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Lawrence Donald Casey (born June 17, 1937) is an American former professional and collegiate basketball coach. He has coached two National Basketball Association (NBA) teams, the Los Angeles Clippers and the New Jersey Nets—each for a season and a half. He had previously coached the Temple Owls from 1973 to 1982. He also worked as an assistant coach with the Chicago Bulls (1982–83) and Boston Celtics (1990–1996).
Casey grew up in Collingswood, New Jersey and attended Camden Catholic High School. As a young man in the 1960s, Casey coached at Bishop Eustace Preparatory School in Pennsauken Township, New Jersey, where he was recommended for a job as a JV coach by a friend and took over the varsity squad after the coach left the job. His coaching led to two state championships. Casey coached Bill Melchionni, a high school and college great who eventually played in the pros in the late 1960s with the ABA New York Nets and Philadelphia 76ers.
In his first season as Temple head coach, Don Casey had his team stall with the basketball in the finals of the Volunteer Classic against Tennessee. The final score of the game was Tennessee 11, Temple 6, the lowest scoring major college basketball game since 1938.
Casey was the head coach of Scavolini Pesaro of Italy's Lega Basket Serie A during the 1984–85 season.
Casey was promoted from assistant to head coach of the Los Angeles Clippers on January 19, 1989, succeeding Gene Shue after a 10–28 start to the 1988–89 season and in the midst of an eleven-game losing streak.
, Casey is the vice-chairman of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, and , Casey is the head coach of the Hollywood Fame of the American Basketball Association's 21st century incarnation.
Head coaching record
College
NBA
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Clippers
| style="text-align:left;"|
|44||11||33|||| align="center"|7th in Pacific|||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|—
|- class="sortbottom"
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Clippers
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||30||52|||| align="center"|6th in Pacific|||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|—
|- class="sortbottom"
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|New Jersey
| style="text-align:left;"|
|30||13||17|||| align="center"|7th in Atlantic|||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|—
|- class="sortbottom"
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|New Jersey
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||31||51|||| align="center"|6th in Atlantic|||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|—
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:left;"|Career
| ||238||85||153|||| ||—||—||—||—||
References
External links
BasketballReference.com: Don Casey
1937 births
Living people
American Basketball Association (2000–present) coaches
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American men's basketball coaches
Basketball coaches from New Jersey
Boston Celtics assistant coaches
Camden Catholic High School alumni
Chicago Bulls assistant coaches
High school basketball coaches in New Jersey
Los Angeles Clippers head coaches
New Jersey Nets head coaches
People from Collingswood, New Jersey
Sportspeople from Camden County, New Jersey
Temple Owls men's basketball coaches
Victoria Libertas Pesaro coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Casey |
Arthur D. Levinson (born March 31, 1950) is an American businessman and is the current chairman of Apple Inc. (2011–present) and CEO of Calico (an Alphabet Inc. venture). He is the former chief executive officer (1995–2009) and chairman (1999–2014) of Genentech.
In addition to serving on the board of Apple Inc. (2000–present), Levinson serves on the board of directors of the Broad Institute (affiliated with MIT and Harvard). Previously, Levinson had served on the board of directors at F. Hoffmann-La Roche (2010–2014), NGM Biopharmaceuticals (2009–2014), and Amyris Biotechnologies (2009–2014). He currently serves on the Board of Scientific Consultants of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, the Industrial Advisory Board of the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), the advisory council for the Princeton University Department of Molecular Biology and the advisory council for the Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics.
Early life and education
Born to a Jewish family, the son of Malvina and Sol Levinson, he received his bachelor's degree from the University of Washington in Seattle in 1972 and his PhD in biochemistry from Princeton University in 1977.
Career
Levinson was a postdoctoral researcher with Nobel Prize winners J. Michael Bishop and Harold Varmus in the department of microbiology at the University of California, San Francisco, when Herb Boyer hired him to work at Genentech. Levinson joined Genentech in 1980 as a research scientist and became vice president of research technology in 1989; vice president of research in 1990; senior vice president of research in 1992; and senior vice president of research and development in 1993. Levinson became Genentech's chief executive officer in 1995 and chairman in 1999. Levinson received corporate leadership awards from the Irvington Institute and the National Breast Cancer Coalition in 1999.
Levinson was inducted into the Biotech Hall of Fame at the 2003 Biotech Meeting of CEOs. BusinessWeek named Levinson one of the "Best Managers of the Year" in 2004 and 2005, and Institutional Investor named him "America's Best CEO" in the biotech category four years in a row (2004–2007). Levinson served on the board of directors of Google from 2004 to 2009.
In 2006, Princeton University awarded Levinson the James Madison Medal for a distinguished career in scientific research and in biotechnology. Also in 2006, Barron's recognized Levinson as one of "The World's Most Respected CEOs", and Louis Carter, CEO and founder of Best Practice Institute placed Levinson on its "25 Top CEOs" list upon approval of his Senior Executive Board. In 2008 Levinson was elected as a Fellow to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and Glassdoor rated him as the "nicest" CEO of 2008 with a 93% approval rating.
In 2010, Levinson was honored with the Biotechnology Heritage Award from the Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) and the Chemical Heritage Foundation, and the Director's Award from the San Francisco Exploratorium.
Levinson has authored or co-authored more than 80 scientific articles and has been a named inventor on 11 United States patents.
On November 15, 2011, Levinson was named chairman of the board for Apple Inc., replacing Steve Jobs.
On September 18, 2013, Levinson was named CEO of Calico, a new company focusing on health and well-being. The company was created and funded by Google.
In 2014 he received the Alumnus Summa Laude Dignatus Award from the University of Washington, the highest honor bestowed upon a Washington graduate.
On October 3, 2014, Levinson received the National Medal of Technology and Innovation, the nation's highest honor for achievement and leadership in advancing the fields of science and technology.
In April 2016, Levinson was awarded the 2016 Distinguished Alumnus Award from the University of California, San Francisco for his contributions to the scientific community.
As of May 2021, he owns approximately 4.5 million Apple shares worth US$786 million.
In 2020 he received the Bower Award for Business Leadership of the Franklin Institute.
Personal life
He married Rita May Liff on December 17, 1978, they have two children and reside in the Seattle area. His son, Jesse Levinson, is currently CTO of Zoox.
See also
Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences
References
1950 births
American computer businesspeople
Businesspeople in the pharmaceutical industry
Directors of Apple Inc.
Businesspeople from Seattle
Princeton University alumni
University of Washington alumni
Life extensionists
Biogerontologists
Living people
20th-century American Jews
Genentech people
American technology chief executives
American chairpersons of corporations
Alphabet Inc. people
University of California, San Francisco alumni
American transhumanists
21st-century American Jews
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20D.%20Levinson |
James G. "Jim" Millns Jr. (born January 13, 1949) is an American former competitive ice dancer. With partner Colleen O'Connor, he was the 1974–1976 U.S. national champion, the 1975 World silver medalist, the 1976 World bronze medalist, and the 1976 Olympic bronze medalist.
They were inducted into the United States Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 1993.
Competitive highlights
(with O'Connor)
See also
World Fit
References
1949 births
American male ice dancers
Figure skaters at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in figure skating
Living people
Sportspeople from Toledo, Ohio
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1976 Winter Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Millns |
The Fashion Center is a shopping center located in Paramus, New Jersey. It opened in 1967 as a traditional indoor shopping mall. The mall slowly underwent a "de-malling" process over a period of several years prior to 2009, which resulted in the former interior portion of the mall gradually taken over by other stores and eventually sealed off, with each store inside the center having its own outside entrances. There is one vacant anchor, a former Lord & Taylor. Junior anchor stores are Denny's Children Wear, Best Buy, TJ Maxx, and Buy Buy Baby. Vacant junior anchors are Jenny Jon, Cost Plus World Market, and Bed Bath & Beyond.
The property is owned by Willner Realty of Pennsylvania. It has a gross leasable area of and is considered small by modern standards, with less than 15 stores at its peak.
Due to highly restrictive blue laws in Bergen County, with even stricter limitations in Paramus, the Fashion Center is closed on Sundays, except for Applebee's and the Amazon Fresh market.
History
Prior to the mall's construction, the area was native marsh and grassland where muskrats were trapped and sold for their fur by local residents. The mall opened on February 15, 1967. Hoping to capitalize on the affluent population of Bergen County, it included two anchor stores: Lord & Taylor on the north end and B. Altman and Company on the south end. Associated Dry Goods, then-owners of the Lord & Taylor chain, developed the mall proper.
The department stores were connected to each other by an indoor shopping arcade that was in length. There was also a free-standing Best & Company store in the parking lot that was built while the company was liquidating; the store instead housed a Britt's location and then became a Toys "R" Us store. After Toys "R" Us went bankrupt in 2018, the location at the Fashion Center closed along with its other two flagship stores in Paramus on Route 4 and the Babies "R" Us location on Route 17. The site of the former Toys "R" Us then became a seasonal Spirit Halloween store. In summer 2019, a Big Lots store replaced the former Toys R Us/Spirit Halloween space and opened.
The Fashion Center, which was designed in a contemporary style of decor, was prosperous through the 1970s. The center court included a fountain that was also used in the mall's former logo. But as the years progressed, other malls in the Paramus area, including Westfield Garden State Plaza, Paramus Park, The Shops at Riverside, and The Outlets at Bergen Town Center began to capture its local market share. By the 1980s, this growing competition, coupled with the demise of B. Altman, led to a severe decline in the mall's fortunes. Retailers gradually moved out, leaving Lord & Taylor as its only anchor store and leading some to refer to the Fashion Center as a dead mall.
In 1996, the vacant B. Altman space was subdivided. Beginning in 2001, the owners of the Fashion Center began planning for the conversion of the mall to a traditional shopping center. In 2003, as part of the chain's expansion into the New York metropolitan area, Best Buy opened a store at the Fashion Center which necessitated the closure of some of the mall's entrances and the mall entrance of the former B. Altman store. Lord & Taylor followed suit the following year. Then in late 2008, the general mall entrance was closed then renovated and reopened in 2009, and later that year the mall added a Fairway Market store to its lineup of stores, which took up a majority of the former interior space. This completed the Fashion Center's transition from a traditional mall into a collection of separate stores with their own entrances and no interior common space; all stores can only be accessed from the outside.
In September 2011, Lord & Taylor opened their first home store at the Fashion Center. It later closed in 2013 and was replaced by a World Market store in 2016.
In March 2020, it was announced that Fairway Market would be closing its doors at the Fashion Center soon and the space will be replaced by an Amazon Go market.
The official closing date for the Fairway Market location was supposed to be May 15, 2020, but the closing got delayed to the summer of 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
On August 27, 2020, it was announced that Lord & Taylor would be closing all 38 stores, including the Fashion Center location. The store closed on February 27, 2021.
The Amazon Market opened on July 21, 2022.
In September 2022 it was announced that Bed Bath & Beyond will be closing by Fall 2022
The Big Lots location closed around 2023 and it will be replaced by a Barnes & Noble.
References
External links
Official Fashion Center Website
DeadMalls.com Article
International Council of Shopping Centers: Fashion Center
Info on all of Paramus' malls
Aerial View
Paramus, New Jersey
Shopping malls in New Jersey
Shopping malls established in 1967
Buildings and structures in Bergen County, New Jersey
Tourist attractions in Bergen County, New Jersey
Shopping malls in the New York metropolitan area | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion%20Center |
Herennia Cupressenia Etruscilla was Roman empress as the wife of Emperor Decius. She was the mother of Emperors Herennius Etruscus and Hostilian.
Life
As with most third-century Roman empresses, very little is known about her. She was probably from a senatorial family. It is assumed that her ancestors settled in Etrurian lands. Herennia married Decius probably before 230 and gained the title Augusta when Decius became emperor 249.
While information about her is scarce, coins with her portrait are numerous and easy to obtain. Legends on coins struck at Rome only ever give her name as 'Herennia Etruscilla' but billon tetradrachms struck at Alexandria supply the Cupressenia element in abbreviation: ΕΡ ΚΟΥΠ ΑΙΤΡΟΥCΚΙΛΑ (Greek: Her. Koup. Aitrouskila), showing that her full name was Herennia Cup(ressenia) Etruscilla. The Cupressenia element is expanded from the 'ΚΟΥΠ' in the Alexandria coin legends, from the Latin cupresseus "cypress tree" and symbol of Juno.
See also
Women in ancient Rome
List of Roman women
References
External links
Statue of Herennia Cupressenia Etruscilla
Coins of Herennia Etruscilla
3rd-century Roman empresses
Decian dynasty
Augustae
Etruscilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herennia%20Etruscilla |
Colleen M. O'Connor (born December 17, 1951, in Chicago, Illinois) is an American former ice dancer. With partner James Millns, she is the 1974-1976 U.S. national champion, the 1975 World silver medalist, the 1976 World bronze medalist, and the 1976 Olympic bronze medalist.
They were inducted into the United States Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 1993.
Competitive highlights
(with Millns)
References
1951 births
American female ice dancers
Figure skaters at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in figure skating
Living people
Figure skaters from Chicago
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1976 Winter Olympics
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleen%20O%27Connor |
The Johnstons were an Irish close-harmony folk band, founded in Slane, County Meath, Ireland, consisting of siblings Adrienne, Luci and Michael Johnston.
Career
The Johnstons began performing in the early 1960s in Slane. They signed to Pye Records in 1965 and recorded Ewan MacColl's "The Travelling People", a major hit for them. They added Mick Moloney, who was then becoming a major figure in the Irish music scene, and Paul Brady, while Michael Johnston departed. They continued recording to great success in Ireland, then signed to Transatlantic Records in London, releasing a United Kingdom album called The Johnstons in 1968. This was followed by two albums released on the same day, the traditional The Barleycorn and more contemporary Give a Damn.
When the Johnstons moved to London to further their career, Luci Johnston resigned and stayed in Dublin, leaving Adrienne as the only original Johnston in the group. After moving to London, the Johnstons toured and appeared on British television and radio. They also toured the Netherlands, Scandinavia and Germany, then had a minor hit in the United States with a rendition of "Both Sides Now", by Joni Mitchell. In the United States, they played at the 1971 Philadelphia Folk Festival, and performed at the Gerde's Folk City, and with Bonnie Raitt at Tufts College, Boston; they were also among the first bands to perform in the opening weeks of The Bottom Line nightclub in New York City in February/March 1974.
Moloney departed in 1971, and was replaced by English guitarist/bass player/singer Gavin Spencer, who went with them for a second tour of the eastern United States in 1972. They recorded a few more albums with limited success, then broke up in 1973. One of their last albums, 1972's The Johnstons, was panned by Robert Christgau, who wrote in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981): "What do you call it when an honest and political Irish folk duo adds strings and horn arrangements for no perceivable purpose, including increased sales? How about sham-rock?"
The Johnstons had a reunion concert in Canada in 1976, but never performed again.
Adrienne Johnston married the band's former manager, Chris McCloud. They moved to America and broke off contact with Ireland; Adrienne's friends and family were unable to get in touch with her to let her know of the deaths of her father and other relatives. She was found dead at her apartment in Minneapolis on 27 May 1981, aged 36. The cause of death was given as "cerebral contusions and subdural haematoma", apparently resulting from a fall. Police said there were no suspicious circumstances.
References
External links
Irish folk musical groups
Musical groups established in 1965
Musical groups from County Meath | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Johnstons |
A flavorist, also known as flavor chemist, is someone who uses chemistry to engineer artificial and natural flavors. The tools and materials used by flavorists are almost the same as that used by perfumers with the exception that flavorists seek to mimic or modify both the olfactory and gustatory properties of various food products rather than creating just abstract smells. Additionally, the materials and chemicals that a flavorist utilizes for flavor creation must be safe for human consumption.
The profession of flavorists came about when affordable refrigeration for the home spurred of food processing technology, which could affect the quality of the flavor of the food. In some cases, these technologies can remove naturally occurring flavors. To remedy the flavor loss, the food processing industry created the flavor industry. The chemists that resolved the demand of the food processing industry became known as flavorists.
Education
Educational requirements for the profession known as flavorist are varied. Flavorists are often graduated either in Chemistry, Biology or Food Science up to PhDs obtained in subjects such as Biochemistry and Chemistry. Because, however, the training of a flavorist is mostly done on-the-job and specifically at a flavor company known as a flavor house, this training is similar to the apprentice system.
Located in Versailles (France), ISIPCA French School offers two years of high-standard education in food flavoring including 12 months traineeship in a flavor company. This education program provides students with solid background in Flavoring formulation, flavor application, and flavor chemistry (analysis and sensory).
The British Society of Flavourists together with Reading University provide, every year, a three-week flavorist training course for flavorists from all around the world.
Flavorist societies
In the United States, a certified flavorist must be a member of the Society of Flavor Chemists, which meets in New Jersey, Cincinnati, Chicago, and the West Coast 6 to 8 times a year. To be an apprentice flavorist in the society, one must pass an apprenticeship within a flavor house for five years. To be a certified member with voting rights, one must pass a seven-year program. Each level is verified by a written and oral test of the Membership Committee. As an alternative to training under a flavorist, rather than the above-mentioned cases, a 10-year independent option is available. At any given time there are approximately 400 certified and apprentice flavor chemists in the US.
In the United Kingdom, a flavorist can join The British Society of Flavourists, which meets near the London area. To acquire membership, applicants must be sponsored by at least two voting members, shall not be under thirty years of age, and shall have been engaged as a creative flavorist for a period of at least ten years. To be an associate member, applicants must be either a full-time creative flavorist with at least four years' experience, a flavor application chemist, or a food technologist responsible for flavor blending, assessment, and evaluation for a period of at least five years, or a person of such standing in the flavor-producing or using industries as satisfies the Membership Committee that he/she is eligible for membership. An Associate Member must be proposed by two voting members. To be a student member, the applicant must be a new entrant to the flavor industry, not yet able to qualify as an Associate, and proposed by one voting member. To be an affiliate member, applicants must be Technical and Marketing Consultants, Commercial and Technical Managers having a direct relationship to the flavoring industry, and sponsored by three voting members.
Prominent example
Pamela Low, a flavorist at Arthur D. Little and 1951 graduate of the University of New Hampshire with a microbiology degree, developed the original flavor for Cap'n Crunch in 1963 — recalling a recipe of brown sugar and butter her grandmother served over rice at her home in Derry, New Hampshire.
Robert (Bob) Reinhart developed a technique in the manufacture of Cap'n Crunch, using oil in its recipe as a flavor delivery mechanism — which initially presented problems in having the cereal bake properly. The cereal required innovation of a special baking process as it was one of the first cereals to use the oil coating method to deliver its flavoring.
Having arrived at the flavor coating for Cap'n Crunch, Low described it as giving the cereal a quality she called "want-more-ishness". After her death in 2007, the Boston Globe called Low "the mother of Cap'n Crunch." At Arthur D. Little, Low had also worked on the flavors for Heath, Mounds and Almond Joy candy bars.
See also
Perfumer
Université Européenne des Senteurs & Saveurs
References
External links
Occupational Outlook Quarterly Online: You're a What? Flavorist
Desirable Technical Requirements of a flavorist
The Society of Flavor Chemists Inc. (SFC)
Flavorist Jobs
BBC News - AI: Why chefs are turning to artificial intelligence - discusses flavorists as a profession and the use of AI as sous-chefs.
Food scientists
Flavors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavorist |
James Francis Lynam (born September 15, 1941) is an American former college and professional basketball coach. He coached at the college level for Fairfield University from 1968 to 1970, American University from 1973 to 1978, and St. Joseph's University from 1978 to 1981. In the National Basketball Association (NBA), Lynam coached the San Diego / Los Angeles Clippers from 1983 to 1985, the Philadelphia 76ers from 1987 to 1992, and the Washington Bullets from 1995 to 1997. Lynam compiled a 158–118 record at the college level, and 328–392 in the NBA. He was also Philadelphia's general manager from 1992 to 1994.
Playing career
After graduating from West Catholic High School, he went to Saint Joseph's University. With the Hawks, he was a three-year starter. In 1961, Lynam was a key player on a Hawks team that advanced to the 1961 Final Four. The Hawks defeated Utah in a four-overtime game for third place. Lynam won the team MVP award after Jack Egan was expelled for his participation in the 1961 point shaving scandal.
Lynam played with the Hawks until 1963. That year, he was named the MVP of the Big 5 in his senior year.
Coaching career
He began his coaching career with the Fairfield Stags in 1968 where he coached two years. In 1973, he took the reins at American University in 1973, where he coached for five years. He coached the Eagles to one finals appearance in the East Coast Conference tournament.
In 1978, he returned to his alma mater. He coached St. Joseph's to an upset victory over #1 ranked DePaul by a score of 49–48 in the second round of the 1981 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. In their opening game his 9th seeded Hawks topped #8th seed Creighton 59–57. They would win their third tournament game over #5 seed Boston College 42-41 before falling to the National Champion, Indiana at a game on their home floor in Bloomington. Had they won that game Lynam's Hawks would have been in the Final Four at The Spectrum in their home town of Philadelphia.
Lynam has also served as an assistant coach for several teams, most notably the Sixers and the Portland Trail Blazers, the latter for head coach Maurice Cheeks. When Cheeks was hired as Philadelphia's coach for the 2005–06 season, Lynam was named an assistant. During the preseason, however, he was forced to leave the team due to an undisclosed medical condition. In January, 2006, Lynam retired from coaching. However, on September 29, 2006, it was announced that Lynam, along with NBA hall of famer Moses Malone would be rejoining the 76ers as an assistant coach.
In July 2010, The Oregonian reported that Lynam was among candidates for an assistant coaching job in Portland.
On January 24, 2011, the Minnesota Timberwolves announced that Lynam would be joining the club as a part-time basketball operations consultant, evaluating pro personnel on the Wolves roster and throughout the NBA.
Starting in the 2011–12 season, Lynam serves as a pre-game and post-game analyst for the Philadelphia 76ers on NBC Sports Philadelphia.
Personal
Lynam's daughter, Dei, is a former anchor/reporter for NBC Sports Philadelphia for the Sixers. She once served as a sideline reporter for 76ers telecasts. She also worked as a Sideline Reporter for TNT's coverage of the NBA Playoffs from 2010 to 2015.
Now she helps call the 76ers G-League team, the Delaware Blue Coats games. He is also a grandfather to ten grandchildren. Lynam is known for his distinct Philadelphia accent.
Head coaching record
College
NBA
|-
| align="left" |SDC
| align="left" |
|82||30||52||.366|| align="center" |6th in Pacific||—||—||—||—
| align="center" |Missed Playoffs
|-
| align="left" |LAC
| align="left" |
|61||22||39||.361|| align="center" |(fired)||—||—||—||—
| align="center" |—
|-
| align="left" |PHI
| align="left" |
|39||16||23||.410|| align="center" |4th in Atlantic||—||—||—||—
| align="center" |Missed Playoffs
|-
| align="left" |PHI
| align="left" |
|82||46||36||.561|| align="center" |2nd in Atlantic||3||0||3||.000
| align="center" |Lost in first round
|-
| align="left" |PHI
| align="left" |
|82||53||29||.646|| align="center" |1st in Atlantic||10||4||6||.400
| align="center" |Lost in Conf. Semifinals
|-
| align="left" |PHI
| align="left" |
|82||44||38||.537|| align="center" |2nd in Atlantic||8||4||4||.500
| align="center" |Lost in Conf. Semifinals
|-
| align="left" |PHI
| align="left" |
|82||35||47||.427|| align="center" |5th in Atlantic||—||—||—||—
| align="center" |Missed Playoffs
|-
| align="left" |WSH
| align="left" |
|82||21||61||.256|| align="center" |7th in Atlantic||—||—||—||—
| align="center" |Missed Playoffs
|-
| align="left" |WSH
| align="left" |
|82||39||43||.476|| align="center" |4th in Atlantic||—||—||—||—
| align="center" |Missed Playoffs
|-
| align="left" |WSH
| align="left" |
|46||22||24||.478|| align="center" |(fired)||—||—||—||—
| align="center" |—
|-class="sortbottom"
| align="left" |Career
| ||720||328||392||.456|| ||21||8||13||.381
References
External links
BasketballReference.com: Jim Lynam
NBA.com coach file: Jim Lynam
St. Joseph's biography
1941 births
Living people
American Eagles men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Pennsylvania
Basketball players from Philadelphia
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Fairfield Stags men's basketball coaches
Los Angeles Clippers head coaches
National Basketball Association general managers
Philadelphia 76ers assistant coaches
Philadelphia 76ers executives
Philadelphia 76ers head coaches
Portland Trail Blazers assistant coaches
Saint Joseph's Hawks men's basketball coaches
Saint Joseph's Hawks men's basketball players
San Diego Clippers head coaches
Washington Bullets head coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Lynam |
Ushio Torikai (鳥養潮; surname Torikai; born July 11, 1952, in Matsumoto, Nagano Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese composer of contemporary classical music. She is known for her highly individual musical voice, developed over many years of research and compositional experience in diverse musical fields including European classical music, traditional Japanese music, ancient Japanese music and computer/electronics.
Career
Torikai was raised in Matsumoto, Nagano, where she attended Matsumoto Fukashi High School. She then moved to Tokyo and graduated from the faculty of Economics at Keio University.
She started a concert series of her own music in 1979, and was invited to the Paris Biennale in 1982. Concerts of her music have since been presented in major cities in Europe, North America and Japan, including at the Georges Pompidou Center (Paris), the Cathedral of St. John the Divine (New York), the Museum of Modern Art (San Francisco), and Meiji Shrine (Tokyo).
Torikai's compositions vary considerably in instrumentation, ranging from Western orchestral instruments to traditional Japanese ones, computer/electronics to reconstructed ancient Asian instruments, and Western Choir to Japanese Buddhist monks’ chants.
She has received commissions from the City of Los Angeles, Ensemble Modern (Frankfurt), the Kronos Quartet, the Ensemble Continuum (New York), the Canadian Electronic Ensemble, the Japan Broadcasting Corporation, Tokyo Ministry of Culture, and Japan National Theater, to name only a few. Commissioned pieces range from works for concert music and opera to a permanent music installation in a public park.
Her career is characterized by a variety of multidisciplinary collaborations. She has a long history of involvement as a composer in theater (with such as Lee Breuer and Mabou Mines), in dance and in multi-media projects.
Torikai's albums have been released on JVC: GO WHERE?, with compositions realized at IRCAM (the computer-oriented musical research center in Paris); A UN, a seventy-five-minute work for a choir of forty Japanese Buddhist Monks; Son Bou no Toki, featuring a Native American's poem; and Many Winters, dedicated to the victims of 9/11. Her newest album REST (chamber works for strings, piano and voices), dedicated to the victims of war and terrorism in the world, was released on Innova Records.
In the early 1980s, Torikai devoted significant effort to introducing shomyo (Japanese Buddhist monks' chants) and ancient Japanese music and instruments to the Japanese contemporary music scene and audience. For example, she was responsible for the reconstruction and reintroduction of the kugo, an ancient Asian angular harp whose origins can be traced back more than three millennia and which had been unused for over 1200 years. The mission to bring it back to life led to her philosophy of “positivity” - the fundamental human desire to follow our incredible imagination - and that individuals possess their own kind of “music” and beauty unique to themselves.
The New York Times has written: “Ms. Torikai has a wide ranging musical imagination….[Her] music was spectacular, exuberant, radical and dense.”
External links
Ushio Torikai bio
Ushio Torikai biography from Juilliard site
1952 births
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Asian Cultural Council grantees
Japanese classical composers
Japanese women classical composers
Keio University alumni
Living people
Musicians from Matsumoto, Nagano
20th-century Japanese composers
21st-century Japanese composers
20th-century women composers
21st-century women composers
21st-century Japanese women musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushio%20Torikai |
In professional wrestling, the term Black Saturday refers to Saturday, July 14, 1984, the day when Vince McMahon's World Wrestling Federation (WWF) took over the time slot on Superstation WTBS that had been home to Georgia Championship Wrestling (GCW) and its flagship weekly program, World Championship Wrestling, for 12 years. McMahon's purchase led to a longstanding rivalry between himself and WTBS owner Ted Turner, who later bought GCW's successor Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP) and formed his own company under the World Championship Wrestling (WCW) name.
Background
Georgia Championship Wrestling's first weekly television series had premiered on then-WTCG in 1972 when station owner Ted Turner purchased the rights to air the program from station WQXI. From that date, GCW's program aired for two hours (from 6-8 PM and later from 6:05 to 8:05 following the introduction of TBS' "Turner Time" in 1981) every Saturday night. In 1976, GCW became the first National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) territory to earn a national cable television contract as the soon-to-be-renamed Superstation WTBS began to be carried by various cable and satellite providers nationwide.
In 1982, Georgia Championship Wrestling renamed its weekly program World Championship Wrestling, a name the entire promotion would grow to be identified by. Jack Brisco and Gerald Brisco had major stakes in the organization while Ole Anderson was head booker and was basically in charge of operations. GCW's program was hosted by NWA announcer Gordon Solie, who also hosted programs for various other NWA affiliated promotions at the time (such as Championship Wrestling from Florida). World Championship Wrestling was a program featuring the "rasslin'" style of wrestling, that emphasized a more athletic product and put less emphasis on cartoonish gimmicks.
In 1983, WWF owner Vince McMahon, who promoted the cartoonish gimmicks that GCW fans were not traditionally supportive of and who in recent months had begun to expand his promotion nationwide, took control of the other major cable television contract at the time when he purchased Southwest Championship Wrestling's Sunday morning USA Network time slot for his All American Wrestling program. The following year, in addition to the cable contract and his nationally syndicated offerings (WWF Championship Wrestling and WWF All-Star Wrestling), McMahon expanded further by premiering Tuesday Night Titans on USA.
Later in 1984, McMahon decided that, as part of his continued expansion, the WWF needed a second national cable outlet for its weekly programming. The only other national cable deal available at the moment was the one GCW had with WTBS; if McMahon was able to acquire this time slot, he would control all nationally televised professional wrestling in the United States. Consequently, he approached Turner with an offer to buy the Saturday night GCW time slot, only for Turner to reject him out of hand. McMahon, undeterred, tried to find another way of securing the slot for the WWF; he discovered that method shortly after his rejection by Turner.
McMahon approached the Brisco brothers and Jim Barnett, the fourth owner of the company, and discussed a potential sale. All three men agreed to sell their stakes in GCW to McMahon, giving the WWF the controlling stake in GCW and McMahon access to the Saturday night time slot. The last World Championship Wrestling program under GCW control aired on July 7, 1984.
Slot takeover and reception
The July 14 program opened with show co-host Freddie Miller (Gordon Solie was absent for reasons never made clear; he either resigned in protest or was terminated following the purchase, as were many other people involved with the production) introducing McMahon and welcoming the WWF to TBS. McMahon promised the GCW fans who were tuned in that they would enjoy his new program just as much.
However, unlike World Championship Wrestling, which had been a weekly show from the TBS studios in Atlanta, the WWF's TBS show at first consisted solely of highlights from the WWF's USA Network and syndicated programming, as well as house show clips from Madison Square Garden, Boston Garden, and most of the other major arenas it did business in. This was in direct violation of a promise McMahon had made at the time of the purchase to provide original programming for TBS, including having shows taped at the TBS studios. Finally, on March 2, 1985, the WWF began airing in-studio matches (while changing the name of the program to WWF Georgia Championship Wrestling) co-hosted by ring announcer Miller and play-by-play commentator Gorilla Monsoon. Along with these matches, Miller did interviews with many of the WWF stars, mainly to promote the first WrestleMania card. These programs ran until March 30, 1985, using the same set that would later be used by Jim Crockett when he purchased the WWF time slot from McMahon (see below).
The WWF show on TBS was a ratings disaster from the start. GCW's core audience began writing and calling TBS in droves, furious over the fact that GCW was no longer airing on the station and demanding to know why. Thousands of complaints were received, many of which focused on the loss of Gordon Solie. Turner himself was angered by the sinking ratings and made two decisions that would fix the ratings problem.
First, Turner made an offer to Bill Watts, a promoter who ran Mid South Wrestling out of Oklahoma, to take a Sunday afternoon time slot on TBS. He also entered into negotiations to bring Championship Wrestling from Georgia, an NWA affiliate founded by Ole Anderson after his ouster by McMahon and which the NWA regarded as the successor to GCW, to the station on Saturday mornings with Gordon Solie as announcer. McMahon was not happy with either of Turner's decisions, thinking his control of GCW would make the WWF the exclusive wrestling company on TBS. Both Mid South Wrestling and Championship Wrestling from Georgia outdid the WWF in ratings.
Sale and aftermath
Losing money on the deal and desperately looking for help, McMahon turned to Jim Barnett, who directed him to NWA President Jim Crockett Jr., the owner of Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP), which promoted wrestling shows in Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. At the time, Crockett was trying to counter the WWF's national expansion by unifying the remaining NWA territories that McMahon had not driven out of business into one nationwide unit. Crockett, who had just bought out Championship Wrestling from Georgia, bought the World Championship Wrestling program from McMahon for $1 million and returned NWA programming to TBS. This promotion would eventually become World Championship Wrestling (WCW) when Turner bought the promotion from Crockett in 1988 and later withdrew it from the NWA.
Despite his setback with regard to the TBS time slot, McMahon's USA Network contract and syndicated programming were not affected in any way. USA gave McMahon another time slot when WWF Prime Time Wrestling, a similar program to the WWF's TBS program that aired on Monday nights and was a forerunner to the current Monday Night Raw, debuted early in 1985. Due in large part to both parties' actions, McMahon and Turner began a rivalry that would continue for over a decade, before ending in 2001 when McMahon purchased the non-license assets of WCW from AOL Time Warner, which had previously purchased Turner's wrestling assets (along with the rest of his company) in 1996.
Turner's decision to give time slots to Bill Watts and Ole Anderson indirectly led to other wrestling organizations gaining national cable television contracts. Verne Gagne's AWA debuted on ESPN in 1985 and aired on the network until the company folded in 1991. Fritz Von Erich's World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW) joined ESPN in 1986 and its Dallas-based successors, the United States Wrestling Association (USWA) and the Global Wrestling Federation (GWF), later occupied time slots on the network as well. Herb Abrams' UWF had a weekly program that aired on SportsChannel America. By 1994, none of these companies remained in business, with the exception of the Memphis-based branch of the USWA, which folded in 1997. During the 1990s, Philadelphia-based Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) rose to become the third-largest wrestling company in North America, behind the WWF and WCW. In 1999, it secured a cable deal to air a show on TNN, but the next year, TNN gained rights to WWF programming and dropped ECW, which folded in April 2001, shortly after the WWF's purchase of WCW's assets.
In July 2018, the Black Saturday episode was made available as a hidden gem on the WWE Network.
References
1984 in professional wrestling
1984 in American television
July 1984 events in the United States
Jim Crockett Promotions
TBS (American TV channel) original programming
World Championship Wrestling
World Championship Wrestling shows
History of WWE
Mass media-related controversies in the United States
Professional wrestling controversies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Saturday%20%28professional%20wrestling%29 |
Graeme R. Anderson (born 5 January 1953) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Recruited from Victorian Football Association (VFA) club Port Melbourne, Anderson was a tough forward who would occasionally play in the midfield as a ruck-rover.
Anderson missed the 1978 season after playing in both 1977 Grand Finals against North Melbourne. He played in the 1979 Grand Final against Carlton.
At the end of the 1980 season, Anderson's tenure with The Magpies ended, and after 71 VFL games, he returned to the Port Melbourne Football Club the following year.
Anderson's father (Claude Anderson), brother (Syd Anderson), and uncle (Syd Anderson) all played in the VFL.
References
External links
1953 births
Living people
Collingwood Football Club players
Port Melbourne Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme%20Anderson%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201953%29 |
Graeme Anderson is the name of:
Graeme Anderson (footballer, born 1939) (1939–2022), Australian rules footballer with Carlton
Graeme Anderson (footballer, born 1953) (born 1953), Australian rules footballer with Collingwood
See also
Graham Anderson (1929–2012), Canadian scholar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme%20Anderson |
Beginning with the invasion of Poland during World War II, the Nazi regime set up ghettos across German-occupied Eastern Europe in order to segregate and confine Jews, and sometimes Romani people, into small sections of towns and cities furthering their exploitation. In German documents, and signage at ghetto entrances, the Nazis usually referred to them as Jüdischer Wohnbezirk or Wohngebiet der Juden, both of which translate as the Jewish Quarter. There were several distinct types including open ghettos, closed ghettos, work, transit, and destruction ghettos, as defined by the Holocaust historians. In a number of cases, they were the place of Jewish underground resistance against the German occupation, known collectively as the ghetto uprisings.
Background and establishment of the ghettos
The first anti-Jewish measures were enacted in Germany with the onset of Nazism; these measures did not include ghettoizing German Jews: such plans were rejected in the post-Kristallnacht period. However, soon after the 1939 German invasion of Poland, the Nazis began to designate areas of larger Polish cities and towns as exclusively Jewish, and within weeks, embarked on a massive programme of uprooting Polish Jews from their homes and businesses through forcible expulsions. The entire Jewish communities were deported into these closed off zones by train from their places of origin systematically, using Order Police battalions, first in the Reichsgaue, and then throughout the Generalgouvernement territory.
The Nazis had a special hatred of Polish and other eastern Jews.
Nazi ideology depicted Jews, Slavs and Roma as inferior race Untermenschen ("subhumans") who threatened the purity of Germany's Aryan Herrenrasse ("master race"),
and viewed these people and also political opponents of the Nazi party as parasitic vermin or diseases that endangered the overall health of the Volksgemeinschaft, the German racial community.
German doctors and public health officials helped advance these racist, political and fearmongering ideas.
The German invasion of Poland (Sept. 1, 1939) and the formation of Jewish ghettos caused hunger and poverty, crowding and unsanitary conditions, which in turn actually created typhus epidemics in occupied Poland. German physicians and public health officials in the Nazi regime
did not acknowledge this; instead, German medical professionals published essays blaming Jewish people's supposed "low cultural level" and "uncleanliness" for the typhoid epidemics. Posters depicting Jews as lice, which transmit from person to person the bacteria that causes epidemic typhus, were publicized, and the respected status of German doctors helped spread the belief that the Jews were responsible for spreading typhus.
The German public health officials in occupied Poland were concerned only with the health of German personnel, so they repeatedly urged occupation authorities to isolate Jews further from the rest of the population.
German forces regarded the establishment of ghettos as temporary measures, in order to allow higher level Nazis in Berlin to decide how to execute their goal of eradicating Jews from Europe.
Nazi officials had an Endziel, an unarticulated final goal that would take time to reach, and also an Endlösung, a "final solution" which was a euphemism for the murder of Jews.
Toward the Endziel and Endloesung there were intermediate goals to be carried out in the short term, and one of these was to concentrate Jews from the countryside into larger cities, thus making certain areas Judenrein ("clean of Jews").
The first ghetto of World War II was established on 8 October 1939 at Piotrków Trybunalski (38 days after the invasion), with the Tuliszków ghetto established in December 1939. The first large metropolitan ghetto known as the Łódź Ghetto (Litzmannstadt) followed them in April 1940, and the Warsaw Ghetto in October. Most Jewish ghettos were established in 1940 and 1941. Subsequently, many ghettos were sealed from the outside, walled off with brickwork, or enclosed with barbed wire. In the case of sealed ghettos, any Jew found leaving there could be shot. The Warsaw Ghetto, located in the heart of the city, was the largest ghetto in Nazi occupied Europe, with over 400,000 Jews crammed into an area of . The Łódź Ghetto was the second largest, holding about 160,000 people. According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum archives, there were at least 1,000 such ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone.
Living conditions
Ghettos across Eastern Europe varied in their size, scope and living conditions. The conditions in the ghettos were generally brutal. In Warsaw, the Jews, comprising 30% of the city overall population, were forced to live in 2.4% of the city's area, a density of 7.2 people per room. In the ghetto of Odrzywół, 700 people lived in an area previously occupied by five families, between 12 and 30 to each room. The Jews were not allowed out of the ghetto, so they had to rely on smuggling and the starvation rations supplied by the Nazis: in Warsaw this was per Jew, compared to per Pole and per German. With the crowded living conditions, starvation diets, and insufficient sanitation (coupled with lack of medical supplies), epidemics of infectious disease became a major feature of ghetto life. In the Łódź Ghetto some 43,800 people died of 'natural' causes, 76,000 in the Warsaw Ghetto before July 1942.
Types of ghettos
To prevent unauthorised contact between the Jewish and non-Jewish populations, German Order Police battalions were assigned to patrol the perimeter. Within each ghetto, a Jewish Ghetto Police force was created to ensure that no prisoners tried to escape. In general terms, there were three types of ghettos maintained by the Nazi administration.
Open ghettos did not have walls or fences, and existed mostly in initial stages of World War II in German-occupied Poland and the occupied Soviet Union, but also in Transnistria province of Ukraine occupied and administered by Romanian authorities. There were severe restrictions on entering and leaving them.
Closed or sealed ghettos were situated mostly in German-occupied Poland. They were surrounded by brick walls, fences or barbed wire stretched between posts. Jews were not allowed to live in any other areas under the threat of capital punishment. In the closed ghettos the living conditions were the worst. The quarters were extremely crowded and unsanitary. Starvation, chronic shortages of food, lack of heat in winter and inadequate municipal services led to frequent outbreaks of epidemics such as dysentery and typhus and to a high mortality rate. Most Nazi ghettos were of this particular type.
The destruction or extermination ghettos existed in the final stages of the Holocaust, for between two and six weeks only, in German-occupied Soviet Union (especially in Lithuania and Ukraine), in Hungary, and in occupied Poland. They were tightly sealed off. The Jewish population was imprisoned in them only to be deported or taken out of town and shot by the German killing squads, often with the aid of local collaborationist Auxiliary Police battalions.
Aryan side
The parts of a city outside the walls of the Jewish Quarter were called "Aryan". For example, in Warsaw, the city was divided into Jewish, Polish, and German Quarters. Those living outside the ghetto had to have identification papers proving they were not Jewish (none of their grandparents was a member of the Jewish community), such as a baptism certificate. Such documents were sometimes called "Christian" or "Aryan papers". Poland's Catholic clergy massively forged baptism certificates, which were given to Jews by the dominant Polish resistance movement, the Home Army (Armia Krajowa, or AK). Any Pole found by the Germans to be giving any help to a Jew was subject to the death penalty.
Liquidation
In 1942, the Nazis began Operation Reinhard, the systematic deportation of Jews to extermination camps. Nazi authorities throughout Europe deported Jews to ghettos in Eastern Europe or most often directly to extermination camps built by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland. Almost 300,000 people were deported from the Warsaw Ghetto alone to Treblinka over the course of 52 days. In some ghettos, local resistance organizations staged ghetto uprisings. None were successful, and the Jewish populations of the ghettos were almost entirely killed. On June 21, 1943, Heinrich Himmler issued an order to liquidate all ghettos and transfer remaining Jewish inhabitants to concentration camps. A few ghettos were re-designated as concentration camps and existed until 1944.
See also
Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland
Judendienstordnung
Judenrat
Notes
References
Jewish Polish history
Jewish Ukrainian history
Holocaust locations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish%20ghettos%20established%20by%20Nazi%20Germany |
Wayne Seybold (born September 5, 1963) is formerly the mayor of Marion, Indiana and a former Olympic pair skater representing the United States.
Competing with his sister Natalie Seybold, he won five senior international medals, became a two-time U.S. national silver medalist, and competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics. The pair grew up in Marion, Indiana and were coached by Ronald Ludington from 1984 in Wilmington, Delaware.
After retiring from skating, Seybold returned to Marion, Indiana. Running as a Republican, he was elected mayor in 2003 and won re-election in 2007 and 2011. In 2012, Seybold ran for the 5th District Congressional seat but finished fourth in the Republican primary. In 2014, he ran for Indiana State Treasurer but lost the Republican nomination to director of the TrustINdiana local government investment pool Kelly Mitchell.
Results
(with Natalie Seybold)
References
1963 births
American athlete-politicians
American male pair skaters
Figure skaters at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Living people
Olympic figure skaters for the United States
People from Marion, Indiana
Mayors of places in Indiana
Indiana Republicans | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne%20Seybold |
Hillel Kook (, 24 July 1915 –18 August 2001), also known as Peter Bergson (Hebrew: פיטר ברגסון), was a Revisionist Zionist activist and politician.
Kook led the Irgun's efforts in the United States during World War II to promote Zionism and mainly to save the abandoned Jews of Europe during the Holocaust. His rescue group's activism was the main factor leading to President Roosevelt establishing the US War Refugee Board, which protected and rescued tens of thousands and possibly many more, partly via the Wallenberg mission. He later served in Israel's first Knesset.
Biography
Hillel Kook was born in Kriukai in the Russian Empire (today in Lithuania) in 1915, the son of Rabbi Dov Kook, the younger brother of Abraham Isaac Kook, the first Ashkenazi chief rabbi of Mandatory Palestine. In 1924, his family immigrated to Palestine, where his father became the first Chief Rabbi of Afula. Hillel Kook received a religious education in Afula and attended his uncle's Religious Zionist yeshiva, Merkaz HaRav in Jerusalem. He also attended classes in Jewish Studies at the Hebrew University, where he became a member of Sohba ("Comradeship"), a group of students who would later become prominent in the Revisionist movement, including David Raziel and Avraham Stern.
Military career
Kook joined the pre-state Haganah militia in 1930 following widespread Arab riots. In 1931, Kook helped found the Irgun, a group of militant Haganah dissidents, and fought with them in Palestine through most of the 1930s. He served as a post commander in 1936, and eventually became a member of the Irgun General Staff.
In 1937, Kook began his career as an international spokesperson for the Irgun and Revisionist Zionism. He first went to Poland, where he was involved in fundraising and establishing Irgun cells in Eastern Europe. It was there that he met the founder of the Revisionist movement, Ze'ev Jabotinsky, and became friends with his son Ari. At the founders' request, Kook traveled to the United States with Jabotinsky in 1940, where he soon served as the head of the Irgun and revisionist mission in America, following the elder's death in August. This assignment was clandestine, and Kook publicly denied he was affiliated with the Irgun many times while in America.
Activism in America
While in America, Kook led a group of Irgun activists under the pseudonym "Peter Bergson." The name "Bergson Group" or "Bergsonites" eventually became used to refer to all the members of Kook's immediate circle. The Bergson Group was composed of a hard-core cadre of ten Irgun activists from Europe, America and Palestine, including Aryeh Ben-Eliezer, Yitzhak Ben-Ami, Alexander Rafaeli, Shmuel Merlin, and Eri Jabotinsky. The Bergson Group was closely involved with various Jewish and Zionist advocacy groups, such as the American Friends for a Jewish Palestine and the Organizing Committee of Illegal Immigration. The group also founded some separate initiatives of its own, specifically the Committee for a Jewish Army of Stateless and Palestinian Jews, whose goal was the formation of an Allied fighting force of stateless and Palestinian Jews. Some credit the later formation of the Jewish Brigade, a British unit of Palestinian Jews, with Kook's activism. Two American members of the Bergson Group were author and screenwriter Ben Hecht and cartoonist Arthur Szyk.
Initially the Bergson Group largely limited its activities to Irgun fundraising and various propaganda campaigns. The outbreak of World War II saw a dramatic transformation in the group's focus. As information about the Holocaust began to reach the United States, Kook and his fellow activists became more involved in trying to raise awareness about the fate of the Jews in Europe. This included putting full-page advertisements in leading newspapers, such as "Jews Fight for the Right to Fight", published in The New York Times in 1942, and "For Sale to Humanity 70,000 Jews, Guaranteed Human Beings at $50 a Piece", in response to an offer by Romania to send their Jews to safety if the travel expenses would be provided. On March 9, 1943, the Group produced a huge pageant in Madison Square Garden written by Ben Hecht, titled "We Will Never Die", memorializing the 2,000,000 European Jews who had already been murdered. Forty thousand people saw the pageant that first night, and it went on to play in five other major cities including Washington, D.C., where First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, six Supreme Court Justices, and some 300 senators and congressmen watched it.
In 1943, Kook established the Emergency Committee for the Rescue of European Jewry. The Committee, which included Jewish and non-Jewish American writers, public figures, and politicians, worked to disseminate information to the general public, and also lobbied the President and Congress to take immediate action to save the remnants of Europe's Jews. United States immigration laws at the time limited immigration to only 2% of the number of each nationality present in the United States since the census of 1890, which limited Jews from Austria and Germany to 27,370 and from Poland to 6,542; even these quotas often went unfilled, due to United States State Department pressure on US consulates to place as many obstacles as possible in the path of refugees.
The proposal to admit more refugees was ratified by the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, and, in response to the pressure by the Bergson Group as well as Jewish Secretary of Treasury Henry Morgenthau Jr and his team, President Roosevelt subsequently issued an administrative order in January 1944 for the establishment of a special national authority, the War Refugee Board (WRB) to deal with Jewish and non-Jewish war refugees. An official government emissary sent to Turkey was of considerable assistance in the rescue of Romanian Jewry. The WRB saved about 200,000 Jews. Those rescued through the WRB were probably mostly in Hungary, in part through the Raoul Wallenberg mission which was sponsored by the WRB.
Some of the members of the Emergency Committee to Save the Jewish People of Europe were: Hillel Kook (Peter Bergson) and Alex Hadani Rafaeli, Alex Wilf, Arieh Ben-Eliezer, Arthur Szyk, Ben Hecht, Rabbi Ben Rabinowitz (Robbins), Eri Jabotinsky, Esther Untermeyer, Gabe Wechsler, Senator Guy Gillette, Harry Selden, Johan Smertenko, Konrad Bercovici, M. Berchin, Samuel Merlin, Sigrid Undset, Stella Adler, Congressman Will Rogers, Jr., Yitzchak Ben-Ami, Col. John Henry Patterson (author).
There were many others who actively supported the "Bergson Group", for example a number of the best known people on Broadway and Hollywood, probably due to Ben Hecht's contacts (such as Kurt Weill).
The Irgun declared an open revolt against British rule in Palestine. To assist in recruiting and propaganda efforts, Kook established the Hebrew Committee for National Liberation and the American League for a Free Palestine, both of which were involved in lobbying U.S. and other diplomats and in trying to attract the American public to support the Irgun's rebellion. Kook remained strongly affiliated with the Revisionist camp after the war during the creation of the State of Israel. While he was unquestionably loyal to the cause, his position as the Irgun's leading American activist was not free from conflict. In 1946 Kook received a letter from Menachem Begin, who had become chief of the Irgun in 1943. Begin admonished Kook for various policy positions that strayed from the official Irgun party-line. These included Kook focusing on the transportation of illegal immigrants to Palestine instead of a "primary" assignment - arms shipments to Irgun fighters, as well as a (rather common) usage of the term "Palestine". At the time Kook was in the habit of saying "Palestine Free State", which Begin thought left too much potential for bi-nationalism. Begin demanded that Kook refer to the future Jewish state as the "Free State of Eretz Israel".
Controversy
Kook and his followers were opposed by American Zionist and progressive Jewish organizations. In December 1943, the American Jewish Conference launched a public attack against the Bergsonites in an attempt to derail support for the resolution.
The British embassy and several American Zionist groups, including the American Jewish Committee and other political opponents sought to have Kook deported or drafted. They encouraged the IRS to investigate the Bergson Group's finances in an attempt to discredit them, hoping to find misappropriation, or at least careless bookkeeping, of the large amount of funds the groups handled. The United States IRS found no financial irregularities. Among those trying to stop the Bergson Group's rescue activities were Jewish Congressman Blum and leaders of the World Jewish Congress: Stephen Wise, Nahum Goldmann. A State Department protocol shows Goldmann telling the State Department that Hillel Kook did not represent organized Jewry, and suggested either deporting him or drafting him for the war effort.
Rabbis' March
One of the Committee's more memorable activities was a protest Kook organized known as the Rabbis' march. The protest took place in Washington, D.C., on October 6, 1943, three days before Yom Kippur. Joined by Bergson Group activists, the Jewish War Veterans of the United States of America marched on the United States Capitol, Lincoln Memorial, and White House in Washington, DC. They were met by a number of prominent members of Congress including William Warren Barbour, the protesters plead for U.S. intervention on behalf of the Jews in Europe. The delegation was received by Vice President Henry Wallace. Disappointed by the President's failure to meet with them, the rabbis stood in front of the US Capitol, where they were met by Senator William Barbour and other members of Congress. They refused to read their petition aloud, instead handing it to the Presidential secretary, Marvin H. McIntyre. The march garnered much media attention, much of it focused on what was seen as the cold and insulting dismissal of many important community leaders, as well as the people in Europe they were fighting for. One Jewish newspaper commented, "Would a similar delegation of 500 Catholic priests have been thus treated?" Years later, Rabbi Soloveitchik, in recorded lectures, would bemoan the betrayal of the Rabbis' mission by Stephen Wise, who dismissed them as a group of Orthodox rabbis who didn't represent anyone. A week later, Senator William Warren Barbour (R; New Jersey), one of a handful of politicians who met with the rabbis on the steps of the US Capitol, proposed legislation that would have allowed as many as 100,000 victims of the Holocaust to emigrate temporarily to the United States. A parallel bill was introduced in the House of Representatives by Rep. Samuel Dickstein (D; New York). This also failed to pass.
Political career
In 1947, the Bergson Group had purchased a ship originally intended to carry new immigrants to Palestine, but, perhaps partially due to Begin's influence, was eventually used to ship arms. The ship was named Altalena, and was the focus of a violent confrontation between the newly formed Israel Defense Forces and the Irgun on the beaches of Kfar Vitkin and Tel Aviv. Following the Altalena Affair, Kook was arrested with four other senior Irgun commanders and held for over two months. Of the five, only Kook was a member of the Bergson Group. The five were eventually released after about two months.
Kook served in the first Knesset as part of the Herut party list, but quit the party with his close friend and fellow Herut Member of the Knesset Ari Jabotinsky. This followed two years of ongoing disagreements with their colleagues, particularly Menachem Begin, over the party's leadership and direction. Kook, who had returned to Israel after a ten-year absence, was now confronted with the reality that the country and movement he had fought for bore little resemblance to his ideals. Kook and Jabotinsky served as independent or "single" MKs for the remaining months of their terms, the first ever to do so. Profoundly disillusioned with the Israeli political process and future of the Revisionist movement, Kook left Israel in 1951 with his wife and daughter. In 1968, four years after his wife's death, he returned to Israel with his two daughters. He remarried in 1975 and lived near Tel Aviv in Kfar Shmaryahu until his death in 2001.
Views and opinions
While Kook never re-entered politics, he continued to give interviews in which he articulated his independent perspectives on Zionism, Jewish identity, and Israeli politics. He held that Jabotinsky's primary goal in creating a Jewish state was in making a country to which all Jews would want to belong, and that once Israel had been created, any Jews who refused to make aliyah had made a conscious choice to become "integrated" citizens of their naturalized countries. Making a distinction between Jews and Hebrews was another point of contention between Kook and the Irgun leadership as early as the mid–1940s. Kook's views have been described as a more moderate version of the "Canaanist" ideology espoused by Yonatan Ratosh. Like Ratosh, Kook was influenced by Adolf Gurevich, a Betar activist with connections to Bergson Group members Shmuel Merlin and Eri Jabotinsky.
Kook had a specific body of critiques concerning what he saw as the distortion of Zionist philosophy and idealism by Israeli politics. He maintained that he had always conceived of Israel being a "Jewish state" by having a majority of Jewish citizens, not through specific associations to Jewish nationalism. Paradoxically, Kook's "theocratic" vision of Israel gave him a great deal of ideological flexibility regarding some of Israel's more intractable problems. Accordingly, he supported all non-Jewish citizens of Israel with full rights and privileges, and once, in an interview with an Israeli Druze, commented that, like Jabotinsky, he saw "no reason" why the State of Israel could not have a non-Jewish president. He suggested amending the Law of Return for Jews residing outside Israel to be limited to a few years after Independence (1948) and to consider prospective immigrants on an individual, and not on a national or religious basis, except for cases of immediate danger.
Kook was also a strong supporter of Israel's constitution, which had been stalled during its writing in 1948 and never completed. Kook claimed that a formal constitution could have solved many ongoing issues in Israeli society, such as discrimination against Israeli Arabs, by providing all of Israel's citizens with a clearly defined, and egalitarian, role in Israeli nationalism. He once remarked that the lack of a constitution was "Israel's greatest tragedy": that Ben-Gurion's decision to change the Israeli governing body from a Constituent Assembly to a Parliament had been a putsch, and that he regretted not having resigned from the Knesset immediately after the decision had been made. Kook also favored the creation of a Palestinian state, albeit one established in modern-day Jordan. He was one of the first Israelis to call for a Palestinian state shortly after the Six-Day War. For the remainder of his life, Kook adamantly claimed that his position would have been shared by his mentor Jabotinsky.
Kook repeatedly referred to himself as a post-Zionist, and was one of the first in Israeli society to voluntarily (and positively) adopt the term.
Commemoration and legacy
Since the late 1990s, some historians have attempted to re-examine and evaluate the significance of his activities during World War II and his role as a political opponent of Begin. One allegation is that Kook's adversaries in Israel and America downplayed some of his accomplishments and minimized their own role in curtailing his activities. David Wyman and Rafael Medoff, co-authors of a 2002 Kook biography, suggested that, despite the frequent obstruction by the modern American Jewish establishment, Kook's rescue group's activism was the major factor in establishment of the War Refugee Board and that it was an instrument rescuing approximately 200,000, partly by means of the Raoul Wallenberg mission.
A play, The Accomplices, written by Bernard Weinraub and based on Kook's wartime efforts in the United States premiered at The New Group in 2007 and played thereafter in regional theatres. It played also in Jerusalem in April 2009.
The role of Hillel Kook was played twice onstage by actor Steven Schub (lead singer of The Fenwicks), in 2008 at The Fountain Theatre and in 2009 at the Odyssey Theatre in Los Angeles. Actor Raphael (Rafi) Poch (Artistic Director of J-Town Playhouse) played Hillel Kook in Jerusalem.
Film maker Pierre Sauvage directed a documentary about the activities of Kook during World War II: Not Idly By - Peter Bergson, America and the Holocaust. The film won an award at the Toronto Jewish Film Festival. The work-in-progress was screened in short versions beginning in 2009, and the final version was released in 2017.
There was an earlier 1982 documentary Who Shall Live and Who Shall Die by Larry Jarvik, including many of his mid-1970s interviews with Hillel Kook in Manhattan. The more recent 2009 Against the Tide, directed by Richard Trank and produced by Moriah Films of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, includes narration by Dustin Hoffman.
Quotes
We, the Hebrews, descendants of the ancient Hebrew nation, who remained alive on God's earth despite that great calamity that our people have experienced, have come together in the Hebrew Committee of National Liberation. The Jews today who live in the European hell together with the Jews in the Land of Israel constitute the Hebrew nation—there isn't another nation to which they owe their allegiance but the Hebrew nation. We must state it clearly: the Jews in the United States do not belong to the Hebrew nation. These Jews are Americans of Hebrew descent.
– From A Manifesto of the Hebrew Nation, 1944.
Why did we respond the way we did? The question should be, why didn't the others? We responded as a human and as a Jew should.
– On his Holocaust activism, 1973.
I, who was the liaison officer of the Irgun central command with Jabotinsky, and who accompanied him almost daily for four years—remained loyal to his teachings. I also believe that the Land of Israel, on both banks of the Jordan River, is our historic homeland. But I am also certain that had Jabotinsky lived today, he would have argued that now, after we've achieved our independence, our mission is to attain peace in order to establish the Israeli people as the political heir of the Jewish people.
– Interview in 1977.
There is no exile. The exile ended on May 14, 1948.
– Interview in 1982.
See also
George Mantello, Holocaust rescuer, publicized the Auschwitz Report
Gisi Fleischmann, Zionist activist and Holocaust rescuer
Michael Dov Weissmandl, Holocaust rescuer
Recha and Yitzchak Sternbuch, Holocaust rescuers
Solomon Schonfeld, Holocaust rescuer
References
Further reading
Videos
ALTALENA (VHS video produced in Israel)
Laurence Jarvik, Who Shall Live and Who Shall Die (dist. on DVD by KINO International at: kino.com
Not Idly By: Peter Bergson, America and the Holocaust (2009 documentary short) by Pierre Sauvage, Varian Fry Institute
Richard M Trank, Against the Tide, about Hillel Kook and the rescue group he led, as well as about obstruction by the American Jewish establishment leadership (Moriah Films, USA 2008)
External links
Jewish Journal interview with actor Steven Schub on playing Hillel Kook
Hollywood Reporter review of the Los Angeles production of "The Accomplices"
American League for a Free Palestine at the American Jewish Historical Society, New York, NY
Wyman Conference 2007 Videos
The Day the Rabbis Marched on Washington , from the American Jewish Historical Society
The Day the Rabbis Marched On-line Exhibit, from the David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies.
Irgun in Exile
Bergson Bio, from USHMM
The "Bergson Boys", from America and the Holocaust, PBS.
The Bergson Group, America, and the Holocaust: A Previously Unpublished Interview with Hillel Kook, by David S. Wyman, from American Jewish History 89:1 (2001)
A Rebel with a Cause: Hillel Kook, Begin and Jabotinsky's Ideological Legacy, by Eran Kaplan, from Israel Studies 10.3 (2005)
Jewish World Review op-ed
1915 births
2001 deaths
Abraham Isaac Kook
Herut politicians
Irgun members
Members of the 1st Knesset (1949–1951)
Post-Zionists
The Holocaust and the United States
Hillel
Mercaz HaRav alumni
Lithuanian emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Israeli prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of Israel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillel%20Kook |
Matthew Clarke (born 18 September 1973) is a former professional Australian rules football player and current coach who is the head coach of Adelaide in the AFL Women's. Prior to coaching, he played in the Australian Football League (AFL), his career spanning four clubs and a total of 258 games between 1993 and 2007. He was known as one of the most effective tap ruckmen of his era.
Early life
Clarke was born in Camden, New South Wales to Rex and Eve Clarke and was the oldest of three children (Gavin and Susan). At six months his family moved to the United States where Clarke would live until the age of 2 and a half. Clarke then moved to Mount Gambier, South Australia where his father would work as a vet.
He was a talented junior footballer and basketballer, playing for the SA Country under 16s. In 1989-90 at 15 he would go on to play for the local semi-pro basketball team the Mount Gambier Pioneers in the South East Australian Basketball League. Clarke managed 15 games in two seasons for the Pioneers.
Clarke played football for West Gambier in the Western Border Football League and quickly rose through the ranks to play 6 senior games in 1990 as a 16-year-old. Clarke would be drafted by the Richmond Football Club at pick 56 overall in the 1990 AFL draft. He joined Mount Gambier local Nick Daffy at Richmond as the only South Australians in the 1990 draft due to the Adelaide Crows joining the AFL and having exclusivity to South Australians. Richmond avoided this rule as the two played in the WBFL which was as affiliated with the VCFL due to the Victorian teams in the league.
Playing career
Richmond career
In 1991 as a 17-year-old Clarke spent the year playing for the Richmond Under 19s whilst studying science at Melbourne University. Richmond U19s won the first 11 games of the season but after a late season slump they were eliminated in the Semi Final. Clarke played 20 out of 23 possible games and finished runner up in the best and fairest to Duncan Kellaway.
However Clarke was delisted by Richmond at the end of 1991 when the AFL u19s competition was abolished. Clarke was given another chance at AFL football and was picked up by the Brisbane Bears at pick 43 in the 1992 AFL Pre-Season Draft
Brisbane Bears/Lions career
In 1992 Clarke wanted a season in Adelaide despite being drafted by Brisbane. He played for South Adelaide Football Club in the SANFL whilst studying science at The University of Adelaide. After playing the first six games in the reserves Clarke would become a senior regular and finished 6th in the best and fairest.
Debuting in 1993 with the Bears, "Doc" Clarke was a promising young Ruckman under coach Robert Walls and was particularly decisive with his tap work.
After being runner up in the Brisbane Bears Club Champion award in 1994 and 1996, he took out the Merrett-Murray best and fairest award in 1997 for the Brisbane Lions and consolidated his position as one of the league's best ruckmen.
Adelaide career
Clarke moved to the Crows in 2000.
In 2005 in the absence of suddenly emerged number one ruckman Ben Hudson, Clarke was surprisingly recalled from the South Adelaide side in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) to play a part in the Crows' run to the finals. He showed he was still an effective player, being labelled as one of the most effective "tap ruckmen" by commentator Robert Walls.
He played on during 2006, with 18 games, and after ruckman Rhett Biglands had an anterior cruciate ligament injury in the Crows' last game of 2006 (sidelining him for most if not all of the 2007 season), there was talk that Clarke may continue for another season. However, he retired from football at the end of the 2006 season after an AFL career of 248 games over 13 seasons.
Return to football – St Kilda
There had been some speculation in December 2006 that Clarke may be drafted by St Kilda Football Club for the 2007 season, and although this was initially denied, on 12 December 2006, he was taken by the Saints with their selection in the 2007 Pre Season Draft.
Clarke signed on with the club for one season only, but trained strongly over the pre season and was selected for the first game.
He performed strongly as the side's primary ruckman, displaying his usual ruckwork dexterity.
In September 2007, Clarke announced his retirement.
Coaching career
After retiring from playing, Clarke rejoined Adelaide Football Club as a ruck coach, and later as a midfield development coach.
On 23 May 2018, Clarke was announced as Adelaide's AFL Women's head coach from the 2019 season onwards. In his first season as coach, the Adelaide Crows won the 2019 AFLW premiership. Clarke coached a second premiership in 2022 season 6.
Other
Clarke is a qualified veterinary scientist (like his father) and is currently studying for an MBA.
Clarke is married to Adelaide radio personality Ali Clarke. They have three children, Eloise Harper, Samuel Fletcher and Madeline.
References
External links
1973 births
Living people
AFL Women's coaches
Adelaide Football Club players
Brisbane Lions players
Brisbane Bears players
St Kilda Football Club players
South Adelaide Football Club players
South Australian State of Origin players
Glenelg Football Club players
Merrett–Murray Medal winners
Australian veterinarians
Male veterinarians
Australian rules footballers from South Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Clarke%20%28Australian%20footballer%29 |
A rail integration system (RIS; also called a rail accessory system (RAS), rail interface system, rail system, mount, base, gun rail, or simply a rail) is a generic term for a standardized system for attaching accessories to firearms. Rail systems are straight mounting brackets (usually made of strips of metal or polymer) on the gun's receiver, handguard, or fore-end stock to allow sliding or variable-position attachments. An advantage of the multiple rail slots is the moveable positions to adjust for optimal placement of each item for a user's preferences, along with the ability to switch different items at different placements due to varying eye reliefs on gun sights.
Firearm accessories commonly compatible with or intended for rail systems include tactical lights, laser sights, vertical forward grips, telescopic sights, holographic sights, reflex sights, backup iron sights, bipods/tripods, slings, and bayonets.
The common types of rail systems for firearms are the dovetail rail (including the Soviet variant known as the Warsaw Pact rail), the Weaver rail, the Picatinny rail, the SOPMOD, and the M-LOK. There are also various non-military designs used in shooting sports to attach slings and bipods such as the UIT rail, Zeiss rail, and Freeland rail.
History
Original rails were a raised metal strip with the sides undercut, less standardized than the dovetail design, to allow hardware to slide on and be secured by means of compression only.
Design
Rail systems are usually based on the handguard of a weapon and/or the upper receiver. Modern pistols usually have rail systems on the underside of the barrel. Rails on rifles usually start at the top dead center ("12 o'clock"), with other common placements at the bottom 180° ("6 o'clock") and on the sides at 90° ("3 o'clock" and "9 o'clock"); some rails are also diagonal at 45° angles as opposed to 90° angles, though these are less common. There may be additional attachment rails or holes at each 45° angle position running partially or entirely the length of the handguard.
On the Kalashnikov rifles, the Warsaw rail is attached to the left side of the receiver when viewed from the rear. With more modern versions adding Picatinny style rails onto the sides of the handguards of the rifles for the mounting of additional equipment. Due to updating equipment, both styles may be found on some Warsaw Pact weapons.
Modern-designed firearms often include rails made into the body, instead of being an added-on modification. Older firearms may need permanent modifications of having holes drilled and tapped for screw threads to fasten the rail sections to the firearm. This is easier than milling out a dove tail slot for the placement of a gun sight's parts.
Optics such as telescopic sights, reflector sights, holographic sights, red dot magnifiers, night vision sights, or thermal sights may be placed between the iron sights. The rail section may also come in various heights to help align equipment, which may align with the original iron sights inline or below an illuminated optic's center dot, ring or chevron. This is referred to as absolute or lower 1/3 co-witness respectively.
In addition to height variations some rail brackets may be offset at various degrees. 22.5°, 45°, and 90° are the most common, to place accessories and/or backup folding collapsible iron sights in such a way so that they are out of the line sight on the top of the firearm and/or to decrease the outer profile edge's size. Then, the original sights are a backup if the electronic optic should fail. The rail section may also move weapon-mounted lights forward so the light does not shine and reflect on the firearm directly, which may create shadows.
The amount of rail space allows adjustment and personal optimization of each device and tool attached for the user. As designs have advanced the amount of space has succeeded in the actual need for placement space. Thus, rail covers and protectors may be added to prevent snagging on gear and/or plant foliage.
Future rails systems may have the option of carrying batteries or other electricity systems to supply the needs of the increasing electronics mounted to aid the shooter. Standards are still being determined for these types of systems. An example of such is NATO standards NATO Accessory Rail which is the continued improvement and standardization of the Picatinny rail.
Types
Most RIS equipment is compatible with one or more of the most common rail systems, all of which are broadly similar:
Dovetail rail: one of the earliest rail systems, relies primarily on friction from the side unit set screw on the mounted accessory to stop longitudinal shifting
Warsaw Pact rail: a Soviet-designed dovetail rail variant with cut-outs that allow quick side-mounting of optics (e.g. PSO-1 and USP-1) on Dragunov sniper rifles, RPG-7 and RPG-29 grenade launchers, as well as some versions of AKM and AK-74 assault rifles and PK family machine guns.
Weaver rail: an early improvement design upon the dovetail rail, invented by William Ralph Weaver (1905–1975). This system is still popular in the civilian market.
Picatinny rail: the mil-spec standardized rail system evolved from the Weaver rail. Also known as MIL-STD-1913, Picatinny rails date from the mid-1990s and have very strict dimensions and tolerance standards. The Picatinny has a rail of a very similar profile to the Weaver, but the slot width is 0.206 in (5.23 mm), and the spacing of slot centers is consistent at 0.394 in (10.01 mm). Many rail-grabber-mounted accessories can be used on either type of rail. The Picatinny locking slot width is and the spacing of slot centers is . Due to this, with devices that use only one locking slot, Weaver devices will fit on Picatinny rails, but Picatinny devices will not always fit on Weaver rails.
NATO Accessory Rail: a metric standardized upgrade from the Picatinny rail.
KeyMod: open source "negative space" (hollow slot) design introduced by VLTOR to replace the Picatinny rail for mounting accessories (except for scope mounts).
M-LOK: a free licensed "negative space" design introduced by Magpul Industries to compete with KeyMod.
These systems are used primarily in the military and by firearm enthusiasts to improve the usability of the weapon, being accessorized quickly and efficiently without requiring the operator to field-strip the weapon. Basic systems such as small rails (20mm is standard) with holes machined in them to be screwed onto the existing hand-guard of a rifle can cost as little as US $25 to US $40. More advanced systems allow for numerous accessories to be mounted simultaneously and can cost upwards of US $200.
Compatibility
Adapters to other types of rail interfaces may be used for legacy issues and/or to change the surface texture, abrasiveness and/or overall outer circumference of the entire rails system for the fit of the hand. Dovetail, Weaver, and Picatinny are all outward or raised attachment surfaces, while M-LOK and KeyMod have smooth surfaces with different standards & styles of holes cut into their assemblies to place the attachment hardware internally. Both of these styles are often in the handguards. All make the mounting and dismounting of these objects significantly easier.
Items may be fastened by threaded bolts, requiring the use of a screwdriver or Allen wrench. Some tool-free variations of thumb screws or thumb nuts may have a threaded quick disconnect lever that pulls the hardware and plates together against the rails. During firearm recoil, the accessory may slide within that section of the rail. To avoid this, when tightening a slide, move the device forward in the placement slots and ensure that the section of the bolt is positioned against the vertical/forward section of the rail slots.
Adoption
Though not particularly common on firearms until the late 20th century, most modern firearms in military service and the civilian market have rail integration systems that may replace original parts. The prevalence of rails on modern firearms compared to past designs is largely owed to the increasing popularity and availability of attachments such as sights.
The most common weapons to have rails are individual firearms, particularly long guns and service rifles such as the rifle, carbine, submachine gun, personal defense weapon, shotgun, designated marksman rifle, sniper rifle, and squad automatic weapon, though some larger or crew-served weapons such as the heavy machine gun, anti-materiel rifle, and rocket launcher have been designed or refreshed to include rails for compatibility. Even ranged weapons that are not firearms, such as bow and arrow, crossbow, airsoft gun, and paintball marker.
HMGs have started to include and use rail sections and options for attachments of optics. Civilian clone rifles are the main weapons to adopt this, while crossbows, hunting rifles, shotguns, and handguns may be produced with rail sections either attached and/or made structurally as part of the actual firearm. Airsoft and paintball clone weapons may also have rails.
See also
Sling swivel stud
Zeiss rail
Notes
References
Magpul Industries - M-LOK DESCRIPTION AND FAQ DOCUMENT
KeyMod vs. M-Lok: The Next AR Rail Standard by Chris Baker, November, 19, 2014
KeyMod vs. M-LOK Modular Rail System Comparison, Presented by Caleb McGee, Naval Special Warfare Center Crane Division, 4 May 2017 full pdf on page
M-LOK vs KeyMod comparison 2017 MLok and KeyMod Comparison 3 years later 2017
External links
KeyMod vs. M-LOK comparison
Firearm components
Mechanical standards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail%20integration%20system |
is a 1987 Seinen manga series by Haruka Inui which was originally published in Play Comic. The manga was adapted into an anime OVA series. There was also a live-action version, Welcome to Ogenki Clinic. The plotline revolves around the quirky (and perpetually horny) Doctor Sawaru Ogenki and his beautiful nurse, the busty Ruko Tatase, who help patients through their problems, and the cure almost always involves sex (something Ogenki doesn't approve on too well).
Ogenki Clinic is an erotic comedy that often employed visual metaphors for the doctor's cures. Referring to sexual intercourse as a game of pinball, or illustrating a penis as an actual missile or gun are just a few examples of the manga's humorous scenes.
Manga
Japanese
Volume 1,
Volume 2,
Volume 3,
Volume 4,
Volume 5,
Volume 6,
Volume 7,
Volume 8,
Volume 9,
English
Volume 1,
Volume 2,
Volume 3,
Volume 4,
Volume 5, ISBN
Volume 6,
Volume 7,
Volume 8,
Volume 9,
Anime
The anime OVA series of Ogenki Clinic was directed by Takashi Watanabe, animation by Chuo Movie and animation production by New Network and Tokyo Kids. It was first released in Japan in 1991 on three 46-minute VHS volumes by Play Comic Video. Simply titled "Vol. 1", "Vol. 2" and "Vol. 3", each volume contained four episodes or "cases".
The first two volumes, dubbed in English, were released separately on 45-minute VHS tapes in America by Anime 18 as "Check Into Ogenki Clinic" and "Return to Ogenki Clinic", then together in 1999 as a single 90-minute DVD release titled "Ogenki Clinic Adventures". In 2007, they would be separated again for DVD release under Central Park Media's Anime HotShots banner as "Ogenki Clinic 1" and "Ogenki Clinic 2". Critical Mass Video has scheduled the re-release the "Ogenki Clinic Adventures" DVD for February 2, 2010.
Kitty Media released "Vol. 3" in America in 1997 on 45-minute English subtitled and dubbed VHS releases titled "Welcome to Ogenki Clinic". These VHS tapes were also included by Kitty Media in their VHS box sets of "The Best of Kitty Vol. 2" in 2000, which also contained the anime OVAs Slight Fever Syndrome and Balthus - Tia's Radiance. (The DVD release of "The Best of Kitty Vol. 2" does not contain "Welcome to Ogenki Clinic", nor Slight Fever Syndrome, which were replaced by the anime OVAs Wake Up! Aria and The Legend of Reyon.)
In 1988, Mototsugu Watanabe made a live-action produced by Nikkatsu.
See also
The Joy of Sex
References
External links
1987 manga
1991 anime OVAs
Akita Shoten manga
Anime 18
Hentai anime and manga
Kitty Media
Seinen manga | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogenki%20Clinic |
Anna of Holstein-Gottorp (27 February 1575 – 24 April 1610) was a German noblewoman, member of the House of Holstein-Gottorp by birth and House of Hesse by marriage.
Early life
Anna was born as the seventh child and fourth daughter of Duke Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp and his wife, Landgravine Christine of Hesse (daughter of Landgrave Philip I of Hesse).
Personal life
On 28 January 1598, she married Count Enno III of Ostfriesland, elder son of Count Edzard II of Ostfriesland and his wife Princess Katarina of Sweden, eldest daughter of King Gustav I of Sweden. He was previously married to Countess Walburgis of Rietberg. They had the following children:
Anna Maria, Countess of Ostfriesland (1601–1633), married Adolf Frederick I, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1588–1658)
Rudolf Christian, Count of Ostfriesland (1602–1628)
Ulrich II, Count of Ostfriesland (1605–1648)
Ancestry
References
Holstein-Gottorp, Anna of
Holstein-Gottorp, Anna of
House of Holstein-Gottorp
Countesses of East Frisia
House of Cirksena
Daughters of monarchs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20of%20Holstein-Gottorp |
The Society of St Gregory is an organization devoted to Roman Catholic church music in the British Isles. It was founded in 1929.
It aims to further the study and understanding of church music and, more widely, liturgy, with a view to promoting the active participation of the people in accordance with the teaching of the church. As such, the Society of St Gregory promotes the use of all forms of music, from ancient to contemporary, which engage people in prayer.
References
External links
Society of St Gregory
Arts organisations based in the United Kingdom
1929 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%20of%20St%20Gregory |
Robert MacKinnon (December 5, 1927 – July 7, 2015) was an American college and professional basketball coach. He coached three different professional teams in his career; the American Basketball Association's Spirits of St. Louis, and the NBA's Buffalo Braves and New Jersey Nets. MacKinnon also served as the Nets' general manager.
Biography
MacKinnon was a three-sport athlete at McKinley Vocational High School in Buffalo, New York. He was an All-High choice in basketball in 1944, 1945, and 1946, and established a Yale Cup scoring record while pacing the Macks to the City Championship as a junior and senior. Bob excelled in football as well, as an All-High halfback and member of three City Championship teams. He won All-High honors in baseball while leading the Macks to the 1946 City Championship.
Although MacKinnon played baseball at Canisius College and captained the 1950 squad, his greatest success as a college athlete came in basketball. His honors included selection to the All-Western New York team in 1948–1950, to the All-Auditorium team in 1949–1950, and as a Sporting News Second-Team All American in 1950. In perhaps his greatest moment of individual distinction, MacKinnon edged out College of the Holy Cross's Bob Cousy as MVP of the Jesuit Game in 1949. MacKinnon is considered one of the most superb defenders and playmakers in Golden Griffin history. Following graduation, baseball beckoned, and MacKinnon signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers organization. However, a steady diet of cheap motels and long bus trips as a minor-leaguer led him back to his first passion, basketball.
Following a season as a player for the Syracuse Nationals of the National Basketball Association, MacKinnon returned to Buffalo to coach basketball at Canisius High School. He compiled a record of 36–2 over two seasons and was appointed coach of the Canisius College freshman squad. In 1959, MacKinnon was named head basketball coach and athletic director at Canisius College. At the time, he was the youngest coach in the NCAA. The program reached its peak a mere four years later, as the Golden Griffins posted a 19–7 record and made an appearance in the NIT Finals that earned MacKinnon Eastern Coach of the Year honors. He coached the Griffs for 13 seasons; during his tenure, his capabilities were recognized by his fellow coaches as they selected him to the National Invitation Tournament Selection Committee, the NCAA All-American Selection Committee, and the NCAA Rules Committee.
MacKinnon left Canisius in 1972, signing on with the Buffalo Braves as assistant coach and scout. Within three seasons, the Braves were a National Basketball Association power. He also coached during 1974–75 in the American Basketball Association, leading the Spirits of St. Louis to a stunning upset of the defending champion New York Nets in the semifinals of the 1975 ABA Playoffs. His achievements in professional basketball were a fitting culmination to a career spent in service to the sport. He was recognized for his prowess as an athlete and coach by his induction into the Greater Buffalo Sports Hall of Fame in 1995.
MacKinnon has been married since 1955 to the former Norma Marie Fell. They have four daughters and one son. His son, Bob MacKinnon Jr., has coached in the NBA Development League with the Colorado 14ers, Idaho Stampede, and Los Angeles D-Fenders.
MacKinnon died in Williamsville, New York on July 7, 2015, at the age of 87.
Head coaching record
NBA
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Buffalo
| style="text-align:left;"|
|7||3||4|||| style="text-align:center;"|4th in Atlantic|||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed Playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|New Jersey
| style="text-align:left;"|
|47||12||35|||| style="text-align:center;"|5th in Atlantic|||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed Playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|New Jersey
| style="text-align:left;"|
|39||10||29|||| style="text-align:center;"|5th in Atlantic|||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed Playoffs
|-class="sortbottom"
| align="left" |Career
| ||93||25||68||.269|| ||—||—||—||—
ABA
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|St. Louis
| style="text-align:left;"|1974–75
|84||32||52|||| style="text-align:center;"|3rd in Eastern|||10||5||5||.500
| style="text-align:center;"|Lost in Division finals
|-class="sortbottom"
| align="left" |Career
| ||84||32||52||.381|| ||10||5||5||.500
References
External links
BasketballReference.com: Bob MacKinnon
1927 births
2015 deaths
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Baseball players from New York (state)
Basketball coaches from New York (state)
Basketball players from New York (state)
Boston Celtics assistant coaches
Buffalo Braves assistant coaches
Buffalo Braves head coaches
Canisius Golden Griffins athletic directors
Canisius Golden Griffins baseball coaches
Canisius Golden Griffins baseball players
Canisius Golden Griffins men's basketball coaches
Canisius Golden Griffins men's basketball players
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
National Basketball Association executives
New Jersey Nets assistant coaches
New Jersey Nets head coaches
Sportspeople from Chautauqua County, New York
Players of American football from New York (state)
Point guards
Spirits of St. Louis coaches
Utica Pros players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20MacKinnon |
John Harvey (27 September 1911 – 19 July 1982) was an English actor. He appeared in 52 films, two television films and made 70 television guest appearances between 1948 and 1979.
Born in London, England, he began his acting career on the stage in the 1930s as one of the Harry Hanson's Court Players at the Peterborough Repertory. While there, he met the actress Diana King.
Harvey and King were married, remaining together for more than forty years, until his death.
During the Second World War, he was commissioned in the Royal Air Force. Post-war, he performed at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane, London, for some four years, during the West End runs of Rodgers and Hammerstein's South Pacific and The King and I.
Harvey's film debut was in the role as Eddie in the British crime drama A Gunman Has Escaped (1948), in which he was the leading star. Harvey then moved to character roles and five films later played Inspector Loomis in Hitchcock's Stage Fright (1950) starring Jane Wyman and Richard Todd. His next role was as Bland in the drama Chance of a Lifetime (1950).
Harvey's television debut was as Angelo Verona in the BBC film On the Spot (1948). He played Buster Cox in the United Artists film noir crime/thriller The Man with My Face (1951) starring Barry Nelson.
Among his guest appearances on series television was his role as Sir William Duffy in Dr. Finlay's Casebook (1962) and two Doctor Who appearances – Professor Brett in The War Machines (1966), and Officia in The Macra Terror (1967), all for the BBC.
John Harvey died at age 70 in Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire.
Selected filmography
Moscow Nights (1935) - Minor role (uncredited)
Noose (1948) - Mack (uncredited)
A Gunman Has Escaped (1948) - Eddie Steele
Dick Barton Strikes Back (1949) - Major Henderson
Private Angelo (1949) - Cpl. McCunn
Stage Fright (1950) - Inspector Loomis (uncredited)
Chance of a Lifetime (1950) - Bland
Cairo Road (1950) - Maj. Maggourys
Files from Scotland Yard (1951) - Jim Hardy
Smart Alec (1951)
The Dark Light (1951) - Roger
The Man with My Face (1951) - Buster Cox
Four Days (1951) - Hammond Stubbs
The Black Widow (1951) - Dr. Wallace
Lady Godiva Rides Again (1951) - Buller
High Treason (1951) - Scotland Yard Man
Angels One Five (1952) - Station Warrant Officer
Castle in the Air (1952) - Andrews
The Lost Hours (1952) - Kenneth Peters
Private's Progress (1956) - RAF Officer at Headquarters (uncredited)
X the Unknown (1956) - Maj. Cartwright
True as a Turtle (1957) - First Officer
The Long Haul (1957) - Supt. Macrea (uncredited)
Night of the Demon (1957) - Hobart's Brother (uncredited)
The Man Who Wouldn't Talk (1958) - (uncredited)
Edge of Fury (1958)
The 39 Steps (1959) - Detective at Theatre (uncredited)
Horrors of the Black Museum (1959) - Man in Bookshop
The Ugly Duckling (1959) - Sergeant Barnes
The Devil's Disciple (1959) - British officer (uncredited)
The Stranglers of Bombay (1960) - Burns (uncredited)
Two-Way Stretch (1960) - Governor Rockhampton Prison
Hell Is a City (1960) - Fingerprint Officer (uncredited)
Tunes of Glory (1960) - Sergeant (Bridge Hotel)
Sea Hunt (1960) - Season 3, Episode 21
Double Bunk (1961) - Johnnie
The Phantom of the Opera (1962) - Sgt. Vickers
The Wrong Arm of the Law (1963) - Police Station Sergeant (uncredited)
Heavens Above! (1963) - Wilson, Prison Officer (uncredited)
The Kiss of the Vampire (1963) - Police Sergeant
The Crimson Blade (1963) - Sgt. Grey
The Old Dark House (1963) - Club Receptionist
Doomsday at Eleven (1963) - Asst. Commissioner
Joey Boy (1965) - Signals Officer (uncredited)
The Psychopath (1966) - Reinhardt Klermer
The Deadly Bees (1966) - Thompson
They Came from Beyond Space (1967) - Bill Trethowan
A Challenge for Robin Hood (1967) - Wallace
Sacco & Vanzetti (1971) - A. Mitchell Palmer
The Satanic Rites of Dracula (1973) - Commissionaire
The Black Windmill (1974) - Heppenstel (uncredited)
Legend of the Werewolf (1975) - Prefect
Rollerball (1975) - Directorate Executive (uncredited)
Rachel and the Beelzebub Bombardiers (1977)
Le Pétomane (1979)
References
External links
1911 births
1982 deaths
English male stage actors
English male film actors
English male television actors
Male actors from London
Royal Air Force officers
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
20th-century English male actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Harvey%20%28actor%29 |
The Tempe Daily News was an afternoon newspaper published in Tempe, Arizona, a suburb of Phoenix. It was created in 1887 when Curt W. Miller (1864–1943) purchased the 20-month-old Salt River Valley News from Publishers John Byron Fitch and T.B. Martin, renamed it Tempe Daily News, and published its first edition in August 1887. The News became the town's official newspaper in 1895 and Miller continued publishing until his death in 1943.
Miller's grandson, Curt W. Miller, published the newspaper until September 1944, at which time he sold it to Francis Connolly. At the time, the paper had one carrier, one linotype machine, and a circulation of 110. Connolly published the News until his death in July 1978, by which time he had built its circulation to 15,000 and employed 80 carriers in addition to 50 other employees. His widow, Irma Connolly, published the paper until 1980, at which time she sold it to Cox Enterprises.
Cox renamed the paper Tempe Daily News Tribune in 1986 in order to make it consistent with the other newspapers it had acquired in the region. Cox sold its holdings to Canadian-based Thomson Newspapers in 1996 and the paper's new owners combined the Tempe Daily News Tribune with four other newspapers to form The Tribune in 1997. This publication became the East Valley Tribune in December 1999. Thompson sold its holdings to California's Freedom Publications, Inc. in 2000 and the East Valley Tribune ceased publication in 2009, ending 122 years of continuous local news coverage in Tempe.
References
Mass media in Tempe, Arizona
Newspapers established in 1887
Publications disestablished in 2009
Defunct newspapers published in Arizona | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempe%20Daily%20News |
Yehoshua Lakner (b. Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, 24 April 1924; d. Zürich, Switzerland, 5 December 2003) (Hebrew: יהושוע לקנר) was a composer of contemporary classical music. He settled in Palestine in 1941, and relocated to Zürich in 1963.
He studied with the American composer Aaron Copland at Tanglewood in 1952.
Awards
Engel Prize of the city of Tel-Aviv (1958)
Salomon David Steinberg Foundation
City of Zurich Sabbatical year for composition (1987)
References
External links
Yehoshua Lakner official site
1924 births
2003 deaths
Israeli composers
Hungarian Jews
Czechoslovak emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
20th-century classical composers
Musicians from Bratislava
Male classical composers
20th-century male musicians
Israeli emigrants to Switzerland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehoshua%20Lakner |
Jimmy Amadie (January 5, 1937 – December 10, 2013) was a jazz pianist and educator from Philadelphia. He worked with Woody Herman and Mel Tormé. In 1960, his career as a musician was hindered by tendonitis. Surgery in the 1990s allowed him to return to the piano. In 1995 he released his first solo album, Always with Me. He died of lung cancer on December 10, 2013 at the age of 76.
Books
Discography
1995 Always with Me (TP)
1997 Savoring Every Note (TP)
2002 In a Trio Setting: A Tribute to Frank Sinatra (TP)
2003 Live at Red Rock Studio: A Tribute to Tony Bennett (TP)
2006 Let's Groove! (TP)
2007 The Philadelphia Story (TP)
2011 Something Special (TP)
2013 Live at Philadelphia Museum of Art (TP)
References
External links
Official site
1937 births
2013 deaths
Mainstream jazz pianists
Bebop pianists
Swing pianists
American jazz musicians
Jazz musicians from Philadelphia
20th-century American pianists
American male pianists
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20Amadie |
The Choegowi (; literally Top Position) was a Go competition that ran from 1959 to 1997. The preliminary stages were 8-player knockout rounds, with the players who won the preliminary split into two sections. The winners of those sections played a best-of-three match to decide who would challenge the holder of the title. The final was played in a best-of-five format. The thinking time was 5 hours, and komi was 5.5 points.
Past winners
Go competitions in South Korea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choegowi |
Weg! (literal English translation: Away!; title of English-language version: Go!) is an Afrikaans language outdoor and travel magazine. It was first published in April 2004 and is owned by the Media24 division of Naspers. The magazine focuses on affordable destinations in South Africa and the rest of Africa.
In addition to travel articles, the magazine also contains photographic portfolios focusing on nature and recipes, as well as car, book, music and outdoor equipment reviews.
The original name of the magazine was Wegbreek (Break Away), but it was forced to change its name after a court case with Ramsay, Son & Parker, the publishers of the rival Getaway magazine.
In February 2006, the magazine achieved a circulation of 77,174 (as audited by the Audit Bureau of Circulations of South Africa), making it the largest outdoor and travel magazine in any language in South Africa. This position was consolidated by the launch of its English language sister magazine, Go! in June of the same year, which resulted in a combined circulation figure of 113,248 by November 2006.
In December 2006, WegSleep (Tow Away), a former caravanning and camping supplement, was launched as an independent magazine.
The founding editor of the magazine was Bun Booyens. He was succeeded by Barnie Louw from 2010–2013, with Pierre Steyn taking over the reins as editor early in 2014.
In 2011, Weg! produced its first stand-alone travel map of the Baviaanskloof by in-house cartographer François Haasbroek. Since then, the magazine has published detailed travel maps of Namibia and the Kruger National Park.
Awards
The magazine has received several awards, including:
At the 2006 Magazine Publishers' Association of South Africa's Sappi Pica Awards:
The inaugural Jane Raphaely Award for Editor of the Year to Booyens.
The best magazine in the Travel, Wildlife and Conservation category.
The best supplement, for WegSleep.
In both 2005 and 2006, travel editor and columnist Dana Snyman won the "ATKVeertjie" award from the Afrikaanse Taal en Kultuurvereniging (Afrikaans Language and Cultural Society) for magazine journalism.
At the 2006 ADvantage awards of the South African magazine industry:
Best overall magazine.
Magazine editor of the year.
Best magazine in the leisure category.
References
External links
Weg Magazine official website
go! Magazine Website
Data on circulation figures
2004 establishments in South Africa
Afrikaans-language magazines
Magazines published in South Africa
Tourism magazines
Magazines established in 2004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weg%21 |
Anna Maria of Ostfriesland (23 June 1601 – 15 February 1634) was a German noblewoman.
She was a daughter of Count Enno III of East Frisia and Anna of Holstein-Gottorp. Her paternal grandmother was Katharina of Sweden, a daughter of Gustav I of Sweden and his second wife Margareta Leijonhufvud.
On 4 September 1622 she married Adolf Frederick I, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1588–1658). They had the following children:
Christian Louis I, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (11 December 1623 – 21 June 1692)
Sophia Agnes of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (11 January 1625 – 26 December 1694)
Karl, Duke of Mecklenburg-Mirow (8 March 1626 – 20 August 1670)
Anna Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1 July 1627 – 11 December 1669), married Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels (ancestors of George III of the United Kingdom).
Johann Georg of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (5 May 1629 – 9 July 1675)
Hedwig of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (11 August 1630 – 17 May 1631)
Gustav Rudolf of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (26 February 1632 – 14 May 1670)
Juliane of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (8 November 1633 – 3 February 1634)
Ancestry
References
1601 births
1634 deaths
House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Duchesses of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
House of Cirksena | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Maria%20of%20Ostfriesland |
The South African Labour Party (), was a South African political party formed in March 1910 in the newly created Union of South Africa following discussions between trade unions, the Transvaal Independent Labour Party, and the Natal Labour Party. It was a professedly democratic socialist party representing the interests of the white working class.
The party received support mostly from urban white workers and for most of its existence sought to protect them from competition from black and other non-white workers.
History
The party was represented in the South African House of Assembly from the South African general election, 1910 until it lost its last seats in the South African general election, 1958. It never came close to acquiring a majority in Parliament or to being the official opposition, but it did spend periods as a junior coalition partner in the government of South Africa. Between 1910 and 1929 the Party was led by Colonel F. H. P. Creswell.
The worldwide depression after the end of the First World War had led to a strike in South Africa, known as the Rand Rebellion, which had been defused through a combination of military force and repression, including the imprisonment of Labour leader Frederic Creswell for a month. The government's heavy handed negotiations with the out-gunned unions earned Jan Smuts the enmity of the labour vote and the Labour Party, whose support was boosted by the growing militancy of workers. This paved the way for an election agreement between the Labour Party and the National Party (NP) for the 1924 general election, in which the two parties would not oppose each other during the election and would support each other's candidates in certain constituencies. The alliance resulted in a coalition government known as the Pact. The Labour Party provided two members of the Pact government, including its leader, Creswell, as Minister of Defence. In the event, Creswell remained in office until 1933, for much of that time doubling as Minister of Labour. While serving in government, the LP initiated important economic and industrial legislation which improved conditions for white workers. In addition, the LP also helped to alleviate unemployment amongst whites, and a year after becoming labour minister, Creswell claimed that he had found employment for 12,000 previously jobless whites. These policies, however, did nothing to enhance conditions for black workers.
In 1928 the party split between two factions. The Labour MP who was Minister of Posts, Telegraphs and Public Works, Walter Madeley, recognised the Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union, which had non-white members. This angered the National Party. As a result, Madeley was asked to resign. When the Labour Party National Council refused to agree, the Minister could only be got rid of by the resignation and reconstruction of the whole Pact government. The "Creswell Labour" group, supporting the veteran party leader Colonel Creswell, remained in the Pact government. The opposing faction, known as "National Council Labour", went into opposition with Madeley as its leader.
After the South African general election, 1929, even though the National Party won an overall majority, Colonel Creswell and a colleague remained ministers. When the National Party formed a coalition with Jan Smuts's South African Party, in 1933, the Pact government came to an end. At the South African general election, 1933, the Creswell faction became followers of General Smuts, thus leaving the National Council faction as the Labour Party.
The National Party and the South African Party merged in 1934 as the United Party (UP). When that party split, over the issue of South African participation in the Second World War, the Labour Party participated in a wartime coalition under the Premiership of Jan Smuts formed in 1939. Walter Madeley, the Labour leader, left the coalition in 1945.
On 24 July 1946, Walter Madeley resigned from the leadership and the party. Three other MPs also left the party during 1946–47 because they favoured a more conservative line on racial questions than the party organisation. Madeley, who had represented Benoni in the Union Parliament continuously since it was created in 1910, died in 1947. A dissident Labour candidate (representing the United Labour Party) contested the Benoni by-election, but lost by 949 votes to the official Labour candidate. Dissident Labour candidates also contested the South African general election, 1948 but won no seats.
After 1939, the Labour Party was clearly closer to the United Party than to the National Party. Labour had an electoral pact with the UP in 1943, 1948 and 1953. However Labour tended to oppose the NP, after it came to power in 1948, more vigorously than the larger and more conservative United Party felt able to do.
The Labour leader, John Christie, died during the South African general election, 1953. His successor, the last Labour leader Alex Hepple, tried to pursue a socialist policy as well as maintaining relations with groups like the African National Congress. His policies proved to be far too left-leaning for the majority Afrikaner-electorate and led a sound defeat in the 1958 election, in which Labour gained 0,23% of the votes and lost all of its remaining seats. The Labour Party was dissolved soon after the election.
A small fraction of former Labour politicians formed the Conservative Workers Party, which only gained 0.31% in the elections 1961 and disbanded as well.
Leaders
1910–1933 Colonel F.H.P. Creswell (disputed 1928–1933)
1928–1946 Walter Madeley (disputed 1928–1933)
1946–1953 John Christie
1953–1958 Alex Hepple
Electoral history
House of Assembly elections
References
Keesing's Contemporary Archives
Smuts: A Reappraisal, by Bernard Friedman (George, Allen & Unwin 1975)
South Africa 1982 Official Yearbook of the Republic of South Africa, published by Chris van Rensburg Publications
1910 establishments in South Africa
Defunct political parties in South Africa
Social democratic parties in South Africa
Labour parties
Organisations associated with apartheid
Political parties disestablished in 1958
Political parties established in 1910
White South African culture
Working class in South Africa
Social class in South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour%20Party%20%28South%20Africa%29 |
Priest's Grotto (also known as Ozerna or Blue Lakes , meaning: "lake") is a cave in western Ukraine near the village of Strilkivtsi (), located within Chortkiv Raion (District) of Ternopil Oblast (Province).
Priest's Grotto is part of the extensive gypsum giant cave system, and is one of the longest caves in the world with over (2017) of explored passages. It is about driving distance southwest of Kyiv, and about south of the district seat of Borshchiv. In World War II it was used as a refuge by Jewish refugees from the Nazi occupation during the Holocaust.
Holocaust refuge
In 1942–1944, during the Nazi occupation, several Jewish families lived in this and the nearby Verteba Cave located to the west in the town of Bilche Zolote. Some of these people never left the cave for 344 days, making this the longest recorded instance of uninterrupted cave habitation known. Although some of the Jews hiding in these caves were caught and murdered by the Nazis, thirty-eight of them managed to survive the Holocaust of Ukrainian Jews until the area was liberated by the Red Army in April 1944.
These people would have almost certainly not survived, had they not sought shelter in these caves, since 95% of the Jews in Ukraine were murdered. Moreover, this group included two families, which made their survival all the more remarkable, since only 1% of Ukrainian Jewish families survived the Holocaust intact. At first they hid in the Verteba Cave, however after the Germans discovered their presence there, they moved to the relatively unknown Priest's Grotto cave, where they managed to survive for the rest of the German occupation of the region. Some of the local Ukrainians helped the Jews by selling them food, but others came close to bringing down their destruction, at one point even attempting an armed assault against the Jewish men who were trying to haul sacks of grain into the entrance of the cave in the middle of the night.
The people in the cave could not afford to illuminate the darkness, but had to conserve candles and fuel. This meant that they only lit candles for a few minutes, several times a day, in order to prepare meals. All other times were spent in complete and total darkness. One of the survivors, Pepkala Blitzer, a four-year-old girl when she and her family sought shelter in the caves from the Nazis, later recalled how she had completely forgotten about the sun or daylight. Eventually, one day in early April 1944, one of the Jewish men found a bottle lying on the floor beneath the entrance to the cave. Inside was a message from a friendly Ukrainian farmer, which read: "The Germans have already gone." A few days later, the entire group of Jews hiding in the cave (numbering 38 people) finally left their refuge. Standing in the bright sunshine, Pepkala asked her mother to put out the bright candle, because it hurt her eyes too much. She was referring to the sun, which she could not remember having seen.
Survivors
Most of the survivors from Priest's Grotto emigrated to North America, where their descendants still live. Their story was relatively unknown until young American spelunker and former police officer Christos Nicola explored caves in this region. In 1993, he discovered evidence that people had sought refuge in Priest's Grotto cave during World War II. He inquired about this with local residents, which yielded a rumor that "perhaps some Jews had lived in the cave during the War".
After returning to his home in Queens, New York, Nicola spent ten years researching the story until he was able to locate a survivor who lived just a few miles from him in Queens. This led him to meeting with many of the remaining Jewish survivors, and he recorded their experiences.
Documentary
The story of the survivors who lived in these caves was featured in the June/July 2004 issue of the National Geographic Adventure Magazine, as well as numerous other journal articles, and an award-winning book published in 2007 that Nicola helped to write, targeted for a young adult audience.
National Geographic staff writer and photographer Peter Lane Taylor, who co-authored "The secret of Priest's Grotto" with Nicola, created a production company named Frontier Media Ventures, to help facilitate the making of a documentary, exhibit, and feature film about Nicola and the Priest's Grotto Jews.
No Place on Earth is a documentary/feature film about the Priest's Grotto story, as well as Nicola's investigative work in bringing the story to the public's attention, directed and produced by Janet Tobias, narrated by Nicola and four survivors of the caves. It was released theatrically in the US in 2013 by Magnolia Pictures and in Germany by Senator Films.
References
External links
The Darkest Days - National Geographic Magazine article
coverage
Holocaust Ukraine: Off the face of the earth it was the only refuge they had left from ArtUkraine.com
The Secret of Priest's Grotto: A Holocaust Survival Story - Kar-Ben Publishing
NBC Today Show Video
Off the Face of the Earth Story of the Jewish families who survived the war in Priest's Grotto
Christos Nicola's Home Page - includes biographical information about Christos Nicola, and links to videos and information about the story of the survivors who hid in these caves during the Holocaust.
No Place on Earth - documentary/feature film
Caves of Ukraine
Gypsum caves
The Holocaust in Ukraine
Grottoes
Geography of Ternopil Oblast | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest%27s%20Grotto |
Brian Oliver MacLeod (June 25, 1952 – April 25, 1992), nicknamed "Too Loud" MacLeod, was a Canadian musician, songwriter and music producer, best known as a member of the bands Chilliwack and Headpins.
History
Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, MacLeod appeared as a guitarist in the Canadian band Pepper Tree and was a member of Huski and Garrison Hill with best friend Denny Driscoll in St. John's, Newfoundland. While in Garrison Hill, he met Pam Marsh, who was leaving the band Everyday People after a Newfoundland tour. Marsh and MacLeod recorded a demo in St. John's of some original tunes and went off to Toronto and formed the band "Surrender" with Paul "Boomer" Stamp on drums and Ken Morris on bass. In 1975, MacLeod released a solo single “You Know I Can't Do Anymore”/“Come By Chance”. In 1978, while working the Ontario bar circuit with Stingaree (which included fellow guitarist Bernie LaBarge) he was invited to join Chilliwack and first appeared on their album Lights from the Valley. In addition to guitar, MacLeod occasionally contributed on vocals, drums, and keyboards—and he eventually co-produced the band's albums, notably Opus X (1982) for which he received a Best Producer Juno Award.
With bassist Ab Bryant, MacLeod initially formed Headpins as a side project to Chilliwack. After Opus X MacLeod left Chilliwack to focus his efforts on Headpins (featuring Denise McCann and eventually Darby Mills on vocals) released on Solid Gold Records in Canada and MCA Records in the United States. MacLeod produced other albums for such artists as Kick Axe, Pretty Rough, D.O.A., Paul Dean, Holly Woods (Toronto), Tim Feehan, and Chrissy Steele and shares songwriting credits with Bryan Adams, Loverboy, Chicago, Jermaine Jackson and Nancy Nash. MacLeod also joined friends Denny Driscoll, Rick Livingstone and Ross Damude as the drummer for their band Montana with their co-written song "Lorelei".
Living exclusively on his prized boat Grand Marnier (with full recording studio onboard) with his "first mate" a dog named Sailor, MacLeod was a fixture at both Coal Harbour and Granville Island Marinas in Vancouver. He was also often spotted driving his beloved red and white classic Corvette convertible. MacLeod was also in training for his small aircraft pilot licence.
In 1990, MacLeod collapsed onstage and was diagnosed with brain cancer with a tumour in his upper chest cavity which metastasized into bone cancer. After his death in Vancouver, British Columbia in 1992, several friends organised the Brian MacLeod Benefit Concerts which featured some of the best musicians on the Canadian music scene and continued through 1997.
Discography
with Chilliwack
Lights from the Valley (1978)
Breakdown in Paradise (1979)
Wanna Be a Star (1981)
Opus X (1982)
with Headpins
Turn It Loud (1982)
Line of Fire (1983)
Head Over Heals (1985)
References
External links
CanConRox Memorial
CanConRox Chilliwack page
CanConRox Headpins page
Chilliwack page at the Canadian Encyclopedia
Sleazeroxx
PNW Bands
Metal Maidens
NME
Canoe Jam! Music
Exclaim
Tim Feehan
1952 births
1992 deaths
Canadian rock guitarists
Canadian male guitarists
Canadian male songwriters
Canadian record producers
Jack Richardson Producer of the Year Award winners
Musicians from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Deaths from cancer in British Columbia
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from brain tumor
20th-century Canadian guitarists
Chilliwack (band) members
20th-century Canadian male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20MacLeod%20%28Canadian%20musician%29 |
Jan Savitt (born Jacob Savetnick; September 4, 1907 – October 4, 1948), known as "The Stokowski of Swing", from having played violin in Leopold Stokowski's orchestra, was an American bandleader, musical arranger, and violinist.
Early life and education
Savitt was born in Shumsk, then part of the Russian Empire (now part of Ukraine) and reared in Philadelphia.
He evidenced musical ability an early age and began winning conservatory scholarships in the study of the violin. He was offered the position of concert master in Leopold Stokowski's Philadelphia Symphony Orchestra, but turned it down, preferring to continue his studies at Curtis Institute. About a year later, believing himself ready, he joined Stokowski and the association continued for seven years, during which time Savitt gained further laurels as a concert soloist and leader of a string quartet.
Family
Savitt was married to model Barbara Ann Stillwell from 1940 until his death in 1948, and had two daughters with her, one of whom, Jo Ann, was married to Joel Douglas, son of actor Kirk Douglas, from 2004 until her death in 2013.
Career
In 1938, Jan Savitt & His Top Hatters broadcast from 5–5:30 pm every Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday as the KYW staff orchestra at KYW/NBC in Philadelphia. Saturday's weekly broadcast was one hour, coast-to-coast. The group also played at the Earl Theatre and performed with The Andrews Sisters and The Three Stooges.
He got his start in popular music some time later as music director of KYW, Philadelphia, where he evolved the unique "shuffle rhythm" which remained his trademark. Numerous sustaining programs created such a demand for the "shuffle rhythm" that Savitt left KYW to form his own dance crew.
Savitt's band was notable for including George "Bon Bon" Tunnell, one of the first African American singers to perform with a white band. Tunnell's recording with Savitt included Vol Vistu Gaily Star (co-composed by Slim Gaillard) and Rose of the Rio Grande. Helen Englert Blaum, known at the time as Helen Warren, also sang with Savitt during the war years.
Savitt and his orchestra had a bit role in the 1946 film High School Hero.
Death
Shortly before arriving in Sacramento, California, with his orchestra on Saturday, October 2, 1948, for a concert scheduled for that evening at Memorial Auditorium, Savitt was stricken with a cerebral hemorrhage and taken to Sacramento County Hospital. Savitt died on October 4, with his wife at his bedside. He is buried in Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) California
The Top Hatters
These musicians played with Savitt as The Top Hatters:
Al Leopold, Charles Jensen, Cutty Cutshall, Ed Clausen, Frank Langone, Gabe Galinas, George White, Harold Kearns, Harry Roberts, Howard Cook, Irv Leshner, Jack Hansen, Jack Pleis, James Schultz, Johnny Austin, Johnny Warrington, Maurice Evans, Morris Rayman, Sam Sachelle.
Discography
The Top Hatters (1939–1941), Decca Jazz Heritage Series, 1967
Notes
References
External links
Jan Savitt recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.
1907 births
1948 deaths
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
Ukrainian Jews
American classical violinists
20th-century American conductors (music)
American male violinists
American jazz violinists
Swing violinists
Big band bandleaders
American jazz singers
American jazz bandleaders
Musicians from Philadelphia
20th-century classical violinists
20th-century American singers
Singers from Pennsylvania
Jazz musicians from Pennsylvania
Classical musicians from Pennsylvania
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Male classical violinists
20th-century American violinists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Savitt |
Yvonne C. Sherman Tutt (May 3, 1930 – February 2, 2005 in Colorado Springs, CO) was an American figure skater. She won the gold medal at the U.S. Figure Skating Championships twice in ladies' single skating and once in pair skating with Robert Swenning. Sherman competed in both disciplines in the 1948 Winter Olympics.
After her competitive career ended, Sherman became a skating judge. She was married to William Thayer Tutt, a prominent skating administrator and promoter from Colorado Springs. Both Tutts were inducted into the United States Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 1991.
Results
Singles
Pairs
(with Swenning)
References
1930 births
American female single skaters
American female pair skaters
Olympic figure skaters for the United States
Figure skaters at the 1948 Winter Olympics
2005 deaths
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
20th-century American women
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne%20Sherman |
Jasminum sambac (Arabian jasmine or Sambac jasmine) is a species of jasmine native to tropical Asia, from the Indian subcontinent to Southeast Asia. It is cultivated in many places, especially West Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is naturalised in many scattered locales: Mauritius, Madagascar, the Maldives, Christmas Island, Chiapas, Central America, southern Florida, the Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and the Lesser Antilles.
Jasminum sambac is a small shrub or vine growing up to in height. It is widely cultivated for its attractive and sweetly fragrant flowers. The flowers may be used as a fragrant ingredient in perfumes and jasmine tea. It is the national flower of the Philippines, where it is known as sampaguita, as well as being one of the three national flowers of Indonesia, where it is known as melati putih.
Description
Jasminum sambac is an evergreen vine or shrub reaching up to tall. The species is highly variable, possibly a result of spontaneous mutation, natural hybridization, and autopolyploidy. Cultivated Jasminum sambac generally do not bear seeds and the plant is reproduced solely by cuttings, layering, marcotting, and other methods of asexual propagation.
The leaves are ovate, long and wide. The phyllotaxy is opposite or in whorls of three, simple (not pinnate, like most other jasmines). They are smooth (glabrous) except for a few hairs at the venation on the base of the leaf.
The flowers bloom all throughout the year and are produced in clusters of 3 to 12 together at the ends of branches. They are strongly scented, with a white corolla in diameter with 5 to 9 lobes. The flowers open at night (usually around 6 to 8 in the evening), and close in the morning, a span of 12 to 20 hours. The fruit is a purple to black berry in diameter.
Taxonomy and nomenclature
Jasminum sambac is classified under the genus Jasminum under the tribe Jasmineae. It belongs to the olive family Oleaceae.
The English common name of "Arabian jasmine", Jasminum sambac is due to it being widely cultivated in Southwest of Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Oman. Early Chinese records of the plant points to the origin of Jasminum sambac as eastern South Asia and Southeast Asia. Jasminum sambac (and nine other species of the genus) were spread into Arabia and Persia by man, where they were cultivated in gardens. From there, they were introduced to Europe where they were grown as ornamentals and were known under the common name "sambac" in the 18th century.
The Medieval Arabic term "zanbaq" denoted jasmine flower-oil from the flowers of any species of jasmine. This word entered late medieval Latin as "sambacus" and "zambacca" with the same meaning as the Arabic, and then in post-medieval Latin plant taxonomy the word was adopted as a label for the J. sambac species. The J. sambac species is a good source for jasmine flower-oil in terms of the quality of the fragrance and it continues to be cultivated for this purpose for the perfume industry today. The Jasminum officinale species is also cultivated for the same purpose, and probably to a greater extent.
In 1753, Carl Linnaeus first described the plant as Nyctanthes sambac in the first edition of his famous book Systema Naturae. In 1789, William Aiton reclassified the plant to the genus Jasminum. He also coined the common English name of "Arabian jasmine".
Cultivation
The sweet, heady fragrance of Jasminum sambac is its distinct feature. It is widely grown throughout the tropics from the Arabian peninsula to Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands as an ornamental plant and for its strongly scented flowers. Numerous cultivars currently exist.
Typically, the flowers are harvested as buds during early morning. The flower buds are harvested on basis of color, as firmness and size are variable depending on the weather. The buds have to be white, as green ones may not emit the characteristic fragrance they are known for. Open flowers are generally not harvested as a larger amount of them is needed to extract oils and they lose their fragrance sooner.
J. sambac does not tolerate being frozen, so in temperate regions must be grown under glass, in an unheated greenhouse or conservatory. It has an intense fragrance which some people may find overpowering. In the UK this plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Cultivars
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There are numerous cultivars of Jasminum sambac which differ from each other by the shape of leaves and the structure of the corolla. The cultivars recognized include:
'Maid of Orleans' – possesses flowers with a single layer of five or more oval shaped petals. It is the variety most commonly referred to as sampaguita and pikake. It is also known as 'Mograw', 'Motiya', or 'Bela'.
'Belle of India' – possesses flowers with a single or double layer of elongated petals.
'Grand Duke of Tuscany' – possesses flowers with a doubled petal count. They resemble small white roses and are less fragrant than the other varieties. It is also known as 'Rose jasmine' and 'Butt Mograw'. In the Philippines, it is known as kampupot.
'Mysore Mallige' – resembles the 'Belle of India' cultivar but has slightly shorter petals with distinct and immense fragrance.
'Arabian Nights' – possesses a double layer of petals but is smaller in size than the 'Grand Duke of Tuscany' cultivar.
Chemical composition
Jasminum sambac contains dotriacontanoic acid, dotriacontanol, oleanolic acid, daucosterol, hesperidin, and [+]-jasminoids A, B, C, D in its roots. Leaves contains flavonoids such as rutin, quercetin and isoquercetin, flavonoids rhamnoglycosides as well as α-amyrin and β-sitosterol. A novel plant cysteine-rich peptide family named jasmintides were isolated from this plant.
Its aroma is caused by a variety of compounds including benzyl alcohol, tetradecamethylcycloheptasiloxane, methyl benzoate, linalool, benzyl acetate, (-)-(R)-jasmine lactone, (E,E)-α-farnesene, (Z)-3-hexenyl benzoate, N-acetylmethylanthranilate, dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane, (E)-methyl jasmonate, benzyl benzoate and isophytol.
Importance
Southeast Asia
Philippines
Jasminum sambac (Filipino and Philippine Spanish: sampaguita) was adopted by the Philippines as the national flower on 1 February 1934 via Proclamation No. 652 issued by American Governor-General Frank Murphy.
Its most widespread modern common name "sampaguita" is derived from the Philippine Spanish sampaguita; from Tagalog sampaga ("jasmine", a direct loanword from the Indian sanskrit word campaka), and the Spanish diminutive suffix -ita. It is also by native common names, including kampupot in Tagalog; kulatai, pongso, or kampupot in Kapampangan; manul in the Visayan languages; lumabi or malul in Maguindanao; and hubar or malur in Tausug.
Filipinos string the flowers into leis, corsages, and sometimes crowns. These garlands are available as loose strings of blossoms or as tight clusters of buds, and are commonly sold by vendors outside churches and near street intersections.
Sampaguita garlands are used as a form of bestowing honour, veneration, or accolade. These are primarily used to adorn religious images, religious processions and photographs of the dead on altars. These are placed around the necks of living persons such as dignitaries, visitors, and occasionally to graduating students. Buds strung into ropes several metres long are often used to decorate formal events such state occasions at Malacañang Palace, weddings, and are sometimes used as the ribbon in ribbon cutting ceremonies. Though edible, the flower is rarely used in cuisine, with an unusual example being flavouring for ice cream.
Jasminum sambac is the subject of the danza song La Flor de Manila, composed by Dolores Paterno in 1879. The song was popular during the Commonwealth and is now regarded as a romantic classic. The flower is also the namesake of the song El Collar de Sampaguita. The design of the ceremonial torch for the 2019 Southeast Asian Games, designed by Filipino sculptor Daniel Dela Cruz, was inspired by the sampaguita.
Indonesia
Jasminum sambac () is one of the three national flowers in Indonesia, the other two being the moon orchid and the giant padma. Although the official adoption were announced only as recent as 1990 during World Environment Day and enforced by law through Presidential Decree No. 4 in 1993, the importance of Jasminum sambac in Indonesian culture long predates its official adoption. Since the formation of Indonesian republic during the reign of Sukarno, melati putih is always unofficially recognized as the national flower of Indonesia. The reverence and its elevated status mostly due to the importance of this flower in Indonesian tradition since ancient times.
It has long been considered a sacred flower in Indonesian tradition, as it symbolizes purity, sacredness, graceful simplicity and sincerity. It also represents the beauty of modesty; a small and simple white flower that can produce such sweet fragrance. It is also the most important flower in wedding ceremonies for ethnic Indonesians, especially in the island of Java. Jasmine flower buds that have not fully opened are usually picked to create strings of jasmine garlands (). On wedding days, a traditional Javanese or Sundanese bride's hair is adorned with strings of jasmine garlands arranged as a hairnet to cover the konde (hair bun). The intricately intertwined strings of jasmine garlands are left to hang loose from the bride's head. The groom's kris is also adorned with five jasmine garlands called roncen usus-usus (intestine garlands) to refer its intestine-like form and also linked to the legend of Arya Penangsang. In Makassar and Bugis brides, the hair is also adorned with buds of jasmine that resemble pearls. Jasmine is also used as floral offerings for hyangs, spirits and deities especially among Balinese Hindu, and also often present during funerals. In South Sumatran traditional costume, the bungo melati pattern in Palembang songket fabrics depicts the jasmine to represent beauty and femininity.
The jasmine has wide spectrums in Indonesian traditions; it is the flower of life, beauty and festive wedding, yet it is also often associated with spirit and death. In Indonesian patriotic songs and poems, the fallen melati is often hailed as the representation of fallen heroes that sacrificed their lives and died for the country, a very similar concept to fallen sakura that represents fallen heroes in Japanese tradition. Ismail Marzuki's patriotic song "Melati di Tapal Batas" (jasmine on the border) (1947) and Guruh Sukarnoputra's "Melati Suci" (sacred jasmine) (1974) clearly refer jasmine as the representation of fallen heroes, the eternally fragrant flower that adorned Ibu Pertiwi (Indonesian national personification). Iwan Abdurachman's "Melati Dari Jayagiri" (jasmine from Jayagiri mountain) refers to jasmine as the representation of the pure unspoiled beauty of a girl and also a long-lost love.
In Indonesia, jasmine essential oil is also extracted from jasmine flowers and buds by using the steam distillation process. Jasmine essential oil is one of the most expensive commodities in the aromatherapy and perfume industry.
Cambodia
In Cambodia, the flower is used as an offering to the Buddha. During flowering season which begins in June, Cambodians thread the flower buds onto a wooden needle to be presented to the Buddha.
Thailand
In Thailand, this flower is often strung into a garland for offerings to Buddha. Its name is called in Thai as "mali la" () or "mali son" (). Their names are referenced in central folk songs, until it is widely known and popular. It has been adapted into a sports song. In addition, the flower is also used as a symbol on Mother's Day in Thailand as well which falls on August 12, birthday of Queen Sirikit.
East Asia
China
In China, the flower () is processed and used as the main flavoring ingredient in jasmine tea (茉莉花茶). It is also the subject of a popular folk song Mo Li Hua.
Hawaii
In Hawaii, the flower is known as pīkake, and is used to make fragrant leis. The name 'pīkake' is derived from the Hawaiian word for "peacock", because the Hawaiian Princess Kaʻiulani was fond of both the flowers and the bird.
The Middle East
In Oman, Jasminum sambac features prominently on a child's first birthday. They are used to make thick garlands used as hair adornments. Flowers are sprinkled on the child's head by other children while chanting "hol hol". The fragrant flowers are also sold packed in between large leaves of the Indian almond (Terminalia catappa) and sewn together with strips of date palm leaves. In Bahrain The flower is made into a pin along with the leaf of a palm tree to commemorate the martyrs of the country, similar to the White Poppy flower.
South Asia
Jasmine is considered to be a sacred flower in Hinduism. It is one of the most commonly grown ornamentals in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, where it is native. At Indian weddings, the bride often adorns her hair with garlands made of mogra, either around a bun or wrapped across a braid.
Sri Lanka
In Sri Lanka it is widely known as pichcha or gaeta pichcha. The name sithapushpa and katarolu are also used in older texts. The flowers are used in Buddhist temples and in ceremonial garlands.
Toxicity
The LD50 of jasmine extract is greater than 5 mg/kg by weight.
See also
List of Jasminum species
Jasmine
Jasminum multiflorum – the Indian jasmine
Jasminum officinale – the common jasmine
Cananga odorata, the ylang-ylang, another plant widely used in perfumes
References
External links
sambac
Flora of tropical Asia
National symbols of Indonesia
National symbols of the Philippines
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Garden plants of Asia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasminum%20sambac |
Ben-Zion Orgad (Hebrew: בן ציון אורגד, originally Ben-Zion Büschel; born Gelsenkirchen, Germany, 21 August 1926; died Tel Aviv, Israel, 28 April 2006) was an Israeli composer.
His family emigrated to Mandate Palestine in 1933, where he started violin lessons in 1936. From 1942 until 1946, Orgad studied violin and composing with Rudolf Bergmann and Paul Ben-Haim in Tel Aviv and in 1947 with Josef Tal in Jerusalem. In the years 1949, 1952, and 1961 he took part in composing courses at the Berkshire Music Center in Tanglewood, with Aaron Copland and others. From 1960 until 1962 he studied composing at Brandeis University in Waltham.
Beginning in 1956, Orgad was employed by the Israeli Ministry of Education, in the department of its school of music. His musical works consist primarily of choir music and songs, although he also wrote orchestral works and chamber music.
Awards
In 1952, Orgad received the Kussewitzky Prize of UNESCO.
In 1961, he received the Joel Engel Prize of the city of Tel Aviv.
In 1997, he was awarded the Israel Prize, for music.
See also
List of Israel Prize recipients
References
External links
Ben-Zion Orgad bio
1926 births
2006 deaths
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to Mandatory Palestine
20th-century classical composers
Israeli male composers
Jewish composers
Jewish Israeli musicians
Israel Prize in music recipients
People from Gelsenkirchen
People from the Province of Westphalia
Deaths from cancer in Israel
Brandeis University alumni
Male classical composers
20th-century Israeli male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben-Zion%20Orgad |
Alan Atkinson (born 20 October 1951) is a former Australian rules footballer who played in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Atkinson was recruited by Collingwood from Hamilton, and made his debut in 1970. Despite playing 134 games for the Pies, Atkinson failed to make a Grand Final appearance when opportunities arose. He was tall, but not a solidly built player. He played on the wing and at half-forward during his career. In round 21 of the 1973 season, he took one of the most spectacular marks of all time, which was awarded "VFL Mark of the Year". In 1980 he played six games when the Bulldogs picked him up.
References
External links
1951 births
Collingwood Football Club players
Western Bulldogs players
Hamilton Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Atkinson |
Svein Johannessen (17 October 1937 – 27 November 2007) was a Norwegian chess player. He became Norway's second International Master, after Olaf Barda, in 1961. He won four Norwegian Chess Championships, in 1959, 1962, 1970 and 1973.
According to ChessBase, Johannessen had a wide opening repertoire. He played most of the regular opening moves with White with some frequency, 1.d4, 1.e4, 1.c4 and 1.Nf3. With Black against 1.e4 he frequently entered the "open" games with 1...e5, but often played the Sicilian Defence as well. Against 1.d4 Johannessen also played several things including the Old Indian Defense and Queen's Gambit Accepted.
References
FIDE rating card for Svein Johannessen
List of Norwegian Chess Champions
Literature
Øystein Brekke: Sjakkmesteren Svein Johannessen, Norsk Sjakkforlag, Drammen 2009
Norwegian chess players
Chess International Masters
1937 births
2007 deaths
20th-century chess players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svein%20Johannessen |
Alresford railway station is on the Sunshine Coast Line, a branch of the Great Eastern Main Line, in the East of England, serving the village of Alresford, Essex. It is down the line from London Liverpool Street and is situated between to the west and to the east. In official literature it is shown as Alresford (Essex) in order to distinguish it from the station of the same name in Hampshire. Its three-letter station code is ALR.
The station was opened by the Tendring Hundred Railway, a subsidiary of the Great Eastern Railway, in 1866. It is currently managed by Greater Anglia, which also operates all trains serving the station.
History
The station was opened on 8 January 1866 by the Tendring Hundred Railway, then owned by the Great Eastern Railway. It later became part of the London and North Eastern Railway following the Grouping of 1923, and then passed to the Eastern Region of British Railways upon nationalisation in 1948. After sectorisation was introduced, the station was served by Network SouthEast until the privatisation of British Rail.
Prior to the electrification of the line, the ticket clerk operated the level crossing gates, the home and distant signals on both the "up" (London-bound) and "down" (country-bound) lines, and his own level crossing gate lock and the one for the level crossing a short distance down the line, at all times that the signal box was unmanned. Edward Burbage fulfilled this duty for nearly 50 years. The crossing gates were replaced with automatic barriers as part of an upgrade of the line in 2008 and 2009.
Tickets are sold from a machine in Station Road as the original station building has been disused for many years but has been maintained by volunteers. In 2016 it was reported that the line franchisee, Abellio Greater Anglia, planned to demolish the station building and provide platform shelters in its place. It also planned to demolish the station buildings at and . The buildings were subsequently offered to Tendring District Council for £1 each, should the council wish to renovate them.
Services
The typical off-peak service pattern is:
At peak times there are some additional services that are extended Walton-on-the-Naze services to London Liverpool Street or Clacton-on-Sea services stopping here
References
Station on navigable O.S. map
External links
Railway stations in Essex
DfT Category E stations
Former Great Eastern Railway stations
Greater Anglia franchise railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1866
Tendring | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alresford%20railway%20station%20%28Essex%29 |
George "Bon Bon" Tunnell (June 29, 1912 – May 20, 1975) was an American jazz vocalist.
Biography
Born in Reading, Pennsylvania, United States, Tunnell was one of the first African American vocalists to perform with a white band, that of Jan Savitt and his band, The Top Hatters.
In the early 1930s, he fronted a vocal quartet, the Three Keys, which had a hit with "Fit as a Fiddle".
Tunnell then joined Jan Savitt's Band and recorded a number of tracks with them including "Moonlight Masquerade", "The Gypsy in My Soul", "A Kiss for Consolation", plus two best-selling numbers, "Hi-Yo Silver" and "Make Believe Island".
In 1941, Tunnell left Savitt and began recording solo tracks including "I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire", "Blow, Gabriel Blow" and "Most Emphatically, Yes!"
He then joined Spirits of Rhythm jazz ensemble briefly before spending time fronting the Tommy Reynolds Band during the 1950s.
When Tunnell's career slowed, he returned to live in Pennsylvania.
He died in May 1975, in Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania, at the age of 62.
References
Bibliography
Jazz Records 1897-1942 4th Revised and Enlarged Edition, by Brian Rust, Arlington House Publishers, New Rochelle, New York, 1978,
External links
Explorepahistory.com
1912 births
1975 deaths
Traditional pop music singers
Singers from Philadelphia
Jazz musicians from Pennsylvania
American male jazz musicians
20th-century African-American male singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Tunnell |
Bonbon refers to any of several types of sweets, especially small candies enrobed in chocolate.
Bonbon, Bonbons, Bon Bon or Bon-Bon may also refer to:
Geography
Bon Bon Reserve, South Australia
222 Margaret Street, Brisbane Bon Bon Tower, nickname for the skyscraper in Brisbane, Australia
Bonbon, Grand'Anse, a commune in Haiti
Music
Bon Bon (singer), American vocalist
Bon-Bon Blanco (sometimes B3), a Japanese rock group active 2002–2009
Bon-Bon (vocal group), Bulgarian children's ensemble
Les Bonbons (album), Jacques Brel
"Bon, Bon", 2010 song by Pitbull from Armando
"BonBon", 2016 song by Era Istrefi
"Bon Bon", 1957 song by The Four Voices
"Les Bonbons", 1964 song by Jacques Brel
"Bon Bon Bon", song by Vanessa Quinones
Other uses
Bon-Bon (short story), by Edgar Allan Poe, featuring character Pierre Bon-Bon
Bonbon (mobile phone operator), brand in Croatian mobile communications market owned by T-Mobile
BonBon-Land, amusement park base on the candy brand
Bon Bon, transvestite character in the 2000 film Before Night Falls, played by Johnny Depp
Bon Bon, a name given to fictional characters in the My Little Pony franchise, each in different generations respectively
Comic BomBom, sometimes romanised as 'Comic BonBon', a Japanese manga magazine
Bon bon chicken, a dish in Chinese cuisine
Bon-Bon, a minor antagonist from the game Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location
Bonbon, a grape beverage manufactured by Haitai.
See also
Bon (disambiguation)
Christmas cracker | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonbon%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Anna Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1 July 1627, in Schwerin – 11 December 1669, in Halle) was a German noblewoman, a member of the House of Mecklenburg and by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Weissenfels.
She was the fourth child and second daughter of Adolf Frederick I, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin by his first wife Anna Maria, daughter of Enno III, Count of Ostfriesland. In older historiography she appears with a third name, Dorothea, but modern historians have discarded it.
Life
The wars involving Mecklenburg forced her father to send Anna Maria and her two older brothers, Christian Louis and Karl, first to Sweden and shortly afterwards to Denmark, to the court of Dowager Queen Sophia (born Duchess of Mecklenburg-Güstrow). In 1629 Anna Maria was sent to Saxony with Dowager Electress Hedwig, to the latter's dower state, Castle Lichtenberg near Prettin, where she was educated. After Hedwig's death in 1642, Anna Maria returned to Schwerin, where she was reunited with her father, her mother having died in 1634. She also probably then met for the first time her stepmother, Marie Katharina of Brunswick-Dannenberg, and her three surviving half-siblings. Anna Maria was her father's favorite child as demonstrated by the cordial, even affectionate tone of the letters that they wrote to each other.
On 23 November 1647, in Schwerin, Anna Maria married Augustus, second surviving son of Johann Georg I, Elector of Saxony, and moved with her husband to Halle, the main city of his domains as Administrator of the Archbishopric of Magdeburg. During her marriage, she bore twelve children, including three daughters who died in infancy in 1663.
On 22 April 1657 her husband, by the terms of his father's will, received the towns of Weissenfels and Querfurt as his own Duchy, and hence Anna Maria became Duchess consort of Saxe-Weissenfels.
Anna Maria died on 11 December 1669 in Halle and was buried in a magnificent coffin in the Schloss Neu-Augustusburg in Weissenfels. Her three infant daughters who had been buried in the Halle Cathedral were reinterred with her.
Issue
In Schwerin on 23 November 1647 Anna Maria married Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels. They had twelve children:
Magdalene Sibylle (b. Halle, 2 September 1648 - d. Gotha, 7 January 1681), married on 14 November 1669 to Duke Frederick I of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.
Johann Adolf I (b. Halle, 2 November 1649 - d. Weissenfels, 24 May 1697).
August (b. Halle, 3 December 1650 - d. Halle, 11 August 1674), Provost of Magdeburg; married on 25 August 1673 to Charlotte of Hesse-Eschwege. Their only son was stillborn (24 April 1674).
Christian (b. Halle, 25 January 1652 - killed in action at Mainz, 24 August 1689), General Field Marshal of the Saxon Electoral Army.
Anna Maria (b. Halle, 28 February 1653 - d. Halle, 17 February 1671).
Sophie (b. Halle, 23 June 1654 - d. Zerbst, 31 March 1724), married on 18 June 1676 to Karl, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst.
Katharine (b. Halle, 12 September 1655 - d. Halle, 21 April 1663).
Christine (b. Halle, 25 August 1656 - d. Eutin, 27 April 1698), married on 21 June 1676 to August Friedrich of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince-Bishop of Lübeck (son of Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, and his wife Duchess Marie Elisabeth of Saxony). No issue.
Heinrich (b. Halle, 29 September 1657 - d. Barby, 16 February 1728); he inherited Barby.
Albrecht (b. Halle, 14 April 1659 - d. Leipzig, 9 May 1692).
Elisabeth (b. Halle, 25 August 1660 - d. Halle, 11 May 1663).
Dorothea (b. Halle, 17 December 1662 - d. Halle, 12 May 1663).
Ancestry
Bibliography
Dirk Schleinert. "Anna Maria von Mecklenburg (1627-1669) und August von Sachsen (1614-1680) und die Begründung des Hauses Sachsen-Weißenfels. Dynastische Beziehungen zwischen Mecklenburg und Kursachsen im 17. Jahrhundert", in Mecklenburgische Jahrbücher 123 (2008), 123-157.
Klaus Gondermann. Die Mitglieder der Fruchtbringenden Gesellschaft 1617-1650: 527 Biographien. Leipzig 1985.
300 Jahre Schloß Neu-Augustusburg, 1660–1694 - Residenz der Herzöge von Sachsen-Weißenfels. Festschrift. Weissenfels (1994).
Johann Christoph Dreyhaupt. Beschreibung des ... Saal-Creyses, insonderheit der Städte Halle. Halle 1749/1751 (so-called Dreyhaupt-Chronik).
References
|-
1627 births
1669 deaths
House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
House of Saxe-Weissenfels
People from Schwerin
Duchesses of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Duchesses of Saxe-Weissenfels
⚭Anna Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Daughters of monarchs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Maria%20of%20Mecklenburg-Schwerin |
The B. Metzler seel. Sohn & Co. AG is a private banking company in Frankfurt, Germany. Metzler traces its origins to a trading company established 1674 by Benjamin Metzler in Frankfurt and is Germany’s second oldest bank (after Berenberg Bank) and the world's 5th oldest.
The Metzler has been owned continuously and exclusively by the founding family since its foundation in 1674. Since 1971 Friedrich von Metzler has been leading the bank in the 11th generation as personally liable partner of the banking house. End of May 2018 he retired from the executive committee.
History
The origins of the banking house Metzler go back to a trading company founded by Benjamin Metzler in 1674.
The name B. Metzler seel. Sohn & Co. is derived from the son of the company founder Benjamin Metzler, who wanted to remember his deceased father by this naming.
As early as the end of the 17th century, there was a coupling of merchandise and financial transactions due to the significant distance trade activities.
18th century
First money and exchange transactions of the company are provable since 1728. In 1742, a son of the founder was elected to the Frankfurt Stock Exchange Board. Since then, owners of the bank have almost uninterruptedly been represented on the management body of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and Deutsche Börse AG.
The development from trading to banking was largely completed around 1760. In 1769 Friedrich Metzler became a partner in the family business, in 1771 its leader. He entered the government bond business. It began in 1779 with a loan in favor of the Electorate of Bavaria. It was followed by Palatinate as a Debtor, 1795 the Kingdom of Prussia followed with a loan of one million guilders. Also Saxe-Meiningen, the House of Nassau as well as the House of Orange-Nassau became customers of Metzler. Through his dealings with the Prussian House of Lords he was awarded the title Königlich-preußischer geheimer Kommerzienrat (Royal Prussian Secret Commercial Council).
19th century
Towards the end of the 19th century the competition with the newly formed joint-stock banks led to a strategic orientation of the business toward the core competences of a private bank: renouncing the on-balance-sheet business and concentrating on individual financial services. Asset management was of particular importance.
20th century
At the beginning of the 20th century, the bank restricted the current account and lending business. At the same time, the trading of securities was deliberately expanded.
In 1938, the Metzler bank was involved in the forced Aryanization of Jewish banking houses, such as the banking houses Bass & Herz, J. Dreyfus & Co. and Jacob S.H. Stern.
In order to safeguard independence in the long term and to strengthen the capital base, the company was transformed in 1986 from a partnership into a capital company in the form of a limited joint-stock partnership. This maintained the personal liability of the management, which is characteristic of a private bank.
At the same time, B. Metzler seel. Sohn & Co. Holding AG was established as the parent company of a holding based on the Anglo-Saxon model.
Since then, the various business areas have been the responsibility of independent subsidiaries of the bank. In 1994, the B. Metzler GmbH was founded, in which the corporate finance consulting is consolidated.
The development of the bank in the 20th century was largely influenced by Albert von Metzler.
21st century
In 2001, one office was opened in Tokyo, and another in Beijing in 2009. In 2007, the Metzler bank celebrated its 333rd anniversary.
The bank, which is exclusively owned by the founding family, published the following figures in the consolidated financial statements for the financial year from 1 January 2022 to 31 December 2022:
Total assets: €8.3 billion
Assets under management (in Asset Management): €69 billion
Tier 1 capital ratio: more than 20%
Net profit: €2.3 million
The number of employees as of the end of 2022 was 800. The bank would like to remain independent. A fusion with another private bank mentioned by the business press has been repeatedly and clearly rejected by the bank.
In 2016, equity of over €200 million was reported.
Business areas
The Metzler bank focuses on capital market services for institutions and private clients in its core businesses asset management, capital markets, corporate finance and private banking. Metzler Asset Management customers include the Versorgungsanstalt des Bundes und der Länder (Federal and State Utilities Agency). In addition to asset management for wealthy individuals and institutional clients, Metzler is also active in mutual funds business.
With around 800 employees, the Metzler bank runs branches or subsidiaries in Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Munich, Stuttgart, Atlanta, Los Angeles, Beijing, Seattle and Tokyo.
Personally liable partners
In the history of the bank personally liable partners were active who were not members of the Metzler family, including:
Johann Zwirlein (1687 to 1698)
Gottfried Malß (1757 to 1771)
Hans Hermann Reschke (1982 to 1999)
Emmerich Müller (2005 to 2021)
Harald Illy (2012 to 2021)
Michael Klaus (2012 to 2020)
Johannes Reich (2012 to 2017)
Gerhard Wiesheu (2016 to 2021)
With the conversion into a Aktiengesellschaft (stock corporation) in 2021, the personally liable partners were appointed as members of the Executive Board of B. Metzler seel. Sohn & Co. AG.
See also
Thomas David Lukas Olsen Kidnapping of Jakob von Metzler
References
External links
B. Metzler seel. Sohn & Co. AG
Annual Report 2020
Banks based in Frankfurt
Banks established in 1674
17th-century establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1674 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
Private banks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metzler%20Bank |
A Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction is a sudden and typically transient reaction that may occur within 24 hours of being administered antibiotics for an infection by a spirochete, including syphilis, leptospirosis, Lyme disease, and relapsing fever. Signs and symptoms include fever, chills, shivers, feeling sick, headache, fast heart beat, low blood pressure, breathing fast, flushing of skin, muscle aches, and worsening of skin lesions. It may sometimes be mistaken as an allergy to the antibiotic.
Jarisch–Herxheimer reactions can be life-threatening because they can cause a significant drop in blood pressure and cause acute end-organ injury, eventually leading to multi-organ failure.
Signs and symptoms
It comprises part of what is known as sepsis and occurs after initiation of antibacterials when treating Gram-negative infections such as Escherichia coli and louse- and tick-borne infections. It usually manifests in 1–3 hours after the first dose of antibiotics as fever, chills, rigor, hypotension, headache, tachycardia, hyperventilation, vasodilation with flushing, myalgia (muscle pain), exacerbation of skin lesions and anxiety. The intensity of the reaction indicates the severity of inflammation. Reaction commonly occurs within two hours of drug administration, but is usually self-limiting.
Causes
The Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction is traditionally associated with antimicrobial treatment of syphilis. The reaction is also seen in the other diseases caused by spirochetes: Lyme disease, relapsing fever, and leptospirosis. There have been case reports of the Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction accompanying treatment of other infections, including Q fever, bartonellosis, brucellosis, trichinellosis, and African trypanosomiasis.
Pathophysiology
Lipoproteins released from treatment of Treponema pallidum infections are believed to induce the Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction. The Herxheimer reaction has shown an increase in inflammatory cytokines during the period of exacerbation, including tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8.
Treatments
Prophylaxis and treatment with an anti-inflammatory agent may stop progression of the reaction. Oral aspirin or ibuprofen every four hours for a day or 60 mg of prednisone orally or intravenously has been used as an adjunctive treatment . However, steroids are generally of no benefit. Patients must be closely monitored for the potential complications (collapse and shock) and may require IV fluids to maintain adequate blood pressure. If available, meptazinol, an opioid analgesic of the mixed agonist/antagonist type, should be administered to reduce the severity of the reaction. Anti TNF-α may also be effective.
History
Both Adolf Jarisch, an Austrian dermatologist, and Karl Herxheimer, a German dermatologist, are credited with the discovery of the Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction. Both Jarisch and Herxheimer observed reactions in patients with syphilis treated with mercury. The reaction was first seen following treatment in early and later stages of syphilis treated with Salvarsan, mercury, or antibiotics. Jarisch thought that the reaction was caused by a toxin released from the dying spirochetes.
See also
Jarisch-Bezold reflex
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, another systemic inflammatory syndrome that arises after antimicrobial treatment
References
External links
Spirochaetes
Symptoms
Complications of surgical and medical care | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarisch%E2%80%93Herxheimer%20reaction |
Hubert Benjamin Hughes (15 October 1933 – 7 May 2021) was an Anguillan politician. He was the island territory's Chief Minister from 16 March 1994 to 6 March 2000, and again between February 2010 and April 2015.
He had stated his intention to lead the island to separation from the United Kingdom. This is despite the fact that European Union assistance funds, and visa-free entry to the US, Canada, EU and islands in the French and Dutch Caribbean such as Saint Martin would stop.
References
External links
Anguilla Express: Economy first major task – Chief Minister-elect Hubert Hughes
1933 births
2021 deaths
Chief Ministers of Anguilla
Anguilla Progressive Movement politicians
Anguillan independence activists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert%20Hughes |
Howard Lanin (July 15, 1897 – April 26, 1991) was an American bandleader, called "The King of Society Dance Music."
Early years
Lanin was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Benjamin and Mary Lanin. His father was an entrepreneur and musician. He was the middle child of nine children and one of six brothers who became bandleaders, playing in ballrooms and at resorts. He attended South Philadelphia High School, where he began playing cornet, leaving when he was 15 to go into music.
Career
Lanin led the Howard Lanin Orchestra, a group that performed show tunes, waltzes and sweet jazz. Lanin also established orchestras led by his brothers, including Sam Lanin (who was one of the most prolific of recording bandleaders under many pseudonyms) and Lester Lanin. The orchestras of the Lanin brothers gave a start to Red Nichols, Artie Shaw, The Dorsey Brothers and other jazz musicians.
Personal appearances
In 1918, Howard and Sam Lanin opened the Roseland Ballroom in Philadelphia; a year later, they opened New York City's Roseland location. When Howard Lanin played at Roseland in 1921, his group was called his "Columbia Record Orchestra."
Radio
In 1922, WDAR in Philadelphia began broadcasting the music of Lanin's orchestra as it played at the Arcadia Cafe, a development that Lanin said was the first broadcast of its type in that city. He also conducted orchestras for The Atwater Kent Hour and the Campbell Soup Show.
Entertainment management
In the 1950s, as interest in dance bands diminished, Lanin began Howard Lanin Productions, an entertainment management company.
Personal life
Lanin married Claire Feinstein in 1929; they remained married until her death in 1983. They had two sons and two daughters. Lanin died April 26, 1991, at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was 93. He was survived by two sons, two daughters, a brother, nine grandchildren and nine great-grandchildren.
References
External links
New York Times
explorepahistory.com
1897 births
1991 deaths
American jazz bandleaders
Musicians from Philadelphia
20th-century American conductors (music)
Jazz musicians from Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Lanin |
Sir Emile Gumbs (18 March 1928 – 10 May 2018) was a politician from Anguilla. He served as the island territory's Chief Minister from 1 February 1977 to May 1980 and again from 12 March 1984 to 16 March 1994.
He was the only person from Anguilla to have been knighted, having been made a Knight Bachelor in the 1994 New Year Honours. Emile Gumbs died on 10 May 2018 at the age of 90.
References
External links
Emile Gumbs at caribbeanelections.com
1928 births
2018 deaths
Chief Ministers of Anguilla
Knights Bachelor
People from Basseterre | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile%20Gumbs |
In Canada, Government House is a title given to the royal residences of the country's monarch, various viceroys (the governor general, the lieutenant governors), and territorial commissioners. Though not universal, in most cases the title is also the building's sole name; for example, the sovereign's and governor general's principal residence in Ottawa is known as Government House only in formal contexts, being more generally referred to as Rideau Hall. The use of the term Government House is an inherited custom from the British Empire, where there were and are many government houses.
There is currently no government house for the lieutenant governors of Ontario (repurposed in 1937 and demolished in 1961), Quebec (destroyed by fire in 1966), Alberta (closed in 1938 and repurchased and repurposed in 1964), or the Commissioner of the Northwest Territories. The lieutenant governor of Ontario has a suite within the Ontario Legislative Building, as does the lieutenant governor of Quebec in the Édifice André-Laurendeau.
Present government houses
Former government houses
See also
Government House
Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth
Governor's Mansion (disambiguation)
References
Notes
Sources
Official residences in Canada
Canada
Lists of buildings and structures in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20Houses%20in%20Canada |
Triple M Hobart (call sign: 7XXX) is a radio station in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. It is part of the Triple M network owned by Southern Cross Austereo.
History
Triple M Hobart, formerly Heart 107.3 and before that, Magic 107, began as 7HT on 19 April 1937. The station had obtained an FM conversion licence. Subsequently, a consortium led by Andrew Reimer and local Hobart businessman John Bender who obtained financial support, arranged to lease the FM licence.
The station's first local breakfast host was Brett Marley, who had been the former drive host on 7HOFM. The line-up also included well known Melbourne announcer and Hey Hey It's Saturday announcer John Blackman as well as Alan Jones.
In 1998, management negotiated with the Tote Tasmania who held an unused FM licence and launched a second FM to join existing station, Triple T. The new station, Magic 107, based upon market research, was targeted at 40- to 65-year-olds with a music format of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s coupled with John Laws in the morning shift. This strategy was to complement Triple T's focus on an under 40 market. In the initial radio survey, Magic 107 captured over one third of the Hobart radio listeners and dominated its target market.
With the higher audience share of Triple T and the new success of Magic 107, the two stations captured an increased advertising revenue representing almost 70% of the market. The success of the two stations attracted the owners of the developing RG Capital radio network to purchase the two stations in July 2000 and appoint Mr Reimer as general manager.
In 2006, Magic 107 was rebranded as Heart 107.3 (to be aligned with that network of Macquarie Regional Radioworks).
In 2009, Hobart radio duo Kim & Dave moved from Sea FM Hobart, around this time, the Southern Cross Austereo became a major stakeholder in Heart 107.3 and its sister station Sea FM.
In 2014 Kim Napier left the "Kim & Dave Show" to work in Adelaide and was replaced by Kylie Baxter, who had been a journalist and newsreader on the former Triple T in the beginnings of the 90s.
On 15 December 2016, The station changed its name to Hobart's 107.3 Triple M to align with Southern Cross Austereo rebranding.
For 2017, Kylie Baxter returned to the Triple M newsroom as a journalist and newsreader, and was replaced by Alison Plath.
In 2019, 7 Tasmania Nightly News and Spencer Gulf Nightly News weather presenter Britt Aylen joined the station to present The Triple M CoMMMunity Calendar, a daily guide to events around Hobart, with regular TV spots airing during 7 Tasmania Nightly News.
7XXX transmits from the Broadcast Australia facility on Mount Wellington. Its current transmitters are Nautel with a main and standby setup.
In October 2019 after initial speculation that the Dave Noonan Show with Al Plath would not be returning to Hobart Radio in 2020. In a statement released the Executive General Manager of Southern Cross Austereo thanked Noonan for his contribution and work within Hobart Radio "I would like to thank Dave for his outstanding contribution to not only SCA Hobart, but to the wider Hobart community." Noonan's final show was broadcast to Hobart on Friday 18 October 2019 live from the Co-op Toyota dealership in North Hobart as part of Triple M's $200,000 Water & Wheels. It was reported by The Mercury that approximately 80 people gathered to share in "Crazy" Dave Noonan's final show.
7XXX and DAB+
Early in 2019 DAB started commercial broadcasting in Hobart.
As a commercial FM operator in the Hobart area, 7XXX was granted space on the new DAB Mux.
This MUX is operated by Digital Radio Broadcasting Hobart Pty Ltd, and operates at 20,000W on 202.928Mhz. It utilises vertically polarised transmissions and is co-located in the Broadcast Australia Site on Mt Wellington, the same facility that houses 7XXX's FM service.
7XXX is available on DAB, along with Southern Cross Austereo stable mates Triple M Classic Rock Digital, and Triple M Country.
References
Radio stations in Hobart
Radio stations established in 1937
Adult contemporary radio stations in Australia
1937 establishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple%20M%20Hobart |
Hugh C. Graham, Jr is an American figure skater.
He competed as a singles skater and as a pair skater with his sister, Margaret Anne Graham. After his competitive career ended, he spent from 1986 to 1989 as the President of the United States Figure Skating Association. Graham was inducted into the United States Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 2004.
Graham graduated Harvard University in 1955, during which he was a member of the Skating Club of Boston, and then he graduated from the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine in 1959. He practiced as a pediatrician in Tulsa, Oklahoma for several decades before retiring.
Results
Men's singles
Pairs
(with Margaret Anne Graham)
References
American male single skaters
American male pair skaters
Figure skating officials
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Pritzker School of Medicine alumni
Harvard College alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20Graham%20%28figure%20skater%29 |
Muhsin Kenon (born Larry Joe Kenon, December 13, 1952) is an American former professional basketball player.
A 6'9" forward who had a productive career in both the American Basketball Association (ABA) and the National Basketball Association (NBA), Kenon played for the New York Nets, San Antonio Spurs, Chicago Bulls, Golden State Warriors and Cleveland Cavaliers. His nicknames were "KAT," "Mr. K" (to go with Nets teammate "Dr. J.", Julius Erving), and "Special K."
College
Kenon transferred from Amarillo College to play basketball at Memphis State University. In his junior year, 1972–73, he averaged 20.1 points and 16.7 rebounds per game and led the Tigers to the NCAA championship game, where they were defeated by the Bill Walton-led UCLA Bruins. After that season, one in which he was named Missouri Valley Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year, Kenon left Memphis State and turned pro.
ABA career
In 1973, the Detroit Pistons selected Kenon in the third round (15th pick overall) of the NBA draft. He was also drafted by the Memphis Tams of the ABA, but the New York Nets secured his draft rights. During his 1973–74 rookie season, Kenon averaged 15.9 points and 11.5 rebounds per game on the Julius Erving-led Nets team that won the 1974 ABA Championship.
After averaging 18.7 points during the 1974–75 season, Kenon was traded to San Antonio for Swen Nater. Once again he averaged 18.7 points, along with 11.1 rebounds per game in the Spurs' final season in the ABA before they joined the NBA with the Nets, Denver Nuggets and Indiana Pacers.
Kenon made the All-Star Team in each of his three ABA seasons, and competed in the first-ever Slam Dunk Contest during the 1976 ABA All-Star Game. In 249 ABA games, Kenon had scored 4,419 points and grabbed 2,759 rebounds for an average of 17.7 and 11.1 per game, respectively.
NBA career
Kenon enjoyed the best years of his career in San Antonio playing alongside George Gervin. In each of the four seasons they were teammates after the ABA–NBA merger, both averaged at least 20 points per game. In those four NBA seasons, Kenon averaged 21.9 (1976–77), 20.6 (1977–78), 22.1 (1978–79) and 20.1 (1979–80) points per game. He also made the NBA All-Star team in 1978 and 1979. He also averaged at least 10.7 rebounds per game in each of those four seasons, his high being 12.0 in 1976–77.
After the 1979–80 season Kenon signed with the Chicago Bulls. While his minutes per game went down in Chicago (28.1 during the 1980–81 season; he had never averaged fewer than 34.6 previously), he averaged 14.1 points per game; however, this would be his last effective season.
In his seven NBA seasons, Kenon played 503 games and scored 8535 points for a 17.0 average. His NBA and ABA totals were 12,954 points for a 17.2 average.
Other accomplishments
In a December 26, 1976 game against the Kansas City Kings at Kemper Arena, which San Antonio won 110-105, Kenon set an NBA record for steals in a game with eleven. (The New Jersey Nets' Kendall Gill tied the record in an April 3, 1999 game against the Miami Heat.) He also recorded 29 points and 15 rebounds for a rare points-rebounds-steals triple-double.
The University of Memphis has retired Kenon's number 35. He arguably had the most successful pro career of any Memphis basketball player, with his primary competitors for that honor being Derrick Rose and Anfernee Hardaway.
Personal life
Kenon converted to the Muslim faith after retiring from basketball; he now goes by the name of Muhsin Kenon.
ABA and NBA career statistics
Regular season
|-
| style="text-align:left;background:#afe6fa;"| †
| style="text-align:left;"| New York (ABA)
| 84 || - || 34.6 || .462 || .000 || .703 || 11.5 || 1.3 || 0.9 || 0.2 || 15.9
|-
| style="text-align:left"|
| style="text-align:left;"| New York (ABA)
| 84 || - || 37.7 || .509 || .500 || .770 || 10.7 || 1.5 || 1.3 || 0.4 || 18.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| San Antonio (ABA)
| 81 || - || 36.0 || .481 || .000 || .781 || 11.1 || 1.9 || 1.1 || 0.5 || 18.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| San Antonio
| 78 || - || 37.6 || .492 || - || .823 || 11.3 || 2.9 || 2.1 || 0.8 || 21.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| San Antonio
| 81 || - || 35.4 || .489 || - || .854 || 9.5 || 3.3 || 1.4 || 0.3 || 20.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| San Antonio
| 81 || - || 36.4 || .504 || - || .845 || 9.8 || 4.1 || 1.9 || 0.2 || 22.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| San Antonio
| 78 || - || 35.9 || .485 || .111 || .783 || 9.9 || 3.0 || 1.4 || 0.2 || 20.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Chicago
| 77 || - || 28.1 || .480 || - || .735 || 5.2 || 1.6 || 1.0 || 0.2 || 14.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Chicago
| 60 || 30 || 17.3 || .466 || - || .568|| 3.0 || 1.1 || 0.5 || 0.1 || 7.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Chicago
| 5 || 0 || 5.0 || .333 || - || .800 || 0.8 || 0.0 || 0.2 || 0.0 || 0.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Golden State
| 11 || 0 || 11.0 || .436 || - || .636 || 2.4 || 0.5 || 0.1 || 0.0 || 3.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Cleveland
| 32 || 7 || 19.5 || .472 || .000 || .761 || 3.7 || 1.1 || 0.7 || 0.3 || 7.3
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2| Career
| 752 || 37 || 32.6 || .487 || .143 || .784 || 8.9 || 2.2 || 1.3 || 0.3 || 17.2
Playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;background:#afe6fa;"| 1974†
| style="text-align:left;"| New York (ABA)
| 14 || - || 33.6 || .495 || - || .613 || 11.6 || 1.8 || 1.1 || 0.1 || 15.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 1975
| style="text-align:left;"| New York (ABA)
| 5 || - || 39.8 || .534 || - || .765 || 12.8 || 1.0 || 2.0 || 0.0 || 21.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 1976
| style="text-align:left;"| San Antonio (ABA)
| 7 || - || 39.6 || .466 || .333 || .900 || 11.4 || 2.3 || 0.7 || 0.6 || 21.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 1977
| style="text-align:left;"| San Antonio
| 2 || - || 39.5 || .485 || - || 1.000 || 7.5 || 3.0 || 2.5 || 0.5 || 17.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;| 1978
| style="text-align:left;"| San Antonio
| 6 || - || 33.3 || .447 || - || .737 || 9.2 || 3.7 || 0.8 || 0.3 || 17.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;| 1979
| style="text-align:left;"| San Antonio
| 14 || - || 39.8 || .438 || - || .736 || 11.4 || 3.0 || 1.4 || 0.1 || 21.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;| 1980
| style="text-align:left;"| San Antonio
| 3 || - || 27.0 || .294 || - || .545 || 4.3 || 1.3 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 8.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;| 1981
| style="text-align:left;"| Chicago
| 6 || - || 19.0 || .391 || .000 || .500 || 4.5 || 1.3 || 0.7 || 0.2 || 6.7
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2| Career
| 57 || - || 34.7 || .459 || .250 || .725 || 10.1 || 2.2 || 1.1 || 0.2 || 17.2
See also
List of National Basketball Association players with most steals in a game
References
External links
NBA stats @ basketballreference.com
1952 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
Amarillo Badgers men's basketball players
American men's basketball players
American Muslims
Basketball players from Birmingham, Alabama
Chicago Bulls players
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Converts to Islam
Detroit Pistons draft picks
Golden State Warriors players
Memphis Tigers men's basketball players
National Basketball Association All-Stars
New York Nets players
Power forwards (basketball)
San Antonio Spurs players
Wyoming Wildcatters players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhsin%20Kenon |
The Honinbo (本因坊) is a Go competition and the oldest Go title in Japan. Sponsored by Mainichi Shimbun, the Honinbo pays out ¥28 million to the winner (since the 74th Honinbo in 2019).
Rules
The holder of the title is challenged by whoever wins the round robin league. Players can get into the round robin league by going through many preliminary tournaments. Once there is a challenger to compete against the holder, the winner is decided through a best of seven match. The games are played over two days and each player is given eight hours of thinking time. If a player qualifies for the Honinbo league, they are automatically promoted to 7 dan. If that same player wins the league, a promotion to 8 dan is given. If that same player goes on to win the title, they are promoted to 9 dan, the highest rank.
Past winners
References
External links
Honinbo Title
Honinbo title games
Go competitions in Japan
ja:本因坊#本因坊戦 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honinbo%20%28competition%29 |
This is a list of companies traded on the JSE. The original compilation of the list was done in February 2006.
Note: For companies without a listed external link there is at various financial information sites; please see article's External links section below.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Z
See also
:Category:Companies of South Africa
JSE Limited
List of African stock exchanges
References
A - Z JSE Shares - https://jseshares.co.za/shares/ Updated 2017
4. TOP 100 JSE Shares - https://www.sashares.co.za/top-100-jse-companies/ Updated 2020
Companies
JSE
JSE | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20companies%20traded%20on%20the%20JSE |
Barbara Mason (born August 9, 1947, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States) is an American soul singer with several R&B and pop hits in the 1960s and 1970s, best known for her self-written 1965 hit song "Yes, I'm Ready". She has released 12 albums, including her 1965 debut with Yes, I'm Ready, and has had 14 top 40 hits on the US Billboard R&B chart.
Career
Mason initially focused on songwriting when she entered the music industry in her teens. As a performer she had a major hit single with her third release in 1965, "Yes, I'm Ready" (number 5 pop, number 2 R&B). She had modest success throughout the rest of the decade on the small Arctic label, run by her manager Jimmy Bishop. She reached the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 top 40 again in 1965 with "Sad, Sad Girl", and "Oh How It Hurts" in 1967. A two-year stay with National General Records, run by a film production company, produced one album and four singles which failed to find success.
In the 1970s, Mason signed to Buddah Records. She toughened her persona, singing about sexual love and infidelity with an uncommon frankness at the time in songs like "Bed and Board", "From His Woman to You", and "Shackin' Up" and would interrupt her singing to deliver straight-talking 'raps' about romance. She also continued to write some of her new material. Curtis Mayfield produced her on a cover version of Mayfield's own "Give Me Your Love", which restored her to the pop top 40 and R&B top ten in 1973; "From His Woman to You" (the response to Shirley Brown's single "Woman to Woman") and "Shackin' Up", produced by former Stax producer Don Davis in Detroit were also solid soul sellers in the mid-1970s.
Mason also sang vocals on the tracks "Sheba Baby," "I'm in Love with You," "A Good Man Is Gone," and "She Did It" on the soundtrack for the 1975 Pam Grier film, Sheba, Baby.
After scoring two more top ten R&B hits from her 1975 album, Love's the Thing, Mason left Buddah Records and signed with a succession of smaller labels. She continued to reach the charts periodically with more moderate hits. They included "I Am Your Woman, She Is Your Wife", which was produced in 1978 by Weldon McDougal (who had produced her first major success, "Yes I'm Ready") and another response song - this time to Richard "Dimples" Fields' 1980 single "She's Got Papers on Me" - titled "She's Got the Papers (But I Got the Man)". In 1984, she followed up on her own response song with the track, "Another Man" on West End Records. "Another Man" remains her last charting single to date.
Mason started to concentrate on running her own publishing company in the late 1980s. She released a new CD, Feeling Blue, in September 2007. Mason was still performing to sold-out audiences in 2016. Her most recent show was at the Terrance Theater in Long Beach, California. Mason was inducted into the Soul Music Hall of Fame on March 1, 2016.
Discography
Studio albums
Singles
References
External links
Barbara Mason on Soul Patrol
Barbara Mason Page
Barbara Mason Myspace Page
1947 births
Living people
Singers from Philadelphia
American soul singers
American women singers
West End Records artists
Jamie Records artists
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara%20Mason |
The Swadhyaya Movement or Swadhyaya Parivara started in mid 20th-century in the western states of India, particularly Maharashtra and Gujarat. Founded by Pandurang Shastri Athavale (1920-2003), the movement emphasizes self-study (swadhyaya), selfless devotion (bhakti) and application of Indian scriptures such as the Upanishads and Bhagavad gita for spiritual, social and economic liberation.
The movement focuses on the Upanishadic mahāvākyas (great teachings) related with Vedic belief that god is within oneself, every human being, all living beings and all of god's creation. It encourages voluntary self-study, self-knowledge, community discourses and action with a responsibility to the god in oneself and others. Its temples typically highlight the deities Yogeshwara Krishna, Parvati, Ganesha and Shiva in a Vriksha Mandir ("temple of trees") setting. Deity Surya is recognized in the form of sunlight. Prayers are performed in the Smarta tradition's Panchayatana puja format, attributed to Adi Shankara. Community members participate in Bhavabhakti (emotional devotion to the divine), Krutibhakti (actional devotion by voluntary service to the divine in all of god's creation), and Bhaktipheri (devotional travel to meet, work and help the well-being of the community partners). The movement members treat all men and women in the organization as a Parivara (family).
History
Pandurang Shastri Athavale was born in a Maharashtrian Brahmin family in colonial India. In the 1940s, while he was in his early twenties, Athavale began to deliver discourses on the Bhagavad Gita in Mumbai, India. He argued that both the liberal welfare-centric approach and socialism were incapable of bridging the gap between rich and needy. He rejected charity handouts, arguing that this creates a dependent relationship, attacks human dignity, and robs the recipient's sense of self-worth. He sought another way for liberating oneself spiritually, economically, and socially. He believed that the foundation and values for such a search were in the ancient texts of Hinduism. He began preaching these principles from Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita in his community, particularly in the downtrodden segments of society he called Agri, Bagri, and Sagri. This initiative began Athavale's Swadhyaya movement in 1958. His followers call him "Dada" (elder brother).
The movement refuses any support or assistance from the state or non-governmental organizations (NGOs), relying entirely on volunteer activity of its members. It claims to have between 50,000 and 100,000 centres ("kendra" locations) and between 6 and 20 million followers in India, Portugal, USA, UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the Middle East.
Discussion
In standard Classical Sanskrit, svādhyāyaḥ (Devanāgarī: स्वाध्याय:) means study (adhyāya) by oneself (sva), i.e., private study or studying alone. For Athavale and the Parivar, Swadhyay is interpreted as the study of the self for a spiritual quest, an innovative and striking interpretation. According to members, it is a "journey to work out a unity in a multiverse of cultures and world views, of harmonizing the self with a network of relationships, of creating and maintaining vital connections between self, society, and God, of knowing and enriching human action with sacredness." The understanding of an in-dwelling God imbibed into Swadhyayees (practitioners of Swadhyay) by Athavale is claimed to motivate them towards true expression of devotion (Bhakti).
Athavale introduced educational institutions, developed wealth redistribution measures and social welfare projects. Athavale has shown that individual transformation eventually can lead to wider social change. Devotion, he says, can be turned into a social force. "Since God is with us and within us, he is a partner in all our transactions. Naturally, he has his share..." God's part of our wealth, Athavale suggests, can be redistributed among the poor and needy.
Athavale also presented the idea of Yogeshwar Krishi (divine farming) to the farming community. In this social experiment, a Swadhyayee gives a piece of land for use for a season as God's farm. Thereafter each person subsequently, one day a month, works on cultivating that particular plot of land. Seen as God's plot, the income thus generated is called "impersonal wealth" and belongs to no one but God. The wealth is consecrated in the local temple (called Amritalayam) and later disbursed to those in need as prasad or divinely blessed food. Swadhyay emphasizes "graceful giving" where "the help to the needy family's house is taken in the middle of the night so that others may not know that the family concerned has received help from the community."
Activities & "Prayogs"
Every activity in Swadhyay Parivar is based on Devotion, with a purpose to lift myself spiritually and to take me one step closer to God. Along with actively living Swadhyay principles in his daily life, Dada has been giving his discourses since 1942 to bring spirituality out in the common man. But instead of playing the role of teacher or preacher, he always became part of all and went to the same level of a common man, worked with all as a divine brother, and brought oneness in everyone who came into touch with him The understanding of indwelling God imbibed into his followers (known and referred as Swadhyayees) by Rev. Dada motivated them to willingly, knowingly and lovingly offer their efficiency, skill, and toil at the feet of God out of gratitude and reverence, which is a true expression of Devotion. The concept of Devotion has two important aspects: one self-exploration with a view to coming closer to God and two an active/creative principle of devotion to promote communal good. Through a series of Practical steps and programs, the awareness that the self is the abode of the Divine is facilitated.
Currently, Swadhyay is actively practiced in many countries (India, USA, UK, Middle East, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Surinam, Fiji, West Indie, etc.) across the world with over 5 million active Swadhyayees practicing these principles in their daily life.
In addition, he started many social experiments (Prayogs) to bring man closer to man, and man closer to God. These prayogs were on the basis of Devotion (Bhakti), whereas Bhakti is not limited to only going to the temple, praying at your house, or donating money in the name of God. It is more so on donating your time and efficiency to God. The by-product of these prayogs resulted in an alternative society where the other is not another, but he is my divine brother.
Prayogs (प्रयोग) (Social Experiments) by Swadhyaya Parivar
Trikal Sandhya - Remembering God at the most important times in our life when God comes to gift us, three times a day: 1) morning (when we get up) recollection is gifted; 2) (when we have our food) digestion is gifted; and 3) (at night while sleeping) peace is gifted by God.
Yuva/Yuvati Kendra (Previously known as DBT - Divine Brain Trust) - Youth gatherings to discuss modern-day issues for ages 16 to 30.
Bal Sanskar Kendra (BSK) - Sessions for kids between ages 7 to 15, learn verses from scriptures and stories from History, Puranas, and other texts.
Swadhyaya Kendra - Meeting once a week to learn about Hindu Scriptures and listen to discourses given by Dada.
Bhavpheri/Bhaktipheri - Selflessly and devotionally traveling to meet, work and help the well-being of community partners. Bhavpheri is usually more local, whereas Bhaktipheri may involve traveling further into rural areas or places where local Bhavpheri does not happen.
Vruksha Mandir - Where villages have a collective garden or orchard and members, generally from Amrutalayam villages, come and help in the name of god. It incorporates seeing God residing in nature, usually through trees (Vruksha) in this method.
Madhav Vrund - A way for people who cannot access a Vruksha Mandir to respect and bond with nature; involves having plants in the house, keeping good care of them as a family, and reciting stotras like the Narayana Upanishad while watering the plant.
Yogeshwar Krishi - Where farmers would meet once a month and farm in the name of God. If money is made in the process, it is considered God's and is used for village welfare or given to those who need it most at the time. Based on the Shrimad Bhagavad Gita: स्वकर्मणातमभ्यचर्य.
ShriDarshanam- 9 Amritalayala's together make one ShriDarshanam.
Matsyagandha - Where fishermen would meet once a month and fish in the name of God. Again, money made is God's and used for good works. Based on the Shrimad Bhagavad Gita: स्वकर्मणातमभ्यचर्य.
Patanjali Chikitsalay - Where doctors would go to various parts of India and give their efficiency by treating their brothers and sisters. Based on the Shrimad Bhagavad Gita: स्वकर्मणातमभ्यचर्य.
Loknath Amrutalayam- ALl the people of that respective village people are Swadhyay members and respect and care for each other. In the evening, everyone gets together to do Kutumba Prarthana (prayer as a family) together in this Amrutalayam.
Hira Mandir - The same idea as Matsyagandha and Yogeshwar Krushi, but with mineral miners and polishers.
Beliefs
Swadhyay is a Sanskrit word. In the Parivar, Swadhyay means the study, knowledge, and discovery of the ‘Self’. The ‘Self’ or the ‘I’ is the indwelling spirit underlying the ego, the intellect, and the mind. Swadhyay involves studying, discovering, knowing, and understanding one's true and inner self and paying due respect to other selves. It is a "journey to work out a unity in a multiverse of cultures and world views, of harmonizing the self with a network of relationships, of creating and maintaining vital connections between self, society, and God, of knowing and enriching human action with sacredness."
The teachers in the Swadhyay Parivar assert that it is not a sect, a cult, a creed, a tradition, an institution, or even an organization. It is not an organized religion. It does not require any membership or vows. It is not initiated to be an agitation or a revolution. Swadhyay is independent of caste, religion, nationality, color, education, and one's status in society. Swadhyay is about individual transformation through spiritual awareness. It is an attitude of the mind. Swadhyay is the right perspective or the vision, which enables one to understand deeper aspects of spirituality and devotion. The basic fundamental thought that Swadhyay emphasizes is the concept of indwelling God. ‘God dwells within’ i.e. ‘God exists within me and within everyone else’. All are children of the Divine. Hence, Swadhyay establishes the Divine Brotherhood under the Fatherhood of God i.e. ‘the other is not ‘other’, but he is my divine brother.’ Blood relationship is extended to a relationship through the Blood Maker. The concept of the traditional family is extended to the Divine Family. This is a natural extension of the concept of an indwelling God. The concept looks very simple. However, for almost all of those who have come into deeper contact with Swadhyay, it has brought about a permanent transformation in their lives. The very understanding that God resides within me makes me divine and worthy of respect. It also inspires the view that God or divinity is everywhere, present in all living things, and therefore all should be treated with respect and devotion. Thus, the concept of an indwelling God motivates people to care for the welfare of others.
Though Swadhyay does not function as a conventional organization but works as an extended family, it seems to have a definite vision. The vision is to achieve all-around upliftment of humanity at large through the holistic development of the human being by reason-based religion. Religion, in this context, refers to the Religion of a Human Being and should not be interpreted for conventional organized religions such as Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. Swadhyay is not interested in quick results or publicity, although it has been operating since the 1940s with incredible ‘results’, it has remained quite unknown to date. It neither seeks nor accepts financial help from governments or philanthropic agencies for any of its experiments, projects, or gatherings. It does not report to any donor, religious body, or controlling force; it has no political ideology or dogma.
Swadhyay efforts resulted in creating a society that is self-disciplined, has faith in God, is adventurous and brave, loves culture and the Holy Scriptures, and is filled with devotion. In this society, greater importance will be given to the right attitude rather than to action, thoughts will be valued more than things, feelings more than enjoyment, self-surrender more than selfishness, group more than individual, culture more than manners, efforts more than results, goodness more than strength, truth more than mere logic and righteousness more than wealth. The origin of Swadhyay goes back to 1942, when Pandurang Shastri Athavale, the originator of the activity who is affectionately called (and hereafter referred to) as ‘Dada’ (Elder brother), started going on devotional visits alone in Mumbai, India. He inspired a small set of co-workers, primarily professionals, to go on similar visits themselves, to various villages around Bombay. Through the concept of an indwelling God, millions of individuals recognize the inner God, cultivate increased self-respect, and abandon immoral behavior. The villages where Swadhyay has a firm footing have witnessed a reduction in crime, the removal of social barriers, and a drastic alleviation from poverty, hunger, and homelessness, among other bad social and civic conditions.
Scriptures and foundation
Bhagavad Gita
Geeta 4.28
dravya-yajñās tapo-yajñā yoga-yajñās tathāpare
swādhyāya-jñāna-yajñāśh cha yatayaḥ sanśhita-vratāḥ
Some offer their wealth as a sacrifice, while others offer severe austerities as a sacrifice. Some practice the eight-fold path of yogic practices, and yet others study the scriptures and cultivate knowledge as a sacrifice while observing strict vows.
Geeta 16.1
abhayaṁ sattva-sanśhuddhir jñāna-yoga-vyavasthitiḥ
dānaṁ damaśh cha yajñaśh cha svādhyāyas tapa ārjavam
O son of Bharat, these are the saintly virtues of those endowed with a divine nature—fearlessness, purity of mind, steadfastness in spiritual knowledge, charity, control of the senses, performance of sacrifice, study of the sacred books, austerity, and straightforwardness;
Geeta 17.15
anudvega-karam vakyam satyam priya-hitam ca yat
svadhyaya bhyasanam caiva van-mayam tapa ucyate
The austerity of speech consists in speaking words that are truthful, pleasing, beneficial, and not agitating to others, and also in regularly reciting Vedic literature.
Taittiriya Upanishad
Hymn 1.9.1 emphasizes the central importance of Svadhyaya in one's pursuit of Reality (Ṛta), Truth (Satya), Self-restraint (Damah), Perseverance (Tapas), Tranquility and Inner Peace (Samas), Relationships with others, family, guests (Praja, Prajana, Manush, Atithi) and all Rituals (Agnaya, Agnihotram).
Taittiriya Upanishad, however, adds in verse 1.9.1, that along with the virtue of 'svādhyāyā' process of learning, one must teach and share (pravacana) what one learns. This is expressed by the phrase "'svādhyāyapravacane ca'", translated as "and learning and teaching" by Gambhīrānanda
In verse 1.11.1, the final chapter in the education of a student, the Taittiriya Upanishad reminds:
सत्यंवद। धर्मंचर। स्वाध्यायान्माप्रमदः।
Speak the Satya, follow the Dharma, from Svadhyaya never cease.
— Taittiriya Upanishad, 1.11.1-2
Patanjali's Yogasutra
Verse II.44, recommends Svadhyaya as follows
स्वाध्यायादिष्टदेवतासंप्रयोगः॥
From study comes a connection with one's chosen deity.
— Patanjali's Yogasutra II.44
References
Bibliography
Swadhyaya: A Movement Experience in India - August 2003 Visions of Development: Faith-based Initiatives, by Wendy Tyndale. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006. . Page 1.
Self-Development and Social Transformations?: The Vision and Practice of the Self-Study Mobilization of Swadhyaya, by Ananta Kumar Giri. Lexington Books. 2008. .
Role of the swadhyaya parivar in socioeconomic changes among the tribals of Khedasan: A case study, by Vimal P Shah. Gujarat Institute of Development Research, 1998. .
Vital Connections: Self, Society, God : Perspectives on Swadhyaya, by Raj Krishan Srivastava. 1998; Weatherhill, .
"Dharma and Ecology of Hindu Communities: Sustenance and Sustainability", by Pankaj Jain. 2011; Ashgate, .
Bhakti movement
Organisations based in Mumbai
Hindu organisations based in India
Hindu new religious movements
Smarta tradition
Religious organizations established in 1954
1954 establishments in Bombay State | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadhyaya%20Movement |
Tzvi Jacob Avni (first name sometimes spelled Zvi; ; born Hermann Jakob Steinke, September 2, 1927; Saarbrücken) is an Israeli composer.
Biography
Tzvi Avni was born in Saarbrücken, Germany, and emigrated to Mandate Palestine as a child. He studied with Paul Ben-Haim.
On the recommendation of Edgard Varèse, he became involved with the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center in the 1960s. Later he founded an electronic studio at the Jerusalem Academy of Music, following the guidelines of his mentor in New York, Vladimir Ussachevsky.
Awards
In 2001, Avni was awarded the Israel Prize, for music.
On September 11, 2012, Avni was made an honorary citizen of Saarbrücken.
Notes
References
Gluck, Bob. “Go Find Your Own Tricks!: Interview with Israeli Composer Tzvi Avni.” eContact! 14.4 — TES 2011: Toronto Electroacoustic Symposium / Symposium électroacoustique de Toronto (March 2013). Montréal: CEC.
Gluck, Robert J. “The Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center: Educating international composers.” Computer Music Journal 31/2 (Summer 2007), pp. 20–38.
External links
Official webpage
Tzvi Avni biography on The Israel Music Institute (IMI) website
See also
List of Israel Prize recipients
1927 births
Living people
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to Mandatory Palestine
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
20th-century Israeli composers
21st-century Israeli composers
Israeli male composers
Israel Prize in music recipients
People from Saarbrücken | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzvi%20Avni |
Charles Wilfrid (or Wilfred) Scott-Giles (24 October 1893 – 1982) was an English writer on heraldry and an officer of arms, who served as Fitzalan Pursuivant Extraordinary.
Life
Charles Wilfrid Giles was born in Southampton on 24 October 1893, the son of Charles Giles, sometime Chairman of the Parliamentary Press Gallery. He was educated at Emanuel School in Battersea in London, and served in the First World War in the Royal Army Service Corps. Between 1919 and 1922 he read history at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. He then worked on the parliamentary staff of the Press Association before being appointed as secretary of the Institution of Municipal and County Engineers in 1928. In 1946 he became secretary of the Public Works and Municipal Services Congress and Exhibition Council.
In July 1928 he assumed the surname "Scott-Giles" by deed poll.
He became a leading authority on heraldry, and wrote a number of books and articles on the subject. He was credited by John Brooke-Little as initiator of the concept and name of The White Lion Society.
He also wrote the standard histories of his old school, Emanuel, and of his old college, Sidney Sussex.
Publications
His heraldic publications included:
The Romance of Heraldry (1929)
Civic Heraldry of England and Wales (1933, 2nd edition 1953)
Shakespeare's Heraldry (1950)
Boutell's Heraldry (2nd revised edition) (1954)
The siege of Caerlaverock rendered into rime (1960)
Heraldry in Westminster Abbey (1961)
Motley Heraldry (1962)
Looking at Heraldry (1967)
Other works included:
The History of Emanuel School (1935; later editions, revised and supplemented by other authors, 1948, 1966, 1977)
Sidney Sussex College: a short history (1951; revised edition 1975)
The Wimsey Family: A Fragmentary History Compiled from Correspondence With Dorothy L. Sayers (Gollancz, 1977). In another association with Sayers, Scott-Giles prepared the diagrams and maps illustrating Sayers' translation of Dante's Divine Comedy.
Honours and appointments
Scott-Giles was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1953, and in 1957 became Fitzalan Pursuivant of Arms Extraordinary. In 1970 he was awarded the Julian Bickersteth Memorial Medal by the trustees and council of the Institute of Heraldic and Genealogical Studies.
Following his retirement he settled in Cambridge, where he was made a Fellow-Commoner of his old college, Sidney Sussex.
Arms
References
Further reading
1893 births
1982 deaths
English genealogists
English officers of arms
British heraldists
People educated at Emanuel School
British Army personnel of World War I
Royal Army Service Corps soldiers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid%20Scott-Giles |
Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk, Munir Nawaz Jang, also known as Syed Mehdi Ali () (born 9 December 1837 – 16 October 1907), was an Indian Muslim politician. He was a close friend of Syed Ahmed Khan, was involved in the Aligarh Movement and was one of the founders of the All India Muslim League in 1906.
Commemorative postage stamp
Pakistan Post issued a commemorative postage stamp to honor him in 1990 in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series.
Family and early life
Syed Mehdi Ali was born on 9 December 1837 in the town of Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, British India as the son of Syed Mir Zaamin Ali. He belonged to a branch of the Sadaat-e-Bara tribe in Etawah. Most of his early education was in and around Etawah. As was common in those days, he received a thorough basic education in Persian and Arabic.
In 1867, he sat for the Provincial Civil Service examination and topped the list of successful candidates. He was appointed as Deputy Collector in the North-Western Provinces. His first posting as Deputy Collector was in Mirzapur district (present-day Uttar Pradesh). His elder brother was Syed Mir Gulam Abbas and younger brother was Syed Amir Hasan. In 1874, Syed Mehdi Ali proceeded to Hyderabad to enter into the service of the Nizam. For his meritorious service for more than a decade, he was granted the titles of Munir Nawaz Jang in 1884 and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk in 1887, by the Nizam of Hyderabad. Mohsin-ul-Mulk converted to Sunnism despite being born a Shia and authored the book Ayat-i Bayanat in which he showed why the Sunni faith was preferable.
Relationship with Syed Ahmed Khan
He was serving as a Tehsildar in Etawah, When Mohsin-ul-Mulk met Syed Ahmad Khan for the first time. This meeting resulted in a long lasting companionship and Nawab Mohsinul Mulk became a staunch supporter of Syed's vision and mission for the rest of his life. Very few friendships have been as stable and strong as the friendship of these two. Mohsin-ul-Mulk retained a very high level of respect despite difference of opinion for his dear friend. Thereafter Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk, became one of the strongest supporters of Syed's mission and Aligarh Movement.
He became a member of the Scientific Society from its inception in 1864. He wrote passionate articles in Tahzeebul Akhlaq to support Syed's vision and spread his mission and became a spokesperson of Syed's social thoughts and the Aligarh Movement.
When Syed Ahmed Khan formed The Committee of the Supporters of the Advancement of Muslim Education, Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk was his key companion, and started collecting donations for the cause of the newly formed committee.
After 19 years of service, he retired in 1893 from State of Hyderabad, he came to Aligarh and offered his services to Syed Ahmad Khan to assist him in spreading the message of Aligarh Movement. Upon the death of Syed, he was appointed as the Secretary of the Muslim Educational Conference in 1899.
After Syed's death in 1898, he became Secretary of the MAO College management and took Syed's burden on his own shoulders and was given as much respect as his forerunner. He continued the mission of Syed while paying special attention to bringing religious and oriental stream scholars together on one platform, i.e. the MAO College so that the students could benefit from the scholars to have a proper understanding of religion alongside modern scientific education. He appointed a committee under the Chairmanship of Maulana Habibur Rahman Khan Sherwani to improve the religious studies courses at MAO College.
Mohsin-ul-Mulk remained the Secretary until his death in 1907. He was thus instrumental in the development of MAO College, which eventually became the Aligarh Muslim University in 1920.
In later years, the Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) honored him by naming a hall of residence for students after him. The foundation stone of the Hall was laid by the then Vice Chancellor, Mr. Badruddin Mohsin Tyabji on 4 November 1963. It started with an initial strength of 400 and is now one of the largest student residential halls both in size and strength, having 900 students and six different hostels: Allama Shibli Hostel (Previously this was Sir Ziauddin Hostel), Ameen Hostel, Majaz Hostel, Maulana Hali Hostel, Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar Hostel, and Saifi Hostel.
Political involvements
Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk carried on correspondence with the private secretary of the Viceroy to give his point of view on the necessity of separate representation for the Muslims in all legislatures and local bodies. He presided over the ninth session of Muhammadan Educational Conference which was held in Aligarh in 1894 where he proposed a resolution to help and support Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama, the newly formed religious school in Lucknow. His impressive presidential remarks softened the hearts of modern educationists to support the cause of Nadwatul Ulama.
In 1906, he became Secretary of All India Muslim League at its founding session in Dhaka. Along with Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk Kamboh, he was asked to draft the constitution of the League.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the Hindi-Urdu controversy arose in the United Provinces. Mohsin-ul-Mulk took up the pen in defense of Urdu in collaboration with the Urdu Defense Association.
He authored the following books;
Mazaameen-e-Tahzeebul Akhlaq (Collection of his articles published in Tahzeebul Akhlaq)
Taqleed-e-Amal
Kitabul Muhabbat-o-Shauq Makaateeb
Musalmano(n) ki Tahzeeb
Aayaat-e-Bayyināt
Urdu Defence Association
The followers of Syed Ahmad Khan tried their best to save the Urdu language. Mohsin-ul-Mulk was an outstanding person who organized the Muslims in defense of Urdu language. Towards the beginning of the 20th century, the Hindi-Urdu controversy again flared up in the United Provinces. Mohsin-ul-Mulk took up the pen in defense of Urdu in collaboration with the Urdu Defense Association.
Earlier, the success of the Hindi movement led Syed to further advocate Urdu as the symbol of Muslim heritage and as the language of all Indian Muslims. His educational and political work grew increasingly centered on and exclusively for Muslim interests. He also sought to persuade the British to give Urdu extensive official use and patronage. His colleague, Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk] established Urdu Defence Association, committed to the perpetuation of Urdu and became its founding president. To Muslims in northern and western India, Urdu had become an integral part of political and cultural identity. However, the division over the use of Hindi or Urdu further provoked communal conflict between Muslims and Hindus in India.
Syed Ahmed Khan and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk's patronage of Urdu led to its widespread use amongst elite Indian Muslim communities and following the Partition of India its adoption as the national language of Pakistan.
Death
Mohsin-ul-Mulk died from chronic diabetes at age 69 on 16 October 1907 at Simla, Punjab, British India.
References
Sources
Hayat-e-Mohsin, a biography of Mohsin-ul-Mulk by Mr. Amin Zuberi : 1934
1837 births
1907 deaths
All India Muslim League members
Politicians from Aligarh
People from Shimla
People from Hyderabad State
Leaders of the Pakistan Movement
Indian Muslims
Founders of Indian schools and colleges
Converts to Sunni Islam from Shia Islam | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohsin-ul-Mulk |
Josephine Blanche d'Alpuget (born 3 January 1944) is an Australian writer and the second wife of Bob Hawke, the longest-serving Labor Prime Minister of Australia.
Background and early career
D'Alpuget is the only child of Josephine Curgenven and Louis Albert Poincaré d'Alpuget (1915–2006), journalist, author, blue water yachtsman and champion boxer. Her great-aunt, Blanche d'Alpuget, after whom she was named, was a pioneer woman journalist in Sydney and a patron of artists. Her father was a sports and feature writer and also news editor of a Sydney newspaper, The Sun.
D'Alpuget attended SCEGGS Darlinghurst and briefly the University of Sydney. She worked at The Sun's rival newspaper, The Daily Mirror, then moved to Indonesia at the age of 22 with her first husband, Tony Pratt, whom she had married in 1965. She and Pratt have a son, Louis, an artist and sculptor and a co-founder of Mungo, a Sydney artists' colony. While in Indonesia, d'Alpuget worked in the Australian Embassy's news and information bureau; later she was a volunteer worker in the National Museum of Indonesia, leading a team that recatalogued the oriental ceramic collection of Chinese export ware. She was the world's youngest member of the famous English-founded Oriental Ceramic Society. After spending four years in Indonesia, d'Alpuget lived for a year in Malaysia. She travelled widely, and to remote areas, in both countries.
Writing career
In 1973 d'Alpuget returned to Australia and became active in the women's movement. She began writing in 1974, inspired by her experiences in South East Asia and has won a number of literary awards for both fiction and non-fiction including, in 1987, the inaugural Australasian Prize for Commonwealth Literature. d'Alpuget first met Bob Hawke in Jakarta, in 1970. They met again in 1976 when she interviewed him for a biography she was writing on Sir Richard Kirby. This meeting led to a long and sporadic love affair which eventually culminated in their marriage in 1995. D'Alpuget and Pratt had divorced in 1986. Between 1979 and 1982 d'Alpuget researched and wrote a biography of Hawke.
In 1995 she joined the board of Robert J. Hawke & Associates, a business consultancy primarily focussed on China. For fifteen years d'Alpuget abandoned her career as a writer and travelled the world with her new husband, visiting not only capital cities but remote areas of China, Inner Mongolia, Moldova, Easter Island, Palau, Kazakhstan, the North West Frontier of Pakistan and the Antarctic peninsula. She returned to writing in 2008.
In 2013 d'Alpuget released The Young Lion, the first novel of a quintet. Set in the 12th century, the novel is about the birth of the House of Plantagenet and focuses on Henry II and his union with Eleanor of Aquitaine, who was Queen of France and subsequently became Queen of England. The Young Lion received favourable reviews. Geraldine Doogue said "this is exuberant story-telling history, full of sex, passion and politics." while Stephanie Dowrick notes that "few writers are both earthy and erudite, Blanche d'Alpuget is. Her narrative is so fresh and energetic you will swear she's bringing us a first-hand account." The magazine Books + Publishing made similar comments stating that "Blanche d'Alpuget's first historical fiction novel comes as a breath of fresh air as she introduces readers to Henry II and the beginning of the House of Plantagenet. D'Alpuget offers readers a well-researched history of her subject, which of course incorporates the required affairs, plots and intrigues that we have come to expect from any historical novel about royalty and life at court." The second in the quintet, The Lion Rampant, was published in 2014 to critical acclaim. Thomas Keneally said, "this is fresh and invigorating and absolutely gripping. The revision she provides of the motives and character of Thomas Becket will rivet readers as they have not been riveted since Hilary Mantel's Thomas Cromwell." She completed the third novel in the quintet, The Lions' Torment, in 2015 but held it back from the market until the fourth, The Lioness Wakes, was finished in early 2017. The fifth book in the quintet, The Cubs Roar, was published in 2020. Meanwhile, she is researching the Second Crusade.
Published works
Her works include:
Lust (an essay, 1992)
Reviews and further works
Her essays, Lust, which dealt with paedophilia, and On Longing, caused controversy.
Turtle Beach was made into a feature film in 1989 featuring Greta Scacchi and Jack Thompson.
All d'Alpuget's novels have been translated into other languages.
Asher Keddie played her in the 2010 multi-award-winning telemovie, Hawke.
Achievements and awards
Included in awards are:
1980 – Sydney PEN Golden Jubilee award for Fiction
1981 – NSW Premier's Award for Non-Fiction
1982 and 1983 – Braille Book of the Year Award
1982 – The Age Novel of the Year Award for Turtle Beach
1982 – South Australian Government's Award for Fiction
1987 – Inaugural Commonwealth Award for Literature – Australasian Division
References
External links
Blanche d'Alpuget
1944 births
Living people
20th-century Australian novelists
21st-century Australian novelists
20th-century Australian women writers
21st-century Australian women writers
Australian biographers
Australian people of French descent
Australian women novelists
Bob Hawke
Writers from Sydney
Australian women biographers
20th-century biographers
21st-century biographers
People educated at Sydney Church of England Girls Grammar School | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche%20d%27Alpuget |
Taylor "Tates" Locke (born February 25, 1937) is an American former basketball coach. He was described by Rick Telander in the March 8, 1982 issue of Sports Illustrated as being "as high-strung, aggressive and gung-ho over college coaching as anyone has ever been."
Coaching career
Locke coached for West Point, where he hired a young assistant coach named Bobby Knight. Knight would later replace Locke when Locke left West Point. After West Point, Locke moved on to Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, winning a MAC title in 1968–69.
Locke resigned from his Miami post to replace Bobby Roberts as head coach at Clemson University on March 18, 1970. After a season in which the Tigers had its best record in eight years at 17–11 and shared second place with North Carolina and North Carolina State in the Atlantic Coast Conference, he announced his resignation on March 20, 1975 amid a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) investigation into alleged violations involving offering money to recruit Moses Malone and furnishing cars to five Tigers players including Tree Rollins, Skip Wise and Stan Rome. Locke was succeeded by Bill Foster on April 9. Clemson's men's basketball program was placed on three years probation on October 7.
Locke's only experience at the professional level was made possible by Jack Ramsay who brought him to the Buffalo Braves as an assistant coach and chief scout beginning in 1975–76. When Ramsay's contract wasn't renewed the day after the Braves were eliminated by the Boston Celtics from the playoffs, Locke was promoted and signed a two-year contract to succeed him as the franchise's fourth head coach three days later on May 6, 1976. He vowed to build "one hell of an aggressive basketball team."
Once the 1976–77 season started, the Braves traded Bob McAdoo and Tom McMillen to the New York Knicks and Moses Malone to the Houston Rockets. Locke was also at odds with Ernie DiGregorio and John Shumate. With the Braves at 16–30, games behind the Atlantic Division-leading Philadelphia 76ers and in the midst of a five-match losing streak, he was fired and replaced on an interim basis by general manager Bob MacKinnon on January 25, 1977.
He succeeded Don Beasley as head coach at Jacksonville University on March 23, 1978. He took the Dolphins to an NCAA berth and NIT berth.
After assistant stints at UNLV and Indiana, Locke would accept the head coach vacancy at Indiana State University. In his first season, he doubled the win total of his predecessor; in his second season, the Sycamores finished the season at 14-14 (.500) and Locke would be named MVC Coach of the Year. Though achieving modest success, he resigned under pressure after five seasons. He later worked as a scout and assistant general manager for the Portland Trail Blazers.
Locke co-authored with Bob Ibach Caught in the Net, a 1982 book about his transgressions as a college basketball head coach, primarily during his time at Clemson. The book inspired the 1994 film Blue Chips.
Head coaching record
College
References
Locke, Tates and Ibach, B. (1982). Caught in the Net [autobiography]. Leisure Press.
External links
1937 births
Living people
American men's basketball players
Army Black Knights men's basketball coaches
Basketball controversies
Buffalo Braves head coaches
Clemson Tigers men's basketball coaches
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball coaches
Indiana State Sycamores men's basketball coaches
Jacksonville Dolphins men's basketball coaches
Miami RedHawks men's basketball coaches
Ohio Wesleyan Battling Bishops men's basketball coaches
Ohio Wesleyan Battling Bishops men's basketball players
Portland Trail Blazers executives
Portland Trail Blazers scouts
UNLV Runnin' Rebels basketball coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tates%20Locke |
Jagged Edge may refer to:
Film and TV
Jagged Edge (film), a 1985 film starring Glenn Close, Jeff Bridges, Robert Loggia and Peter Coyote
Music
Groups
Jagged Edge (American group), an American R&B singing group
Jagged Edge (British band), a British rock group whose members went on to form the band Skin.
Albums
Jagged Edge (Gary Numan album), 2008
Jagged Edge (Jagged Edge album), 2006 album by the American group
See also
Jaggies, the informal name for aliasing artifacts in raster images
Hired Guns: The Jagged Edge, a video game | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagged%20Edge |
James Ronald Webster
(2 March 19269 December 2016) was a politician from Anguilla. After ending the Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla federation in 1967, he served as the island territory's first Chief Minister from 10 February 1976 to 1 February 1977 and again from May 1980 to 12 March 1984.
Webster was one of 8 children to survive infancy, out a family total of 16 children. He worked in a dairy farm-factory on Saint Martin for 27 years. The owner and wife treated him as a son and left Webster with their entire estate, a small fortune. Webster returned to Anguilla in 1960 to find the island without electricity, paved streets or telephones.
Prior to serving as Chief Minister, Webster was designated Chairman of the Anguilla Island Council when the territory declared its independence from the Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla government in 1967, through the Anguillan Revolution which he led. Anguillans forced the Saint Kitts officials and police off of the island, due to alleged mistreatment of the public and governmental misuse of funds (as an example, Anguilla received financial assistance from Canada to build a pier on the island; the money was sent to the central government on Saint Kitts, and a pier was built - on Saint Kitts).
In a referendum held on 11 July the inhabitants of Anguilla voted overwhelmingly to secede from the Associated State and to become a separate colony of Britain. Britain sent an advisor, Tony Lee, to exercise an "interim basic administrative authority" in conjunction with Ronald Webster, from January 1968 to January 1969; St. Kitts refused to extend the interim agreement and the British authorities left. In February 1969 islanders voted again to remain separate from Saint Kitts and Nevis and to become an "independent republic" with Webster leading the council.
British Junior Minister William Whitlock from the United Kingdom arrived in March 1969 to establish another "interim agreement", and was expelled within hours of arrival. Eight days later 315 British paratroopers and two frigates arrived to "restore order". Tony Lee was installed as a Commissioner for local administration. Webster left the island.
An interim agreement in 1971 was followed by a new constitution in 1976 with Webster becoming the first Chief Minister after his People's Progressive Party won the 1976 election; following a no-confidence vote supported by his fellow ministers, he was removed in 1977. In 1980 Anguilla was formally separated from Saint Kitts and Nevis and became a British colony again, with Webster returning as Chief Minister when his Anguilla United Movement won the 1980 election. Another ministerial split led to the 1981 election won by Webster's Anguilla People's Party and he stayed in power until losing the 1984 election; his Anguilla United Party also lost in 1989 election.
He wrote his "Farewell Letter" which is a motivating story of his life and times. This letter was read at his grave by his wife. English and translated version (Hindi) was published in the most read newspaper of Anguilla, The Anguillian.
Webster's birthday, 2 March, has been celebrated as a public holiday in Anguilla since its proclamation in 2010.
References
1926 births
2016 deaths
Chief Ministers of Anguilla
Heads of state in the Caribbean
Heads of state of former countries
British Seventh-day Adventists
Anguilla Progressive Movement politicians
Anguillan independence activists
People from The Valley, Anguilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald%20Webster |
41 Combat Engineer Regiment (41 CER, French: ) is an Army Reserve (militia) unit of the Canadian Military Engineers/Royal Canadian Engineers (RCE) in Alberta, Canada. The unit consists of:
Regimental Headquarters (RHQ),
25 Engineer Squadron (25 Engr Sqn) in Edmonton,
33 Engineer Squadron (33 Engr Sqn) in Calgary, and
Administration Squadron (Admin Sqn).
The unit parades on Wednesday evenings and Saturdays at the Lieutenant-Colonel Philip L. Debney Armoury in Edmonton and at the General Sir Arthur Currie Building in Calgary. 41 CER is allocated to 41 Canadian Brigade Group, which in turn is part of 3rd Canadian Division.
History
41 Combat Engineer Regiment was stood up on 6 September 2008 at a parade at the Military Museums in Calgary. The parade officially disbanded and amalgamated 8 Field Engineer Regiment and 33 Field Engineer Squadron. Amalgamation meant the resulting unit was entitled to the combined honours and history of the constituent units. This was authorized by Gordon O'Connor, then Minister of National Defence under Ministerial Organization Order 2006041 on 23 November 2006.
8 Field Engineer Regiment was the senior unit that was amalgamated and was created in 1947 as a result of a post-war reorganization of the militia engineers. At its peak the regiment controlled five sub-units:
13th Field Squadron in Calgary;
17th Field Squadron in Kimberley, British Columbia;
24th Field Squadron in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories;
25th Field Squadron in Edmonton; and
33rd Field Park Squadron in Lethbridge.
25 Engineer Squadron
25 Engineer Squadron traces its lineage to 9th Army Troops Company (Royal Canadian Engineers) which was formed in 1937 following a reorganization of the militia in Canada. During the Second World War the company served as part of 1st Pioneer Battalion, later known as 1st Battalion Army Troops (Royal Canadian Engineers). Through most of the war, they served as construction troops supporting First Canadian Army. Following the war, the army troops companies were no longer required and the sub-unit was re-designated 25th Field Squadron with the task of providing field engineer support to Edmonton-area units.
33 Engineer Squadron
33 Engineer Squadron traces its lineage back to the 6th Field Park Squadron (6 Fd Pk Sqn) that was formed in Lethbridge in 1940. 6 Field Park Squadron was mobilized in early 1941 and formed part of the 4th Canadian Armoured Division. Their task was supplying the field squadrons in the division, as well as all other units, with every kind of engineer material necessary. This included both military and local resources. A few of the items produced by 6 Field Park Squadron and delivered are 56,800 signs of all sizes and shapes, 16,300 barber poles or lane markers, 1,221 crosses, 4,000 drift pins and 8,000 timber dogs. In addition thousands of tons of innumerable other stores were hauled from Corps dumps or requisitioned from civilians.
Their skilled workers had to operate many times under the most adverse of conditions. In March 1946, the sappers returned home to Lethbridge and the unit was re-designated to 33rd Field Park Squadron in 1947. In 1954 the squadron was re-roled to a field squadron and in 1968 was relocated to Calgary. In 1971, the unit was relocated to Edmonton and zero-manned in favour of keeping 25th Field Squadron fully operational. On 23 July 1990, after a decade of lobbying by the Calgary Branch of the Military Engineers Association of Canada, 33rd Field Engineer Squadron was reactivated and relocated to Calgary. It achieved independent squadron status in 1991 and has provided combat engineering support to Calgary-area units for 18 years prior to amalgamating with 8 FER in 2008.
Training
As a reserve unit, 41 Combat Engineer Regiment continues to train in skills to support the Canadian Forces abroad and at home. In recent years the regiment has conducted exercises in a variety of places, including.
CFB Wainwright, Alberta
Vegreville, Alberta
Chilliwack, British Columbia
Dundurn, Saskatchewan
Drayton Valley, Alberta
CFB Suffield, Alberta
CFB Cold Lake, Alberta
Outlook, Saskatchewan
Hinton, Alberta
Fort Lewis, Washington
Deployments
Personnel from the unit have deployed on United Nations and NATO peacekeeping missions including:
Cyprus (UNFICYP, Operation Snowgoose),
Croatia (UNPROFOR, Operation Harmony),
Cambodia (UNTAC, Operation Marquis),
Bosnia (SFOR, Operation Palladium),
Afghanistan (Operations Athena and Archer). As of the end of 2009 two men from the unit had been wounded and one, Sgt. George Miok was killed.
Personnel from 41 CER deployed for relief assistance in support of civilian authorities to the city of Calgary during the 2013 Alberta floods. 41 CER deployed under Task Force Silvertip in support of Operation Lentus. This was the first entirely reserve task force ever stood up by the Canadian military and encompassed all units in 41 Canadian Brigade Group.
Relationship with Town of Vegreville
41 Combat Engineer Regiment has fostered a relationship with the Town of Vegreville, Alberta, which is located 103 km east of Edmonton. On 29 April 2006 the unit received the Freedom of the Town, becoming the only unit in the Canadian Forces to have this honour.
The unit started this relationship in large part due to their yearly participation of 25 Engineer Squadron in the Remembrance Day parade. Eventually the unit received permission and blessings from the town to hold annual exercises within the town and the surrounding areas.
In 2007 the Regiment built a new bridge in the park containing the town's famous Pysanka (Ukrainian Easter Egg). This was completed the same week-end the unit received the Freedom of the Town. On 7 May 2008, during a change of command parade, the bridge was formally named the LCol Dan O'Keefe Bridge for the outgoing Commanding Officer. The Town Council had voted to do so in large part due to LCol O'Keefe's tremendous efforts at building a relationship with the Town.
Mascot
Due in large part to their natural construction abilities and their presence in the Canadian wilderness, the beaver has long been the symbol of military engineers in Canada. The first cap-badge of the Canadian Engineers, that is the Militia component of the Engineers of the Canadian Army, had the beaver at its center.
The official mascot of 25 Engineer Squadron (formerly of 8 Field Engineer Regiment) is Sapper Bentley F. Beaver, a stuffed toy beaver who is dressed with a beret, dress uniform and identity discs.
Some members of the unit claim that Bentley is the most decorated beaver in the world. This is because he has accompanied members of the unit for short periods of time while on tour, and therefore he would be eligible for the medals for his presence on the deployment.
This is a partial list of medals and decorations Sapper Beaver would be entitled to:
South-West Asia Service Medal
General Campaign Star with ISAF Bar
Canadian Peacekeeping Service Medal
United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia Medal
NATO Former Yugoslavia Medal
NATO Non-Article 5 Medal
125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal
Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal
Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal
Canadian Forces Decoration
Alberta Centennial Medal
See also
Military history of Canada
History of the Canadian Army
Canadian Forces
List of armouries in Canada
References
External links
Order of precedence
Engineer regiments of Canada
Military units and formations established in 2008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/41%20Combat%20Engineer%20Regiment |
Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels (2 September 1648 – 7 January 1681) was a German noblewoman.
She was a daughter of August, duke of Saxe-Weissenfels, and his wife Anna Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Her paternal grandparents were John George I, Elector of Saxony, and Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia.
On 14 November 1669, she married Duke Friedrich I of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. They had the following children:
Anna Sophie (b. Gotha, 22 December 1670 – d. Rudolstadt, 28 December 1728), married on 15 October 1691 to Louis Frederick I, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.
Magdalene Sibylle (b. Gotha, 30 September 1671 – d. Altenburg, 2 March 1673).
Dorothea Marie (b. Gotha, 22 January 1674 – d. Meiningen, 18 April 1713), married on 19 September 1704 to Ernst Ludwig I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen.
Fredericka (b. Gotha, 24 March 1675 – d. Karlsbad, 28 May 1709), married on 25 May 1702 to Johann August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst.
Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (b. Gotha, 28 July 1676 – d. Altenburg, 23 March 1732).
Johann Wilhelm (b. Gotha, 4 October 1677 – killed in battle, Toulon, 15 August 1707), General Imperial.
Elisabeth (b. Gotha, 7 February 1679 – d. of smallpox, Gotha, 22 June 1680).
Johanna (b. Gotha, 1 October 1680 – d. Strelitz, 9 July 1704), married on 20 June 1702 to Adolf Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
|-
1648 births
1681 deaths
House of Saxe-Weissenfels
House of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Duchesses of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Albertine branch
Daughters of monarchs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena%20Sibylla%20of%20Saxe-Weissenfels |
Tobias Enhus is a Swedish music composer living in the US. His work has appeared in films, such as Black Hawk Down. He has also created music for television commercials, including the haunting score (featuring female operatic singing) heard in a 2006 commercial for Mercedes-Benz S-Class vehicles (shown during PBS sponsor-appreciation segments). More recently, Enhus composed the majority of the track to The Matrix: Path of Neo, collaborating with other artists, such as Juno Reactor, Mark Killian, Todd Haberman and Rob Bennett, as well as composing the score for the Spider-Man 3 video game based on the 2007 film of the same name. Enhus has also composed for Machine Head. He also provided a track for Mondo Sex Head, a 2012 remix album by Rob Zombie.
References
External links
Electric Priest Csound score and audio
American male composers
21st-century American composers
Living people
Swedish composers
Swedish male composers
21st-century American male musicians
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias%20Enhus |
Anthony J. Bryant (February 14, 1961 – December 25, 2013) was an American author and editor.
Biography
Bryant was born in Franklin, Indiana, and was adopted at age 5 by Robert M. and Margaret Bryant.
After Robert M. Bryant's death in 1967, Tony and his mother moved to Miami Shores, Florida, where he spent his youth and attended Pinecrest Preparatory School. After graduating from Florida State University in 1983 with a bachelor's degree in Japanese studies, he completed his graduate studies in Japanese studies (history, language, and armor) at Takushoku University in Tokyo, graduating in 1986. Bryant lived in Japan from 1986 to 1992. He also earned an M.A. in Japanese from Indiana University Bloomington in 2003.
An authority on the making of Japanese armor, he joined the Nihon Katchū Bugu Kenkyū Hozon Kai ("Japan Association for Arms and Armor Preservation"), and was one of four non-Asian members. While living in Japan, he also worked as a features editor for the Mainichi Daily News, and as editor for the Tokyo Journal, an English language monthly magazine.
Bryant wrote four books for Osprey Publishing on samurai history, and co-authored, with Mark T. Arsenault, the core rulebook for the role-playing game Sengoku: Chanbara Roleplaying in Feudal Japan. He was a historian of Japan specializing in Kamakura, Muromachi, and Momoyama period warrior culture. His areas of interest also included Heian-period court structure and society and Japanese literature.
After returning from Japan, in 1995 he became the editor of Dragon Magazine, the flagship publication of TSR, Inc., the creators of the role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons. He was the editor for eight issues, before Dave Gross took over.
Bryant died on December 25, 2013, at St. Francis Health in Indianapolis.
Books
The Samurai, (Elite), Osprey Publishing, London (1989)
Early Samurai AD 200–1500, Osprey Publishing, London (1991)
Samurai 1550–1600, Osprey Publishing, London (1994)
Sekigahara 1600: The Final Struggle for Power, Osprey Publishing, London (1995)
Sengoku: Chanbara Roleplaying in Feudal Japan, Gold Rush Games; Revised edition (May 1, 2002)
Iwaya no sōshi ("The Tale of the Cave House"): A Translation and Commentary, Indiana University (2003)
Sekigahara 1600: The Final Struggle for Power, Praeger Publishers (September 2005)
Other works
Nihon Katchu Seisakuben , a Japanese armor manual
The Estates of Heian Nobility (essay)
References
External links
Sengoku Daimyo – Anthony J. Bryant's website
Author of Osprey books on Japanese military history Article on Rencentral.com
Author biography from Osprey Military Publishing
1961 births
20th-century American historians
20th-century American male writers
2013 deaths
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
American adoptees
American male non-fiction writers
American military historians
Dungeons & Dragons game designers
Florida State University alumni
Historians of Japan
Indiana University Bloomington alumni
People from Franklin, Indiana
Writers from Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20J.%20Bryant |
Robert Stanley Richards (31 May 1885 – 24 April 1967) was an Australian politician who served as the 32nd Premier of South Australia, representing the South Australian Branch of the Australian Labor Party.
Early life
Born in Moonta Mines, South Australia, the youngest of twelve children to Cornish miner Richard Richards and his wife Mary, Richards was locally educated before leaving school at age 13 to work in the Moonta mines, initially in menial jobs and later as a carpenter. In his early twenties Richards moved to Burnie, Tasmania to manage a copper mine before returning to Moonta, where he married Ada Dixon on 31 January 1914.
Politics
Richards became involved with the labour movement and was elected vice-president of the Federated Mining Employees Association in 1916. When that union merged into the Australian Workers' Union in 1917, he became president of the AWU's mining section, proving himself to be a forceful and competent leader. A lay Methodist preacher, Freemason and keen cricketer and Australian rules footballer, Richards was a popular and well known local identity and it came as no surprise when he sought Labor preselection.
Elected to the Electoral district of Wallaroo (which covered Moonta) in the South Australian House of Assembly at the 1918 election, Richards quickly gained a reputation in parliament for his leadership and debating abilities and following Labor's victory at the 1924 election, Richards was named Chairman of Committees, firstly in the John Gunn led government and, following Gunn's resignation, in Lionel Hill's cabinet.
Ousted from government at the 1927 election by the Richard Layton Butler led Liberal Federation, South Australia first enjoyed the boom of the 1920s and then suffered the onset of the Great Depression in Australia. The 1930 election was highlighted by Butler's warning to voters that the Depression would worsen before it improved and Labor leader Hill's promise of a master plan to solve the problems of the Depression. Labor was swept to power and Richards appointed to the positions of Commissioner of Crown Lands, Minister of Mines and Marine and Minister of Labour and Employment.
Unfortunately, Labor did not have a master strategy to combat the Depression, and was instead forced to institute wage cuts and sweeping retrenchments in the public service as part of implementing the frugal measures of the 1931 Premiers' Plan enacted to fight the Depression. The Premier's Plan saw widespread discontent in South Australia, particularly within traditional working-class Labor supporters, resulting in the ALP state executive expelling 23 of the 30 members of the parliamentary caucus—including Richards and the entire cabinet—from the Labor Party later in 1931. The 23 expelled MPs formed the Parliamentary Labor Party (also known as Premiers Plan Labor), which stayed in office with the support of the conservative opposition.
The Hill Cabinet remained precariously in power until February 1933, when Hill happily resigned as Premier nine weeks before the 1933 election to move to London as Australian Agent-General. Richards reluctantly succeeded Hill as Premier and Treasurer of South Australia. Without public or party support, Richards found himself leading his ministry into an election that, by most accounts, he had virtually no chance of winning.
Richards spent his nine weeks as Premier attempting to talk up the achievements of his cabinet. However, it was nowhere near enough to save him from defeat at the state election. With three Labor factions—Richards' Parliamentary Labor Party, the official ALP and the Lang Labor Party—splitting the vote, the revitalised opposition in the guise of the Butler-led Liberal and Country League (a merging of Butler's Liberal Federation and the Country Party) won a landslide majority. The three Labor factions won only 13 seats between them
Richards spent the next year working to reunite the ALP and following his success, served as Deputy Leader of the reunited party from 1934 to 1938 under the leadership of Andrew Lacey (prior to this he was the leader of the Parliamentary Labor Party, separated from the executive, although Richards made efforts with Lacey and the other factions to merge the parties into a united front from the turmoil his predecessor had put them in). Following another heavy defeat at the 1938 state election, where more independents were elected to parliament than Labor members, Richards became Labor leader for a second time.
Richards remained opposition leader for 11 years, during which Labor increased its primary vote at three consecutive elections. However, it was unable to dislodge the LCL, now led by Tom Playford, due to the electoral malapportionment known as the Playmander, in which rural votes were worth several times more than votes in Adelaide. He actually led Labor to a 53.3 percent two-party vote at the 1944 election. In most of the rest of Australia, this would have been enough to make him Premier with a solid majority. However, due to the Playmander, Labor was only able to net a five-seat swing in this election, leaving it with 16 seats, four short of victory. By 1949, Richards had suffered the death of his wife and, with the realisation that the current system gave Labor little chance of returning to government, retired from politics to serve as the Commonwealth Government's Administrator of Nauru, taking his new bride with him.
He returned from Nauru to Adelaide in 1951; served as director of radio station 5KA, then under Methodist control; and was appointed to the South Australian government Forestry Board in 1954. Playford, never afraid to make use of opponents' skills for the greater good, also commissioned Richards to investigate issues relating to delinquent children, mining issues and housing.
Death
Afflicted by diabetes, Richards nonetheless lived long enough to see a Labor government returned to South Australia (under the leadership of Premier Frank Walsh) in 1965. He died in Moonta two years later, and received a state funeral.
Family
Richards married Ada Maude Dixon (ca.1883 – 20 July 1948), whose sisters married S. R. Whitford and Oswald Pryor, on 31 January 1914. Their children included two daughters: Joyce and Kathlean.
Notes
References
Australian Dictionary of Biography
Election of Andrew Lacey as Leader (Trove)
Election as Leader (Trove)
Resignation from Parliament (SA Parliament)
External links
|-
|-
1885 births
1967 deaths
Premiers of South Australia
Treasurers of South Australia
Members of the South Australian House of Assembly
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of South Australia
Australian people of Cornish descent
People from Moonta, South Australia
20th-century Australian politicians
Administrators of Nauru | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Richards%20%28Australian%20politician%29 |
The Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney is a heritage-listed former barracks, hospital, convict accommodation, mint and courthouse and now museum and cafe located at Macquarie Street in the Sydney central business district, in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. Originally built from 1811 to 1819 as a brick building and compound to house convict men and boys, it was designed by convict architect Francis Greenway. It is also known as the Mint Building and Hyde Park Barracks Group and Rum Hospital; Royal Mint – Sydney Branch; Sydney Infirmary and Dispensary; Queen's Square Courts; Queen's Square. The site is managed by the Sydney Living Museums, an agency of the Government of New South Wales, as a living history museum open to the public.
The site is inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as one of 11 pre-eminent Australian Convict Sites as amongst "the best surviving examples of large-scale convict transportation and the colonial expansion of European powers through the presence and labour of convicts", and was listed on the Australian National Heritage List on 1 August 2007, and on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
The historic site was closed in January 2019 for $18 million restoration work to transform it into "a rich new, immersive visitor experience like no other in Australia" and reopened in February 2020.
History
Hyde Park Barracks
Governor Macquarie, after his arrival in Sydney, had become increasingly disturbed by the male convicts' behaviour in the streets after work. Convicts had been allowed to find their own lodgings, however, Macquarie thought that barracks accommodation would improve the moral character of the men and increase their productivity. To this end, Macquarie requested convict architect Francis Greenway design barracks for 600 men. Constructed by convicts, the foundation stone was laid by Macquarie on 6 April 1817 and the barracks were completed in 1819. Macquarie was so impressed by Greenway's design that he granted him a full pardon shortly after its completion. The barracks officially opened on 4 June 1819, when 589 convicts were admitted.
Internally, the four rooms on each floor were hung with two rows of hammocks, with a 0.9-metre (3-foot) passage. The room allowed for each hammock was 2.1 by 0.6 metres (7 by 2 feet). In this way, the long eastern rooms could sleep 70 men each, while 35 men slept in the smaller western rooms.
Francis Greenway was the architect who designed the Barracks. He was a convict for forging signatures and he had to move to Australia. He was also known for his architectural skills and quickly advertised himself in local places.
Macquarie was happy to note that since the confinement of the male convicts to the Barracks at night "not a tenth part of the former Night Robberies and Burglaries" occurred. Commissioner Bigge, however, complained that the congregation of such a large number of "depraved and desperate characters" in one area had just condensed the problem. Stealing was rife within the Barracks, items being passed over the walls to waiting accomplices for disposal. In an attempt to curb the thefts convicts were searched at the gates and broad arrows were painted on items of clothing and bedding.
The accommodation soon proved inadequate and up to 1400 men were housed in the Barracks at any one time. It has been estimated that perhaps 30,000 men and boys passed through the Barracks between 1819 and 1848. The convict response to the Barracks was somewhat mixed: those that were able to pay for lodgings by working on Saturday were not happy about the confinement; others were happy to have a roof over their heads. In 1820, in order to ease the pressure on the crowded Barracks the reward of being allowed to live outside the Barracks was extended. Convicts found gambling, drunk, engaged in street violence, or other unseemly behaviour had this freedom revoked and were sent to live in the Barracks. It had become a form of punishment. Loitering or idling on a Saturday was also punishable by confinement to the Barracks. Convicts had a peculiar mix of detention and freedom, convicts had to work for the Government during the week, but were allowed to work for their own benefits on Saturdays. This was a privilege Governor Macquarie did not like to see abused.
From 1830, convicts were brought to the site for sentencing and punishment by the Court of General Sessions sitting in northern perimeter buildings. Punishments handed down included floggings, which were carried out onsite, or terms on the treadmill or chain gangs. While one of the first agencies to encroach on the Barracks, they were not the last. The Board for the Assignment of Servants operating from the Barracks between 1831 and 1841.
The cessation of convict transportation in 1840 saw a dwindling number of convicts to house. By 1848, the numbers remaining did not warrant the use of such a large premise and the remaining convicts were removed to Cockatoo Island. The Barracks became instead the Female Immigration Depot. Occupying the first two floors, the Depot had the purpose of giving temporary shelter to newly arrived single females while they were found positions. Depending on the arrival of ships, the Depot could be overcrowded or almost vacant. Single women were encouraged to immigrate to address labour shortages, particularly for maids and servants, and the gender imbalance evident in the Colony. Women from Ireland, devastated by the Great Famine, were particularly targeted for immigration, coaxed to leave their homeland by the promise of better employment prospects and life. Additionally, the Barracks also housed the Orphan Institution until 1852, through which many more Irish famine victims passed. The perimeter buildings were taken over by a variety of government agencies including, but not limited to, the Government Printing Office (1848–1856), Stamp Office (1856), Department of the Chief Inspector of Distilleries (1856–1860) and the Vaccine Institute (1857–1886).
The Asylum for Infirm and Destitute Women used the top floor, between 1862 and 1886, to provide accommodation and care to 150 women with terminal illnesses who could not afford medical treatment, the senile, insane, and generally destitute women. Both the Asylum and the Immigration Depot were managed by Matron Lucy Applewhaite-Hicks, who lived on the second floor with her family. Overcrowding was a constant problem, and the Barracks ceased to provide accommodation in 1886 when the women were moved to new purpose-built facilities at Newington
The Courts continued to expand their use of the former Barracks buildings and by the early 19th century had almost exclusive use of the site. Courts were shuffled between buildings on the site and moved elsewhere in the city as more appropriate facilities were found or as pressures on space requirements grew or shrank. The new social policies of the 1880s saw the creation of a raft of legally specialised courts, which, in commemoration of the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria (1887) and 100 years of settlement in Sydney (1888), were consolidated in the Hyde Park Barracks. The facility became known as Chancery Square, later the Queen's Square Courts. Extensive modifications were undertaken to accommodate the courts, including the addition of fibro buildings in the courtyard and internal divisions to the Principle Dormitory to convert it into courts.
The courts occupying the site represent "all facets of the new phases of state intervention in personal and property relations", a sample of which includes: the Court of Requests (1856–1859), the Sydney District Court (1858–1978), the City Coroner (1864–1907), Supreme Court Judges (1887–1970), Bankruptcy Court (1888–1914), Clerk of the Peace (1888–1903, 1915–1961), Curator of Intestate Estates (1888–1913), Probate Court and Offices (1893–1915), Court of Review (1901–1938), Court of Marine Enquiry (1901–1979), NSW Registrar & Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Court (1908–1914), Industrial Court (1911–1914), Industrial Arbitration Court (1912–1927), Legal Aid Office (1919–1944), Profiteering Prevention Court (1921–1922), Land and Valuation Court (1922–1956, 1976–1979), Court Reporting Branch (1944–1964).
During the early 20th century, industrial relations dominated proceedings at Queen's Square. Two landmark decisions were handed down by the Courts while in the buildings: in 1927 the basic living wage was approved; in 1921 a case for equal pay for women was presented and rejected, to be granted only in 1973.
In 1975, the Department of Public Works began extensive conservation works on the buildings. During these works, one of the first Permanent Conservation Orders, under the 1977 Heritage Act, was given to the Barracks in 1981. The conservation works were completed in 1984 and the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences opened a museum of Sydney. This museum operated until 1990 when ownership was transferred to the Historic Houses Trust of NSW (now Sydney Living Museums). The museum underwent refurbishment and further conservation works were undertaken, becoming a museum of the site, dedicated to interpreting how the site has developed, been used by multiple occupants and the physical evidence of their presence. During 2019 Hyde Park Barracks was closed while a new exhibition space was developed. The exhibition space has a diminished focus on the significant role of Lachlan Macquarie. The site reopened in 2019.
The Friends of the Historic Houses Trust have been responsible for fundraising through interpretive tours and events to acquire the Neville Locker collection of convict artefacts for Hyde Park Barracks.
The Mint
Governor Macquarie signed an agreement with Garnham Blaxcell, Alexander Riley and D'Arcy Wentworth to build a new convict hospital in November 1810. In return, the three gentlemen received the monopoly on the purchase of spirits for three years. As a result, the building became known as the Rum Hospital.
While the architect is unknown, the inspiration for the form of the buildings is thought to have come from Macquarie's time in India, especially the Madras Government House. The Hospital, however, is constructed to the standard institutional army plan of the time – as seen at Victoria Barracks. The Hospital was originally constructed with three wings, the northern wing is now part of Parliament House, the central wing has been demolished and the southern wing became the Mint.
The Legislative Council of New South Wales had begun petitioning the British Government for the establishment of a Mint in 1851. The gold rush had brought in to circulation large amounts of unrefined gold that was threatening the official currency. The British Government finally approved the establishment of a Mint in 1853, sending equipment and twenty staff. The Mint began operation on 14 May 1855. Now known simply as The Mint, its official title was the Royal Mint, Sydney Branch. The first five years of operation saw exports of gold fall sharply as over one million pounds worth of gold was converted into sovereign and half sovereign coins each year. In 1868, Sydney's coins were recognised as legal tender in all British colonies, but it was not until February 1886 that they were accepted in Britain. The coins were identical to those produced in Britain, except for a small mint mark. Federation encouraged the consolidation of minting activities in Canberra, Melbourne and , the facilities in Sydney deteriorated to such an extent that the Mint was closed in January 1927, due to ageing equipment and unprofitability.
On the departure of the Mint a series of government departments sought office space in the buildings. Similar to the Barracks next door, with no security of tenure there was little incentive to maintain the buildings and, instead fibro buildings filled all available spaces to meet the requirements of the Family Endowment Department (1927–1940), State Headquarters of National Emergency Service (1940–1950s), Housing Commission of NSW (mid 1940s) and the Land Tax Office (mid 1940s). The Court Reporting Branch, District Courts and Parliamentary Library moved in during the 1950s. Fibro-lined courtrooms were created within the former Coining Factory for use by them.
In the 1930s, with increasing use of the motor car, and demand for parking spaces, the Mint's Macquarie Street gates were removed, a common fate for the gates of public buildings at the time. They were eventually acquired by Barker College at Hornsby in 1937 following the efforts of its Council Chairman, Sir John Butters. This was not the first time a school had acquired significant city gates: St. Joseph's College at Hunters Hill had bought the Sydney Town Hall gates and fencing when they became redundant with construction of Town Hall Railway Station. Restoration of the buildings, announced in 1975, were undertaken in 1977-79, with the intended purpose of utilising at least the Mint as a Museum. In 1982 the Mint opened as a branch of the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences.
In 1998, ownership of the site was transferred to the Historic Houses Trust, who continued to operate a small museum, plus a cafe. In 2004 restoration and construction was undertaken to enable the HHT to use the site as a Head Office. The former Coining Factory was sympathetically remodelled into offices and the Superintendent's Office to hold the Caroline Simpson Library and Research Collection. A new theatrette and foyer were also added. The work was overseen by architect Richard Francis-Jones, of FJMT Architects; Clive Lucas Stapleton and Partners as conservation architects and Godden Mackay Logan as archaeologists. In July 2016 the Mint celebrated its 200th anniversary of continuous civic function with a symposium "A future for the past" as part of a programme of events.
Description
The Hyde Park Barracks are located in Queen's Square on the corner of Macquarie Street and Prince Albert Road, Sydney. The complex is bounded by high walls on the south and western sides. The northern and eastern boundaries are marked by ranges of structures. Located in the middle of the enclosure is the Principal Barracks or Dormitory Block. Near the north eastern and north western corners of the Dormitory Block are two weeping lillypillys (Waterhousia floribunda). The remainder of the gravelled courtyard is interspersed with sandstone pathways to facilitate disabled access. The major elements, namely the Dormitory Block, Northern Perimeter and Eastern Perimeter structures are discussed separately below in more detail.
Principal Barracks/Dormitory Block
The main building is a three-storey sandstock brick, gabled former convict barracks of Georgian style. It has sandstone foundations, sills and string courses, while the pedimented gable is decorated by a shaped stone panel containing an early colonial clock. The clock is surmounted by a crown and inscribed "L.Macquarie Esq., Governor 1817". The pedimented temple form of the front is divided horizontally by a string course at the first and attic floors, and vertically by simple piers or pilasters, finished by Greenway's distinctive "double string course" beneath the eaves; relieving arches implying an arcade to the basement storey; shallow overhanging domes to the roof ventilator, lodges and corner pavilions; shaped blocking courses of the cornices of the pavilions and circular niches.
The facade is simple but elegant and divided by brick pilasters and arched recesses to the ground floor. The central door has a semi-circular fanlight above, while the windows, 24 panes to ground and first floors and 16 panes to the second floor have flat lintels.
During the late 1980s, concerted efforts were made to return the Barracks to their appearance . External doorways made to access the now demolished court buildings have been carefully in-filled and it is now difficult to determine where some of these openings were. The stone string courses and sills are replacements, as is the shingling on the roof. By necessity, new joinery for doors and windows was constructed.
Internally, partitions have been removed, again in an attempt to reveal Greenway's original design. The floor plan of all three levels is essentially identical, consisting of four rooms opening off two corridors forming a cross, the two rooms to the west being slightly smaller. Two stairwells provide access between the levels, the first in the north eastern corner and the second, also abutting the northern wall, in the hallway crossing the Barracks north/south.
Restoration works were unable to remove all evidence relating to District Court, some fireplaces, doorways and transom lights are now "unusually placed". The door joinery shows evidence of the successive adaptations to the building during its use as a Court. The skirtings, architraves, doors and windows represent two periods - –1887 and . The upper flights of the staircases are thought to be original, the lower flights being interspersed with Victorian repairs. The internal structure of the staircases has been augmented to ensure visitor safety.
Based on a paterae block (an ornamental device) and mortice openings in the floor, uncovered during conservation works, together with documentary evidence, one room has been fitted with hammock frames. Given the evidence, it is thought this mirrors the sleeping arrangements during the convict era. The frames have a rough adzed appearance and consist of half-round architraves, skirtings and plain paterae blocks.
Paint and plaster wall finishes have been incorporated into the aesthetic, including signage, which remains exposed. The removal of later false ceilings and linings in some sections has revealed earlier finishes, including the original roof structure on the second level. In others, parts of the later ceilings have been used to conceal track hangers and display partitions. Track hung spotlights and recessed down-lights have been introduced to illuminate the museum displays.
Perimeter Wall and Outbuildings (Barracks Square)
The northern boundary of the Barracks site is lined with six structures of both one and two storeys. Constructed of brick, those of two storeys have had the second storey rendered in imitation of ashlar and painted off-white. In the north western corner, the original cell block remains, as does the Superintendent's Apartment midway along the boundary. In the eastern corner remnants of the original corner pavilion is visible from outside the Barracks Square. The north western corner pavilion, originally used as a cell block, has been substantially altered during its use by the District Court. Further alterations were undertaken to convert the cell block and part of the structure to the east into a cafe. Sections of the ground floor are open to visitors. A wooden platform has been constructed to allow the exposed archaeological features to be viewed. The interior walls have had various layers of paint and plaster removed in sections, so as to display the multiple renovations the interior underwent. The effect created is that of partially completed restoration - a work in progress.
The Southern Perimeter is marked by a wall constructed of stone from the Gladesville Mental Hospital c.1963. It follows the northern extent of Greenway's original structure, which was demolished in 1909. The wall is also marked by the Australian Monument to the Great Irish Famine. The Monument consists of a plaque on the wall and a metal table, set with a dinner plate, protruding at a 45-degree angle from the wall. The memorial was opened by Governor-General of Australia, Sir William Deane on 28 August 1999.
The Eastern Perimeter is marked by a conglomerate of three buildings, the northern two are of two storeys, while a small southern section has just one level. Central to the structures is a set of external stairs, which dominate the western facade. The stairs lead to a balcony running the length of the buildings, which provides access to the series of unconnected first floor rooms. On the ground floor, public toilets are provided in the southern section, while the remainder of the building provides office space to the Museum.
The Western section consists of a wall with a central set of gates, flanked by a lodge on each side. The southern lodge was altered during the realignment of Prince Albert Road. The northern lodge is accessible by visitors, having a wooden platform to protect the exposed archaeological deposits. A fireplace is evident in the northern wall. The interior walls also display the various internal treatments, the plaster having been removed to expose the brick construction.
Archaeology
Formal archaeological investigations began at the Hyde Park Barracks during the 1980s restoration work. Originally Carol Powell, who was employed to research the archival material, was also asked to catalogue artefacts exposed by the conservation works. It quickly became apparent that the magnitude and preservation of the archaeological deposits required more attention and Wendy Thorp was employed in September 1980.
Thorp excavated a series of test-trenches before recommending a larger scale program was needed. Patricia Burritt completed what was known as the Stage II excavations. Trenches were located to over all aspects of the Barracks. Small scale trenches were excavated near the entrance to the Dormitory Block and in the northern perimeter buildings, formerly the bakery. A large open-area was excavated in the courtyard east of the Dormitory Block. Extensive excavations were also undertaken in the underfloor spaces between levels one and two and levels two and three. The last of these excavations exposed a remarkable artefact collection of paper and fabric, items not commonly preserved in archaeological deposits. In 2006 a publication was released by the Historic Houses Trust that interprets these artefacts.
Concealed for up to 160 years in the cavities between floorboards and ceilings, the assemblage is a unique archaeological record of institutional confinement, especially of women. The underfloor assemblage dates to the period 1848 to 1886, during which a female Immigration Depot and a Government Asylum for Infirm and Destitute Women occupied the second and third floors of the Barracks.
Since the completion of the 1980s restoration works any disturbance of the ground has been preceded by archaeological excavation, seeing a number of smaller excavations carried out for the laying of pipes etc. and the construction of the Australian Monument to the Great Irish Famine. There remains the potential for further archaeological materials to be uncovered.
Museum
In 1994, Hyde Park Barracks underwent conservation and adaptation work by award-winning architects Tonkin Zulaikha Greer and conservation architects Clive Lucas Stapleton and Partners. The completed project won the Australian Institute of Architects national Lachlan Macquarie Award in 1992. Now, the newly installed Hyde Park Barracks is a museum operated by the Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales. Tourists who visit the building discover the daily lives of convicts and other occupants through exhibitions on Sydney's male convict labour force, Australia's convict system, an innovative soundscape, excavated artefacts, exposed layers of building fabric and the complex's rooms and spaces.
In June 2015, Mark Speakman, the then Minister for the Environment of New South Wales announced Unlocking Heritage, a two-year program aimed at giving children the opportunity to experience Sydney's living museums. This program will allow students to wear convict clothing and sleep in the Barrack's hammocks. A million dollars has been allocated for this program. Museum director Mark Goggin thinks that children will learn more about history if they can experience it hands-on, '"Particularly for the kids to wear the convict shirts, eat the gruel, sleep over with their mates in hammocks and imagining what life was like 200 years ago."' The program is starting out with children and hoping to expand to adult participation.
Heritage listing
World Heritage List
In July 2010, at the 34th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, the Hyde Park Barracks and ten other Australian sites with a significant association with convict transportation were inscribed as a group on the World Heritage List as the Australian Convict Sites. The listing explains that the 11 sites present "the best surviving examples of large-scale convict transportation and the colonial expansion of European powers through the presence and labour of convicts". Of the 11 sites the Old Great North Road, Old Government House at Parramatta and Cockatoo Island are also within the Sydney region.
Australian National Heritage List
The site was placed on the National Heritage List on 1 August 2007. It was recognised:
as a turning point in the management of convicts in the colony, as the government could now exercise more effective control over convicts,
for its links with Governor Macquarie and his role in developing the colony's infrastructure, and
as a demonstration of the skill of its architect, Francis Greenway.
New South Wales State Heritage List
The primary significance of Hyde Park Barracks is its unique evidence of the convict period of Australian history, particularly in its demonstration of the accommodation and living conditions of male convicts in NSW 1819–1848. They also provide evidence of the conditions experienced by immigrant groups between 1848 and 1887. The site is important for its significant archaeological record, both excavated and unexcavated, relating to the convict and immigrant periods of occupation. The barracks is one of the finest surviving works by Francis Greenway, the essence of his design persisting through various adaptations. They provide major evidence of Governor Macquarie's vision for Sydney and the relationship with The Domain, the Mint, St James' Church and Hyde Park demonstrate patterns of early 19th century planning in NSW.
Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney (inclusive of the Sydney Mint), was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.
There is a diversity of structures which document the evolution of the Hyde Park Barracks complex from the late Georgian era to modern times: from the era of convict cell blocks and enclosed penal institutions, through to judicial courts and offices and present-day museum. It contains two fig trees on Macquarie Street which are symbolic of a number of significant town planning schemes throughout the 19th century, such as the creation of Chancery Square, (now known as Queen's Square). Within the complex are structures associated with the first purpose-built government institution for the housing of convicts. It is associated with the development of the legal system in NSW being the location of the first meeting in 1830 of the bench of magistrates for the Court of General Sessions and the first location of the Metropolitan District Court established under the District Courts Act, 1958. It is associated with other historic landmarks in the area such as the former Rum Hospital, St James' Church, Hyde Park, the Domain, St Mary's Cathedral and Macquarie Street.
The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.
It contains elements such as the perimeter walls, parts of the two gate lodges, one former pavilion and parts of another, some external and probably internal walls on the northern range of buildings which are associated with the convict architect Francis Greenway's design. Together with the central barracks building, the place possesses a rich architectural history from the earliest days of European settlement in Australia.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
It contains a museum which is a centre of tourist and cultural activity in Sydney.
The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
The site contains areas of potential archaeological significance which are likely to provide significant insight into the establishment of the place and its subsequent developmental history.
The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
It is the oldest example of a walled penal institution in Australia. The barracks provide rare evidence of the standards and skills of building practice, architectural design and urban planning in early 19th century Sydney
Operations
The Hyde Park Barracks are part of the Sydney Living Museums series. Other locations in the series are the Susannah Place Museum, the Museum of Sydney and the Justice & Police Museum. A pass can be purchased at any of the locations that will enable visitors to visit all four locations at a discounted price.
Gallery
See also
Architecture of Sydney
Culture of Sydney
Sydney Mint
References
Bibliography
Attribution
External links
Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney Living Museums
A Place For The Friendless Female: Sydney's Female Immigration Depot (online version of the Hyde Park Barracks Museum exhibition by the same name)
Tonkin Zulaikha Greer (Website)
UNESCO announcement of World Heritage listing
[CC-By-SA]
[CC-By-SA]
Colonial Secretary's papers 1822-1877, State Library of Queensland- includes digitised letters written about Hyde Park Barracks to the Colonial Secretary of New South Wales. Reel 8 Item 2347 includes list of prisoners forwarded from the Hydpe Park Barracks to various penal settlements in Australia.
Former Barracks in Australia
Convictism in New South Wales
Australian Convict Sites
Neoclassical architecture in Australia
Museums in Sydney
Prison museums in Australia
Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales
1819 establishments in Australia
Adaptive reuse of industrial structures
New South Wales State Heritage Register
Francis Greenway buildings
Government buildings in Sydney
Military installations in New South Wales
Courthouses in New South Wales
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
Macquarie Street, Sydney
World Heritage Sites in New South Wales
Military history of New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde%20Park%20Barracks%2C%20Sydney |
Sabari is a 2007 Indian Tamil-language action film directed by Suresh. It stars Vijayakanth as the title character with Jyothirmayi, Malavika and Pradeep Rawat in supporting roles. The film was released on 16 March 2007 to mixed reviews.
Plot
Sabarivasan (Vijayakanth) is a doctor by profession and cannot tolerate injustice by any means. Nandhini (Jyothirmayi), a college student, meets Sabari and falls in love with him. Eventually they both get married. Vajravelu (Rawat) is a local criminal working for a minister (Mahadevan). Vajravelu's brother-in-law Ezhumalai (Aryan) is arrested by the police for a brutal murder. While trying to escape on the way to court, he is shot by a policeman. Vajravelu's henchmen take Ezhumalai to Sabari and force him to operate. Sabari removes the bullet, but he beats up all the henchmen and produces Ezhumalai to the police. Ezhumalai is sentenced to death and is hanged.
Vajravelu is angry and vows revenge. Vajravelu comes out on bail and kills Sabari's father (Delhi Ganesh). He also kidnaps Nandhini. Sabari fights against Vajravelu and saves Nandhini. On the way back to the hospital, Sabari is stabbed by Vajravelu's wife (Aishwarya). Vajravelu and his henchmen arrive and injure Sabari. They leave thinking Sabari is dead, but he is saved and admitted to hospital. Knowing this, Vajravelu comes in search of Sabari. Sabari fights them back and kills Vajravelu.
Cast
Vijayakanth as Dr. Sabarivasan
Jyothirmayi as Nandhini
Malavika as Doctoral student
Pradeep Rawat as Vajravelu
Mahadevan as Minister
Delhi Ganesh as Sabarivasan's father
Aryan as Ezhumalai
LIC Narasimhan as Doctor
Scissor Manohar as Party member
R. N. R. Manohar as Dr. Manohar
Aishwarya as Vajravelu's wife
Rajashree as Maragadham
Reena as Sabarivasan's sister
Ayyappan Gopi as Brake inspector
Robo Chandru as Inspector Vasudevan
Rajendranath as Commissioner of police
Sindhu as Vajravelu's sister
Vatsala Rajagopal as Nandhini's grandmother
Boys Rajan as Dr. Rajan
Mudhalvan Mahendran as Police inspector
Theni Murugan as Arumugam
Raviprakash as Inspector general of police
Vishwanth as Sri Lankan Tamil man
Archana Harish as Sri Lankan Tamil woman
Production
The film was launched at AVM Studios in 2006. Shooting was done at locations in India including Chennai, Pondicherry and Rameswaram. Songs for the film were shotin Hong Kong.
Soundtrack
Soundtrack was composed by Mani Sharma.
Critical reception
Indiaglitz wrote, "It's Vijayakanth all the way who with his brainy and brawny ways restores order in the society." Behindwoods wrote, "All in all, disappointing is too kind a word to use for this kind of a movie. It is hard to imagine what the director, actor and producer had in mind when the movie was made." It summed up, "Sabari: an absolute dud." The hindu wrote "Now having said all these you can only add that Vijayakanth could have gone in for an innovative storyline, far removed from the run-of-the-mill rut".
References
2007 films
2000s Tamil-language films
Films scored by Mani Sharma
Indian action films
2000s masala films
Films shot in Chennai
Films shot in Hong Kong
2007 action films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabari |
The history of mentalities, from the French term histoire des mentalités (), is an approach to cultural history which aims to describe and analyze the ways in which historical people thought about, interacted with, and classified the world around them, as opposed to the history of particular events, or economic trends. The history of mentalities has been used as a historical tool by several historians and scholars from various schools of history. Notably, the historians of the Annales School helped to develop the history of mentalities and construct a methodology from which to operate. In establishing this methodology, they sought to limit their analysis to a particular place and a particular time. This approach lends itself to the intensive study that characterizes microhistory, another field which adopted the history of mentalities as a tool of historical analysis.
History
Annales
The origin of the concept of a history of mentalities lies in the writings of the 1st Annales historian Marc Bloch with the concept then taken up by later theorists such as Georges Duby and Roger Chartier. In seeking to create works of total history, Annales historians tended not to simply rely on the political or event-oriented history of past generations. Michael Harsgor points out in that the challenge of the Annales historians was not to create this deterministic history that appeared to rely heavily on teleological conclusions, such as the Marxist forms of history being written at the time. Rather, Harsgor writes that the Annales historians tasked themselves with the creation of social structures, "which means covering the skeleton of the basic economic analysis with the flesh of demographic, cultural, mental, and event psychoanalytical data." It has also been said that Annales historians, in their attempts at the creation of total history, considered the history of mentalities a single aspect in the creation of that history. Simply put, they were attempting to reconstruct the world of whatever time period they were examining. In his works, such as The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined and his work on William Marshal, Duby focused on the development of ideologies within the structures that permeated the various aspects of an individual's life.
Microhistory
This development in methodology would prove crucial for other historians who would use the history of mentalities to attempt to edit views of people and make microhistories out of them. These historians would largely concern themselves with social and cultural history in order to form their history of mentalities, narrowing their realm historical inquiry by not concerning themselves with the broad economic serialization that had become so important for the Annales historians. Carlo Ginzburg's book, The Cheese and the Worms, is archetypical of the microhistories that emerged with the history of mentalities in mind. Ginzburg attempted to reconstruct peasant mentalities in sixteenth century Italy by examining the trial records of a single miller, Domenico Scandella, called Menocchio, and trying to find currents or similarities in otherwise fragmentary and obscure evidence.
Similar techniques can be seen in Robert Darnton's The Great Cat Massacre, which uses microhistory to establish the mentalities of groups at different social levels of French society. Darnton concerns himself greatly with the ways in which people viewed the world around them. He interprets the symbolic significance of journeymen printers massacring neighborhood cats as a display of frustration with the growing bourgeoisie class. Similarly, and in keeping with the tradition of the history of mentalities, Darnton devotes a chapter to an analysis of a bourgeoisie's description of his city, in an effort to determine how an individual in a given social situation would interpret and make sense of the world around them. Darnton uses this description to demonstrate that the ways in which events might be portrayed might be completely unsupported by the ways in which individuals of the time might have interpreted those events.
Criticism
Criticisms have emerged regarding the history of mentalities at all stages of its development. In particular, Marxist historians were quick to criticize the Annales historians for "attempts to include the study of mentalities in a general synthesis, which can only lead to the publication of articles reflecting a basic reliance upon faith accompanied by a consequent disparagement of reason." Carlo Ginzburg himself has criticized the methods of the history of mentalities for its "decidedly classless character."
See also
Alltagsgeschichte
The Cheese and the Worms (1976)
Cultural history
The Great Cat Massacre (1984)
Historical anthropology
Historiography
Subjectivity
References
Further reading
Burguiere, A. "The Fate of the History of Mentalities in the Annales," Comparative Studies in Society and History (1982) 24#3, pp 424–437.
; revised from original publication in History of European Ideas, 7 (1986), 439–51.
Hutton, Patrick. "Mentalities" in
Mentalities
Interdisciplinary historical research | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20mentalities |
Government House of Prince Edward Island, often referred to as Fanningbank, is the official residence of the lieutenant governor of Prince Edward Island, as well as that in Charlottetown of the Canadian monarch. It stands in the provincial capital at 1 Terry Fox Drive; while the equivalent building in many provinces has a prominent, central place in the capital, the site of Prince Edward Island's Government House is relatively unobtrusive within Charlottetown, giving it more the character of a private home.
History
Government House was constructed between 1832 and 1834 as a viceregal residence for the lieutenant governor of the then British colony of Prince Edward Island. The land, a parcel of known as Fanning Bank or Fanning's Bank, was in 1789 set aside by Lieutenant Governor Edmund Fanning as Crown land, with the specific stipulation that it be used as the site for the governor's residence. In 1873, approximately was retained for Government House and its grounds. 40 acres was given to the City of Charlottetown and later became Victoria Park.
Government House was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1971.
Use
Government House is where members of the Canadian Royal Family and visiting foreign dignitaries are greeted and often stay while in Charlottetown. It is also where numerous royal and viceroyal events take place, such as the bestowing of provincial awards or inductions into the Order of Prince Edward Island, as well as luncheons, dinners, receptions, and speaking engagements. It is also at the royal residence that the lieutenant governor will drop the writs of election, swear-in new members of the Executive Council, and hold audience with her premier.
The property is owned by the King in Right of Prince Edward Island and is open to the public for certain periods during the summer.
Architecture and interiors
The wood-frame building's architectural design is Georgian with echoes of the Palladian tradition. The two axis of the house converge on the main entrance hall, which has doric columns and pilasters and a double switchback stair leading to the second floor. The residence was designed by Yorkshire architect Isaac Smith, who also designed the Island's Colonial Building.
See also
Government Houses in Canada
Government Houses of the British Empire
References
Prince Edward Island
Buildings and structures in Charlottetown
National Historic Sites in Prince Edward Island
Houses completed in 1834
Georgian architecture in Canada
Historic buildings and structures in Prince Edward Island
Royal residences in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20House%20%28Prince%20Edward%20Island%29 |
Hamstreet is a village in Kent, in South East England.
The village is located 6 miles (10 km) south of Ashford on the A2070, the main road between Ashford and Hastings. The majority of the village is in the parish of Orlestone, named after a much older hamlet located 1 mile north of Hamstreet on the ridge of hills; however, part of the village falls within the parish of Warehorne, giving a total population of 1,988 and a former claim to having three pubs (the Duke's Head is located at the village centre and there were two rural pubs within Warehorne parish). One of the pubs in Warehorne parish (the Woolpack Inn) has been renovated by the owners of the Globe Inn in Rye..
The parish church, dedicated to the Good Shepherd , is now a shared Anglican/Methodist building, and the parish churches of Orlestone, Snave (now a redundant church), Ruckinge, Warehorne and Kenardington are all within the traditional benefice which was expanded to form the new Saxon Shore benefice along with Bilsington, Bonnington and Aldington.
History
Parts of the parish church of St Mary the Virgin, Orlestone date back to the 11th century.
Until the coming of the railway in 1851, Hamstreet was just a hamlet known as 'Ham' based around the village centre which contains many buildings in the traditional Kentish weatherboard style. The village expanded rapidly during the 20th century and had its moment of fame in 1991, when maps of Hamstreet at various stages in history were used on a series of postage stamps to mark 200 years of the Ordnance Survey – this chance arose because the Hamstreet area was the first to be mapped in this way. An episode of BBC TV's Countryfile was also devoted to the occasion. The village also featured in a mountaineering spoof in Blue Peter to raise money for charity.
Although from the 1970s onwards there has been a loss of some traditional village outlets, there are still a number of shops and places to eat and drink in the village, as well as a school, doctor's surgery, dental clinic and sports facilities.
The village is twinned with the village of Thérouanne in northern France.
Countryside
Two large areas of public woodland surround the village, namely Ham Street Woods and Orlestone Forest, Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs). Both are remnants of the ancient forest that once covered the whole of the Weald of Kent.
The Royal Military Canal, the UK's third longest defensive structure, passes by ½ mile to the south. Three long distance footpaths also run through the parish:
The Saxon Shore Way
Greensand Way (which begins at the main crossroads and runs for to Haslemere, Surrey)
The Royal Military Canal Path
The area is also popular with cyclists, as Romney Marsh to the south is completely flat.
Transport
Ham Street railway station opened in 1851. It was designed by William Trees and is in an Italianate style built in red brick.
References
External links
Orlestone Parish Website, which covers Hamstreet.
Warehorne Parish Website, which covers Warehorne.
Hamstreet, Kent - Smugglers, stamps and the Saxon Shore is a private site which provides further historical info and related links.
Villages in Kent
Villages in the Borough of Ashford | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamstreet |
Bruce Abernethy (born 10 May 1962) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the North Melbourne Football Club Collingwood Football Club and Adelaide Football Club in the Victorian/Australian Football League (VFL/AFL), and the Port Adelaide Football Club in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) and is a media personality.
Football career
Nicknamed "ABBA", Abernethy was recruited from South Australian Amateur Football League (SAAFL) club Rosewater and debuted for Port Adelaide Football Club in the SANFL as a 16-year-old in 1978 and quickly made his mark as a running player of the highest calibre. Abernethy played in a premiership in each of his first full three years at senior level; 1979, 1980 and 1981.
Abernethy transferred to VFL club North Melbourne in 1982 and made his senior debut on 27 March 1982 against Richmond Football Club at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG). Abernethy played 43 games in two seasons for North Melbourne before being traded to Collingwood in 1984 where he spent three seasons. After 58 games with Collingwood, and bringing up his 100th VFL game, Abernethy returned to Port Adelaide in 1987 instead of continuing on with a VFL career. His club Best and Fairest win in 1987 and his key role in his second trifecta of Port Adelaide premierships from 1988 to 1990, including a Jack Oatey Medal winning performance in the 1988 Grand Final, ensured that recruiting scouts continued to entice him to return to the VFL.
When the Adelaide Crows were formed in 1991, Abernethy was one of their first recruits. He finished his career with a seventh premiership with Port Adelaide in 1992. At the time, when contracted Crows players were not selected for the AFL team or they were out injured, they would play for the SANFL team they were either recruited from or had previously played for before joining the VFL/AFL. Abernethy played enough games for Port Adelaide throughout 1992 to be able to play for Port in the SANFL finals.
Health problems led to his early retirement after 190 games and 115 goals with Port Adelaide, 43 games and 21 goals with North Melbourne, 58 games and 16 goals with Collingwood and 11 games and two goals with Adelaide.
Post-football career
After his football career, Abernethy became a boundary rider for the Seven Network's AFL coverage in Adelaide. Abernethy then became the main sports presenter at Channel Seven in the early 1990s and presents the sports report on Seven News on Mondays, Thursdays and Fridays, and on weekends to maximise his coverage of weekend AFL. Abernethy also acted as a presenter during Seven's coverage of the 2000 Summer Olympic Games in Sydney.
He was inducted into the South Australian Football Hall of Fame in 2007.
References
External links
SA Football Hall of Fame - Bruce Abernethy
1962 births
North Melbourne Football Club players
Collingwood Football Club players
Adelaide Football Club players
Port Adelaide Football Club (SANFL) players
Port Adelaide Football Club players (all competitions)
South Australian State of Origin players
Living people
Seven News presenters
Australian rules football commentators
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
South Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Australia international rules football team players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Abernethy |
is a Japanese band that debuted in 2000. Initially a fictional band that produced music for the 2001 Shunji Iwai film All About Lily Chou-Chou, the group later reformed in 2010 for the 10th anniversary of the film. Lily Chou-Chou is not a real person, but a fictional character.
Biography
Lily Chou-Chou as a character was initially created by Shunji Iwai in 2000, as a part of an online novel that was posted on a BBS. The music was produced as a collaboration between Iwai, Salyu, a musician who had not debuted yet, and Takeshi Kobayashi, a music producer who had previously worked with Iwai on the soundtrack to his 1996 film Swallowtail Butterfly. Iwai supplied the lyrics of two songs to the project, "Arabesque" and "Tobenai Tsubasa."
In April 2000, Lily Chou-Chou music began to be released, with the single "Glide" and later "Kyōmei (Kūkyo na Ishi)" in June. Three Iwai-directed music videos were produced for the project, "Glide," "Kyōmei (Kūkyo na Ishi)" and "Tobenai Tsubasa." Salyu performed "Kyōmei (Kūkyo na Ishi)" on music shows Hey! Hey! Hey! Music Champ and Music Station in June 2000. The group released their album, Kokyū, in October 2001, a week and a half after the release of the film in Japan.
After the release of the film, the group ceased to release music. In 2003, the Lily Chou-Chou song "Kaifuku Suru Kizu" was featured in the Quentin Tarantino film Kill Bill Vol. 1. Salyu debuted as a musician in 2004 with the single "Valon," a collaboration with hip-hop musician Ilmari. She began working with Kobayashi as her producer since her debut, and continues to work with him. Some of Salyu's most notable songs have been composed by him, such as "Atarashii Yes," "Corteo (Gyōretsu)," "Platform," "To U" and "Valon." Salyu included the Lily Chou-Chou songs "Hōwa" and "Glide" on her 2008 greatest hits album Merkmal. On her 2009 tour for Merkmal, she performed "Erotic," "Glide," "Hikōsen," "Kaifuku Suru Kizu," "Sight" and "Tobenai Tsubasa."
For the film's 10th anniversary in 2010, the band reformed as a three-member band featuring guitarist Yukio Nagoshi, however without the direct involvement of Iwai. The group released a digital single, "Ether," on December 8, 2010. The music video for the song was exclusively debuted at MTV Japan on December 1. The group plan to perform a live at the Nakano Sun Plaza Hall on December 15.
Fictional back-story
Lily Chou-Chou is portrayed as the stage name of a solo musician, . She was born on December 8, 1980, at 10:50pm, a fact that fans in the film link to the same time of the murder of Beatles' member John Lennon. She has an official website, Lilyholic, which features as a back-story to the film, including news articles and a discography. The BBS on this website is a crucial feature to the plot of the film. Lily Chou-Chou is portrayed as being extremely successful, with her CDs lining prominent displays in music stores such as Tsutaya.
Lily Chou-Chou was originally the vocalist of the band , that formed and broke up two years after their debut in 1995. This band centred on , who wrote the music for the band. Kayama later lead the major-label band . Lily Chou-Chou wrote the lyrics for the band's songs, though some fans believe they were ghostwritten. The band is described as having number one releases on music charts. The group debuted with the single on February 21, 1995, which reached number one on the singles charts. The film mentioned the band having an album named , and songs "Abnormality" and "Manic & Depressive." Many of her fans do not like to link Lily Chou-Chou's solo music with Kayama. In the film, when a fan suggested Kayama took part in creating Lily Chou-Chou's solo music, many fans became heated and fought him.
Her fan base is described as being composed of younger people. These fans are described as fanatic, with some of Lily Chou-Chou's detractors likening her to a cult leader. One of her fans even committed suicide in protest of the content of her second album, Kokyū.
Lily Chou-Chou's music is said to have ether, a term used both by Lily Chou-Chou and her fans. She describes ether as the fabric of the universe, and assigns colours to different types of ether (the emotion despair is close to "red" ether, while hope is close to "blue" ether). Lily Chou-Chou also describes the moods of her albums in terms of these colours.
On Lily Chou-Chou's official site are two news articles from a fictional newspaper, , describing an incident after a Lily Chou-Chou concert, in which a 15-year-old, Shūsuke Hoshino, is apparently crushed to death by fans wanting to see Lily Chou-Chou. Later news puts doubt to this, as a stab wound piercing his heart was discovered during the autopsy. These news reports are direct references to events in the film.
Actual discography
Album
Singles
Fictional discography
Albums
Extended play
Singles
References
External links
Official site
Official reunion website
Official YouTube channel
Official Twitter
Fictional musical groups
Japanese pop music groups
Musical groups established in 2000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily%20Chou-Chou |
Nawab Wiqar-ul-Mulk Kamboh (born Mushtaq Hussain Zuberi; 24 March 1841 – 27 January 1917) was an Indian Muslim politician and one of the founders of All India Muslim League. Nawab Mushtaq Hussain or Nawab Wiqar Ul Mulk was also the maternal uncle of Sir Ziauddin Ahmed, a mathematician and pillar of the Aligarh Movement.
Early life and career
Mushtaq Hussain Kamboh's social welfare work in Moradabad, India's famine-affected areas was noticed by the Muslim leader Sir Syed Ahmad Khan in 1861.
In 1866, at age 25, Mushtaq Hussain started his political career as a worker of the Aligarh Movement and, in this connection, became a member of its wing- Scientific Society. Later for the Scientific Society, he translated a book, 'French Revolution and Napoleon'.
He served as a Law Secretary in the Government of Hyderabad State, Deccan for some time and then joined Revenue Department with the orders of Nizam of Hyderabad. He served as Secretary, Personal Secretary and advisor to the Prime Minister Nawab Bashiral Daulla and eventually, he became Deputy Prime Minister of Hyderabad State.
On 9 December 1890, he was conferred the title of Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk. In October 1892, Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk joined M.A.O. college in Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh. He was a great admirer of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. He was one of the most ardent followers of Sir Syed and a very active worker of his camp. When the 'College Fund Committee' was formed, he became one of its members and worked ceaselessly for popularizing the movement of Sir Syed. He raised a huge amount of money per the standards of that time, Rupees 750,000 for the establishment of the M. A. O. College. In 1907, he was appointed Honorary Secretary of M.A.O. College.
Founding Father of All India Muslim League
Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk was one of the founders of the All-India Muslim League. In December 1906, the quartet Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk, Sir Aga Khan III, and Nawab Salimullah Khan of Dhaka organised an All India Muhammadan Educational Conference in Dacca and on the same occasion, they also launched a new party called All-India Muslim League of which Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk became General Secretary. Thus he was the founding father of Muslim League and later of the new country called Pakistan in 1947. He presided over the inaugural session of Muslim League. No doubt, he played a key role in shaping far-reaching political developments in British India.
Title of "Nawab"
He served the Hyderabad State under the British for 17 years.
In 1908, as a result of his meritorious services, the British Government of India honored him with the title of Nawab. While the Nizam of Hyderabad honored him with the title of Waqar-ud-Dola Waqar-ul-Mulk Intisar-e-Jang. His birth name was Mushtaq Hussain Zuberi, and he belonged to the well-known Kamboh alias Zuberi Family of Amroha, Marehra, and Meerut. Back in 1870, Viqar-ul-Mulk had been awarded a prize in an essay competition arranged by the 'Society for the Promotion of Education among Muslims'.
Death and legacy
Due to his bad health, Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk gave up being the Secretary of Aligarh University in 1912. He was paralyzed by a stroke by 1915, and after a prolonged illness, he died on 27 January 1917 at age 75. He was buried in his family graveyard at Amroha, Uttar Pradesh.
It was widely considered among his contemporaries that Viqar-ul-Mulk (Mushtaq Hussain Zuberi) was a very stern, uncompromising person not often given to humor. It was also said by people that knew him that he commanded respect and fear rather than affection. Yet he was able to make a place for himself in the history of Aligarh movement as Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's close confidante and was ranked closely behind him in shaping far-reaching political and educational developments for the Muslims of British India.
Pakistan Postal Services issued a commemorative postage stamp in his honor in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series in 1994.
See also
Aligarh Movement
Pakistan Movement
References
6 ^ Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk Kamboh a Muslim Legend History of All-India Muslim
1841 births
1917 deaths
People from Meerut
People from British India
Leaders of the Pakistan Movement
All India Muslim League members
People from Hyderabad State
Founders of Indian schools and colleges
Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University
19th-century Indian politicians
19th-century Indian Muslims
19th-century Indian educators
20th-century Indian politicians
20th-century Indian Muslims
20th-century Indian educators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqar-ul-Mulk |
Clark Anthony Keating (born 19 March 1976) is a former Australian rules footballer in the Australian Football League.
Known as "Crackers" (after former VFL star Peter Keenan), Keating was selected by the Brisbane Bears as a local (along with Brent Green in 1992, playing for their under 19s).
Known by some as the "September Specialist", Keating's history of shoulder injuries sidelined him during the 2002 and 2003 seasons, but he went on and played magnificent finals series to taste premiership success with the Lions 3 times in a row. Had a superb performance in the ruck in the 2002 Grand Final with a career best 39 hitouts.
Keating is the brother of former Adelaide ruckman Aaron Keating who played just 6 games, including the 1997 premiership.
Keating attended The Southport School, Gold Coast, Queensland.
He retired and was delisted by the Lions at the end of 2006.
Despite not playing the required 150 games, Keating was awarded Brisbane Lions Life Membership for his contributions to the club.
At end of the 2007 season, Brisbane Lions signed Clark Keating as a ruck coach due to Shaun Rehn leaving Brisbane. He joined fellow Brisbane premiership players Chris Johnson, Adrian Fletcher and Justin Leppitsch on the Brisbane coaching panel.
In October 2008, dual premiership ruckman Beau McDonald replaced former premiership team-mate Clark Keating as the Club's part-time ruck coach next season due to Keating's growing business interests.
Statistics
|-
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1996
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 27 || 14 || 9 || 3 || 70 || 44 || 114 || 35 || 10 || 0.6 || 0.2 || 5.0 || 3.1 || 8.1 || 2.5 || 0.7
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1997
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 27 || 20 || 15 || 6 || 136 || 67 || 203 || 83 || 13 || 0.8 || 0.3 || 6.8 || 3.4 || 10.2 || 4.2 || 0.7
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1998
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 27 || 7 || 1 || 3 || 29 || 33 || 62 || 13 || 6 || 0.1 || 0.4 || 4.1 || 4.7 || 8.9 || 1.9 || 0.9
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1999
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 27 || 21 || 18 || 7 || 95 || 35 || 130 || 53 || 18 || 0.9 || 0.3 || 4.5 || 1.7 || 6.2 || 2.5 || 0.9
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2000
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 27 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2001
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 27 || 20 || 15 || 9 || 70 || 51 || 121 || 47 || 25 || 0.8 || 0.5 || 3.5 || 2.6 || 6.1 || 2.4 || 1.3
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2002
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 27 || 12 || 4 || 2 || 35 || 33 || 68 || 19 || 12 || 0.3 || 0.2 || 2.9 || 2.8 || 5.7 || 1.6 || 1.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2003
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 27 || 12 || 5 || 6 || 47 || 31 || 78 || 20 || 15 || 0.4 || 0.5 || 3.9 || 2.6 || 6.5 || 1.7 || 1.3
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2004
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 27 || 11 || 5 || 8 || 44 || 30 || 74 || 24 || 12 || 0.5 || 0.7 || 4.0 || 2.7 || 6.7 || 2.2 || 1.1
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2005
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 27 || 15 || 10 || 7 || 61 || 47 || 108 || 31 || 24 || 0.7 || 0.5 || 4.1 || 3.1 || 7.2 || 2.1 || 1.6
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2006
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 27 || 7 || 1 || 1 || 28 || 30 || 58 || 19 || 6 || 0.1 || 0.1 || 4.0 || 4.3 || 8.3 || 2.7 || 0.9
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 139
! 83
! 52
! 615
! 401
! 1016
! 344
! 141
! 0.6
! 0.4
! 4.4
! 2.9
! 7.3
! 2.5
! 1.0
|}
References
External links
Clark Keating at the Brisbane Lions website
1976 births
Brisbane Bears players
Brisbane Lions players
Brisbane Lions premiership players
Living people
Australian rules footballers from the Gold Coast, Queensland
Australian rules footballers from Queensland
VFL/AFL premiership players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark%20Keating |
Mohamad Azlan bin Iskandar (born 1 June 1982, in Kuching, Sarawak), known as Mohd Azlan Iskandar, is a Malaysian squash player. He has reached the World No. 10 ranking and won the Kuala Lumpur Open and the Malaysian Open.
Early life
He studied in Sekolah Menengah Subang Jaya for two years, and then moved to Bukit Jalil Sports School. His dad was born in Scotland and his grandmother is Scottish and Celtic while his granddad is Norwegian. On his mom side, is half-Indian and half Malay, and is Hokkien descent.
Career overview
With a career high of 10 in the Professional Squash Association rankings. Azlan is currently ranked 10th in the PSA table.
Personal life
Azlan has 3 children with entrepreneur Ung Yiu Lin. The pair were married in December 2012.
External links
1982 births
Living people
Malaysian male squash players
Commonwealth Games competitors for Malaysia
Squash players at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Asian Games medalists in squash
Asian Games gold medalists for Malaysia
Asian Games silver medalists for Malaysia
Asian Games bronze medalists for Malaysia
Squash players at the 2002 Asian Games
Squash players at the 2006 Asian Games
Squash players at the 2010 Asian Games
Squash players at the 2014 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games
World Games bronze medalists
Competitors at the 2009 World Games
Sportspeople from Sarawak
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian people of Chinese descent
Malaysian people of Indian descent
Malaysian people of Hokkien descent
Malaysian people of Scottish descent
SEA Games medalists in squash
SEA Games gold medalists for Malaysia
Competitors at the 2001 SEA Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohd%20Azlan%20Iskandar |
Now I'm a Cowboy is the 1994 second album by British rock band the Auteurs. On 2 June 2014 Now I'm a Cowboy was reissued alongside After Murder Park and How I Learned to Love the Bootboys. The reissue features unreleased songs and liner notes written by Luke Haines. It was released through 3 Loop Music.
Background
The Auteurs released their debut studio album New Wave in early 1993, through Hut Records, a subsidiary of major label Virgin Records. It reached number 35 on the UK Albums Chart. Celloist James Banbury joined the band around this time, and by mid-1993, drummer Glenn Collins was replaced by Barny C. Rockford.
"Lenny Valentino" was released as the lead single in November 1993, followed by "Chinese Bakery" Promotion of Now I'm a Cowboy was stunted as a result of Haines breaking both of his ankles. "Lenny Valentino" was released to modern rock radio stations in the United States in June 1994.
Reception
Author Dave Thompson wrote in his book Alternative Rock (2000) that Lenny Valentino' says it all casual, camp, and knowing – the rest of the album simply follows in its semi-sordid wake and there's a sinister edge coming through which remains deliciously shocking long after the initial fission has faded."
In 2003, Mojo placed the album at number 40 on its list of the "Top 50 Eccentric Albums".
Track listing
All songs written by Luke Haines.
Original 1994 CD/LP (CDHUT16/HUTLPX16)
"Lenny Valentino" – 2:20
"Brainchild" – 3:43
"I'm a Rich Man's Toy" – 2:54
"New French Girlfriend" – 4:15
"The Upper Classes" – 6:45
"Chinese Bakery" – 3:05
"A Sister Like You" – 2:48
"Underground Movies" – 3:32
"Life Classes / Life Model" – 4:02
"Modern History" – 5:36
"Daughter of a Child" – 2:36
Free one-sided 7" (HUTL16)
"Modern History" (acoustic version) – 3:24
2014 expanded edition disc 1 bonus tracks
"Lenny Valentino (single version)"
"Vacant Lot"
"Car Crazy"
"Disney World"
"Lenny Valentino (original mix)"
"Underground Movies (alternative mix)"
"Brainchild (original version)"
2014 expanded edition disc 2
"Government Bookstore"
"Everything You Say Will Destroy You"
"Chinese Bakery (acoustic)"
"Modern History (acoustic)"
"Upper Classes (BBC Radio 1 evening session 1994)"
"Rich Man's Toy (BBC Radio 1 evening session 1994)"
"Underground Movies (BBC Radio 1 evening session 1994)"
"Everything You Say Will Destroy You (BBC Radio 1 evening session 1994)"
"Lenny Valentino (Mark Radcliffe BBC Radio 1 session 1994)"
"Chinese Bakery (Mark Radcliffe BBC Radio 1 Session 1994)"
"New French Girlfriend (Mark Radcliffe BBC Radio 1 session 1994)"
"Modern History (Mark Radcliffe BBC Radio 1 session 1994)"
"How Could I Be Wrong (live at Leeds Town & Country 1993)"
"Don't Trust The Stars (live at Leeds Town & Country 1993)"
"The Upper Classes (live at Leeds Town & Country 1993)"
"New French Girlfriend (live at Leeds Town & Country 1993)"
"Showgirl (live at Leeds Town & Country 1993)"
"Lenny Valentino (live at Leeds Town & Country 1993)"
"Modern History (live at Leeds Town & Country 1993)"
"Early Years (live at Leeds Town & Country 1993)"
Personnel
Adapted from the album booklet.
Luke Haines – guitar, piano, vocals
Alice Readman – bass guitar
James Banbury – cello, Hammond
Barny Rockford – drums
Additional musicians
Louise Elliot – sax
Belinda Sykes – oboe
Joe Beckett – percussion
Production
Phil Vinall – producer, engineer
Luke Haines – producer
Pete Hoffman – assistant engineer
Giles Hall – assistant engineer
Stefan De Batselier – photography
Peter Barrett – sleeve design
Andrew Biscomb – sleeve design
References
Citations
Sources
External links
Now I'm a Cowboy at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)
1994 albums
The Auteurs albums
Hut Records albums
Albums produced by Phil Vinall | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now%20I%27m%20a%20Cowboy |
Quebec's Government House, known as Spencer Wood, was the viceregal residence of Quebec. It was built in 1854. Located at (upstream of the Plains of Abraham and overlooking Anse-au-Foulon) in Sillery, it was purchased by the Quebec government in 1870, and served as the residence of Quebec lieutenant governors until 1966, when a major fire destroyed the main residence.
History
Originally, the residence of the governor of New France was at the Château St-Louis, in the capital, Quebec City. The monarch's representative continues to work and reside in that city; however, like Ontario, Quebec no longer has an official Government House, after Spencer Wood burned down in 1966. Instead the governor holds an office and a suite of rooms for entertaining near the Parliament Building.
From 1867 to 1881 lieutenant governors of Quebec maintained a separate working office at the Maison Sewell, after which it was moved to the old parliament buildings. It remained there until 1979 when the office moved again to the , where all the fittings and furniture were brought to from the former location. Inside are reception rooms, offices and support facilities. The royal suite is the site of swearing-in ceremonies for Cabinet ministers, where royal assent is granted, and where the lieutenant governor receives the premier. Whenever the sovereign or other members of the Royal Family are in the provincial capital, the lieutenant governor resides at a hotel, usually the Château Frontenac.
The history of this park goes back at the very start of the French regime in 1633, when , third governor of New France, occupied it. This estate and several other properties of the governor became one large estate (much larger than today’s park) on 9 April 1657 and was named the châtellenie of Coulonge. It was after his death that the estate was sold to the sisters of the Augustine order the Hôtel-Dieu, and on 12 May 1676, the Quebec Seminary acquired the property.
After the British conquest, the seminary, not having enough funds, sold one of the lots in 1780 to an English officer, Henry Watson Powell, who named this area Powell Place. To create comfortable living quarters, he had a villa, greenhouses and trails built. The park again changed its name in 1811, when Michael Henry Perceval became owner and called it Spencer Wood. However, its splendour today is owed in part to Henry Atkinson, who bought this land in 1833. With his gardener, he created an English-style garden with elms, oaks and trails. Without an owner in 1854, the estate was divided into several sections and the most imposing lot was bought by the government of the Province of Canada to house the governor general.
Six years later, a fire completely destroyed the governor general’s residence. The house was rebuilt in 1862, with a castle-like length of , a servant’s wing, and a winter garden. In 1870, Spencer Wood was sold to the province of Quebec and was then home to the lieutenant governor. A few modifications were made throughout the years, namely the fountain that we see today. The Spencer Wood estate was renamed in 1950. In total, 21 lieutenant governors succeeded each other at this estate and the last one, Paul Comtois, died in the fire which destroyed the house on 21 February 1966, while trying to save the Blessed Sacrament from the private chapel. It was in 1986, after the estate was abandoned, that restoration was undertaken. Finally, the National Capital Commission of Quebec became its owner in 1996.
See also
Government Houses of Canada
Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth
Lieutenant Governor of Quebec
References
External links
Quebec
Houses in Quebec City
Burned buildings and structures in Canada
Rebuilt buildings and structures in Canada
Quebec government buildings
Sillery, Quebec City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20House%20%28Quebec%29 |
John Joseph McCarthy (April 25, 1934 – May 9, 2020) was an American basketball player and coach. A point guard, he played college basketball and was an All-American at Canisius College. He was selected by the Rochester Royals in the 1956 NBA draft. He played a total of six seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA)—two for the Royals, three for the St. Louis Hawks, and one for the Boston Celtics.
McCarthy is the first of only four players in NBA history to record a triple-double in his playoff debut, with 13 points, 11 rebounds and 11 assists against the Minneapolis Lakers on March 16, 1960; he was later joined by Magic Johnson in 1980, LeBron James in 2006 and Nikola Jokić in 2019.
McCarthy later coached the Buffalo Braves, his hometown team, for part of a season. McCarthy died on May 9, 2020.
References
External links
BasketballReference.com: Johnny McCarthy (as player)
BasketballReference.com: Johnny McCarthy (as coach)
1934 births
2020 deaths
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from New York (state)
Basketball players from Buffalo, New York
Boston Celtics players
Buffalo Braves head coaches
Canisius Golden Griffins men's basketball coaches
Canisius Golden Griffins men's basketball players
Pittsburgh Rens players
Point guards
Rochester Royals draft picks
Rochester Royals players
Sportspeople from Buffalo, New York
St. Louis Hawks players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny%20McCarthy |
The cell cortex, also known as the actin cortex, cortical cytoskeleton or actomyosin cortex, is a specialized layer of cytoplasmic proteins on the inner face of the cell membrane. It functions as a modulator of membrane behavior and cell surface properties. In most eukaryotic cells lacking a cell wall, the cortex is an actin-rich network consisting of F-actin filaments, myosin motors, and actin-binding proteins. The actomyosin cortex is attached to the cell membrane via membrane-anchoring proteins called ERM proteins that plays a central role in cell shape control. The protein constituents of the cortex undergo rapid turnover, making the cortex both mechanically rigid and highly plastic, two properties essential to its function. In most cases, the cortex is in the range of 100 to 1000 nanometers thick.
In some animal cells, the protein spectrin may be present in the cortex. Spectrin helps to create a network by cross-linked actin filaments. The proportions of spectrin and actin vary with cell type. Spectrin proteins and actin microfilaments are attached to transmembrane proteins by attachment proteins between them and the transmembrane proteins. The cell cortex is attached to the inner cytosolic face of the plasma membrane in cells where the spectrin proteins and actin microfilaments form a mesh-like structure that is continuously remodeled by polymerization, depolymerization and branching.
Many proteins are involved in the cortex regulation and dynamics including formins with roles in actin polymerization, Arp2/3 complexes that give rise to actin branching and capping proteins. Due to the branching process and the density of the actin cortex, the cortical cytoskeleton can form a highly complex meshwork such as a fractal structure. Specialized cells are usually characterized by a very specific cortical actin cytoskeleton. For example, in red blood cells, the cell cortex consists of a two-dimensional cross-linked elastic network with pentagonal or hexagonal symmetry, tethered to the plasma membrane and formed primarily by spectrin, actin and ankyrin. In neuronal axons the actin/spectric cytoskeleton forms an array of periodic rings and in the sperm flagellum it forms a helical structure.
In plant cells, the cell cortex is reinforced by cortical microtubules underlying the plasma membrane. The direction of these cortical microtubules determines which way the cell elongates when it grows.
Functions
The cortex mainly functions to produce tension under the cell membrane, allowing the cell to change shape. This is primarily accomplished through myosin II motors, which pull on the filaments to generate stress. These changes in tension are required for the cell to change its shape as it undergoes cell migration and cell division.
In mitosis, F-actin and myosin II form a highly contractile and uniform cortex to drive mitotic cell rounding. The surface tension produced by the actomyosin cortex activity generates intracellular hydrostatic pressure capable of displacing surrounding objects to facilitate rounding.
Thus, the cell cortex serves to protect the microtubule spindle from external mechanical disruption during mitosis. When external forces are applied at sufficiently large rate and magnitude to a mitotic cell, loss of cortical F-actin homogeneity occurs leading to herniation of blebs and a temporary loss of the ability to protect the mitotic spindle. Genetic studies have shown that the cell cortex in mitosis is regulated by diverse genes such as Rhoa, WDR1, ERM proteins, Ect2, Pbl, Cdc42, aPKC, Par6, DJ-1 and FAM134A.
In cytokinesis the cell cortex plays a central role by producing a myosin-rich contractile ring to constrict the dividing cell into two daughter cells.
Cell cortex contractility is key for amoeboidal type cell migration characteristic of many cancer cell metastasis events.
Research
Basic research into the cell cortex is done with immortalised cell lines, typically HeLa cells, S2 cells, Normal rat kidney cells, and M2 cells. In M2 cells in particular, cellular blebs – which form without a cortex, then form one as they retract – are often used to model cortex formation and composition.
References
Further reading
Chapter 6 – Actin and Membranes
Cytoskeleton
Cell biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20cortex |
Charles Washington Misick (born 13 March 1950) is a Turks and Caicos Islander politician who has been the 5th Premier of the Turks and Caicos Islands since 20 February 2021. He has been the leader of the Progressive National Party since 20 December 2016. He previously served as the 5th Chief Minister of the Turks and Caicos Islands from 3 April 1991 to 31 January 1995, was Minister of Finance, Trade and Investment from 2012 to 2016 and Leader of the Opposition from 1995 to 2003 and again from 2016 to 2021. Misick has been a MHA for the All Island District since November 2012 and was previously an MHA for Grand Turk from 1991 to 1999.
Misick was educated at West Indies College and studied Business Studies and Business Administration & Accounting at University Technology.
Early life
Misick was born on North Caicos on 13 March 1950 and grew up there with his 12 siblings. Misick is the older brother of former Premier, Michael Misick and the uncle of former Minister of Immigration, Donhue Gardiner.
2021 general elections
Leaving politics
Since becoming the Leader of the Opposition in 2016, Misick was assuring everyone that he would be leaving politics after his term had come to an end. Thus, it was a surprise to all when he, in early 2019, stood for re-election within the party as its leader for the election to be called. Misick won said election and remained leader as the party geared up for what was expected to be the 2020 general elections. He still told of his readiness to exit politics in a ‘two minute speech’ in the House of Assembly on 4 March 2019 stating,“Over the past two years, I have been saying that I am done with this and I am leaving, but there comes a time for every man and nation to make a decision... I think I have a legacy that is not all bad and I believe it behoves me in a time like this to stand up, be counted and continue to contribute to these Islands even at my own detriment, my own personal economic loss.”
Landslide victory
The PNP's “All Aboard Ship PNP” campaign quickly gained momentum as they began campaigning for their 15 candidates well before the opposing party had even chosen its 15 candidates.
This would prove to pay off as the PNP went on to win 14 of the 15 electoral districts in the 2021 general elections. The only seat not won has historically always gone to the PDM.
Upon being sworn in, Misick (70) is the second oldest to lead the nation, with the oldest being Nathaniel Francis who was 73 years old when he was sworn in as Chief Minister in 1985.
Personal life
Misick was born in Bottle Creek, North Caicos to Charles and Jane Misick. He is married to Delthia Misick. He has numerous siblings, one being his younger brother, Michael Misick.
His employment history includes senior audit position with PriceWaterhouse-Coopers, Chairman and CEO of the Prestigious Group - Real Estate Sales and Development. In the past held the portfolio of Tourism and Finance.
Misick has attended and presented at many conferences in the Caribbean, Canada, the United States, and Asia on topics ranging from Financial Services to Investment Opportunities and Tourism.
He is a member of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.
In the 2000 New Year Honours, Misick was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for community service.
References
|-
1950 births
Living people
Chief Ministers of the Turks and Caicos Islands
Premiers of the Turks and Caicos Islands
Progressive National Party (Turks and Caicos Islands) politicians
Turks and Caicos Islands Christians
Officers of the Order of the British Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%20Misick |
St Blazey engine shed is located in Par, Cornwall, United Kingdom, although it is named after the adjacent village of St Blazey. It was built in 1874 as the headquarters of the Cornwall Minerals Railway but for many years was a depot of the Great Western Railway. The current depot operator (in 2016) is DB Cargo and the depot TOPS code is BZ.
History
St Blazey engine shed dates from the opening of the Cornwall Minerals Railway on 1 June 1874. This line linked Fowey and Newquay via Par in Cornwall. The engineer was Sir Morton Peto and he built workshops for the railway on the north side of Par, close to the adjoining town of St Blazey. The workshops included a distinctive roundhouse engine shed of nine 70 feet long roads around a turntable. Each shed road had a 58 feet long pit between the rails for servicing engines. The area also boasted an erecting and repair shop, a fitting shop, a smithy, boiler house and a 2,500 gallon water tower.
Because of their location, the engine shed was initially known as Par. On 1 January 1879 a loop line was built to the Cornwall Railway station at Par after which the Cornwall Minerals Railway engine shed and adjacent station were known as St Blazey to avoid the confusion of two stations with the same name.
The Cornwall Minerals Railway was operated by the Great Western Railway from October 1877, the GWR shed code being SBZ. A new, elevated coaling road and 45,000 gallon water tank was provided before 1908.
The Great Western Railway was nationalised into British Railways from 1 January 1948 and given the shed code 83E. The first diesel locomotive was allocated to St Blazey in November 1960. The last steam locomotive workings from the shed were on 28 April 1962 and the shed officially closed to steam that month.
The roundhouse has since been converted into industrial units but since April 1987 the adjacent wagon repair shed has been used to service diesel locomotives, local passenger trains, and wagons used for china clay traffic. British Rail was privatised in the 1990s, the goods traffic and workshops at St Blazey becoming the responsibility of freight operator English Welsh & Scottish Railway (now DB Schenker Rail (UK)).
The turntable has been retained to turn the preserved steam locomotives that still visit Cornwall on special main line workings. It as given listed building status in 1974, and at one time it was listed in Historic England's 'Heritage at Risk Register' as it was deteriorating through lack of maintenance. but it was renovated in 2016 and was used for a special train on 7 August that year.
Goods traffic is still sometimes loaded at St Blazey in the sidings adjacent to the depot.
Allocation and operation
Lines operated by locomotives shedded at St Blazey are mainly the branches from Par to Newquay and associated freight lines and the two lines to Fowey. This resulted in an allocation of locomotives designed for hauling freight trains, and with the tight curves encountered on some of the branches, types with a short wheelbase suitable for such lines were usual. The smallest engine allocated to St Blazey in later years was the tank used for the Lostwithiel to Fowey branch, which was usually four-coupled. Under the GWR a Metro tank was usual but under British Rail an ex-GW 1400 class was used. In 1960, a County class 4-6-0 locomotive was shedded at St Blazey as a trial but was moved away later that year.
Following the change from steam to diesel the allocation of locomotives at St Blazey was only shunters. There were five shunters allocated to St Blazey by the late 1970s There were three turns for shunters allocated at St Blazey in 1981. One loco was used to shunt St Blazey yard, and a second locomotive was used as trip pilot travelling to Wenfordbridge clay dries Monday/Wednesday/Friday. The third locomotive was a spare used to provide cover for the shunters at both St Blazey and Penzance sheds. This was a dual-braked example to work both the vacuum-braked 'clay hood' wagons commonly used on china clay trains in the St Blazey area and the passenger stock that would be shunted at Penzance. In 1995 there were still three Class 08s, although by now all of these were fitted with air brakes.
Larger locomotives were never based here but visited from other depots to haul freight trains. Many of these only operated during the week so that at weekends half a dozen locomotives could be at the depot awaiting active duty. Types that have been in regular use from the depot since the 1970s have been followed by and now . Other classes have also been used for local freight trains. In 1990, a trial was carried out of a as a possible replacement for heavy freights requiring double-headed Class 37s originating from the area. The trial was not successful. One passenger train in the late 1970s was booked for haulage by locomotives normally operating freight trains from St Blazey, this being the summer Saturday service between and ; a pair of Class 25s taking it to .
Since the demise of British Rail the depot has been operated by English, Welsh & Scottish Railway (EWS, now DB Cargo). There have been no locomotives formally based at St Blazey as all shunters in the EWS Great Western Lines pool were officially allocated to Cardiff Canton depot, although locomotives still used the shed.
The yard was used to store several DMUs overnight for British Rail and later Wessex Trains then Great Western Railway. This meant that several morning services started at Par railway station and evening ones terminated there.
References
Sources
Railway depots in England
Rail transport in Cornwall
Great Western Railway
St Blazey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Blazey%20engine%20shed |
A passenger station was opened at Par on 20 June 1876 when the Cornwall Minerals Railway started a passenger service from Fowey to Newquay. It was adjacent to the railway's workshops. Although the station was built to serve Par, the entrance was on the west side of the town and close to the adjacent town of St Blazey.
On 1 January 1879 a loop line was built to the Cornwall Railway station at Par and the Cornwall Minerals Railway station renamed St Blazey () to avoid the confusion of two stations with the same name.
St Blazey station closed to the public on 21 September 1925 but continued to be used by workmen's trains to Fowey until 29 December 1934.
Goods traffic is still sometimes loaded in the goods yard at St Blazey, which is otherwise used for storing wagons from the adjacent marshalling yard.
References
Disused railway stations in Cornwall
Former Great Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1876
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1934
St Blazey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Blazey%20railway%20station |
Christine of Saxony (25 December 1505 – 15 April 1549) was a German noble, landgravine consort of Hesse by marriage to Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse. She was the regent of Hesse during the absence of her spouse in 1547–1549.
She was the daughter of George the Bearded, Duke of Saxony and Barbara Jagiellon. On 11 December 1523 in Kassel, she married Landgrave Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse. The marriage was arranged to forge an alliance between Hesse and Saxony and was unhappy; Philip claimed to be disgusted by her and only shared her bed by duty. They had ten children.
Whilst married to Christine, Philip practised bigamy and had another nine children with his other (morganatic) wife, Margarethe von der Saale; in 1540, Christine gave her consent to her husband's bigamy with his lover because of her view upon him as her sovereign. Margarethe von der Saale, however, was never seen at court.
During Philip's absence and captivity during 1547–1549, Christine was regent jointly with her oldest son. She died before Philip's release in 1552.
Children with Philip of Hesse
Agnes (31 May 1527 – 4 November 1555), married:
in Marburg on 9 January 1541 to Maurice, Elector of Saxony;
in Weimar on 26 May 1555 to John Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha.
Anna (26 October 1529 – 10 July 1591), married on 24 February 1544 to Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken.
William IV of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) (24 June 1532 – 25 August 1592).
Philipp Ludwig (29 June 1534 – 31 August 1535).
Barbara (8 April 1536 – 8 June 1597), married:
in Reichenweier on 10 September 1555 to Duke George I of Württemberg-Mömpelgard;
in Kassel on 11 November 1568 to Count Daniel of Waldeck.
Louis IV of Hesse-Marburg (27 May 1537 – 9 October 1604).
Elisabeth (13 February 1539 – 14 March 1582), married on 8 July 1560 to Louis VI, Elector Palatine.
Philip II of Hesse-Rheinfels (22 April 1541 – 20 November 1583).
Christine (29 June 1543 – 13 May 1604), married in Gottorp on 17 December 1564 to Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp.
Georg I of Hesse-Darmstadt (10 September 1547 – 7 February 1596).
Ancestry
References
1505 births
1549 deaths
House of Wettin
Landgravines of Hesse
Nobility from Dresden
16th-century women rulers
Regents of Germany
Albertine branch
Daughters of monarchs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine%20of%20Saxony |
After Murder Park is the third album by British rock band the Auteurs, released in March 1996. The album was recorded at Abbey Road Studios and produced by Steve Albini. In 2014, British independent record label 3 Loop Music re-released the album as a 2CD Expanded Edition which included b-sides, alternate versions, radio session tracks and live recordings.
Recording
After Murder Park was recorded in less than two weeks at Abbey Road Studios, following a year during which front man Luke Haines had spent most of his time in a wheelchair after jumping off a wall.
Haines had wanted to hire Steve Albini as a producer to achieve a rawer, darker sound than the Auteurs' previous album Now I'm a Cowboy, and to his surprise, the record label agreed. Recording commenced at the end of March 1995, and after only two weeks, the album was recorded and mixed. However, Hut decided to hold back the release for almost a year.
Release and reception
The Back with the Killer EP was issued in January 1996. Following the Kid's Issue EP in May 1996, Haines announced the band's break-up.
The album received mostly decent reviews, entered the British charts at number 53 and sold around 58,000 copies worldwide. During the heyday of Britpop, this was nonetheless seen as a commercial failure. Author Dave Thompson wrote in his book Alternative Rock (2000) that "under Steve Albini's roughshod tutelage, The Auteurs emerge all but unrecognizable – aggressive and angular, but with sufficient melodicism to suggest that whatever else they'd been doing since their last album, ignoring the Beatles wasn't part of it. Ignoring everyone else, however, certainly was." Trouser Press has called the album a "misanthropic mini-masterpiece."
Track listing
All songs written by Luke Haines.
Original CD/LP (CDHUT33/HUTLP33)
"Light Aircraft on Fire" – 2:17
"Child Brides" – 4:26
"Land Lovers" – 2:31
"New Brat in Town" – 3:55
"Everything You Say Will Destroy You" – 2:42
"Unsolved Child Murder" – 2:08
"Married to a Lazy Lover" – 3:55
"Buddha" – 2:52
"Tombstone" – 3:59
"Fear of Flying" – 4:41
"Dead Sea Navigators" – 3:47
"After Murder Park" – 2:00
Personnel
Personnel per booklet.
The Auteurs
Luke Haines – guitar, Harmonium, vocals
James Banbury – cello, Hammond, korg
Alice Readman – bass guitar
Barny C. Rockford – drums
Additional musicians
Andy Bush – French horn
Marcus Broome – violin
Eleanor Gilchrist – violin
Theresa Whipple – viola
Abigail Trundle – cello
Bern Davis – cello
Production
Steve Albini – recording
Paul Hicks – assistant engineer
Stefan De Batselier – inner photo
Chris Cunningham – treated
See also
Baader Meinhof – Haines' next project
References
Citations
Sources
External links
After Murder Park at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)
1996 albums
The Auteurs albums
Hut Records albums
Albums produced by Steve Albini | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After%20Murder%20Park |
Oswald O'Neil Skippings (born 19 February 1953) is a Turks and Caicos Islander politician who served as the 2nd Chief Minister of the Turks and Caicos Islands from 19 June 1980 to 4 November 1980 and again from 3 March 1988 to 3 April 1991.
Skippings became the youngest member of a Caribbean government ever when he was first elected to the Turks and Caicos Islands (TCI) legislature in 1976 at the age of 22. He later became the youngest leader of a Caribbean government ever when he became Chief Minister in 1980 at the age of 26. Skippings was Chief Minister of the Turks and Caicos Islands between June and November 1980 and again between March 1988 and April 1991. In July 2012, he was re-elected leader of the People's Democratic Movement.
References
|-
1953 births
Chief Ministers of the Turks and Caicos Islands
Living people
People's Democratic Movement (Turks and Caicos Islands) politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald%20Skippings |
Brian MacLeod (born April 27, 1962) is an American recording drummer and songwriter. He has been a member of Group 87, Wire Train, Toy Matinee, and the "Tuesday Music Club" collective along with Sheryl Crow's acclaimed album Tuesday Night Music Club. MacLeod lives in Southern California.
Biography
MacLeod grew up in Sunnyvale, California and attended Fremont High School from 1972 to 1976.
He is a member of The Scrantones, the group credited for performing the theme to the American version of the TV show The Office (set in Scranton, Pennsylvania).
He has performed with many other artists, including Madonna, Leonard Cohen, Tears For Fears, Seal, Chris Isaak, Melissa Etheridge, Pink, Christina Aguilera, Kevin Gilbert, Jewel, Stevie Nicks, Ziggy Marley, Tina Turner, Roger Waters, Rosanne Cash, Sara Bareilles, Brandi Carlile, The The, John Hiatt, & Grace Slick.
MacLeod's songwriting credits include: "Everyday Is a Winding Road", "Strong Enough", "A Change Would Do You Good", and "Shine Over Babylon" with Sheryl Crow; "Waiting for Love" with Pink; "Under a Cloud" with The Bangles & "Supermodel" from the film Clueless; "Queen of Compromise" with Tears for Fears.
Discography
1981 The Sleepers, Painless Nights
1984 Various, Let Them Eat Jellybeans! (Wounds - An Object)
1984 Grace Slick, Software
1984 Group 87, A Career in Dada Processing
1984 Jefferson Starship, Nuclear Furniture
1984 Wolf & Wolf, Wolf & Wolf
1985 Wire Train, Between Two Words
1985 Patrick O'Hearn, Ancient Dreams
1987 Wire Train, Ten Women
1987 Schönherz and Scott, One Night in Vienna
1988 Philip Aaberg, Out of the Frame
1990 The Dream Academy, A Different Kind of Weather
1990 Wire Train, Wire Train
1990 Toy Matinee, Toy Matinee
1990 Divinyls, Divinyls
1991 Schönherz and Scott, Under a Big Sky
1991 Patty Larkin, Tango
1991 Dramarama, Vinyl
1991 John Gorka, Jack's Crows
1992 David Baerwald, Triage
1992 Wire Train, No Soul No Strain
1992 Roger Waters, Amused to Death
1993 Various, Posse Soundtrack (David & David - Free At Last)
1993 John Hiatt, Perfectly Good Guitar
1993 Sheryl Crow, Tuesday Night Music Club
1993 Paul Westerberg, Down Love
1994 Katey Sagal, Well...
1994 Various, If I Were a Carpenter (Sheryl Crow - Solitaire)
1994 3rd Matinee, Meanwhile
1994 The Sleepers, Holding Back (7" Single)
1994 Tim Pierce, Guitarland
1994 The The, Hanky Panky
1995 Andy Prieboy, Sins of Our Fathers
1995 Chynna Phillips, Naked and Sacred
1995 Kevin Gilbert, Thud
1995 Tears for Fears, Raoul and the Kings of Spain
1995 Michael W. Smith, I'll Lead You Home
1996 Susanna Hoffs, Susanna Hoffs
1996 The Sleepers, The Less An Object
1996 Linda Perry, In Flight
1996 Sheryl Crow, Sheryl Crow
1997 Star 69, Eating February
1998 Wild Orchid, Oxygen
1998 John Hiatt, The Best Of
1998 Jude, No One Is Really Beautiful
1998 4Him, Obvious
1998 Cracker, Gentleman's Blues
1998 Jewel, Spirit
1998 Five Easy Pieces, Five Easy Pieces
1998 Vonda Shepard, Songs from Ally McBeal
1998 Kaviar, Kaviar
1999 Jeremy Toback, Another True Fiction
1999 Mychael Danna, Ride With the Devil
1999 Collapsis, Dirty Wake
1999 Lara Fabian, Lara Fabian
1999 Melissa Etheridge, Breakdown
1999 The The, NakedSelf
2000 Ronan Keating, Ronan
2000 Kevin Gilbert, The Shaming of the True
2000 Lara Satterfield, Dirty Velvet Lie
2001 Shelby Lynne, Love, Shelby
2001 Stevie Nicks, Trouble in Shangri-La
2002 Sheryl Crow, C'mon, C'mon
2002 Kaviar, The Kaviar Sessions (recorded in 1996)
2003 Ziggy Marley, Dragonfly
2003 Michelle Branch, Hotel Paper
2004 Delta Goodrem, Mistaken Identity
2004 Melissa Etheridge, Lucky
2004 Anastacia, Anastacia
2005 Sheryl Crow, Wildflower
2005 Charlotte Church, Tissues and Issues
2005 Brandi Carlile, Brandi Carlile
2006 Ilse DeLange, The Great Escape
2006 Skye Edwards, Mind How You Go
2006 Rosanne Cash, Black Cadillac
2007 Sara Bareilles, Little Voice
2007 Carina Round, Slow Motion Addict
2009 Chris Isaak, Mr. Lucky
2009 Kevin Gilbert, Nuts
2009 Kevin Gilbert, Bolts
2014 Leonard Cohen, Popular Problems
2014 Ziggy Marley, Fly Rasta
2014 Adam Cohen, We Go Home
2016 Ziggy Marley, Ziggy Marley
2016 Leonard Cohen, You Want It Darker
2018 Rita Coolidge, Safe in The Arms of Mine
2021 Kevin Gilbert, Covers
References
Living people
American rock drummers
American session musicians
Songwriters from California
Musicians from Los Angeles
1962 births
The The members
Writers from Sunnyvale, California
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
20th-century American male musicians
American male songwriters
The Sleepers (San Francisco band) members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20MacLeod%20%28American%20musician%29 |
Chilakalguda is a residential neighbourhood of Secunderabad, India.
It is predominantly a middle-class neighbourhood with rich of culture, and is located half kilometer away from the Secunderabad Railway Station. Residential Quarters for Employees of South Central Railway are located here. Gandhi Statue is one of the predominant places in the area. The neighbourhoods of Chilakalguda include Padmarao Nagar, Sitaphalmandi, Namalagundu, Parsigutta and Mylargadda.
Transport
Chilakalguda is well connected by road. TSRTC buses shuttles from the area to all parts of the city. The closest MMTS station is at Sitaphalmandi. The nearest Metro Station to Chilakalguda is Secunderabad East Metro Station.
Culture
A few of spiritual sites in the locality include Hanuman temple, Katta Maisamma-Nalla Pochamma temple, Jamia Masjid, Masjid Ahle-Hadith, EIDGAH and the C.S.I. Wesley Church.
Festivals
Ganesh Festival, Bonalu spirits roar high in this Area.
References
Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilkalguda |
Swallows and Amazons is a children's adventure novel by English author Arthur Ransome and first published on 21 July 1930 by Jonathan Cape. Set in the summer of 1929 in the Lake District, the book introduces the main characters of John, Susan, Titty and Roger Walker (Swallows); as well as their mother, Mary; and their baby sister, Bridget (nicknamed Vicky). We also meet Nancy and Peggy Blackett (Amazons); their uncle Jim (James Turner), commonly referred to as Captain Flint; and their widowed mother, Molly Blackett. It is the first book in the Swallows and Amazons series, followed by Swallowdale.
At the time, Ransome had been working as a journalist with the Manchester Guardian, but decided to become a full-time author rather than go abroad as a foreign correspondent. He did continue to write part-time for the press, however.
The book was inspired by a summer spent by Ransome teaching the children of his friends, the Altounyans, to sail. Three of the Altounyan children's names are adopted directly for the Walker family. Ransome and Ernest Altounyan bought two small dinghies called Swallow and Mavis. Ransome kept Swallow until he sold it a number of years later, while Mavis remained in the Altounyan family and is now on permanent display in the Ruskin Museum. However, later in life Ransome tried to downplay the Altounyan connections, changing the initial dedication of Swallows and Amazons and writing a new foreword which gave other sources. In 2003, the novel was listed at number 57 on the BBC's survey The Big Read.
Plot summary
The book relates the outdoor adventures and play of two families of children. These involve sailing, camping, fishing, exploration and piracy. The Walker children (John, Susan, Titty and Roger) are staying at a farm near a lake in the Lake District of England, during the school holidays. They sail a borrowed dinghy named Swallow and meet the Blackett children (Nancy and Peggy), who sail a dinghy named Amazon. The Walkers camp on an island (which they name "Wild Cat Island") in the lake, while the Blacketts live in their mainland house nearby. When the children meet, they agree to join forces against a common enemy – the Blacketts' uncle Jim Turner whom they call "Captain Flint" (after the parrot in Treasure Island). Turner, normally an ally of his nieces, has withdrawn from their company to write his memoirs, and has become decidedly unfriendly. Furthermore, when the Blacketts let off a firework on his houseboat roof, it is the Walkers who get the blame. He refuses even to listen when they try to pass on a warning to him about actual real-life burglars in the area.
To determine who should be the overall leader in their campaign against Captain Flint, the Blacketts and the Walkers have a contest to see which can capture the others' boat. As part of their strategy, the Walkers make a dangerous crossing of the lake by night, and John is later cautioned by his mother for this reckless act. The Walkers nevertheless win the contest – thanks to Titty who seizes the Amazon when the Blacketts secretly come to Wild Cat Island in hopes of capturing the Swallow. During the same night Titty hears suspicious voices coming from a different island – Cormorant Island – and in the morning it transpires that Turner's houseboat has been burgled, and his locked sea-chest stolen. Turner again blames the Walkers, but is finally convinced that he was mistaken and penitently reconciles with all the children, also feeling that he was wrong to distance himself from his nieces' adventures all summer. The Swallows, Amazons, and Turner join forces to investigate Cormorant Island, but they cannot find Turner's missing trunk.
The following day, there is a mock battle between Turner and the children, after which Turner is tried for his "crimes" (grouchy attitude, neglectful behavior, etc.) and forced to walk the plank on his own houseboat. They agree at the post-battle feast that on the final day of their holidays, Titty and Roger will go back to Cormorant Island while the others go fishing. Titty finds the trunk, which contains the memoirs on which Turner had been working, and is rewarded with the overjoyed Turner's green parrot for a pet.
James Turner appears in some ways to be modelled on Ransome himself. The story, set in August 1929, includes a good deal of everyday Lakeland life from the farmers to charcoal burners working in the woods; corned beef, which the children fancifully refer to as pemmican, and ginger beer and lemonade, which they call grog, appear as regular food stuff for the campers; island life also allows for occasional references to the story of Robinson Crusoe.
Major characters
John Walker – Eldest of the Walkers and captain of the Swallow
Susan Walker – Second eldest of the Walkers and mate of the Swallow
Titty Walker – Able Seaman of the Swallow. This name was the nickname of the real life Mavis Altounyan, from Joseph Jacobs's children's story, Titty Mouse and Tatty Mouse. It was changed to Kitty in the original BBC adaptation of the book, and Tatty for a 2016 BBC Films adaptation
Roger Walker – Youngest of the sailing Walkers and ship's boy of the Swallow
Bridget Walker – (nicknamed "Vicky" due to a resemblance to pictures of Queen Victoria in old age, and referred to as such in the book) Youngest of the Walkers and ship's baby of the Swallow
Nancy Blackett (Ruth) – Captain of the Amazon
Peggy Blackett (Margaret) – Nancy's younger sister and mate of the Amazon
James Turner – Nancy and Peggy's uncle. Known to the children as "Captain Flint" or to the Blacketts as "Uncle Jim"
Setting
According to Ransome, every place in his book can be found in the Lake District, but he took different locations and placed them in different ways: the lake is a fictionalised version of Windermere but the surrounding countryside more closely resembles that around Coniston. Wild Cat Island, the location of the island camp, has elements from Peel Island in Coniston and Blake Holme (or Blakeholme) in Windermere.
Holly Howe, the farmhouse of the Jacksons where the Swallows stay, is based on Bank Ground Farm, which exists to this day. It was featured in the 1974 film.
The main town on the lake is called Rio by the children but has a "native name"; it is based on the twin towns of Bowness-on-Windermere on Windermere lake and the nearby town of Windermere. They call the main fell or mountain near the lake Kanchenjunga (the Amazons' parents and uncle called it the Matterhorn); it is based on the Old Man of Coniston near Coniston Water. The branch railway to Rio runs ten miles from Strickland Junction, based on Oxenholme near Kendal.
Illustrations
The artist chosen for the first edition of the book was Steven Spurrier, but Ransome objected to his style and so the first edition did not have any illustrations. Spurrier's drawing for the dust jacket had to be used. The second edition contained drawings by Clifford Webb but after Ransome successfully illustrated Peter Duck himself, he decided to do his own drawings for all the books, including those already published, and Webb's drawings were replaced in later editions.
Critical reception
Reviewing the book for the U.K. daily newspaper The Manchester Guardian (forerunner of The Guardian) Malcolm Muggeridge wrote: "Children's books are probably the most difficult of all to write; they are certainly the most difficult to review. For children alone can properly judge their worth, and children, very wisely, never review. An adult has to refer back to his own childhood and ask himself: Would I have enjoyed such a book then? The answer, in the case of Swallow and Amazons, [sic] is very definitely, Yes. Moreover, the book is entirely charming quite apart from its qualities as child literature. This is rare; for, generally speaking, nothing makes drearier reading than the conscious juvenility of adults."
Muggeridge continued,"Mr. Ransome has the same magical power that Lewis Carroll had of being the child in terms of himself. He never talks down; never finds it necessary to be patronising or sentimental. And sentimentality is the most terrible pitfall that besets those who venture into the world of play. […] Captain John and Mate Susan, and Able-seaman Titty, and Ship's Boy Roger are not at all like Christopher Robin. [T]hey are children. And the story of their adventures on a little island in the middle of an English lake is thrilling just because it is not fabulous. […] It is make-believe such as all children have indulged in: even children who have not been so fortunate as to have a lake and a boat and an island but only a backyard amongst the semis of Suburbia."
The Washington Post commented that "With a few exceptions, adventure in contemporary children’s literature is safely relegated to the past, or the realms of fantasy, facilitated by wizardry (Harry Potter) or demi-gods (Percy Jackson). Swallows and Amazons contains no sorcery; its plot is plausible, its characters ordinary children. Therein lies its enduring magic. A celebration of friendship, imagination, fair play, and exploration, Swallows and Amazons inspires even the most landlocked kid to dream of messing about in boats, building fires, camping out and navigating by the stars."
Adaptations
Radio
In 1936 the BBC broadcast Swallows and Amazons as a "dialogue story" in five weekly episodes during The Children's Hour on the BBC National Programme (later known as the BBC Home Service). The book was adapted by Barbara Sleigh.
From 9 October 1947 up to and including 22 January 1948 Swallows and Amazons was adapted into fifteen episodes and read by Derek McCulloch (Uncle Mac) during Children's Hour on the BBC Home Service
Television
In 1963, the BBC produced an adaptation, Swallows and Amazons, with John Paul as "Captain Flint" and Susan George as the renamed "Kitty". The series was directed by Peter Saunders.
Film
EMI released a version in 1974, directed by Claude Whatham and produced by Richard Pilbrow. The film starred Virginia McKenna (Mrs. Walker) and Ronald Fraser (Uncle Jim), and Sophie Neville (Titty), Zanna Hamilton (Susan), Simon West (John) and Stephen Grendon (Roger) as the Swallows.
The 2016 film was directed by Philippa Lowthorpe and written by Andrea Gibb. The film stars Andrew Scott, Rafe Spall, Kelly Macdonald, Jessica Hynes, and Harry Enfield.
Other versions
In August 1999 BBC Radio 4 broadcast a radio adaptation by David Wood with Jean Anderson as Titty seventy years later narrating. Young Titty was played by Phoebe Phillips, John by John Paul Ekins, Susan by Flora Harris, Roger by Joe Sowerbutts, mother by Penny Downie, Nancy by Catherine Poole, Peggy by Jackie Swainson and Uncle Jim by Nicholas Le Prevost.
The Royal National Theatre started developing a musical version of Swallows and Amazons in 2007. Helen Edmundson wrote the book and lyrics while The Divine Comedy's frontman Neil Hannon wrote the music. The musical premiered at the Bristol Old Vic on 1 December 2010 and played at the Vaudeville Theatre, in London's West End, from 15 December 2011, prior to going on tour around the UK from January to May 2012. The production features adults playing the children and has been received favourably by reviewers.
Publication details
1930, UK, Jonathan Cape, Pub date 21 July 1930, hardback (First edition, unillustrated)
1931, UK, Jonathan Cape, Pub date 1931, hardback (First "Clifford Webb" illustrated edition)
1931, US, J.B.Lippincott company, Philadelphia, 1931. Hardback, no full illustrations, front and back plates plus chapter headings by Helene Carter.
1938, UK, Jonathan Cape, Pub date 1938, hardback (First "Ransome" illustrated edition)
1958, US, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (), Pub date ? June 1958, hardback
1994, US, David R. Godine, Publisher (), paperback
1995, UK, ISIS Audio Books (), Pub date August 1995, audio book cassette (unabridged)
1999, UK, Jonathan Cape (), Pub date 1999, hardback
2001, UK, Red Fox Classics (), Pub date 5 April 2001, paperback
2001, UK, Red Fox (), Pub date 5 October 2001, paperback
2005, UK, Gabriel Woolf (), Pub date July 2005, audio book CD
2010, US, David R. Godine, Publisher (), Pub date 16 July 2010, paperback revised edition
See also
List of characters in Arthur Ransome books
Roger Altounyan – real-life scientist; Ransome named characters in the story after Altounyan and his sisters.
Swallows and Amazons series
References
External links
Swallows and Amazons information and news website
TarBoard, the Arthur Ransome and 'Swallows and Amazons' forum
The 2016 film's official website
The original boats now housed in the Cumbrian museum – BBC photo website
The 2014–15 theatrical production's pages at the Bristol Old Vic
Fiction set in 1929
1930 British novels
1930 children's books
British adventure novels
British children's novels
British novels adapted into films
Jonathan Cape books
Swallows and Amazons series
Novels set in the Lake District
Novels set on islands
Children's books set in Cumbria
Children's books set in the 1920s
Novels set in the 1920s
Children's books set on islands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallows%20and%20Amazons |
Goffals or Coloured Zimbabweans are persons of mixed race, predominately those claiming both European and African descent, in Malawi, Zambia, and, particularly Zimbabwe. They are generally known as Coloureds, though the term Goffal is used by some in the Coloured community to refer to themselves, though this does not refer to the mixed-race community in nearby South Africa. The community includes many diverse constituents of Shona, Northern Ndebele, Bemba, Fengu, British, Afrikaner, Cape Coloured, Cape Malay and less commonly Portuguese, Greek, Goan, and Indian descent. Similar mixed-race communities exist throughout Southern Africa, notably the Cape Coloureds of South Africa.
It is not clear when the term Goffal first entered common usage, but among Coloureds themselves it had surfaced by the mid- to late 1970s. Their precise numbers are difficult to ascertain, due to the fact that some identify exclusively as members of other ethnic groups.
History
Zimbabwe
The earliest Coloured communities in central Africa were formed in Southern Rhodesia (present-day Zimbabwe), mainly by those who had emigrated as servants of Afrikaners and other white South African settlers from the Cape of Good Hope. Coloured immigration from
South Africa spiked following a depression after the Second Boer War and continuing throughout much of the early twentieth century. By the 1930s most local Coloureds had been born in Southern Rhodesia as offspring of British administrators and colonists and local women. The Coloured populace increased to about 24,000 through intermarriage, and by 1969 about 91% were considered Rhodesian citizens, a smaller number being Zambians, Malawians, and South Africans. During World War II, Coloureds served with distinction alongside Southern Rhodesian units during the East African Campaign.
Southern Rhodesia, which had unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia in 1965, classified Coloureds as persons of mixed ancestry who did not follow a traditional African way of life and whose culture was European in origin and form. Coloureds who lived with black African families were notably excluded, as were those who physically passed for Europeans and Asians, respectively. Coloured Rhodesians were heavily urbanised, and the colonial government permitted them to live in segregated neighbourhoods reserved for Europeans. In 1969 the largest proportion of working Coloureds—about 30%— were employed by the Rhodesian manufacturing sector, the remainder being tradesmen or engaged in service delivery.
At the outbreak of the Rhodesian Bush War, conscription was enforced for all male Coloureds of military age, who were expected to contribute four to five months of service to the Rhodesian Security Forces. In 1966, the Ministry of Defence gave notice that it would henceforth extend conscription to all foreigners with residency status, making Coloureds of South African or other nationalities in Rhodesia also liable for military service. Most Coloured recruits were assigned to the Reinforcement Holding Unit (RHU), which was primarily concerned with transport and logistics. They were also tasked with providing convoy security and guarding installations targeted for sabotage by insurgents. In 1978 the RHU was reorganised into the Rhodesian Defence Regiment. As the war intensified, Coloured personnel deployed to operational areas successfully petitioned to receive the same pay as white soldiers.
When Rhodesia was reconstituted as the new Republic of Zimbabwe in 1980, accompanied by the electoral triumph of leading black nationalist Robert Mugabe and his Zimbabwe African National Union, Coloureds numbered about 20,000. Mugabe won the country's first general elections held under a universal franchise, despite facing militant opposition from Joshua Nkomo's Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) and a number of minority parties. All Coloureds registered in the Rhodesian electoral system prior to December 31, 1979 were permitted to vote, and those that did so overwhelmingly endorsed the Rhodesian Front. As a conciliatory gesture Mugabe later nominated a leading member of the Coloured community, Joseph Culverwell, to the Senate, the upper house of the Parliament of Zimbabwe. Nevertheless, ZANU's ascension was greeted with caution. During the bush war, black nationalists frequently decried Coloureds as having benefited unjustly from the colonial racial hierarchy, and those who attempted to join ZANU and ZAPU's guerrilla armies were often detained or executed as spies. Less educated, blue collar Coloured workers were also concerned they would face job displacement from an advancing black workforce once they lost the advantage of preferential employment by white supervisors. Others seemed convinced only blacks would benefit economically under Mugabe's rule, at the expense of themselves and other ethnic minorities. For their part, community activists were disappointed they weren't invited to participate at the Lancaster House talks on behalf of their people, and felt this demonstrated both white and black Zimbabweans were uninterested in Coloureds' future political and social welfare.
Since the 1980s, Coloured Zimbabweans have complained of being increasingly disenfranchised, and being projected as foreigners with limited rights. A Coloured lobby group, the National Association for the Advancement of Mixed Race Coloureds (NAAC), was formed in 2001 to protest against what they perceived as severe discrimination against their community by the state. The NAAC has issued a statement claiming that "Coloured people are visibly and verbally treated with disdain contemptuously dismissed with xenophobic comments" urging them to "go back to Britain". NAAC activists have also highlighted the removal of Coloureds from important positions in the public service, usually following complaints by ruling party officials, and the government's steadfast refusal to grant loans to Coloured entrepreneurs. At the height of President Mugabe's land reform programme, Zimbabwean Minister of Education, Sports, and Culture Aeneas Chigwedere demanded that Coloureds be excluded from the redistribution process on racial grounds, insisting that "if we give them land it will be giving it back to the white man".
Zambia
Unlike Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia (present-day Zambia), a British possession which remained governed directly by the Colonial Office, considered "Coloured" to be a strictly South African racial distinction, and evoked the term only when referring to immigrants of mixed race from South Africa accordingly. This resulted in considerable ambivalence towards local Coloureds born in Northern Rhodesia, whom colonial officials described with a menagerie of labels as varied as "half-castes", "Anglo-Africans", "Indo-Africans", and "Eurafricans". Northern Rhodesian Coloureds often bore distinguished British surnames, having descended from some of the colony's earliest pioneers, administrators, and officials. Nevertheless, beginning in the 1920s such individuals posed a particular classification problem for the Colonial Office, which remained frustrated by the fact it could classify Coloureds neither as European nor African. The British paternity of mixed children was an especially contentious issue, allowing Coloureds to petition for recognition as British subjects, entitled to British passports. Their requests were ignored by the Colonial Office, which regarded them only as protected subjects, a status otherwise reserved for black Africans.
The question of Coloureds' legitimacy and status hinged on the legality of marriage between their European and African parents. Under the Northern Rhodesian Immorality Suppression Ordinance, it was a criminal offence for a white woman to marry or cohabit with a black man. Marriages between white men and black women, although not expressly forbidden, were likewise unrecognised by the state. As marriages of this nature were not recognised as marriage under law, the Welfare Department was empowered to seize any first-generation mixed race children resulting from such unions as "orphans".
Since Coloureds lacked segregated schools of their own, and Northern Rhodesian authorities forbade children of other races from attending the same educational institutions as Europeans, most Coloureds studied at Roman Catholic missions in Southern Rhodesia. Their exclusion from schools severely limited Coloured economic and social prospects. In 1927, the missions criticised Northern Rhodesia's practice of building schools specifically for white and black pupils while failing to provide similar facilities for Coloureds. It was proposed that the administration erect Coloured schools or at least furbish the funds for their independent construction. This scheme was approved by the Northern Rhodesian Native Education Advisory Board but rejected by Governor James Crawford Maxwell. Maxwell regarded the label "Coloured" as a purely artificial distinction, and did not believe they constituted a separate race from Europeans or Africans. He insisted that the construction of Coloured schools equated to official recognition of an ethnic group that did not exist. Maxwell's habit of arguing that Coloureds should identify either as Europeans or Africans, rather than a distinct mixed race population, became policy in Northern Rhodesia for the next three decades. Coloureds who physically resembled Europeans and lived like Europeans were treated as such, while those who lived as Africans or with black families were classified as native. In this regard Northern Rhodesia represented a marked departure from South Africa, where racial legislation strictly defined the rights and status of individuals from birth. Some Coloureds became integrated with African society; others joined white social clubs, received managerial jobs reserved for whites, and lived in affluent white neighbourhoods.
In 1952, the Coloured community petitioned Henry Hopkinson, the United Kingdom's newly appointed Minister of State for the Colonies, for recognition as British subjects. The Coloureds argued that the British Nationality Act 1948 had reaffirmed their status as protected subjects instead, and expressed disappointment that unlike white Rhodesians they could only obtain British subject status through naturalisation. Their grievances were discussed in the Colonial Office, which responded that if a marriage between a male British subject and an African woman was properly documented, any children should be allowed to take up their father's nationality. The Colonial Office also observed through its inquiries that Coloured housing in Northern Rhodesia was almost nonexistent and ordered the administration to see the issue resolved. Their request resulted in the establishment of "Coloured Quarters", residential areas in all major towns built specifically for Coloured people, often situated near the railway lines. The Coloured Quarters included segregated schools and social clubs. Most of their residents were employed by the Public Works Department and Rhodesia Railways, which also offered economic housing.
When Northern Rhodesia became a constituent territory of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, most Coloureds failed to qualify for citizenship under federal law, which stipulated all citizens must also be British subjects. The new electoral roll established that voters had to possess a secondary education and earn an income of at least £720 a year. While a percentage of Southern Rhodesian Coloureds could meet these standards, owing to their longstanding educational disadvantages and the lack of schools few Coloureds in Northern Rhodesia had received anything more than the most basic primary education. This, in turn, restricted their avenues of employment: the average monthly income for Coloured men in Lusaka was between £15 and £25 a month.
Following the dissolution of the federation and Zambian independence in 1964, many Coloured parents began sending their children abroad to avoid military conscription into the Zambian Defence Force. The British Nationality Act 1981 aroused considerable interest among Zambia's Coloured population, since it revoked a legitimacy clause from the 1948 legislation wherein only children born to legitimate marriages of their British fathers were considered British subjects. As mixed race marriages were not recognised as legitimate under Northern Rhodesian law, this excluded Coloureds. Under the statutes of the new British Nationality Act, any Zambians able to prove beyond reasonable doubt they were consanguineous descendants of a specific British citizen could apply for right of abode in the United Kingdom, irrespective of their ancestor's marital status. During the 1980s and 1990s, roughly half of Zambia's Coloured population immigrated to the United Kingdom.
In 1980 there were 6,000 Coloureds remaining in Zambia, nearly all of them concentrated in major urban districts.
Malawi
From its inception the British protectorate of Nyasaland (present-day Malawi) included a burgeoning mixed race population of Asian, rather than European, and African descent. An exodus of migrant workers from the Indian subcontinent to various British dependencies across sub-Saharan Africa formed an integral part of colonial migration patterns during the early twentieth century; the Indians came to earn modest incomes which in turn supported their extended families back home. Most Indian business owners were bachelors or married men who immigrated without their wives; a number cohabited with African women accordingly. Children from these relationships were usually raised by the mother, and embraced African culture and lifestyles as their own. They were regarded with disdain by the comparatively few individuals of mixed European and African ancestry, who came to reject use of the general label "Coloured" to avoid association with the descendants of Asians. Calling themselves "Anglo-Africans", they formed the Nyasland Anglo-African Association to lobby for formal recognition. This situation gave rise to a crisis and conflict of identity over the legal definition of Coloured, a matter affecting even the Nyasaland courts.
From 1907 to 1929, Coloureds of both Indian and European parentage were accorded the same status as black Africans under the Nyasaland Interpretation Ordinance, which classified them as "natives". Educated Coloureds protested this policy, and successfully lobbied to have it challenged before the colonial judiciary. A Nyasaland judge determined that "half-castes" did not meet the legal definition of "native", although he refrained from ruling on whether their newly altered status made them British subjects. The ruling incited considerable debate about the social, legal, and political standing of mixed-descent Africans in other British colonies. The Anglo-African Association seized this opportunity to demand they be taxed as Europeans, and exempted from what they perceived as a degrading "hut tax" levied on black residents of indigenous settlements. As a result of their lobbying, Coloureds were exempted from the hut tax; ironically, however, the government failed to clarify whether this entailed also subjecting Coloureds to the same taxes as the white population—a bureaucratic oversight that resulted in the entire community paying no tax by the early 1930s.
In 1931, a Coloured man provoked a storm of controversy when he attempted to lease 200 acres in a Native Trust Area, the communal lands reserved for African farming and use. Since the courts had previously ruled Coloureds were not natives, this accelerated local discussion over the legal definition of Coloured. Deferring to the precedent set by Northern Rhodesia, the Nyasaland Attorney-General designated a Coloured person as "any person of mixed European or Asiatic and native descent, who does not live after the manner of members of the aboriginal tribes or races of Africa".
The initial success of the Anglo-African Association encouraged the formation of the mutually exclusive Nyasaland Indo-African Association, and further deepened rivalries between the two components of the Coloured population. The Indo-African Association was largely succeeded by the theoretically integrated Nyasaland Coloured Community Welfare Association, established in 1954 to present a united front for coordinated Coloured education demands. Nevertheless, the Anglo-African Association's influence remained strong, and during the inception of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland they persuaded the Federal Ministry of Education to differentiate between separate "Coloured" and "Eurafrican" agendas.
As the dissolution of the federation became apparent and independence approached for Malawi, Coloureds began to face severe job discrimination in the public sector due to an unwritten British policy which reserved civil service jobs solely for whites on short-term contracts until such a date that black Malawians could succeed them.
The Malawian government eliminated all recognition of "Coloured" as a separate ethnicity following independence.
Demographics
In 1973, 83.2% of all Coloureds in Rhodesia lived in a major urban population centres, the largest number being concentrated in Bulawayo (6,630 Coloured residents) and Salisbury (6,030 Coloured residents). Only about 2,290 resided in rural areas, mostly on farms. The Rhodesian government reported that the Coloured population had an extremely high rate of natural increase of 4.9% per year. The corresponding infant mortality rate was 38 infant deaths per 1,000 live births.
According to the Zimbabwean census of 2012, the largest proportion of Coloured Zimbabweans (8,745 people) fell into the 18 to 49 age bracket. There were 5,375 individuals under 14, 2,469 aged 50 to 64, and 1,300 over 64. Slightly over 88% of Coloureds lived in a major urban population centre, although the size of the rural Coloured community remained identical to that in 1973, about 2,261 persons. Coloureds made up 0.4% of Zimbabwe's urban population and 0.1% of its total population.
The Zambian census of 1980 found that the 6,000 Coloureds were mostly located in urban areas, at which time they constituted 0.1% of Zambia's total population. Malawi has not published demographic information on Coloureds since independence.
Society
Coloured societies in Zambia, Zimbabwe and the African diaspora abroad are rather close-knit, linked by intermarriage and a large web of familial connections dating back to their earliest European and Asian ancestors. Many Coloureds remaining in Zambia have documented their bloodline well and can recall the original progenitors of their family and name.
The internal ranking stratum among Coloureds is complex. During the colonial era, they identified first and foremost with the non-African component in their ancestry, and within equal socio-economic circles social prestige was dependent upon one's progenitors. For instance, Afrikaans-speaking Coloureds descended from South African immigrants typically formed the Coloured elite in Zimbabwe; they were followed in descending order on the social scale by Coloureds with one white and one Coloured parent, those with two Coloured parents, those with one white and one black parent, and the so-called "Indo-African" Coloureds with an Asian ancestor or parent. Marriages between Coloureds and black Africans were generally stigmatised, before independence in 1980, as the former preferred to select partners with visible white characteristics, though this is no longer the case today.
Coloureds of British descent from Zambia and Malawi retain strong emotional ties to the United Kingdom. When India's independence movement began gaining momentum in the late 1940s, Coloured schools in central Africa rejected Indian instructors, emphasising that "love and patriotism to the British nation" were an integral part of their curricula. Since the decolonisation of the African continent, it has been a longstanding tradition for Coloured parents to send their children to the United Kingdom for schooling. Others are sent to work there after completing their schooling locally.
Zimbabwean Coloureds have traditionally been Roman Catholic, although a sizeable minority also belongs to the Anglican Church. Some descendants of Cape Malays were still practising Islam in 1975.
Goffal Slang
Goffal Dictionary
References
External links
The Goffal Speaks
British diaspora in Africa
Ethnic groups in Zimbabwe
Ethnic groups in Zambia
South African English
Multiracial affairs in Africa
Coloured African people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goffal |
Nathaniel Joseph Selver Francis (6 May 1912 – 2 November 2004) was a Turks and Caicos Islander politician who served as the 4th Chief Minister of the Turks and Caicos Islands from 28 March 1985 until 25 July 1986, when he was forced to resign after charges of corruption and patronage were leveled against him.
Prior to becoming Chief Minister, Francis was deputy minister of public works.
Francis died in 2004 and the new Parliament Buildings of the Turks and Caicos was renamed NJS Francis Building in 2005.
References
1912 births
2004 deaths
Chief Ministers of the Turks and Caicos Islands
Heads of government who were later imprisoned
Progressive National Party (Turks and Caicos Islands) politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel%20Francis |
Pontifical University of the Holy Cross (, ) is a Roman Catholic university under the Curial Congregation for Catholic Education, now entrusted to the Prelature of the Holy Cross and Opus Dei, or more commonly called Opus Dei. It was started in 1984 by Opus Dei, with the aim of offering the universal church an effective instrument for formation and research.
Located in the city center of Rome, the Pontifical University of Santa Croce has two campuses. One is in Piazza di Sant'Apollinare, northern area of Piazza Navona. The other is the library in Via dei Farnesi near the famous Palazzo Farnese. Its stated mission is "to serve the whole Church by means of a broad and thorough work of research and formation in the ecclesiastical sciences, cooperating according to its special function with the evangelizing mission of the Church in the whole world."
Pope John Paul II granted the title of 'university' to the Pontifical Atheneum of the Holy Cross in July 1998, making it the sixth pontifical university in the city of Rome. The university is open to lay people, both men and women, priests, seminarians, and religious brothers and sisters.
Background
According to Cardinal José Saraiva Martins, secretary of the Vatican Congregation for Catholic Education, "For the University of the Holy Cross the adjective 'Pontifical' has never been a merely decorative title, but a qualification which commits it profoundly, inviting it to active fidelity to the Roman Pontiff," and, in union with him, "to the Church as a whole."
"St. Josemaría Escrivá", he said, "was able to emphasize the need to unite this moral rectitude and love of truth with respect for the autonomy of the disciplines and, therefore, of the legitimate freedom of teachers and researchers, showing a unitary conception of the world and of man, capable of putting learning always at the service of the person."
Faculty
Most of the over 250 faculty hold degrees from both secular and ecclesiastical universities. It offers an ongoing formation both to its academic staff to students, providing them with information on current issues. The ratio of academic staff to students is 1:9. The members of the faculty know and use at least five major modern languages (Italian, English, Spanish, French, and German), which enables them to fulfill their academic task of teaching international students coming from all five continents, different cultures and language groups.
Courses
The Pontifical University of Santa Croce offers courses in ecclesiastical sciences. It now has four Schools: Theology, Canon Law, Philosophy, and Social Institutional Communication. The university also has a Higher Institute of Religious Sciences which has correspondence learning.
The university sponsors the Center of Research into the Relationship Between Family and Mass Media, as well as supporting several research projects, including Market, Culture and Ethics; Etica e Politika; Poetics and Christianity; and Science, Theology, and the Ontological Quest.
Santa Croce lectures also include courses on Christian Art and Architecture in Rome. From Antiquity to the Present (in English), open to students of US universities with campus in Rome. These courses intersperse classroom sessions with site visits. Students are encouraged to combine both the visual and contextual analysis of artworks.
Research and publications
During the academic year 2005–06, 40 books by faculty members and 78 doctoral theses were published.
The scientific journals of the Pontifical University of Santa Croce are:
Church, Communication and Culture by the Faculty of Communication
Annales Theologici by the Faculty of Theology
Ius Ecclesiae by the Faculty of Canon Law
Acta Philosophica by the Faculty of Philosophy
Enrollment and other data
For the school year 2013–14, the university has more than 1,050 students, about half from Europe and one-third from the Americas, with the others coming from Africa and Asia (both about one-tenth) and Oceania (less than one percent). 25% of the students are laypeople, 32% seminarians, 32% priests, and 11% religious. The majority (599) are studying theology. 192 are studying canon law, 128 philosophy, and 106 communications, with 25 auditing courses. Since its beginning in 1984, more than 7,000 students from 102 countries have passed through the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross in its 25-year history.
The university is supported financially by contributions from benefactors from all over the world.
The university is located at Piazza di Sant'Apollinare 49, Rome. Its library is at Via dei Farnesi 82, near the famous Palazzo Farnese. The University of the Holy Cross Foundation is located in New York, New York, U.S. The present Chancellor of the Pontifical University is the Prelate of Opus Dei, Fernando Ocáriz.
Seal
The university seal was described in an address of John Paul II to the administrators, faculty, staff, and students of the university on May 29, 1999:
This symbol is a front, should be a single key hanging from the belt of Christ.
References
External links
Pontifical University of Santa Croce — official website
Universities and colleges established in 1984
1984 establishments in Italy
Education in Rome
Opus Dei universities and colleges
Holy Cross
Catholic universities and colleges in Italy
Seminaries and theological colleges in Italy
Universities in Italy
Rome R. VI Parione
Pontifical University of the Holy Cross | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical%20University%20of%20the%20Holy%20Cross |
The Bezold–Brücke shift or luminance-on-hue effect is a change in hue perception as light intensity changes. As intensity increases, spectral colors shift more towards blue (if below 500 nm) or yellow (if above 500 nm). At lower intensities, the red/green axis dominates. This means that reds become more yellow with increasing brightness. Light may change in the perceived hue as its brightness changes, despite the fact that it retains a constant spectral composition. It was discovered by Wilhelm von Bezold and M.E. Brücke.
The shift in the hue of the colors that occur as the intensity of the corresponding energy change is materially increased, except in some cases like the change for certain invariable hues (approximating the psychologically primary hues). Both Bezold & Brücke worked on the Bezold-Brücke effect and gave important contributions in the field of optical illusions.
This effect is a problem for simple HSV-style color models, which treat hue and intensity as independent parameters. In contrast, color appearance models try to factor in this effect.
The shift in the hue is also accompanied by the changes in the perceived saturation. As the brightness of the color stimuli increases, their color strength also increases to a maximum point and then decreases again; in such a way that it is still wavelength specific. This can, to an extent, be considered as an inverse of the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect. In the case of the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect, the partially desaturated stimulus is seen to be brighter than fully saturated or achromatic stimulus.
See also
Opponent process
Purkinje shift
Abney effect
Bibliography
W. von Bezold: Die Farbenlehre in Hinblick auf Kunst und Kunstgewerbe. Braunschweig 1874. Full text scan
"Über das Gesetz der Farbenmischung und die physiologischen Grundfarben", Annalen der Physiologischen Chemie, 1873, 226: 221–247.
M. E. Brücke, “Über einige Empfindungen im Gebiet der Sehnerven,” Sitz. Ber. d. K. K. Akad. d. Wissensch. Math. Nat. Wiss. 1878, 77:39–71.
References
Color appearance phenomena | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezold%E2%80%93Br%C3%BCcke%20shift |
The MCP-1600 is a multi-chip 16-bit microprocessor introduced by Western Digital in 1975 and produced through the early 1980s. Used in the Pascal MicroEngine, the WD16 processor in the Alpha Microsystems AM-100, and the DEC LSI-11 microcomputer, a cost-reduced and compact implementation of the DEC PDP-11.
Description
There are three types of chips in the chip-set:
CP1611 RALU - Register ALU chip
CP1621 CON - Control chip
CP1631 MICROM - Mask-programmed microcode ROM chip (512 – 22 bit words)
The chips use a 3.3MHz four phase clock and three power supply voltages (+5V, +12V, and -5V), as required by the N-channel silicon gate process then available at Western Digital. Internally the MCP-1600 is a (relatively fast) 8-bit processor that can be micro-programmed to emulate a 16-bit CPU. All byte operations execute in one clock period; word operations and branches take two clocks. Up to four MICROMs are supported, but usually two or three could hold the needed microprogram for a processor.
The register file consists of 26 8-bit registers. Ten may be addressed directly by the microinstruction (Rx), four may be addressed either directly or indirectly (Rx/Gx), and the remaining 12 may be addressed only indirectly (Gx). Indirect addressing is via a 3-bit G register which is usually loaded with the register field of the PDP-11 instruction.
The most significant feature of the MCP-1600 is its Programmable Translation Array (PTA). The PTA serves to generate new microinstruction fetch addresses as a function of several parameters. These parameters are those which are normally considered during the decode of a macroinstruction. The PTA was designed specifically to eliminate most of the overhead of macroinstruction translation. Essentially a macroinstruction opcode is quickly translated into an address that is loaded onto the Location Counter, creating a jump to the appropriate microcode to handle the macroinstruction.
John Wallace was the Project Manager and designed the 1621, Mike Briner designed the 1611, and later became a Senior VP at Silicon Storage Technology. Bill Pohlman was the design engineering manager and he later was Project Manager for the Intel 8086 processor.
In March 1976, it was announced that National Semiconductor would second-source the MCP-1600. It is unclear whether any were produced by National.
A clone of the CP1611 and CP1621 was manufactured in the Soviet Union under the designation KR581IK1 and KR581IK2 (). The Soviet 581 series included other members of the MCP-1600 family as well.
Simulator
cp16sim is an open source MCP-1600 simulator. Written in C, it emulates the MCP-1600 processor and its PTA executing the code found on the WD9000 Pascal Microengine processor. As of 2016 it is unfinished. "It works well enough to execute the first few dozen p-code instructions of the ACD PDQ-3 boot ROM before going into the weeds." It is released under the GNU General Public License version 3.
Gallery
References
16-bit microprocessors
Western Digital products | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCP-1600 |
Raphael Isaiah Azulai (; born in Hebron 1743 – 9 Shvat, 1826 or possibly 1830) was a rabbi in Ancona until his death. He was the firstborn of Rabbi Chaim Yosef David Azulai. One of his daughters married Abraham Pardo, son of the renowned rabbi David Pardo; and her grandson Moses Pardo was rabbi of Alexandria from 1871 to 1888. He was the author of a number of responsa and decisions, which appeared partly under the title Tiferet Mosheh (The Splendor of Moses), and partly in the Zikron Mosheh of his son Moses (No. 10).
Descendants currently live across the middle east and north Africa.
See also
History of the Jews in Ancona
References
Its bibliography:
Azulai, Shem ha-Gedolim, s.v.;
Joseph Zedner, Cat. Hebr. Books British Museum;
Ḥazan, Ha-Ma'alot li-Shelomoh, 1894;
The Leisure Hour, London, Aug., 1886;
Allg. Zeit. des Judenthums, 1839, p. 60; private sources
Year of birth unknown
1740s births
1826 deaths
18th-century Italian rabbis
Italian people of Moroccan descent
Rabbis from Ancona
19th-century Italian rabbis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael%20Isaiah%20Azulai |
John Paul McKinney (July 13, 1935 – September 25, 2018) was an American college and professional basketball coach. As a head coach in the National Basketball Association (NBA) with the Los Angeles Lakers, he introduced an up-tempo style of play that became known as Showtime. However, his only season with the Lakers ended prematurely after a bicycle accident. McKinney joined the Indiana Pacers, where he was named NBA Coach of the Year in 1981. He also coached the Kansas City Kings (now known as the Sacramento Kings). In addition, he served as an assistant for the Milwaukee Bucks and the Portland Trail Blazers.
Early life
McKinney was born in Chester, Pennsylvania, to Paul McKinney, a police detective, and Jen McMahon, a homemaker. He attended St. James High in Chester, where he played basketball under coach Jack Ramsay. He graduated in 1953.
College career
McKinney went to college at Saint Joseph's University in Philadelphia. He played three seasons for the Hawks, who were also coached by Dr. Jack Ramsay, and led the team to the Big 5's inaugural title and the school's first ever postseason in the 1956 National Invitation Tournament (NIT). He was also a member of their track and field team.
Coaching career
McKinney coached one season at St. James in 1959–60, leading them to a 17–11 record. After five years at his alma mater St. Joseph's as an assistant under Ramsay, McKinney was the head coach at Philadelphia Textile for one season in 1965–66. He returned to St. Joe's in 1966, replacing the departed Ramsay as head coach. McKinney is a member of the Saint Joseph's and the Big 5 Halls of Fame. He was also named the Eastern Coach of the Year by Philadelphia sportswriters for his 1973–74 season when the Hawks, predicted to have a poor year after graduating Mike Bantom to the NBA and Pat McFarland to the American Basketball Association (ABA), had a stellar season again winning their conference and qualifying for postseason play. However, he was fired after a first-round loss in the 1974 NCAA Division I basketball tournament, and his dismissal prompted a demonstration by over 500 students.
McKinney was an NBA assistant coach with Milwaukee and Portland, and won an NBA championship with the Trail Blazers under Ramsay in 1976–77. Ramsay called McKinney the architect of the offense and his wife
Claire said McKinney considered his tenure with the Blazers the highlight of his career. He received his first NBA head coaching job in 1979–80 with the Lakers. Owner Jerry Buss, who had recently acquired the team, wanted games to be entertaining, and hired the coach to install a running offense. McKinney had rookie Magic Johnson, who some thought should play forward, be a point guard, even though incumbent Norm Nixon was already one of the best in the league.
On November 8, 1979, the Lakers were 9–4 after 13 games, when McKinney suffered a near fatal head injury after falling while bicycling. Assistant coach Paul Westhead, who also worked under McKinney at St. Joseph's, was named the interim head coach. However, the length of the recovery and lingering doubts about the complete return of McKinney's mental faculties, combined with the team's level of success under Westhead, ultimately meant that McKinney would never get the chance to return to the job. Westhead continued to use McKinney's offense, a creative and spontaneous offense that came to be known as Showtime, and the team finished the season with a record of 60–22. The Lakers advanced to that year's NBA Finals, when McKinney was fired mid-series on May 13, 1980. The Lakers won the series for their first of five NBA titles in nine seasons, and hired Westhead to permanently replace McKinney.
Pat Riley, who replaced Westhead as Lakers coach, won four titles with the team and became the coach most synonymous with the Showtime Lakers. However, Norm Nixon credited McKinney with creating Showtime. "That should never be forgotten," said Nixon. According to Riley, McKinney "might have won five or six titles for the Lakers in the '80s" were it not for his accident. McKinney was deferential. "I just put in some ideas that were accepted, and the rest was up to Paul and Pat and some great players," he said.
McKinney joined the Indiana Pacers the following season in 1980–81. He was hired at the recommendation of a guilt-ridden Buss, who was a business partner with Pacers owner Frank Mariani. In his first season, McKinney was named the NBA Coach of the Year after leading the Pacers to their first playoff appearance since the former American Basketball Association (ABA) team joined the NBA during the ABA–NBA merger of 1976. Over the next three seasons, however, the team's performance regressed, and McKinney was fired after the Pacers posted the league's worst record in the 1983–84 season. He was soon hired as the head coach of the Kansas City Kings, but resigned from the position on November 18, 1984, after the team started with a 1–8 record in the 1984-85 season. He left coaching for good afterwards, citing ongoing issues with his memory, plus no longer feeling passionate about the profession.
Later years
After he left coaching, McKinney relocated back to his native Pennsylvania with his family. He worked as a sales representative for a major sporting goods company, while also filling in at times as a color analyst for the Philadelphia 76ers broadcasts. He said he got offers to come back to coaching, but never took any of them. Eventually, he and his wife would retire to Florida.
In 2005, McKinney co-authored a book about his experiences at Saint Joseph's, and donated 10 percent of its proceeds to the school.
McKinney died on September 25, 2018, at a hospice in Bonita Springs, Florida, at the age of 83.
Head coaching record
College
NBA
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Los Angeles
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 14||10||4|||| style="text-align:center;"|1st in Pacific||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|Replaced by Paul Westhead
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Indiana
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 82||44||38|||| style="text-align:center;"|3rd in Central||2||0||2||.000
| style="text-align:center;"|Lost in first round
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Indiana
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 82||35||47|||| style="text-align:center;"|4th in Central||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Indiana
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 82||20||62|||| style="text-align:center;"|6th in Central||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Indiana
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 82||26||56|||| style="text-align:center;"|6th in Central||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Kansas City
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 9||1||8|||| style="text-align:center;"|(resigned)||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|—
|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 351||136||215|||| ||2||0||2||||
Publications
Jack McKinney with Robert Gordon, Jack McKinney's Tales from the Saint Joseph's Hardwood: The Hawk will Never Die, Sports Publishing (2005)
References
External links
NBA stats at Basketball-Reference.com
College coaching stats at Sports-Reference.com
College playing stats at Sports-Reference.com
1935 births
2018 deaths
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Pennsylvania
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Guards (basketball)
High school basketball coaches in the United States
Indiana Pacers head coaches
Kansas City Kings head coaches
Los Angeles Lakers head coaches
Jefferson Rams men's basketball coaches
Portland Trail Blazers assistant coaches
Saint Joseph's Hawks men's basketball coaches
Saint Joseph's Hawks men's basketball players
Sportspeople from Chester, Pennsylvania
Basketball players from Delaware County, Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20McKinney%20%28basketball%29 |
Arbutus Grove Provincial Park is a 22 hectare provincial park located on Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. It was established on 21 July 1966 to protect a representative strand of Arbutus tree.
The park is located within the larger Mount Arrowsmith Biosphere Region.
See also
Mount Arrowsmith Biosphere Region
References
External links
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Mid Vancouver Island
1966 establishments in British Columbia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbutus%20Grove%20Provincial%20Park |
Christopher Pile, a.k.a. The Black Baron, is a British programmer, born in 1969, living in Plymouth, Devon. He created the computer viruses 'Pathogen' and 'Queeg'. He was also a prolific programmer of the ZX Spectrum and MGT SAM Coupé 8-bit home computers, writing Pro-DOS, a CP/M emulator for the SAM, an implementation of the arcade game Defender, and the Dr Kode assembler for the ZX Spectrum, as well as Dr Scroll VTX5000 modem software.
From the mid to late 1980s Pile was writing Z80 code for the ZX Spectrum. Many of his programs were utilities: they included the Dr Kode editor/assembler, the Ultra208 high-capacity disk formatter for the ZX Spectrum +3 and software to allow any ZX Spectrum equipped with a VTX5000 modem to access the many on-line Bulletin Board systems (BBS) which were popular at the time. Pile also had several utility programs published in Your Sinclair magazine, including graphics routines for fast circle drawing and flood fill. Pile was also a contributor to the game hacking pages within the magazine.
Around 1990 Pile turned his attention to the newly released SAM Coupé home computer and wrote two pieces of software for it: ProDOS (a CP/M implementation) and a faithful clone of the arcade video game Defender.
In 1995, Pile was imprisoned for 18 months after being convicted of writing two PC computer viruses known as SMEG.Pathogen and SMEG.Queeg and the virus polymorphic engine known as SMEG.
The SMEG engine was produced as an object file which non-programmers could download and trivially link into an existing virus which, in turn, would make the resulting virus polymorphic and much harder to detect using anti-virus software. SMEG was also the first polymorphic engine with the ability to generate random CALLs to randomly generated subroutines within its encryptors. This gave the generated polymorphic code a more realistic appearance. SMEG also used exclusively 8086 machine language instructions, which meant it ran cleanly on any 80x86 based PC.
The name "Queeg", SMEG and Pathogen, as well as some of the virus activation messages, are from the British TV show Red Dwarf.
Towards the late 1990s Pile spent some time as a commercial games programmer, working mainly on the Nintendo Game Boy, Sega Game Gear and Master System consoles. In late 1997 Pile programmed a PC emulator for the arcade game Asteroids by Atari.
References
External links
Article from Crypt Magazine on Pile, 1996
A general description of the methods behind a polymorph engine, written by Pile under his Black Baron guise.
Chris Piles' Asteroids emulator for PCs
A page about Chris Pile's software for Z80-based computers
Defender, Chris Piles' Defender Game for the Sam Coupe
1969 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
English computer programmers
British computer criminals
Prisoners and detainees of England and Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Pile%20%28programmer%29 |
Arctic Pacific Lakes Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, protecting a pair of lakes known as Arctic and Pacific Lakes, which as their name indicate are on the divide between the Pacific and Arctic drainages. Inherently, the Continental Divide runs between the two lakes, which lie in a narrow valley amid the rugged mountains of the northwesternmost McGregor Plateau. The pass formed by the lakes was important during early fur trade operations and was one of the main links between New Caledonia and the fur companies' eastern territories beyond the Rockies.
The park is located 90 kilometres northeast of Prince George, British Columbia and is 13,887 ha. in area.
History and conservation
The park was established June 29, 2000.
The parks aims to protect fall and spring grizzly bear populations, and year-round caribou habitat, as well as fish populations including lake trout, bull trout, rainbow trout, kokanee, dolly varden, mountain whitefish, redside shiner, lake trout, chinook salmon, and Arctic grayling. The secondary role of the park is to protect the 1793 route of Alexander Mackenzie through the continental divide.
External links
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Central Interior of British Columbia
Great Divide of North America
2000 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 2000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic%20Pacific%20Lakes%20Provincial%20Park |
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