hearts and help people feel love, similar to Cupid.
Ak Ana, the "White Mother", is the primordial creator-goddess of the Turkic peoples. She is also known as the goddess of the water.
Ayaz Ata is a winter god.
Ay Dede is the moon god.
Gün Ana is the sun goddess.
Alaz is the god of fire.
Talay or Dalai is the god of the ocean and seas. (See also: Dalai Lama)
Elos is the goddess of chaos and control. She can be found underground, in the sky or on the earth.
Symbols
Horse
As a result of the Turks' nomadic lifestyle, the horse is also one of the main figures of Turkic mythology; Turks considered the horse an extension of the individual, particularly the male horse. This might have been the origin of the title "at-beyi" (horse-lord).
Tulpar is a winged or swift horse in Turkic mythology (for example, Kazakh and Tatar mythology), similar to Pegasus. Tulpar is also found on the state emblems of Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Bashkortostan.
Dragon
The dragon (Evren, also Ebren), also depicted as a snake or a lizard, is a symbol of might and power. It is believed, especially in mountainous Central Asia, that dragons still live in the mountains of Tian Shan/Tengri Tagh and Altay. Dragons also symbolize the god Tengri in ancient Turkic tradition, although dragons themselves were not worshiped as gods.
Tree
The World Tree or Tree of Life is a central symbol in Turkic mythology, and may have its origin in Central Asia. According to the Altai Turks, human beings are actually descended from trees. According to the Yakuts, Ak Ana sits at the base of the Tree of Life, whose branches reach to the heavens and are occupied by various supernatural creatures which have been born there. The Tree of Life is known as the "white creator lord" (Yryn-al-tojon). Yakut myth thus combines the cosmic tree with a mother goddess into a concept of nourishing and sustaining entity. The blue sky around the tree indicates the peaceful nature of the country. The red ring that surrounds all of the elements represents rebirth, growth and the development of the Turkic peoples.
Deer
Among animals, the deer was considered to be the mediator par excellence between the worlds of gods and men; thus at the funeral ceremony the soul of the deceased was accompanied in his/her journey to the underworld (Tamag) or abode of the ancestors (Uçmag) by the spirit of a deer offered as a funerary sacrifice (or present symbolically in funerary iconography accompanying the physical body) acting as psychopomp.
In the Ottoman Empire, and more specifically in western Asia Minor and Thrace the deer cult seems to have been widespread, no doubt as a result of the meeting and mixing of Turkic with local traditions. A famous case is the 13th century holy man Geyiklü Baba (ie. 'father deer'), who lived with his deer in the mountain forests of Bursa and gave hind's milk to a colleague. Material in the Ottoman sources is not scarce but it is rather dispersed and very brief, denying us a clear picture of the rites involved.
In this instance the ancient funerary associations of the deer (literal or physical death) may be seen here to have been given a new (Islamic) slant by their equation with the metaphorical death of fanaa (the Sufi practice of dying-to-self) which leads to spiritual rebirth in the mystic rapture of baqaa.
Epics
Grey Wolf legend
The wolf symbolizes honor and is also considered the mother of most Turkic peoples. Ashina is the name of one of the ten sons who were given birth to by a mythical wolf in Turkic mythology.
The legend tells of a young boy who survived a raid in his village. A she-wolf finds the injured child and nurses him back to health. He subsequently impregnates the wolf which then gives birth to ten half-wolf, half-human boys. One of these, Ashina, becomes their leader and establishes the Ashina clan which ruled the Göktürks (T'u-chueh) and other Turkic nomadic empires. The wolf, pregnant with the boy's offspring, escaped her enemies by crossing the Western Sea to a cave near to the Qocho mountains, one of the cities of the Tocharians. The first Turks subsequently migrated to the Altai regions, where they are known as experts in ironworking.
Ergenekon legend
The Ergenekon legend tells about a great crisis of the ancient Turks. Following a military defeat, the Turks took refuge in the legendary Ergenekon valley where they were trapped for four centuries. They were finally released when a blacksmith created a passage by melting a mountain, allowing the gray wolf to lead them out. A New Year's ceremony commemorates the legendary ancestral escape from Ergenekon.
Oghuz legends
The legend of Oghuz Khagan is a central political mythology for Turkic peoples of Central Asia and eventually the Oghuz Turks who ruled in Anatolia and Iran. Versions of this narrative have been found in the histories of Rashid ad-Din Tabib, in an anonymous 14th-century Uyghur vertical script manuscript now in Paris, and in Abu'l Ghazi's Shajara at-Turk and have been translated into Russian and German.
Korkut Ata stories
The Book of Dede Korkut from the 11th century covers twelve legendary stories of the Oghuz Turks, one of the major branches of the Turkic peoples. It originates from the state of Oghuz Yabghu period of the Turks, from when Tengriist elements in the Turkic culture were still predominant. It consists of a prologue and twelve different stories. The legendary story which begins in Central Asia is narrated by a dramatis personae, in most cases by Korkut Ata himself. Korkut Ata heritage (stories, tales, music related to Korkut Ata) represented by Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkey was included in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of UNESCO in November 2018 as an example of multi-ethnic culture.
Other epics
Alp Er Tunga
Akbuzat
Epic of Manas: The epic war of Manas is the hero of the Kyrgyz with the Khitan and Kalmykian Turks, in which Manas defeats other Turks.
After Islam
Battal Gazi: The Epic of the Battle of Battal, the story of the battle between the Turkish and Arab Muslim heroes, Battal, with Byzantium (modern-day Turkey)
Epic of Köroğlu: Köroğlu or (?) is the son of Ali Kishi. The name Köroğlu, a combination of Persian and Turkish, means 'the son of a blind man'. Ali Kishi is blinded by his tyrant master and takes refuge in the mountains with two legendary horses and his son. During his adventures, Köroğlu obtains his sword and horses and defeats the tyrant lord.
Edigu: Edigu was a Turkic Muslim emir of the White Horde and founder of the Nogai Horde.
Danishmend Gazi: Danishmend Gazi was the founder of the beylik of Danishmends. After the Turkish advance into Anatolia, following the Battle of Manzikert, his dynasty controlled the north-central regions in Anatolia.
Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan: Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan was one of the first Turkic rulers to convert to Islam,
Alpamysh: Love story of Alpamish and Barchin.
Ural Batyr: The story of Ural and his legends taken from Persian and Bashkir stories.
Epic of King Gesar in Turkic peoples
Chadwick and Zhirmunsky consider that the main outlines of the cycle as we have it in Mongolia, Tibet and Ladakh show an outline that conforms to the pattern of heroic poetry among the Turkic peoples.
(a) Like the Kirghiz hero Bolot, Gesar, as part of an initiation descends as a boy into the underworld.
(b) The gateway to the underworld is through a rocky hole or cave on a mountain summit.
(c) He is guided through the otherworld by a female tutelary spirit (Manene/grandmother) who rides an animal, like the Turkic shamaness kara Chach.
(d) Like kara Chach, Gesar's tutelary spirit helps him against a host of monstrous foes in the underworld.
(e) Like Bolot, Gesar returns in triumph to the world, bearing the food of immortality and the water of life.
(f) Like the Altai shamans, Gesar is borne heavenward on the back of a bird to obtain herbs to heal his people.
They conclude that the stories of the Gesar cycle were well known in the territory of the Uyghur Khaganate.
Orkhon Inscriptions and Creation narrative
The Old Turkic Orkhon inscriptions tells about Father-Heaven and Mother Earth giving raise to Mankind (child):
"When the blue Heaven above and the brown Earth beneath arose, between the twain Mindkind arose."
Mankind was not created but the result of interaction between heaven and earth.
Legendary origins of the Turkic peoples
One of the most important features of Turkic mythology is that each tribe, however small, has a personal descent legend. For example, in the Oğuzname, the legend of the descent of each mentioned tribe is told first.
Another well-known genesis legend is the genesis of the Kirghiz people. According to this legend, forty girls (Kirghiz: kırk kız) left from the water of a sacred lake constitute the first Kirghiz people.
Siberian Turkic mythology
The Turkic peoples of Siberia are the ones who have kept Turkic mythology the most lively, colorful and preserved. Until today, they still worship the sacred beings of Tengrism and continue to keep the legend tradition of the old Turks alive.
For example, there is an ancient mythology among people of Dolgan, whose numbers are very low. Dolgans, living in the Tundra climate in the far north of Siberia, occasionally encounter Mammoth corpses, half of which have not been thawed out of the ground for 10,000 years, during their nomads. The Dolgans believe that Erlik Khan, the lord of the underworld, took the mammoths into the underworld and made them serve him. According to their beliefs, mammoths are trapped in the underworld. If they try to get to the earth, they will freeze immediately as a punishment. According to Vasily Radlov, Dolgans explained that these giant animals, which they had never seen alive, were half buried, half out, and frozen in this way. In Altaians, Yakuts, and other Siberian Turks, too, it is the good and evil spirits and sacred beings who are responsible for much of what goes on in their world. By praying and giving victim, they try to make them pleasant so that the blessings are not interrupted.
Buddhist Turkic mythology
In the 9th century, they adopted the Buddhist religion of the Old Uyghurs and developed the first large established Turkic culture on the basis of this religion. It is known that Uyghur monks translated thousands of Buddhist scriptures from Sanskrit and Chinese into Turkic during this period. Among these, many foreign legends were translated into Turkic, but old Turkic epics and history were also written down. They built the largest library of its time in the city of Khotan, but unfortunately this library was completely burned in an attack by the Kyrgyz. Only few of the pages remain to this day, but the number of pages (page 500- page 600) appearing on some of these page fragments proves how extensive and detailed these books are.
Among these few remains are legends designed to bring new monks to monasteries. For example, someone tells a terrible story to portray material life as bad and disgusting (Old Turkic):
körüp ince sakıntı. Bo menin yutuzum bo tep içgerü kirip ülüg birle yattı... Yeme esrökin biligsizin üçün ölügüg kuçup uluvsuz bilig sürüp ol ölügke katıltı küçedükinte ötrü ölüg yarıltı... ol yarsinçıg et'özinteki kan irin arıgsız yablak taşıltı tökülti... yeme ol tözün är kamag özi tonı baştan adakka tegü kanka irinke örgenip uvutsuz biligin üçün esrükin ögsüz bolup könülina anıg ögrünçülük boltum tep sakıntı... ançagınçagan yarın yarudı kün tugdı... ol tözün er esröki adıntı usınta uduntı birök başın yokarı kötürüp körti supurgan icre yatukın koyınta ölüg yatur irin kan tökülür tüze yıdıyor kenti özün körtü kop kanka bulganmış arıgsızka ürgenmişin körüp ötrü belinledi anıg korkutı ulug ünün manradı terkin tul tonka taşıkıp tezdi nece yügürür erti anca kusar yarsıyur erti ol munca arıg ton kedsimişin antak terkin butarlayu üze bice yırtıp taşgaru kemişti ancak yügürtü bardı.. bir toş boşına tegti.. ötrü özin ol toş başına kemişti yuntı arıtıntı ol..
In the story quoted above, a desperate man, whose wife died and was drinking, goes to the grave of his deceased wife, opens the grave and has sexual intercourse with his wife's body until he is very drunk. He makes love to the corpse so violently that the decomposed body begins to crumble between his arms. The man is covered with bruised blood and pus from head to toe. Finally, the day breaks, the man lifts his head and sees that his wife is lying in the grave next to his body, blood is spilled from the body. He sees himself covered with blood and pus. Suddenly he realizes his monstrosity, hates himself, begins to tear his clothes, fears, and panics. The man comes out of the grave and starts running. On the one hand it cries, on the other hand it vomits. As always in such Buddhist stories, the man eventually goes to a monastery and devotes his life to the Buddha, far from the whole material world.
Gazelle Hunt
In some other stories the subject of Buddha's being reborn in other bodies is dealt with. In one of the stories, an unstable Indian ruler hunts with hundreds of his men and kills thousands of gazelles. A golden gazelle, the leader of gazelles, is the reincarnation of Buddha. The golden gazelle warns the ruler and orders him to stop taking life, but the ruler does not listen. The golden gazelle will punish them all badly in the end.
Traces of Turkic mythology in Europe
It is possible to find traces of Turkic mythology in Europe due to the ancient Turkic peoples who migrated to Europe. Especially Huns and proto-Bulgarians have been the subject of epics. The best-known epic of German mythology is the epic of the German hero Siegfried, who fought against the Huns and dragons. In this epic, Attila's name is "Etzel".
Every Bulgarian child who reads the Asparuh saga brought to the Balkans by the Proto-Bulgars (Turkic Bulgars) in the first grade in Bulgaria can know by heart. In addition, elementary school children play parts of the Asparuh saga on the spring festival "March mother", also brought by the Proto-Bulgarians. In the animated part, Khan Asparuh founded the first Bulgarian state and asks to make a dedication to the Sky God Tengri to celebrate it. Before making a dedication, he must burn a bunch of dill in a sacred fire, but he cannot find dill anywhere. That's why he gets very sad. His sister, who is far away on the Volga shores, feels the pain of Asparuh and ties a bunch of dill to the feet of a hawk and sends them. Hungarians also have a very long Attila and old Turkic epics.
Sven Laagarbring said, “Our ancestors Oden's comrades are Turks. We have enough documents on this subject. There are those who want to show them as Thraces or Gets. I do not feel the need to criticize. My conclusions do not change. Because these are also peoples who have an adventure with the Turks. Our leaders easily portray our ancestors as Turks and Nomads.” About the Similarities of Swedish with Turkic Undersecretary and Knight Bay Johan Ihre 5 years before he wrote the book, the book of history and he wrote to Snorre Sturlesson's writings that Oden and his supporters are Turkic. Wanted to prove it based on northern legends, tales and epics. He went further and examined the similarities between Swedish and Turkish.
Modern interpretations
Decorative arts
A motif of the tree of life is featured on Turkish 5-kuruş-coins, circulated since early 2009.
The flag of the Chuvash Republic, a federal subject of Russia, is charged with a stylized tree of life, a symbol of rebirth, with the three suns, a traditional emblem popular in Chuvash art. Deep red stands for the land, the golden yellow for prosperity.
See also
Finnic mythology
Hungarian mythology
Mongol mythology
Manchu mythology
Tibetan mythology
Scythian mythology
Shamanism in Siberia
Turkish folklore
Susulu (mythology)
Turkic creation myth
Notes
References
Bonnefoy, Yves; Doniger, Wendy (1993). Asian Mythologies, University Of Chicago Press, pp. 315-339.
Hausman, Gerald; Hausman, Loretta (2003). The Mythology of Horses: Horse Legend and Lore Throughout the Ages. pp. 37-46.
Heissig, Walter (2000). The Religions of Mongolia, Kegan Paul.
Klyashtornyj, S. G. (2005). 'Political Background of the Old Turkic Religion' in: Oelschlägel, Nentwig, Taube (eds.), "Roter Altai, gib dein Echo!" Leipzig:FS Taube, , pp. 260-265.
Türk Söylence Sözlüğü (Turkish Mythology Dictionary), Deniz Karakurt, (OTRS: CC BY-SA 3.0)
满都呼, 中国阿尔泰语系诸民族神话故事 [Folklores of Chinese Altaic races]. 民族出版社, 1997. .
贺灵, 新疆宗教古籍资料辑注 [Materials of old texts of Xinjiang religions]. 新疆人民出版社, May 2006. .
Further reading
Kulsariyeva, Aktolkyn, Madina Sultanova, i Zhanerke Shaigozova. 2018. "The Shamanistic Universe of Central Asian Nomads: Wolves and She-Wolves". In: Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 9 (2): 231-40. https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.3192.
External links
Alpamysh
Shamanism in Mongolia and Tibet
DASTAN GENRE IN CENTRAL ASIA
The Altaic Epic
Tengri on Mars
Turkish Mythology Dictionary - Multilingual (English)
Doğan Kaya, Derlemeler
Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative
Turuz - Online Turkic Dictionaries
Turklib - Turkistan Library
Culture of Turkey
Asian mythology
Culture of Azerbaijan
Tengriism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic%20mythology |
The 1997 NCAA Division I-A football season, play of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the Division I-A level, began in late summer 1997 and culminated with the major bowl games in early January 1998. The national championship was split for the third time in the 1990s. The Michigan Wolverines finished the season atop the AP Poll after completing a 12–0 campaign with a Big Ten Conference championship and a victory in the Rose Bowl over Washington State. The Nebraska Cornhuskers garnered the top ranking in the Coaches' Poll with a 13–0 record, a Big 12 Conference championship, and a win over Tennessee in the Orange Bowl. Michigan's Charles Woodson, who played primarily at cornerback, but also saw time on offense as a wide receiver and on special teams as a punt returner, won the Heisman Trophy, becoming the first primarily defensive player to win the award. The 1997 season was the third and final season in which the major bowl games were organized under the Bowl Alliance system. The Bowl Championship Series was instituted the following year.
In Tom Osborne's last season as head coach, Nebraska took over the No. 1 ranking in the nation after defeating Texas Tech midway through the season. Three weeks later, Nebraska slipped to a No. 3 ranking in both polls, as voters weren't impressed by the way the Cornhuskers won their game against an unranked Missouri team (a controversial kicked ball was caught for the game-tying TD as time expired in regulation, leading to a 45-38 overtime win). Michigan moved to No. 1 in the AP Poll after its 34–8 victory over previously No. 2 ranked Penn State, while the Coaches Poll selected Florida State as No. 1 due to their 20-3 win over previously No. 5 North Carolina.
Florida State went into their final regular season game undefeated and still ranked No. 1 in the Coaches Poll. However, Fred Taylor of Florida would run for 162 yards and four touchdowns on the nation's top-ranked run defense, one of those touchdowns being the winning score with less than two minutes to play. This game is commonly referred to as "The Greatest Game Ever Played in the Swamp".
Meanwhile, undefeated No. 1 Nebraska squared off in the 1998 Orange Bowl versus the No. 3 ranked Tennessee Volunteers. The Cornhuskers made a point of smacking down Tennessee as they defeated the Volunteers 42–17. Unusually for the low-key Osborne and his straight-ahead team, after the game he campaigned openly for Nebraska to be named the consensus national champion (Grant Wistrom stated that if "they wanted to give it to Michigan because they haven't won one in 50 years, we don't want it anyway.").
After the bowl games, the coaches poll awarded the national championship to Nebraska, and the AP Poll awarded the national championship to Michigan, giving Osborne his third national title in four seasons to cap his career. This also marked the last time that a Big 10 (or Pac-10) team would be bound to play in the Rose Bowl instead of heading to a No. 1-No. 2 title game, due to the 1998 BCS realignment.
The Humanitarian Bowl, now known as the Famous Idaho Potato Bowl, began play in Boise, Idaho to help publicise the dwindling Big West Conference and Boise State. The Broncos with their blue turf had just made the jump to Division I-A a year earlier. The Big West champion had formerly gone to the Las Vegas Bowl, but the now only 6 team conference wasn't much of a seat filler.
The Motor City Bowl, now the Little Caesars Pizza Bowl, began play in Detroit hosted by a MAC team.
The Copper Bowl gained corporate sponsorship and was now known as the Insight.com Bowl; it is now known as the Cactus Bowl.
The MAC also grew to a 12-team, two-division conference with a championship game after the return of two former MAC members—Northern Illinois, returning from the independent ranks, and Marshall, moving up from Division I-AA. Marshall's addition increased the number of teams in Division I-A to 112. In a scenario similar to the Big West in 1992, this up-and-comer from I-AA was able to win its division and the inaugural conference championship game in its first year. The Thundering Herd had gone unbeaten and won the I-AA national title the previous season, and had future NFL stars Randy Moss and Chad Pennington.
Rule changes
Starting with the third overtime period, teams must go for a two-point conversion after a touchdown.
Strengthened the enforcement of chop blocks.
Charged teams with a time-out if a player is not wearing their mouth guard. If a team is out of time-outs when the infraction occurs, a five-yard penalty is assessed.
Changed the penalty for roughing the punt receiver to 15 yards if he is contacted by a defender within six feet after catching the ball.
Requiring the game clock be started once the ball is kicked on kickoffs and free kicks after safeties except in the final 2:00 of each half.
The clock for halftime was to be started immediately following the conclusion of the second quarter. Previously, the clock did not start until all participants had cleared the field and the referee signaled the timekeeper to start the clock.
The officials' uniforms now include a letter on the back showing their position ("R" for Referee, "U" for Umpire, "H" for Head Linesman, etc.). The Big Eight Conference was the first to require this in the mid-1980s, followed shortly thereafter by the Southwest Conference and the Pacific-10 Conference. The Atlantic Coast Conference, Big Ten Conference and Southeastern Conference did not require this until the NCAA made it mandatory.
Conference and program changes
One team upgraded from Division I-AA prior to the season. As such, the total number of Division I-A schools increased again, from 111 to 112.
The MAC added two new members, independent (and former member) Northern Illinois and Division I-AA power Marshall, to expand to 12 teams. The league subsequently formed two divisions and added a league championship game.
East Carolina joined a conference for the first time since Division I split in 1978, becoming a member of Conference USA.
Regular Season
August–September
The preseason AP Poll listed Penn State as the top team, followed by No. 2 Florida, No. 3 Florida State, No. 4 Washington, and No. 5 Tennessee. Foreshadowing a year with a lack of consensus at the top, the Coaches Poll selected Florida rather than Penn State as their No. 1 club.
August 30: No. 2 Florida defeated Southern Mississippi 21-6 and No. 5 Tennessee won 52-17 over Texas Tech. The other top teams had not begun their schedules, and the next AP Poll featured No. 1 Penn State, No. 2 Florida, No. 3 Tennessee, No. 4 Washington, and No. 5 Florida State.
September 6: No. 1 Penn State defeated rival Pittsburgh 34-17, No. 2 Florida overwhelmed Central Michigan 82-6, No. 3 Tennessee staved off a UCLA comeback for a 30-24 victory, No. 4 Washington won 42-20 at No. 19 Brigham Young, and No. 5 Florida State used a late 97-yard touchdown drive to beat No. 23 USC 14-7. The next AP Poll featured No. 1 Penn State, No. 2 Florida, No. 3 Washington, No. 4 Tennessee, and No. 5 Florida State.
September 13: No. 1 Penn State dominated Temple 52-10. No. 2 Florida was idle. No. 3 Washington continued to move up with a 36-3 defeat of San Diego State, No. 4 Tennessee was also idle, and No. 5 Florida State crushed Maryland 50-7. The next AP Poll featured No. 1 Penn State, No. 2 Washington, No. 3 Florida, No. 4 Tennessee, and No. 5 Florida State.
September 20: No. 1 Penn State won 57-21 at Louisville, but No. 2 Washington fell 27-14 to No. 7 Nebraska. No. 3 Florida and No. 4 Tennessee squared off in Gainesville, where the defending champs prevailed 33-20; Volunteers quarterback Peyton Manning finished his career winless against the Gators in four tries. Peter Warrick had 249 receiving yards as No. 5 Florida State beat No. 16 Clemson 35-28, while conference rival No. 6 North Carolina won 40-14 at Maryland. Florida now took over the No. 1 spot in both polls, and they were followed in the AP rankings by No. 2 Penn State, No. 3 Nebraska, No. 4 Florida State, and No. 5 North Carolina.
September 27: No. 1 Florida won 55-28 at Kentucky. No. 2 Penn State, No. 3 Nebraska, and No. 4 Florida State were all idle, while No. 5 North Carolina defeated Virginia 48-20. The top five remained the same.
October
October 4: All of the highly-ranked teams won easily. No. 1 Florida blew out Arkansas 56-7, No. 2 Penn State was almost as dominant with a 41-6 victory at Illinois, No. 3 Nebraska hosted No. 17 Kansas State for a 56-26 win, No. 4 Florida State shut out rival Miami 47-0, and No. 5 North Carolina beat Texas Christian 31-10 on the road. The top five again remained the same.
October 11: No. 1 Florida was upset 28-21 by No. 14 LSU. No. 2 Penn State returned to the top spot with a 31-27 comeback win over No. 7 Ohio State. No. 3 Nebraska won 49-21 at Baylor, No. 4 Florida State visited Duke for a 51-27 victory, No. 5 North Carolina beat Wake Forest 30-12, and No. 6 Michigan defeated Northwestern 23-6. The next poll featured No. 1 Penn State, No. 2 Nebraska, No. 3 Florida State, No. 4 North Carolina, and No. 5 Michigan.
October 18: After trailing 15-3 in the fourth quarter, No. 1 Penn State scored two late touchdowns to escape mediocre Minnesota by a 16-15 score. No. 2 Nebraska was more impressive in a 29-0 shutout of Texas Tech. No. 3 Florida State also held their opponent scoreless, winning 38-0 over No. 21 Georgia Tech. No. 4 North Carolina won 20-7 at North Carolina State, and No. 5 Michigan made a late comeback of their own in a 28-24 defeat of No. 15 Iowa. Nebraska took over the No. 1 spot in both polls by a very close margin, followed by No. 2 Penn State, No. 3 Florida State, No. 4 North Carolina, and No. 5 Michigan.
October 25: No. 1 Nebraska posted their second straight shutout, 35-0 at Kansas. No. 2 Penn State was idle. No. 3 Florida State won 47-21 at Virginia. No. 4 North Carolina was also idle, while No. 5 Michigan posted a 23-7 defeat of No. 15 Michigan State. With their second straight win over a ranked opponent, the Wolverines moved up in the next poll: No. 1 Nebraska, No. 2 Penn State, No. 3 Florida State, No. 4 Michigan, and No. 5 North Carolina.
November
October 30-November 1: No. 1 Nebraska overwhelmed rival Oklahoma 69-7. No. 2 Penn State had another close call, winning 30-27 at Northwestern. No. 3 Florida State defeated North Carolina State 48-35, No. 4 Michigan beat Minnesota 24-3, and No. 5 North Carolina held off Georgia Tech 16-13. The top five remained the same in the next poll.
November 8: In the “Flea Kicker” game, No. 1 Nebraska trailed Missouri 38-31 with seven seconds left. Cornhuskers quarterback Scott Frost launched a pass which bounced off the receiver’s chest, off a Missouri defender’s foot, off a Nebraska player’s leg, and finally into the arms of Nebraska’s Matt Davison for a game-tying touchdown. The Cornhuskers came away with a 45-38 overtime victory. Meanwhile, No. 2 Penn State fell 34-8 to No. 4 Michigan and No. 3 Florida State won 20-3 at No. 5 North Carolina. No. 7 Ohio State blew out Minnesota 31-3, while No. 8 Tennessee beat No. 24 Southern Mississippi 44-20. After Nebraska’s struggles and Michigan and Florida State’s triumphs, both polls elevated new teams to the top. The AP’s top five were No. 1 Michigan, No. 2 Florida State, No. 3 Nebraska, No. 4 Ohio State, and No. 5 Tennessee, while the Coaches Poll ranked Florida State in the top spot.
November 15: No. 1 Michigan won 26-16 at No. 23 Wisconsin, No. 2 Florida State blew out Wake Forest 58-7 to clinch the outright ACC title, No. 3 Nebraska destroyed Iowa State 77-14 to earn a spot in the Big 12 championship game, No. 4 Ohio State beat Illinois 41-6, and No. 5 Tennessee won 30-22 at Arkansas. The top five remained the same in the next poll.
November 22: No. 1 Michigan faced off against No. 4 Ohio State with the opportunity to clinch the Big Ten title and a Rose Bowl berth. Three times in the past four years, Ohio State had entered their rivalry game undefeated only to be tripped up by the Wolverines. This time Michigan was the one with a perfect record, and they continued their winning streak over the Buckeyes with a 20-14 victory. In another rivalry game, No. 2 Florida State visited No. 10 Florida hoping to conclude an undefeated season of their own. In a back-and-forth contest with seven lead changes, Doug Johnson’s 63-yard pass set up a 1-yard touchdown run by Fred Taylor for a 32-29 Gators victory. No. 3 Nebraska was idle. No. 5 Tennessee won 59-31 at Kentucky to lock up the SEC Eastern Division title. No. 6 Penn State, whose Rose Bowl hopes were dashed by Michigan’s win, beat No. 24 Wisconsin 35-10. Michigan now held the No. 1 spot in both polls, followed by No. 2 Nebraska, No. 3 Tennessee, No. 4 Penn State, and No. 5 Florida State.
November 29: No. 1 Michigan had finished their schedule. No. 2 Nebraska held off a late Colorado comeback for a 27-24 win. No. 3 Tennessee got past Vanderbilt 17-10. No. 4 Penn State lost 49-14 at Michigan State. No. 5 Florida State and No. 6 UCLA had finished their schedules, but both teams moved up in the next poll: No. 1 Michigan, No. 2 Nebraska, No. 3 Tennessee, No. 4 Florida State, and No. 5 UCLA.
December
December 6: No. 2 Nebraska annihilated No. 14 Texas A&M in the Big 12 Championship Game, leading 47-3 in the fourth quarter and coming away with a 54-15 victory to enter bowl season undefeated. No. 3 Tennessee had a much harder time in the SEC Championship Game against No. 11 Auburn, but Peyton Manning threw for 373 yards and four touchdowns, including a 73-yard pass in the fourth quarter which made the difference in the Volunteers’ 30-29 win. With all other teams having finished their schedules, the top five remained the same in the next poll.
For the third time in four years, the Big Ten and Pac-10’s contract with the Rose Bowl prevented the only two undefeated teams in the nation from meeting in a bowl game. Since No. 1 Michigan was obligated to play the Pac-10 champion (No. 8 Washington State) in Pasadena, No. 2 Nebraska’s Orange Bowl opponent would be one-loss No. 3 Tennessee. Among other major bowls, the Sugar would match No. 4 Florida State up against No. 9 Ohio State, the Cotton would feature No. 5 UCLA and No. 20 Texas A&M, and the Fiesta would pit No. 10 Kansas State against the Big East champ, No. 14 Syracuse.
Conference standings
AP Poll progress
+Penn State and Michigan were Big Ten teams, and Washington was a Pac-10 team. The Big Ten and Pac-10 conferences played in the Rose Bowl rather than the Bowl Alliance championship game.
Bowl games
Final AP Poll
Michigan
Nebraska
Florida State
Florida
UCLA
North Carolina
Tennessee
Kansas St.
Washington St.
Georgia
Auburn
Ohio St.
LSU
Arizona St.
Purdue
Penn St.
Colorado St.
Washington
So. Mississippi
Texas A&M
Syracuse
Mississippi
Missouri
Oklahoma St.
Georgia Tech
Others receiving votes: 26. Arizona; 27. Oregon; 28. Air Force; 29. Marshall; 30. Virginia; 31. Clemson; 32. Louisiana Tech; 33. Mississippi St.; 34. Michigan St.; 35. Wisconsin; 36. New Mexico ; 37. Cincinnati; 38. Notre Dame; 39. Iowa; 40. Virginia Tech.
Final Coaches Poll
Nebraska
Michigan
Florida State
North Carolina
UCLA
Florida
Kansas St.
Tennessee
Washington St.
Georgia
Auburn
Ohio St.
Louisiana St.
Arizona St.
Purdue
Colorado St.
Penn St.
Washington
Southern Mississippi
Syracuse
Texas A&M
Mississippi
Missouri
Oklahoma St.
Air Force
Others receiving votes: 26. Clemson (58); 27. Georgia Tech (55); 28. Iowa (32); 29. Louisiana Tech (31); 30. Oregon (25); 31. Cincinnati (24); 32. Arizona (23); 33. Mississippi St. (20); 34. Michigan St. (16); 35. New Mexico and Wisconsin (13); 37. Tulane (10); 38. Virginia (9); 39. West Virginia (7); 40. Marshall (4); 41. Notre Dame (1).
Awards
Heisman Trophy voting
The Heisman Trophy is given to the year's most outstanding player
Other major awards
Maxwell Award (College Player of the Year) – Peyton Manning, Tennessee
Walter Camp Award (Back) – Charles Woodson, Michigan
Davey O'Brien Award (Quarterback) – Peyton Manning, Tennessee
Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award (Senior Quarterback) – Peyton Manning, Tennessee
Doak Walker Award (Running Back) – Ricky Williams, Texas
Fred Biletnikoff Award (Wide Receiver) – Randy Moss, Marshall
Bronko Nagurski Trophy (Defensive Player) – Charles Woodson, Michigan
Dick Butkus Award (Linebacker) – Andy Katzenmoyer, Ohio St.
Lombardi Award (Lineman or Linebacker) – Grant Wistrom, Nebraska
Outland Trophy (Interior Lineman) – Aaron Taylor, Nebraska
Jim Thorpe Award (Defensive Back) – Charles Woodson, Michigan
Lou Groza Award (Placekicker) – Martin Gramatica, Kansas State
Paul "Bear" Bryant Award – Lloyd Carr, Michigan
Football Writers Association of America Coach of the Year Award: Mike Price, Washington St.
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%20NCAA%20Division%20I-A%20football%20season |
The Cumbrian Trilogy comprises three novels by Melvyn Bragg, published between 1969 and 1980.
The story is set predominantly in Thurston (Bragg's name for Wigton), from the 1920s to the 1970s, and follows the lives of John Tallentire, his son Joseph, and his grandson Douglas. These three characters are central to the novels The Hired Man, A Place in England, and Kingdom Come, respectively.
As the family saga unfolds, Bragg sets the constant family characteristics of the protagonists against the flow of historical change.
List of Books in Series
The Hired Man (1969)
A Place in England (1970)
Kingdom Come (1980)
References
Novel sequences
Books by Melvyn Bragg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbrian%20Trilogy |
Hesperus is an early music and traditional music ensemble. It was founded by Scott Reiss and Tina Chancey in 1979 to play early European music, American traditional music and crossover fusions of the two, as well as British and Spanish Colonial music. It currently specializes in early music scores to 1920s silent films such as The Mark of Zorro (Spanish Colonial music), Robin Hood (English renaissance music), The Hunchback of Notre Dame (French medieval music), The Golem (Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jewish music), Nosferatu (German medieval and renaissance music), The General (music from the American Civil War) and The Three Musketeers (French renaissance and traditional music.
History
From 1989 to 1996, Hesperus was a resident ensemble at the National Museum of American History. Music from their album Early American Roots are part of the sound track for the 1999 film Sleepy Hollow. In concert tours sponsored by the United States Information Agency, Hesperus performed in Brunei, Indonesia, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore and Panama, as well as touring to Bolivia, Germany and Italy.
Discography
Crossing Over (1988)
Neo-Medieval (1997)
Unicorn (1997)
Early American Roots (1997)
Luminous Spirit: Chants of Hildegard von Bingen (1998)
I Love Lucette (1998)
Celtic Roots (1999)
Spain in the New World (1999)
Baroque Recorder Concerit (1999)
Patchwork (2000)
Dancing Day (2000)
The Food of Love (2001)
My Thing is My Own (2001)
Colonial America (2003)
An Early American Quilt (2007)
External links
Official site
American folk musical groups
Musical groups established in 1979
1979 establishments in Virginia
Musical groups from Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperus%20%28ensemble%29 |
Stanley Military Cemetery is a cemetery located near St. Stephen's Beach in Stanley, Hong Kong. Along with the larger Hong Kong (Happy Valley) Cemetery, it is one of two military cemeteries of the early colonial era, used for the burials of the members of the garrison and their families between 1841 and 1866. There were no further burials here until World War II (1939–1945).
The cemetery is roughly triangular in shape and stands on ground rising sharply from the road side. It is approached by a flight of steps leading up to the Cross of Sacrifice with steep grassy slopes on either side.
The Cemetery and Hong Kong Defence
On 8December 1941, Japan launched an invasion of Hong Kong, which resulted in the British surrendering on Christmas Day of that year. Stanley Village was one of the last battlefields of the defence. The Royal Rifles of Canada, many elements of the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps, and sections from the Middlesex were stationed there. Fighting occurred in the cemetery itself on the afternoon of Christmas Day, when D Company Royal Rifles of Canada tried to force the advancing Japanese from Bungalow C.
At the British surrender, the majority of the western civilians in Hong Kong were confined at Stanley Internment Camp, which included the grounds of St Stephen's College and the warders accommodation of the prison (which is now Stanley Prison of Hong Kong); while the military personnel were sent to either North Point Camp, Sham Shui Po POW camp, Ma Tau Chung Camp and Argyle Street Camp. Due to the lack of food and medical drugs in the camp, many people died at Stanley and were buried here at the time. Those "raw graves" are still preserved in their original shape. Following the Japanese surrender, many other wartime fatalities from this part of Hong Kong were also re-interred in the cemetery.
Burials in the 20th century
There are 598 World War II burials (including non-British Allied soldiers and two from the Hong Kong Police Force) in the cemetery. Of these burials, 175 of them are unidentified and 96 are civilian internees (including four children). Eric Moreton, a Methodist missionary who died of wounds sustained while driving an ambulance in Wanchai during the fighting at the Royal Naval Hospital on26 December 1941, is also buried in the cemetery.
War dead from the period 19–26December 1941 of the defence were buried at Plots 5–6 in the cemetery. Among them were a few Canadians who were sent to Hong Kong three weeks prior the invasion (the majority of the many Canadians who died at the time are interred at Sai Wan).
Another notable group of personnel that were buried or commemorated there are those who served in the British Army Aid Group, which helped POWs in Hong Kong or other Japanese occupied zones to escape to China, and arranged military needs for resistance in those zones. Among them was Captain M.A. Ansari, who was originally in the 5/7th Rajput Regiment but from Ma Tau Chung POW Camp co-ordinated with the British Army Aid Group after the surrender. He was also a posthumous recipient of the George Cross. Also Colonel Lance Newnham of the Middlesex Regiment, John Alexander Fraser of the British Army Aid Group, Captain Douglas Ford of the Royal Scots and Flight Lieutenant Hector Gray of Royal Air Force were also a posthumous recipient of the George Cross for the same reason too.
There are some burials after the war, arranged at Spot 8.
On the other hand, there are three commemorations of casualties (one from Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps and two from the Chinese Labour Corps) of the First World War, buried elsewhere in the territory and whose graves are now lost.
The larger group of World War II military burials is at Sai Wan War Cemetery in Chai Wan.
Gallery
See also
List of cemeteries in Hong Kong
References
External links
St. Stephen's College Heritage Trail: Point 8 – Stanley Military Cemetery
Stanley Military Cemetery: A guide to the graves of civilian internees who died at Stanley Internment Camp (1942–1945)
Cemeteries in Hong Kong
Military of Hong Kong
Stanley, Hong Kong
Canadian military memorials and cemeteries
Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries in Hong Kong
World War II sites in Hong Kong
World War II cemeteries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley%20Military%20Cemetery |
This list of symphonies by key is a list of symphonies sorted by key. For the least often used keys in orchestral music, the symphony listed might be famous only for being in that key.
C major
In the Classical period, C major was the key most often chosen for symphonies with trumpets and timpani. Even in the Romantic period, with its greater use of minor keys and the ability to use trumpets and timpani in any key, C major remained a very popular choice of key for a symphony. The following list includes only the most famous examples.
Ludwig van Beethoven
Symphony No. 1, Op. 21 (1800)
Georges Bizet
Symphony in C (1855)
Paul Dukas
Symphony in C (1896)
Joseph Haydn
Symphony No. 7, “Le Midi” (1761)
Symphony No. 48, “Maria Theresia” (1769)
Symphony No. 82, “The Bear” (1786)
Symphony No. 97 (1792)
Michael Haydn
Symphony No. 39, MH 478, Perger 31 (1788)
Franz Liszt
Faust Symphony, S 108 (1857)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Symphony No. 9, KV 73 (1769)
Symphony No. 16, KV 128 (1772)
Symphony No. 22, KV 162 (1773)
Symphony No. 28, KV 200 (1774)
Symphony No. 34, KV 338 (1780)
Symphony No. 36, "Linz", KV 425 (1783)
Symphony No. 41, "Jupiter", KV 551 (1788)
Sergei Prokofiev
Symphony No. 4 (original version), Op. 47, 1930
Symphony No. 4 (revised version), Op. 112, 1947
Franz Schubert
Symphony No. 6, D. 589
Symphony No. 9, "The Great", D. 944 (1828)
Robert Schumann
Symphony No. 2, Op. 61 (1846)
Dmitri Shostakovich
Symphony No. 7, "Leningrad", Op. 60 (1942)
Jean Sibelius
Symphony No. 3, Op. 52 (1907)
Symphony No. 7, Op. 105 (1924)
Igor Stravinsky
Symphony in C (1940)
Richard Wagner
Symphony in C major, WWV 29 (1832)
C minor
The key of C minor was, like most other minor keys, associated with the literary Sturm und Drang movement during the Classical period. But ever since Ludwig van Beethoven's famous Symphony No. 5, Op. 67, of 1808, C minor imparts a symphony in the key a character of heroic struggle. Early classical symphonies in the key typically ended in C minor but with a picardy third for the very final chord. Following Beethoven's precedent, most C minor symphonies of the Romantic period end in C major. Another option is to end in E-flat major (the relative key), as Mahler does in his Second Symphony.
Ludwig van Beethoven
Symphony No. 5, op. 67 (1808)
Felix Mendelssohn
Symphony No. 1, Op. 11 (1824)
Johannes Brahms
Symphony No. 1, Op. 68 (1876)
Anton Bruckner
Symphony No. 1 (1868)
Symphony No. 2 (1872)
Symphony No. 8 (1887)
Antonín Dvořák
Symphony No. 1 (1865)
Joseph Haydn
Symphony No. 52
Symphony No. 95
Gustav Mahler
Symphony No. 2 "Resurrection" (1894)
Camille Saint-Saëns
Symphony No. 3 "Organ", Op. 78 (1886)
Franz Schubert
Symphony No. 4 "Tragic", D 417
Alexander Scriabin
Symphony No. 2, Op. 29 (1901)
Symphony No. 3 "Le Divin Poème", Op. 43 (1904)
Dmitri Shostakovich
Symphony No. 4, Op. 43 (1936)
Symphony No. 8, Op. 65 (1943)
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Symphony No. 2 "Little Russian", Op. 17 (1872)
Alexander Glazunov
Symphony No. 6, Op. 58
C-sharp minor
Even by Mahler's time, symphonies in C-sharp minor were rare. Some of the works listed below might have no claim to fame besides being in this key.
Arnold Bax
Symphony No. 5
Ernest Bloch
Symphony in C-sharp minor (1902)
Joseph Martin Kraus
Symphony in C-sharp minor, VB 140. Identified by musicologist Bertil H. van Boer in program notes for the Naxos recording as one of only two C-sharp minor symphonies written in the 18th century.
Gustav Mahler
Symphony No. 5 (1902) - Mahler objected to this key assignment, preferring none at all
Nikolai Myaskovsky
Symphony No. 2 (1910–11)
Sergei Prokofiev
Symphony No. 7, Op. 131 (1952)
Ture Rangström
Symphony No. 1 August Strindberg in Memoriam (1914)
Vissarion Shebalin
Symphony No. 2 (1929 )
C-sharp major
Symphonies in C-sharp are much rarer than those in D-flat major and one has to look beyond the standard core repertoire to find them.
Erwin Dressel
Symphony in D-flat major (1928)
Anastazy Wilhelm Dreszer (1843 - 1907)
Symphony No. 1, Op. 3 (1865)
Nikolai Myaskovsky
Symphony No. 25, Op. 69 (1945-6)
Ture Rangström
Symphony No. 3, "Song under the Stars" (1929)
D major
Baroque and Classical symphonies in D major typically used horns in D (reading a seventh down) and when they used trumpets, trumpets in D reading a step up. The following list includes only the most famous of the Classical and Romantic periods.
Ludwig van Beethoven
Symphony No. 2, Op. 36 (1802)
Johannes Brahms
Symphony No. 2, Op. 73 (1877)
Joseph Haydn
Symphony No. 6 "Le Matin" (1761)
Symphony No. 13 (1763)
Symphony No. 70 (1779)
Symphony No. 86 (1786)
Symphony No. 93 (1791)
Symphony No. 96 "Miracle" (1791)
Symphony No. 101 "Clock" (1794)
Symphony No. 104 "London" (1795)
Antonín Dvořák
Symphony No. 6, Op. 60, B. 112 (1880)
Gustav Mahler
Symphony No. 1 (1888)
Symphony No. 9 (1909)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Symphony No. 4, KV 19 (1765)
Symphony No. 7, KV 45 (1768)
Symphony No. 8, KV 48 (1768)
Symphony No. 11, KV 84 (1770)
Symphony No. 20, KV 133 (1772)
Symphony No. 23, KV 181 (1773)
Symphony No. 30, KV 202 (1774)
Symphony No. 31 "Paris", KV 297 (1778)
Symphony No. 35 "Haffner", KV 385 (1782)
Symphony No. 38 "Prague", KV 504 (1786)
Franz Schubert
Symphony No. 1, D 82
Symphony No. 3, D 200
Symphony No. 10, D 936A (unfinished)
Jean Sibelius
Symphony No. 2, Op. 43 (1902)
Sergei Prokofiev
Symphony No. 1 "Classical", Op. 25 (1917)
Johann Stamitz
Symphony in D major, Op. 3, No. 2
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Symphony No. 3 "Polish", Op. 29 (1875)
Ralph Vaughan Williams
Symphony No. 5 - nominally in the key
Alexander Glazunov
Symphony No. 3, Op. 33
D minor
Baroque and Classical symphonies in D minor usually used 2 horns in F (whereas for most other minor keys 2 or 4 horns were used, half in the tonic and half in the relative major). Michael Haydn's Symphony No. 29 in D minor is notable for using two trumpets in D (the horns are in F but change to D for the coda of the finale). In the Romantic era, D minor symphonies, like symphonies in almost any other key, used horns in F and trumpets in B-flat.
Ludwig van Beethoven
Symphony No. 9 "Choral", Op. 125 (1824)
Havergal Brian
Symphony No. 1 "Gothic" (1927)
Robert Schumann
Symphony No. 4, Op. 120 (1841)
Anton Bruckner
Symphony No. 0 (1869)
Symphony No. 3 (1873, 1877, 1891)
Symphony No. 9 (1896, unfinished)
Antonín Dvořák
Symphony No. 4, Op. 13, B. 41 (1874)
Symphony No. 7, Op. 70, B. 141 (1885)
César Franck
Symphony in D minor
Alexander Glazunov
Symphony No. 9 (1910, unfinished)
Joseph Haydn
Symphony No. 26 "Lamentatione" (1768)
Symphony No. 80 (1784)
Michael Haydn
Symphony No. 29 (1784)
Gustav Mahler
Symphony No. 3 (1896)
Sergei Rachmaninoff
Symphony No. 1, Op. 13 (1895)
Felix Mendelssohn
Symphony No. 5 "Reformation", Op. 107 (1830)
Martin Scherber
Symphony No. 1 (1938)
Dmitri Shostakovich
Symphony No. 5, Op. 47 (1937)
Symphony No. 12, Op. 112 (1961)
Richard Strauss
Symphony No. 1 (1880)
Ralph Vaughan Williams
Symphony No. 8 (1955)
E-flat major
Elfrida Andrée
Symphony No. 2
Ludwig van Beethoven
Symphony No. 3 "Eroica", Op. 55 (1804)
Alexander Borodin
Symphony No. 1 (before 1869)
Anton Bruckner
Symphony No. 4 "Romantic" (1874)
Antonín Dvořák
Symphony No. 3 (1873)
Edward Elgar
Symphony No. 2, Op. 63 (1911)
Alexander Glazunov
Symphony No. 4, Op. 48
Symphony No. 8, Op. 83
Karl Goldmark
Rustic Wedding Symphony, Op. 26 (1875)
Joseph Haydn
Symphony No. 22 "The Philosopher" (1764)
Symphony No. 99 (1793)
Symphony No. 103 "Drumroll" (1795)
Robert Schumann
Symphony No. 3 "Rhenish", Op. 97 (1850)
Jean Sibelius
Symphony No. 5, Op. 82 (1915)
Gustav Mahler
Symphony No. 8 "Symphony of a Thousand" (1907)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Symphony No. 1, KV 16 (1764)
Symphony No. 3, KV 18 (1765)
Symphony No. 19, KV 132 (1772)
Symphony No. 39, KV 543 (1788)
Dmitri Shostakovich
Symphony No. 3 "The First of May", Op. 20 (1931)
Symphony No. 9, Op. 70 (1945)
Johann Stamitz
Symphony in E-flat major, Op. 11, No. 3
E-flat minor
The two examples of symphonies in E-flat minor that come up most readily are both Sixth Symphonies by Soviet composers.
Nikolai Myaskovsky
Symphony No. 6, Op. 23 (1921-3)
Sergei Prokofiev
Symphony No. 6, Op. 111 (1947)
E major
In the classical period, symphonies in E major used horns in E but no trumpets.
Joseph Haydn
Symphony No. 12 (1763)
Symphony No. 29 (1765)
Max Bruch
Symphony No. 3
Joachim Raff
Symphony No. 5 "Lenore", Op.177 (1872)
Anton Bruckner
Symphony No. 7 (1883)
Alexander Scriabin
Symphony No. 1, Op. 26 (1900)
Franz Schubert
Symphony No. 7, D 729
Alexander Glazunov
Symphony No. 1, Op. 5
E minor
Amy Beach
Gaelic Symphony, Op. 32 (1894)
Johannes Brahms
Symphony No. 4, Op. 98 (1885)
Antonín Dvořák
Symphony No. 9 "From the New World", Op. 95, B. 178 (1893)
Joseph Haydn
Symphony No. 44 "Trauer" (1770)
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Symphony No. 5, Op. 64 (1888)
Jean Sibelius
Symphony No. 1, Op. 39 (1898)
Gustav Mahler
Symphony No. 7 (1906)
Sergei Rachmaninoff
Symphony No. 2, Op. 27 (1907)
Dmitri Shostakovich
Symphony No. 10, Op. 93 (1948)
Ralph Vaughan Williams
Symphony No. 6 (1948)
Symphony No. 9 (1957)
F major
Joseph Haydn
Symphony No. 79 (1784)
Symphony No. 89 (1787)
Ludwig van Beethoven
Symphony No. 6 "Pastoral", Op. 68 (1808)
Symphony No. 8, Op. 93 (1812)
Alexander Glazunov
Symphony No. 7 "Pastoral", Op. 77
Joachim Raff
Symphony No. 3 "Im Walde", Op. 153 (1870)
Antonín Dvořák
Symphony No. 5, Op. 76, B. 54 (1875)
Johannes Brahms
Symphony No. 3, Op. 90 (1883)
Zdeněk Fibich
Symphony No. 1, Op. 17 (1883)
Nikolai Myaskovsky
Symphony No. 16 "Aviation", Op. 39 (1935-1936)
F minor
Even in the Sturm und Drang era, F minor was not a frequent choice for a minor key symphony, though Haydn did contribute one.
Anton Bruckner
Study Symphony in F minor
Joseph Haydn
Symphony No. 49 "La Passione" (1768)
Richard Strauss
Symphony No. 2, Op. 12 (1884)
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Symphony No. 4, Op. 36 (1878)
Sir Charles Villiers Stanford
Symphony No. 3 "The Irish", Op. 28 (1887)
Dmitri Shostakovich
Symphony No. 1, Op. 10 (1925)
Richard Strauss
Symphony No. 2, Op. 12 (1885)
Ralph Vaughan Williams
Symphony No. 4 (1934)
Martin Scherber
Symphony No. 2 (1951–52)
F-sharp major
The only notable (completed) symphony written explicitly in F-sharp major is Erich Wolfgang Korngold's Symphony in F-sharp major, Op. 40 of 1950.
Gustav Mahler's unfinished Tenth Symphony is in this key. So is Olivier Messiaen's Turangalîla-Symphonie, as several of its movements including the finale are in that key, although it could be excluded on the grounds that it is very far from traditionally tonal.
F-sharp minor
Though it has just three sharps and its relative major was used somewhat frequently, F-sharp minor was an unusual choice of key in the Classical era.
George Frederick Bristow
Symphony in F-sharp minor, Op. 26
Alexander Glazunov
Symphony No. 2, Op. 16
Joseph Haydn
Symphony No. 45 "Farewell" (1772)
Nikolai Myaskovsky
Symphony No. 21, Op. 51 (1940)
Dora Pejačević
Symphony (1917)
G major
In the Baroque and Classical periods, G major was one of the most often used keys. Classical symphonies in G major typically had horns in G, but no trumpets. In the Romantic era, the key was less often used. The following list only includes the most famous works.
Antonín Dvořák
Symphony No. 8, Op. 88, B. 163 (1889)
George Dyson
Symphony in G major (1937)
Joseph Haydn
Symphony No. 8 "Le Soir" (1761)
Symphony No. 88 (late 1780s)
Symphony No. 92 "Oxford" (1791)
Symphony No. 94 "Surprise" (1791)
Symphony No. 100 "Military" (1794)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Symphony No. 10, KV 74 (1770)
Symphony No. 12, KV 110 (1771)
Symphony No. 15, KV 124 (1772)
Symphony No. 17, KV 129 (1772)
Symphony No. 27, KV 199 (1773)
Symphony No. 32, KV 318 (1779)
Gustav Mahler
Symphony No. 4 (1901)
Johann Stamitz
Symphony in G major "Mannheim No. 1"
Ralph Vaughan Williams
Symphony No. 2 "A London Symphony" (1914)
G minor
G minor was a frequent choice for minor key symphonies. In the Classical period, symphonies in G minor almost always used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto.
Joseph Haydn
Symphony No. 39 (1767)
Symphony No. 83, The Hen (1785)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Symphony No. 25, KV 183 (1773)
Symphony No. 40, KV 550 (1788)
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Symphony No. 1 "Winter Daydreams" (1866)
Carl Nielsen
Symphony No. 1 (1891)
Dmitri Shostakovich
Symphony No. 11 "The Year 1905", Op. 103 (1957)
A-flat major
Although A-flat major was chosen often enough for inner movements of symphonies in other keys (most notably slow movements of C minor symphonies), there are very few symphonies with A-flat major as their main key.
Edward Elgar
Symphony No. 1, Op. 55 (1908)
Jef van Hoof
Symphony No. 2 (1941)
Johann Baptist Wanhal
Symphony in A-flat major, Bryan Ab1
A-flat minor
Nikolai Myaskovsky
Symphony No. 17
Elliot Goldenthal
Symphony in A-flat minor
A major
The following list only includes the most famous A major symphonies.
Ludwig van Beethoven
Symphony No. 7, Op. 92 (1812)
Anton Bruckner
Symphony No. 6 (1881)
Joseph Haydn
Symphony No. 59, "Fire" (before 1769)
Symphony No. 64, "Tempora mutantur" (1778)
Symphony No. 87 (1785/6)
Felix Mendelssohn
Symphony No. 4 "Italian", Op. 90 (1833)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Symphony No. 14, KV 114 (1771)
Symphony No. 21, KV 134 (1772)
Symphony No. 29, KV 201 (1774)
Dmitri Shostakovich
Symphony No. 15, Op. 141 (1971)
Johann Stamitz
Symphony in A major "Mannheim No. 2"
Richard Wetz
Symphony No. 2, Op. 47 (1921)
A minor
Alexander Borodin
Symphony No. 3 (1886–1887, unfinished)
Felix Mendelssohn
Symphony No. 3 "Scottish", Op. 56 (1842)
Gustav Mahler
Symphony No. 6 "Tragic" (1904)
Jean Sibelius
Symphony No. 4, Op. 63 (1911)
Sergei Rachmaninoff
Symphony No. 3, Op. 44 (1936)
Stephen Brown
Symphony, The Northern Journey (1986–89, revision 1992)
B-flat major
Haydn's Symphony No. 98 is credited as the first symphony written in B-flat major in which trumpet and timpani parts are included. Actually, his brother Michael Haydn had written one such symphony earlier, No. 36. However, Joseph still gets credit for writing the timpani part at actual pitch with an F major key signature (instead of transposing with a C major key signature), a procedure that made sense since he limited that instrument to the tonic and dominant pitches. Many editions of the work, however, use no key signature and specify the instrument as "Timpani in B-flat - F." (Note that in German, the pitch B-flat is called "B", and B natural is "H", thus the specification for timpani in a B-flat work could be written "Pauken in B. - F.")
Ludwig van Beethoven
Symphony No. 4, Op. 60 (1806)
Anton Bruckner
Symphony No. 5 (1876)
Ernest Chausson
Symphony in B-flat, Op. 20 (1890)
Antonín Dvořák
Symphony No. 2 (1865)
Alexander Glazunov
Symphony No. 5, Op. 48
Joseph Haydn
Symphony No. 85 "La Reine" (1785/6)
Symphony No. 98 (1792)
Symphony No. 102 (1794/5)
Andrea Luchesi
Symphony in B-flat major (ca.1770)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Symphony No. 24, KV 182 (1773)
Symphony No. 33, KV 319 (1779)
Franz Schubert
Symphony No. 2, D 125 (1815)
Symphony No. 5, D 485 (1816)
Robert Schumann
Symphony No. 1 "Spring", Op. 38 (1841)
Sergei Prokofiev
Symphony No. 5, Op. 100 (1944)
Johann Stamitz
Symphony in B-flat major "Mannheim No. 3"
B-flat minor
B-flat minor occurs often enough in the piano repertoire, much less so in the orchestral repertoire. Even allowing little-known works, the list is rather short.
Havergal Brian
Symphony No. 8 (1949)
Frederic Hymen Cowen
Symphony No. 4
Jānis Ivanovs
Symphony No. 1 (1933)
Dmitry Kabalevsky
Symphony No. 3, Op. 22 (1933)
Miloslav Kabeláč
Symphony No. 5 Dramatic, Op. 41 (1960)
Tikhon Khrennikov
Symphony No. 1, Op. 4 (1933-5)
Sergei Lyapunov
Symphony No. 2, Op. 66
Albéric Magnard
Symphony No. 3, Op. 11 (1896)
Nikolai Myaskovsky
Symphony No. 11, Op. 34 (1932)
Symphony No. 13, Op. 36 (1933)
Harald Sæverud
Symphony No. 3, Op. 5
Dmitri Shostakovich
Symphony No. 13 "Babi Yar", Op. 113 (1962)
Maximilian Steinberg
Symphony No. 2, Op. 8 (1909) In Memoriam Rimsky-Korsakov
Richard Wetz
Symphony No. 3, Op.48 (1922)
William Walton
Symphony No. 1 (1932–35)
B major
Haydn's use of B major in his Symphony No. 46 was deemed "extraordinary" for a symphony in the 18th century.
Joseph Haydn
Symphony No. 46 (1772)
Erich Wolfgang Korngold
Sinfonietta, Op. 5 (1912)
Georg Matthias Monn
Sinfonia (1740s)
Dmitri Shostakovich
Symphony No. 2 "To October", Op. 14 (1927)
B minor
B minor is the key of some famous symphonies in the repertoire, as well as a few lesser known ones.
Alexander Borodin
Symphony No. 2 (1876)
Wilhelm Furtwängler
Symphony No. 1 (1941)
Ignacy Jan Paderewski
Symphony in B minor (Polonia), Op. 24 (1908)
Martin Scherber
Symphony No. 3 (Die Russische) (1952–55)
Franz Schubert
Symphony No. 8 (Unfinished), D. 759 (1822, inc.)
Dmitri Shostakovich
Symphony No. 6, Op. 54 (1939)
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Manfred Symphony, Op. 58 (1885)
Symphony No. 6 (Pathétique), Op. 74 (1893)
Reinhold Glière
Symphony No. 3 "Ilya Muromets", Op. 42 (1911)
References
Symphonies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20symphonies%20by%20key |
Radio Pembrokeshire is an Independent Local Radio station that broadcasts to Pembrokeshire. It is owned and operated by Nation Broadcasting and broadcasts on 102.5 and 107.5 FM and DAB from studios near the St Hilary transmitter in the Vale of Glamorgan.
The station plays chart music from the 1980s to the present day, alongside local news, travel and community information.
As of September 2023, the station broadcasts to a weekly audience of 23,000, according to RAJAR.
History
Radio Pembrokeshire was founded by Keri Jones and Stephen Cole as Haven FM, a RSL station which carried out a 30-day trial broadcast to the Pembroke, Pembroke Dock and Neyland areas during the summer of 1999. Based at a small studio at Bethany Chapel, the station returned for a further trial period in November and December 1999 – and encouraged listeners to lobby the Radio Authority to license a permanent local radio station.
Two further RSL broadcasts took place in 2000 – by the end of the year, Haven FM launched its bid to secure a countywide licence for the whole of Pembrokeshire. Two further groups, More FM and Real Radio, also applied for the licence. In November 2001, Haven FM was awarded an eight-year licence.
The station was renamed Radio Pembrokeshire following a pre-launch competition to find a new station name. Originally intended to broadcast from studios in Haverfordwest, a lack of suitable premises led to the station setting up studios at the Old School Estate in Narberth, around nine miles to the east of Haverfordwest and near the border with neighbouring Carmarthenshire.
Radio Pembrokeshire began broadcasting on Sunday 14 July 2002, broadcasting on 102.5 FM from the Haverfordwest transmitter near Woodstock with low power relay stations in Fishguard and Tenby, broadcasting on 107.5 FM.
Nearly two years after the launch of Radio Pembrokeshire, the station's Narberth studios became home to a second local station, Radio Carmarthenshire, followed in March 2010 by Radio Ceredigion. In August 2006, the station was sold to Town and Country Broadcasting (now Nation Broadcasting.)
In September 2016, Nation Broadcasting announced plans to relocate Radio Pembrokeshire and its two neighbouring counties services from the Narberth studios to studios near the St Hilary transmitter on the outskirts of Cowbridge. The station switched broadcasting to the St Hilary studios at 10am on Tuesday 22 November 2016.
Programming
The majority of Radio Pembrokeshire's output is produced and broadcast from Nation Broadcasting's St Hilary studios. Some programming and presenters are shared with sister stations Radio Carmarthenshire and Bridge FM.
Presenter-led shows air from 6am to 7pm on weekdays, 8am to 6pm on Saturdays and 6am to 10pm on Sundays. A weekly hour-long Welsh language music programme on Sunday evenings, shared with Radio Carmarthenshire.
News
Local news bulletins air hourly from 6am – 7pm on weekdays and 7am – 1pm at weekends with headlines on the half-hour during weekday breakfast and drivetime.
National news bulletins from Sky News Radio air hourly at other times.
References
External links
Radio stations in Wales
Pembrokeshire
Radio stations established in 2002
Nation Broadcasting
Adult contemporary radio stations in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/102.5%20Radio%20Pembrokeshire |
The Freccia-class destroyer was a class of destroyers built for the (Royal Italian Navy) in the 1930s. Four modified ships were built and delivered in 1933 for Greece.
Ships
Italian Navy
Built by Odero, Sestri Ponente
launched 6 September 1930, completed 25 January 1932
Captured by the Germans and renamed TA31. Scuttled on 24 April 1945.
Built by CT Riva Trigioso
launched 3 August 1930, completed 21 October 1931
In the Spanish Civil War, on 15 August 1937, she shelled, torpedoed and disabled the Panamanian tanker George McKnight off Tunis.
Sunk on 8 August 1943 off Genoa by bombing.
Built by CT Riva Trigioso
launched 17 January 1932, completed 10 May 1932
In the Spanish Civil War, on 11 August 1937, she torpedoed and sank the Spanish Republican tanker Campeador in the strait of Sicily.
Sunk by a mine on 3 February 1943 with the loss of 170 men including Lt. Cdr. Enea Picchio, the commanding officer, while 39 men survived.
Built by Odero, Sestri Ponente
launched 26 March 1931, completed 6 February 1932
Rammed and sank UK submarine on 14 June 1940. Beached herself on 21 June 1942 near Cape Bon and was finished off by torpedoes from the submarine .
Hellenic Navy
The Greek Navy ordered four destroyers from Italy in 1929 to a modified design as the Kountouriotis class. The chief difference with the Italian ships was the substitution of four single 120 mm guns (Ansaldo Model 1926) for the twin turrets used in the Italian Navy ships.
Built by Odero, Sestri Ponente
launched 21 October 1931, commissioned November 1932
Sunk by German aircraft, 22 April 1941.
Built by Odero, Sestri Ponente
commissioned May 1933
Served in World War II, decommissioned in 1946, Scrapped 1947.
Built by Odero, Sestri Ponente
commissioned May 1933
Sunk by German aircraft, 20 April 1941.
Built by Odero, Sestri Ponente
launched 29 August 1931, commissioned November 1932
Served in World War II, decommissioned and scrapped in 1946.
The two surviving ships, Spetsai and Kountouriotis, served in the Eastern Mediterranean as part of the Free Greek Navy until late 1943. They were then laid up at Port Said, Egypt for want of Italian spare parts, and because their crews were needed for new ships built in the UK for the Free Greek Navy.
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Freccia (1930) Marina Militare website
Destroyer classes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freccia-class%20destroyer |
MyNetworkTV is an American television programming service made up of 11 owned-and-operated stations controlled by the Fox Television Stations division of Fox Corporation and 186 affiliates. As of November 1, 2022, twenty-five media markets lack their own in-market over-the-air MyNetworkTV affiliate, with twelve media markets served by nearby affiliates outside their market through cable and satellite services.
A blue background indicates an affiliate originating as a digital subchannel.
A gray background indicates a low-power station or translator.
A lavender blue background indicates an affiliate originating as a digital subchannel of a low-power station.
An orange background indicates a station transmitting in the ATSC 3.0 format.
Owned-and-operated stations
Stations are listed in alphabetical order by state and city of license. Owned-and-operated stations broadcasting on digital subchannels are italicized.
Affiliate stations
Current affiliates
Notes
Operational agreements
Primary and secondary affiliations
Miscellany
References
External links
Press release announcing network
Official MNTV local affiliate list
Corporation-related lists
Lists of American television network affiliates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20MyNetworkTV%20affiliates |
Monteith Hall can refer to:
Monteith Hall (Elyria, Ohio), on the National Register of Historic Places
Monteith Hall, Virginia Tech campus
Architectural disambiguation pages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monteith%20Hall |
Yungay may refer to the following places:
Chile
Yungay, Chile, a town in the Ñuble Region
Barrio Yungay, a neighborhood of Santiago, Chile
Yungay, the driest place on earth, in Antofagasta Region
Peru
Yungay, Peru
Yungay District
Yungay Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yungay |
The Warrington College of Business is the business school of the University of Florida. About 6,300 students are enrolled in classes, including undergraduates and graduate students, including Master of Business Administration and Ph.D.-seeking students. All programs are accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business.
Leadership
For over three decades John Kraft served as the Dean of the Warrington College of Business. His tenure as Dean started in 1990, and ended in 2020. In March 2020 Saby Mitra was named the new Dean of the Warrington College of Business. Mitra started on August 1, 2020.
Academics
Undergraduate programs
Undergraduate programs are offered through the Heavener School of Business (Finance, General Studies, Information Systems, Management, and Marketing.) and the Fisher School of Accounting (Accounting). The Hough Graduate School of Business offers ten options for its MBA degree program (three full-time, three professional, 3 online and executive). One of UF MBA's three Professional options is a satellite program in South Florida at the UF MBA Sunrise Center in Sunrise, Florida.
Hough Graduate School of Business
William R. Hough of St. Petersburg, Florida, founder of the investment firm bearing his name and an alumnus of the college's first MBA class in 1948, donated $30 million to the college in 2007. It was the largest private gift ever received by the University of Florida at that time. The funds established an endowment to support teaching, academic programs, and enhancements in the graduate school of business, and provided a lead gift to construct a new building to house the graduate business programs named after Mr. Hough himself. The gift is also eligible for matching funds from the State of Florida Major Gifts Trust Fund and from the Alec P. Courtelis Facilities Enhancement Challenge Grant Program, potentially increasing the total value of the gift to $50 million.
International programs
International programs in more than 20 countries are offered to undergraduate and graduate students. The Master of International Business is the international graduate program offered. Students in this program may spend six weeks in a foreign country studying a specific industry, country, or global operation issue, but a study of at least one week abroad is required.
Entrepreneurship & Innovation Center
The college is home to the Entrepreneurship & Innovation Center. The center was founded in 2000 with the mission to introduce the concept of entrepreneurship to students and faculty, and offers one of the nation's only Master's of Science degrees in Entrepreneurship.
Ethics program
The ethics program at the Warrington College of Business is conducted by the Elizabeth B. & William F. Poe, Sr. Center for Business Ethics Education and Research.
Warrington College of Business Buildings
Rankings
Undergraduate rankings
24th overall by the U.S. News & World Report, 2021
7th for Real Estate
10th for Marketing
11th for Accounting
Graduate rankings
17th overall for Accounting by the U.S. News & World Report, 2020
19th overall for Marketing by the U.S. News & World Report, 2020
35th overall for Finance by the U.S. News & World Report, 2020
Hough Graduate School of Business rankings
Full-time MBA
25th overall by the U.S. News & World Report, 2020
21st (Global) The Economist 'WhichMBA' 2018
Part-time MBA
32nd overall Part-Time MBA by the U.S. News & World Report, 2020
Online MBA
4th Best Online MBA Program by the U.S. News & World Report, 2020
5th in Admissions Selectivity by the U.S. News & World Report, 2018
7th (Global) Online MBA, Financial Times, 2018
Department, schools and programs
Heavener School of Business
Fisher School of Accounting
Hough Graduate School of Business
Department of Finance, Insurance and Real Estate
Department of Information Systems and Operations Management
Department of Management
Department of Marketing
Kelley A. Bergstrom Real Estate Center
See also
List of United States business school rankings
List of business schools in the United States
Bryan Hall at UF
Library West
References
External links
Business schools in Florida
Colleges of the University of Florida
Universities and colleges established in 1926
1926 establishments in Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington%20College%20of%20Business |
Scratch and sniff technology generally refers to stickers or paperboard items that have been treated with a fragrant coating. When scratched, the coating releases an odor that is normally related to the image displayed under the coating. The technology has been used on a variety of surfaces from stickers to compact discs. Gale W. Matson accidentally invented the technology while working for 3M in the 1960s. He was attempting to create a new method for making carbonless copy paper using microencapsulation. The technology to infuse microcapsules and paper was submitted to the US patent office on November 18, 1969, and the patent was granted on June 23, 1970. Despite the technology being invented by Matson in the 60's and its subsequent success in the 70's, the first patent for a translucent fragrance releasing version of microcapsules wasn't issued until January 15, 1985, to the 3M corporation.
Use
One of the earliest use of Scratch-and-sniff technology can be found in the 1971 children's book "Little Bunny Follows His Nose" which featured various smell-able objects such as peaches, roses, and pine needles. Stickers and labels became popular in the late 1970s, and remained so through to the mid-1980s. In 1977, Creative Teaching Press produced some of the earliest scratch and sniff stickers and were mainly marketed to teachers as rewards for their students. However just a few years earlier in 1974, researchers for Ohio State University could not find a substantial link between olfactory stimuli and improved learning, and suggested that audio-visual learning methods alone were more reliable methods of encouraging learners.
Scratch-and-sniff stickers are sometimes used to help diagnose anosmia although this is very uncommon due to the adoption of the Alcohol Sniff Test which uses vaporised 70% isopropyl alcohol.
Some utility companies enclosed scratch and sniff cards in their bills to educate the public in recognizing the smell of a methane gas leak. In 1987, cards distributed by the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company led to a rash of false alarms when the scents of cards in unopened envelopes were mistaken for real gas leaks.
Production
Scratch and sniff is created through the process of micro-encapsulation. The desired smell is surrounded by micro-capsules that break easily when gently rubbed. The rub to release action breaks the micro-encapsulated bubbles and releases the aroma. Because of the micro-encapsulation, the aroma can be preserved for extremely long periods of time.
While there were hundreds of companies that put out Scratch and Sniff stickers, the most well known are the originators Creative Teaching Press (CTP) (who later renamed them Sniffy's in 1980/1981), Trend Enterprise's Stinky Stickers line (which followed directly after CTP), Hallmark, Sandylion, Spindex, Gordy, and Mello Smello.
In popular culture
Apart from the stickers, scratch and sniff surfaces are to be found on some objects in popular culture:
The 1972 Capitol debut record album by The Raspberries featured a raspberry scratch and sniff sticker on its cover.
Gran Turismo 2 and FIFA 2001 featured a scratch and sniff disc.
Leisure Suit Larry: Love for Sail! featured a scratch and sniff card – the CyberSniff 2000 – which had nine different scents. The game would flash a coloured square with a number in it up at points during the game for the player to smell the corresponding square on the card.
The vinyl cover of Dandelion Gum, an album by Black Moth Super Rainbow, has a scratch and sniff surface.
The Player's Guide packaged with the 1995 Super NES video game EarthBound included six scratch and sniff cards. One contained a mystery scent; if the player guessed the smell and sent in the card to Nintendo, they would receive a prize. The scent turned out to be pizza.
The 1986 Infocom interactive fiction game Leather Goddesses of Phobos came with a scratch and sniff card, as part of the game's feelies.
The 1981 movie Polyester, directed, produced, and written by John Waters, was released featuring a gimmick called "Odorama", whereby viewers could smell what they saw on screen through scratch and sniff cards. The Odorama gimmick was also used for the 2009 Sydney Underground Film Festival screening of Water's 1972 cult classic Pink Flamingos. Several other movies had used this idea, such as Rugrats Go Wild and Spy Kids: All the Time in the World, the latter had to rubbed instead of scratched. In 2011 Midnight Movies reproduced Polyester 'Odorama' for the Edinburgh Film Festival using replica scratch and sniff cards with the original 10 aromas used in the 1981 movie.
Little Golden Books in the 1980s offered a series of scratch and sniff books called Little Golden Sniff It Books. Titles included What! No Spinach?: A Popeye Story, The Hedgehogs' Christmas Tree, Walt Disney's Donald Duck in Where's Grandma?, and The Mouse Family's New Home.
The band Mae released a limited edition CD during their US tour with a scratch and sniff surface. It was scented like the ocean and the crowd was encouraged to smell the discs during their song "The Ocean".
Katy Perry made her album Teenage Dream [Deluxe Edition] smell like cotton candy through scratch and sniff technology.
In the Pushing Daisies episode "The Smell of Success", olfactory scientist Napoleon LeNez has written a scratch and sniff book for using odours to bring success in the life of the reader. The protagonists investigate a murderous attempt to sabotage his book launch.
Goregrind band The County Medical Examiners's 2007 debut album, Olidous Operettas, had a scratch and sniff CD face that, according to vocalist/guitarist Dr. Fairbanks, "will smell like rotten meat".
Hustler Magazines August 1977 issue had a Scratch 'n' Sniff centerfold.
The film Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium was promoted in the Los Angeles Times using scratch and sniff advertisement with a frosted cake smell.
London New Year Celebrations 2013
DC Comics published a scratch-and-sniff-themed Annual issue of Harley Quinn in 2014.
Marina and the Diamonds made a 6 vinyl disc pack for her album Froot that each contained a scratch and sniff surface on the sleeves.
King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard included a banana-scented scratch-and-sniff sticker on their album Flying Microtonal Banana.
When annotating the 1963 Jean Lewis release of the Tortoise and the Hare, Gregory I. Carlson joked that although the book was fuzzy, it was "not scratch-and-sniff!"
References
External links
Scratch and Sniff Library - Personal website containing scanned images of stickers
HowStuffWorks.com
A children's book "Lets Go Camping in a National Park" incorporated the smells associated with a family camping trip.
Visual arts materials
Olfaction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch%20and%20sniff |
is a 1994 puzzle video game developed and published by Hudson Soft for the PC Engine (in Super CD-ROM² format) on December 22, 1994. It was later released for the Neo Geo, Super Famicom, Sharp X68000, FM Towns, NEC PC-9821, Virtual Boy, and PlayStation Portable. It saw a re-release for the Wii and Wii U's Virtual Console services. Panic Bomber is a falling block game with the players' goal being to clear matching blocks using bombs, ensuring that their screen does not fill and that their opponents' screens do. It received mixed to positive reception, identified as a decent game by multiple critics. It has been compared to the falling block puzzle game Tetris. The Virtual Boy version received a mixed reception for its handling of the platform's visual capabilities.
Gameplay
Bomberman: Panic Bomber is a "falling blocks" puzzle game based on the Bomberman franchise. The goal of the game is to cause the opponent to lose by causing their field to fill to the top with objects. This is done by causing chains of bombs to explode, sending useless rubble over to the opponent's field, which they must then remove. Bombs are earned by causing chains of three identical blocks to disappear. Bombs can only be blown up with an explosion from a lit bomb, which falls from the top of the screen every so often. If the player causes enough damage, they can eventually earn a giant bomb, which will remove a large amount of debris from the playing field, and cause their opponent a good deal of trouble.
The game's regular story mode revolves around Bomberman's hunt for the Golden Bomber statue. During his trek, he fights against several different odd characters, like Drifty the balloon or Cecil the tiger. The player's progress is saved by a password system.
Ports and related releases
Panic Bomber was ported to:
Neo Geo
Super Famicom (Released as stylistically as )
Multiple Japanese home computers such as Sharp X68000, FM Towns and NEC PC-9821
Virtual Boy (Released simply as )
PlayStation Portable
The Virtual Boy version uses a red-and-black color scheme and parallax, an optical trick that is used to simulate a 3D effect. A mini-game similar to Panic Bomber was also included in Bomberman Land 2. The original PC-Engine CD version of Panic Bomber was later re-released on Wii in 2008 and the Wii U Virtual Console in Japan in 2015 (with the latter release also being available for the first time for North America and Europe in 2017, albeit untranslated). A port for the Neo Geo CD was also showcased but never released.
Reception
The Neo Geo version of Panic Bomber was a moderate success in Japan.
On release, Famicom Tsūshin scored the Super Famicom version of the game a 22 out of 40, giving the Virtual Boy version a 20 out of 40. The four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the Neo Geo version a 7 out of 10, describing it as a decent if unexceptional Tetris clone, with one reviewer commenting that "This genre is so flooded that it's hard to come up with a unique angle, and there isn't one for Panic Bomber", while the other three argued that the game "has enough originality to make it stand on its own." GamePro remarked that the gameplay and graphics are too simple to justify the game's appearance on the powerful Neo Geo, but praised its play mechanics and addictive nature and concluded, "For a system renowned for fighting games, Panic is a refreshing presence."
Reviewing the Virtual Boy version, a Next Generation critic said that while the game itself is "decent" and "addictive", it is poorly suited for the Virtual Boy, since it does not use the console's 3D capabilities and is less fun to play without colors to distinguish the different pieces. He gave it two out of five stars. GamePro, in contrast, said the game "pushes the Virtual Boy engine to its max", while admitting the 3D effects are "a little timid". The reviewer hailed the gameplay as being "as addictive as Zoop or Tetris."
See also
Puyo Puyo
Panel de Pon
Magical Drop
Notes
References
External links
1994 video games
Panic Bomber
Cancelled Neo Geo CD games
FM Towns games
NEC PC-9801 games
Neo Geo games
Puzzle video games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
TurboGrafx-CD games
PlayStation Portable games
Video games developed in Japan
Virtual Boy games
Virtual Console games
Virtual Console games for Wii U
Hudson Soft games
ASCII Media Works games
X68000 games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Eighting games
ja:とびだせ!ぱにボン
ja:スーパーボンバーマン ぱにっくボンバーW | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomberman%3A%20Panic%20Bomber |
Kathryn "Kathy" Jordan (born December 3, 1959) is a former American tennis player. During her career, she won seven Grand Slam titles, five of them in women's doubles and two in mixed doubles. She also was the 1983 Australian Open women's singles runner-up and won three singles titles and 42 doubles titles.
College
She received an athletic scholarship to Stanford University in 1978. While at Stanford, she won the 1979 AIAW Championships in singles and in doubles with her sister Barbara Jordan. in 1979, she won the Broderick Award (now the Honda Sports Award) as the best female collegiate player.
Career
Jordan turned professional in 1979. Her best performance in a Grand Slam singles tournament was runner-up at the 1983 Australian Open, where she lost to Martina Navratilova in straight sets..
She was the first player to defeat Chris Evert before the semifinals of a Grand Slam singles tournament. Jordan defeated Evert 6–1, 7–6 in the third round of Wimbledon in 1983 after Evert had reached at least the semifinals of her first 34 Grand Slam singles tournaments.
In women's doubles, Jordan won five Grand Slam titles, four of which were in partnership with Anne Smith. She also won a career Grand Slam in women's doubles, winning the 1980 French Open, 1980 and 1985 Wimbledon, 1981 US Open, and 1981 Australian Open.
In the Wimbledon final on July 6, 1985, Jordan and Elizabeth Smylie teamed to snap the 109-match winning streak of Navratilova and Pam Shriver by defeating them in three sets.
In mixed doubles, Jordan won two Grand Slam titles, 1986 French Open and 1986 Wimbledon, both of which were in partnership with Ken Flach.
Jordan retired in 1991. Her highest singles rank was world number five in 1984 and her highest doubles rank was world number 6 in 1991. She won several awards during her career, including 1979 WTA Most Impressive Newcomer Award, 1980 WTA Doubles Team of the Year Award with Smith, 1984 WTA Most Improved Player of the Year Award, and 1991 WTA Player Service Award
After retiring, Jordan returned to Stanford University and received a B.A. in political science in 1991. She was elected vice-president of the WTA in 1992. She also served as chairperson of the WTA Drug Testing Committee and served on WTA executive, deferred compensation, finance/marketing, and insurance committees through 1992.
In 2002, Jordan was presented with a Mentor Award by Martina Navratilova, on behalf of the WTA Tour, in recognition of her contribution to the Partners for Success program and to the sport of tennis at large.
Personal life
Jordan was one of the top juniors during the 1970s. She also was a top high school basketball player, being named to the All-Conference basketball team while at Upper Merion Area High School in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. Her sister won the 1979 Australian Open women's singles title. Her father, Bob Jordan, was instrumental in the development of the WTA deferred compensation plan. Now, Jordan lives in Palo Alto, California.
Major finals
Grand Slam finals
Singles: 1 (1 runner–up)
Women's doubles: 11 (5 titles, 6 runners-up)
Mixed doubles: 3 (2 titles, 1 runner–up)
Year-end championships finals
Doubles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner–up)
WTA career finals
Singles 13 (3–10)
Doubles 78 (42–36)
Grand Slam performance timelines
Singles
Doubles
Mixed doubles
Note: The Australian Open was held twice in 1977, in January and December.
References
External links
1959 births
Living people
American female tennis players
People from Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Stanford Cardinal women's tennis players
Tennis people from Pennsylvania
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in women's doubles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in mixed doubles
Wimbledon champions
US Open (tennis) champions
Australian Open (tennis) champions
French Open champions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy%20Jordan |
"Everyday Use" is a short story by Alice Walker. It was first published in the April 1973 issue of Harper's Magazine and is part of Walker's short story collection In Love and Trouble. It has since become widely studied and frequently anthologized.
Plot
Characters
Dee: She is an educated African-American woman and the eldest daughter of Mrs Johnson. She seeks to embrace her cultural identity through changing her name from Dee to Wangero Leewanikhi a Kemanjo (an African name), marrying a Muslim man, and acquiring artifacts from Mama's house to put on display, an approach that puts her at odds with Mama and Maggie. She is physically beautiful and is described as having a great sense of style.
Mrs Johnson: She is described as a "large, big-boned woman with rough, man-working hands." She enjoys her lifestyle (especially milking cows) and did not receive an education past second grade. She is against Dee's way of living, but says nothing about it in order to respect her and stay civil.
Maggie : Mrs Johnson describes her as dull and much more brittle and quiet compared to her older sister. She is Mama's youngest daughter, who has burn scars and marks from the burning down of their prior home and she is very nervous and self-conscious because of it. She leads a simple and traditional life with her mother in the South while her elder sister, Dee, is away at school. She has very limited reading ability, unlike her sister Dee.
Hakim-a-barber: Dee’s partner who is referred to as "Asalamalakim", a Muslim greeting, throughout the story because he is Muslim. Eventually, he tells Mama to call him "Hakim-a-barber" due to Mama being unable to pronounce his real name. According to Helga Hoel, "The mother in the story, Mrs. Johnson, at first thinks this is his name, that he introduces himself, and some confusion arises until he tells her that she can call him Hakim-a-Barber."
Themes
One of the primary themes that the story revolves around is the idea of a person's relationship with their heritage. In the story, Dee's mother remained close to family traditions, while Dee herself chose to search more deeply into her African roots. Dee has a different mindset; she does not have the same ideals as Mama and Maggie, particularly in regard to cultural preservation and the best way to go about it. Dee (Wangero) only wants the family heirlooms to display in her home for their "artistic value", whereas Maggie and her mother cherish these items because they "remind them of their loved ones." In Mama’s mind, Maggie learning to make her own quilt and putting it to everyday use is preserving the culture, which is how Mama believes the quilt should be used. Even if the quilts "end up in rags," more quilts can simply be made because Maggie was taught how to make them. On the other hand, Dee believes the proper way to preserve her culture is to display the quilt in her home and preserve the quilt itself rather than continuing to live out their culture as Mama and Maggie do. Another theme in this short story is the divisive power of education throughout the story. In the story education is not really talked about and is completely separated from the entire family (Sparknotes).
Point of view
The story is told in first-person as it unfolds through the eyes and opinions of Mama. As Maggie and Mama wait for Dee to arrive for a visit, Mama's mind wanders with various thoughts and memories of Dee, giving the audience an impartial view of Dee as being self-centered and uncaring. Due to the fact that readers are getting only one viewpoint, it is uncertain if Dee truly does exhibit these characteristics or if it is only Mama's opinion of the eldest daughter that is being forced upon us. It is thought by some that Mama does not judge her children, Dee and Maggie, accurately due to Mama's own insecurities. This is evidenced during Mama's daydream of Dee and herself on an imaginary popular talk show under the context of children who have "made it". Mama notes being overweight and rough around the edges and eludes to the fact that Dee is ashamed of Mama's appearance. As Mama continues to narrate the story, the audience continues to get a sense of Dee's snobbish personality, along with moments of doubt as readers see glimpses of Mama's own shortcomings. As the story concludes, the audience is left with the vision of Mama and Maggie remaining alone on the front lawn basking in the simplicity of each other and the straightforward life that has been built.
Interpretations
In the essay "'Everyday Use' and the Black Power Movement" by Barbara T. Christian, the story is discussed in reference to slavery and the black power movement. The characters in the story focus a lot on African culture and heritage. Traditional African clothing is described throughout the story, and this is a symbol of the family's heritage. The mentioning of changing names relates back to slavery as well; the characters were trying to forget about their slave names, and think of more traditional names to remember their culture and assert their African roots. Christian brings to light the difference in attitudes and perspectives about a shared culture. Christian points out that to Maggie and her mother, honoring their culture meant honoring the personal past of their family, by carrying on their names or putting the quilt to use, while to Dee, that meant honoring aesthetic and ancient traditions, such as traditional African names or hanging the quilt to be seen but not utilized. It is this very realization that leads to their mother choosing to give Maggie the quilts.
On the other hand, in the essay "'Everyday Use' as a Portrait of the Artist" by Mary Helen Washington, the story is looked at from a more artistic and cultural perspective. The essay describes Dee as an artist who "returns home...in order to collect the material," which indicates that Dee comes home for a deeper understanding of her African culture. Although she changes her name from Dee to a more Native African name and wears African clothing, she lacks real knowledge of her culture. Because of this, Mama chooses Maggie over Dee to take the quilts, because Maggie shows more appreciation and knowledge of their culture and as she said in the story was involved in the making of those quilts whereas Dee had no part in.
In the essay "Stylish vs. Sacred in 'Everyday Use'" written by Houston A. Baker and Charlotte Pierce-Baker Dee or Wangero is called a "goddess". After highlighting a few passages from the story, it is mentioned that Dee/ Wangero has joined the black nationalists of the 1960s and 1970s and she shows it by changing both her name and her style. The essay doesn’t see Dee/ Wangero as an activist of that cause but as someone being "manipulated by the style-makers" as illustrated by the scene in which she described the quilt, for which she passionately fought for later in the story, as "old-fashioned and out of style". Dee's new name "Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo" is misspelled, showing the reader that she doesn't know much about African culture.
Symbolism
One symbol found in this short story is the quilt. The quilt itself is a very sentimental piece that holds great meaning and history behind it. It includes clothes that Dee's great grandmother used to wear as well as pieces of uniforms that Dee's great grandfather wore during the Civil War. However, it also symbolizes value in African-American experience. The quilt additionally adds to the idea of creative activities women came up with to pass down history from generation to generation as a part of their heritage. Dee seems to take the most pride in making these quilts, she views it as her way of giving back to society. Hakim-a-barber and Wangero represented the black power movement by their styles, greets, and outfits.
Another symbol found in "Everyday Use" is the yard. The yard plays an important role in the story and is described as "an extended living room". Mama and Maggie have both tidied up the yard in preparation of Dee’s visit, and sit out in the yard for hours, even after Dee’s departure. The yard seems to be a place to think for Mama, where she can imagine herself being someone more conventionally attractive than she actually is, but also remember just how much she has done for her family.
Quilting
In the African-American community, women have engaged in the tradition of quilting since they were brought to America as slaves. Quilting requires sewing pieces of cloth together to create a coverlet that functions as both a piece of art and a household item. African-American women, often regarded as voiceless ‘mule(s) of the world’, inherited such creative legacies from maternal ancestors and their quilts have come to represent black heritage. The voices of African-American women have been stitched into their quilts, providing an account of their cultural past. As Sam Whitsitt observes, the quilt reflects the experiences of African-American women: the quilt is a symbol reflective of ‘herstory, history, and tradition’. The self-expression involved in quilt-making allowed women to take control of their lives through the only medium society permitted them to use. The communal nature of quilting strengthened the bonds of sisterhood and helped to move marginalized women from enslavement to empowerment. Quilting allowed these women to assert control over the colonial practice of slavery as enforced by white hegemony. Historically, products such as cotton and indigo dye were acquired as a result of black oppression. By sewing cotton into their quilts, African-American slaves formed a bond with nature, which replaced the hegemonic relationship enforced by slavery.
Black slaves often attended communal Quilting Bees, which offered these oppressed women the opportunity to create social bonds unsupervised. Thus, quilting became a symbol of sisterly solidarity for African-American slaves. Additionally, quilting functioned as a response to cultural and political change, allowing opportunity for political debate. Black women used quilting as a source of activism: their quilts often depicted anti-slavery slogans. However, quilting also came to represent the hegemony of patriarchal society. Women were often forced to learn to quilt, which became a substitute for the more ‘masculine’ activity of reading and writing.
Jennifer Martin explains in her article "The Quilt Threads Together Sisterhood, Empowerment, and Nature in Alice Walker's The Color Purple and 'Everyday Use'", "When women participate in the tradition of quilting this trinity of strength provides a positive channel for them to mend together the pieces of their lives and to move from fragmentation to fusion... Martin emphasize the quilt provides a bond between the sisters and females because in the African American community often times women are oppressed.Quilting is not an end-point where women achieve elusive wholeness, but a way to meld together parts of their lives and achieve power from the joining of all the components that make them unique." This also explains why Mama and Maggie are so fond of their heritage and continuing to live it out, unlike Dee. They see it as a way to feel connected to one another, as well as to their ancestors, and as a way to mend their pasts and move on from them. By showing their culture and living it still, they are able to show how despite everything that may have happened to them they never lost who they really were. Quilting symbolizes this movement for them and this feeling of wholeness.
Quilting features in "Everyday Use" as a symbol of black heritage. Mama Johnson’s quilts symbolize cross-generational female bonding: they were sewn together by Grandma Dee, passed down to and then quilted by Mama and her sister, Big Dee. One quilt even features a piece of the uniform worn by their Great Grandpa Ezra during the Civil War. These quilts represent the creativity of the sisterhood that created them; however, Mama’s daughters, Maggie and Dee, view them very differently. Dee visits her family, intending to collect the artifacts of her family’s past; she wants to display them in her home with museum-like accuracy. As David Cowart notes, ‘The visitor [Dee] rightly recognizes the quilts as part of a fragile heritage, but she fails to see the extent to which she herself has traduced that heritage.’ The story’s climax, which sees Mama give the quilts to Maggie, rather than Dee, is viewed as representative of the quilts’ functionality. Dee views the quilts as worthy of museum display ("Maggie can't appreciate these quilts!...She'd probably be backward enough to put them to everyday use."), while Maggie treats them as household items ("I been saving 'em for long enough with nobody using 'em. I hope [ Maggie puts them to 'everyday use']!"). Both Mama and Maggie recognize that the quilt is meant for ‘everyday use’, as practiced by their ancestors.
Reception
In critical readings the largest trend around the story has been to criticize Dee and the way she goes about reasserting her personal culture. Matthew Mullins argues in his essay, "Antagonized by the Text, Or, It Takes Two to Read Alice Walker’s 'Everyday Use' however, that this perspective isn’t necessarily fair. In reading and teaching the text, he found the character Dee was universally a disliked character, saying that in an epiphany he found in his defense of Dee rather a pitying attitude and concluding that "it was impossible to see how anyone could truly 'like' Dee". This, however, he goes on to point out as not being a direct result of Dee’s actions alone, but rather the framing of her actions in the story. He argues that the text itself is what antagonizes the reader to grow this dislike of Dee: "The first-person narrative voice, the fact that Mrs. Johnson [Mama] is both narrator and character, has an immediate and forceful effect upon our perception of Dee." Mullins backs this up by quoting another scholar, Wayne Booth, who said in his work The Rhetoric of Fiction, "No narrator... is simply convincing: he is convincingly decent or mean, brilliant or stupid, informed, intelligent, or muddled.... we usually find our emotional and intellectual reactions to him as a character affects our reactions to the events he relates." Mullins points out that if Dee herself, or even Maggie, were the narrators of the story, we would come away with a completely different perspective on probably all of the characters. "The text actively prevents us from identifying with Dee," and this perspective has shaped the scholarly resources on this text since it came out.
Joe Sarnowski, in his article "Destroying to Save: Idealism and Pragmatism in Alice Walker's 'Everyday Use'", also points out this discrepancy but taking it one step further, arguing that even though it would be naïve to claim Dee does not have faults, she, "more than any other character in the story, identifies and pursues corrective measures against the oppression of African-American society and culture." Her fault, Sarnowski says, is in not realizing how idealism and pragmatism are "intertwined" and how "privileging one undermines both".
In "Quilt as a Metaphor in 'Everyday Use'" by Elaine Showalter, Mama explains that because Maggie can recreate the quilts made by her mother and grandmother, that she is the one that understands the culture and will keep it alive.
Publication details
References
Further reading
1973 short stories
American short stories
African-American short stories
Southern United States in fiction
Works by Alice Walker | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyday%20Use |
Saint-Georges majeur au crépuscule (Eng: Dusk in Venice, San Giorgio Maggiore by Twilight or Sunset in Venice) refers to an Impressionist painting by Claude Monet, which exists in more than one version. It forms part of a series of views of the monastery-island of San Giorgio Maggiore. This series is in turn part of a larger series of views of Venice which Monet began in 1908 during his only visit there.
Versions in Cardiff and Tokyo
One version of San Giorgio Maggiore at Dusk was acquired in Paris by the Welsh art collector Gwendoline Davies. She bequeathed it to the Art Gallery (now National Museum Cardiff) in Cardiff, Wales. The painting is normally on display there.
The other version is in the Bridgestone Museum of Art in Tokyo.
San Giorgio Maggiore al Crepuscolo: Description of the painting
San Giorgio Maggiore al Crepuscolo is approximately two-by-three feet and painted in oil on canvas. It depicts mysterious buildings that seem to magically appear from the surrounding landscape, they almost seem to float in the background. The forms are gently inserted, though not enough to disguise their identity. The painting focuses on the Church of San Giorgio Maggiore with its bell tower rising to the top of the painting. To the right are the faintly visible domes of Santa Maria della Salute and the mouth of the Grand Canal.
Monet and San Giorgio Maggiore
Monet painted the church of San Giorgio Maggiore in six lighting conditions. With this varied approach, the paintings focused on the ‘nature of experience.’
He was particularly impressed by the Venetian sunsets, “these splendid sunsets which are unique in the world.” He had previously been inspired by other sunsets, such as those of Normandy (in Rouen Cathedral and Haystacks, his series of the 1890s) and London (Houses of Parliament).
Viewpoints
Monet and his wife Alice stayed at the Palazzo Barbaro for a couple of weeks, and then moved to the Hotel Britannia, where they stayed until December.
According to Mme. Monet, the Britannia had a view, "if such a thing were possible, even more beautiful than that of Palazzo Barbaro..."
Monet painted looking out from this hotel, but not, it seems, in the case of this particular painting. Although the view from the hotel included the church of San Giorgio Maggiore, the painting at dusk appears to have been viewed from the waterfront known as the Riva degli Schiavoni, where the island forms a focal point of the view.
Monet was reportedly reluctant to paint from the waterfront. He disliked crowds of tourists and he was also worried about conforming to other artists who were drawn to Venice, such as Renoir or Manet. San Giorgio Maggiore was a favorite subject for painters, including the proto-Impressionist Turner.
Completion of the paintings in France
Monet felt Venice was a city "too beautiful to be painted", which may be why he returned with many paintings unfinished to Giverny, his home in France. However, he had already retreated from his earlier practice of painting from life, in front of the subject. He worked on the Venetian scenes at home and the death of his wife Alice in 1911 seems to have been a factor in their completion.
Dispersal
In 1912 the Venice paintings were mainly dispersed as a result of a successful exhibition of twenty-nine canvases. This exhibition, entitled Claude Monet Venise, was held at the gallery Bernheim-Jeune in Paris. The same gallery had hosted exhibitions of the Rouen and London series.
In popular culture
The painting became familiar in 1999 after its appearance in John McTiernan’s heist film The Thomas Crown Affair. In the film the picture is stolen from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. In actuality, the Metropolitan does not own the painting, although they have another of Monet's Venetian scenes The Doge's Palace Seen from San Giorgio Maggiore.
See also
List of paintings by Claude Monet
Other paintings from Monet's San Giorgio Maggiore series are to be seen in Cardiff and Indianapolis Museum of Art
References
Brownjohn, John and Stephan Koja and Galerie Osterreichische, Claude Monet. New York: Prestel, 1996.
Koja, Stephan and Katja Miksovsky, Claude Monet: the Magician of Colour. New York: Prestel, 1997.
National Museum Wales, "San Giorgio Maggiore by Twilight Breaking Dawn," .
Newcomb, Molly. "San Giorgio Maggiore at Dusk: Claude Monet." (2 April 2012)
Pissarro, Joachim. Monet and the Mediterranean, New York: Rizzoli, 1997.
Tucker, Paul Hayes and George T.M. Shackleford and Mary Anne Stevens, Monet in the 20th Century. New Haven: Museum of Fine Arts, 1998.
External links
The Davies Sisters Collection
1908 paintings
Paintings of Venice by Claude Monet
Paintings in National Museum Cardiff
Landscape paintings
Water in art
Churches in art
Paintings of Venice | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Giorgio%20Maggiore%20at%20Dusk |
The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) is an Indian government agency responsible for collecting and analyzing, crime data as defined by the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Special and Local Laws (SLL). NCRB is headquartered in New Delhi and is part of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Government of India. Vivek Gogia (IPS) is current Director of National Crime Record Bureau.
NCRB was set-up in 1986 to function as a repository of information on crime and criminals so as to assist the investigators in linking crime to the perpetrators. It was set up based on the recommendation of the Task force, 1985 and National Police Commission, 1977 by merging the Directorate of Coordination and Police Computer (DCPC), Inter State Criminals Data Branch of CBI and Central Finger Print Bureau of CBI, Earlier Statistical Branch of Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) was also merged with NCRB, but was later de-merged.
Mission
To provide Indian Police with Information Technology and Criminal Intelligence to enable them to uphold law and protect people.
To provide leadership and excellence in crime analysis particularly on serious and organized crime.
Objectives
Create and maintain secure sharable National Databases on crimes and criminals for law enforcement agencies and promote their use for public service delivery.
Collect and process crime statistics at the national level and clearing house of information on crime and criminals both at National and International levels.
Lead and coordinate development of IT applications and create an enabling IT environment for Police organizations.
National repository of fingerprints of all criminals.
To evaluate, modernize and promote automation in State Crime Records Bureau and State Finger Print Bureau.
Training and capacity building in Police Forces in Information Technology and Finger Print Science.
Evolution of NCRB
Crime and criminal tracking network and systems
Crime and Criminal Information System (CCIS) was implemented at district level during the period 1995–2004. Common Integrated Police Application (CIPA) was implemented at police station level during the period 2004–2009 in three phases. Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems (CCTNS) is approved by Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) on 19.06.2009.
Objectives
Creating State and Central level databases on crime and criminals.
Enable easy sharing of real-time information/ intelligence across police stations, districts and States.
Improved investigation and crime prevention.
Improved service delivery to the public/ stakeholders through Citizen Portals.
Current Status
Citizen Portal
Various services as enlisted below are being provided/ proposed to be provided in the Citizen Portals of CCTNS.
Filing of Complaints
Obtaining the copies of FIRs.
Obtaining the status of the complaint/ FIR.
Details of arrested persons/ wanted criminals & their illegal activities.
Details of missing/ kidnapped persons and their matching with arrested, unidentified persons and dead bodies.
Details of stolen/ recovered vehicles, arms and other properties.
Verification requests for servants, employment, passport, senior citizen registrations etc.
Requests for issue/renewal of various NOCs / Permits/ Clearances
Portal for sharing information and enabling citizens to down load required forms.
Inter-operable Criminal Justice System (ICJS)
ICJS has been mandated for integrating CCTNS (Police) with e-Courts, e-prisons, Forensics, Finger Print Bureaux and Prosecution, which are the key components of the Criminal Justice System. Implementation of ICJS will ensure quick data transfer among different pillars of criminal justice system.
Crime records matching
The main objective of the Crime Records Branch is to collect, collate and disseminate information on Crime, Criminals, Persons and Property for matching purposes. The branch utilizes following software systems:
VahanSamanvay - An online Motor Vehicle Coordination System for coordination of stolen and recovered motor vehicles across the country. Police, RTOs, and Insurance sector are main stakeholders. The general public is also benefited with this system.
Talash Information System - This system is used to maintain and coordinate information on Missing, Traced, Unidentified persons and unidentified dead bodies.
Fake Indian Currency Notes System (FICN) - It is an online system for compilation of fake Indian currency data. Police, Banks, Investigating agencies, other intelligence agencies and Ministries are stakeholders of this system.
Fire Arms Coordination System - This system is used for coordination of missing/stolen and recovered firearms.
Colour Portrait Building System - This system is used to create portraits of suspects based on the description given by victims and eyewitnesses.
Since year 2011, 600 persons (live & dead) have been united with their families by matching photographs and other physical features.
Since launch of online application "VahanSamanvay" in 2014 till date 14,14,055 data has been captured and 30,577 Stolen vehicles have been matched from different states.
Crime statistics
NCRB brings out three annual reports i.e. Crime in India, Accidental Deaths & Suicides in India and Prison Statistics India. These reports are principal reference points for police officers, researchers, media & policy makers.
Besides, the Bureau is also collecting Crime Statistics and Anti-human Trafficking statistics on monthly basis. The complete software package of ‘Monthly Crime Statistics’ has been released in the month of December, 2016.
After extensive and exhaustive deliberation with various stakeholders, the proformae for Crime in India, Monthly Crime Statistics and Accidental Deaths & Suicides in India were revised in the year 2014.
NCRB has developed application software for Crime in India (CII), Monthly Crime Statistics (MCS), Accidental Deaths & Suicide in India (ADSI), Prison Statistics of India (PSI). The Bureau is also conducting Training of Trainers (ToT) on Crime in India and Accidental Death & Suicide in India and Prison Statistics India for officials of SCRBx and Prison Departments of States/UTs.
NCRB has been conferred with ‘Digital India Awards 2016’ in open data championship category with Silver on 9 December 2016 for updation of more than 3,000 datasets on Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India in open source format. NCRB has digitised ‘Crime in India’ since 1967 and Accidental Deaths & Suicides in India since 1998. The digitised data have been made available on national data portal https://data.gov.in.
Director, NCRB is designated as National Focal Point for United Nations Surveys on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (UN-CTS). On the behalf of Government of India, NCRB is selected as Member to Technical Advisory Group (TAG) of International Classification of Crime for Statistical Purposes (ICCS).
Central finger print bureau
The World's First Finger Print Bureau was set up in Calcutta in 1897. A CFPB was established at Shimla in 1905, however it was closed in 1922 as a result of retrenchment proposals of the Inchcape Committee. The Present CFPB came into existence in 1955 under the administrative control of Intelligence Bureau at Delhi. It was relocated to Calcutta (now Kolkata) in 1956. The administrative control of CFPB shifted to Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) in 1973, and since July, 1986, this has been under the administrative control of NCRB.
Objectives
To maintain Finger Print record slips of the accused person convicted in various Acts.
To conduct search relating to unidentified Interstate arrested/suspected persons received from police stations and other investigating agencies in India.
To maintain the fingerprints of international criminals and red corner notices sent by Interpol and to conduct search on references received from foreign countries, through Interpol.
To undertake examination of questioned finger impressions on documents received from Central Government Departments/ Undertakings/Courts of law.
To impart training in Fingerprint Science to State/Central Police personnel and also to personnel from foreign countries under `Technical Co- Operation Scheme' (TCS) of Colombo Plan, 'Special Commonwealth African Assistance Plan' (SCAAP) and `International Technical and Economic Co-Operation' (ITEC).
To co-ordinate the work of the State Finger Print Bureaux and give necessary guidance in all matters relating to Fingerprint Science.
To conduct the All India Conference of Directors of Finger Print Bureaux.
To conduct All India Board Examination annually for accrediting Finger Print Experts.
To conduct competition in Finger Print science at the All India Police Duty Meet held annually.
CFPB Evolution
Activities
1. Automated Finger Print Identification System (AFIS)
The CFPB has pioneered the automation of fingerprints through its Automated Finger Print Identification System (AFIS) in 1992. This software was jointly developed by NCRB and CMC Ltd. and named as "Fingerprint Analysis & Criminal Tracing System" (FACTS). Currently CFPB is maintaining 10,93,408 Ten Digit Finger Print Record slips of convicted and arrested persons
These Finger Print Slips (Record) and Finger Print Slips (Search) are received from the Finger Print Bureaux of various States/Union Territories and also from the police stations.
During the calendar 2016, in addition to the above, 151 Search references were also received from Interpol Division of Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), New Delhi and 1620 slips for record.
CFPB receives number of finger print document cases, from Government departments, courts of law, banks, post offices, investigation agencies etc. for expert opinion.
2. All India Board Examination of Finger Print Experts
The All India Board Examination is conducted every year at C.F.P.B. The Board, consists of Director, CFPB as chairman and two technical heads of the State F.P.Bx. as members. CFPB make all arrangements for conducting theory, practical & viva-voce of this examination.
The successful candidates are awarded certificates. Those who secure 1st, 2nd and 3rd places a Cash prize also.
The Aziz ul Haque rolling trophy is also awarded to the topper of the AIBE.
Passing this examination is mandatory to become Finger Print Expert who is competent to give evidence in the Court of Law.
3. Training
Each year CFPB New Delhi conducts around 5 to 6 training programmes of one week duration for Indian Police Officers in Finger Print Science. Kolkata Unit of CFPB is conducting 18 weeks duration Proficiency course in Finger Print Science twice a year. During the last four years, 266 Indian Police Officers are trained.
Besides CFPB/NCRB also conducts two courses of 12 weeks duration and Four Courses of 8 Weeks duration for Foreign Police Officers under Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) and Special Commonwealth African Assistance Programme (SCAAP) of Ministry of External Affairs. Around 75 foreign officers are being trained every year under this program. During the last four years, 270 foreign police officers are trained.
Foreign Trainees of 25th Advanced course on IT in Law Enforcement & 21st Advanced Fingerprint Science & IT from (2nd January to 24th March 2017) with Director Dr Ish Kumar and other senior officers of NCRB
4. Publication
CFPB also compiles data collected from Finger Print Bureaux of States/UT on standard Annual Statistics Report format, and publishes the -Finger Print in India since 1997. This is the principal resource document for all concerned.
5. All India Conference of Directors of Finger Print Bureaux
The All India Conference of Directors of Finger Print Bureaux of States/UTs, is an annual conference as mandated by the MHA. It is being held annually by CFPB (NCRB) to deliberate on recent trends in the field of finger print science and other priority issues concerning finger print fraternity of the nation. This conference was started in the year 1980 at New Delhi and is being hosted at different locations in the Country. It is completely funded by the Government of India. The 18th edition of the conference is being held at HPA, Madhuban, Haryana on 30 and 31 March 2017.
Competition "Award of Excellence" is conducted to identify an excellent work performed by FP Experts in States/UTs and three cash rewards of Rs.10,000/=, Rs.7,500/=, Rs.5000/= are given during the conference.
6. All India Board Police Duty Meet
CFPB is participating in All India Police Duty Meet (AIPDM) for conducting Finger Print Test to judge the acumen and knowledge of participating police personnel in the field.
Some Success Stories
1. The Interpol had requested CFPB to compare finger print and demographic details of BARRIOS GUARIN Jose Mauricio with existing records in connection with Identification of an International Fugitive wanted for Homicide in Colombia (South America) vide Ref. No. 203/2010F. It was ascertained that the fingerprint of BARRIOS GUARIN Jose Mauricio was IDENTICAL with the Right Index (RI) finger impression present on the specimen 10-digit F.P. slip of MAITA RODRIGUEZ Perd Alejandro, hence the two finger prints were found to be of one and the same person.
2. A fingerprint slip pertaining to one Singh Iqbal was forwarded by Interpol for record purpose. This slip was processed in FACTS (CFPB-AFIS) and was found to be a ‘trace’ against a record slip archived with CFPB PIN 604744. The successful search brought to light the criminal antecedents of the subjected person, who was convicted in pursuance of criminal case registered vide FIR No. 34 dated 24.09.1996 in the court of SDJM, Nabha on 20.09.2000 U/s 324/34 IPC
3. Interpol search slip from New Zealand Police vide Case Reference No. A&SP/New Zealand/FP /2016/454 Dt. 12-02-2016 was traced against the F.P. slip bearing PID No. 90474919 present in CFPB data base, of one Arvinder Pal Singh S/o Malkeet Singh R/o H. No. 53, Professor Enclave, opposite Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab.
4. The NIA suspected that N.Shanti Metei chief of PREPAK (UPPK), a banned terrorist organization active in anti-national activities was using forged documents, and false identities, Thorough comparison of the fingerprints of T. Hemanta Sharma on land agreements, sale deeds etc., and specimen fingerprints of N.Shanti Metei, proved that N. Shanti Metei used a pseudonym for illegal purchases.
5. The Ordnance Factory, Ministry of Defence, Raipur, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, doubted the authenticity of the final list of 54-candidates selected through written and trade tests conducted by them. The CFPB compared the finger prints of all provisionally selected candidates, After thorough examination, the expert in the Bureau was able to discern, that in three cases the finger impressions were different, from one another, indicating impersonation on the part of the candidates.
6. Document case received from Dy. Director of Income Tax (inv.) relating to a search and seizure operation u/s 132 of the Income Tax Act 1961 in a case of M/s National Enterprises and Group and recovered some documents.. The documents consisted of 1536 pages with eight to twelve thumb prints on each page (i.e. over 12000 prints in total). After examination of the document, CFPB experts were able to establish that all the prints were given by 8 to 10 fingers only indicating fraudulent payment of approximately 2.25 crores. Approximately 40% finger impressions were faint, blurred or partial.
7. A total of fifty five (55) fingerprint slips for establishing identity were received in FACTS (CFPB-AFIS) from Uttarakhand State police Department. The slips carried fingerprints of Unidentified Dead Bodies (UDBs). Majority of fingerprints were faint, smudged, or partial. All the slips required additional computer based enhancement efforts to make them decipherable for comparison by the system. Out of the 55 slips, one unidentified dead body fingerprint slip matched with the slip of one Jamil S/o. Mustaq of P.S. Kithore, Meerut, U.P. The successful input of UDB Fingerprint slip (CFPB PIN No. 90440105) followed by trace with slip bearing PIN 90423149, revealed the antecedents of the subjected person - Jamil was convicted in pursuance of criminal case registered vide FIR No. 60 dated 19-03-2013 U/S 363 IPC of ODRS police station.
Training branch
Each year Training branch conducts on an average 20-25 training programmes for Indian Police Officers of the duration of 1 week on the subjects like CCTNS, Advanced Fingerprint Science, Network & e-Security etc. NCRB also conducts the courses on "Training of Trainers" for development of training resource persons in subjects like Basic Crime Analysis, Windows 2000 & SQL Server, Network & e-Security, Linux and CCTNS.
NCRB also conducts two courses of 12 weeks duration and four courses of 8 weeks duration for Foreign Police Officers under Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) and Special Commonwealth African Assistance Programme (SCAAP) of Ministry of External Affairs. Different programmes viz., Cyber Crime & Network Security, Advanced Fingerprint Science, IT in Law Enforcement, Advanced Course on IT in Law Enforcement and Advanced Fingerprint Science and IT are conducted for these officers. Every year, on an average more than 125 officers from 20 to 25 countries from Latin America, Africa, South Asia and Middle East attend these programmes. Special Training Programmes have been conducted for Afghanistan & Mongolian Police Officers on Fingerprint Science.
Regional Police Computer Training Centre (RPCTC)
Four RPCTCs in Hyderabad, Gandhi Nagar, Lucknow and Kolkata conduct similar courses for lower functionaries of Indian Police. NCRB provides funds to these centres for faculty, stationery, training material and infrastructure including computer hardware, software etc.
Training
Revelations from Crime Statistics
The NCRB data 2020 brought out glaring statistics that pointed out married men committed more suicide due to family problems. The statistics went further to point out that one man commits suicide every 5 minutes.
The Crime Records also pointed out a very pertinent fact that over 74% of rape cases and 80% dowry cases filed in India end in acquittal which suggest there is a growing trend of false cases being filed by women against men to meet their needs and use the Gender Biased Laws to their favor. Interpreting the statistics and also drawing inference from the own lessons, Delhi High Court pointed out that there is an alarming rise in false rape cases in India and this must be checked at the earliest.
News Letter
A quarterly publication named NCRB New Letter is also compiled and published by the Training Branch and circulated to the police fraternity to make them aware about NCRB achievements/activities.
See also
Crime reporting and tracking
Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPRD)
Call 112
Criminal record
Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS)
Law enforcement in India
Sex offender registry (SOR)
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Other police related
Indian Police Foundation and Institute
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy
References
External links
Prison Statistics India 2015
NCRB website
Crime in India 2012 Statistics
Federal law enforcement agencies of India
New Delhi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Crime%20Records%20Bureau |
Norman Bailey Snead (born July 31, 1939) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Washington Redskins, Philadelphia Eagles, Minnesota Vikings, New York Giants, and San Francisco 49ers. He played college football for Wake Forest University and was drafted in the first round with the second overall pick of the 1961 NFL Draft.
Early life
Snead grew up in Newport News, Virginia, the son of Hugh, a farmer, and Louise Snead. He attended Warwick High School, where he was a star three-sport (basketball, football and baseball) athlete. Snead won all six pitching decisions as a sophomore and junior, and he averaged 23 points in basketball as a senior, scoring 41 in one game. He split time as starting quarterback as a junior, then as a senior he passed for nearly 1,000 yards and 13 touchdowns. In a game against Hampton, Snead threw what would be the game-winning touchdown pass, then intercepted a pass on Hampton's next series to seal the outcome. He was named second-team all-state. He graduated in 1957.
College career
Snead went to Wake Forest University, where he set 15 conference single-games, season and career passing records. His passing statistics with the Demon Deacons included:
1958: 67-151 for 1,003 yards.
1959: 82-191 for 1,361 yards.
1960: 123-259 for 1,676 yards.
In 1958, Snead was named the second-team All-Atlantic Coast Conference quarterback, and in 1959 and 1960 he earned first-team All-ACC honors. In 1960, Snead was named second-team All-American as a quarterback by UPI and the Football Writers Association of America.
In 1984, he was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame.
NFL career
Snead was named to the Pro Bowl on four occasions: in 1962, 1963, 1965, and in 1972, during the last of which he led the NFL in completion percentage and was second in passer rating.
Snead was drafted by both the National Football League and the American Football League, and Snead elected to join the Redskins, who drafted him as the 2nd overall pick. Unfortunately, the team was in the middle of a Dark Age, as they had not had a winning season since 1956 nor made a playoff game since 1946. Starting with a new coach in Bill McPeak, Snead would start in each game for 1961, which proved to a miserable one. Snead would have three games with at least three interceptions as the team did not win a game until the season finale against the up-start Dallas Cowboys. Snead threw eleven touchdowns to 22 interceptions for 2,337 yards. He was in the top ten for pass attempts, completions, yards, and interceptions (3rd, 4th, 6th and 3rd, respectively). Snead would improve slightly for the next season, as he would throw for 2,926 yards with 22 touchdowns and interceptions as he won five games for the Redskins, and it was good enough for a selection to the Pro Bowl. The next season was his last, and it was a miserable one. In a 3–11 season, he threw for 3,043 yards (the first of two 3,000-yard seasons) while throwing 13 touchdowns and 27 interceptions (a league high), but he was nevertheless selected to the Pro Bowl once again. His highlight game in yards came against the Pittsburgh Steelers, as he threw for 424 yards for the only 400-yard game of his career in a 34–28 loss. After the season, he was moved to the Philadelphia Eagles for Sonny Jurgensen and Claude Crabb.
In seven seasons, Snead was the primary starter for each season (starting 81 of 98 possible games), although the result would be that Snead was part of another team in a decades-long slump. Snead started the first nine games of the season before starting one of the final five games. He threw for 1,096 yards while throwing fourteen touchdowns to twelve interceptions as the Eagles won six games. The Eagles continued their spin in 1965, as Snead started ten games and won four while throwing 2,346 yards for fifteen touchdowns to thirteen interceptions and garnered a Pro Bowl selection.
For 1966, he went 5-5 but the Eagles won four games without him as starter to finish 2nd in their division. It was the first of just three seasons that Snead would play on a team with a winning season. The game against the St. Louis Cardinals was the worst of his career, as he threw a career high five interceptions while going 16-of-45 for 247 yards. He threw eight touchdowns to eleven interceptions for 1,275 yards (throwing for over 200 yards just once in his starts). In 1967, he returned to start each game and threw 29 touchdowns to 24 interceptions while going for 3,399 yards (a career high) as the team went 6-7-1. However, the next three seasons were a return to misery, as he won just nine of his 35 starts and was outmatched in interceptions to touchdowns each time. He led the league in interceptions twice during that span. However, Snead was traded away after the 1970 season, going to a growing power in Minnesota, who at that time had just Gary Cuozzo as quarterback. He was traded from the Eagles to the Vikings for Steve Smith, second- and sixth-round selections in 1971 (50th and 154th overall–Hank Allison and Mississippi defensive back Wyck Neely respectively) and a 1972 third-round pick (76th overall–Bobby Majors) on January 28, 1971. He made appearances at quarterback for seven games while starting two of them. While he would throw six interceptions to one touchdown for 470 yards, he ended up winning both of his starts (against Buffalo and Philadelphia). Although the Vikings made the playoffs, Cuozzo was the starter for the playoff game against Dallas while Snead was on the sideline. It was the only time Snead was on a playoff roster.
He was dealt along with Bob Grim, Vince Clements, a first rounder in 1972 (24th overall–Larry Jacobson) and a second rounder in 1973 (40th overall–Brad Van Pelt) from the Vikings to the Giants for Fran Tarkenton one year later on January 27, 1972; this made him one of few quarterbacks to be part of two trades for eventual Hall of Fame quarterbacks. Snead would start in 13 of 14 games for the Giants in 1972, and it was his last good run. He threw for 2,307 yards while leading the league in completion percentage (60.3%) while throwing 17 touchdowns to 12 interceptions, the first time he had more touchdowns than interceptions since 1967. The Giants went 8-5 after losing two of their last three games. It proved to be a mirage for the Giants, since the team went 1-5-1 with Snead as starter the following year. He led the league in interceptions with 22 while throwing for 1,483 yards. He would start four games for the Giants the following year before being traded to San Francisco, where he made one start. The trade on October 22, 1974, began a chain reaction of quarterback trades, where Snead was sent from the Giants to the San Francisco 49ers for a third rounder in 1975 (62nd overall–Danny Buggs) and a fourth rounder in 1976 (104th overall–Gordon Bell). He dislodged Joe Reed who went from the 49ers to the Detroit Lions and was replaced by Craig Morton who was acquired by the Giants from the Dallas Cowboys.
In 1975, he started seven games for the 49ers. Going 2–5, he threw 1,337 yards for nine touchdowns to ten interceptions. After being cut by the 49ers in the 1976 preseason, he re-signed with the Giants to replace the injured Jerry Golsteyn as Morton's backup on September 1, and he would make two starts. Snead would take part in one of the strangest wins ever for a quarterback. The winless Giants (0-8) faced 6-3 Washington on November 14, and the two teams combined for just 179 yards of passing to go with seven turnovers. Snead went 3-of-14 for two interceptions and 26 yards for a passer rating of 0, but Joe Danelo broke the tie with his 50-yard field goal in the fourth quarter to win the game 12–9. Snead is the last quarterback to win a game with a passer rating of zero. It was also his last appearance in the NFL.
Snead was the first quarterback to have lost 100 games as a starter. Since then, only seven other quarterbacks (including three Hall of Famers) have lost as many games. Snead appeared or started in 178 games and threw at least one interception in 131 of them.
Coaching career
Snead retired from playing in 1977 and was hired as the head football coach at The Apprentice School in Newport News, Virginia. He served two stints as head football coach, from 1977 to 1984 and 1988 to 1989, compiling a record of was 46–41–2.
References
External links
1939 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
The Apprentice Builders football coaches
Minnesota Vikings players
New York Giants players
Philadelphia Eagles players
San Francisco 49ers players
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football players
Washington Redskins players
Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
People from Halifax County, Virginia
Players of American football from Newport News, Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm%20Snead |
"Deep in the Heart of Texas" is an American popular song about Texas.
The 1941 song features lyrics by June Hershey and music by Don Swander. There were no fewer than five versions in the Billboard charts in 1942.
"Deep in the Heart of Texas" spent five weeks at the top of Your Hit Parade in 1942 during its twelve weeks stay.
Notable recordings
1942 chart recordings
Alvino Rey and his Orchestra (vocal by Bill Schallen and Skeets Herfurt), recorded November 21, 1941, Bluebird 11391) – this topped the Billboard charts in 1942 during a ten-week stay.
Ted Weems and His Orchestra (vocal by Perry Como – recorded on December 9, 1941 for Decca Records in Los Angeles, California. It was a single release (4138 A) on the flip side of the song "Ollie Ollie Out's in Free". This also charted with a peak position of No. 23.
The Merry Macs – recorded December 23, 1941 for Decca Records, catalogue No. 4136. Chart position peak No. 11
Bing Crosby with Woody Herman and his Woodchoppers (recorded January 18, 1942, Decca 4162) This reached the No. 3 spot in the charts in 1942.
Horace Heidt's Musical Knights – recorded January 28, 1942, Columbia 36525 – this achieved a top position of No. 7.
Other notable versions
Tommy Tucker (February 2, 1942, Okeh 6583)
Gene Autry recorded February 24, 1942 for Okeh Records 6643.
Bob Grant and His Orchestra – included on the album Songs of Our Times 1942 (1959)
Harry Brandelius with Sune Waldimir's Orchestra, with lyrics in Swedish by Lennart Reutersköld as Hem till vår ranch i Texas ("Home to Our Ranch in Texas"), released December 1942.
Freddy Cannon on his debut 1960 album The Explosive Freddy Cannon.
Ray Charles – included on his album The Genius Hits the Road (1960)
Bayanihan Philippine National Folk Dance Company - included on their album Bayanihan Sings! (1961)
Duane Eddy – his 1962 single reached No. 78 on the Billboard charts and 19 in the UK.
Hank Thompson – included on the album The Best of Hank Thompson. Vol.2 (1967)
Kidsongs on their Yankee Doodle Dandy VHS, DVD, and album
Larry Groce And The Disneyland Children's Sing-Along Chorus – Walt Disney Productions' Pardners (1980).
Country singer Moe Bandy released a version of it on his album, Salutes the American Cowboy / Songs of the American Cowboy in 1982.
George Strait included on the album For the Last Time: Live from the Astrodome (2003)
Nickel Creek – recorded for their album Little Cowpoke (2003)
Uncle Dave Macon would perform the song on The Grand Ole Opry, but never recorded the number.
Film appearances
1942 The song's title was used for the name of a 1942 Western film of the same name starring Johnny Mack Brown as a man instrumental in restoring Texas to the United States following the American Civil War. It featured Tex Ritter and the Jimmy Wakely Trio singing the title song.
1942 Gene Autry sang the song in Stardust on the Sage (1942).
1942 Gene Autry, Smiley Burnette, and Joe Strauch Jr. sang the song in Heart of the Rio Grande (1942).
1944 Wing and a Prayer – Sung by William Eythe in the cockpit of a fighter plane as a gun test with machine gun blasts for the handclaps.
1947 Let's Sing a Song of the West - Sung by The Melody Makers in this one-reel sing-along short produced by Warner Bros.
1948 A Foreign Affair – Sung by US military personnel at the Lorelei nightclub.
1950 I'll Get By – Performed by June Haver and Gloria DeHaven with the Harry James Orchestra.
1951 Rich, Young, and Pretty – Performed by Jane Powell
1952 With a Song in My Heart
1985 Part of the chorus is sung by Pee-wee Herman in Pee-wee's Big Adventure (with the claps performed by passersby) to prove he's in Texas
2003 In Head of State, Chris Rock's character is campaigning for President and leads a crowd in singing the song, actually an homage to the use of the song in Pee-wee's Big Adventure
2009 In Whip It, Elliot Page's character is from the fictional town of Bodeen, Texas, who joins a roller derby team.
Other usage
The University of Texas Longhorn Band performs the song during each football pregame at Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium; The Spirit of Houston Cougar Marching Band often performs the tune for home football games and the Texas Christian University Horned Frog Marching Band performs an arrangement before each game at Amon G. Carter Stadium. Fans sing "Take Me Out to the Ballgame", followed by "Deep in the Heart of Texas" during the seventh-inning stretch of Houston Astros, San Antonio Missions, Rice Owls, Houston Cougars, and Baylor Bears baseball games, and in the middle of the fifth inning at Texas Rangers games. It is also played after every victorious San Antonio Spurs game. It is also played in the middle of a water break at Houston Dynamo games. It is played before every Houston Texans game, 15 minutes before kickoff.
In 1942, the BBC banned the song during working hours on the grounds that its infectious melody might cause wartime factory-hands to neglect their tools while they clapped in time with the song.
Country music singer and native Texan George Strait has the song played before he gets on stage.
It was used along with two other songs in the second segment for the Audio-Animatronic, Dolly Dimples, in the original Chuck E Cheese Pizza Time Theatre (now called Chuck E in San Jose, California from 1977 to 1982.
In the SpongeBob SquarePants Season 1 episode “Texas”, SpongeBob sings a parody of this song while making fun of Sandy.
See also
"The Yellow Rose of Texas"
Culture of Texas
References
1941 songs
1942 singles
American folk songs
Western music (North America)
Texas culture
Songs about Texas
Okeh Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep%20in%20the%20Heart%20of%20Texas |
Cecina may refer to:
Cecina (meat), a Spanish and Mexican culinary specialty made of beef
Cecina (gastropod), a genus of freshwater snails in the family Pomatiopsidae
Cecina, Tuscany, Italy
Caecinia gens, an ancient Roman family
Farinata, a Tuscan culinary specialty made of chickpea flour
See also
Caecina (disambiguation)
Čečina (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecina |
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Valdivia
| other_name =
| native_name =
| nickname = The City of Rivers, The Pearl of the South of Chile, Chile's Brewery Capital
| named_for = Pedro de Valdivia
| motto = Muy Noble y Muy Leal("Most noble and most loyal")
| settlement_type = City and Commune
| image_skyline = Montaje de Valdivia.png
| image_caption = From top to bottom, left to right: Valdivia waterfront, Town Square, Hotel Naguilán (top), Sciences Building of Austral University (bottom), Los Canelos tower, Rodolfo Amando Philippi Museum, Historical and Anthropologic Museum Maurice van de Maele, St. Francisco Church, Prochelle House, Dreams Hotel & Casino, Los Lotos Lagoon on Teja Island, Mapuche's Rewe, Botanical Garden of Valdivia.
| image_flag = Flag of Valdivia, Chile.svg
| flag_size =
| image_shield = Escudo de Valdivia.svg
| shield_size =
| image_map = Comuna de Valdivia.svg
| map_caption = Location of the Valdivia commune in Los Ríos Region
| map_alt = Location of the Valdivia commune in Los Ríos Region
| pushpin_map = Chile
| pushpin_map_narrow = yes
| pushpin_mapsize = 150
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chile
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = Chile
| subdivision_type1 = Region
| subdivision_name1 = Los Ríos
| subdivision_type2 = Province
| subdivision_name2 = Valdivia
| government_footnotes =
| government_type = Municipality
| leader_title = Alcaldesa
| leader_party = RD
| leader_name = Carla Amtmann
| established_title = Founded as
| established_date = Santa María la Blanca de Valdivia
| established_title2 = Founded
| established_date2 = 9 February 1552
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 1015.6
| elevation_footnotes =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 150,048
| population_as_of = 2017 Census
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Valdivian
| population_blank1_title = Urban
| population_blank1 = 129952
| population_blank2_title = Rural
| population_blank2 = 10607
| demographics_type1 = Sex
| demographics1_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 = Men
| demographics1_info1 = 68,510
| demographics1_title2 = Women
| demographics1_info2 = 72,049
| blank1_name = Climate
| blank1_info = Cfb
| timezone = CLT
| utc_offset = −04:00
| timezone_DST = CLST
| utc_offset_DST = −03:00
| coordinates =
| elevation_m = 5
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 5090000
| area_code = country 56 + city 63
| website = Municipality of Valdivia
| footnotes =
}}Valdivia''' (; Mapuche: Ainil) is a city and commune in southern Chile, administered by the Municipality of Valdivia. The city is named after its founder, Pedro de Valdivia, and is located at the confluence of the Calle-Calle, Valdivia, and Cau-Cau Rivers, approximately east of the coastal towns of Corral and Niebla. Since October 2007, Valdivia has been the capital of Los Ríos Region and is also the capital of Valdivia Province. The national census of 2017 recorded the commune of Valdivia as having 166,080 inhabitants (Valdivianos), of whom 150,048 were living in the city. The main economic activities of Valdivia include tourism, wood pulp manufacturing, forestry, metallurgy, and beer production. The city is also the home of the Austral University of Chile, founded in 1954 and the Centro de Estudios Científicos.
The city of Valdivia and the Chiloé Archipelago were once the two southernmost outliers of the Spanish Empire. From 1645 to 1740, the city depended directly on the Viceroyalty of Peru, which financed the building of the Valdivian fort system that turned Valdivia into one of the most fortified cities of the New World. In the mid-19th century, Valdivia was the port of entry for German immigrants who settled in the city and surrounding areas.
In 1960 Valdivia was severely damaged by the Great Chilean earthquake, the most powerful earthquake ever recorded, at magnitude 9.5. The earthquake caused c. 2 m of subsidence around Valdivia leaving large areas of former pastures and cultivated fields permanently flooded. Today there are various protected wetlands within the urbanised area of Valdivia as well as in its outskirts.
History
Pre-Hispanic times (12,000 BC – 1543)
The area around Valdivia may have been populated since 12,000 – 11,800 BC, according to archaeological discoveries in Monte Verde (less than 200 km south of Valdivia), which would place it about a thousand years before the Clovis culture in North America. This challenges the "Clovis First" model of migration to the New World. Researchers speculate that the first inhabitants of Valdivia and Chile travelled to America by watercraft and not across a land-bridge in the Bering Strait.
During at least the Middle Archaic, southern Chile was populated by indigenous groups who shared a common lithic culture called the Chan-Chan Complex, named for the archaeological site of Chan-Chan located some 35 km north of Valdivia along the coast.
There was also a very early Valdivia culture on the coast of Ecuador, but it is not related to the city of Valdivia. This archaeological culture flourished near the small village of Valdivia in Ecuador between 3500 BCE and 1500 BCE.
Ainil
By the time of the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores, Valdivia was inhabited by the Huilliche (Mapudungun for People of the South). The Huilliche and Mapuche were both referred to by the Spaniards as Araucanos. Their main language was a variant of Mapudungun, the Mapuche language.
A large village called Ainil stood where present-day downtown Valdivia has been developed. The Huilliche called the river, Ainilebu (now known as the Valdivia River). Ainil seemed to have been an important trade center; it was a port on the sea and had access to the interior via the network of the Cruces and Calle-Calle rivers, both tributaries of the Valdivia. Ainil may be described as "a kind of little Venice," as it had large areas of wetlands and canals. Since that period, most of these waterways and wetlands have been drained or filled. The market in Ainil received shellfish and fish from the coast, legumes from Punucapa, and other foods from San José de la Mariquina, an agricultural zone northeast of Valdivia. A remnant of this ancient trade is the modern Feria Fluvial (English: Riverside Market) on the banks of Valdivia River. The surroundings of Valdivia were described as extensive plains having a large population that cultivated potatoes, maize, quinoa and legumes, among other crops. He also stated that "there is not much cleared land near Valdivia" which contrasted with the description made by early Spaniards of large fields and extensive croplands.
The expansion and economic development of the city were limited in the early 19th century. To jump-start economic development, the Chilean government initiated a highly focussed immigration program under Bernhard Eunom Philippi and later Vicente Pérez Rosales as government agents. Through this program, thousands of Germans settled in the area, incorporating then-modern technology and know-how to develop agriculture and industry. While immigrants that arrived to the Llanquihue area were often poor farmers, Valdivia received more educated immigrants, including political exiles and merchants. Some of the immigrants that arrived in Valdivia established workshops and built new industries. One of the most famous immigrants was Carlos Anwandter, an exile from Luckenwalde who arrived in Valdivia in 1850 and in 1858 founded Chile's first German school. Other Germans left the city and became settlers, drawn by the promise of free land. They were often given forested land, which they cleared to turn into farms. Native Mapuche and Huilliche either sold their land or were pushed into reservations. The Osorno department of Valdivia Province was moved to Llanquihue Province (created in 1853) as consequence of German immigration to the Llaquihue area.
Valdivia prospered with industries, including shipyards, the Hoffmann gristmill, the Rudloff shoe factory, the Anwandter beer company and many more. The steel mills of Corral were the largest recorded private investment in Chile at the time, and were the first steel mills in South America. In 1891 Valdivia became a commune according to a law that created such subdivisions. After the Malleco Viaduct was built in 1890 the railroads advanced further south, reaching Valdivia in 1895. The first passenger train arrived in 1899. In 1909 a fire destroyed 18 city blocks in downtown Valdivia, which were rebuilt with modern concrete buildings. By 1911 lumber production, from clearing of native forests, became the most important industry. Cattle-raising was a growing industry, and wheat was grown on the cleared lands. Lumber, cattle, leather, flour and beer were exported. In 1895 the city's population was 8,062 inhabitants and was estimated at 9,704 in 1902.
The economic prosperity of Valdivia continued throughout the first half of the 20th century. In 1917 the first "Valdivian Week" (Spanish: Semana Valdiviana) was celebrated. Chile's oldest beauty contest, "Queen of The Rivers" (Spanish: Reina de Los Ríos) began the same year. The city evolved as an early tourist center in Chile, while popular songs that named Valdivia and the Calle-Calle River made it better known in Chilean popular culture. The Pedro de Valdivia Bridge crossing the Valdivia River was built in 1954. Valdivia came to be one of the most important industrial centers in Chile together with the capital Santiago and the main port city, Valparaíso.
The commercial and human flux Valdivia suffered two setbacks in the early 20th century, first the connection of Osorno by railroad to central Chile which meant that Valdivia lost the quality of being the port that connected Osorno to Central Chile. Later on 1911 the opening of the Panama Canal meant a decrease in ship traffic all over Chile since ships travelling from the north Atlantic to north Pacific no longer had to pass through the Straits of Magellan or visit any Chilean port.
Great Chilean earthquake and Los Lagos Region (1960–2006)
On May 22, 1960, Chile suffered the most powerful earthquake ever recorded, rating 9.5 on the moment magnitude scale, with Valdivia being the most affected city. The earthquake generated devastating tsunamis that affected Japan and Hawaii. Spanish-colonial forts around Valdivia were severely damaged, while soil subsidence destroyed buildings, deepened local rivers, and created wetlands of the Río Cruces y Chorocomayo – a new aquatic park north of the city.
Large sections of the city flooded after the earthquake, and a landslide near the Tralcán Mount dammed the Riñihue Lake. Water levels in Lake Riñihue rose more than , raising the danger of a catastrophic break and of destroying everything downriver. Government authorities drew plans for evacuating the city, but many people left on their own. Danger to the city was reduced after a large team of workers opened a drainage channel in the landslide; water levels of the lake slowly returned to normal levels. There is evidence that a similar landslide and earthquake happened in 1575. After the Great Chilean earthquake Valdivia's economy and political status declined. Much of the city was destroyed and many inhabitants left.
The 1973 Chilean coup d'état and the military's actions that followed brought dozens of detainees to Valdivia and saw the imposing of a nationwide curfew. In October a group of 12 young men, among them José Gregorio Liendo, were brought from the Complejo Forestal y Maderero Panguipulli in the Andes to be executed in Valdivia by firing squad due to alleged participation in the assault on Neltume police station and "guerrilla activities".
By 1974, the military junta reorganized the political divisions of Chile and declared Valdivia a province of the Los Lagos Region with Puerto Montt as the regional capital. Many Valdivians resented the decision, and felt theirs should have been the legitimate regional capital—while Valdivia was founded in 1552, and had resisted pirate attacks, hostile natives and several earthquakes, Puerto Montt was a relatively new city founded only in 1853 (three hundred and one years later).
Since the liberalization of the economy in Chile in the 1980s the forestry sector in Valdivia boomed, first by exporting wood chips to Japan from Corral and then by producing woodpulp in Mariquina (50 km northeast of Valdivia). This led to deforestation and substitution of native Valdivian temperate rainforests to plant pines and eucalyptus, but also created new jobs for people with limited education. Valdivia also benefitted from the development of salmon aquaculture in the 1990s, but to a much lesser extent than places such as Puerto Montt and Chiloé.
Culture
Valdivia is often promoted for its unique characteristics, that make it different from other cities in Chile: Valdivia has an early Spanish colonial past, plus a later history of German colonization. Both eras left visible landmarks such as the forts of Corral Bay and the German-style wood houses. The governments of Spain and Germany currently maintain honorary consulates in Valdivia. The city is commonly seen as a tourist magnet in Chile, and sometimes described as La Perla del Sur (The Pearl of the South) and as La ciudad mas linda de Chile (Chile's most beautiful city).
Every year during the summer months of January and February the municipality organizes many free cultural events along the river site, such as concerts, sporting events, and other entertainment. To mark and celebrate the end of the touristic summer months, halfway through February all entertainment reaches its climax with the celebration of noche Valdiviana (Valdivian night). During this night many local groups and communities present themselves on boats during a night parade over the river. Every boat has its own theme related with one theme of that year. At the end a jury picks the winners in different categories. The parade is by tradition started by a boat which presents la reina de los ríos. In recent years Valdivians have showed an increasing interest in nature and ecotourism. An example of this was the formation of Acción por los Cisnes an ecologist group formed to protect black-necked swans and the natural environment that surrounds the city, particularly wetlands created or expanded by the Great Chilean earthquake. With the founding of Universidad Austral in 1954 and the arrival of the CECS research center, Valdivia is now considered a major research center in Chile, particularly in areas related to nature such a glaciology and ecology. The Great Chilean earthquake and the national government's creation of the Los Lagos Region were difficult for Valdivian society. Valdivians resented to be punished first by a major earthquake and then by being placed under the administration of what they perceived to be a less-deserving city, Puerto Montt. The recent creation of a new, smaller, but more independent region (Los Ríos), with Valdivia as its capital, reduced the previous stigma.
Valdivia's varied influences are reflected by its multicultural toponyms that include placenames of Mapuche, Spanish, Quechua and German origin.
Spanish colonial influences
During much of the colonial period, Valdivia was essentially a military camp, a walled city surrounded by hostile natives. The coastal defenses and their garrisons made up a large part of the population. After several fires and earthquakes, nearly all buildings from this period were destroyed, with the exception of the military defenses. Valdivia's best known historical landmarks are now the two towers which were part of a former city wall, built by the Spaniards to defend the city, known as Torreones: Torreón Los Canelos and Torreón del Barro.
German influences
Since the first Germans migrated to Valdivia in the mid-1840s, German cultural influence has been visible in the city. Germans in Valdivia settled mostly in the Isla Teja and Collico suburban areas. Until the building of Pedro de Valdivia Bridge, inhabitants of Isla Teja lived isolated from the city, where it was common that children first learned to speak German before Spanish. Nowadays, the German language is preserved by the Instituto Alemán Carlos Anwandter one of Latin America's oldest German schools. German descendants also form Valdivia's oldest fire station Germania, located in Isla Teja.
German immigrants and their descendants formed their social club Club Alemán, which after World War II changed names to Club la Unión. German workers once had their own club simply called El Alemán (The German).
Valdivia also hosts Bierfest Valdivia, a celebration that could be described as a small, regional Oktoberfest, despite being celebrated in late January or February of every year (during the local summer, when there is the largest influx of tourists). The main sponsor and organizer is Kunstmann, a local beer company, founded by German nationals, but since bought out by the largest beer and beverages company in Chile (CCU).
Literature
The Valdivia Book Fair is organized annually by the Municipal Cultural Corporation in Parque Saval. Likewise, the Society of Writers of Chile, through its subsidiary Valdivia and with the collaboration of the Austral University of Chile, regularly holds literary gatherings, a space in which books are presented and local letters are shared with the student community. Several authors born in the Los Ríos Region also stand out in the city, such as Maha Vial, Iván Espinoza Riesco, José Baroja, Aldo Astete Cuadra, Efraín Miranda Cárdenas, among others.
Demography
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, the commune of Valdivia spans an area of and has 140,559 inhabitants (68,510 men and 72,049 women). Of these, 129,952 (92.5%) lived in urban areas and 10,607 (7.5%) in rural areas. Between the 1992 and 2002 censuses, the population grew by 15.1% (18,391 persons).
The city of Valdivia spans had a population of 127,750 and 35,217 homes, giving it a population density of . The commune is divided into 19 census districts with one recognized town, Niebla, with an area of , population of 2,202 (in 1,169 homes) and population density of .
Within the population, the presence of descendants of migrants of German origin and of Spanish origin also stands out, colonies that are grouped into different social, educational, sports and cultural institutions.
Geography
As part of the Chilean Patagonia, the geography of the Valdivia area consists of wetlands and alluvial terraces. Several rivers, such as Cau-Cau, Calle-Calle and Cruces, join near the city forming the larger Valdivia River. Valdivia River in turn empties to Corral Bay in the Pacific Ocean just some 15 km west of Valdivia. This river network made Valdivia a trade center even since Pre-Hispanic times. The city itself was built on a riverine terrace but expanded later over adjacent wetlands. Nowadays the city is virtually surrounded by hills by all sides except north where Valdivia's lowlands connect to the flatlands of San José de la Mariquina. Some hilly areas around Valdivia are covered with exotic forest species such as Douglas-fir, Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus globulus. Other places are used for recreational purposes or conservation of native ecosystems. Additional Northern Hemisphere exotic trees such as birch, horsechestnut and poplar are common in residential areas. Palms are occasional.
Parts of city is built on poor soils made up of former wetlands or artificial fills that are prone to suffer during earthquakes as demonstrated in 1960 and 2010.
Geology
Within the context of plate tectonics the city lies at a convergent margin where Nazca Plate in the Pacific is subducted beneath the South American Plate. Topographically Valdivia lies in a depression amidst the Chilean Coast Range. The basement rocks that crops out in the hills around the city are of metamorphic type. The city itself is chiefly built upon terraces made up of hardened volcanic sand. This volcanic sandstone is known as "cancagua" and deposited during the late Pleistocene epoch. As terraces took shape during the interglacial preceding the Llanquihue glaciation —the last glacial period— this interglacial is known in Chile as the Valdivia interglacial.
A tectonically and eustatically stable period during the Oligocene and Early Miocene allowed erosion to create deep valleys in the Coast Range and peat swamps at what is now the estuary of the Valdivia basin. About 23.5 million years ago this stable period was interrupted by a major volcanic eruption and 23 mya ago an increase in convergence rate at the Peru–Chile Trench caused an uplift of the landscape and renewed erosion. However basin subsidence and a marine transgression formed deep embayments, tidal flats, bayhead deltas and beaches.
Climate
Valdivia has an oceanic climate with Mediterranean influences. The natural vegetation of the region is the Valdivian temperate rainforest.
During the summer months (December, January and February) the average temperature is about , while in winter the temperature descends to . The annual average temperature for Los Ríos Region is , while the mean temperature amplitude is 8.8 °C (47.8 °F) and the daily is 11 °C (51.8 °F). Average annual precipitation is , distributed through the year, but primarily between March and October. Hail occurs with some frequency during winter, but snow falls rarely. The last times it snowed in Valdivia were in August 2020, July 2007, and in August 1995 during the so-called Terremoto Blanco (Spanish for White Earthquake). The Seven Lakes in the interior help to keep an average relative humidity of 80% for the region as whole and there are no months with less than 75% average humidity. The precipitation is generated by frontal systems that cross the zone, which produce cloudiness and few clear days. The leeward effect of the Valdivian Coast Range is minimal due to its low height (715 m at Cerro Oncol) and the gap in the range at Valdivia River's outflow to the Pacific Ocean.
Decreasing precipitation has caused the city's water supply in Calle-Calle River to be contaminated with saline water from the coast. The effects of saline water entering the water supply of Valdivia were particularly noticeable in March 2015 when there was a surge in complains about the taste of the water. The saltwater in the rivers near Valdivia during autumn is expected to increase in the future. Estimations indicate that whenever the sum of the water discharge of Cruces and Calle-Calle rivers falls below saltwater reaches the supply site at Cuesta Soto.
Government and politics
The commune of Valdivia is a third-level administrative division of Chile governed by a directly elected mayor (alcalde) and a municipal council (consejales). The city's current mayor is Carla Andrea Amtmann Fecci of the Democratic Revolution party. The prior mayor was Omar Sabat Guzmán of the Independiente UDI.
Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Valdivia is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Alfonso De Urresti (PS) and Roberto Delmastro (RN) as part of the 53rd electoral district, together with Lanco, Mariquina, Máfil and Corral. The commune is represented in the as part of the 16th senatorial constituency (Los Ríos Region).
The creation of Los Ríos Region and environmental issues have dominated the political scene of Valdivia in recent years. The communist lawyer Wladimir Riesco headed the legal actions against pulp mill enterprise CELCO after the deaths of black-necked swans in Carlos Anwandter Nature Sanctuary in 2004.
Ecological action
In response to the alleged contamination of Cruces River by the Celco cellulose pulp mill, a group of citizens formed the Accion por los Cisnes (Action for the Swans) ecology group. Action for the Swans attracted the attention of the national newspapers and succeeded in temporarily closing down Valdivia Pulp Mill through a court order.
Economy and tourism
The city and commune of Valdivia rely heavily on silviculture, the pulp and paper industry and other forestry-related activities (the harvesting and processing of wood from nearby plantations of eucalyptus and Douglas firs). Large businesses such as CELCO, Bomasil and Louisiana-Pacific have established wood processing factories near Valdivia. Metallurgy, naval construction and repairs are also important industries, with the companies of Asenav and Alwoplast based in the area. Agroforestry/agriculture, livestock, aquaculture and food processing are lesser but also important industries that contribute to the region's economy. The chocolate company (Entrelagos) contributes to the image of the region, as does the brewing industry, a symbol of the area and another important part of the local economy, with Kunstmann the most famous brewery in Valdivia. Beer, along with cold cut meat and sausages, is part of the city's German heritage and is preserved as part of the local heritage. Trade, restaurants and hotels link to the tourism industry which represent an important part in Valdivia's growing economy.
Tourism
Valdivia is a historic tourist destination in Chile, valued for the beauty of the city and surrounding areas, the area's culture and its history. It is an all season city, but during the summer months in particular (December, January, February) tourism is a major source of income for Valdivia's economy. "Valdivian Week" (Spanish: Semana Valdiviana), as it has been known since 1917, is a long-held tradition that dates back to the foundation of the city. Starting February 9 each year, it commemorates the city's anniversary and also gives Valdivia the chance to promote itself as a tourism center. "Semana Valdiviana" features an allegorical parade of ships – a tradition that began in the seventeenth century as a protest against the Spaniard authorities – and also includes a big artisan market, fairground rides, and the election of the "queen" of Los Rios. The week ends with fireworks and theatre performances on the closing night, known as "Noche Valdiviana" (Valdivian Night).
The center of the city has a rich architectural heritage. One of its most visited buildings is the "Mercado Municipal" ("municipal market"), a local produce market that is also now a gastronomic and cultural attraction. Also popular are the "Convento San Francisco" (Saint Francis Convent) and the European-style buildings dating back to the beginning of the 20th century, used today by the city's universities, cultural centers and government.
Education
Universities and colleges
Valdivia is home to several public and private schools and universities. The largest and oldest university is the Universidad Austral de Chile (UACh) that was founded by decree in 1954 as one of Chile's seven original Chilean Traditional Universities. Its main campus is located in Isla Teja but it has other minor campus and properties spread through the city and southern Chile. Since the liberalization of higher education in Chile in the 1980s other universities have established campuses in Valdivia, including Universidad Arturo Prat, Universidad San Sebastián, Universidad Santo Tomás and Universidad de Los Lagos.
Schools
Like in the rest of Chile, most of Valdivia's best schools are private. Instituto Alemán Carlos Anwandter (Deutsche Schule Valdivia) founded in 1858 is Chile's second oldest German school after the Instituto Alemán de Osorno (1854). Other notable private schools are Windsor School and Colegio San Luis de Alba. Among public schools Instituto Salesiano de Valdivia, Liceo Rector Armando Robles Rivera and Liceo Comercial have reached good results.
Sports
Facilities for playing football, tennis, rowing, rugby, golf, indoor swimming, indoor and outdoor basketball and some other sports are available throughout the area. Rowing is practiced in Valdivia in three clubs: Club Deportivo Phoenix Valdivia, Club Centenario de Remeros and Club Arturo Prat. Valdivian rowers Cristian Yantani and Miguel Cerda won the first place in Men's Lightweight Coxless Pair-Oared Shells at the world championship in Seville, 2002.
Club Deportivo Valdivia is Valdivia's main basketball team and plays in Chiles first division, DIMAYOR where it won the 2001 season. In 1977 and 2001 Valdivia hosted South Americas Men's Basketball Championship.
The football club Club Deportivo Deportes Valdivia, founded in 2003, plays currently in the Chilean third division and , will play in the Primera B (or Second Division)
Transport
Roads and bridges
Most of Valdivia lies on the southern side of the Valdivia and Calle-Calle Rivers but other areas of the city, such as Isla Teja and Las Animas, are connected to it by bridges. The main access points to the city are Calle-Calle Bridge from the north and a southern route. Both connect the city with the Pan-American Highway and run through forested areas and wetlands. Route 207 runs from Valdivia southeast connecting the city with the town of Paillaco at the Route 5.
Calle-Calle Bridge, the first bridge built in the city, connects Valdivia with Las Animas and forms the northern highway access to the city. Pedro de Valdivia Bridge was built in 1954 and connects the city with Isla Teja, where many German immigrants once lived. During the Great 1960 Valdivia earthquake only the minor Caucau Bridge (connecting Las Animas with Isla Teja) was destroyed, while all other bridges were repaired and are still in use. In 1987 Augusto Pinochet opened Río Cruces Bridge, making the coastal town of Niebla as well as Torobayo and Punucapa accessible by road. Calle-Calle Bridge, the main access to the city, was enlarged in the 1990s.
The new Caucau bridge was intended to provide a faster route from the city centre to the Pichoy airport via Isla Teja, but the faulty construction made it unusable.
Waterways
Until highway bridges were built, Valdivia's economy and citizens depended on boat traffic on the surrounding rivers, but with a contraction of bridges and highways, the river has lost its importance. Today, the rivers are used by the commercial ships built or repaired in Asenav, one of Chile's most important shipyard companies, and by tourist boats. Some of the locations that are regularly reached by tourist boats include Mancera Island and Punucapa.
Fishing boats also travel inland from the coast to the River Market. Today, just one ferry is still in operation, the Niebla–Corral line, as it is much quicker to reach Corral by ferry than by road.
Although in recent years the rivers have not had a major role in Valdivia's public transportation, a new private project is being developed by "Los Solares", an environmentally friendly company that operates solar-powered river taxis on Valdivia River. The project is called Transporte Fluvial Sustentable (TFS, or "Sustainable Water Transportation" in English). So far, the company has a fleet of three river taxis, and a small, sustainable and locally designed floating village that includes a pier, a café and the company's offices. The community produces its own electricity, water supply and processes its own wastewater with a bacterial solution.
Airports
The city is served mainly by Pichoy Airport, lying 32 km northeast of the city via the north entrance road that connects the city with the Pan American Highway. The smaller but much closer Las Marías Airport is used primarily by small aircraft, with no airlines operating there.
Twin towns – sister cities
Gallery
See also
Ecotourism in the Valdivian Temperate Rainforest
Flag of Valdivia
Iglesia San Francisco de Valdivia
Pilolcura
Punucapa
Valdivian Coastal Reserve
References
Notes
Sources
Francisco Solano Asta-Buruaga y Cienfuegos, Diccionario geográfico de la República de Chile (Geographic dictionary of the Republic of Chile), SEGUNDA EDICIÓN CORREGIDA Y AUMENTADA, NUEVA YORK, D. APPLETON Y COMPAÑÍA, 1899. pg. 859–862 Valdivia – Ciudad
Brüggen, Juan. Fundamentos de la geología de Chile'', Instituto Geográfico Militar 1950.
External links
https://www.munivaldivia.cl/web/
Ilustre Municipalidad de Valdivia
Diario Austral de Valdivia, Valdivian newspaper
Geology and geomorphology of Valdivia and Los Ríos Region
Museo de Arte Contemporanea (MAC), a modern art museum
Museo Fuerte Niebla, Niebla fort's museum
Museo Philippi, a museum about the naturalist Rodolfo Armando Philippi
La Librería de Valdivia, biggest bookstore in south of Chile
Panorámicas de Valdivia en 360°
Valdivia
Museo de las Telecomunicaciones
Anime related internet forum made in Valdivia
Alwoplast, Valdivian designer/builder of custom catamarans
Cerveza Kunstmann, local beer maker
Valdivia Guide, an introductory guide for moving to Valdivia and Chile
Populated places in Valdivia Province
Capitals of Chilean regions
Communes of Chile
Capitals of Chilean provinces
Populated places established in 1552
1599 disestablishments
Port cities in Chile
Destroyed populated places
1552 establishments in the Spanish Empire
South American sea lion colonies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdivia |
Central European Media Enterprises Ltd. (CME) is a media and entertainment company that operates television channels in six geographic areas: Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Romania and Moldova, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Until its acquisition by PPF Group N.V. in October 2020, the company was listed on NASDAQ and Prague Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol CETV. It has since been delisted.
History
Central European Media Enterprises Ltd. was co-founded in 1991 by Americans Ronald Lauder and Mark Palmer in Germany as CEDC GmbH (Central European Development Corporation), and later changed its name and reincorporated in the Netherlands as Central European Media Enterprises (CME). It started broadcasting its first channel in the Czech Republic in 1994.
On 23 March 2009, Time Warner (now Warner Bros. Discovery) announced it would invest $241.5 million in CME for a 31% stake. By 2Q 2013, Time Warner had acquired a controlling interest in CME in a series of transactions.
In October 2019, AT&T signed an agreement to sell WarnerMedia's stake to PPF. The transaction valued at $2.1 billion was completed in October 2020.
On 14 February 2022, Central European Media Enterprises announced buying RTL Hrvatska from RTL Group for €50 million. The transaction was closed on 1 June 2022.
Operations
CME is the broadcast market leader in most countries where it has television stations. CME currently operates 43 television channels broadcasting to approximately 49 million people across 6 geographic segments. CME develops and produces content for its television channels, and its content is also consumed through subscription and advertising VOD.
It also operates the Voyo streaming platform that provides on demand local content in all of CME’s geographic regions
In 2023, CME launched its ESG strategy branded CME Cares. This initiative was created to communicate CME’s efforts to leave a lasting positive impact on its environment, communities, and societies. CME Cares aims to offer socially responsible content, implement sustainable production practices, aid underprivileged communities, and follow transparent business practices.
CME Content Academy
In 2022 Central European Media Enterprises Ltd. launched CME Content Academy. The two-year course is designed to provide participants with a foundation across various film-making disciplines, enabling students to become TV professionals.
The practice is divided according to the production scheme of TV Nova, POP TV, PRO TV, bTV, RTL and TV Markíza and takes place in Brno, Prague, Zagreb, Ljubljana, Bucharest, Sofia and Bratislava.
Television channels
Bulgaria
bTV
bTV Cinema
bTV Comedy
bTV Action
bTV Lady
Ring
Croatia
RTL
RTL 2
RTL Kockica
RTL Living
RTL Crime
RTL Passion
RTL Adria
RTL Croatia World
Czech Republic
TV Nova
Nova Cinema
Nova Action
Nova Fun
Nova Gold
Nova Lady
Nova Sport 1
Nova Sport 2
Nova Sport 3
Nova Sport 4
Nova International
Romania and Moldova
Pro TV (also broadcast in the Republic of Moldova as a simulcast feed)
Acasă (also broadcast in the Republic of Moldova as a simulcast feed)
Acasă Gold
Pro Arena
Pro Cinema
Pro TV International
Pro TV Chisinau
Slovakia
Markíza
Markíza Doma
Markíza Dajto
Markíza Krimi
Markíza Klasik
Markíza International
Slovenia
Pop TV
Kanal A
Brio
Oto
Kino
Astra
See also
CME/Lauder v. Czech Republic
References
External links
Companies of Bermuda
Television companies
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Pan-European media companies
2020 mergers and acquisitions
Mass media companies established in 1991
Former AT&T subsidiaries
Former WarnerMedia subsidiaries
Private equity portfolio companies
PPF Group | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20European%20Media%20Enterprises |
Hips and Makers is the debut solo album by Kristin Hersh, best known as the primary singer and songwriter of the band Throwing Muses. The album was released by 4AD in the UK on January 24, 1994, and by Sire Records in the US on February 1, 1994. In contrast to Hersh's rock-oriented work with Throwing Muses, the album is primarily acoustic, with Hersh usually playing unaccompanied. Other credited musicians include Jane Scarpantoni on cello and Michael Stipe of R.E.M., who sings backing vocals on the opening track, "Your Ghost." In addition to Hersh's own material, the album features a cover of the traditional song "The Cuckoo".
"It's personal, literally so," Hersh said, "Full of skin and coffee, shoes and sweat and babies and sex and food and stores – just stupid stuff that's really a big deal."
The album peaked at #7 in the UK Album Charts, the highest placing of any of Hersh's offerings on her own or with Throwing Muses. The album peaked at #197 on the US's Billboard 200 Albums Chart. It also peaked at #10 on the US's Billboard Heatseekers Album Chart.
Reception
Critics were mostly positive about Hips and Makers on its release. "It's clear that a Belly-style pop accommodation is just not what Hersh is aiming for," observed David Cavanagh in Select. "Her peers are [Bob] Mould and, more particularly, Michael Stipe."' "She is as accomplished a singer/songwriter as [Tanya] Donnelly," noted James Delingpole in The Sunday Telegraph. "The only place where it falls down is that the arrangements are so sparse (it's just Hersh on acoustic guitar or piano with the odd bit of cello accompaniment – very Suzanne Vega) that the songs, though cute, all start to sound a bit samey."
Spins Simon Reynolds raved that "[a]t once oppressive and impressive, [it] signals a rejuvenation for Hersh's muse", while Rolling Stones Stephanie Zacharek called it "[l]uminous, alluring and slightly menacing". On the other hand, Robert Christgau was neutral and didn't write anything about it beyond that. "Despite the delicate good looks of 'Velvet Days' and the title track," decided Andrew Collins in Q, "it advances the Hersh cause for acceptance no further."
AllMusic critic Richie Unterberger was more positive, noting the material was of an "intensely personal nature" and offered with "a despairing and introspective tone that fails to submerge her considerable inner strength and fortitude".
Track listing
All tracks composed by Kristin Hersh; except where indicated
"Your Ghost" – 3:16
"Beestung" – 3:08
"Teeth" – 4:10
"Sundrops" – 4:02
"Sparky" – 1:29
"Houdini Blues" (Kristin Hersh, William James Hersh) – 4:26
"A Loon" – 4:18
"Velvet Days" – 3:52
"Close Your Eyes" – 5:27
"Me and My Charms" – 4:16
"Tuesday Night" – 3:03
"The Letter" – 2:47
"Lurch" – 0:36
"The Cuckoo" (traditional; arranged by Kristin Hersh) – 2:12
"Hips and Makers" – 3:19
Personnel
Kristin Hersh – guitar, vocals
Jane Scarpantoni – cello
Michael Stipe – additional vocals on "Your Ghost"
Technical
Phill Brown – engineer
Steve Rizzo – assistant engineer
Vaughan Oliver – design
Shinro Ohtake – artwork
Andrew Catlin – photography
References
External links
'Hips and Makers' page at 4AD
Lyrics at alwaysontherun
Hips and Makers at Myspace (streamed copy where licensed)
1994 debut albums
Kristin Hersh albums
4AD albums
Sire Records albums
Albums produced by Lenny Kaye | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hips%20and%20Makers |
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