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John G. Trice (May 12, 1902 – October 8, 1923) was an American college football player who became the first African-American athlete for Iowa State College. Trice died due to injuries suffered during a game against the University of Minnesota on October 6, 1923. He is the namesake for Jack Trice Stadium, Iowa State's football stadium.
Background
Trice was born in Hiram, Ohio, in 1902, the son of a former Buffalo Soldier, Green Trice. As a child, Trice was active in sports and demonstrated outstanding athletic skills. In 1918, Trice's mother sent him to Cleveland to live with an uncle. Trice attended East Technical High School, where he played football. In 1922, Trice followed five of his teammates, as well as his former high school coach, Sam Willaman, to Iowa State College in Ames, Iowa.
While attending Iowa State, Trice participated in track and football (primarily as a tackle). He majored in animal husbandry, with the desire to go to the South after graduation, and use his knowledge to help African-American farmers. In the summer before his freshman year at the age of 19, Trice married Cora Mae Starland, who was only 15. They both found jobs in order to support themselves through school. Trice also was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, and initiated through the Alpha Nu chapter (Drake and Iowa State University).
On October 5, 1923, the night before his second college football game, Trice wrote the following in a letter on stationery at a racially segregated hotel in Minneapolis/St. Paul (the letter was later found in Trice's suit just before his funeral):
The game, Trice's death, and aftermath
On October 6, 1923, Trice and his Iowa State College teammates played against the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis. On the night of the game, Trice got to stay at the same hotel as his teammates who stayed at the Radisson Hotel, but he could not eat with them in the dining room.
During the second play of the game, Trice's collarbone was broken. Trice insisted he was all right and returned to the game. In the third quarter, while attempting to tackle a University of Minnesota ball carrier, Trice ended up on his back after a roll block (a play which is now banned) and was trampled by three Minnesota players. Although he claimed to be fine, Trice was not able to stand and was removed from the game and sent to a Minneapolis hospital. The doctors declared him fit to travel and he returned by train to Ames with his teammates. On October 8, 1923, Trice died from hemorrhaged lungs and internal bleeding as a result of the injuries sustained during the game.
There was a great deal of speculation surrounding the play that resulted in Trice's death. Iowa State teammate Johnny Behm told the Cleveland Plain Dealer in a 1979 interview that "one person told me that nothing out of the ordinary happened. But another who saw it said it was murder."
Iowa State dismissed all classes after 3 p.m. on October 9, 1923, in honor of Trice.
Trice's funeral was held at the Iowa State College's Central Campus in Ames on October 16, 1923, with 4,000 students and faculty members in attendance. His casket was draped in cardinal and gold (Iowa State's school colors) before he was buried. Trice's casket was transported to Hiram, Ohio for burial at Fairview Cemetery.
As a result of his death, Iowa State did not renew its contract to play against Minnesota for 66 years. The teams did not play again until 1989.
Legacy
In 1973, Jack Trice's legacy was renewed and a promotion began to name Iowa State's new stadium after him. In 1974, Iowa State University's student body government voted unanimously to endorse this effort. In addition, the Jack Trice Stadium Committee compiled more than 3,000 signatures from supporters. However, an Iowa State University ad hoc committee voted to advise then-Iowa State University President W. Robert Parks to name the stadium "Cyclone Stadium."
In 1984, the stadium was named Cyclone Stadium and the playing field was named "Jack Trice Field." The ISU student body government, wanting to do more to honor Trice, raised money to erect a statue of Trice in 1987. Due to the persistence of the student body government, students, alumni, faculty and staff, and other supporters (including public figures such as Paul Newman, Hubert Humphrey, and Nikki Giovanni), the football stadium at Iowa State University was finally named Jack Trice Stadium in 1997. Jack Trice Stadium is currently the only Division I FBS stadium or arena to be named after an African-American.
Though the statement is disputed, Jack Trice is believed by some to be the innovator behind the "shovel", "shuffle", shuttle" or "Utah" pass, a short forward pass generally to the running or up back behind the line of scrimmage. According to legend, Trice conceived the concept and presented to coach Sam Willaman. When Willaman attempted the play in a game against Drake later that year, the ball was dropped and the official incorrectly called it a fumble. The play was not used again and disappeared from college football until it was resurrected by Jack Cortice at the University of Utah in 1957.
In 2015, the story of Jack Trice was being shopped around to movie studios with the hopes that a film is made. A successful stage play debuted in 2010.
Trice was one of three Iowa college athletes, each from one of the state's three public four-year universities, to be the subjects of butter sculptures at the 2023 Iowa State Fair. Trice was joined by Caitlin Clark (Iowa basketball) and Kurt Warner (Northern Iowa football).
Throughout 2023 and culminating in a closing ceremony on Central Campus marking the 100th anniversary of his death on October 8, a Commemoration Committee led by Toyia Younger (Senior Vice President for Student Affairs) curated various events to honor his legacy. Programs included exhibitions on campus and at the Iowa State Fair, lectures, grants, the renaming of the street in front of the football stadium that bears his name to Jack Trice Way, dedication of a commemorative sculpture titled Breaking Barriers by artist Ivan Toth Depeña, hosting a Jack Trice Legacy football game on October 7, and finally the presentation of a posthumous degree in animal husbandry accepted by George Trice, a relative of Jack Trice and ISU Graduate.
See also
Johnny Bright incident, a race-related on-field incident involving a player from a different Iowa school
References
Further reading
External links
Iowa State University's Jack Trice Stadium cyclones.com
Iowa State University's Jack Trice Digital Collection digitalcollections.lib.iastate.edu
Jack Trice at www.isualum.org
Jack Trice at aaregistry.org
Jack Trice 100 at jacktrice100.com
1902 births
1923 deaths
Iowa State Cyclones football players
People from Hiram, Ohio
Players of American football from Ohio
African-American players of American football
20th-century African-American sportspeople
Deaths from pulmonary hemorrhage
Sports deaths in Iowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Trice |
David Schickler (born July 30, 1969, in Rochester, New York) is an American screenwriter and author, most recently of the memoir The Dark Path, published by Riverhead Books in September 2013. He is the co-creator and an executive producer of the Cinemax television series Banshee, which premiered in 2013. He is the author of the New York Times bestselling short story collection Kissing in Manhattan (2001) and the nationally bestselling novel Sweet and Vicious (2004). He has written original and adapted scripts for Universal, Lions Gate, Sidney Kimmel and Wildwood Films.
His books have been published in nine countries and his stories have appeared in The New Yorker, Travel + Leisure, and Zoetrope: All-Story, as well as on Selected Shorts. His short story "The Smoker" won an O. Henry Award and was optioned by Paramount Pictures.
Schickler graduated from McQuaid Jesuit High School. He received his undergraduate degree from Georgetown University and Masters from Columbia University. He now lives in Rochester, NY with his wife and children.
Works
Filmography
Television
Creator
Producer
Writer
Bibliography
Kissing in Manhattan (short story collection) (2001)
Sweet and Vicious (novel) (2004)
The Dark Path (memoir) (2013)
References
External links
David Schickler Home
Banshee
David Schickler Interview
Full text of "Fourth Angry Mouse" by David Schickler
'Banshee,’ Cinemax’s Deliciously Over-the-Top Carnival of Sex and Violence, Is Must-See TV
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni
Columbia University alumni
1969 births
Living people
American male short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
21st-century American male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Schickler |
Gniewosz of Dalewice (; died after 1410) of Clan Kościesza was a Polish knight and a courtier of King Władysław Jagiełło and Queen Jadwiga of Poland. A Chamberlain of Kraków, along with Władysław Opolczyk, he was the main partisan of William of Austria (originally betrothed to Jadwiga), and opposed Jadwiga's marriage to Jagiełło. After it eventually happened in 1378, he tried to prevent it from being consummated. However, as soon as Jadwiga turned 12, Jagiełło reached Kraków and the marriage became valid. Gniewosz started an intrigue and spread gossip that, despite the marriage, Jadwiga was having an affair with William. Tried for his words by a Sejm tribunal in Wiślica, Gniewosz was sentenced to barking-off his lies. The penalty, common in medieval Poland, forced Gniewosz to publicly prone himself under the table and announce that what I told about the queen was a dogly lie and bark several times.
Despite the verdict, Gniewosz continued his career at the court even after Jadwiga's death. In 1406 he became the Steward of the Crown, castellan of Sandomierz and a starost of Lwów. In 1410 he commanded the Strzegomia banner during the battle of Grunwald.
References
Polish knights
Polish nobility | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gniewosz%20of%20Dalewice |
Mesaieed (, also transliterated as Musay'id and Umm Sa'id) is an industrial city in Al Wakrah Municipality in the State of Qatar, approximately south of Doha. It was one of the most important cities in Qatar during the 20th century, having gained in recognition as a prime industrial zone and tanking center for petroleum received from Dukhan.
Both Mesaieed and its industrial area are administered by a subdivision of QatarEnergy called "Mesaieed Industry City Management", which was established in 1996.
Etymology
According to The Centre for Geographic Information Systems of Qatar, the city derives its name from a plant known locally as "sead" which previously grew in bountiful quantities in the area.
History
Mesaieed was established in 1949 as a tanker terminal by QatarEnergy on a previously uninhabited site along the coast. It was chosen by the company because of its proximity to the working population in Doha and Al Wakrah and because of the depth of its waters. It was the only deepwater port in Qatar for more than 20 years.
Administration
It was administered wholly by QatarEnergy at the time of its inception. After QatarEnergy transferred its headquarters from Dukhan to Mesaieed in 1956, they undertook substantial development on workers' camps and facilities. The government had agreed to the company's request to allow it full jurisdiction over the area, and additionally, until the 1960s, the government had prioritized the development of Doha rather than its oil and natural gas industry. The rapid growth of oil and natural gas revenues in the 1960s and the accession of Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani in 1972 resulted in the government assuming a portion of control over the area.
In 1997, Mesaieed Municipality was formed from the areas of Mesaieed Industrial Area, Mesaieed and Shagra. It was dissolved in 2006 and reincorporated in the municipality of Al Wakrah.
When free elections of the Central Municipal Council first took place in Qatar during 1999, Mesaieed was designated the constituency seat of constituency no. 11. It would remain constituency seat in the next three consecutive elections until the fifth municipal elections in 2015 when it was merged into constituency no. 20. In the inaugural municipal elections in 1999, Mohammed Hamad Al Shawi Al Marri won the elections, receiving 48.8%, or 60, of the votes. Runner-up that year was Saud Al Awad Al Dosari, who was trailing with 41.5%, or 51, of the votes. Mansour Salem Al-Hajri was elected in the 2002 elections. For the third municipal elections in 2007, Saeed Ali Al-Marri was elected constituency representative. Al-Marri successfully retained his seat in the 2011 elections.
Geography
Mesaieed is located on the southeast coast, approximately south of Qatar's capital, Doha. It is a part of the Al Wakrah Municipality. Other distances include Al Wakrah – 21 km away, Umm Salal Ali – 63 km away, Madinat ash Shamal – 143 km away, Al Khor – 93 km away, and Dukhan – 74.6 km away.
The eastern section is situated over a low, rocky promontory which is enclosed by sabkhas on the coast. The sabkha region is long and between and wide. The southern portion of Mesaieed is characterized by sand dunes. To the northeast of the coast, where the residential section is located, there are sandy hillocks which lie 9 m above sea level. Roughly 262 hectares of mangroves are found around Mesaieed's coastline.
The residual soils are overlain with aeolian deposits. It lies on limestone bedrock, which is found at depths 0.25 m to 8 m above sea level. The industrial area's strategic location and the high water table helps ensure that Mesaieed's groundwater remains unpolluted.
In a 2010 survey of Mesaieed's coastal waters conducted by the Qatar Statistics Authority, it was found that its maximum depth was and minimum depth was . Furthermore, the waters had an average pH of 7.87, a salinity of 52.47 psu, an average temperature of 22.91°C and 5.47 mg/L of dissolved oxygen.
Climate
According to the Qatar Meteorology Department, until February 2017, Mesaieed held the record for the lowest recorded temperature in Qatar, measuring in at 3.8 degrees Celsius in January 1964. This record was broken when 1.5 degrees Celsius was documented in Abu Samra in February 2017.
The following is climate data for Mesaieed obtained from the Qatar Statistics Authority.
Industrial area
Mesaieed is an industrial city and is managed by Mesaieed Industrial City, a subsidiary of QatarEnergy. All the industry concentrated in the city constitutes the core of Qatar's industry.
The industrial area accommodates the main plants of the following companies:
Developments
As part of the Qatari government's National Vision 2030, a $7.4 bn project was launched in 2010 to construct a major port strategically located near Mesaieed Industrial Area's port. The port, named Hamad Port, became operational in December 2016 and covers an area of .
Tourism
Tourism is confined to Mesaieed's desert areas, primarily to the immediate southeast of the city. Beach resorts on Mesaieed's coast are considered to be among the most important tourist areas in the country. The main tourist resort is Sealine Beach Resort, which has a hotel, villas and water sports facilities.
The sand dunes on the eastern coast are known as 'singing sands' because of the sounds they produce.
In 2012, Barwa Group launched a construction project in the southern zone of Mesaieed to establish a large tourist resort over an area of .
Al Afjah Heritage Village is a cultural attraction located on the western boundaries of Mesaieed.
Telecommunications
The Mesaieed central switchboard was completed in 1978 with a capacity of 3,000 lines. According to government statistics, the total number of telephones installed in 1980 was 405. Qatar National Telephone Services carried out substantial development on the telephone system the next year, resulting in a nearly two-fold increase to 808 telephones.
Transport
The first roads in Mesaieed were constructed in the late 1940s by Qatar Petroleum (today Qatar Energy). They were paved in 1955. The roads fell into disrepair in the 1960s, and in 1968 the government assumed responsibility for developing the road system from Mesaieed to Al Wakrah. In 1977, a road system scheme was designed by William L. Perreira & Associates and work was commenced the same year by the Public Works Authority.
There is a cheap public bus service from Mesaieed to Al Ghanim Bus Station in Doha within every 30 minutes.
Currently, the elevated Mesaieed Metro Station is under construction, having been launched during Phase 2B. Once completed, it will be part of Doha Metro's Red Line South.
Infrastructure
Mesaieed opened its first government health clinic in late 1975.
The Mesaieed Master Plan was devised in 2006 and its contents guide the city's development over a 25-year period from 2006 until 2030. It outlines the distribution of land for public and private infrastructure, such as power, petrochemical industries, non-petrochemical industries, residential units, green belts, shipping and waste disposal.
There are five banks active in Mesaieed: Qatar Islamic Bank (QIB), Doha Bank, Qatar National Bank (QNB), Commercial Bank Qatar (CBQ) and The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corp (HSBC). HSBC is located inside a state-of-the-art post office (the second largest in Qatar). The QNB branch, established in 1974, was one of the bank's first branches inaugurated outside the confines of Doha.
Adjacent to the shopping centre is a large souq or market known as Souq Mesaieed. The souq comprises both residential units and commercial spaces and occupies an area of 45,576 m2. As of 2021 there are over 100 businesses located in the souq, ranging from salons and laundry services to restaurant and cafes. Also included within the souq are 70 units of commercial offices.
Sports
Mesaieed Endurance Track, located in the desert, played host to the endurance riding competition in the 2006 Asian Games. The track was also host to the 2013 CHI Al Shaqab endurance races.
There is a sports complex in Mesaieed which hosts national sports tournaments organized by QatarEnergy.
Mesaieed Hockey Club
The MHC was established in Oct 2011 by players from various companies. Since then, the club has taken part in various tournaments organized by the Qatar Hockey Federation (QHF). The club joined the Qatar Hockey League in the 2013 season.
Al Banush Club
Owned by QAFCO, Al Banush Club is used primarily by high-ranking staff members of QAFCO. It is the most sizable club in Mesaieed and hosts many recreational facilities such as a main hall, a football ground, tennis and basketball courts, a swimming pool and restaurants. The annual QAFCO flower and vegetable show is held on its football ground. A cricket field is located near the club.
QAPCO Club
It is owned by QAPCO. Inaugurated in 2013, it is one of the largest clubs in the city. Its facilities include a football field, basketball, tennis, badminton and table tennis facilities, a swimming pool and a bowling arena.
QP Golf Club
QP Golf Club is owned by QatarEnergy and was founded in 1951. It accommodates one of the only two golf courses in Qatar, and a swimming pool. The golf course is the oldest in Qatar, dating back to at least 1955. It underwent expansion in 1959.
Education
The following schools are located in Mesaieed:
Demographics
The first time an official government census was conducted was in 1986. According to population estimates, the population in 1953 was no more than 500. This increased to over 2,500 in 1960, after QatarEnergy had shifted their headquarters from Dukhan to Mesaieed. Thereafter, the company took initiatives to decrease the population of the city and industrial area, resulting in a population of around 2,000 in 1976. In 1982, the population increased to approximately 5,800 people, of whom 4,900 were employed in industrial services.
Registered live births
The following table is a breakdown of registered live births by nationality and sex for Mesaieed. Places of birth are based on the home municipality of the mother at birth.
References
External links
Qatar Fuel Additives Co. (QAFAC)
Cities in Qatar
Populated places in Al Wakrah
Populated coastal places in Qatar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesaieed |
Lynne Slater (also Hobbs) is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Elaine Lordan. The character appears between 18 September 2000 and 2 July 2004. Lynne is a fierce judge of right and wrong, although she is not always able to practise what she preaches. She has a turbulent relationship with husband Garry Hobbs (Ricky Groves), but despite her complaints about him, it ends up being Lynne's adultery that puts their relationship in jeopardy long before Garry strays.
Storylines
Lynne is the eldest of the Slater sisters and she arrives in Albert Square in 2000 with her family: father Charlie (Derek Martin), sisters Kat (Jessie Wallace), Little Mo (Kacey Ainsworth) and Zoe (Michelle Ryan), and grandmother Big Mo (Laila Morse). Unlike Little Mo and Zoe, Lynne is aware that Zoe is in fact Kat's daughter and helps keep the family secret for seventeen years until Kat reveals the truth to Zoe.
Lynne is in a relationship with hapless mechanic, Garry Hobbs (Ricky Groves) and spends much of her time despairing over Garry's inability to fully commit to their relationship. All Lynne really wants is to marry Garry, settle down and raise a family but while Garry loves Lynne, he is reluctant to lose his "bachelor status" and he spends much of his time dodging Lynne's 'hints' about marriage. However, Lynne (and the rest of the Slaters) wear Garry down and the two eventually get engaged. Lynne works in Ian Beale's (Adam Woodyatt) café and often clashes with co-worker, Janine Butcher (Charlie Brooks), who regularly slacks off work and flirts with Garry to irritate her. This culminates in Lynne eventually getting Janine fired and the two become enemies thereafter.
In 2001, Lynne becomes friends with womanising club owner Beppe di Marco (Michael Greco) and she often babysits his son, Joe (Jake Kyprianou). Lynne and Beppe soon become attracted to each other and have sex on the eve of Lynne's wedding to Garry. Beppe feels Garry does not deserve Lynne and tries to stop Lynne marrying him by turning up at the registry office and starting a fight with Garry. Lynne is tempted but goes through with the wedding. Beppe sends Steve Owen (Martin Kemp) to give her a note, but Steve throws it away. The marriage does not go smoothly, however, and in 2002 Lynne strays again, this time with ex-lover Jason James (Joseph Millson). Jason is Lynne's ex-fiancé, who jilted her on their wedding day and fled to Dubai. After a chance meeting, the two rekindle their relationship as Jason wants to reconcile and almost persuades her to leave Garry and move away with him. However, at the last minute, Lynne changes her mind and chooses to stay with her family instead of following her heart. Garry forgives Lynne as he is desperate to hang onto her but the trust has gone from their relationship.
In 2003, another affair jeopardises Lynne's marriage, but this time it is Garry who strays. Garry has drunken sex with Laura Beale (Hannah Waterman) and she gets pregnant. Laura's husband, Ian, reveals to her that he has had a vasectomy so the baby cannot be his and throws her out so she turns to Garry for support, thinking he is her baby's father. Lynne has been trying for a baby and struggles to forgive Garry for having a baby with another woman, throwing him out so he moves in with Laura to support her during her pregnancy. Lynne finally comes round and forgives Garry after she gets angry when he has sex with her estranged sister, Belinda (Leanne Lakey).
Lynne and Garry reconcile and in 2004, Lynne becomes pregnant and a scan confirms that she is expecting a girl, and they plan to name her Vivienne after Lynne's late mother, Viv (April Martin). However, disaster strikes when a fairground ride collapses in Albert Square and Lynne is trapped under the debris. She survives but suffers severe abdominal pain and Garry is told that Lynne needs an emergency caesarean to save her and the baby. Terrified of losing Lynne and their daughter, Garry agrees but only Lynne survives. The baby is stillborn but Lynne also needed an emergency hysterectomy which means she cannot have any more children. When Lynne is told the tragic news, she is devastated and blames Garry for consenting to surgery and cannot even bring herself to look at him. On the day of Vivienne's funeral, Lynne decides that her marriage to Garry is over, feeling that life for her in Walford is simply a reminder of what she has lost. She leaves that day to go and stay with her aunt, Jean Harris, and her departure leaves Garry a broken man. Lynne's last appearance is in July 2004. Four months later, Lynne’s teenage cousin, Stacey (Lacey Turner) moves to Walford in Lynne’s absence and embarrasses Garry by kissing him on the lips just as Lynne’s father, Charlie, walks in on them.
Lynne and Garry later divorce and in 2007, the Slaters hear that Lynne is happily engaged. In January 2011, Charlie leaves Walford to live with Lynne. In January 2016, Lynne attends Charlie's funeral off-screen. On the Christmas Day episode of 2018, Lynne (portrayed by Isabelle Jones) makes a brief reappearance during a dream sequence in a flashback to Kat's childhood.
Creation and development
In 2000, EastEnders executive producer John Yorke decided to introduce the "classic" Slater family. He felt the show needed to go back to its roots and bring back some traditional values. BBC's head of drama, Mal Young commented, "We do not have enough solid families in the soap, there were a lot of fractured families and people who were alone." The family were created as a replacement for the di Marco family, who were axed by Yorke. The family consisted of, grandmother Mo Harris (Laila Morse), father Charlie (Derek Martin), his four children, Lynne (Elaine Lordan), Kat (Jessie Wallace), Little Mo (Kacey Ainsworth), Zoe (Michelle Ryan), as well as Lynne's boyfriend Garry Hobbs (Ricky Groves). It later transpired that Kat was the mother of Zoe, after being raped by her uncle Harry Slater (Michael Elphick).
Lordan was cast in the role of Lynne after the character was developed at an improvisation session for thirty actors and actresses earlier in the year. The character was described as "feisty", "a loud mouth" and "no nonsense".
On 15 December 2003, it was announced that Lynne would be departing the following year. The decision was a mutual decision between Lordan and show producers and Lynne departed in July 2004.
Reception
In 2020, Sara Wallis and Ian Hyland from The Daily Mirror placed Lynne 86th on their ranked list of the best EastEnders characters of all time and commented on how her tragedy at "the Great Fairground Disaster of 2004".
In popular culture
The character of Lynne Hobbs has been spoofed in the cartoon sketch show 2DTV.
Also, impressionist Alistair McGowan has impersonated Lynne working in the cafe, in his comedy show, The Big Impression.
References
External links
EastEnders characters
Television characters introduced in 2000
British female characters in television
Fictional waiting staff
Slater family (EastEnders) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynne%20Hobbs |
Toshihide Wakamatsu (若松俊秀, born December 6, 1965) is a Japanese actor born in Miyakonojo, Miyazaki, Japan.
Profile
He originally came to Tokyo to be a painter, but soon became interested acting in movies and plays.
After graduating from Tokai University in 1988, he started acting.
His acting debut was in May 1990, in the play "Champion", at the Aoyama Round Theater.
His television debut was in "Vision of Family"(Mainichi Broadcast) as Tetsuo Kuramoto.
Best known for his role as Gai Yūki/Black Condor in Choujin Sentai Jetman (February 1991-February 1992). He also performed the Jetman song "Condor of Flame" (炎のコンドル), His Character of Gai's image song. In addition to being a singer, he is also a composer. He reprised his role (albeit only as a ghost, as his character was confirmed to be dead) in episode 28 of the 35th Super Sentai series Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger.
His hobbies are surfing, painting and horseback riding.
Appearance Works
Movies
8 Man, For the all lonely nights (1992) - Detective Yokota
Kunoichi ninpô-chô IV: Chûshingura hishô (1994)
Kunoichi ninpô-chô: Yagyû gaiden (1998)
After the Rain (1999)
TV Dramas
Vision of Family (Tetsuo Kuramoto)
Choujin Sentai Jetman (1991-1992) - Gai Yuki / Black Condor
Special Rescue Exceedraft (1992) - Koji Natori
Homura Tatsu (1993, NHK) - Masatou Abe
Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger (2011) - Gai Yuki / Black Condor
Again from the Heaven - Goro Yamaguchi
Kurenawi - Koji Nishimoto
Stages
H～i!Jack!! -Hi, Mr. Jack!! - captain
External links
Official Website created by person in question(Almost in Japanese)
1965 births
Living people
Japanese male actors
Tokai University alumni
People from Miyazaki Prefecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshihide%20Wakamatsu |
The E18 error is an error message on Canon digital cameras. The E18 error occurs when anything prevents the zoom lens from properly extending or retracting. The error has become notorious in the Canon user community as it can completely disable the camera, requiring expensive repairs.
ConsumerAffairs.com reports that the "lens has a feature called bellows claw, which is a gear that physically extends and retracts the lens. A piece that holds the lens, the barrier plate, is not large enough and can sometimes cause the bellows claw to malfunction, resulting in a stuck lens". The result is a black screen that only contains the error message, E18. Another problem mentioned on the site blames a sticky iris in the lens, caused by grease entering inside from the microphones built into the lens. The buildup freezes up the ability of the lens to open.
Although the use of the E18 error coding made this problem seem to be the particular domain of Canon cameras, the problem is actually quite common throughout all cameras with telescopic lens barrels. As a result, Canon has since dropped the use of this error code in its newer cameras. In its place it has adopted the more common term "lens error" that other manufacturers use. As such, its newer cameras report this term when the problem occurs.
Causes
According to Canon, one may get an E18 due to any of the following:
Camera activating and lens opening while in a confined space or being blocked
Extracted lens getting jarred
Low battery condition as the unit is turned on or off
Dropping of the camera
Foreign substances, such as dust, sand or dirt entering into the camera body.
General jarring of the camera
"General camera malfunction"
One major contributor to E18 lens errors is the improper use of camera cases, or the carrying of cameras in pockets. An inadvertent activation of the camera while in the case or pocket may cause the lens to extend with the lens restricted in its movement, causing the error. Another cause is that sand, dust, and dirt will accumulate in the bottom of the case if it is not cleaned regularly (and lint for pockets). These materials readily cling to the camera by electrostatic build-up from the camera rubbing against the side of the case, especially for those cases with soft fibrous interiors. The lens error will occur once these materials work their way into the lens mechanism. Another major contributor is sand in general. Extra care should be utilized when taking a camera to the beach. Sand can cling to the lens barrel, again by electrostatic attraction. This may jam the lens mechanism when it tries to close. When at the beach, always inspect the lens barrel prior to closing to ensure that no sand particles are clinging to it (a single grain can jam the camera).
Repairing the E18 error
Two different types of problems are reported:
The camera can take a couple of shots (clear and in focus), then stops working. Removing the batteries and replacing may produce 2–3 extra shots.
Canon's instructions (by phone) are to 'remove the batteries, rotate the on button and hold for 5 seconds, and then replace the battery'. The few lucky pictures are clear and in focus.
A better solution (not provided by Canon) is to connect the camera to the TV or a computer. This may completely solve the problem. If not, it may at least allow an extra 10–15 shots. There are several forums on the net that mention that connecting the camera to the TV completely resolved the E18 error.
A camera lens is out-of-focus. Some users have been able to manipulate the lens back into place (see reference links below). To fix the problem, it is often necessary that the camera and optical assembly is disassembled, realigned and reassembled. A non-warranty repair at an authorized service center reportedly costs between US $79 to $250.
There are a number of online guides to repairing E18 errors oneself, from simple guides on tapping the lens back into place to complete disassembly/realignment/reassembly instructions.
Many of these fixes are presented in the below listed "External Links", and may also be found on search engines when the more common term "lens error" is utilized for the search.
Class action
A Chicago law firm, Horwitz, Horwitz & Associates, filed a class action lawsuit in 2005. The law firm Girard Gibbs & De Bartolomeo LLP is investigating this camera error and may file a class-action lawsuit against Canon. A lawsuit was filed and dismissed in 2006, but the plaintiffs planned to appeal.
References
Digital Camera Disasters: Will Yours Get Fixed? One widespread camera problem gets out-of-warranty repairs, another gets a lawsuit. (Grace Aquino, PC World, Tuesday 21 February 2006)
Repair guide
IXUS 40 aka SD300 Repair Guide
E18 quick fix (CNet Digital cameras forum)
Investigation by Girard Gibbs & De Bartolomeo LLP (currently accepting users to help with the investigation)
External links
E18 error experiences log – list of cameras affected by this error along with anecdotes
Photographed solution for the E18 problem
E18 lens error repair techniques that do not involve opening of the camera. Extensive reader database of additional tips for this problem.
The only fix that worked for me
An entire website dedicated to the E18 error (Canon lens error)
Chicago law firms
An eBay seller that fix Canon S2, S3, S5 and other SX models with lens error
Fix Errors, Problems, Mistakes
Canon PowerShot cameras
Canon digital cameras
Computer errors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E18%20error |
Franz Rellich (September 14, 1906 – September 25, 1955) was an Austrian-German mathematician. He made important contributions in mathematical physics, in particular for the foundations of quantum mechanics and for the theory of partial differential equations. The Rellich–Kondrachov theorem is named after him.
Biography
Rellich was born in Tramin, then in the County of Tyrol. He studied from 1924 to 1929 at the universities of Graz and Göttingen and received his doctor's degree in 1929 under Richard Courant at Georg August University of Göttingen with the thesis about "Verallgemeinerung der Riemannschen Integrationsmethode auf Differentialgleichungen n-ter Ordnung in zwei Veränderlichen" ("Generalization of Riemann's integration method on differential equations of n-th order in two variables").
When in 1933 the great mathematical-physical tradition in Göttingen terminated with the Machtergreifung of the Nazis, Rellich, having taken an active position against Nazism, was among those forced to leave.
In 1934 he became Privatdozent'' in Marburg, in 1942 professor in Dresden, and in 1946 director of the Mathematical Institute in Göttingen, being instrumental in its reconstruction. Erhard Heinz, Konrad Jörgens, and Jürgen Moser were among of his doctoral students.
His sister Camilla Juliana Anna was the wife of mathematician Bartel Leendert van der Waerden. Rellich died in Göttingen.
Contributions
Among Rellich's most important mathematical contributions are his work in the perturbation theory of linear operators on
Hilbert spaces: he studied the dependence of the spectral family of a self-adjoint operator on the parameter .
Although the origins and applications of the problem are in quantum mechanics, Rellich's approach was completely abstract.
Rellich successfully worked on many partial differential equations with degeneracies.
For instance, he showed that in the elliptic case, the Monge-Ampère differential equation, while not necessarily uniquely soluble, can have at most two solutions.
Particularly relevant to physics was Rellich's mathematical clarification of the outgoing Sommerfeld conditions.
Sources
Biographical notes by Göttingen University (in German)
S. Gottwald, H.-J. Ilgauds, K.-H. Schlote (Hrsg.): Lexikon bedeutender Mathematiker. Verlag Harri Thun, Frankfurt a. M. 1990
External links
1906 births
1955 deaths
20th-century Austrian mathematicians
University of Göttingen alumni
Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
Mathematical physicists
Mathematicians from Austria-Hungary
People from Tramin an der Weinstraße
Austrian emigrants to Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%20Rellich |
The East of England Regiment (EER) was the infantry unit of the Territorial Army of the East Midlands and East Anglia from 1 July 1999 to 1 April 2006. Upon the re-organisation of the infantry in 2006, the regiment became 3rd Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment.
History
This regiment was formed on 1 July 1999 from the 6th and 7th (Volunteer) Battalions of the Royal Anglian Regiment and the 3rd (Volunteer) Battalion of the Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment.
The regiment was composed of a headquarters company and 4 rifle companies, continuing to wear the badges of the regular regiments to which they were affiliated: Upon the creation, the regimental structure was as follows:
HQ (Suffolk) Company, at Blenheim Camp, Bury St Edmunds(from HQ Company, 6th Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment)
A (Norfolk and Suffolk) Company, at Norwich and Lowestoft(from A Company, 6th Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment)
B (Lincolnshire) Company, at Lincoln and Grimsby(from A Company, 7th Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment)
C (Leicestershire and Northamptonshire) Company, at Leicester and Northampton(from HQ and C Companies, 7th Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment)
D (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire (Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment)) Company, at Mansfield and Derby(from A and C Companies, 3rd Battalion, Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment)
E (Essex and Hertfordshire) Company, at Chelmsford and Hertford(from C Company, 6th Battalion; and B Company, 7th Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment)
During its short existence, the regiment formed up a composite platoon and two composite companies to deploy to Iraq.
3rd Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment
The East of England Regiment (excluding D Company which went to the Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment) was re-designated as the 3rd Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment on 1 April 2006 as part of a larger reorganisation of British Army regiments. The battalion now serves as the reserve infantry battalion for Suffolk, Norfolk, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Northamptonshire, Bedfordshire, Rutland, and Hertfordshire. With sub-units dispersed throughout its recruiting area.
References
Infantry regiments of the British Army
Military units and formations established in 1999
Royal Anglian Regiment
1999 establishments in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20of%20England%20Regiment |
Dean Crawford (born February 28, 1958, in Victoria, British Columbia) is a Canadian rower. He began rowing in 1978 and won a gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in the men's eight event.
References
Canadian Olympic Committee
1958 births
Living people
Olympic rowers for Canada
Canadian male rowers
Rowers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Rowers from Victoria, British Columbia
Olympic medalists in rowing
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
20th-century Canadian people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean%20Crawford |
is a brand of vinyl doll created by the Japanese company Volks in 1997. It is a highly poseable hybrid of fashion doll and action figure. A Dollfie doll is about the size of a Barbie doll, 1/6 or playscale, though there are variants in different heights ranging from . Dollfie dolls generally come blank, with unpainted heads intended for the user to customize themselves. Dollfie dolls feature a larger range of motion and more points of articulation than a typical Western fashion doll, due to their target audience of adult collectors rather than children.
Sometimes included with Dollfie dolls were customization tools such as pre-rooted hair and stick-on eye decals. Later, complete dolls were released. There are various body types, male and female, with several forms and skin tones for both as well as a line of child-sized dolls. The company also produces tools and materials to customize and maintain dolls.
Dollfie Dream
Dollfie Dream is a line of 60 centimetre soft-bodied vinyl dolls produced by Volks, similar to the smaller Dollfie dolls. Models released include both Volks original characters and licensed characters from popular media. A wide variety of parts are also available for purchase directly from Volks, up to and including pre-assembled bodies and heads. Six different Dollfie Dream body types have been released:
The original Dollfie Dream body, referred to as simply Dollfie Dream, is a stylized adult female body. The body has gone through three revisions since its first release. The first Dollfie Dream Body which was called DD Basic body was strung with elastic string. The body pieces were 'hard soft vinyl' with the hands and bust being 'flexible soft vinyl'. The second and third versions, as well as all subsequent models released, are soft vinyl dolls with a hard plastic internal skeleton that enables articulation.
Mini Dollfie Dream is a short, childlike model that stands at about 43 centimetres, similar in concept to Mini Super Dollfie.
Dollfie Dream Pretty is the most recently released Dollfie Dream model, more mature in proportion than the Mini Dollfie Dream body, but less so than the Dollfie Dream or Dollfie Dream Sister. Its proportions are intended to be similar to that of a pre-teen or young teen girl.
Dollfie Dream Sister features a slightly smaller, shorter, and less mature frame than the Dollfie Dream.
Dollfie Dream Dynamite features a more curvy build than the Dollfie Dream, with wider hips and a larger bust.
In 2016, Volks released their first two male Dollfie Dream dolls, modeled after the Vocaloid mascot Len Kagamine and the character Kirito from Sword Art Online. The body type shared by all male Dollfie Dream dolls is referred to by Volks as the Dollfie Dream Boy body. This model has yet to see a wide release, and is only available as limited character models or at Volks's Doll Point stores.
See also
Asian fashion doll
References
External links
Volks Japan Dollfie section
Volks USA Dollfie section
Volks Japan Dollfie Dream Concept
Doll brands
Fashion dolls
Playscale figures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollfie |
General elections were held in South Africa on 6 May 1987. The State of Emergency cast a cloud over the elections, which were again won by the National Party (NP) under the leadership of P. W. Botha, although for the first time it faced serious opposition from the right of the South African political spectrum. The election resulted in the creation of the Second Botha Cabinet, which held power until 1989.
The right-wing opposition came in the form of the Conservative Party (CP), which opposed even the limited powersharing with Indian and Coloured South Africans that had been implemented by the NP as part of a package of constitutional reforms in 1984. The CP was led by a former chairman of the Broederbond and NP cabinet minister, Andries Treurnicht, infamously known as Minister of Education under the Soweto riots. Following the election, in which the CP extended its 17 splinter MPs to win 22 seats, it replaced the Progressive Federal Party (PFP) as the official opposition in the House of Assembly.
The election year also saw important political developments to the left of the NP. During 1987 Denis Worrall resigned as the South African ambassador in London to return to politics. Together with Wynand Malan (who had resigned from the NP) and Esther Lategan he formed the Independent Movement to fight the general election. Only Malan won a seat and the partnership consequently disintegrated. Denis Worrall and others subsequently went on to form the Independent Party (IP), while Esther Lategan and others formed the National Democratic Movement.
Partially as a result of the split in the votes to the liberal anti-NP parties, the PFP lost seven of its parliamentary seats as well as its role of official opposition. The New Republic Party (NRP), formerly the United Party continued its disintegration and lost four of its five seats.
Results
Of the 12 appointed and indirectly elected seats, ten were taken by the National Party and one each by the Conservative Party and Progressive Federal Party.
Reactions
Anglican Archbishop and Nobel Peace Prize winner Desmond Tutu noted after the election, "We have entered the dark ages of the history of our country".
Donald Simpson, writing in the South African newspaper, The Star, went as far as to predict that the National Party would lose the next election and that the Conservative Party would become the new government of South Africa.
References
General elections in South Africa
South Africa
General
Events associated with apartheid
South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%20South%20African%20general%20election |
Triple Eight Racing (888 Racing) was a motorsports team formed in 1996 as Triple Eight Race Engineering, which competed in the British Touring Car Championship and the British GT Championship.
The team's original focus was to design, build and race Vauxhalls on behalf of the General Motors brand in the British Touring Car Championship (BTCC). A close working alliance developed during a decade of success and Triple Eight became Vauxhall's technical partner for motorsport. In 2009, Vauxhall Motors ended its support for the BTCC, however the team continued to compete using Vauxhalls until the end of the 2011 season. From the 2012 season, Triple Eight began to build and race MG6 GT cars on behalf of MG, in a revival of the marque in the BTCC. The following year, the team entered the British GT Championship, running a pair of BMW Z4 GT3s.
Prior to the start of the 2015 season, the team rebranded itself as Triple Eight Racing across all its motorsport programs, introducing a new team name and logo.
British Touring Car Championship
Vauxhall manufacturer entry (1997–2009)
Vauxhall Vectra (1997–2000)
Triple Eight was founded by Derek Warwick, Roland Dane and Ian Harrison in late 1996. The team made its BTCC debut in 1997 by running the works Vauxhall team left by RML and providing Vectras for 2 time Vauxhall champion John Cleland and team owner Derek Warwick. The season was not successful with the Vectra uncompetitive because of aerodynamics which had been holomogated for the Vectra model across all Supertouring championships in 1996 and was primarily set up for the faster French, German and Italian tracks; where the Opel Vectra was much more competitive.
John Cleland and Derek Warwick finished 12th and 14th in the championship with their best race results being a 5th. Triple Eight finished 8th in the teams' and manufacturers' (as Vauxhall) championships.
1998 would be a much more competitive season, Triple Eight changed the aerodynamic package and the Vauxhall Vectra became a much more competitive car, after the FIA Touring Car Bureau agreed that Vauxhall could homologate a differing aerodynamic package to Opel's. Triple Eight's first BTCC win came at round 5 at Donington Park after John Cleland achieved a great start and never lost the lead. This would also be John Cleland's first victory since his championship year in 1995, and Vauxhall's first since James Thompson at Snetterton 1996. John Cleland would win again at Donington Park at round 12 in one of the best BTCC races ever witnessed. Derek Warwick would also take his first BTCC victory at Knockhill. While the season was successful, it was not smooth. John Cleland suffered a crash at Snetterton with reigning champion Alain Menu causing cracked ribs and heavy bruising causing him to miss the next round at Thruxton. His place was taken by Brazilian driver Flavio Figueiredo. John Cleland and Derek Warwick finished 8th and 9th in the championship. Triple Eight finished 5th in the teams' and manufacturers' award.
1999 saw Derek Warwick retire from full-time racing and to focus on running the team. His place was taken by Frenchmen Yvan Muller moving from Audi. The Vectra went through some changes as well for the season. Ludo Lacroix joined the team in 1999. The season only saw one win from Vauxhall by Yvan Muller at Brands Hatch round 7. Yvan Muller finished an eventual 6th in the championship, however John Cleland had a much harder season finishing 13th and announcing his retirement after 11 successful seasons with Vauxhall including 2 championships in 1989 (Vauxhall Astra) and 1995 (Vauxhall Cavalier). 2000 saw the final year of the Supertouring era and many of the manufacturers depart the BTCC (these included Renault (Williams) – 1997 champions, Volvo (TWR) – 1998 champions and Nissan (RML Group) 1999 champions) leaving Ford (Prodrive), Honda (WSR) and Vauxhall (Triple Eight). Every team increased to three cars. Triple Eight had Yvan Muller, Jason Plato (departing Renault) and Vincent Radermecker (departing Volvo) Ford were the dominant manufacturer throughout the season with all three Fords finishing 1–2–3 in the drivers' championship (Alain Menu – Anthony Reid – Rickard Rydell) with Yvan Muller and Jason Plato finishing 4th and 5th with Vincent Radermecker finishing 10th. Triple Eight finished 2nd and 3rd in the teams and manufacturers award.
Triple Eight competed twice in the Bathurst 1000 in Australia. In 1997, two Vectras were entered for John Cleland/James Thompson and Derek Warwick/Peter Brock, while in 1998, Cleland and Warwick shared a car with Russell Ingall and Greg Murphy driving the second car.
Vauxhall Astra Coupé (2001–04)
2001 saw the arrival of the new touring car regulation. This system was designed to make the cars much less expensive to build and run. Vauxhall replaced the Vectra with the Astra Coupe for 2001 and would so until 2004. Yvan Muller and Jason Plato retained their seats at Vauxhall and were the class of the field. The title came down between Yvan Muller and Jason Plato in the final race. After an early spin by Plato, Yvan Muller looked comfortable to take the title, until two excursions at Clearways caused an oil leak and fire for Yvan Muller leaving Plato champion. Triple Eight finished 1st in the teams and manufacturers award. 2002 saw the departure of Jason Plato from the BTCC to race in the British ASCAR stock car championship. Yvan Muller retained his seat at Vauxhall and was more determined to take the title. Plato's seat at Vauxhall was filled by James Thompson moving up from egg:sport. The season saw the Astra Coupe again the car to beat against rivals MG, Honda, Peugeot and Proton, however the Astra suffered reliability issues throughout the season. Despite this, Yvan Muller and James Thompson and for much of the season Matt Neal (egg:sport) fought for the championship. In the end James Thompson won the championship from Yvan Muller and Matt Neal. Triple Eight again finished 1st in the teams and manufacturers award.
2003 saw Vauxhall increase to three cars with James Thompson, Yvan Muller and Paul O'Neill moving up from egg:sport. Vauxhall also changed the team name to VX Racing standing for the new Vauxhall tuning company VXR.
The season saw the Astra challenged by Honda and MG throughout the year, however Yvan Muller and James Thompson again challenged each other for the title. In the end Yvan Muller secured the title. Triple Eight again won the teams and manufacturers award. 2004 would be the final season for the Astra Coupe. Yvan Muller and James Thompson were joined by 2003 Production class champion Luke Hines. The Astra Coupe faced a huge challenge against Honda, MG and newcomers Seat who had Jason Plato returning to the championship. Despite the Astra Coupe at times during the season not the quickest car its consistency allowed Yvan Muller and James Thompson for the third year in a row fight for the title. In the end James Thompson won the title by one point from Yvan Muller. The Astra Coupe would be known as the most successful car to race in the BTCC. For the fourth year in a row Triple Eight won the teams and manufacturers award.
egg:sport (2001–02)
For 2001 Triple Eight ran a second team to run alongside the Vauxhall Motorsport known as egg:sport using the Astra Coupe. 2001 saw egg:sport run two cars for James Thompson and newcomer Phil Bennett. James Thompson won four races while Phil Bennett won three races. Andy Priaulx raced at Oulton Park for egg:sport replacing Phil Bennett after an altercation with Steve Soper caused him to be given a round ban. James Thompson and Phil Bennett finished 3rd and 4th in the championship. egg:sport finished 2nd in the teams award and 1st along with Vauxhall Motorsport in the manufacturers award as Vauxhall.
2002 saw a new driver lineup for the season. Matt Neal returned to the BTCC after a year in the ETCC. His teammate would be Paul O'Neill who moved up from the Production Class. Matt Neal and Paul O'Neill showed promise throughout the season with Matt Neal a challenger for the title for much of the season by winning three races and Paul O'Neill winning his first race and on the pace during the year. Matt Neal and Paul O'Neill finished 3rd and 8th in the championship. egg:sport finished 3rd in the teams award and 1st in the manufacturers award
Vauxhall Astra Sport Hatch (2005–06)
2005 saw the introduction to the Vauxhall Astra Sport Hatch to replace the successful Astra Coupe. While the Astra Coupe was able to soak up all the challenges it faced throughout the four years the Astra Sport Hatch faced much harder opposition including the new Honda Integra Type R prepared by Team Halfords (Team Dynamics). Yvan Muller retained his seat at Triple Eight and Vauxhall, James Thompson would not return to the championship to retain his title, instead setting his sights on the new WTCC. His place was taken Colin Turkington moving from West Surrey Racing and MG while a third car was prepared for Gavin Smith. While Vauxhall were expected to once again win the championship, the Astra Sport Hatch was outclassed by the Integra Type R of Matt Neal and Dan Eaves. While Yvan Muller challenged Matt Neal for the title, Matt Neal managed to complete all 30 races without a single retirement. Yvan Muller finished 2nd in the championship with 6 race wins, Colin Turkington finished 6th in the championship with 2 race wins while Gavin Smith finished 10th in the championship. Triple Eight managed to win the manufacturers award for a 5th year in a row from Seat who were somewhat outclassed by both Team Halfords and VX Racing. Triple Eight finished 2nd in the teams award.
2006 saw a new look for Triple Eight and Vauxhall. Holiday Inn became a main sponsor for VX Racing and the driver lineup also saw new changes. After seven successful seasons and a championship (2003) Yvan Muller left VX Racing and the BTCC to compete with Seat in the WTCC. Colin Turkington also left the team to return to West Surrey Racing. Yvan Muller's place was taken by Italian Fabrizio Giovanardi moving from the WTCC and Colin Turkington's place was taken by Tom Chilton moving from Honda. Gavin Smith retained his seat at VX Racing. The season was a disappointing one for Triple Eight with the Astra Sport Hatch not quite as competitive as its competitors, again outclassed by the Integra Type R and Seat with its new Leon. Tom Chilton struggled to learn the car, Fabrizio Giovanardi also had issues trying to learn the car and tracks. While the dominance was missing from the previous seasons there were highlights throughout the season. Fabrizio Giovanardi's first win happened to be Vauxhall's 100th BTCC race win. He then won another race at Brands Hatch, Tom Chilton and Gavin Smith went through the season without a win. Triple Eight finished 2nd and 3rd in the manufacturers and teams award.
Vauxhall Vectra (2007–09)
2007 saw the start of a new era for the BTCC as the series adopted the S2000 regulations as used in the World Touring Car Championship. The changes in regulations meant that the Vauxhall Astra Sport Hatch was replaced by the Vauxhall Vectra. VX Racing downsized to a two-car team, retaining Fabrizio Giovanardi and Tom Chilton. 2007 saw the full potential of Fabrizio Giovanardi, winning 10 races and the title against Seat rival Jason Plato. While the season was successful for Giovanardi, Tom Chilton again had a challenging season without a win and an eventual 9th in the championship. For the final round at Thruxton, the championship difference was 9 points (Jason Plato to Fabrizio Giovanardi) Both teams brought in a third driver. Seat brought in Tom Coronel, while Vauxhall brought in Alain Menu, the 1997 champion with Renault and 2000 champion with Ford. Triple Eight won the manufacturers award and 2nd in the teams award.
For 2008 Triple Eight returned to a three-car operation. Fabrizio Giovanardi retained his seat as defending champion, Tom Chilton and Matt Neal exchanged seats at Triple Eight and Team Dynamics with Tom Chilton moving to Team Dynamics and Matt Neal to Triple Eight. The third car was taken by Tom Onslow-Cole moving from Team RAC (WSR). The season was somewhat untroubling for Giovanardi to another championship ahead of Jason Plato. Matt Neal finished 5th with one win and Tom Onslow-Cole finished 6th with two wins. Triple Eight finished 1st in the manufacturers and teams award.
2009 saw new changes to Triple Eight. Triple Eight were the only team with manufacturer support. Fabrizio Giovanardi and Matt Neal retained their seats at VX Racing while Tom Onslow-Cole moved to drive part-time for Team AON Ford. His place was taken by Andrew Jordan. Despite the success of the Vectra and Giovanardi it would not continue into 2009. While Giovanardi challenged for the title he was outclassed by Colin Turkington in the RAC BMW (WSR) and Jason Plato with RML Chevrolet. Fabrizio Giovanardi finished the season 3rd while Matt Neal and Andrew Jordan finished 4th and 10th in the championship. Triple Eight finished 1st in the teams and manufacturers award. 2009 would also witness the final year with a works Vauxhall team. Vauxhall pulled out of the sport due to lack of official manufacturers and the economic crisis.
Independent entry (2010–11)
Vauxhall Vectra C (2010–11)
On 23 March 2010 at the BTCC Media Day at Brands Hatch, Triple 8 Race Engineering appeared on the official entry list for the 2010 season. Although without manufacturer support from Vauxhall, Triple Eight intended to run a pair of Vauxhall Vectras in the Independent category.
For 2010 Triple Eight had hired Renault Cup champion Phil Glew and a last minute deal with Fabrizio Giovanardi. Uniq would be the main sponsor along with WD40 and DUNLOP. The season started sensationally for Giovanardi, winning the first two races at Thruxton and a fifth in the final race gave him a lead in the championship. Phil Glew also started well finishing in the top 10 in both races only to retire in the final race. While Triple Eight were looking like contenders for the championship, the team was turned on its head. Before the next round at Rockingham, Uniq pulled out sponsorship, as a result a lack of money meant that both Fabrizio Giovanardi and Phil Glew were forced to leave the team. James Nash was hired to race for the remainder of the season and Triple Eight ran a second car at times during the season driven by Daniel Lloyd (Round 5), Jeff Smith (Round 8) and Sam Tordoff (Round 10). The season was a disappointment for Triple Eight with changes in sponsors and lack of results, a third at Oulton Park by James Nash was only the real result of the season since Giovanardi's two wins at Thruxton. James Nash finished the season 8th and 12th in the Independents Trophy and outright championship. Fabrizio Giovanardi finished 12th and 14th in the Independents Trophy and outright championship. Phil Glew finished 14th and 16th in the Independents Trophy and outright championship (Phil Glew also drove for Special Tuning UK using a Seat Leon at Silverstone Round 7). Daniel Lloyd finished 18th and 17th in the Independents Trophy and outright championship. Sam Tordoff finished 23rd in the Independents Trophy and outright championship. Jeff Smith finished equal 24th in the Independents Trophy and outright championship. Triple Eight finished 5th and 7th in the Independents Team Trophy and Teams championship.
With an unexpected and disappointing 2010 season, Triple Eight were hoping for a much improved season. The team again used the Vectra as their weapon for the new season along with the new NGTC turbocharged engine replacing the S2000 naturally aspirated engine. James Nash was hired as the full-time driver. He was joined by three different drivers throughout the season. Tony Gilham (Rounds 1–6), Aron Smith (Round 7) and Ollie Jackson (9–10). Another change to the team was the sponsorship. Collins Contractors became the main sponsor for the team. The season ran well with James Nash securing podiums and at times the championship lead. His breakthrough win came at Rockingham Round 8. James Nash went on to win the Independents Trophy and Independents Team Trophy for Triple Eight and outright third in the teams championship. James Nash finished equal 4th in the overall championship with Mat Jackson. Tony Gilham finished 15th and 19th in the Independents Trophy and outright championship (Tony Gilham also drove for Geoff Steel Racing). Aron Smith finished equal 21st and equal 22nd in the Independents Trophy and outright championship. Ollie Jackson finished equal 19th and equal 26th in the championship.
MG manufacturer entry (2012–2017)
MG6 GT (2012–2017)
It was officially announced that Triple Eight would return to Manufacturer status with MG, running a pair of MG6 GT cars to the latest Next Generation Touring Car specification. Jason Plato joined the team from Chevrolet, alongside Andy Neate, who had joined from Team Aon. This meant that although Triple Eight were the reigning Independent Driver and Team champions, they would be ineligible to defend their titles due to the MG's manufacturer support.
Entering the championship as MG KX Momentum Racing, with the main sponsor being Tesco through its KX energy drink and Momentum Fuel brands, the car made its debut at Brands Hatch after hardly turning a wheel during its build and development. Nevertheless, the car was on the pace straight away, scoring a third place in race two and the car's maiden win at the hands of Plato in race three. Throughout the rest of the first half of the 2012 season, the MG6 and Plato scored a further six podium positions including a second win at Croft just before the mid-season break. This left Plato third in the drivers' championship and the team fourth in the teams' championship. Plato's teammate Andy Neate, however, did not fare as well with his debut with the team, with his best result being sixth but often struggling to get his MG into the top ten; which left him only 17th at the halfway point of the season. The second half of the year saw Plato add four more wins to his tally, at Snetterton, Rockingham and Silverstone placing him 3rd in the final standings, while Neate ended up 16th. The team meanwhile slipped to 5th place in the overall championship and came 2nd in the Manufacturers' standings.
Plato stayed with the team for 2013, while Neate was replaced by Porsche Carrera Cup race winner Sam Tordoff. Their second year with the MG6 GT proved more successful, with both drivers securing more top-spot finishes. However, despite the improvements, Plato still only finished 3rd in the drivers championship, with the team finishing as runners up to Honda Yuasa Racing in both Teams and Manufacturer's championships.
In 2014, the team entered as MG KX Clubcard Fuel Save and retained their 2013 driver lineup. However, the team expanded to run a third, independent entry MG6 GT under the name Quantel BiFold Racing for 1999 British Formula Three Championship winner and Head of Driver Development at Marussia F1 Marc Hynes. The campaign got off to a good start with Plato and Tordoff both scoring race wins at the second round at Donington Park. Plato continued his good form scoring a further five wins during the season finishing the season as runner up. The pairing of Plato and Tordoff was good enough thought to secure MG's first Manufacturers Championship, beating rivals Honda by ninety-five points. This was the first title that the team has won since the departure of Vauxhall and the swap to MG.
A new driver lineup and sponsor package was announced for the 2015 British Touring Car Championship. 2013 Drivers' Champion Andrew Jordan moved to the team from his family run Eurotech Racing.
The 2016 British Touring Car Championship is the first of a new 3-year deal between Triple Eight and MG to race in the BTCC. A new line-up was formed of 2015 Jack Sears Trophy winner Josh Cook, who moved from Power Maxed Racing, and 2015 Renault UK Clio Cup champion Ashley Sutton graduated into the championship.
Triple Eight left the BTCC after the 2017 season and folded on 13 November 2018.
BTCC gallery
BTCC results
Notes
* Season still in progress
† Swapped teams mid season
GT racing
Triple Eight made their debut into Sports car racing during the 2013 British GT season. They prepared and ran a pair of BMW Z4 GT3 cars in a joint venture with Optimum Motorsport and entered the championship as 888Optimum. The team did well in their first year, securing several podium positions as well as two pole positions at Brands Hatch and Donington Park, with their experienced driver parings of Joe Osborne & Lee Mowle and Daniel Brown & Steve Tandy.
Triple Eight continued racing during the 2014 British GT season, using the BMWs. However, whilst they retained Joe Osborne & Lee Mowle, they added the new pairing of Derek Johnston and Luke Hines. Towards the end of the season, Warren Hughes and Jody Firth joined the team in a third Z4. The team finished the year 7th in the team's championship, 2 places behind the debut years finishing position, with Derek Johnston being the highest placed driver finishing 14th.
Triple Eight also entered select rounds of the 2014 Blancpain Endurance Series season and the British-based GT Cup Championship. In the Blancpain Endurance Series, Ryan Ratcliffe joined Lee Mowle and Derek Johnston for the 3 Hours of Silverstone, retiring after 16 minutes, where as Jody Firth and Warren Hughes were joined by Alexander Sims for the 1000 km Nürburgring finishing a respectable ninth, only two laps behind the race winner.
British GT results
Formula Renault BARC
In 2010 Triple 8 teamed up with Uniq to enter a single car into the Formula Renault BARC championship, under the Uniq Racing with 888 name. They entered this series to gain experience for expansion into other series in 2011, particularly series which support the BTCC. Malaysian driver Sazlan Sirajudin drove the car at all six meetings, with 10th being his best finish at Silverstone. He finished the season 16th overall.
Series results
Porsche Carrera Cup GB and Ginetta GT Supercup
Triple Eight announced that they were going to run at least two cars in the 2011 Porsche Carrera Cup Great Britain and that they were going to enter the 2011 Ginetta GT Supercup season. Howerever, they failed to enter any races in both championships.
Other projects
Triple Eight are also involved in several other forms of motorsport, ranging from the British Rally Championship to the Dunlop Sport Maxx Cup.
BTC-T Vauxhall Vectra
The team built a Vectra to the BTC-T Specifications for the 2004 British Touring Car Championship season. However the car was never used due to problems making the car competitive.
Supercars
In September 2003, Triple Eight entered the Australian V8 Supercars series purchasing Briggs Motor Sport and renaming it Triple Eight Race Engineering. The team is now under separate ownership and is no longer directly linked to its British progenitor, although Ian Harrison remains a minority shareholder.
Pro1000 Series
Triple 8 were given the opportunity to develop 16 race-spec Caparo T1000's for the 2010 season. The T1000 was a modified version of the Caparo T1. However, the series never materialised.
Customer Car Division
The customer division of Triple Eight is also growing. Triple Eight Performance Vehicles launched a limited edition Astra Sport Hatch turbo diesel, which followed on from the 2001 manufacture of 100 Special Edition road cars, in the form of the Astra Coupé 888 which was engineered to translate race-winning experience into phenomenal road car response. The T8 proved to be one of Vauxhall's fastest ever selling road vehicles.
References
External links
MG KX Momentum Racing
Quantel Bifold Racing
Auto racing teams in the United Kingdom
British Touring Car Championship teams
1996 establishments in England
2018 disestablishments in England
British GT Championship teams
Blancpain Endurance Series teams
British racecar constructors
British Formula Renault teams
Auto racing teams established in 1996
Auto racing teams disestablished in 2018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple%20Eight%20Racing |
Evening Prayer refers to:
Evening Prayer (Anglican), an Anglican liturgical service which takes place after midday, generally late afternoon or evening. When significant components of the liturgy are sung, the service is referred to as "Evensong".
"Evening prayer" may also refer to:
Ma'ariv, the evening prayer in Judaism. See Jewish services
Maghrib, the obligatory prayer in Islam offered in the evening
Vespers, the Roman Catholic service of evening prayer
Art
Evening prayer, a painting by Anna Ancher
Music
"Evening Prayer", List of compositions by Modest Mussorgsky
"Evening prayer" Folksongs (Alfred Deller album) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening%20Prayer |
Hella Wuolijoki (née Ella Marie Murrik; 22 July 1886 – 2 February 1954), also known by the pen name Juhani Tervapää, was an Estonian-born Finnish writer known for her Niskavuori series.
Early life
Hella Wuolijoki was born as Ella Marie Murrik in the hamlet of Ala in Helme Parish (now in Tõrva Parish), Valga County, Governorate of Livonia. She began her studies in Tartu, before moving to Helsinki in 1904. In 1908, she married Sulo Vuolijoki (1881-1957), a personal friend of Lenin. They divorced in 1923. Later,
Hella Vuolijoki began spelling her surname with a W.
Career
Author
Wuolijoki wrote several books under the male pseudonym Juhani Tervapää that were characterised by strong female characters. The 1947 film The Farmer's Daughter was adapted from her 1937 play Juurakon Hulda, which she also wrote as Juhani Tervapää. She collaborated with Bertolt Brecht on the initial version of his Mr Puntila and his Man Matti.
Spy
In the 1920s and 1930s, Wuolijoki hosted a literary and political salon that discussed culture and promoted left-wing ideas. She had secret connections with the Soviet intelligence and security structures.
Finnish police suspected her of being an illegal resident spy, but there was no solid proof until 1943, when she was arrested for hiding Kerttu Nuorteva, a Soviet paratrooper spy on a mission to acquire information about the political sentiment and the German troops in Finland, and sentenced to life imprisonment. She was released in 1944, after the armistice that ended the Continuation War.
Post-war and death
Wuolijoki was a member of the Finnish Parliament and the head of the SKDL parliamentary group from 1946 to 1947. Wuolijoki also served as the director of the national broadcasting company, YLE, from 1945 to 1949.
Wuolijoki died in Helsinki in 1954, aged 67.
Personal life
Her younger sister, Salme Dutt, was an influential member of the Communist Party of Great Britain. Salme was married firstly to politician Eino Pekkala and secondly to the fellow communist R. Palme Dutt. Wuolijoki was the grandmother of Erkki Tuomioja (b.1946), Finland's minister for foreign affairs between 2011 and 2015, through her daughter Vappu.
Works
Juurakon Hulda (1937)
Entäs nyt, Niskavuori? (1953)
References
External links
Hella Wuolijoki in 375 humanists 9.1.2015, Faculty of Arts, University of Helsinki
1886 births
1954 deaths
People from Tõrva Parish
People from Kreis Fellin
Estonian emigrants to Finland
Finnish people of Estonian descent
Finnish People's Democratic League politicians
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1945–1948)
Finnish people of World War II
Estonian women novelists
Finnish women novelists
Pseudonymous women writers
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Finland
Finnish prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
20th-century Finnish novelists
20th-century Finnish women writers
20th-century Finnish women politicians
Women members of the Parliament of Finland
20th-century Estonian novelists
Women in World War II
20th-century pseudonymous writers
Finnish salon-holders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hella%20Wuolijoki |
Night Prayer may refer to:
Isha prayer, the night-time daily prayer obligatory in Islam
Compline, a canonical hour prayed by Christians at the end of the day
Evening Prayer (disambiguation), various meanings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night%20Prayer |
Shahab Nama (; ) is an Urdu autobiography by renowned Pakistani writer and diplomat Qudrat Ullah Shahab. It is an eyewitness account of the background of the subcontinent's Muslims' independence movement and of the demand, establishment and history of Pakistan. The 1248-page long book was published posthumously in 1987, shortly after Shahab's death. It is his most notable publication and a bestselling Urdu autobiography.
It covers his childhood, education, work life, admission to Imperial Civil Service, thoughts about Pakistan and his religious and spiritual experiences. Mushfiq Khwaja, a close friend of Shahab, was one of those who criticised the book for its exaggerations, inaccuracies and stretched truths. Considering Shahab's reputation as a man of integrity and a Sufi, Dawn wrote that "he mainly told the truth but there were things that he stretched."
See also
Aangan (novel)
Bano Qudsia
Mumtaz Mufti
References
External links
Shahab Nama at Goodreads
Pakistani autobiographies
Urdu-language novels
Sang-e-Meel Publications books
Urdu-language literature | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahab%20Nama |
Tatyana Alekseyevna Kolpakova (Abbyasova) () (born October 18, 1959 in village Alamedin, Kyrgyz SSR) is a retired long jumper who represented the USSR.
Kolpakova began athletics at the age of 15. On May 9, 1974 she competed at the All-Union junior competition on the Central Lenin Stadium and was second with a result of 5.90 metres. In the same year she entered Economical faculty of Kirghiz University in Frunze, which she left after three years of study. Later Kolpakova graduated from the Physical faculty of the same university. In 1978 she passed a test for the Master of Sports of the USSR title with a result of 6.30 metres, competing at the All-Union Jumper's Day competition in Chişinău. She joined the USSR team in 1979 and competed for it at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. In what is considered one of the greatest come from behind victories in the history of the sport, Kolpakova won the gold medal with her last jump of 7.06 metres which improved her personal best by nine inches and was a new record for the sport. She later remarked that "one should always fight until the end." She became the Honoured Master of Sports of the USSR. After finishing her competitive career Kolpakova worked for some time as a coach.
She was awarded the title of Kirghiz Athlete of the Century. Soon after, a track and field championship was established in Bishkek in her honor. The championship is held annually in Bishkek, usually in May, and participants from surrounding countries are invited. In 2001, Kolpakova moved to Moscow, Russia with her family. The first few years she worked as a director of an athletic club there. In 2004, she began her work at the Olympic Committee for Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism in Korolev City. She is still currently working there, as second in command. She is married to Shamil Abbyasov (whom she met on the same USSR national team) and has three children.
References
External links
Photo and Facts
Personal Website
1959 births
Living people
People from Chüy Region
Kyrgyzstani female long jumpers
Soviet female long jumpers
Honoured Masters of Sport of the USSR
Olympic athletes for the Soviet Union
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
FISU World University Games gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Medalists at the 1981 Summer Universiade | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatyana%20Kolpakova |
Wartime collaboration is cooperation with the enemy against one's country of citizenship in wartime. As historian Gerhard Hirschfeld says, it "is as old as war and the occupation of foreign territory".
The term collaborator dates to the 19th century and was used in France during the Napoleonic Wars. The meaning shifted during World War II to designate traitorous collaboration with the enemy. The related term collaborationism is used by historians who restrict these terms to refer to a subset of wartime collaborators in Vichy France who actively promoted German victory.
Etymology
The term collaborate dates from 1871, and is a back-formation from collaborator (1802), from the French collaborateur. It was used during the Napoleonic Wars against smugglers trading with England and assisting in the escape of monarchists. It is derived from the Latin collaboratus, past participle of collaborare "work with", from com- "with" + labore "to work".
The meaning of "traitorous cooperation with the enemy" dates from 1940, originally in reference to the Vichy Government of France, which cooperated with the Germans after the fall of France and during their occupation, 1940–44. It was first used in the modern sense on 24 October 1940 in a meeting between Marshal Philippe Pétain and Adolf Hitler in Montoire-sur-Loire a few months after the Fall of France. Pétain believed that Germany had won the war, and informed the French people that he accepted "collaboration" with Germany..
Definitions
Collaboration in wartime can take many forms, including political, economic, social, cultural, or military collaboration. The activities undertaken can be treasonous, to varying extent, and in a World War II context generally working with the enemy actively.
Stanley Hoffmann subdivided collaboration into involuntary (reluctant recognition of necessity) and voluntary (an attempt to exploit necessity). According to him, collaboration can be either servile or ideological. Servile is service to an enemy based on necessity for personal survival or comfort, whereas ideological is advocacy for cooperation with an enemy power. In contrast, Bertram Gordon used the terms "collaborator" and "collaborationist" for ideological and non-ideological collaboration, respectively, in France. James Mace Ward has asserted that, while collaboration is often equated with treason, there was "legitimate collaboration" between civilian internees (mostly Americans) in the Philippines and their Japanese captors for mutual benefit and to enhance the possibilities of the internees to survive. Collaboration with the Axis Powers in Europe and Asia existed in varying degrees in all the occupied countries.
Collaboration with the enemy in wartime goes back to prehistory, and has always been present. Since World War II, historians have reserved its use mostly to refer to the wartime occupation of France by Germany in World War II. Unlike other defeated countries which capitulated to Germany and fled into exile, France signed an armistice, remained in France, cooperated with the German Reich economically and politically, and used the new situation to effectuate a transfer of power to a cooperative French State under Marshall Phillipe Pétain.
In the context of World War II Europe, and especially in Vichy France, historians draw a distinction between collaboration and collaborator on the one hand, and the related terms collaborationism and collaborationist on the other.
Stanley Hoffmann in 1974 and other historians have used the term to refer to fascists and Nazi sympathisers who, for anti-communist or other ideological reasons, wished a reinforced collaboration with Hitler's Germany.
Collaborationism refers to those, primarily from the fascist right in Vichy France, who embraced the goal of a German victory as their own, whereas collaboration refers to those among the French who for whatever reason collaborated with the Germans.
History
Ottoman Empire
In some colonial or occupation conflicts, soldiers of native origin were seen as collaborators. This could be the case of mamluks and janissaries in the Ottoman Empire. In some cases, the meaning was not disrespectful at the beginning, but changed with later use when borrowed: the Ottoman term for the sipahi soldiers became sepoy in British India, which in turn was adapted as cipayo in Spanish or zipaio in Basque with a more overtly pejorative meaning of "mercenary".
World War II
During World War II, collaboration existed to varying degrees in German-occupied zones.
France
In France, a distinction emerged between the collaborateur (collaborator) and the collaborationniste (collaborationist). The term collaborationist is mainly used to describe individuals enrolled in pseudo-Nazi parties, often based in Paris, who
believed in fascism or were anti-communists. Collaborators on the other hand, engaged in collaboration for pragmatic reasons, such as carrying out the orders of the occupiers to maintain public order (policeman) or normal government functions (civil servants); commerce (including sex workers and other women who had
relationships with Germans and were called, "horizontal collaborators"); or to fulfill personal ambitions and greed. Collaborators didn't necessarily believe in fascism or support Nazi Germany.
With the defeat of the Axis, collaborators were often punished by public humiliation, imprisonment, or execution. In France, 10,500 collaborators are estimated to have been executed, some after legal proceedings, others extrajudicially.
British historian Simon Kitson has shown that French authorities did not wait until the Liberation to begin pursuing collaborationists. The Vichy government, itself heavily engaged in collaboration, arrested around 2,000 individuals on charges of passing information to the Germans. They did so to centralise collaboration, ensure that the state maintained a monopoly in Franco-German relations and defend sovereignty so that they could negotiate from a position of strength. It was among the many compromises made by the Vichy government. Adolf Hitler gave Germans in France plentiful opportunities to exploit French weakness and maximize tensions there after June 1940.
On June 25, 1940, Jean Moulin, a French civil servant who served as the first President of the National Council of the Resistance during World War II, was advised by German authorities to sign a declaration condemning an alleged massacre of Chartres civilians by French Senegalese troops. Moulin refused to collaborate, knowing that the bombing massacre was carried out by Germans. He was then incarcerated by the Germans, and cut his throat with glass to prevent himself from giving up information.
Low Countries
In Belgium, collaborators were organized into the VNV party and the DeVlag movement in Flanders, and into the Rexist movement in Wallonia. There was an active collaboration movement in the Netherlands.
Norway
Vidkun Quisling (1887–1945), a major in the Norwegian Army and former minister of defence. He became minister-president of Norway in 1942, and attempted to Nazify the country, but was fiercely resisted by most of the population. His name is now synonymous with a high-profile government collaborator, now known as a Quisling.
Greece
After the German invasion of Greece, a Nazi-held government was put in place. All three quisling prime ministers, (Georgios Tsolakoglou, Konstantinos Logothetopoulos and Ioannis Rallis), cooperated with the Axis authorities. Small but active Greek National-Socialist parties, like the Greek National Socialist Party, or openly anti-semitic organisations, like the National Union of Greece, helped German authorities fight the Resistance, and identify and deport Greek Jews.
In the last two years of the occupation prime minister Ioanni Rallis, created the Security Battalions, military corps that collaborated openly with the Germans, and had a strong anti-communist ideology. The Security Battalions, along with various far-right and royalist organizations and some of the country's police forces, were directly or indirectly responsible for the brutal killing of thousands of Greeks during the occupation. Contrary to what happened to other European countries, the members of these corps were never tried or punished, due to the Dekemvriana events immediately after the liberation, followed by the White Terror and the Greek Civil War two years later.
Yugoslavia
The main collaborating regime in Yugoslavia was the Independent State of Croatia, a puppet state semi-independent of Nazi Germany. Leon Rupnik (1880–1946) was a Slovene general who collaborated as he took control of the semi-independent region of the Italian-occupied southern Slovenia known as the Province of Ljubljana, and which came under German control in 1943.
The main collaborationists in East Yugoslavia were the German-puppet Serbian Government of National Salvation established on the German-occupied territory of Serbia, and the Yugoslav royalist Chetniks, who collaborated tactically with the Axis after 1941.
Poland
Collaboration in Poland was less institutionalized than in some other countries and has been described as marginal, a point of pride with the Polish people. However, the Soviet Union did find some individuals who would work with them, and this is demonstrated notably by the Lublin government set up by the Soviets in 1944 that operated in opposition to the Polish government-in-exile.
Germany
German citizen and non-Nazi Franz Oppenhoff accepted appointment as mayor of the German city of Aachen in 1944, under authority of the Allied military command. He was assassinated on orders from Heinrich Himmler in 1945.
Vietnam
Vietnamese emigres and expatriates living in France gained inspiration from the Nazi occupation in the country. These people believed in many European nationalist ideas at the time — these being a belief in an organic ethnocultural national community and an authoritarian corporatist state and economy. At the time Vietnamese feared that colonialism had "systematically destroyed all elements of social order ... which would have led the intellectual elite to oppose the bolshevization of the country."
When German forces invaded France in May 1940 amid World War II, the French military and government saw a collapse. In addition, six to ten million people were forced to become refugees. The political response was then provoked by the Vietnamese in the country.
France also had a group of Vietnamese students and professionals in Paris called the Amicale annamite. They expressed a heavy dislike for French colonial rule without moving forward with any explicit ideological agenda. Their motives were expanded in 1943, with the addition of wanting to improve the situation of Vietnamese soldiers interned as POWs. This included improvements in conditions at camps, better food, health care, education, and vocational training.
Celebrities
High-profile German collaborators included Dutch actor Johannes Heesters or English-language radio-personality William Joyce (the most widely known Lord Haw-Haw).
Postwar examples
More recent examples of collaboration have included institutions and individuals in Afghanistan who collaborated with the Soviet occupation until 1989 and individuals in Iraq and Afghanistan recruited by the Coalition of the Willing. In 2014 during the occupation of Crimea and ongoing War in Donbass, some Ukrainian citizens collaborated with the invading Russian forces.
Israeli–Palestinian conflict
In Palestinian society, collaboration with Israel is viewed as a serious offence and social stain and is sometimes punished (judicially or extrajudicially) by death. In addition, during the period of 2007–2009, around 30 Palestinians have been sentenced to death in court on collaboration-related charges, although the sentences have not been carried out.
In June 2009, Raed Sualha, a 15-year-old Palestinian boy, was brutally tortured and hanged by his family because they suspected him of collaborating with Israel. Authorities of the Palestinian territories launched an investigation into the case and arrested the perpetrators. Police said it was unlikely that such a young boy would have been recruited as an informer.
ISIL
Governments, non-state actors, and private individuals cooperated and gave assistance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL or ISIS) during the Syrian Civil War, Iraqi Civil War, and Libyan Civil War.
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
The Ukrainian government has had broad support from its population, but support for Russia within Ukraine gained prevalence in the Donbas region during the years of Russian occupation. The Ukrainian government has since compiled a "registry of collaborators." It says that pro-Russian collaborators have acted as spotters to assist Russian shelling. Anti-collaboration laws were enacted by Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy after the invasion started, with offenders facing 15 years in prison for either collaborating with Russian forces, making public denials about Russian aggression or supporting Russia.
Motivation
Sometimes people collaborate with the enemy to benefit from war and occupation, or simply to survive.
The reasons for people collaborating with the enemy in wartime vary. In World War II, collaborators with Nazi Germany were found in Stalin's Soviet Union and in other Western European countries, and Japanese collaborators operated in China.
Public perceptions of collaborators
John Hickman identifies thirteen reasons why occupied populations might hold collaborators in contempt, because they are perceived as:
scapegoats for defeat
opportunistic
benefiting from their own poor decisions as leaders before the occupation
violating the norms of the traditional political order
having no lasting political loyalties
guilty of more than collaboration
cowardly
deceived by the occupier
self-deceived
cheaply bought
diverting political focus
representing powerlessness
escaping their own guilt
See also
Chinilpa
Collaboration with ISIL
Danish collaborator trials
Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II
Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China
Hanjian
Hilfspolizei
Jash (term)
Medism
Quisling
Pursuit of Nazi collaborators
Business collaboration with Nazi Germany
Useful Jew
James E. Connolly: Collaboration (France and Belgium), in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
References
Bibliography
. (translation from French, Vichy et la chasse aux espions nazis, Paris, Autrement, 2005.)
Further reading
Collaboration
International relations theory
Political neologisms
Treason | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartime%20collaboration |
Mahoroba is an ancient Japanese word describing a far-off land full of bliss and peace. It is roughly comparable to the western concepts of arcadia, a place surrounded by mountains full of harmony and quiet.
Mahoroba is now written only in hiragana as まほろば. The origins of the word are not clear; it is described in a poem in the ancient Kojiki (古事記) as being the perfect place in Yamato:
Note that the Kojiki itself did not use hiragana; the above is a modernized version.
Notes
The Space Battleship Yamato had a sister-ship that was named Chō Jikū Senkan Mahoroba (The Ultimate Time Sweeper Mahoroba)
Final Fantasy: Song Book - Mahoroba
The anime/manga Mahoraba.
In the anime Kannazuki no Miko, the story takes place in the village of Mahoroba.
In the game Boktai 3: Sabata's Counterattack, the final boss battle takes place on the moon's capital city of Mahoroba.
In the game Beatmania IIDX 16: Empress, there is a song called Mahoroba.
In the game Arcaea, there is also a song called Mahoroba. It is important to note that these are not the same song.
"The Man-yō Mahoroba Line" became in use for the common name of the West Japan Railway Company (JR West) Sakurai Line on March 13, 2010, the day of the diagram revision of JR Group.
In the game Toukiden 2, the village the player plays in is called Mahoroba Village
Japanese mythology
Mythical utopias | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahoroba |
Tetyana Viktorivna Skachko (; ) born 18 August 1954 in Voroshilovgrad, Ukrainian SSR) is a retired long jumper who represented the USSR. She won the bronze medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow with a jump of 7.01 metres.
References
1954 births
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for the Soviet Union
Olympic bronze medalists for the Soviet Union
Living people
Soviet female long jumpers
Ukrainian female long jumpers
Sportspeople from Luhansk
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade bronze medalists for the Soviet Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetyana%20Skachko |
Michael Florian Hadschieff (born 5 October 1963) is a former speed skater from Austria.
Biography
At the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Michael Hadschieff participated in all five distances (500 m - 1,000 m - 1,500 m - 5,000 m - 10,000 m), winning medals in two of those. This performance earned him the first place in the Adelskalender, the all-time allround speed skating ranking, taking over first place from Nikolay Gulyayev. Only three days later, he lost this first place to Eric Flaim.
Hadschieff won two World Cups: On the 1,500 m in 1986 and on the 1,000 m in 1989. His second win was a first place shared with Eric Flaim. Other notable results include winning silver at the European Allround Championships and bronze at the World Allround Championships, both in 1987.
Hadschieff was awarded the Austrian Sportler des Jahres ("Sportsman of the Year") title in 1986.
Personal records
Hadschieff has an Adelskalender score of 157.884 points. His highest ranking on the Adelskalender was a first place.
References
Eng, Trond. All Time International Championships, Complete Results: 1889 - 2002. Askim, Norway: WSSSA-Skøytenytt, 2002.
Teigen, Magne. Komplette Resultater Internasjonale Mesterskap 1889 - 1989: Menn/Kvinner, Senior/Junior, allround/sprint. Veggli, Norway: WSSSA-Skøytenytt, 1989.
External links
Michael Hadschieff at SkateResults.com
Short bio on Michael Hadschieff from the Encyclopedia of Austria
Personal records from The Skatebase
1963 births
Living people
Austrian male speed skaters
Olympic speed skaters for Austria
Speed skaters at the 1984 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Austria
Olympic bronze medalists for Austria
Sportspeople from Innsbruck
Olympic medalists in speed skating
Medalists at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Universiade medalists in speed skating
World Allround Speed Skating Championships medalists
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Austria
Competitors at the 1991 Winter Universiade | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Hadschieff |
The European Free Alliance Youth (EFAy) is the youth wing of the European Free Alliance European political party. EFAy is a European-wide youth organisation comprised with members who belong to political organisations that safeguard and promote the cultural, linguistic and national diversity of Europe in a progressive way.
Its political principles are the right for self-determination, the recognition of minorities and ethnic groups, the protection of linguistic diversity inside the EU and in the European institutions, the preservation of the multicultural identity of Europe, an inclusive approach with migration issues, the decentralisation and subsidiarity of the politics to a regional and local level, and the condemnation of any type of discrimination, neither by sex, gender or birthplace.
Bureau
Members and observers
Members
It draws together 33 youth organisations from different regions/nations in 15 European states
References
Free Alliance Youth, European
European Free Alliance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Free%20Alliance%20Youth |
Brigitte Wujak, née Künzel (born 6 March 1955 in Karl-Marx-Stadt) is a retired long jumper who represented East Germany with the SC Dynamo Berlin.
She won the silver medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow with a personal best jump of 7.04 metres. This was the German record at the time, and remained her career best jump. The result places her fourth on the German all-time performers list, behind Heike Drechsler, Helga Radtke and Sabine Paetz.
She finished seventh at the 1982 European Championships, and retired after the 1984 season. She competed for the sports club SC Dynamo Berlin during her active career.
References
1955 births
Living people
East German female long jumpers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for East Germany
Olympic silver medalists for East Germany
Sportspeople from Chemnitz
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
People from Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt
SC Dynamo Berlin athletes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte%20Wujak |
This is a list of law schools in China including Hong Kong and Macau.
Mainland China
China University of Political Science and Law
China Youth College for Political Science
Chinese Academy of Social Science, the Department of Law
Chinese People's Public Security University
Chinese University for Nationalities, Faculty of Law
East China University of Politics and Law
Foreign Affairs Institute, the International Law Department
Fudan University School of Law
Jilin University Law School
Nankai University Law School
Peking University Law School
Peking University School of Transnational Law in Shenzhen, China
Renmin University of China Law School
Shanghai Jiao Tong University KoGuan Law school
Sichuan University Law School
Southwest University of Political Science & Law
Sun Yat Sen University School of Law
Tsinghua University School of Law
Tianjin Normal University Law School
Tongji University Law School
Beijing University of International Business and Economics
Wuhan University Law School
Xiamen University Law School
Zhongnan University of Economics and Law
Lanzhou University Law School
Central University of Finance and Economics Law School
List of law schools in Hong Kong
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Law
City University of Hong Kong School of Law
University of Hong Kong Faculty of Law
Hong Kong Baptist University's Department of Accountancy and Law is not a law school, but provides legal education related to business and accountancy.
See also List of law schools in Hong Kong
List of law schools in Macau
University of Macau, Faculty of Law
Macau University of Science and Technology
See also
List of universities in China
References
Ranking China's Law Schools
China University of Political Science and Law
China Youth College for Political Science
Chinese Academy of Social Science, the Department of Law
Chinese People's Public Security University
Chinese University for Nationalities, Faculty of Law
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Law
City University of Hong Kong School of Law
East China University of Political Science and Law
Foreign Affairs Institute, the International Law Department
Hong Kong Baptist University, Department of Accountancy and Law
Hong Kong University Faculty of Law
Jilin University Law School
Nankai University Law School
Peking University Law School
Peking University School of Transnational Law in Shenzhen, China
Renmin University Law School
Tongji University Law School
South-West University of Politics and Law
Sun Yat Sen University School of Law
Tsinghua University School of Law
University de Macau, Faculty of Law
Beijing University of International Business and Economics
Xiamen University Law School
Wuhan University Law School
Zhongnan University of Economics and Law
China
Law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20law%20schools%20in%20China |
The North Arlington School District is a comprehensive community public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade from North Arlington in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States.
As of the 2021–22 school year, the district, comprising six schools, had an enrollment of 1,915 students and 144.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.2:1.
The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "DE", the fifth-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.
In the 1970s and 1980s, declining enrollment led North Arlington to be one of the few school districts in the state that featured involuntary "combined classes" whereby classes at their Roosevelt School for grades 4 and 5 and for grades 6 and 7 were combined into a single classroom with a single teacher for each pair of grades.
Awards and recognition
In 2010, Roosevelt Elementary School was recognized with the National Blue Ribbon Schools Award of Excellence by the United States Department of Education.
Schools
Schools in the district (with 2020–21 school enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are:
Elementary schools
Franklin D Roosevelt Elementary School with 123 students in grades PreK-5
Alicia Giammanco, principal
George Washington Elementary School with 325 students in grades PreK-5
Elaine Jaume, principal
Thomas Jefferson Elementary School with 172 students in grades K-5
Marie Griggs, principal
Susan B Anthony Elementary School with 248 students in grades PreK-5
Jennifer Rodriguez, principal
Middle school
Veterans Middle School with 464 students in grades 6-8
Nicole Campbell Russo, principal
High school
North Arlington High School with 548 students in grades 9-12
Patrick D. Bott, principal
Administration
Core members of the district's administration are:
Dr. Stephen M. Yurchak, superintendent
Samantha Dembowski
Board of education
The district's board of education, with five members, sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the day-to-day operation of the district.
References
External links
North Arlington School District
School Data for the North Arlington School District, National Center for Education Statistics
New Jersey District Factor Group DE
North Arlington, New Jersey
School districts in Bergen County, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Arlington%20School%20District |
Terenure College is a Carmelite-run secondary school located in the suburb of Terenure, Dublin, Ireland. The school was founded in 1860 and had an associated primary school until 2017. It is one of the "big six" Leinster Schools Rugby-playing institutions, winning the Leinster Schools Senior Cup 10 times. 80% of the students who sat the Leaving Certificate in 2007 accepted a place in an Irish university.
History
Catholic Emancipation was granted in 1829 and the Carmelite order responded to the need for Catholic educators by establishing schools wherever they had friaries. By 1854 practically all Carmelite friaries had primary schools attached. In 1860, Terenure House opened as a college with twenty-one pupils on its roll. Between 1870 and 1890 the school was extended to the current main block which house the fifth and sixth year classrooms, and which also include an original stone staircase of the era, but the original clocktower has since been removed due to safety concerns.
In the 1940s the college identified a need for a new school space, and the so-called "Crush Hall" and concert hall were added to the school, as well as a new Junior School block above the hall. Initially the concert hall was used for both cultural and sporting activities, most notably the College Play, which came to include girls from Our Lady's School, across the road. Since the construction of the 1980s block and the sports hall, the concert hall has been used exclusively for formal and artistic events, such as the school "Debs", plays, concerts and art fairs. The modern school theatre was opened by the President of Ireland Michael D. Higgins in 2013, named in honour of past pupil Donal McCann.
In 2015 it was announced that the Junior School would close after enrollment halved from 2009, and current classes were phased out, with the last class finishing in 2017.
Historical account
In 2009 a book on the history of the school was published. Entitled "Terenure College 1860-2010: A History," it was compiled by Prof. Fergus D'Arcy, and launched by Taoiseach Brian Cowen.
Campus
Originally built by the Deane family, Terenure House had later passed to the family of George Bernard Shaw, and finally the Bourne family. Nearby was a second house, also owned, by the Shaws, which is now home to Our Lady's School.
The estate holds a lake, and is connected to three rivers. There is an artificial branch watercourse from the River Poddle to the western end of the lake, a culverted outflow, the Olney Stream, to the Swan River system, and a tunnel carries the Lakelands Overflow from the lake to pass under a housing estate, and into Bushy Park, before falling into the River Dodder.
The school has a range of sports facilities, including a swimming pool which offers some public access hours.
Colours and motto
The colours of the school are purple and black, and its motto is Zelo Zelatus Sum Pro Domino Deo Exercituum (Latin for "I Am Filled With Zeal, For God, The King Of All Hosts").
Extra-curricular activities
The school operates a range of sport and non-sport programmes, which it calls "co-curricular" activities:
Rugby
Rugby has been the leading sport at Terenure College since around 1920. It has had a prolific history in the Leinster Schools Senior Cup, with ten wins to date. Terenure reached both finals of the 2009 Leinster Schools Senior Cup and the Leinster Schools Junior Cup. The school lost out on the former to Blackrock College, 18–9, but won the latter against St Michael's College, Dublin. The school also earned the Powerade Leinster Rugby School of the Year accolade for the school's overall rugby performance.
Terenure College RFC
Associated with the school is Terenure College RFC, which plays at a senior national level, from a base near the school, and includes past pupils of the school.
College run
Moate's Carmelite College first held a college run in 1987. Every student in the school participated and the final, which included the fastest runners in the college, was a very competitive event. This became an annual event and a police escort was given for the runners as they made their way through the town, and students lined the route to encourage and cheer on their classmates.
The Terenure College Charity Run was a started as a way to remember a former student and teacher in the school named Fr. Gerry Hipwell O.Carm and to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the President's Award, in which he helped many students to participate. The semi-final including the fastest 2 students in each year and the 15 fastest in the school is held during the first week in May. The fastest 10 students compete in the final and the winner receives the Fr. Gerry Hipwell Memorial Cup.
Gaelic games
The school is also active in the GAA, having joined in 1885.
Swimming
The school has its own swimming pool and competes in watersports.
Other sports
The school is also active in badminton, tennis, cricket, athletics, golf and other sports, in some of which it has won several regional and national competitions.
Science and technology
The school has a number of supplementary science and information technology programmes. It participates actively in the Young Scientist awards, which were founded by a past staff member and a past pupil, with a pupil, Shane Curran, the overall national winner in 2017.
Culture and debate
The college has a strong history of drama, with former pupils, such as Dave Allen, Donal McCann and Michael McElhatton, working in the area, and all years are encouraged to participate in drama, including the senior college play, which is conducted with Our Lady's Girls School each year.
Other activities include an Amnesty International group a Young Toastmasters unit, and debating, competing in the Leinster Schools Debating and other regional and national competitions.
Model United Nations
Terenure College have a very strong background in Model United Nations. They have taken part in the St. Andrew's International Model United Nations (SAIMUN) in Dublin and the Royal Russel School Model United Nations (RRSMUN) in Croydon.
Alumni
Past Pupil's Union
The school has an active Past Pupil's Union, which runs a number of social events each year, raises funds for school initiatives, and provides a scholarship program. The union has an office in the school, and a secretary.
Past Pupil of the Year Award
The school presents an award to recognise high-achieving past pupils, recipients of which have included Girvan Dempsey, Donal McCann, Niall Hogan, Mike Murphy and Lorcan Cranitch.
Irish rugby internationals (school or Terenure College RFC)
Billy Dardis - Ireland national rugby sevens player
Conor O'Shea — former Ireland Rugby player, now the head coach of the Italy national rugby union team
Girvan Dempsey — Ireland Rugby player
Mike Hipwell – toured New Zealand in 1971 with the British and Irish Lions
Niall Hogan — Ireland Rugby player (captain 1995)
Other notable alumni
Anthony Stokes – association football player
Bosco Hogan, actor
Brian Blaney – former Leinster rugby player, now a player in Terenure College RFC
Colm Condon previous Attorney General of Ireland
Conal Keaney – Dublin Gaelic footballer
Danny O'Reilly, Graham Knox and Conor Egan (The Coronas) – musicians (The Coronas rock and indie band)
Dave Allen – comedian
David Blaney – Bristol Rugby player
David Duffy - banker and CEO of Virgin Money
Derek Daly – Formula One and Indianapolis 500 car racing driver
Doc Neeson – singer (The Angels)
Donal Lamont – Rhodesian bishop, leading anti-apartheid campaigner
Donal McCann – actor
Evin Nolan – Irish abstract painter and sculptor
Fergal Keane - BBC News correspondent and author
James Blaney - former Leinster and Munster rugby player
James Hanley – artist, member of Royal Hibernian Academy
Joe Jacob - Fianna Fáil politician
John Boyne – novelist, including The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas
John Crown – oncologist
John MacMenamin - former Supreme Court judge
Kevin Ryan - actor
Lorcan Cranitch – actor
Mark Egan – rugby player and administrator
Michael Cullen – chairman and chief executive (Beacon Medical Group)
Michael Elmore-Meegan – missionary, author; co-founder of ICROSS
Michael McElhatton – actor
Fr. Míceál O'Neill O.Carm. - appointed prior general of the Carmelites in 2019
Mike Murphy – former RTÉ broadcaster, property developer
Peter Lawrie – professional golfer
Seán O'Connor - businessman and former senator
Tony Scott – physicist who along with a former teacher at Terenure Rev. Dr.Tom Burke founded the Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition. In 2017, a Terenure student, Shane Curran, won the competition for the first time in the college's history.
Sexual abuse
Former teacher and first-year form master John McClean was convicted in November 2020 of sexually assaulting 23 pupils in the school between 1973 and 1990.
According to victim statements, numerous complaints were made to the school during this time, but were either disbelieved or ignored by the school principal. He was jailed for eight years in February 2021.
References
External links
Order of the Carmelites in Ireland — official website
Terenure College — official website
Terenure
Secondary schools in County Dublin
Private schools in the Republic of Ireland
Educational institutions established in 1860
1860 establishments in Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terenure%20College |
In Taiwan, law can be studied in an undergraduate program resulting in a Bachelor of Law (LL.B.) or a postgraduate degree resulting in a Masters of Law (LL.M.). Some LL.M. programs in Taiwan are offered to students with or without a legal background. However, the graduation requirements for students with a legal background are lower than for those students who do not have a legal background (to account for fundamental legal subjects that were taken during undergraduate studies). Students studying in an LL.M. program normally take three years to earn the necessary credits and finish a master’s thesis. Ph.D. degrees are also offered in the area of law.
Students in law school receive academic rather than practical training. Practical training is arranged only after the individual passes the lawyer, judge or prosecutor exams.
Law schools
Aletheia University Department of Financial and Economic Law
Asia University Department of Financial and Economic Law
Chinese Culture University College of Law
Chung Yuan Christian University School of Law
Tunghai University College of Law
Fu Jen Catholic University College of Law
Hsuan Chuang University College of Law
Kainan University Department of Law
Ming Chuan University School of Law
National Cheng Kung University College of Law
National Chengchi University College of Law
National Chung Cheng University College of Law
National Chung Hsing University School of Law
National Dong Hwa University Department of Law
National Taipei University College of Law
National Taiwan University College of Law
National University of Kaohsiung College of Law
National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Law
Providence University Department of Law
Shih Hsin University College of Law
Soochow University School of Law
Compulsory courses for undergraduate students
According to the National Taiwan University College of Law:
First year
Constitutional law
Civil Code - General Principle I
Criminal Code - General Principles I
Civil Code - General Provisions of Obligations
Second year
Civil Code - General Provisions of Obligations II
Civil Code - Kinds of Provisions of Obligations
Civil Code - Property
Civil Code - Family and Succession law
Criminal Code - General Principles II
Criminal Code - Kinds of Offenses
Administrative Law
Legal History
International Law
Third year
Civil Procedure
Criminal Procedure
General Principles of Business Law & Corporation Law
Insurance Law
Law of Negotiable Instruments
Maritime Law
Jurisprudence
Fourth year
Conflict of Laws
Fifth year
Some law schools in Taiwan have a five-year LL.B. program to incorporate courses with specialties into their curriculum. Soochow University School of Law, for example, is well known for its five-year LL.B. program featuring Anglo-American law and comparative legal studies.
See also
Education in Taiwan
History of education in Taiwan
List of schools in Taiwan
List of universities in Taiwan
History of law in Taiwan
Constitution of the Taiwan (ROC)
Six Codes
Law of the Taiwan (ROC)
Ministry of Justice (Taiwan)
Judicial Yuan
Supreme Court of the Taiwan (ROC)
Supreme Prosecutor Office
Taiwan High Prosecutors Office
District Courts of the Taiwan (ROC)
Referendums in Taiwan
Democracy Index
Modified Sainte-Laguë method with 234 seats or more
Open list PR
Unicameralism
Jury trial with 12
Judicial review
Bill of Rights
Separation of church and state
Separation of investment and retail banking
Corruption Perceptions Index
Further reading
Lo Chang-fa, The Legal Culture and System of Taiwan, Chapter 2, (Kluwer Law International 2006).
References
External links
Taiwan Law Resources
ROC Ministry of Education
The History of the Ministry of Education
Study in Taiwan
National Taiwan University College of Law
National Chung Cheng University College of Law
Soochow University School of Law
National Chengchi University College of Law
Fu Jen Catholic University School of Law
National Taipei University College of Law
National Cheng Kung University College of Law
Top Law Schools in Asia
Law schools
Taiwan
Taiwan, law schools
Taiwan education-related lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20law%20schools%20in%20Taiwan |
The Chapada dos Veadeiros Microregion is an IBGE statistical region in north-central Goiás state, Brazil. It has a population of 66,188 (2012) in a total area of .
Municipalities
The microregion consists of the following municipalities:
Economic Data
Health and education
Statistics
Largest area: Cavalcante with 6,979.5 km2
Smallest area: Teresina de Goiás with 777.5 km2
Greatest population: Campos Belos with 18,238 (2007)
Smallest population: Teresina de Goiás with 2,773 (2007)
Highest population growth rate 1996/2007: São João d'Aliança with 2.91%
Lowest population growth rate 1996/2007: Nova Roma with -1.06%
Lowest score on the Municipal Human Development Index: Cavalcante with 0.609
Highest score on the Municipal Human Development Index: Alto Paraíso de Goiás with 0.738
Highest literacy rate: Alto Paraíso de Goiás with 86.4 (2000)
Lowest literacy rate: Cavalcante with 61.7 (2000)
Highest infant mortality rate: Monte Alegre de Goiás with 45.34 in every 1,000 live births (2000)
Lowest infant mortality rate: Alto Paraíso de Goiás with 26.56 in every 1,000 live births (2000)
Highest GDP: Cavalcante with 171,000,000 Reais (2005)
Lowest GDP: Teresina de Goiás with 8,800,000 Reais (2005)
Highest per capita GDP: Cavalcante with 17,549 Reais (2005)
Lowest per capita GDP: Teresina de Goiás with 2,652 Reais (2005)
Greatest cattle herd: Monte Alegre de Goiás with 121,200 head (2006)
Greatest production of soybeans: São João d'Aliança with 60,000 tons (2007)
Greatest production of corn: São João d'Aliança with 49,500 tons (2007) Source: Estatísticas Municipais
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Microregions of Goiás
References
Microregions of Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microregion%20of%20Chapada%20dos%20Veadeiros |
Yu Dongyue (; Hanyu Pinyin: Yù Dōngyuè) was born in Liuyang, a city in Hunan province of China on December 4, 1967. He is the former arts editor of Liuyang Daily. In the Tiananmen protests of 1989, following a plan made by his friend Yu Zhijian, he and Lu Decheng threw eggshells full of paint at a portrait of China’s political figure Mao Zedong. Yu Dongyue was given a 20-year prison sentence for "sabotage" and "counter-revolutionary propaganda”. He had become badly disturbed psychologically. He was also criticized for his "very avant-garde views on art." He also had been subjected to various physical tortures because of “reactionary statements” he and his friends made about officials.
Early life
Yu Dongyue graduated at age seventeen from Xiangtan Normal College, the same college that Yu Zhijian attended. He got a prestigious first assignment as a fine-arts teacher at a vocational school in Xiangtan city that recruited students nationwide, then was transferred to the propaganda job in Liuyang. In the summer of 1987, an official known as Tanxu introduced Yu Zhijian to him. Yu Dongyue had been transferred to Liuyang to serve as an arts editor, his job consisted of taking photographs and draw illustrations to accompany stories in the paper. Yu Zhijian and Lu Decheng were close friends from a young age, later, the three young men became friends. Yu Dongyue was cerebral like Yu Zhijian, but he also shared Decheng’s physical prowess. He was an excellent basketball player and preferred to have an early-morning swim, even on winter mornings when the ice had formed at the river’s edge in Liuyang. In 1989, Yu Dongyue was a twenty-one-year-old arts editor at the Liuyang Daily.
Trip to Beijing
The three friends have the similar interest of reading the literature. They had the ordinary life until Hu Yaobang died on April 15, their enthusiasm for literature rose instantly. They believed that all the corruption, the nepotism, and the stagnated political reform in 1980s Chinese society were deeply rooted in the Chinese governmental dictatorship. Hu Yaobang was also from Liuyang, Yu Dongyue and his friends discussed that they need to engage in memorial for Hu Yaobang as one of their notable countrymen. In the later days, they talk a lot about what happened in Beijing and national politics. Whether the Chinese people have democracy and the governmental conflicts. On May 16, after a whole night of discussion about national affairs, three young men and Li Hongwu, the best friend of Lu Decheng decided to go to Beijing.
In the preparation to travel to Beijing, Yu Dongyue put his notebook, a writing pad and pens, and a camera that belonged to his work unit into a yellow backpack. Before they departed on May 17, in the square of the train station, Yu Dongyue laid out his materials on a long counter. Using black ink on white poster boards, he wrote: “End one-party dictatorship and build up democratic China." On a 5-meter length of red silk, using yellow paint-paint manufactured for use on metal, to give his calligraphy a sheen. He wrote four characters that meant “Down with Deng, Support Fang,” and then the group’s name: "The Hunan Student Movement Support Group, Liuyang Branch. Yu Dongyue and his friends made speeches at the Changsha railway station and solicited donations for their trip.
Role in Tiananmen Square protests
Yu Dongyue, Yu Zhijian, Lu Decheng and Li Hongwu were on board a train that arrived in Beijing on May 18. Later that night, the four recognized the determined voice of Wuer Kaixi. After the four had a discussion with Wuer Kaixi about Mao, Zhijian was brimming with enthusiasm to write a new speech due to he impressed with Wuer’s ability to connect the historical and the present. He and Dongyue wrote a draft of a speech.
In the next day, the four tied red cloths around their foreheads to show they were in solidarity with the students. Yu Dongyue was the one who helped turn Yu Zhijian’s ideas into speeches and into the proclamation delivered to the monument, but the radio station didn’t report it. Yu Dongyue was disappointed about this situation and tried to find a resolution to against the authorities and the ignorance of students. Then Yu Zhijian proposed to tarnish the portrait of Mao in order to symbolically terminate the Communist tyranny, Yu Dongyue and Lu Decheng agreed.
After they decided to throw paint on the portrait of Mao, Yu Dongyue determined what supplies were needed. He and his two friends went to Beijing’s shopping district on Wangfujing street to find the professional artist’s supplies: acrylic paints, turpentine, a calligraphy brush, an ink stone, rice paste, and four sheets of sandalwood-bark paper. After they got supplies, Li Hongwu was persuading them to stop this plan but he failed. Before three friends operated their plan, they went to post office to send a letter to their family, as the last communication to them if the plan failed. Yu Dongyue wrote nine letters, the recipients included his employer, the Liuyang Daily, his family and former classmates.
On May 23, 1989, the target was the huge portrait of Mao Zedong. According to Yu Zhijian’s thoughts, Yu Dongyue meticulously wrote the characters “Five thousand years of dictatorship will cease at this point! The cult of personality worship will vanish from this day onward” and hung on the two sides of the portrait. The eggs, begged off an itinerant pancake-seller, were filled with paint and ink. Yu Dongyue and Lu Decheng threw eggs that had been emptied and refilled with red, blue and yellow paint at the large portrait of Mao Zedong displayed prominently near Tiananmen Square, the stain adhered on the portrait, Splatters of paint landed on the face and shirt of the People's Republic of China's founding leader. The students in the square, believing that the three were agents provocateurs, seized them and handed them over to the police. Their activities were labelled as "counter-revolutionary sabotage".
Imprisonment
On June 16, 1989, Yu Dongyue and his two friends were charged with counter-revolutionary propaganda and incitement, counter-revolutionary sabotage, writing reactionary slogans, and destruction of state property, the accusation of them was announced from Xinwen Lianbo to the nationwide audience. They were incarcerated in the next day, but apart from each other at Banbuqiao Prison, the largest prison of Beijing, it was also called “K-Block”.
By the late fall in 1989, Beijing’s jail was overflowing with detainees, so Beijing authorities repatriated the three to their home province to serve out their sentences. They were assigned to the same cell room at Hunan Provincial No. 2 Prison also called Yanbei Prison at Hengyang city. After they came to Yanbei prison, Yu Dongyue liked to start each day by standing several minutes under the icy shower. Because he had always believed bathing in cold water was a good way to strengthen the body. But he and Yu Zhijian had not committed counter-revolutionary crimes, therefore their family members were not permitted to visit them. In February 1990, prison authorities singled out Yu Zhijian and Yu Dongyue for harsh denunciation and stepped forward to upbraid the counter-revolutionary crime and thoughts.
The cell boss was called “corrected activist, they were also beaten-up new detainees in the office. Yu Dongyue has also sustained a lot torment, then, Yu Zhijian and Yu Dongyue proposed to the new detainees that they need to band together and counter with the prison authorities. In order to resist the Rigid Control Centre in the prison, Yu Dongyue and other prisoners organized a hunger strike, he also composed poems to commemorate the strikes. When the hunger strike went into the fifth day, the officials made apologies.
On the last day of March 1990, Yu Zhijian and Yu Dongyue were transferred. Yu Dongyue went to Hunan Provincial No.1 Prison, also known as Chishan Prison, the Yuanjiang Electrical Machinery factory and the Dongtinghua farm. During his incarceration in Hunan province's No. 1 Prison, he spent two years in solitary confinement, he was given electric shocks, beaten and tortured in other ways and he got a big scar on the right side of his head. In 1992, he wrote on a prison blackboard the words "Re-evaluate June 4" and "Down with Deng Xiaoping," the Chinese leader at the time, which led to further brutal beatings, according to a human-rights group. Yu Dongyue was later transferred to Chishan Prison in Yuanjiang city, Hunan, formerly known as Provincial No. 1 Prison and another of the "Labor Camps." After their release, Lu Decheng and Yu Zhijian reported that Yu Dongyue appeared injured and mentally disturbed. They repeatedly petitioned for his release on medical grounds. Reportedly, Yu Dongyue was uncooperative in the views of prison officials. There have been several reports that he was tortured and held for at least two years in solitary confinement.
In 2001 Yu Dongyue's sentence was reduced by two years, and in 2005 it was reduced by another 15 months. Scheduled for release on February 26, 2006, he was freed four days earlier. According to statements around the time of his release from his younger brother, Yu Xiyue, while in prison Yu Dongyue appeared deranged and no longer recognized members of his family or his former friends.
Yu Dongyue was not forgotten while in prison. In 2005 the Wei Jingsheng Foundation (established by Democracy Wall activist Wei Jingsheng) awarded Yu Dongyue one of its three prizes of the year for promotion of democracy in China.
Life after Prison
When he was 38 years old, Yu Dongyue was finally freed from prison on February 22 of 2006 after serving a sentence for 16 years. Yu Dongyue was also driven insane by 16 years of confinement. He is reported to be incoherent and unable to communicate, repeating words as if he was chanting a mantra.
In order to provide a place for Yu Dongyue to get medical treatment and recovery, in 2009, Yu Zhijian and his family with Yu Dongyue and his sister fled together out of the country. The United States granted them political asylum and they were settled in a town of Indianapolis. Yu Zhijian and his wife took responsibility for looking after Yu Dongyue.
References
This reference shows the defaced portrait of Mao Zedong from May, 1989.
Chinese dissidents
People's Republic of China journalists
Chinese emigrants to the United States
1989 Tiananmen Square protesters
Living people
Chinese anti-communists
1967 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu%20Dongyue |
WFUN (970 AM) – branded as ESPN 970 WFUN – is a commercial sports radio station in Ashtabula, Ohio. Owned by Media One Radio Group, it serves Ashtabula County, Ohio and parts of the Erie, Pennsylvania region. It is one of five stations in Media One Radio Group's Ashtabula cluster, the others being WFXJ-FM, WQGR (FM) WREO-FM, WYBL (FM), and WZOO-FM.
History
The station signed on the air in 1937 as WICA (its call letters having stood for "Industry, Commerce, Agriculture"). WICA started an FM sister station, WICA-FM, on 103.7 MHz around 1950. WICA-FM's frequency soon thereafter moved to 97.1 MHz, duplicating the programming of the AM station. Both AM and FM stations were owned by Richard D. and David C. Rowley since their inception.
WICA and WICA-FM later became WREO and WREO-FM, taking their calls from the company name Radio Enterprises of Ohio, Inc. (albeit being formally formed on October 7, 1986). WREO would change its call sign to WFUN on July 3, 1978, taking the call letters of a legendary AM Top 40 station in Miami, Florida while eventually adopting an oldies format. The call letters WREO were retained by the sister FM station, which continues today with a Soft Adult Contemporary format.
In May 2000 the Rowleys sold the stations and WZOO-FM to Clear Channel Communications. WFUN's oldies format was dropped in February 2001 for a standard news/talk format (Rush Limbaugh's show was the only one retained, as WFUN aired it since the early 90s), adding Dr. Laura, Jim Rome, Coast to Coast AM and Fox Sports Radio. Morning drive on the station remained local throughout this time, evolving into basic a local news and political talk show hosted by Roger McCoy and later by John Broom.
Clear Channel Communications sold their Ashtabula cluster, including WFUN, in September 2007 to Media One Radio Group (headed by Embrescia and dubbed "Sweet Home Ashtabula" as a placeholder). WFUN's programming changed on November 3, 2007, over to a sports/talk format affiliated with ESPN Radio, dropping all political talk programming and electing to go for a smaller, male dominated, core audience.
Since 2012 WFUN has served as the ESPN Radio affiliate for Erie, Pennsylvania, due to WRIE taking the CBS Sports Radio affiliation. In August 2021 the Erie Otters announced a radio broadcast partnership with WFUN beginning in the 2021-2022 OHL season.
WICA-TV
Richard D. and David C. Rowley, the founders of WICA-AM-FM, also started WICA-TV on channel 15 in the 1950s. Hampered both by broadcasting on the (then relatively unknown) UHF dial, and with no network affiliation of any sort, WICA-TV had limited broadcast hours, a sparse and often overused film library, and a heavy amount of local programming (usually filmed with only one camera). WICA-TV started broadcasting on September 19, 1953, but quietly signed off around June 21, 1956.
The Rowley family then reactivated WICA-TV on April 4, 1966, with an intent of donating it as a non-profit educational license. As was in its first incarnation, WICA-TV was again hampered with no network programming, an often overused and limited film library of mediocre and low rental fare. In addition, WICA-TV still broadcast only in black-and-white when most stations already converted to color (WQEX in Pittsburgh was the last licensed television station to convert in 1986.) and still filmed local programming with only one camera.
WICA-TV signed off for good on December 26, 1967, with its license returned to the FCC. The UHF antenna is the sole remaining element of WICA-TV's existence, still affixed to the north tower of the WFUN array.
References
External links
WICA-TV at the UHF Morgue
FUN
ESPN Radio stations
Ashtabula, Ohio
Radio stations established in 1937
1937 establishments in Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFUN%20%28AM%29 |
Boght Corners (also referred to as Boght) is a hamlet in the town of Colonie in northern Albany County, New York, United States, that straddles U.S. Route 9 (Route 9). The corners that give the hamlet its name are found at the intersection of Route 9 and Boght Road (NY Route 9R on leg east of hamlet), near the Boght Community Fire District's station. The community is served by the North Colonie Central School District. Boght Hills Elementary School is located within the hamlet.
History
Some of the earliest European settlements in Albany County were located in the general Boght Corners area, which is usually cited as "The Boght" or "The Boght of the Kahoos" in early colonial documents. "Boght" is a corruption of the Old Dutch word for "bay" or "bend" referring to the bend in the Mohawk River. Boght itself was a vaguely defined area north and west of the Cohoes Falls. Boght Corners was once called Groesbeck's Corners for a local family. Boght Road, which was once called Cohoes Road and Manor Avenue, was the northern boundary of the Manor of Rensselaerswyck. North of the Manor was purchased by Alice van Olinde in 1667 from the Mohawk natives, and the van Olinde family then sold and leased out farms to potential settlers. Loudon Road (today US 9), named in honor of Earl Loudon was built in 1755 for the purpose of bringing provisions north from Albany to Lake George and Fort Ticonderoga.
The first church in this area, the Reformed Dutch Church of the Boght, was established in 1781. The church, which was the first north of the city of Albany, was established on petition from the citizens of that city. The church was an offspring of the Niskayuna Reformed Church due to the common pastorate; this union of the two churches ended in 1803. The church worship was conducted in the Dutch language until the first decade of the 19th century. The church was closed by the Classis of Albany in November 2007.
Today, Boght Corners remains a largely rural area, with clusters of retail, office and residential spaces lining its roadways, separated by forests, farms and streams that feed the Mohawk River.
Geography
While hamlets in New York do not have specifically demarcated borders, the corners in the name itself is from the four corners created by the intersection of Boght Road and US Route 9. Boght is generally considered to include the areas adjacent to Route 9; with the Colonie hamlet of Latham to the south, the city of Cohoes to the east, the Colonie hamlet of Dunsbach Ferry and Interstate 87 to the west, and the Colonie hamlet of Crescent Station and the Mohawk Hudson Hike/Bike Trail to the north.
Location
Architecture
The newer homes in Boght Corners include a wide range of styles including capes, bungalows, ranches, colonial, and Victorian; while homes that are 50 years or older tend to be more conservative in style.
Education
Dunsbach Ferry is a part of the North Colonie Central School District (NCCS) and the children attend Boght Hills Elementary School for kindergarten through sixth grade; then Shaker Junior High School for seventh and eighth grades and Shaker High School for ninth through twelfth.
Notable people
References
External links
Town of Colonie (includes Boght Corners)
Boght Community Fire District
Colonie, New York
Hamlets in New York (state)
Hamlets in Albany County, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boght%20Corners%2C%20New%20York |
Fantastic Four is a PlayStation video game developed by Probe Entertainment and published by Acclaim Entertainment. The game was released in 1997, and is based on the Marvel Comics characters of the same name. A beat 'em up game released at a time when the genre was virtually dead, it received negative reviews which characterized it as repetitive and boringly easy.
Storyline
Doctor Doom has developed a device that transports the Fantastic Four to various locations to do battle with various monsters and supervillains. Mr. Fantastic assembles a time machine that allows him to transport the team to Doom's tiny kingdom for a final battle. While Galactus does not appear in the game, it is clear that he is behind the destruction of the Skrull homeworld.
Gameplay
The format of the game is similar to arcade games such as Final Fight and Acclaim's own Batman Forever: The Arcade Game. Up to four players (with a PlayStation Multitap) can control Mr. Fantastic, Invisible Woman, the Thing, Human Torch or She-Hulk through various side-scrolling levels. Groups of thugs, robots, and mutants will appear on each screen and need to be destroyed before the player can advance. Every character has various short-range fighting moves: punching, kicking, jumping, and tossing enemies or objects. In addition, each character has at least four special moves unique to that character. Using blocks or certain special moves drains the character's "Force Power".
Some enemies will leave behind icons that give the player an extra life, or restore their health or Force Power. At the end of each level, there is a supervillain to defeat: Mole Man, Super-Skrull, Attuma, Sub-Mariner, Psycho-Man, or Doctor Doom. After the defeat of the boss, without the loss of any player life, there is one of three bonus rounds. The fights here are set against Dragon Man, the Incredible Hulk, or Iceman. During the loading time between each level, the player is able to play a mini-car racing game.
The player can switch between any of the superheroes not already being played at any time. Some of the bosses speak briefly before they fight or are defeated; this is affected by the choice of player character.
If a player uses the same move too many times, a "cheesy" icon appears, while using a wide variety of moves causes a thumbs-up icon to appear. Neither icon has any impact on the player's score.
Development
A Sega Saturn version of the game was announced, but Acclaim cancelled it in early 1997.
Reception
Fantastic Four received overwhelmingly negative reviews. Both IGN and Next Generation criticized the poor control and rough sprites, and GameSpot and Next Generation both found the music completely failed to fit in with the game. Next Generation said, "Like the worst of Acclaim's licensed games for the last eight years, this one takes a venerable piece of pop-culture property, in this case Stan Lee's Fantastic 4, and reduces it to dismal side-scrolling action – using 'action' in the loosest sense of the word." In Japan, where the game was ported and published by Acclaim Japan on February 19, 1998, Famitsu gave it a score of 16 out of 40.
GamePros brief review criticized that "the character animation is stiff, the sound effects are campy, and the gameplay quickly becomes repetitive as waves of enemies attack in predictable patterns." IGN ventured that it "could very well be the worst game ever made." GameSpot had a more mixed reaction, arguing that Fantastic Four has some interesting features, such as its multiplayer capabilities, and that if the core game had been worked on so that it wasn't so boring and easy, it would have been a much better game.
Though they never reviewed the game, Electronic Gaming Monthly named Fantastic Four Worst Use of a Good License in their 1998 Video Game Buyer's Guide, commenting, "Aside from its somewhat-decent polygonal graphics, Fantastic Four is nothing more than dull, repetitive Final Fight rehash."
Notes
References
External links
1997 video games
Acclaim Entertainment games
Cancelled Sega Saturn games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation (console)-only games
Probe Software games
Superhero video games
Video games based on the Fantastic Four
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games set in Atlantis
Video games set in Europe
Video games set in New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic%20Four%20%281997%20video%20game%29 |
The Federation of Young European Greens, often referred to as FYEG ( ), is an umbrella organisation that gathers young green movements and organisations across Europe with 40,000 members. FYEG's aim is to defend climate and social justice on the European level. Since 2007, FYEG is the European Green Party's youth wing.
FYEG has 30 member organisations, 5 candidates and 2 associate members, along with two partner organisations - the Global Young Greens and Cooperation and Development Network Eastern Europe. It is a closer partner of the Green European Foundation, the European Green Party, and the Green Academy. It also holds a full membership to the European Youth Forum (EYF) which operates within the Council of Europe and European Union youth engagement frameworks and works closely with both these bodies.
History
The Federation of Young European Greens was created in 1988. Gerard Onesta was one of the founding members. The idea of a European federation was brought up in Strasbourg in 1988 by French, Belgian, Luxemburgish and German young members from Green parties.
In 2002, during a FYEG General Assembly in Belgrade, the Cooperation and Development network (CDN) was founded, with the aim of better supporting green youth organisations in Eastern and South Eastern Europe, which were often smaller and organisationally less developed than their Western European counterparts.
From then on, FYEG became more political and strengthened its links with the European Green Party (EGP) and European Youth Fourm (EYF). In 2007, it became EGP's official youth wing and gained voting rights in EGP's organs.
In 2009, FYEG launched its first internal European campaign in order to promote young candidates at the European elections. Three MEPs, who were among the youngest ever, were elected to the European Parliament: Ska Keller, Jan Philipp Albrecht and Karima Delli. Similar programmes in subsequent elections have had equal success, with notable successes with Terry Reintke, Linnéa Engström, and Ernest Urtasun
At the 2018 General Assembly, FYEG celebrated its 30th anniversary, and for the first time elected two female co-spokespeople: Zuzana Pavelková from Mladí zelení and Katri Ylinen, from ViNO.
Activities
Like many other European Party-Political Youth Organisations, FYEG's main activities consist of lobbying its mother party within internal and external channels, engaging in broader European political discourse on topics relevant to it and its member organisations - notably migration and LGBTQ rights - and organising international youth exchanges with EU and Council of Europe funding. These have included Study Sessions at the Council of Europe Youth Centres in Strasbourg and Budapest, and summer camps and training sessions in various locations around Europe.
Structures
General Assembly (GA)
The General Assembly (GA) is the highest decision-making body of FYEG. All full member organisations have two votes in the GA, candidate member organisations have one vote and observer (partner) organisations can send observers.
The General Assembly is held yearly in a different country. It is during the General Assembly that members of the different structures are elected.
Executive Committee (EC)
The executive committee is the second highest decision-making body in FYEG. It handles the management of the federation on a day-to-day basis. The EC is composed of 8 members. Within the EC, there are two co-spokespersons and a treasurer. The EC members are elected for one year and can renew their mandates three times.
Finance Control and Advisory Committee (FCAC)
The FCC's tasks include a yearly meeting, dedicated to checking FYEG's finances. A written report of this meeting must be submitted to the EC, thereby providing an internal audit and the presentation of this yearly report to the delegates at the GA.
Members of the FCC are elected for two years by the GA.
Advisory Committee (AC)
The advisory Committee follows the functioning of the EC and personnel and they assist in conflict resolution between EC members and/or personnel. These are usually former EC members or people who were involved in FYEG. The Advisory Committee ensures the transfer of knowledge within FYEG and acts as a conflict resolution body. It is elected for two years at the GA and is composed of 5 members. Action by the AC is taken only upon request by EC members of other bodies of FYEG. They are elected for two years by the GA.
Working groups
The Working groups are a place for our activists to meet, debate topics and develop campaigns and ideas. They are in charge of building and communicating positions internally and externally with the approval of the EC. Each working group consist of at least 5 people from 5 different MOs.
Office staff
The office staff has at least one Secretary General (elected for two years by the General Assembly) and a Project Assistant. The Sec Gen is responsible of the daily management of FYEG regarding finances, co-ordination of the office, fund-raising, representation, reporting, networking and legal representation. The Project Assistant is in charge of project management, organisation of FYEG events and giving and administrative support to the SecGen.
Members
References
External links
Greens, Federation of Young
Youth wings of green parties in Europe
Environmental organisations based in Belgium
European Green Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation%20of%20Young%20European%20Greens |
Penn State Beaver is a commonwealth campus of Pennsylvania State University located in Center Township in Beaver County, Pennsylvania.
Campus history
The land where the campus now exists was once a farm owned by the Hartenbach family. The barn once stood on the present site of the Brodhead Cultural Center's amphitheater. The main part of the campus’s grounds has served multiple purposes throughout the years. One of its main functions was as the Beaver County Tuberculosis Sanatorium, which opened on February 14, 1923. The building, which later served as the Penn State Beaver administration building from 1965 until 2004 when the Ross Administration Building was opened, held 20 beds and its primary physicians were Drs Fred and Ruth Wilson.
As tuberculosis cases began to decline in the Beaver County area the sanatorium was closed in the early 1950s. For a short time after this, the building was used as an annex for the Beaver County Geriatric Hospital before it was moved to its new location on Dutch Ridge Road in 1963. It was also around this time that Hartenbach farm was sold to Pennsylvania State University with a contingent that Ralph Hartenbach and his wife could live in their house until their deaths.
The Beaver County Commissioners donated the old sanatorium and the land around it to Penn State. In the fall of 1965, Penn State Beaver admitted 97 students for its first semester. Each student paid $525 for two semesters.
Academics
Penn State Beaver offers the first two years of almost all of Penn State's more than 160 baccalaureate majors. Students can also complete many bachelor's degrees at Beaver campus.
Campus buildings
Library (LIB)
Opened in 1968, the library was a part of the first campus building project after Penn state Beaver opened in 1965. The building now houses over 40,000 books and students are able to also check out DVDs and CDs. The Library Information Access System (LIAS) and CAT (Penn State’s card catalogue system) can also be accessed from the computers located in the building as well as from any computer with internet access. Through these systems, students can access any book in the Penn State Library system as well as books from other colleges and universities.
Located in the downstairs of the building is a classroom and study.
Michael Baker Jr. Science and Engineering Building (MBB)
Also, opened in 1968 this building was formally called the Science and Engineering Building but was later renamed after Baker’s Death. Baker was the founder of the Michael Baker Corporation. Baker had played a key role in bring Penn State to Beaver County and was a Penn State Alumnus.
Both the main IST and Engineering labs are housed in this building. The IST lab was developed with a $125,000 grant from the Beaver County Commissioners.
In the downstairs of the building is the Digital Commons, a multimedia studio open to students staff and faculty.
General Classroom Building (GCB)
The third of the buildings opened in 1968, the GCB features two auditorium classrooms as well as other additional classrooms that serve a variety of classes.
Harmony Hall
Completed in the late 1960s, the building is still home to campus residents. Each dorm features a micro fridge and internet access. A game room and Laundry room are available in the basement of the building.
Brodhead Bistro
Open during the fall and spring semesters, the Brodhead Bistro offers a variety of food choices to students on campus.
Student Union (SUB)
The first part of the building was completed in 1970. In 1994, the building was expanded. It now includes the auditorium as well as the campus Admissions Office, Student Affairs, The Student Activity Suite, Housing and Food Services, Special Events room, the campus bookstore, and Career Services. The Student Union Lodge, WBVR radio station and the game room are also located in this building. Conference rooms are located in the downstairs of the building for both university and outside use.
Gary B. Keefer Wellness Center and Gymnasium
The original gymnasium for the campus was constructed in 1970. In 2012, the gym saw the addition of the Gary B. Keefer Wellness Center, a fitness center containing various exercise equipment.
Ross Administration Building (RAB)
The administration building replaced the old sanitorium that was located in the center of campus. This building houses academic affairs, the chancellor’s office, the business and finance office, the division of undergraduate studies, the health center, the Center for Academic Achievement and most professors’ offices.
Athletics
Varsity sports
Penn State–Beaver currently offers seven varsity sports teams:
Men's Basketball
Men's Baseball
Men's Soccer
Women's Basketball
Women's Soccer
Women's Softball
Women's Volleyball
In addition, the campus has one club sport: hockey.
Penn State Beaver Athletics is a member of the Pennsylvania State University Athletic Conference (PSUAC) and the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA). Since 2006, Beaver teams have won the following championships:
2 USCAA national championships
2 USCAA national runners-up
6 USCAA top 5 finishes
2 PSUAC championships
19 PSUAC runners-up
2 WPACRHL championships (club hockey league)
3 WPACRHL runners-up
Intramural sports
For students interested in playing a sport but not wanting to join a varsity team, various intramural leagues and activities are held throughout the academic year.
Campus events
Homecoming
Homecoming is held annually during the fall semester. The event is typically held on a Saturday when a carnival and tailgate party is held. Various athletic games of alumni vs students are also held.
Beaverfest
BeaverFest Week, which is sponsored by the Student Government Association, features a series of programs and events for Beaver students with free food, giveaways, prizes and T-shirts. Beaverfest is held annually during the last week of classes for the spring semester.
References
External links
Official website
Official athletics website
Pennsylvania State University colleges
Educational institutions established in 1965
Universities and colleges in Beaver County, Pennsylvania
USCAA member institutions
1965 establishments in Pennsylvania
Beaver | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn%20State%20Beaver |
Complementarianism is a theological view in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam, that men and women have different but complementary roles and responsibilities in marriage, family life, and religious leadership. Complementary and its cognates are currently used to denote this view. Some Christians interpret the Bible as prescribing complementarianism, and therefore adhere to gender-specific roles that preclude women from specific functions of ministry within the community. Though women may be precluded from certain roles and ministries, they are held to be equal in moral value and of equal status. The phrase used to describe this is "ontologically equal, functionally different".
Complementarians assign primary headship roles to men and support roles to women based on their interpretation of certain biblical passages. One of the precepts of complementarianism is that while women may assist in the decision-making process, the ultimate authority for the decision is the purview of the male in marriage, courtship, and in the polity of churches subscribing to this view. The main contrasting viewpoint is Christian egalitarianism, which maintains that positions of authority and responsibility in marriage and religion should be equally available to both females and males.
Christianity
Complementarianism holds that "God has created men and women equal in their essential dignity and human personhood, but different and complementary in function with male headship in the home and in the Church." Many proponents and also opponents of complementarianism see the Bible as the infallible word of God.
The complementarian position claims to uphold what has been the most traditional teaching on gender roles in the church. However, the terms traditionalist or hierarchicalist are usually avoided by complementarians, as the former "implies an unwillingness to let Scripture challenge traditional patterns of behavior", while the latter "overemphasizes structured authority while giving no suggestion of equality or the beauty of mutual interdependence". Therefore, they prefer the term complementarian, "since it suggests both equality and beneficial differences".
While they do not necessarily use the term "complementarianism", many Catholics are advocates of complementarianism with regard to the social doctrine of the Church. The Catechism of the Catholic Church asserts that "God gives man and woman an equal personal dignity" but also that the harmony of society "depends in part on the way in which the complementarity, needs, and mutual support between the sexes are lived out."
History
The term "complementarianism" was first used by the founders of the Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood in 1988.
Roles in marriage
The complementarian view of marriage asserts gender-based roles in marriage. A husband is considered to have the God-given responsibility to provide for, protect, and lead his family. A wife is to collaborate with her husband, respect him, and serve as his helper in managing the household and nurturing the next generation. Complementarians assert that the Bible instructs husbands to lead their families as Head of Household, and to love their wives as Christ loves the Church. They cite the Bible as instructing wives to respect their husbands' leadership out of reverence for Christ. The husband is also meant to hold moral accountability for his wife and to exhibit a sacrificial love for her. The wife is meant to respond to her husband's love for her with love in-kind and by receiving his service and leadership willingly.
An example of the complementarian view of marriage can be found in the Southern Baptist Convention's Baptist Faith and Message (2000), an excerpt from which is quoted here:
The Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood teaches that "Christ is the supreme authority and guide for men and women, so that no earthly submission—domestic, religious, or civil—ever implies a mandate to follow a human authority into sin."
The expression Sponsa Christi is sometimes used by complementarian denominations such as the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod. They claim that the apostle Paul advocated such views in the New Testament. According to Catholic doctrine, the Christ symbolizes the bridegroom, while the Church (Ecclesia) represents the bride.
Roles in the Church
Based on their interpretation of certain scriptures complementarians view women's roles in ministry, particularly in church settings, as limited. The complementarian view holds that women should not hold church leadership roles that involve teaching or authority over men.
For instance, Frank Page, a former president of the Southern Baptist Convention, has written that "...while both men and women are gifted for service in the church, the office of Pastor is limited to men as qualified by Scripture" while the office of deacon are open to both men and women (excluding Catholicism) According to complementarianism, women are not completely forbidden from speaking within a church since Paul speaks about women prophesying inside the church.
The Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood holds that "[i]n the church, redemption in Christ gives men and women an equal share in the blessings of salvation. Nevertheless, they strongly believe that certain governing and teaching roles within the church are restricted to men (; ; ; ).” Most complementarians believe that women should not be ordained as a pastor or as an evangelist in some cases, while others believe that it is acceptable for women to be evangelists but not pastors. This would not support placing women in top leadership roles in the church or family that would imply or provide any authority over men. Which other specific ministry roles are open to women varies among complementarians.
In his article "Women Preachers, Divorce, and a Gay Bishop–What’s the Link?", Southern Baptist theologian and seminary president Albert Mohler asserts that "The arguments used in support of the ordination of women require the dismissal or 'reinterpretation' of specific biblical texts which disallow women in the teaching office". He believes the same is true of arguments for the ordination of divorced persons and for homosexuals.
Some traditionally Catholic countries have been called matriarchal because of the high value that was placed on women. Numerous women have been beatified and are venerated among the saints. However, the Catholic Church restricts ordination to men, since "The Lord Jesus chose men (viri) to form the college of the twelve apostles, and the apostles did the same when they chose collaborators to succeed them in their ministry".
Complementarian advocates
Christian denominations
Christian denominations that support some form of gender complementarity, either in church or the home, include many conservative Protestant denominations (as well as many non-denominational Protestant churches), the Catholic Church, and the Eastern Orthodox Church. Some groups that have outlined specific positions include the Southern Baptist Convention, Presbyterian Church in America, Anglican Diocese of Sydney, the Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches (Australia), Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, Roman Catholic Church, Conservative Mennonites, Newfrontiers, Jehovah's Witnesses, Evangelical Free Church of America, Christian and Missionary Alliance, Sovereign Grace Ministries, and the Calvary Chapel movement.
Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood
The Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood (CBMW) is the primary evangelical Christian organization that exists to promote the complementarian view of gender issues. CBMW's current president is Denny Burk who is also a professor of Biblical Studies at Boyce Bible College, the undergraduate wing of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. The CBMW published a semi-annual academic journal called the Journal for Biblical Manhood & Womanhood.
Complementarian movements within feminism
New feminism is a predominantly Catholic philosophy which emphasizes a belief in an integral complementarity of men and women, rather than the superiority of men over women or women over men.
Difference feminism is a philosophy that stresses that men and women are ontologically different versions of the human being. Many Catholics adhere to and have written on the philosophy, though the philosophy is not specifically Catholic.
Criticism
According to Christians for Biblical Equality (CBE), an organization that adopts a Christian egalitarian approach, complementarianism "sidesteps the question at issue, which is not whether there are beneficial differences between men and women, but whether these differences warrant the inequitable roles, rights, and opportunities prescribed by advocates of gender hierarchy." CBE prefaces their criticism with acknowledgement of some positions they share in common with complementarians: a mutual love for and commitment to Jesus Christ, a commitment to justice as a biblical ideal, a devotion to Scripture as being God-inspired, and a desire to see the world embrace the gospel of Christ. They are divided by worldviews that CBE sees as reflecting the moral teachings of God and their purposes in this world. CBE maintains that these differing views have "enormous consequences". CBE President Mimi Haddad asserts that Christians are divided over patriarchy as they once were over slavery. She characterizes those divisions as different views of the nature, purpose, and value of humanity, all based on gender.
Domestic abuse
Hierarchy in relationships was isolated as a factor that positively correlates with the acceptance of beliefs that facilitate abuse in a 2018 study by Jensen et al.; gender complementarianism was used as an indicator of hierarchical relations. Critics of complementarianism have argued that it can be abused to uphold abuse and reduces women's ability to hold male abusers accountable. Some have criticized complementarianism as promoting a power imbalance that facilitates abuse. Hannah Paasch, one of the people who started the #ChurchToo hashtag, argues that complementarianism "feeds the rape culture" in aspects of American Christianity influenced by Western secular society. Supporters of complementarian ideas counter that good leadership on the part of males, as demanded by the Bible, precludes and forbids abuse. John Piper argues that complementarianism's prescription of protective male leadership helps protect women from sexual abuse.
Other religions
Differentiation of women's roles on the basis of religious beliefs are not unique to Christianity or Western culture.
Judaism
Different movements in Judaism have adopted differing views in gender relations. The Lubavitcher Rebbe stated, "In the Divine plan for creation, men and women have distinct, diverse missions. These missions complement each other, and together bring the Divine plan to harmonious fruition. The role of one is neither higher nor lower than the role of the other: they are simply different." Contrasting this, the Reform Jewish movement is entirely egalitarian, both in services and in daily life. In North America, the Conservative movement is likewise predominantly egalitarian. Although egalitarianism has been adopted in services and life by some of Orthodox Jewry, complementarianism continues to be more prevalent in Orthodox communities.
Baháʼí Faith
The Baháʼí Faith proclaims that equality is not to deny that differences in function between women and men exist but rather to affirm the complementary roles men and women fulfill in the home and society at large. "The world of humanity is possessed of two wings: the male and the female. So long as these two wings are not equivalent in strength, the bird will not fly. Until womankind reaches the same degree as man, until she enjoys the same arena of activity, extraordinary attainment for humanity will not be realized; humanity cannot wing its way to heights of real attainment. When the two wings … become equivalent in strength, enjoying the same prerogatives, the flight of man will be exceedingly lofty and extraordinary".
See also
Biblical patriarchy
Christian egalitarianism
Christian views about women
Christian views of marriage
Christian headcovering
Gender roles in Islam
Ordination of women
Rights and obligations of spouses in Islam
Yin and yang
Related secular:
Antifeminism
Family values
Manosphere
Masculism
References
Further reading
Strachan, Owen; Peacock, Gavin (2016). The Grand Design: Male and Female He Made Them. Christian Focus Publications.
External links
Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood (CBMW)
Equal but Different
Head Covering Movement | Complementarian symbolism
Ladies Against Feminism
Girls Gone Wise | Ministry of Mary Kassian
International Council for Gender Studies (ICGS)
Family Life
Gender and Christianity
Gender and religion
Gender and Judaism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementarianism |
Vyacheslav Ivanovich Ivanenko (; born 3 March 1961) is a retired race walker who represented the USSR.
Biography
He won the gold medal over 50 kilometers at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul with a personal best time of 3:38:29. He also won a silver at the 1986 European Championships and a bronze at the 1987 World Championships.
Born in Kemerovo, Ivanenko was awarded the title Honoured Master of Sports of the USSR in 1988 and the Order of Friendship of Peoples.
Ivanenko works in the Kemerovo department of the State Inspection For Traffic Security (GIBDD).
Since 2008, every autumn in Kemerovo on the Vyacheslav's initiative and the support of local authorities Ivanenko Race Walking Cup is taking place.
International competitions
External links
1961 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Kemerovo
Sportspeople from Kemerovo Oblast
Soviet male racewalkers
Russian male racewalkers
Olympic athletes for the Soviet Union
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships athletes for the Soviet Union
World Athletics Championships medalists
European Athletics Championships medalists
Honoured Masters of Sport of the USSR
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav%20Ivanenko |
The solar transition region is a region of the Sun's atmosphere between the upper chromosphere and corona. It is important because it is the site of several unrelated but important transitions in the physics of the solar atmosphere:
Below, gravity tends to dominate the shape of most features, so that the Sun may often be described in terms of layers and horizontal features (like sunspots); above, dynamic forces dominate the shape of most features, so that the transition region itself is not a well-defined layer at a particular altitude.
Below, most of the helium is not fully ionized, so that it radiates energy very effectively; above, it becomes fully ionized. This has a profound effect on the equilibrium temperature (see below).
Below, the material is opaque to the particular colors associated with spectral lines, so that most spectral lines formed below the transition region are absorption lines in infrared, visible light, and near ultraviolet, while most lines formed at or above the transition region are emission lines in the far ultraviolet (FUV) and X-rays. This makes radiative transfer of energy within the transition region very complicated.
Below, gas pressure and fluid dynamics usually dominate the motion and shape of structures; above, magnetic forces dominate the motion and shape of structures, giving rise to different simplifications of magnetohydrodynamics. The transition region itself is not well studied in part because of the computational cost, uniqueness, and complexity of Navier–Stokes combined with electrodynamics.
Helium ionization is important because it is a critical part of the formation of the corona: when solar material is cool enough that the helium within it is only partially ionized (i.e. retains one of its two electrons), the material cools by radiation very effectively via both black-body radiation and direct coupling to the helium Lyman continuum. This condition holds at the top of the chromosphere, where the equilibrium temperature is a few tens of thousands of kelvins.
Applying slightly more heat causes the helium to ionize fully, at which point it ceases to couple well to the Lyman continuum and does not radiate nearly as effectively. The temperature jumps up rapidly to nearly one million kelvin, the temperature of the solar corona. This phenomenon is called the temperature catastrophe and is a phase transition analogous to boiling water to make steam; in fact, solar physicists refer to the process as evaporation by analogy to the more familiar process with water. Likewise, if the amount of heat being applied to coronal material is slightly reduced, the material very rapidly cools down past the temperature catastrophe to around one hundred thousand kelvin, and is said to have condensed. The transition region consists of material at or around this temperature catastrophe.
See also
Moreton wave
Coronal hole
Solar spicule
References
External links
Animated explanation of the Transition Region (and Chromosphere) (University of South Wales).
Animated explanation of the temperature of the Transition Region (and Chromosphere) (University of South Wales).
Space plasmas
Transition region
Light sources | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20transition%20region |
Richard Dunthorne (1711 – 3 March 1775) was an English astronomer and surveyor, who worked in Cambridge as astronomical and scientific assistant to Roger Long (master of Pembroke Hall and Lowndean Professor of Astronomy and Geometry), and also concurrently for many years as surveyor to the Bedford Level Corporation.
Life and work
There are short biographical notes of Dunthorne, one in the Philosophical Transactions (Abridgement Series, published 1809) (unsigned), another in the 'Dictionary of National Biography' (vol.16), and a third by W T Lynn. Dunthorne was born in humble circumstances in Ramsey, Cambridgeshire, where he attended the free grammar school. There he attracted the notice of Roger Long (later Master of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge), whose protégé Dunthorne became. Dunthorne moved to Cambridge where Long first appointed him as a "footboy", and where he received some further education (though this does not seem to have been regular university education). Dunthorne then "managed" a preparatory school in Coggeshall, Essex, and later returned to Cambridge where Long obtained for him an appointment as a "butler" at Pembroke Hall, an office that Dunthorne retained for the rest of his life. Here Dunthorne's main activity seems to have been in assisting Long in astronomical and scientific work.
Dunthorne also held an appointment for some years, concurrently with his work with Long, as superintendent of works of the Bedford Level Corporation, responsible for water management in the Fens; he began this work several years" before 1761, continuing into the 1770s. In this role, Dunthorne was concerned in a survey of the fens in Cambridgeshire, and he also supervised construction of locks near Chesterton on the River Cam.
Dunthorne's association with Long remained lifelong, and in the end Dunthorne acted as executor of Long's will.
Lunar tables
Dunthorne published a book of astronomical tables in 1739 entitled Practical Astronomy of the Moon: or, new Tables... Exactly constructed from Sir Isaac Newton's Theory, as published by Dr Gregory in his Astronomy, London & Oxford, 1739. These tables were modelled on Isaac Newton's lunar theory of 1702, to facilitate testing Newton's theory.
In a 1746 letter to the keeper of Cambridge's Woodwardian Museum, Dunthorne wrote: "After I had compared a good Number of modern Observations made in different Situations of the Moon and of her Orbit in respect of the Sun, with the Newtonian Theory . . . I proceeded to examine the mean Motion of the Moon, of her Apogee, and Nodes, to see whether they were well represented by the Tables for any considerable Number of Years . . . "
On the basis of his observations, Dunthorne proposed some adjustments of the numerical terms of the theory.
Acceleration of the Moon
Dunthorne is particularly remembered for his study of the phenomenon of the changing apparent speed of the Moon in its orbit. Edmond Halley in about 1695 had already suggested on the basis of comparison between contemporary observations and on the other hand ancient records for the timing of ancient eclipses, that the Moon was very gradually accelerating in its orbit. (It was not yet known in Halley's or in Dunthorne's time that what is actually happening is a slowing-down of the Earth's rate of rotation – see Ephemeris time.) Dunthorne's computations, based in part on records of ancient accounts of eclipses, confirmed the apparent acceleration; and he was the first to quantify the effect, which he put at +10" (arcseconds/century^2) in terms of the difference of lunar longitude. Dunthorne's estimate is not far from those assessed later, e.g. in 1786 by de Lalande and still not very far away from the values from about 10" to nearly 13" being derived about a century later.
Astronomical publications and observations
Dunthorne published papers in the Philosophical Transactions, including "On the motion of the Moon" (1746), "On the acceleration of the Moon" (1749), and the letter "Concerning comets" in 1751. He observed the transits of Venus in 1761 and 1769, and also published tables on the motion of Jupiter's satellites in 1762.
Work for the Nautical Almanac
On 18 July 1765 the Board of Longitude (effectively led by Nevil Maskelyne) appointed Dunthorne as the first "Comparer of the Ephemeris and Corrector of the Proofs" for the (then still future) Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris. The first issue appeared with data for the year 1767, breaking new ground in providing computational tools to enable mariners to use lunar observations to find their longitude at sea. Dunthorne worked as sole comparer for the first three issues, with data for 1767–69, and afterward continued as one of several comparers until the issue for 1776.
Dunthorne also contributed a method for clearing nautical lunar observations of the effects of refraction and parallax, for the purpose of finding the longitude at sea, and Maskelyne included this in his 'Tables requisite to be used with the Nautical Ephemeris', an accessory volume published to accompany the Nautical Almanac. It is also reported that Dunthorne in 1772 received from the Board of Longitude a reward of £50 for this contribution towards shortening the tedious calculations involved in "clearing the lunar distance" (at the same time as a similar reward was given to the contributor of an alternative method for the same purpose, Israel Lyons, 1739–1775). Improvements were added and "Dunthorne's improved method" was included in an edition of 1802.
In this area of celestial navigation, Dunthorne has been credited as the first to apply trigonometrical formulae for the general spherical triangle to the reduction of lunar distances and to give auxiliary tables for that purpose.
Benefactions in Cambridge
Dunthorne planned and funded the construction of an observatory in 1765. The observatory was situated on the Shrewsbury Gate of St. John's College. Dunthorne also gave astronomical instruments to the college. The observatory remained in place until its closure in 1859.
A contemporary, Rev. William Ludlam (in charge of the St John's College observatory from 1767), described Dunthorne as one "who without the benefit of an Academical education is arrived at such a perfection in many branches of learning, and particularly in Astronomy, as would do honour to the proudest Professor in any University . . . he joined to a consummate excellence in his profession a generosity without limit in the exercise of it."
Dunthorne died at Cambridge. The crater Dunthorne on the Moon is named after him.
Dunthorne's publications
Richard Dunthorne (1739), Practical Astronomy of the Moon: or, new Tables... Exactly constructed from Sir Isaac Newton's Theory, as published by Dr Gregory in his Astronomy, London & Oxford, 1739.
Richard Dunthorne (1746), "A Letter from Mr. Richard Dunthorne, to the Rev. Mr. Charles Mason, F. R. S. and Woodwardian Professor of Nat. Hist. at Cambridge, concerning the Moon's Motion", Philosophical Transactions, Volume 44 (1746), pp.412–420.
Richard Dunthorne (1749), "A Letter from the Rev. Mr. Richard Dunthorne to the Reverend Mr. Richard Mason F. R. S. and Keeper of the Wood-Wardian Museum at Cambridge, concerning the Acceleration of the Moon", Philosophical Transactions, Vol. 46 (1749–1750) No. 492, pp. 162–172.-- also given in Philosophical Transactions (abridgements) (1809), vol.9 (for 1744–49), pp. 669–675 as "On the Acceleration of the Moon, by the Rev. Richard Dunthorne".
Richard Dunthorne (1751), "A Letter from Mr. Rich. Dunthorne to the Rev. Dr. Long, F. R. S. Master of Pembroke-Hall in Cambridge, and Lowndes's Professor of Astronomy and Geometry in That University, concerning Comets", Philosophical Transactions, Volume 47 (1751), pp. 281–288.
Richard Dunthorne (1761), "Elements of New Tables of the Motions of Jupiter's Satellites: In a Letter to the Reverend Charles Mason, D. D. Woodwardian Professor in the University of Cambridge, and F. R. S. from Mr. Richard Dunthorne", Philosophical Transactions, Volume 52 (1761), pp. 105–107.
Notes and references
Other sources
Mary Croarken (2002), "Providing Longitude for All", Journal of Maritime Research (National Maritime Museum, Greenwich), September 2002.
Library of St John's College, Cambridge, (online article) mentioning Dunthorne in connection with his astronomically-related gifts to the college 1764–5, including a regulator clock by John Shelton.
W T Lynn (1905), "Richard Dunthorne", The Observatory,vol.28 (1905), pp.215–6.
Philosophical Transactions (Abridgement Series) (1809), vol.9 (for 1744–49) pages 669–70, (unsigned) biographical note about Richard Dunthorne.
Frédéric Marguet (Capitaine de Vaisseau) (1931), "Histoire générale de la navigation du XVe au XXe siècle", Paris 1931, chapter 7, at page 242.
Christof A. Plicht, "R. Dunthorne," Red Hill Observatory
Curious About Astronomy
"Right" Answers
Maskelyne, N. (1767), Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris, editions for 1767 and 1768; (see especially Maskelyne's Preface, acknowledging Dunthorne.
18th-century British astronomers
Amateur astronomers
1711 births
1775 deaths
People from Ramsey, Cambridgeshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Dunthorne |
"Rosalyn" is the debut single by British rock band Pretty Things, released in 1964. It charted at number 41 in the United Kingdom.
History
"Rosalyn" was written by songwriter Jimmy Duncan, who was also co-manager of the Pretty Things with Bryan Morrison at the time, along with Bill Farley, studio owner where the band was recording. The song was recorded as their debut single on Fontana Records, and became the Pretties first hit, reaching No. 41 on the UK singles chart in July 1964. It features Bo Diddley style lead guitar as well as prominent slide guitar.
Personnel
Phil May - vocals
Dick Taylor - lead guitar
Brian Pendleton - slide/rhythm guitar, vocals
John Stax - bass, vocals
Viv Prince - drums
Covers
David Bowie recorded "Rosalyn" and released it on his album Pin Ups. It was released as a free sampler single to Record Club members by RCA in New Zealand in November 1973. "Sorrow", was released, as in the rest of the world, as the commercial single from the album. The B-side was "Where Have All the Good Times Gone", another cover from Pin Ups.
In 1972, British rock group Stack Waddy covered the song on their album Bugger Off!.
Charts
References
1964 songs
1964 debut singles
Pretty Things songs
David Bowie songs
Fontana Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalyn%20%28song%29 |
Stephen O'Reilly (born 9 November 1972) is an Australian rules footballer, who mainly played as a full back. He was educated at Aquinas College, Perth.
WAFL career
He initially played for Swan Districts in the WAFL before being drafted to Geelong in the AFL with selection 9 in the 1991 National Draft. As was common at the time, O'Reilly decided against moving to Geelong immediately and instead remained at Swan Districts for the 1992 season.
Geelong career
In 1993 he made the move east and played in 12 games in his debut season. In 1994 he only missed one game and was a member of Geelong's losing grand final side.
Fremantle career
As a strong defender, he was targeted by the newly formed Fremantle Dockers for the 1995 season. He led an inexperienced backline in their initial seasons, and finished 4th, 1st and 6th in the Best and Fairest award in his first three years at the new club. Following the 1997 O'Reilly suffered a bad hamstring tear in which the muscle was completely torn off the bone. The 1998 and 1999 seasons saw him play at both ends of the ground, but not as effectively as the earlier years.
Carlton career and scandal
O'Reilly requested a transfer back to Melbourne at the end of 1999 season. Carlton agreed to a trade and Fremantle received selections 16 and 46 in return. O'Reilly played 12 games for Carlton in 2000, but due to a recurring back injury couldn't regain the form he had shown at Fremantle. He retired at the end of 2000 having played a total of 146 games over 8 years at three clubs.
At the end of 2002, it was revealed that Carlton had been systematically cheating the league salary cap during the early 2000s, making payments outside the salary cap to O'Reilly and three other players. The scandal resulted in the club paying a $930,000 penalty and losing picks in multiple drafts.
References
External links
1972 births
Carlton Football Club players
Fremantle Football Club players
Geelong Football Club players
Western Australian State of Origin players
Doig Medal winners
Living people
Swan Districts Football Club players
People educated at Aquinas College, Perth
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia
Fremantle Football Club administrators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20O%27Reilly%20%28footballer%29 |
The Oakland Public Schools is a comprehensive community public school district serving students in kindergarten through eighth grade from the borough of Oakland in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States.
As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprising four schools, had an enrollment of 1,362 students and 132.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.3:1.
The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "I", the second-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.
Students in ninth through twelfth grades for public school attend the schools of the Ramapo Indian Hills Regional High School District, a regional district serving students from Franklin Lakes, Oakland and Wyckoff. Students entering the district as freshmen have the option to attend either of the district's high schools, regardless of their residence, subject to a choice made during eighth grade. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are
Indian Hills High School, located in Oakland (1,062 students) and
Ramapo High School, located in Franklin Lakes (1,222 students).
Schools
Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are:
Elementary schools
Dogwood Hill Elementary School with 247 students in grades K-5
Sean Bowe, principal
Heights Elementary School with 347 students in grades K-5
Robyn Greenwald, principal
Manito Elementary School with 266 students in grades K-5
Adam Silverstein, principal
Middle school
Valley Middle School with 473 students in grades 6-8)
Gregg Desiderio, principal
Administration
Core members of the district's administration are:
Dr. Gina M. Coffaro, superintendent of schools
Annette Wells, school business administrator and board secretary
Board of education
The district's board of education, with five members, sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats up for election each year held as part of the April school election. As one of the 13 districts statewide with school elections in April (five of which are in Bergen County), voters also decide on passage of the annual school budget.
References
External links
Oakland Public Schools
Ramapo Indian Hills Regional High School District website
School Data for the Oakland Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics
Oakland, New Jersey
New Jersey District Factor Group I
School districts in Bergen County, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland%20Public%20Schools |
Aleksandr Potashov (, Russian: Александр Поташёв; born 12 March 1962) is a retired race walker who represented the USSR and later Belarus. He won the gold medal over 50 kilometres at the 1991 World Championships. Potashov and his teammate Andrey Perlov attempted to cross the goal line simultaneously, resulting in a shared gold medal, but the officials declared Potashov the winner by 0.01 second.
Potashov finished fourth at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul and was disqualified at the 1992 Olympics. His personal best time is 3:40:02, achieved in May 1990.
International competitions
References
1962 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Vitebsk
Belarusian male racewalkers
Soviet male racewalkers
Olympic athletes for the Soviet Union
Olympic athletes for Belarus
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships athletes for the Soviet Union
World Athletics Championships medalists
Soviet Athletics Championships winners
World Athletics Championships winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr%20Potashov |
John Fawcett (of Bolton) (8 December 1789 – 26 October 1867) began in life as a shoemaker but taught himself to be a musician, at Bolton-le-moors. In 1825, Fawcett moved to Bolton, in Lancashire, and became an organist, choir leader, and composer. He composed three sets of Psalm and Hymn Tunes, published at various periods under the titles of The Voice of Devotion, The Harp of Zion, The Cherub Lute, and Miriam's Timbrel (1862), which are still very popular in Lancashire. In 1840 he edited and arranged the accompaniments the collection of psalm and hymn tunes and other pieces selected by Joseph Hart, the music publisher, entitled Melodia Divina. An oratorio of his composition, called Paradise, was published in 1853. He died at Bolton, Oct. 26,1867.
References
English classical composers
English classical organists
British male organists
Shoemakers
Classical composers of church music
People from Bolton
1789 births
1867 deaths
English male classical composers
19th-century English musicians
19th-century British male musicians
Male classical organists
19th-century organists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Fawcett%20%28of%20Bolton%29 |
Zheleznodorozhny (masculine), Zheleznodorozhnaya (feminine), or Zheleznodorozhnoye (neuter) may refer to:
Zheleznodorozhny Okrug, various divisions in Russia
Zheleznodorozhny City District, several divisions in the cities of the former Soviet Union
Zheleznodorozhnoye Urban Settlement, several municipal urban settlements in Russia
Zheleznodorozhny, Russia (Zheleznodorozhnaya, Zheleznodorozhnoye), several inhabited localities in Russia
Zheleznodorozhny, until 1969, name of Qo‘ng‘irot, a town in Uzbekistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheleznodorozhny |
HomeBase was a home improvement warehouse chain in the Western United States based in Irvine, California.
History
Robert J. McNulty and George Handgis founded the chain as a warehouse club called the HomeClub, opening the first two stores in Norwalk and Fountain Valley, California, in 1983. It went public in 1985, trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol HBI.
In 1985, it was acquired by Zayre, a Framingham, Massachusetts-based discount department store chain. After Zayre was acquired by Ames, HomeClub was spun off under a new company called Waban Inc., which also owned BJ's Wholesale Club. In 1991, it discontinued its membership program and adopted the HomeBase name shortly thereafter.
The chain expanded to 89 stores by the mid-1990s, becoming the sixth largest home improvement retailer in the United States. Although it outperformed competitors like Orchard Supply Hardware and Builders Square, it could not match the growth or pricing power of The Home Depot or Lowe's. On December 5, 2000, after several dramatically unprofitable years, it announced that 67 stores would be converted to a home decorating superstore chain, House2Home, and the remainder closed. House2Home would fare no better, filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on November 7, 2001, and ceasing operations by early 2002.
References
"Hardware wars heating up in Los Angeles, Orange Counties," Los Angeles Business Journal, August 2, 1999
Canlen, Brae, "HomeBase seeks new shelter from competitive storm," Home Channel News, January 8, 2001.
Defunct retail companies of the United States
Retail companies established in 1983
Retail companies disestablished in 2002
Companies that have filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1988
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1990
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2001
Defunct companies based in California
Home improvement retailers of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomeBase |
Youth of the European People's Party (YEPP) is an umbrella organization of European political youth organisations and is the official youth wing of the European People's Party. YEPP brings together 64 centre-right youth political organisations from 40 countries all over Europe. Founded in 1997 by the 2006–2014 Prime Minister of Sweden Fredrik Reinfeldt, YEPP has developed into the largest political youth organisation in Europe.
Full members status is held to the European Youth Forum (YFJ) which operates within the Council of Europe and European Union areas and works closely with both these bodies (full members status to the European Youth Forum has also Democrat Youth Community of Europe, whose senior branch merged into the European People's Party in 2002). YEPP is also a full member of the Union of the Robert Schuman Institute for Developing Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe. Every board is elected for two years.
List of presidents
Fredrik Reinfeldt (Sweden), 1997–1999
Michael Hahn (Germany), 1999–2001
Rutger-Jan Hebben (Netherlands), 2001–2003
Daniel Bautista (Spain), 2003–2005
David Hansen (Norway), 2005–2007
Ioannis Smyrlis (Greece), 2007–2009
Laurent Schouteten (France), 2009–2011
Csaba Dömötör (Hungary), 2011–2013
Konstantinos Kyranakis (Greece), 2013–2017
Andrianos Giannou (Romania), 2017–2018
Lídia Pereira (Portugal), 2018–Present
Board members (2023-2025)
YEPP President Lídia PEREIRA (JSD, Portugal)
YEPP First Vice-president Sophia KIRCHER (Junge ÖVP, Austria)
YEPP Secretary General Heidi HANHELA (KNL, Finland)
YEPP Deputy Secretary General Vassilis SAKELLARIS (ONNED, Greece)
YEPP Treasurer Adam BÁTOVSKÝ (KDMS, Slovakia)
YEPP Vice-presidents Eoin SCARLETT (YFG, Ireland), Dora SZILAGYI (MIERT, Romania), Ola SVENNEBY (UHL, Norway), Severin HIRMER (JU, Germany), Edelmira FERRI HERNANDEZ (NNGG, Spain), Tea JERKOVIC (MHDZ, Croatia), Derek GROOT (CDJA, Netherlands), Oleksander AFANASIEV (BM, Ukraine) and Florian GASSER (JG SVP, Italy).
Financial Auditors
Metty STEINMETZ (CSJ, Luxembourg)
Michele Roncoroni (JM, Switzerland)
Board members (2021-2023)
YEPP President Lídia PEREIRA (JSD, Portugal)
YEPP First Vice-president Christian ZOLL (Junge ÖVP, Austria)
YEPP Secretary General Kevin MAAS (Jong CD&V, Belgium)
YEPP Deputy Secretary General Silva MERTSOLA (KNL, Finland)
YEPP Treasurer Vassilis SAKELLARIS (ONNED, Greece)
YEPP Vice-presidents Martin HALLANDER (KDU, Sweden), Regina FRIESER (JU, Germany), Edelmira FERRI HERNANDEZ (NNGG, Spain), Vít MIKUŠEK (ML, Czech Republic), Zarja BREGANT (SDM, Slovenia), Mara MAREŞ (TNL, Romania), Marco PARROCCINI (FIG, Italy), Nikola ERIC (UM SNS, Serbia) and Paula CAMPBELL (YFG, Ireland).
Financial Auditors
Carol DE BIAGI (GDC, San Marino)
Gianluca SCIBERRAS (MZPN, Malta)
Board members (2018–2021)
YEPP President Lídia Pereira (JSD, Portugal)
YEPP Secretary General Eileen Lynch (YFG, Ireland)
YEPP First Vice-president Stephen Beer (JU, Germany)
YEPP Deputy Secretary General Christina Balaska (ONNED, Greece)
YEPP Treasurer Ali-Reza Abdali (KNL, Finland)
YEPP Vice-presidents: Ágnes Zsofia Magyar (Fidelitas, Hungary), Mara Mares (TNL, Romania), Nikola Eric (UM SNS, Serbia), Martin Hallander (KDU, Sweden), Christian Zoll (Junge ÖVP, Austria), Zsombor Ambrus (MIERT, Romania), Karlo Ressler (MHDZ, Croatia), Marcello Gamberale (FIG, Italy), Tino Schneider (JCVP, Switzerland)
Board members (2017–2018)
YEPP President Andrianos Giannou (TNL, Romania)
YEPP Secretary General Maru Pardal (NNGG, Spain)
YEPP First Vice-president Jim Lefebre (Junge ÖVP, Austria)
YEPP Deputy Secretary General Lotte Schipper (CDJA, The Netherlands)
YEPP Treasurer Pierre-Henri Dumont (JR, France)
YEPP Vice-presidents: Ágnes Zsofia Magyar (Fidelitas, Hungary), Christina Balaska (ONNED, Greece), Eileen Lynch (YFG, Ireland), Arba Kokalari (MUF, Sweden), Ana Lidia Pereira (JSD, Portugal), Inna Korsun (YDA, Ukraine), Karlo Ressler (MHDZ, Croatia), Marcello Gamberale Paoletti (FIG, Italy), Stephan Beer (JU, Germany)
Board members (2015–2017)
YEPP President Konstantinos Kyranakis (ONNED, Greece)
YEPP First Vice-president Roland Mittmann (JU, Germany)
YEPP Secretary General Andrea Vodanović (MHDZ, Croatia)
YEPP Deputy Secretary General Christodoulos Ioannou (NEDISY, Cyprus)
YEPP Treasurer Maru Pardal (NNGG, Spain)
YEPP Vice-presidents: Bartosz Domaszewicz (SMD, Poland), Pierre-Henri Dumont (JR, France), Csaba Faragó (Fidelitas, Hungary), Andrianos Giannou (TDL, Romania), Arba Kokalari (MUF, Sweden), João Paulo Meireles (JSD, Portugal), Riccardo Pozzi (GUDC, Italy), Stefan Schnöll (JVP, Austria), Tore Storehaug (KrFU, Norway)
Board members (2013–2015)
YEPP President Konstantinos Kyranakis (ONNED, Greece)
YEPP Secretary General Colm Lauder (YFG, Ireland)
YEPP First Vice-president Juha-Pekka Nurvala (KNL, Finland)
YEPP Deputy Secretary General Federico Potočnik (MSI, Slovenia)
YEPP Treasurer Frank Visser (CDJA, Netherlands)
YEPP Vice-presidents: Stefan Schnöll (Junge ÖVP, Austria) Tom Vandenkendelaere (JONG CD&V, Belgium) Hristo Gadzhev (MGERB, Bulgaria) Christodoulos Ioannou (NEDISY, Cyprus) Linda Eichler (IRLY, Estonia) Benedict Pöttering (JU, Germany) Riccardo Pozzi (Giovani UDC, Italy) Joao Paolo Meirelles (JSD, Portugal) Sara Skyttedal (KDU, Sweden)
Board members (2011–2013)
YEPP President Csaba Dömötör (Fidelitas, Hungary)
YEPP Secretary General Juha-Pekka Nurvala (KNL, Finland)
YEPP First Vice-president Duarte Marques (JSD, Portugal)
YEPP Deputy Secretary General Colm Lauder (YFG, Ireland)
YEPP Treasurer Frank Lambermont (CDJA, Netherlands)
YEPP Vice-presidents: Reinhard Bärnthaler (Junge OVP, Austria), Charalambos Stavrides (NEDISY, Cyprus), Benedict Pöttering (JU, Germany), Konstantinos Kyranakis (ONNED, Greece), Emanuele Occhipinti (GL, Italy), Gunārs Elksnis (YLPP, Latvia), Ryan Callus (MZPN, Malta), Andrea Levy Soler (NNGG, Spain), Sara Skyttedal (KDU, Sweden)
YEPP Financial Auditors: Oliver Jung (Jeunes cdH, Belgium), Riccardo Pozzi (Giovani UDC, Italy)
Board members (2009–2011)
YEPP President Laurent Schouteten (Jeunes UMP, France)
YEPP Secretary General Carlo De Romanis (FIG, Italy)
YEPP First Vice-president Thomas Schneider (JU, Germany)
YEPP Deputy Secretary General Brenda Furniere (, Belgium)
YEPP Treasurer Julian Farner-Calvert's (KRFU, Norway)
YEPP Vice-presidents: Caesar Andres (JCVP, Switzerland), Gernot Blümel (Junge ÖVP, Austria), Csaba Dömötör (Fidelitas, Hungary), Paula Gomez de la Barcena Anserona (NN.GG, Spain), Melita Kelenc (MSI, Slovenia), Anatolii Korol (DA, Ukraine), Duarte Marques (JSD, Portugal), Juha-Pekka Nurvala (KNL, Finland), Bronne Pot (CDJA, Netherlands)
YEPP Financial Auditors Petr Jurčík (MKD, Czech Republic), Michael Clancy (YFG, Ireland)
Board members (2007–2009)
YEPP President Yannis Smyrlis (ONNED, Greece)
YEPP Secretary General Martin Hümer (JVP, Austria)
YEPP First Vice-president Thomas Schneider (JU, Germany)
YEPP Deputy Secretary General Huibert van Rossum (CDJA, Netherlands)
YEPP Treasurer Sigbjørn Aanes (UHL, Norway)
YEPP Vice-presidents: Irina Pruidze (AME, Georgia), Laurent Schouteten (Jeunes UMP, France), Carlo de Romanis (FIG, Italy), James Lawless (YFG, Ireland), Vaidas Augunas (JKD, Lithuania), Paula Gómez de la Bárcena Ansorena (NNGG, Spain), Daniel Fangueiro (JSD, Portugal), Charlie Weimers (KDU, Sweden), Darija Jurica (MHDZ, Croatia)
Board members (2005–2007)
YEPP President David Hansen (KrFU, Norway)
YEPP Secretary General Martin Hümer (JVP, Austria)
YEPP First Vice-president Robert Golanski (MD, Poland)
YEPP Deputy Secretary General Huibert van Rossum (CDJA, Netherlands)
YEPP Vice-presidents: David Cermak (MKD, Czech Republic), Paula Gómez de la Bárcena Ansorena (NNGG, Spain), Galina Fomenchenko (CDMU, Ukraine), Christian Holm (MUF, Sweden), Christoph Israng (JU, Germany), Stefano Morelli (FIG, Italy), Vincent Richez (Jeunes Populaires, France), Yannis Smyrlis (ONNED, Greece), Jeroen van den Berghe (Jong CD&V, Belgium)
Board members (2003–2005)
YEPP President Daniel Bautista (NNGG, Spain)
YEPP Secretary General Riika Railimo (former Kervinen) (KNL, Finland)
YEPP First Vice-president Markus Pösentrup (JU, Germany)
YEPP Deputy Secretary General Lucinda Creighton (YFG, Ireland)
YEPP Vice-presidents: Paolo Zanetto (FIG, Italy), Bernhard Pircher (JVP Austria), Maria Syrengela (ONNED, Greece), Arnoud Strijbis (CDJA, Netherlands), Arnt Kennis (Jong CD&V, Belgium), John Bonello (MZPN, Malta), Timotej Neubauer (NG SLS, Slovenia), Pedro Duarte (JSD, Portugal)
Board members (2001–2003)
YEPP President Rutger-Jan Hebben (CDJA, Netherlands)
YEPP Secretary General Markus Pösentrup (JU, Germany)
YEPP First Vice-president Daniel Bautista (NNGG, Spain)
YEPP Deputy Secretary General Riika Railimo (former Kervinen) (KNL, Finland)
YEPP Vice-presidents: Sidonia Jedrzejewska (MD, Poland), Maria Syrengela (ONNED, Greece), Aidas Palubinskas (JKD, Lithuania), Arnt Kennis (Jong CD&V, Belgium), Alex Widmer (JCVP, Switzerland), Miguel Coleta (JSD, Portugal), David Hansen (KrFU, Norway), Leo Varadkar (YFG, Ireland), Alessia Mosca (UDC, Italy)
Board members (1999-2001)
YEPP President Michael Hahn (JU, Germany)
YEPP Secretary General Rutger-Jan Hebben (CDJA, Netherlands)
YEPP First Vice-president Belen Ureña (NNGG, Spain)
YEPP Deputy Secretary General Eva Mitsopoulou (ONNED, Greece)
YEPP Vice-presidents: Niklas Claesson (MUF, Sweden), Yannick Georges (Jeunes PSC, Belgium), Sidonia Jedrzejewska (MD, Poland), Jyrki Katainen (KNL, Finland), Stephen McCullen (YFG, Ireland), Aidas Palubinskas (JKD, Lithuania), Alina Bita (PNTCD-OT, Romania), Martin Ledolter (JVP, Austria), José Eduarto Martins (JSD, Portugal)
Board members (1997-1999)
YEPP President Fredrik Reinfeldt (MUF, Sweden)
YEPP Secretary General Walter Verbeke (CVP-Jongeren, Belgium)
YEPP First Vice-president Winfried Weck (JU, Germany)
YEPP Deputy Secretary General Jan-Kees de Jager (CDJA, Netherlands)
YEPP Vice-presidents: Joanne Harmon (YFG, Ireland), Eva Mitsopoulou (ONNED, Greece), André Støylen (UHL, Norway), Belen Ureña (NNGG, Spain), Martin Ledolter (JVP, Austria), Evarts Anosovs (Former LKDJS, Latvia), Yannick Georges (Jeunes PSC, Belgium), Mikolaj Dowgielewicz (MD, Poland), Peter Stach (KDMS, Slovakia), José Eduarto Martins (JSD, Portugal)
Member organisations
Youth Forum of the Democratic Party (FR-PD)
Junge ÖVP
Young Front
Youth Christian-Social Union Young Democrats (YCSU-YD)
Jeunes cdH
JONG Christen-Democratisch & Vlaams (JONGCD&V)
Youth SDA
Youth Union of the Democratic Party (MSDP)
Youth Union of Democratic Forces (MSDS)
Youth of the Croatian Democratic Union (Mladež Hrvatske demokratske zajednice; MHDZ)
Youth Organisation of Democratic Rally (NE.DI.SY)
Young Populars (Mladí lidovci, ML)
TOP Team (TOP tým)
Young Conservatives (Konservativ Ungdom; KU)
IRL Noored
Christian Democratic Youth of Finland (Suomen Kristillisdemokraattiset Nuoret, KDN)
Youth League of the Coalition Party (Kokoomuksen Nuorten Liitto; KNL)
Les Jeunes Républicains
Young National Democrats of Georgia (Akhalgazrda Erovnul-Demokrati)
Georgian Youth Christian-Democratic Association (SAQDA)
The Young Rights – AME (Akhalgazrda Memarjveneebi)
Junge Union (JU)
Youth Organisation of New Democracy (ΟΝΝΕΔ/ONNED)
Young Christian Democratic Union (IKSZ)
Young Fine Gael (YFG)
Forza Italia Giovani (FIG)
Youth of the Christian-Democratic Union (UDC)
Youth of the Democratic Union for Europe (UDeuR)
Junge Generation, Youth of the South Tyrolean People's Party (JG)
Unity Youth Organisation (Vienotības Jaunatnes organizācija; VJO)
Young Christian Democrats (Jaunieji krikščionys demokratai; JKD)
Christian-Social Youth of Luxemburg (Chrëschtlech-Sozial Jugend; CSJ)
Union of young forces (ВМРО – Демократска партија за Македонско национално единство; VMRO-DPMNE)
Youth Movement of the Nationalist Party (Moviment Żgħażagħ Partit Nazzjonalista; MZPN)
New Generation of the Christian-Democratic People's Party (NG PPCD)
Christian-Democratic Youth Movement (CDJA)
Norwegian Young Conservatives (Unge Høyres Landsforbund; UHL)
Norwegian Young Christian Democrats (Kristelig Folkepartis Ungdom; KrFU)
Young Democrats Association (Stowarzyszenie/MD)
Social Democratic Youth (Portugal) (Juventude Social Democrata; JSD)
People's Youth (Portugal) (Juventude Popular; JP)
Tineretul Democrat Liberal (TDL)
Christian Democratic Youth of San Marino (GDC)
Youth Union (Serbian Progressive Party)
Christian Democratic Youth of Slovakia (KDMS)
New Generation of the Slovenian People's Party (Nova generacija SLS; NG SLS)
Slovenian democratic youth (SDM)
Young Slovenia (Mlada Slovenija; MSi)
New Generations of the People's Party of Spain (NNGG)
Union of Christian-Democratic Youth of Catalonia (UFDCC)
Young Christian Democrats (Kristdemokratiska ungdomsförbundet; KDU)
Moderate Youth League (Moderata ungdomsförbundet; MUF)
Youth of the Christian-Democratic People's Party of Switzerland (Junge Christlichdemokratische Volkspartei der Schweiz; JCVP)
Batkivshchyna moloda
Democratic Alliance (DA)
Young Rukh
References
External links
Official YEPP website
YEPP 15 Years Yearbook - Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies
European Union youth policy
People's Party, Youth of the European
European People's Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth%20of%20the%20European%20People%27s%20Party |
Mobile app development is the act or process by which a mobile app is developed for one or more mobile devices, which can include personal digital assistants (PDA), enterprise digital assistants (EDA), or mobile phones. Such software applications are specifically designed to run on mobile devices, taking numerous hardware constraints into consideration. Common constraints include CPU architecture and speeds, available memory (RAM), limited data storage capacities, and considerable variation in displays (technology, size, dimensions, resolution) and input methods (buttons, keyboard, touch screens with/without styluses). These applications (or 'apps') can be pre-installed on phones during manufacturing or delivered as web applications, using server-side or client-side processing (e.g., JavaScript) to provide an "application-like" experience within a web browser.
Mobile app development has been steadily growing, in revenues and jobs created. A 2013 analyst report estimates there are 529,000 direct app economy jobs within the EU then 28 members (including the UK), 60 percent of which are mobile app developers.
Overview
In order to facilitate the development of applications for mobile devices, and consistency thereof, various approaches have been taken.
Most companies that ship a product (e.g. Apple, iPod/iPhone/iPad) provide an official software development kit (SDK). They may also opt to provide some form of Testing and/or Quality Assurance (QA). In exchange for being provided the SDK or other tools, it may be necessary for a prospective developer to sign a some form of non-disclosure agreement, or NDA, which restricts the sharing of privileged information.
As part of the development process, mobile user interface (UI) design is an essential step in the creation of mobile apps. Mobile UI designers consider constraints, contexts, screen space, input methods, and mobility as outlines for design. Constraints in mobile UI design in constraints include the limited attention span of the user and form factors, such as a mobile device's screen size for a user's hand(s). Mobile UI context includes signal cues from user activity, such as the location where or the time when the device is in use, that can be observed from user interactions within a mobile app. Such context clues can be used to provide automatic suggestions when scheduling an appointment or activity or to filter a list of various services for the user.
The user is often the focus of interaction with their device, and the interface entails components of both hardware and software. User input allows for the users to manipulate a system, and device's output allows the system to indicate the effects of the users' manipulation.
Overall, mobile UI design's goal is mainly for an understandable, user-friendly interface. Functionality is supported by mobile enterprise application platforms or integrated development environments (IDEs).
Developers of mobile applications must also consider a large array of devices with different screen sizes, hardware specifications, and configurations because of intense competition in mobile hardware and changes within each of the platforms.
Today, mobile apps are usually distributed via an official online outlet or marketplace (e.g. Apple - The App Store, Google - Google Play) and there is a formalized process by which developers submit their apps for approval and inclusion in those marketplaces. Historically, however, that was not always the case.
Mobile UIs, or front-ends, rely on mobile back-ends to support access to enterprise systems. The mobile back-end facilitates data routing, security, authentication, authorization, working off-line, and service orchestration. This functionality is supported by a mix of middleware components including mobile app server, mobile backend as a service (MBaaS), and service-oriented architecture (SOA) infrastructure.
Platform
The software development packages needed to develop, deploy, and manage mobile apps are made from many components and tools which allow a developer to write, test, and deploy applications for one or more target platforms.
Front-end development tools
Front-end development tools are focused on the user interface and user experience (UI-UX) and provide the following abilities:
UI design tools
SDKs to access device features
Cross-platform accommodations/support
Notable tools are listed below.
First-Party
First party tools include official SDKs published by, or on behalf of, the company responsible for the
design of a particular hardware platform (e.g. Apple, Google, etc) as well as any third-party software that is officially supported for the purpose of developing mobile apps for that hardware.
Second Party
Third Party
Back-end servers
Back-end tools pick up where the front-end tools leave off, and provide a set of reusable services that are centrally managed and controlled and provide the following abilities:
Integration with back-end systems
User authentication-authorization
Data services
Reusable business logic
Available tools are listed below.
Security add-on layers
With bring your own device (BYOD) becoming the norm within more enterprises, IT departments often need stop-gap, tactical solutions that layer atop existing apps, phones, and platform component. Features include
App wrapping for security
Data encryption
Client actions
Reporting and statistics
System software
Many system-level components are needed to have a functioning platform for developing mobile apps.
Criteria for selecting a development platform usually contains the target mobile platforms, existing infrastructure and development skills. When targeting more than one platform with cross-platform development it is also important to consider the impact of the tool on the user experience. Performance is another important criteria, as research on mobile apps indicates a strong correlation between application performance and user satisfaction. Along with performance and other criteria, the availability of the technology and the project's requirement may drive the development between native and cross-platform environments. To aid the choice between native and cross-platform environments, some guidelines and benchmarks have been published. Typically, cross-platform environments are reusable across multiple platforms, leveraging a native container while using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript for the user interface. In contrast, native environments are targeted at one platform for each of those environments. For example, Android development occurs in the Eclipse IDE using Android Developer Tools (ADT) plugins, Apple iOS development occurs using Xcode IDE with Objective-C and/or Swift, Windows and BlackBerry each have their own development environments.
Mobile app testing
Mobile applications are first tested within the development environment using emulators and later subjected to field testing. Emulators provide an inexpensive way to test applications on mobile phones to which developers may not have physical access. The following are examples of tools used for testing application across the most popular mobile operating systems.
Google Android Emulator - an Android emulator that is patched to run on a Windows PC as a standalone app, without having to download and install the complete and complex Android SDK. It can be installed and Android compatible apps can be tested on it.
The official Android SDK Emulator - a mobile device emulator which mimics all of the hardware and software features of a typical mobile device (without the calls).
TestiPhone - a web browser-based simulator for quickly testing iPhone web applications. This tool has been tested and works using Internet Explorer 7, Firefox 2 and Safari 3.
iPhoney - gives a pixel-accurate web browsing environment and it is powered by Safari. It can be used while developing web sites for the iPhone. It is not an iPhone simulator but instead is designed for web developers who want to create 320 by 480 (or 480 by 320) websites for use with iPhone. iPhoney will only run on OS X 10.4.7 or later.
BlackBerry Simulator - There are a variety of official BlackBerry simulators available to emulate the functionality of actual BlackBerry products and test how the device software, screen, keyboard and trackwheel will work with application.
Windows UI Automation - To test applications that use the Microsoft UI Automation technology, it requires Windows Automation API 3.0. It is pre-installed on Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2 and later versions of Windows. On other operating systems, you can install using Windows Update or download it from the Microsoft Web site.
MobiOne Developer - a mobile Web integrated development environment (IDE) for Windows that helps developers to code, test, debug, package and deploy mobile Web applications to devices such as iPhone, BlackBerry, Android, and the Palm Pre. MobiOne Developer was officially declared End of Life by the end of 2014.
Tools include
eggPlant: A GUI-based automated test tool for mobile app across all operating systems and devices.
Ranorex: Test automation tools for mobile, web and desktop apps.
Testdroid: Real mobile devices and test automation tools for testing mobile and web apps.
Patents
Many patent applications are pending for new mobile phone apps. Most of these are in the technological fields of business methods, database management, data transfer, and operator interface.
See also
List of mobile app distribution platforms
Lazy user model
Mobile application management
Mobile backend as a service
Mobile business intelligence
Mobile computing
Mobile-device testing
Mobile enterprise application platform
Mobile games
Mobile interaction
Mobile marketing
Mobile web development
Mobile workflow
Multi-channel app development
MoSoSo, mobile social software
On-Device Portal
WURFL and WALL
JQuery Mobile
HTML5
References
fr:Application mobile
pl:Aplikacje mobilne
fi:Mobiiliohjelmisto | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20app%20development |
The Record of Singing is a compilation of classical-music singing from the first half of the 20th century, the era of the 78-rpm record.
It was issued on LP (with accompanying books) by EMI, successor to the British company His Master's Voice (better known as HMV) — perhaps the leading organization in the early history of audio recording.
The project was accompanied initially by two illustrated books, containing singers' biographies and appraisals, which were published in London, by Duckworth, in the late 1970s. It covers the period running from circa 1900, when the earliest recordings were made, through until the early 1950s, when the last 78-rpm records were produced. Singers are divided into groups arranged according to national 'schools' and fach or voice type. In practice, this means that there are separate Italian, German, French, Anglo-American and East European classifications.
Rather than concentrating on famous singers whose recordings are widely available elsewhere, The Record of Singing includes a large number of lesser-known artists in order to give a broad picture of the contemporary operatic world. Vocal artists of such lasting renown as Enrico Caruso, Nellie Melba, Titta Ruffo, Feodor Chaliapin, Kirsten Flagstad, Rosa Ponselle and Maria Callas are thus represented but by only a few recordings in each case. Nonetheless, no such compilation can ever be exhaustive in scope, and the project has been criticised from time to time since its initial release for overlooking a few important singers who, while largely forgotten today, were highly talented performers who once enjoyed substantial careers and made records of enduring artistic merit.
Origins
The original idea for the series came from the collector Vivian Liff, who chose the recordings used in the first two volumes, almost all of which came from the Stuart-Liff Collection, as well as the photographs of the singers which were published in the books that accompanied volumes 1 and 2 of the project. Michael Scott was asked to write these two books. They contained brief singers' biographies, too and featured a critical (sometimes controversial) commentary (see below) about their accomplishments, as gleaned from certain discs they had made. Bryan Crimp of EMI was responsible for the transfers of the original recorded material to LP. Keith Hardwick, however, was responsible for the transfers, etc., on the final two volumes of the survey (which were not accompanied by books).
Publication on LPs
EMI first released the collection on vinyl LP (long-playing) records.
Volume 1 first appeared in 1977, with a second edition in 1982 including corrections to the pitch of many of the recordings. The supplement also appeared around 1982. Volume 2 was published in 1979. Volume 3 and Volume 4 were released around 1984 and 1989 respectively.
The complete set was on 47 discs. Volumes 1, 2 and 3 each occupied 13, with Volume 4 having 8 discs. The original intention was apparently to produce 12 LPs per volume; but the selection of singers included in Volume 1 proved controversial, and an extra record (entitled a 'Supplement') was added to partly correct oversights. Volumes 2 and 3 were then assigned 13 records each.
Compact discs
Volume 4 was republished on seven compact discs (CD) by EMI Classics under the title The Record of Singing Volume Four in 1991. This was not apparently a commercial success and the firm did not proceed to reissue the first three volumes in the same format.
Volume 3, however, was subsequently republished in 1999 on 10 CDs by Testament under the title The EMI Record of Singing Volume Three: 1926–1939. This was still available through retail outlets (as of 2010).
Two related sets, each containing 10 CDs, were issued by EMI Classics in 2009. The Record of Singing, 1899–1952: The Very Best of Vols. 1–4 consists of selections previously released in the original four volumes of LPs. The Record of Singing, Vol. 5: 1953–2007 – From the LP to the Digital Era is a new compilation which brings the series up to the present day. It has been criticised, however, for not being properly representative of non-EMI artists.
MP3 download
Volume 2 is available as MP3 download on several internet platforms. The original LPs are now spread over 13 parts. Each part comes with an individual cover, resembling the original cover picture, but varying in color.
Documentation
The collection was published with extensive documentation, including the numbers of the original recordings and full biographies of the singers.
The first two volumes were accompanied by books by Michael Scott:
The Record of Singing to 1914, London, Duckworth, 1977,
The Record of Singing Volume Two: 1914–1925, London, Duckworth, 1979,
They were republished in paperback by Northeastern University Press in 1993,
(The books are still widely available from second hand book sellers.)
The Record of Singing Volume 1 (1899–1919)
The Castrato Voice: Alessandro Moreschi
The Old School: Adelina Patti, Emma Albani, Marcella Sembrich
Melba and the Marchesi Pupils: Nellie Melba, Sigrid Arnoldson, Emma Eames, Lillian Blauvelt, Suzanne Adams, Ellen Beach Yaw, Blanche Marchesi
English-speaking singers
Dramatic sopranos: Agnes Nicholls, Lillian Nordica, Olive Fremstad, Geraldine Farrar, Susan Strong, Zélie de Lussan
Contraltos: Louise Homer, Louise Kirkby Lunn, Clara Butt
Tenors: Edward Lloyd, Ben Davies, Dan Beddoe, Evan Williams
Baritones and basses: Charles Santley, George Henschel, Harry Plunket Greene, Robert Watkin-Mills, Andrew Black, David Bispham, Emilio de Gogorza, Clarence Whitehill
The French
Tenors: Émile Scaremberg, Charles Dalmorès, Lucien Muratore, Charles Rousselière
Lyric tenors: Victor Capoul, Edmond Clément, Adolphe Maréchal, Albert Vaguet
High Cs and Heroic Voices: Léon Escalais, Agustarello Affré, Georges Imbart de la Tour, Albert Alvarez
Baritones: Jean Lasalle, Victor Maurel, Maurice Renaud, Henri Albers, Jean Noté, Léon Melchissédec, Lucien Fugère, Gabriel Soulacroix, Jean Périer, Charles Gilibert
Basses: Pol Plançon, Édouard de Reszke, Pedro Gailhard, Jean-François Delmas, Juste Nivette, Hippolyte Belhomme
Dramatic Sopranos: Emma Calvé, Félia Litvinne, Aino Ackté, Mary Garden
Lyric sopranos: Julia Guiraudon, Marguerite Carré, Lucette Korsoff, Lise Landouzy, Alice Verlet, Blanche Arral
Contraltos: Blanche Deschamps-Jéhin, Marie Delna, Jeanne Gerville-Réache
The Emergence of Verismo
'La Gloria d'Italia': Mattia Battistini, Antonio Cotogni, Giuseppe Kaschmann, Francisco D'Andrade, Antonio Magini-Coletti, Giuseppe Pacini, Mario Ancona
Scotti, de Luca and Pini-Corsi: Antonio Scotti, Giuseppe De Luca, Antonio Pini-Corsi
Verismo triumphant: Eugenio Giraldoni, Mario Sammarco, Pasquale Amato, Titta Ruffo
The basso: Francesco Navarini, Giovanni Gravina, Andres de Segurola, Adamo Didur
Tradition and the Italian tenor: Francesco Marconi, Fernando Valero, Fernando De Lucia, Francesco Vignas, Florencio Constantino
Lyric tenors: Alessandro Bonci, Giuseppe Anselmi, Aristodemo Giorgini, Edoardo Garbin
Dramatic tenors: Francesco Tamagno, Giovanni de Negri, Giuseppe Borgatti, Fiorello Giraud, Amadeo Bassi, Giovanni Zenatello, Antonio Paoli, Enrico Caruso
Sopranos 'B.C.': Ines de Frate, Elena Teodorini, Fanny Torresella, Medea Mei-Figner, Olimpia Boronat, Ada Adini
After Cavalleria: Gemma Bellincioni, Angelica Pandolfini, Emma Carelli, Cesira Ferrani, Lina Cavalieri, Rosina Storchio, Salomea Krusceniski, Teresa Arkel, Amelia Pinto, Janina Korolewicz-Wayda
Four dramatic sopranos: Maria de Macchi, Eugenia Burzio, Giannina Russ, Celestina Boninsegna
Tetrazzini and some 'coloraturas': Luisa Tetrazzini, Regina Pacini, Josefina Huguet, Maria Galvany
Italian contraltos: Guerrina Fabbri, Eugenia Mantelli, Armida Parsi-Pettinella, Maria Gay
Wagner and the German Style
The instrumental example: Irene Abendroth, Margarethe Siems, Erika Wedekind, Hermine Bosetti, Marie Gutheil-Schoder, Hedwig Francillo-Kaufmann, Gertrude Förstel, Frieda Hempel, Selma Kurz
Lilli Lehmann: Lilli Lehmann
Sopranos of the Bayreuth school: Sophie Sedlmair, Pelagie Greef-Andriessen, Hatharina Senger-Bettaque, Ellen Gulbranson, Thila Plaichinger, Anna Bahr-Mildenburg, Katharine Fleischer-Edel, Felice Kaschowska, Lucie Weidt
Gadski and Destinn: Johanna Gadski, Emmy Destinn
Contraltos: Marianne Brandt, Ernestine Schumann-Heink, Rosa Olitzka, Edyth Walker, Margarete Matzenauer
Heldentenors: Hermann Winkelmann, Erik Schmedes, Ernest van Dyck, Andreas Dippel, Heinrich Knote, Karel Burian, Alfred von Bary, Wilhelm Herold, Jacques Urlus, Leo Slezak, Karl Jörn,
Lieder singers: Gustav Walter, Felix Senius
Baritones and basses: Karl Scheidemantel, Baptist Hoffmann, Anton van Rooy, Theodor Bertram, Leon Rains, Leopold Demuth, Wilhelm Hesch
Singers of Imperial Russia
Sopranos and contraltos: Natalia Yuzhina, Antonina Nezhdanova, Marie Michailova, Alma Fohrström, Nina Friede, Eugenia Zbujeva, Anastasia Vialtzeva
Tenors, baritones and basses: Nikolay Figner, Ivan Erschov, Leonid Sobinov, Andrei Labinsky, Alexander Davidov, Ivan Altchevsky, Tadeusz Leliva, Joachim Tartakov, Nicholai Shevelev, Waclav Brzezinski, Lev Sibiriakov, Vladimir Kastorsky, Feodor Chaliapin
Supplement
Félia Litvinne, Georgette Bréjean-Silver, Léon Lafitte, Méyriane Héglon, Gemma Bellincioni, Elisa Bruno, Alice Cucini, Mario Gilion, Francesco Maria Bonini, Giuseppe De Luca, Enrico Nani, Vittorio Arimondi, Oreste Luppi, Nazzareno De Angelis, Elise Elizza, Marie Dietrich, Minnie Nast, Marie Götze, Wilhelm Grüning, John Forsell
The Record of Singing Volume 2 (1914–1925)
Revolution and Russian Songs
Chaliapin: Feodor Chaliapin (1873–1938), George Baklanov (1880–1938), Alexander Bragin (1881–1955), Ivan Grizounov (1897–1919), Ivan Ivantzov (c.1880–?)
Smirnov: Dimitri Smirnov (1881–1944)
Kouznetsova to Koshetz: Maria Nikolaevna Kouznetsova (1880–1966), Marianne Tcherkasskaya (1884–1919), Nina Koshetz (1891–1965)
Two 'Coloraturas': Lydia Lipkowska (1882–1958), Eugenia Bronskaya (1882–1953)
Contraltos: Elisaveta Petrenko (1880–1951), Vera Petrova-Zvanceva (1875–1944), Klavdia Tugarinova (1877–?)
The French Tradition in Decline
Franz, Ansseau and Fontaine: Paul Franz (1876–1950), Fernand Ansseau (1890–1972), Charles Fontaine (1878–1955)
A Quintet of Lyric Tenors: David Devriès (1881–1936), Fernand Francell (1880–1966), Charles Friant (1890–1947), Louis Cazette (1887–1922), René Lapelletrie (1884–1956)
Baritones of the Opéra: Dinh Gilly (1877–1940), Louis Lestelly (1877–1936)
Journet and the Basses: Marcel Journet (1867–1933), Hector Dufranne (1870–1951), Paul Payan (1878–1959)
Singing Actors: Vanni Marcoux (1877–1962), Jean Aquistapace (1888–1952), Alfred Maguenat (c. 1880–?), Armand Crabbé (1883–1947)
Contraltos: Suzanne Brohly (1882–1943), Marie Charbonnel (1880–1969), Jacqueline Royer (1884–?)
Five International Sopranos: Marie-Louise Edvina (1880–1948), Marthe Chenal (1881–1947), Geneviève Vix (1879–1939), Yvonne Gall (1885–1972), Fanny Heldy (1888–1973)
Lyric Sopranos at the Opéra-Comique: Marguerite Mérentié (1880–?), Aline Vallandri (1878–1952), Zina Brozia (1876–1958)
A Trio of Concert Singers: Gabrielle Ritter-Ciampi (1886–1974), Berthe Auguez de Montalant (1865–1937), Georgette Leblanc-Maeterlinck (1860–1941)
The Heyday of Verismo
The Duse of Song: Claudia Muzio (1889–1936)
Raisa and some Dramatic Sopranos: Rosa Raisa (1892–1963), Elena Ruszkowska (1878–1948), Maria Labia (1880–1953), Adelina Agostinelli (1880–1954), Ester Mazzoleni (1883–1982)
Verismo Sopranos: Tina Poli-Randaccio (1879–1956), Carmen Melis (1885–1967), Juanita Caracciolo (1890–1924), Gilda Dalla Rizza (1892–1975)
Galli-Curci and the 'Coloraturas': Amelita Galli-Curci (1882–1963), Maria Barrientos (1884-1946), Graziella Pareto (1889–1975), Elvira de Hidalgo (1892–1980), Lucrezia Bori (1887–1960)
Italian Contraltos: Gabriella Besanzoni (1888–1962), Fanny Anitùa (1887–1968), Luisa Bertana (1898–1933)
Lyric Tenors: Tito Schipa (1889–1965), Fernando Carpi (1876–1959),
Tradition and the Italian Tenor: Beniamino Gigli (1890–1957), Hipólito Lázaro (1887–1974), Miguel Fleta (1893–1938), Giulio Crimi (1885–1939), Ulysses Lappas (1881–1971)
Four Dramatic Tenors: Bernardo de Muro (1881–1955), Edoardo Ferrari-Fontana (1878–1936), Icilio Calleja (1882–1941), Giovanni Martinelli (1885–1969)
Principal Baritones: Giuseppe De Luca (1870–1950), Riccardo Stracciari (1875–1955), Domenico Viglione-Borchese (1877–1957), Renato Zanelli (1892–1935), Emilio Sagi-Barba (1875–1949)
Mardones: José Mardones (1868–1932)
Singers from the English-Speaking World
Alda and Mason: Frances Alda (1879–1952), Edith Mason (1892–1973)
American Concert Sopranos: Alma Gluck (1884-I938), Hulda Lashanska (1893–1974), Anna Case (1889–1984), Éva Gauthier (1885–1958)
American Lyric Sopranos: Anna Fitziu (1888–1967), Carolina White (1886–1961), Lucille Marcel (1887–1921), Julia Heinrich (1880–1919), Marguerite Namara (1888–1977)
Gramophone Singers: Eleanor Jones-Hudson (1874–1946), Ruth Vincent (1877–1955), Lucy Isabelle Marsh (1878–1956), Olive Kline (1887–1976)
A Quartet of 'Coloraturas': Evelyn Scotney (1886–1967), Mabel Garrison (1886–1963), Florence Macbeth (1891–1966), Luella Paikin (1900–?)
English Lyric Sopranos: Maud Perceval Allen (1880–1955), Rosina Buckman (1880–1948)
Miura and Bryhn-Langard: Tamaki Miura (1884–1946), Borghild Bryhn-Langard (1883–1939)
Ponselle and Easton: Rosa Ponselle (1897–1981), Florence Easton (1882–1955)
Contraltos: Carmen Hill (1883–?), Leila Megane (1891–1960), Carolina Lazzari (1891–1946), Edna Thornton (1875–1958), Sophie Braslau (1892–1935), Eleonora de Cisneros (1878–1934)
A Quartet of American Tenors: Riccardo Martin (1874–1952), Orville Harrold (1878–1933), Charles Hackett (1887–1941), Mario Chamlee (1892–1966)
A British Born Trio: Edward Johnson (1878–1959) (actually born in Canada), Alfred Piccaver (1883–1958), Joseph Hislop (1884–1977)
High Cs and Heroic Voices: John O'Sullivan (1878–1948), Frank Mullings (1881–1953)
The Ballad and Oratorio Tradition: John Coates (1865–1941), Gervase Elwes (1866–1921), Walter Hyde (1875–1951), Paul Reimers (1877–1942)
McCormack: John McCormack (1884–1945)
Baritones and Basses: Reinald Werrenrath (1883–1953), Peter Dawson (1882–1961), Horace Stevens (1876–1954), Malcolm McEachern (1883–1945)
The German Style in Evolution
Lyric Sopranos: Eva von der Osten (1881–1936), Luise Perard-Petzl (1884–1936), Zinaida Jurjevskaya (1896–1925), Elisabeth Rethberg (1894–1976), Grete Stückgold (1895–1977)
Lyric-Dramatic Sopranos: Elsa Bland (1880–1935), Lily Hafgren-Dinkela (1884–1965), Barbara Kemp (1881–1959), Charlotte von Seebök (1886–1952)
Dramatic Sopranos: Melanie Kurt (1880–1941), Berta Morena (1878–1952), Helene Wildbrunn (1882–1972), Gertrude Bindernagel (1894–1932), Gertrude Kappel (1884–1971), Frida Leider (1888–1975)
Schumann: Elisabeth Schumann (1888–1952), Berta Kiurina (1881–1933), Lola Artôt de Padilla (1880–1933), Claire Dux (1885–1967), Vera Schwarz (1884–1964), Maria Ivogün (1891–1987)
Jeritza and Lehmann: Maria Jeritza (1887–1982), Lotte Lehmann (1888–1976)
Five Contraltos: Margarethe Arndt-Ober (1885–1971), Ottilie Metzger (1878–1943), Ankar Horvat (1888– c.1921), Sabine Kalter (1889–1957), Emmi Leisner (1885–1958)
The Great Lieder Singers: Elena Gerhardt (1883–1961), Julia Culp (1880–1970)
Baritones: Julius von Raatz-Brockmann (1870–1944), Friedrich Broderson (1873–1926), Heinrich Rehkemper (1894–1949), Hans Duhan (1890–1971), Hermann Weil (1876–1949), Cornelis Bronsgeest (1878–1957), Joseph Groenen (1885–1959), Joseph Schwarz (1880–1926)
Basses: Michael Bohnen (1887–1965), Paul Bender (1875–1947), Richard Mayr (1877–1935), Walter Soomier (1878–1955), Carl Braun (1886–1960), Alexander Kipnis (1891–1978)
Tauber and the Lyric Tenors: Richard Tauber (1891–1948), Alexander Kirchner (1876–1948), Johannes Sembach (1881–1944), Herman Jadlowker (1877–1953)
East European Tenors: Ottokar Marak (1872–1939), Ignacy Dygas (1881–1955), Joseph Mann (1883–1921), Tino Pattiera (1890–1966)
Heldentenors: Richard Schubert (1885–1969), Walter Kirchhoff (1879–1951), Lauritz Melchior (1890–1973)
The Record of Singing Volume 3 (1926–1939)
The German School
Lauritz Melchior, Max Lorenz, Franz Völker, Helge Rosvaenge, Torsten Ralf, Richard Tauber, Marcel Wittrisch, Herbert Ernst Groh, Joseph Schmidt, Julius Patzak, Karl Erb, Leo Slezak, Gerhard Hüsch, Heinrich Schlusnus, Herbert Janssen, Willi Domgraf-Fassbaender, Karl Hammes, Rudolf Bocklemann, Friedrich Schorr, Hans-Hermann Nissen, Alfred Jerger, Leo Schützendorf, Wilhelm Strienz, Ivar F. Andresen, Alexander Kipnis
Sigrid Onégin, Karin Branzell, Kerstin Thorborg, Maria Olczewska, Margarete Klose, Rosette Anday, Marta Fuchs, Elena Gerhardt, Lula Mysz-Gmeiner, Jo Vincent, Ria Ginster, Ursula van Diemen, Elisabeth Schumann, Lotte Schöne, Fritzi Jokl, Adele Kern, Miliza Korjus, Erna Berger, Emmy Bettendorf, Felicie Hüni-Mihacsek, Margherita Perras, Luise Helletsgruber, Meta Seinemeyer, Margarete Teschemacher, Delia Reinhardt, Tiana Lemnitz, Maria Cebotari, Elisabeth Rethberg, Rose Pauly, Göta Ljungberg, Lotte Lehmann, Maria Müller, Maria Nemeth, Elisabeth Ohms, Nanny Larsén-Todsen, Frida Leider, Kirsten Flagstad
The Italian School
Conchita Supervía, Gianna Pederzini, Irene Minghini-Cattaneo, Ebe Stignani, Florica Christoforeanu, Pia Tassinari, Giannina Arangi-Lombardi, Bianca Scacciati, Dusolina Giannini, Maria Caniglia, Lina Bruna Rasa, Gina Cigna, Iva Pacetti, Margaret Burke Sheridan, Rosetta Pampanini, Claudia Muzio, Hina Spani, Maria Farneti, Maria Zamboni, Mafalda Favero, Licia Albanese, Magda Olivero, Bidu Sayão, Conchita Badía, Adelaide Saraceni, Mercedes Capsir, Toti Dal Monte, Lina Pagliughi
Ezio Pinza, Tancredi Pasero, Nazzareno De Angelis, Salvatore Baccaloni, Afro Poli, Mariano Stabile, Mario Basiola, Apollo Granforte, Cesare Formichi, Carlo Galeffi, Benvenuto Franci, Giovanni Inghilleri, Carlo Tagliabue, Riccardo Stracciari, Dino Borgioli, Enzo de Muro Lomanto, Tito Schipa, Tino Folgar, Luigi Fort, Alessandro Ziliani, Galliano Masini, Francesco Merli, Renato Zanelli, Beniamino Gigli, Jussi Björling, Antonio Cortis, Giacomo Lauri-Volpi, Aureliano Pertile
The French School
Lily Pons, Leila Ben Sedira, Emma Luart, Germaine Féraldy, Eidé Norena, Ninon Vallin, Povla Frijsh, Jane Bathori, Madeleine Grey, Germaine Martinelli, Suzanne Cesbron-Viseur, Suzanne Balguerie, Germaine Lubin, Germaine Cernay, Claire Croiza, Alice Raveau
Georges Thill, René Maison, José Luccioni, César Vezzani, René Verdière, Gaston Micheletti, Miguel Villabella, André d'Arkor, Giuseppe Lugo, Joseph Rogatchewsky, Jean Planel, Charles Panzéra, Pierre Bernac, Martial Singher, Roger Bourdin, Arthur Endrèze, Robert Couzinou, André Balbon, Lucien Fugère, Vanni Marcoux, Yvonne Printemps, Reynaldo Hahn
The Anglo-American School
Lawrence Tibbett, John Charles Thomas, Dennis Noble, John Brownlee, Harold Williams, Peter Dawson, John McCormack, Roland Hayes, Charles Kullman, Heddle Nash, Thomas Burke, Richard Crooks, Walter Widdop, Norman Allin
Marguerite d'Alvarez, Madame Charles Cahier, Muriel Brunskill, Clara Butt, Marian Anderson, Susan Metcalfe Casals, Grace Moore, Gladys Swarthout, Ina Souez, Maggie Teyte, Isobel Baillie, Dora Labbette, Joan Cross, Florence Easton, Rosa Ponselle, Marjorie Lawrence, Eva Turner, Florence Austral
The East European/Slavic School
Jarmila Novotná, Nathalie Vechor, Ada Nordenova, Maria Kurenko, Xenia Belmas, Ada Sari, Oda Slobodskaya, Maria Krasová, Maria Basilides, Mark Reizen, Feodor Chaliapin, Imre Palló, Vladimir Rosing, Sergei Lemeshev
The Record of Singing Volume 4 (1939 to the end of the 78 era, circa 1955)
The Anglo-American School
Margaret Ritchie, Gwen Catley, Dorothy Kirsten, Florence Quartararo, Elsie Houston, Eleanor Steber, Maggie Teyte, Dorothy Maynor, Joan Hammond, Astrid Varnay, Helen Traubel, Rose Bampton, Blanche Thebom, Jennie Tourel, Flora Nielsen, Gladys Ripley, Kathleen Ferrier, David Lloyd, Webster Booth, Peter Pears, Jan Peerce, Walter Midgley, James Johnston, Richard Tucker, Alfred Deller, Robert Irwin, Frederick Fuller, Igor Gorin, Mack Harrell, Leonard Warren, Robert Merrill, Norman Walker, George London, Oscar Natzka
The French School
Mado Robin, Martha Angelici, Irène Joachim, Géori Boué, Ginette Guillamat, Renée Doria, Victoria de los Ángeles, Suzanne Danco, Suzanne Juyol, Irma Kolassi, Solange Michel, Hélène Bouvier, Rita Gorr, Hugues Cuénod, Raoul Jobin, Pierre Bernac, Camille Maurane, Gérard Souzay
The German School
Elisabeth Schumann, Erika Köth, Maria Stader, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Irmgard Seefried, Maria Reining, Elisabeth Grümmer, Sena Jurinac, Ljuba Welitsch, Gré Brouwenstijn, Leonie Rysanek, Inge Borkh, Friedel Beckmann, Hilde Konetzni, Elisabeth Höngen, Hugo Meyer Welfing, Anton Dermota, Walther Ludwig, Julius Patzak, Peter Anders, Rudolf Schock, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Karl Schmitt-Walter, Erich Kunz, Marko Rothmuller, Paul Schöffler, Hans Hotter, Ludwig Weber, Josef Herrmann, Theo Herrmann, Gottlob Frick
The Scandinavian School
Kirsten Flagstad, Lorri Lail, Gjurgja Leppée, Aksel Schiøtz, Stefán Íslandi, Nicolai Gedda, Jussi Björling, Hugo Hasslo, Bernhard Sönnerstedt, Joel Berglund, Kim Borg
The Russian and Slavonic Schools
Mascia Predit, Zara Dolukhanova, Claudia Novikova, Nadezhda Obukhova, Georgi Vinogradov, Ivan Zhadan, Georgi Nelepp, Beno Blachut, Ivan Kozlovsky, Pavel Lisitsian, Andrei Ivanov, Boris Christoff, Mark Reizen, Boris Gmyrya, Endre Koréh
The Italian School
Ferruccio Tagliavini, Beniamino Gigli, Giuseppe Di Stefano, Luigi Infantino, Giovanni Malipiero, Giacinto Prandelli, Mario Del Monaco, Paolo Silveri, Tito Gobbi, Giuseppe Valdengo, Giampiero Malaspina, Gino Bechi, Raffaele Arié, Nicola Rossi-Lemeni, Tancredi Pasero, Cloe Elmo, Giulietta Simionato, Fedora Barbieri, Ebe Stignani, Alda Noni, Elena Arizmendi, Margherita Carosio, Magda László, Alba Anzellotti, Gabriella Gatti, Renata Tebaldi, Sara Scuderi, Margherita Grandi, Zinka Milanov, Maria Callas
The Record of Singing Volume 5 (From the LP to the digital era 1953–2007)
Wagner singers of the 1950s and early 1960s
Kirsten Flagstad, Birgit Nilsson, Elisabeth Grümmer, Régine Crespin, Rita Gorr, Gottlob Frick, Ludwig Weber, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Fritz Wunderlich, Astrid Varnay, Ludwig Suthaus, Martha Mödl, Hans Hotter, Otto Edelmann, Rudolf Schock, Ferdinand Frantz, Josef Greindl
Sopranos and mezzo-sopranos: 1953–1968
Joan Hammond, Joan Sutherland, Maria Callas, Rita Streich, Erika Köth, Renate Holm, Elsie Morison, Antonietta Stella, Martha Angelici, Janine Micheau, Graziella Sciutti, Aase Nordmo Løvberg, Anna Moffo, June Bronhill, Hilde Gueden, Victoria de los Ángeles, Melitta Muszely, Amy Shuard, Lisa Della Casa, Hanny Steffek, Pilar Lorengar, Andrée Esposito, Sari Barabas, Lucia Popp, Renata Scotto, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Mirella Freni, Anneliese Rothenberger, Reri Grist, Gwyneth Jones, Christa Ludwig
Tenors: 1953–1968
Jussi Björling, Henri Legay, Léopold Simoneau, Albert Lance, Eugenio Fernandi, João Gibin, Richard Lewis, Charles Craig, Giuseppe Campora, Fritz Wunderlich, Ronald Dowd, Alfredo Kraus, Luigi Alva, Wilfred Brown, Jess Thomas, Franco Corelli, Peter Schreier, Nicolai Gedda, James King, Luciano Pavarotti
Baritones and basses: 1955–1967
Tito Gobbi, Boris Christoff, Rolando Panerai, Nicola Zaccaria, Michel Dens, Eberhard Wächter, Ernest Blanc, Hermann Prey, Nicolai Ghiaurov, Cornell MacNeil
Sopranos: 1969–1988
Martina Arroyo, Mady Mesplé, Elly Ameling, Montserrat Caballé, Helga Dernesch, Gundula Janowitz, Edda Moser, Margaret Price, Beverly Sills, Galina Vishnevskaya, Heather Harper, Leontyne Price, Ileana Cotrubaş, Elisabeth Söderström, Kiri Te Kanawa, Ghena Dimitrova, Jessye Norman, Edita Gruberová, Hildegard Behrens, Luciana Serra
Mezzo-sopranos: 1969–1984
Grace Bumbry, Shirley Verrett, Yvonne Minton, Frederica von Stade, Fiorenza Cossotto, Irina Arkhipova, Elena Obraztsova, Teresa Berganza, Tatiana Troyanos, Agnes Baltsa, Janet Baker, Marilyn Horne, Ann Murray
Tenors: 1969–1988
Carlo Bergonzi, Jon Vickers, René Kollo, Ian Partridge, Donald Smith, Franco Bonisolli, José Carreras, Alain Vanzo, Neil Shicoff
Baritones and basses: 1966–1986
John Shirley-Quirk, Piero Cappuccilli, Geraint Evans, Gabriel Bacquier, Gérard Souzay, Kurt Moll, Walter Berry, Peter Glossop, Ruggero Raimondi, Sherrill Milnes, Martti Talvela, Aage Haugland, José van Dam, Thomas Allen
Sopranos: 1989–2004
June Anderson, Barbara Hendricks, Cheryl Studer, Katia Ricciarelli, Dagmar Schellenberger, Karita Mattila, Solveig Kringelborn, Ruth Ann Swenson, Felicity Lott, Christine Brewer, Jane Eaglen
Mezzo-sopranos: 1988–2001
Brigitte Fassbaender, Anne Sofie von Otter, Waltraud Meier, Hera Lind, Michelle DeYoung, Bernarda Fink, Katarina Karnéus, Lorraine Hunt-Lieberson
Tenors: 1989–2001
John Aler, Plácido Domingo, Chris Merritt, Ben Heppner, Michael Schade, Roberto Alagna, José Cura
Baritones and basses: 1991–1995
Bryn Terfel, Bernd Weikl, François le Roux, Thomas Hampson, Simon Keenlyside, Thomas Quasthoff
Singers of Baroque and early music and early music 1953–2005
Female: Montserrat Figueras, Helen Donath, Arleen Auger, Emily Van Evera, Nancy Argenta, Emma Kirkby, Catherine King, Patricia Petibon, Susan Graham, Véronique Gens
Male: Alfred Deller, James Bowman, Nigel Rogers, Paul Esswood, Aris Christofellis, Charles Brett, René Jacobs, Michael Chance, Harry van der Kamp, Dominique Visse, Derek Lee Ragin, Gérard Lesne, Philippe Jaroussky, Bejun Mehta
Singers of the new millennium: 2000–2007
Sopranos, mezzo-sopranos and contraltos: Angela Gheorghiu, Sandrine Piau, Natalie Dessay, Violeta Urmana, Patrizia Ciofi, Joyce DiDonato, Sine Bundgaard, Deborah Voigt, Christine Rice, Nina Stemme, Diana Damrau, Hyunah Yu, Kate Royal, Stephanie Blythe, Vivica Genaux
Tenors and countertenors: Daniil Shtoda, Jonas Kaufmann, Ian Bostridge, Yu Qiang Dai, David Daniels, Lawrence Brownlee, Rolando Villazón, Max Emanuel Cenčić, Toby Spence, Franco Fagioli
Baritones and basses: Laurent Naouri, Giovanni Furlanetto, Luca Pisaroni, Erwin Schrott, Jonathan Lemalu, Rodion Pogossov, Ildebrando D'Arcangelo
Bibliography
Albright, William (1990) 'The Record of Singing: A Brief Overview of a Monumental Project' in The Opera Quarterly 1990 7(1):31–42, Oxford University Press
Discography
The EMI Record of Singing, Volume 3 (1926–1939) (Testament Records) alt
The Record of Singing – The Very Best of Volumes 1–4 (From 1899 to the end of the 78 era: 1899–1952 (EMI Records) alt
Opera recordings
1970s classical albums
1980s classical albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Record%20of%20Singing |
Bravo 2 (formerly known as Player) was a British television channel.
History
Player
The channel launched as "Player" on March 2, 2006, being a spin-off to a block that previously aired late-at-night on Challenge. Unlike the block, the channel functioned as a sister to Bravo rather than that of Challenge due to them both heavily focusing on programming aimed at a male audience.
In addition to the already existing gambling-related programming the block offered, the channel also aired sporting programmes, including exclusive coverage of the FIA GT Championship and a limited amount of Serie A matches under the production of its sister channel Bravo.
The idents were the same as that of its original late-night slot on Challenge, except the red colouring was swapped out for yellow colouring and without the famous club.
Bravo 2
The Player channel proved to be a failure, and on September 21, 2006, Flextech announced that the channel would be rebranded as Bravo 2 on September 28, 2006, to coincide with the main channel's new rebranding.
Bravo 2 kept some of the programming that Player offered, and included programmes from the main channel to the schedule, including The Unit, Street Crime UK, Police Beat, Blues and Twos, The Real Miami Vice, World's Wildest Police Videos, World's Most Amazing Videos, Cops and Superstars, Booze Britain, and The Real Football Factories.
From January 2007, the channel started broadcasting Total Nonstop Action Wrestling programming and was the only channel in the UK which had the exclusive rights for TNA Wrestling programming, which consisted of a two-day delay for the American broadcast TNA weekly show "TNA Impact!" and a three-day delay for TNA's monthly pay-per-views. On 5 January 2008, TNA iMPACT! was moved to Bravo, with replays of the show on Bravo 2. Bravo's original contract for TNA Wrestling Programming was an 18-month contract and was distributed by RDA TV, and the deal was extended on 1 July 2008 for another 18 months which was once again negotiated by RDA TV.
On 15 September 2010, BSkyB announced that it would close Bravo 2 as well as sister channels Bravo and Channel One. The Bravo channels closed on 1 January 2011, with the most popular programmes moved to the other Sky channels. The last image seen on Bravo 2 was the Bravo 2 logo with the words "Bravo 2 doesn't do regret". The last program was series 3 of World's Most Amazing Videos.
References
External links
Bravo 2 at BRAVO.co.uk
The TV Room looks at presentation/branding on Bravo 2
Defunct television channels in the United Kingdom
Living TV Group channels
Television channels and stations established in 2006
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravo%202 |
Sakari Severi Tuomioja (29 August 1911, Tampere – 9 September 1964, Helsinki) was a Finnish politician and diplomat who served as Prime Minister of Finland between 1953–1954 and as Minister for Foreign Affairs between 1951–1952 and as the Governor of the Bank of Finland between 1945–1955. He was also Finland's ambassador in London and Stockholm.
Tuomioja was the first Finn in high-level United Nations missions. In particular, he is remembered for acting as a mediator in the Cyprus crisis of 1963–64 and his abrupt death in the performance of his duties. Tuomioja was also the first Finnish invited to the Bilderberg Group meetings.
Life
Sakari Tuomioja's spouse was Vappu Tuomioja (née Wuolijoki), and they had two children, daughter Tuuli and son Erkki who has followed his father career in politics as Foreign Minister.
The parents of Sakari Tuomioja were Walto Wihtori Tuomioja and Laina Sofia Tuomioja (née. Boman). Walto Wihtori Tuomioja was Leader of the National Progressive Party and Member of Parliament, and Eljas Erkko's predecessor as Editor-in-Chief in Helsingin Sanomat newspaper.
Tuomioja began undergraduate studies in 1929 and graduated as a Bachelor of Law in 1937. He received the rank of Master of Law in 1940. Tuomioja graduated as a lawyer in 1949. Tuomioja worked as secretary of the Finance Committee in the 1930s and secretary of state auditors.
He started his duties as Secretary of State of the Ministry of Finance in 1940.
Tuomioja was released from conscription for reasons of health. Tuomioja was appointed as Governor of the Bank of Finland, in 1945 after Risto Ryti had resigned because of his warguild sentencing.
Career
Tuomioja served as Minister of Finance in the Paasikivi II and Paasikivi III Government's between 1944-1945 representing the Progressive Party.
Between 1950 and 1951, he was Minister of Trade and Industry and Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Kekkonen I Government. Between 1951 and 1952, he was Minister for Foreign Affairs in the Kekkonen III Government. Tuomioja was appointed on 11 April 1950 to head the Finnish delegation in trade negotiations with the Soviet Union. A five-year trade agreement was agreed and signed on 13 June.
As Finland fought for economic difficulties at the beginning of the 1950s, the export industry had to work to improve its position. Talks on the cost crisis brought Tuomioja together with Teuvo Aura to devise a hard-to-find cost reduction program. Tuomioja did see devaluation as solution. Urho Kekkonen, who served as Prime Minister, was suspicious of the program but started to drive it.
Eventually, Kekkonen's Cabinet fell when the Social Democratic Party opposed the implementation of the program, after which a minority government chaired by the Agrarian Party was formed with Kekkonen as Prime Minister.
When the program of Tuomioja and Aura developed from the knockout of Social Democrats and the Labour Union began, the employers also saw it as unrealistic. Kekkonen asked Tuomioja to prepare a new economic program for the government, which would allow for a sufficient majority of votes.
However, in the end, the situation ended up with the formation of a government headed by Tuomioja, the resignation of Kekkonen and the organization of new elections. The case led to a breach between Tuomioja and Kekkonen's previously very close and long-term relationship.
After serving as Prime Minister from 1953–1954, Tuomioja was the presidential candidate of the Liberal League and National Coalition Party in the 1956 presidential elections, where he had the third highest number of votes in the first round, receiving 57.
Diplomatic career
Tuomioja resigned from the duties of the Governor of the Bank of Finland in 1955, after being elected as Finland's Ambassador to London. He was in London until 1957 and later served as Ambassador of Finland to Stockholm in 1961–1964.
Tuomioja was the first Finnish person to be appointed to the United Nations. He served as Secretary General of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe in 1957–1960 and chaired the Laos Economic Commission in 1959 and 1961.
Tuomioja did not apply for a further extension after the first three years in the European Economic Commission, and finally returned to Finland where he was thought to be planning to become a candidate for the 1962 presidential election.
The President canditateship of Tuomioja against President Kekkonen was not attracted and he was also absent from the formation of the Honka Union against Kekkonen.
When returning to Finland, Tuomioja started work as a negotiating officer for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 1 November 1960. He was appointed to the Ambassador to Stockholm next spring as of 1 July 1961.
UN Secretary General U Thant invited Tuomioja to be a mediator during the Cyprus crisis in April 1964. Tuomioja suffered a brain hemorrhage on August 16, 1964 when he was performing his mediator's duties in Cyprus. He was flown on a special airplane from Geneva to Finland on September 3. Tuomioja died at the Kivelä Hospital in Helsinki at the presence of his family on Wednesday, September 9, 1964.
The UN Security Council paid respects to Tuomioja with a minute of silence. Secretary-General U Thant said in his memo that Tuomioja served meritoriously not only as a patriot but also as a very skilful UN mediator. He was succeeded by Galo Plaza as mediator in the Cyprus dispute.
References
External links
1911 births
1964 deaths
Politicians from Tampere
People from Häme Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
National Progressive Party (Finland) politicians
Liberal League (Finland) politicians
Prime Ministers of Finland
Ministers of Finance of Finland
Ministers of Trade and Industry of Finland
Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Finland
Governors of the Bank of Finland
Ambassadors of Finland to Sweden
Ambassadors of Finland to the United Kingdom
20th-century Finnish lawyers
Finnish officials of the United Nations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakari%20Tuomioja |
Christian Tetzlaff (born 29 April 1966) is a German violinist.
Biography
Tetzlaff was born in Hamburg. His parents were amateur musicians and met in a church choir. He began playing the violin and piano at the age of 6, and made his concert debut at 14 years old. He studied with Uwe-Martin Haiberg at the Musikhochschule Lübeck and later with Walter Levin at the University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music.
His breakthrough as a soloist came in 1988, at the age of 22, when he performed Schoenberg's Violin Concerto in critically acclaimed concerts with the Cleveland Orchestra and the Munich Philharmonic. The following year he made his solo recital debut in New York City. He has continued to play as a soloist with major orchestras on stage and in recordings, including Beethoven's works for violin and orchestra performed with the Tonhalle Orchester Zürich under David Zinman. He returned to New York in 2011 for a recital with Antje Weithaas at Zankel Hall. 2012 he joined his sister Tanja (cello) and Leif Ove Andsnes (piano) playing Schumann's piano trios, which were awarded. Other critically acclaimed recordings include his 2007 release of Bach's sonatas and partitas for solo violin, and in 2012 his release of three Mozart violin sonatas with Lars Vogt at the Spannungen chamber music festival in Heimbach. His recording of Schumann's violin sonatas with Lars Vogt (piano) was named Gramophone'''s recording of the month for January 2014. His discography includes a number of modern works such as the violin concertos of György Ligeti and Stuart MacRae.
In 2011 he signed a long-term recording contract with Ondine.
He was the Artist in Residence of the Dresden Philharmonic in the 2018/2019 season and of the Seoul Philharmonic Orchestra in the year 2019.
Playing style
Tetzlaff plays a contemporary violin by Stefan-Peter Greiner which he has had since 2002, preferring it to his previous Stradivarius instrument. He uses a Peccatte bow, and Vision strings by Thomastik-Infeld in Vienna. He eschews routinely playing the violin with the full, lyrical sound preferred by many of his contemporaries, telling The New Yorker: "The listener loses the ear for the most beautiful sounds if they've been used for arbitrary, non-important things". This approach has occasionally left Tetzlaff open to criticism. The Guardian's critic Andrew Clements argued that his recording of the Schumann piano trios, mentioned above, lacked "any sense of involvement or affection for the music", and that his 2014 release of Shostakovich's violin concertos was sometimes devoid of "character".
Tetzlaff suffers from neurodermatitis in his left hand, which can cause extreme pain when the hand's fingers are applied to the strings of a violin. Over the years he has managed the condition in a variety of ways, including by using cotton thimbles to cover his fingers, and more recently by increasing his blood circulation by exercising before performances.
Awards
Musical America named him Instrumentalist of the Year 2005. In 2012 his Schumann's piano trios (with Leif Ove Andsnes (piano) and his sister Tanja (cello) won the Gramophone Award for best chamber recording.
Selected recordings
Szymanowski: Concerto for violin N° 1, Symphony N° 3 "Chant de la nuit",'' Christian Tetzlaff, violin, Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, Singverein Chorus, Steve Davislim, tenor, conducted by Pierre Boulez. CD Deutsche Grammophon 2009 and 2010. Diapason d'or of the Year 2011
Notes
External links
Christian Tetzlaff's biography on the website of his North American representation, CM Artists New York
Christian Tetzlaff
Homepage of Christian Tetzlaff
Interview with Christian Tetzlaff in VAN Magazine
Christian Tetzlaff discography at Naxos Records
1966 births
Living people
German classical violinists
Male classical violinists
German male violinists
Musicians from Hamburg
21st-century classical violinists
21st-century German male musicians
Erato Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Tetzlaff |
Tallahassee Commercial Airport is a closed, privately owned airport located on US 27, 8 miles (13 km) northwest of the central business district (CBD) of Tallahassee, the county seat of Leon County, Florida, United States. As of January 13, 2011, the FAA reported the airport as "closed indefinitely" due to pending construction.
Facilities
Tallahassee Commercial Airport covers and has one runway:
Runway 16/34: 3,249 x 50 ft. (990 x 15 m), surface: asphalt
The runway is described as being in poor condition, with surface cracking.
The first 50 feet of Runway 16 are closed indefinitely.
References
Airport Master Record (FAA Form 5010)
External links
Defunct airports in Florida
Airports in Florida
Transportation in Tallahassee, Florida
Transportation buildings and structures in Leon County, Florida
Privately owned airports | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallahassee%20Commercial%20Airport |
Hilde Domin (27 July 1912 – 22 February 2006) is the pseudonym of Hilde Palm (née Löwenstein), a German lyric poet and writer. She was among the most important German-language poets of her time.
Biography
Domin was born in 1909 in Cologne as Hildegard Löwenstein, the daughter of Eugen Löwenstein (d. 1942), a German Jewish lawyer, and Paula (d. 1943). Domin's year of birth has been erroneously reported as 1912.
Between 1929 and 1932 she studied at Heidelberg University, Cologne University, University of Bonn, and the Humboldt University of Berlin. She initially studied law, and later specialized in economics, social sciences and philosophy. Among her teachers were Karl Jaspers and Karl Mannheim.
As a result of the increasingly virulent anti-semitism in Nazi Germany, she emigrated to Italy in 1932 with her friend (and future husband) Erwin Walter Palm who was a writer and student of archaeology. She received a doctorate in political science in Florence in 1935 and worked as a language teacher in Rome from 1935 to 1939. She and Erwin Walter Palm were married in 1936. With Hitler's visit to Rome and the acrimonious atmosphere of fascist Italy under Mussolini the couple was prompted to once again emigrate.
In 1939 the couple went to England where she worked as language teacher at St Aldyn’s College. Hilde's fears of the Nazi menace did not wane, and the couple frantically tried to obtain a visa to any American nation. None of their preferred countries (the United States, Mexico, Argentina and Brazil) granted them a visa, while others would have charged them exorbitant sums of money. The only country where they were unconditionally welcomed was the Dominican Republic, where they emigrated in 1940.
In Santo Domingo, where they lived for 12 years, Hilde worked as a translator and lecturer at the University of Santo Domingo, and as a photographer of architecture. Her photographs meticulously documented the Ciudad Colonial (old city) of Santo Domingo, which illustrated Palm's seminal book on the art and architecture of Europe's oldest American city. Their work was referenced by the Dominican government in their successful bid before UNESCO to grant the entire sector of old Santo Domingo World Heritage Site status in 1989. She often worked together with other European exiles, such as Austrian photographer Kurt Schnitzer. In November 2006, Hilde was awarded the Order of Merit of Duarte, Sánchez and Mella in recognition of her efforts to advance Dominican culture.
Mourning her mother, and a miscarriage, Hilde began to write during her last years in Santo Domingo, choosing a pseudonym, Hilde Domin, that reflected her gratitude to the island which had offered her shelter. Many afternoons were spent by Hilde at the home of Francisco Prats Ramírez, discussing literature and poetry among intellectuals in endless tertulias.
After the end of World War II, in 1954, she and her husband (whose family had been murdered by the Nazis) returned to Germany.
Domin lived as a writer in Heidelberg from 1961 until her death.
She was a close friend of Nelly Sachs, her lyric colleague living in Stockholm, who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1966. From 1960 to 1967 they had a correspondence that was almost sisterly in intensity. She was also a friend of Hans-Georg Gadamer.
In 1968, she presented Das zweite Paradies (The Second Paradise), her first volume of prose, and a critical love story dealing with the experience of exile and home.
Her poems are rarely metaphorical, completely unpathetic and of a simple vocabulary that in its simplicity meets magic. Her writings have been recognized as evocative, appealing and easily accessible to a wide range of readers. Her output also included some pieces on literature theory. She was also a translator, bringing selected works by lyric poets including Denise Levertov and Giuseppe Ungaretti to German language readers.
In an interview in 1986 Domin was asked the question how much courage a writer needed:
Erwin Walter Palm, Domin's husband, died in 1988.
The anthology of poetry Der Baum blüht trotzdem (The Tree Blossoms Nevertheless) which was published in 1999, is her personal farewell. In one of her late poems she encourages us not to become tired. We are rather, as she writes,
Domin continued to read her poems to audiences until 2006.
She died in Heidelberg, a "grande dame" of German verse, aged 96, on February 22, 2006.
Unpublished in English until 2023, there are now two bilingual editions of her work available in America. They are With My Shadow, translated by Sarah Kafatou and The Wandering Radiance, translated by Mark S. Burrows.
Books
Hilde Domin - Gesammelte Gedichte (Collected poems), Editorial S. Fischer
Ziehende Landschaft (Poem, 1955)
Nur eine Rose als Stütze (Poems, 1959). Her first collection of poetry.
Rückkehr der Schiffe (Poems, 1962)
Linguistik (Poems, 1963)
Hier (Poems, 1964)
Höhlenbilder (Poems, 1968)
Das zweite Paradies (Prose, 1968)
Wozu Lyrik heute. Dichtung und Leser in der gesteuerten Gesellschaft (Prose, 1968). In this essay Hilde Domin asks the question: Why lyrics?
Ich will dich (Poems, 1970)
Von der Natur nicht vorgesehen (Autobiography, 1974)
Aber die Hoffnung. Autobiographisches aus und über Deutschland (Autobiography, 1982)
Unaufhaltsam (Poem, 1962)
Rufe nicht
Der Baum blüht trotzdem (Poems, 1999),
Vielleicht eine Lilie. Water colours by Andreas Felger. Hünfelden: Präsenz Kunst & Buch, (1999)
Ausgewählte Gedichte (Selected poems), Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, (2000)
Wer es könnte. Watercolors by Andreas Felger. Hünfelden: Präsenz Kunst & Buch, (2000)
Auf Wolkenbürgschaft. Watercolors by Andreas Felger. Hünfelden: Präsenz Kunst & Buch, (2005)
The Wandering Radiance: Selected Poems of Hilde Domin, translated by Mark S. Burrow. Green Linden Press, (2023)
With My Shadow: The Poems of Hilde Domin, A Bilingual Selection, translated by Sarah Kafatou. Paul Dry Books, (2023)
Her work has been translated into more than 21 languages.
Awards and prizes
For her work Hilde Domin has been awarded a wide range of prizes including:
Bundesverdienstkreuz Erster Klasse and the Großes Bundesverdienstkreuz
1974 Roswitha Prize
1983 Nelly Sachs Prize
1992 Friedrich-Hölderlin-Preis of the city of Bad Homburg
1995 Literaturpreis der Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung
1999 Jakob-Wassermann-Literaturpreis
1999 State Prize of the Federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia
2004 Honorary citizenship (Ehrenbürgerin) City of Heidelberg
2005 Order of Merit of Duarte, Sánchez and Mella, which is the highest order of the Dominican Republic.
Readings and lectures
Guest of Honour at the Villa Massimo, Rome (1985)
Frankfurter Poetik-Vorlesungen (1987/88)
May 2005: Reading of selected poems in both German and English, organized by Oxford University German Society.
See also
Erwin Walter Palm
Notes
References
References in Hoy newspaper article (2006, in Spanish)
Article in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German)
Article in Die Welt (in German)
Article in Spiegel Online (in German)
References in the National German Library
External links
Four poems by Hilde Domin translated into English by Mark S. Burrows
English translations of poems by Hilde Domin
PEN Centre of German speaking authors in exile
CV hosted by the University of Heidelberg (in German)
Literature map: What else do readers of Hilde Domin read?
Analysis of "Nur eine Rose als Stütze" (German)
Special collections and archives
Collection reference at SIBMAS
German Literature Archive in Marbach
Correspondence with Gisela Blauner Graf (1967-1987)
1909 births
2006 deaths
Writers from Cologne
Writers from the Rhine Province
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom
German memoirists
University of Bonn alumni
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Order of Merit of Duarte, Sánchez and Mella
German women novelists
Women memoirists
German women poets
20th-century German poets
20th-century German novelists
20th-century German women writers
German emigrants to the Dominican Republic
20th-century memoirists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilde%20Domin |
Mikhail Anatolyevich Shchennikov (; born 24 December 1967, in Sverdlovsk) is a Russian race walker.
He was born in Sverdlovsk. His son Georgi Shchennikov is a professional footballer for PFC CSKA Moscow.
Achievements
External links
1967 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Yekaterinburg
Soviet male racewalkers
Russian male racewalkers
Olympic athletes for the Soviet Union
Olympic athletes for the Unified Team
Olympic athletes for Russia
Olympic silver medalists for Russia
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Goodwill Games medalists in athletics
Competitors at the 1990 Goodwill Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for the Soviet Union
World Athletics Championships athletes for Russia
World Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Indoor Championships winners
World Athletics U20 Championships winners
World Athletics Race Walking Team Championships winners
European Athletics Championships winners
European Athletics Championships medalists
European Athletics Indoor Championships winners
Russian Athletics Championships winners
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
World Athletics indoor record holders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail%20Shchennikov |
Durău is a ski resort located in north-eastern Romania, in Neamț County, Moldavia near the Ceahlău Massif (to the mountains' north-west side). The location is disadvantaged because of the lack of accessibility, the only access road being DN15 (from Poiana Largului); the regular route from Bicaz is closed as of February 2006 due to landslides.
Durau Resort lies in Neamț county, at 780–800 m altitude, 9 km from Izvorul Muntelui Lake on the river Bistrița, in a sunny glade, on the north-west slope of the Ceahlau massif (Oriental Carpathians). The fauna of the surrounding woods is very rich: carpathian stag, brown bear, wild boar, black goat. From here hiking can be organised to the surrounding mountains (Ocolasu Mare Peak-1907 m and Toaca Peak-1904 m), Duruitoarea Waterfall, the Natural Reservation of bison from Ceahlau Mountains and many other trips: visits to nearby monasteries (Secu, Sihastrie, Neamt, Varatec and Agapia), monasteries from the north of Moldavia (Humorului, Sucevita, Moldovita, Putna, Dragomirna, Voronet), Bicaz Gorges, Rosu Lake, Borsec and Vatra Dornei resort.
In Durau there is a small church painted by the famous Romanian painter Nicolae Tonitza and also a monastery built in 1992.
Durau is a year-round resort.
In town there are four 2 and 3-star hotels, an ancient monastery (Durău Monastery) and a conference center belonging to the Romanian Orthodox Church.
See also
Ceahlău Massif
References
Geography of Neamț County
Ski areas and resorts in Romania
Eastern Carpathians
Tourist attractions in Neamț County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dur%C4%83u |
Joyce Hilda Hatto (5 September 1928 – 29 June 2006) was an English concert pianist and piano teacher. In 1956 she married William Barrington-Coupe, a record producer who was convicted of Purchase Tax evasion in 1966. Hatto became famous very late in life when unauthorised copies of commercial recordings made by other pianists were released under her name, earning her high praise from critics. The fraud did not come to light until 2007, more than six months after her death.
Early life and early career
Joyce Hatto was born in St John's Wood, London. Her father was an antique dealer and piano enthusiast. As a promising young professional, she played at a large number of concerts in London, and throughout Britain and Europe, beginning in the 1950s. There were concertos in which she was accompanied by the Boyd Neel, Haydn and London Symphony Orchestras, and many others; solo recitals at the Wigmore Hall, the Queen Elizabeth Hall and elsewhere; and concerts by "pupils of Joyce Hatto" in the late 1960s and early 1970s. She supplemented her earnings with work as a répétiteur for the London Philharmonic Choir under such conductors as Thomas Beecham and Victor de Sabata, and as a piano teacher, both privately and at schools including Crofton Grange, a girls' boarding school in Hertfordshire, where her pupils included the novelist Rose Tremain. She was also active in the recording studios for several companies such as Saga Records in England, as well as others in Hamburg and Paris.
Critical reception
Hatto's playing drew mixed notices from the critics. A critic for The Times wrote of a performance at Chelsea Town Hall in October 1953 that "Joyce Hatto grappled doggedly with too hasty tempi in Mozart's D minor piano concerto and was impeded from conveying significant feelings towards the work, especially in quick figuration." Trevor Harvey wrote of her Saga recording of Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 2 "one wonders ... whether her technique is really on top of the difficulties of this music ... She shows a musical sense of give and take with the orchestra but it remains a small, rather pallid performance" (The Gramophone, August 1961).
Vernon Handley, who conducted the Guildford Philharmonic on Hatto's 1970 recording of Sir Arnold Bax's Symphonic Variations for her husband's Revolution label, said; "[a]s a solo pianist, she was absolutely marvellous. She had ten wonderful fingers and she could get round anything and also she was an extraordinarily charming person to work with, even if she could be very difficult." In another interview, after the 2007 hoax perpetrated by her husband had been revealed, he added; "[s]he had a very doubtful sense of rhythm ... [t]he recording of the Bax was a tremendous labour." Still the record received a favourable review: "Joyce Hatto gives a highly commendable account of the demanding piano part," wrote Robert Layton (Gramophone, February 1971).
In 1973 Hatto gave the world premiere of two recently published Bourrées by Frédéric Chopin in London's Queen Elizabeth Hall. In 1976 she stopped performing in public and moved to Royston, Hertfordshire. It was later claimed that she already had cancer at the time. However, the consultant radiologist who saw her every six weeks for the last eight years of her life stated that she was first treated for ovarian cancer in 1992, fourteen years before her death, and had had no previous history of the disease.
Fraud
In Hatto's last years more than 100 recordings falsely attributed to her appeared. The repertoire represented on the CDs included the complete sonatas of Beethoven, Mozart and Prokofiev, concertos by Rachmaninoff, Tchaikovsky, Brahms and Mendelssohn and most of Chopin's compositions, along with rarer works such as the complete Godowsky Studies on Chopin's Études. The recordings were released, along with piano recordings falsely attributed to Sergio Fiorentino, by the Concert Artist Recordings label run by Hatto's husband William Barrington-Coupe, who had a long history in the record industry. The distinguished critic Neville Cardus had been dazzled by her playing, according to a story found in one obituary.
From 2003 onwards the recordings attributed to Hatto began to receive enthusiastic praise from a small number of participants on various Usenet groups, mailing lists and web forums, sparked by a blind-listening test in December 2002 posted on ThePiano Yahoo! group featuring a recording under Hatto's name of Liszt's Mephisto Waltz. Specialised record review magazines and websites such as Gramophone, MusicWeb and Classics Today, as well as newspapers such as The Boston Globe, eventually discovered Hatto, reviewed the recordings (with mostly very favourable notices) and published interviews and appreciations of her career; in one case, she was described as "the greatest living pianist that almost no one has ever heard of." Those praising the recordings included Tom Deacon, a former record producer for Philips, who produced that label's Great Pianists of the 20th Century series and was so fooled he praised and derided the same recording, thinking that one was by Hatto and the other by Matsuzawa; Bryce Morrison, a long-time reviewer for Gramophone; Jed Distler, a reviewer for Gramophone and Classics Today; Ateş Orga, a music critic who also wrote some of the liner notes for Concert Artist, as well as an obituary; and Ivan Davis, a well-known professional pianist.
In May 2005 the musicologist Marc-André Roberge reported on the Yahoo! Godowsky group that, in Hatto's version of the Chopin-Godowsky Studies on the Concert Artist label, a misreading of a chord was identical to one on the Carlo Grante recording (AIR-CD-9092, released 1993). However this coincidence did not prompt Roberge or others to investigate further at that time and verification of the copying from the Grante disc would only occur in 2007.
In early 2006 doubts about various aspects of Hatto's recording output were expressed, both in the rec.music.classical.recordings Usenet group and, following the publication of a lengthy appreciation of Hatto in the March issue of Gramophone, by readers of that magazine. In particular, some found it hard to believe that a pianist who had not performed in public for decades and was said to be fighting cancer should produce in her old age a large number of recordings, all apparently of high quality. It also proved difficult to confirm any of the details of the recordings made with orchestra, including even the existence of the conductor credited. The doubters were vigorously countered, most publicly by critic Jeremy Nicholas who in the July 2006 issue of Gramophone, challenged unnamed sceptics to substantiate their accusations by providing evidence that would "stand up in a court of law". Nicholas's challenge was not taken up and in December Radio New Zealand was able in all innocence, to re-broadcast its hour-long programme of glowing appreciation of the Concert Artist Hatto CDs. This programme included excerpts from a telephone interview with Hatto herself, conducted on 6 April 2006, in which she said nothing to dispel the presenter's assumption that she was the sole pianist on all the CDs.
The favourable reviews and publicity generated substantial sales for the Concert Artist CDs: in 2006, one online retailer did £50,000 worth of business with Barrington-Coupe. Barrington-Coupe himself claimed to have sold 3,051 Hatto CDs in 2005 and 2006, and 5,500 from 2007 up to February 2009, and that he had made a "thumping great loss" on them.
Death
Hatto died from ovarian cancer and deep vein thrombosis at her home in Royston, Hertfordshire, on 29 June 2006. She was cremated in Cambridge on 11 July 2006.
Revelation of fraud
In February 2007 it was announced in a series of articles in Gramophone and on the magazine's website, after the editor, James Inverne, had commissioned an intensive investigation by the audio expert Andrew Rose and others, that the CDs ascribed to Hatto had been discovered to contain copies, in some cases digitally manipulated (stretched or shrunk in time, re-equalised and rebalanced), of published commercial recordings made by other artists. While some of these artists were well-known, the majority were not. When Brian Ventura, a financial analyst from Mount Vernon, New York, put the recording of Liszt's Transcendental Études credited to Hatto into his computer the Gracenote database used by the iTunes software identified the disc, not as a recording by Hatto, but as one by László Simon. On checking online samples of the Simon recording Ventura found it to be remarkably similar to the version credited to Hatto. He then contacted Jed Distler, a critic for Classics Today and Gramophone, who had praised many of the recordings ascribed to Hatto.
Distler has said:
An identification of the source of another recording, which had been in preparation for some months, was released the following day by the AHRC Research Centre for the History and Analysis of Recorded Music (CHARM, based at Royal Holloway, University of London) as a by-product of research on performances of Chopin Mazurkas. Within a week of the initial story being posted on the Gramophone website on 15 February, the sources for some 20 of Hatto's Concert Artist CDs had been identified.
On each of the concerto recordings published in Hatto's final years under her name the conductor's name was given as "René Köhler", and Barrington-Coupe provided a detailed biography for "Köhler". The information given there has not withstood careful scrutiny. The conductors whose work is represented on the concerto recordings credited to Hatto and Köhler are now known to include Esa-Pekka Salonen, André Previn and Bernard Haitink, while the orchestras, claimed to be the National Philharmonic-Symphony and the Warsaw Philharmonia, are now known to include the Vienna Philharmonic, the Philharmonia, and the Royal Philharmonic.
Admission of fraud
Barrington-Coupe initially denied any wrongdoing but subsequently admitted the fraud in a letter to Robert von Bahr, the head of the Swedish record label BIS, which had originally issued some of the recordings plagiarised by Concert Artists. Bahr shared the contents of the letter with Gramophone, which reported the confession on its website on 26 February 2007. Barrington-Coupe claims that Hatto was unaware of the deception, that she would hear the final recordings believing that they were all her own work, that he acted out of love, that he made little money from the enterprise and that he started out by pasting portions of other pianists' recordings into recordings made by Hatto to cover up her gasps of pain. Some critics however have cast doubt on this version of events, not least James Inverne in Gramophone.
The discovery of plagiarised tracks on a Concert Artist CD released under the name of pianist Sergio Fiorentino raised further questions. Barrington-Coupe refused to help identify the sources of the recordings issued under Hatto's name, claiming that "whatever I do, it won't be enough".
Aftermath
The British Phonographic Industry (BPI) announced an investigation. According to a BPI spokesman in 2007, if the allegations were true, it would have been "one of the most extraordinary cases of piracy the record industry had ever seen".
Robert von Bahr of the BIS label said that he "had given a lot of thought" to suing Barrington-Coupe for damages but was inclined not to do so on the assumption that the hoax recordings were "a desperate attempt to build a shrine to a dying wife". He also said that he had advised László Simon to take advantage of the publicity by securing more concert engagements.
Barrington-Coupe himself said that he "had given up worrying" about possible legal consequences and added that "I don't consider I've hurt anybody. A lot of attention has been drawn to forgotten artists."
The Hertfordshire Constabulary said that it would not take any action unless a complaint was made by the copyright holder of one of the original recordings. This did not occur.
In 2009 Channel 4 in Britain broadcast a 20-minute documentary about the scam.
Barrington-Coupe died at his home in Royston on 19 October 2014.
TV film
A TV film, Loving Miss Hatto, was filmed in Ireland and screened on BBC Television on 23 December 2012. The screenplay was by Victoria Wood and the film was made by Left Bank Pictures. Hatto was portrayed by Maimie McCoy and Francesca Annis. Rory Kinnear and Alfred Molina played her husband. Barrington-Coupe was still alive at the time, but Wood stated in an interview with The Guardian that she did not consult him when she was writing the screenplay, although members of the research team for the project had met with him on a number of occasions.
In literature
Hatto's story inspired a novel by the French-Vietnamese author Minh Tran Huy, La Double vie d'Anna Song ("The double life of Anna Song"). Anna Song, described as "the greatest pianist that no one has heard of", appears to record a huge discography despite illness and old age. Her husband, Paul Desroches, acts as producer for the recordings. It is later revealed in a magazine that the recordings are not the work of Song, but have been stolen by her husband from the work of others.
Another novel drawn from the Hatto case is Lynne Sharon Schwartz's Two-Part Inventions (2012). Schwartz has stated that her novel is directly based on the story of Hatto and Barrington-Coupe.
Recordings and their sources
The following is a list of some of the performances attributed to Hatto whose sources have so far been discovered (sorted by Concert Artist catalogue number). More detailed track by track information can be found at the Joyce Hatto Identifications website.
Early discography
The release of Arnold Bax's Symphonic Variations in E major (CACD90212 on the Concert Artist label) is a reissue of Hatto's 1970 recording with the Guildford Philharmonic conducted by Vernon Handley, originally issued on Barrington-Coupe's Revolution label.
Hatto's authentic recordings never had a wide distribution and the above-mentioned work of Bax was the last to appear on LP in 1970. In the 1980s, more works were released on cassette tapes (Grieg Piano Concerto and a number of Liszt compositions: the two Piano Concerti, Rigoletto paraphrase, Miserere del Trovatore paraphrase, Totentanz solo piano version, Seven Hungarian Historical Portraits). The solo piano repertoire of these releases shows works Hatto played also at that time in London on various occasions at the Wigmore Hall and other venues.
Her early releases include:
Concert Artist 7-inch EPs:
Walter Gaze Cooper Piano Concerto #3
Elspeth Rhys-Williams, 4 Impressions, 2 Songs
Michael Williams Introduction & Allegro for piano & orchestra
Saga:
"Music for the Films" (Addinsell, Bath, Chas. Williams) w/London Variety Theatre Orchestra/Gilbert Vinter
Gershwin Rhapsody in Blue w/Hamburg Pro Musica/George Byrd
Rachmaninoff Piano Concerto No. 2 w/Hamburg Pro Musica/George Hurst
Chopin Sonatas No. 1 & 3
Chopin Minor Piano works (Albumblatt, Fugue, Andante cantabile etc.)
Delta:
Mozart Piano Concertos K. 466 & 488 w/Pasdeloup Orchestra/Isaie Disenhaus
Mozart Piano Concerto K. 453, Rondo K. 382 w/London Classic Players/David Littaur
Fidelio:
Chopin 10 Nocturnes
Gershwin 16 items from the "Song Book"
Lecuona assorted piano pieces
Revolution:
Bax Piano Sonata #1, Piano Sonata #4, Toccata, Water Music
Bax Symphonic Variations in E w/Guildford Philharmonic/Vernon Handley
Boulevard
Rhapsody in Blue & An American in Paris from George Gershwin, with The New York Symphonica, conducted by George Byrd(Album brought out in 1973, by Allied Records Ltd., 326 Kensal Road, London, W10, as Boulevard, number 4124)
References
External links
Andrys Basten's comprehensive listing of links to news items, interviews and commentaries; includes download of Mephisto Waltz recording cited in Jan. 2003 on RMCR newsgroup
Joyce Hatto Identifications website
Mark Lawson, "Our ears may deceive us", The Guardian, 2 March 2007.
Geoff Edgers, "Cherished music wasn't hers", Boston Globe, 27 February 2007.
Gramophone: "'I did it for my wife' – Joyce Hatto exclusive, William Barrington-Coupe confesses", published 26 February 2007
Telegraph: "The Hatto scandal is no human tragedy – but it might make a melodrama" – Julian Lloyd Webber, published: 5 April 2007
International Herald Tribune: "The Joyce Hatto Scandal", Denis Dutton, published 25 February 2007. Republished in New York Times
The Telegraph: " My wife's virtuoso recordings are genuine", published 20 February 2007
David Patrick Stearns, "Ears don't deceive – the CD covers do". Philadelphia Inquirer, 20 February 2007.
"Will the Real Joyce Hatto Please Stand Up", by David Hurwitz, published 18 February 2007
Gramophone: "Masterpieces or Fakes? The Joyce Hatto Scandal", published 15 February 2007
"Joyce Hatto – The Ultimate Recording Hoax" on PristineClassical.com, released 15 February 2007
Times Online: "Piano ‘genius’ is branded a fake", published 17 February 2007
New York Times: "A Pianist’s Recordings Draw Praise, but Were They All Hers?," published 17 February 2007
Boston Globe "Joyce Hatto, at 77; pianist was prolific recording artist" published 4 July 2006, retrieved 10 July 2006
Joyce Hatto – A Pianist of Extraordinary Personality and Promise
Joyce Hatto, English pianist, dies aged 77 - Gramophone 5 July 2006
iTunes fingers musical fraud
Radio New Zealand feature including interview with Hatto, first broadcast 28 May 2006
"'Hatto Recordings Counterfeit?', Radio New Zealand, 19 Feb 2007"
Fantasia For Piano (New Yorker article including interview with William Barrington-Coupe), 17 September 2007
"The Hatto scandal is no human tragedy - but it might make a melodrama", Daily Telegraph 12 April 2007
Who Was Joyce Hatto? (BBC Radio 4 programme)
1928 births
2006 deaths
English classical pianists
English women pianists
Musical hoaxes
Deaths from ovarian cancer
Musicians from London
People from St John's Wood
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century English musicians
21st-century classical pianists
Deaths from cancer in England
People from Royston, Hertfordshire
English fraudsters
20th-century English women musicians
21st-century English women musicians
20th-century English businesspeople
20th-century women pianists
21st-century women pianists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce%20Hatto |
The Arcida is an extant order of bivalve molluscs. This order dates back to the lower Ordovician period. They are distinguished from related groups, such as the mussels, by having a straight hinge to the shells, and the adductor muscles being of equal size. The duplivincular ligament, taxodont dentition, and a shell microstructure consisting of the outer crossed lamellar and inner complex crossed lamellar layers are defining characters of this order.
Seven families are currently recognised within the order, including the well-known ark clams or ark shells in the family Arcidae.
Taxonomy
The order Arcida, as the suborder Arcacea, is included in the order Taxodonta by R.C. Moore, 1952, characterised by simple hinge-line dentition consisting of small, numerous, similar hinge teeth, separate mantle lobes, poorly developed siphons, and filibranch gills.
In 2010, Bieler, Carter & Coan proposed a new classification system for the Bivalvia which combines the taxodont Arcida with the dysodont Limida Mytilida, Ostreida and Pteriida as the Pteriomorphia. Subtaxa included in the Arcida are shown below.
In 2016, the superfamilies of Arcida changed from two to three, with an additional superfamily of fossils only. The new taxonomy is as follows:
Superfamily Arcoidea Lamarck, 1809
Family Arcidae Lamarck, 1809
Family Catamarcaiidae Cope, 2000
Family Cucullaeidae Stewart, 1930
Family Frejidae Ratter & Cope, 1998
Family Glycymerididae Dall, 1908 (1847)
Family Noetiidae Stewart, 1930
Family Parallelodontidae Dall, 1898
Superfamily Glyptarcoidea Cope, 1996: with fossil species only.
Family Glyptarcidae Cope, 1996
Family Pucamyidae Sánchez & Benedetto, 2007
Superfamily Limopsoidea Dall, 1895
Family Limopsidae Dall, 1895
Family Philobryidae F. Bernard, 1897
References
External links
Bivalve orders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcida |
The East Side Trolley Tunnel, also known as the East Side Transit Tunnel or the College Hill Tunnel, is a bi-directional tunnel in Providence, Rhode Island, originally built for trolley use in 1914, and now used for public transit buses. The East Side Trolley Tunnel could be considered the first bus rapid transit link in North America, because of its exclusive and continuous bus use since 1948.
Description
The tunnel runs for under College Hill on Providence's East Side, with its east portal at Thayer Street, the busy commercial district near Brown University, leading to its west portal at North Main Street near the Rhode Island School of Design. It provides a gentler 4% to 5% grade compared to the steeper 10% grade of the city streets above it, while also allowing public-transit vehicles to bypass traffic and stoplights. The tunnel traverses a drop in elevation from its east portal to its west portal.
The tunnel is reserved exclusively for buses—currently the RIPTA routes 1, 32, 33, 34, 40, 49, and 61. Police and Fire Department vehicles also may make use of the tunnel. The facility carries around 4,500 riders daily (almost 10% of RIPTA ridership), via approximately 1,680 buses per week. The Thayer Street stop is the 6th-busiest of the 4,000 stops in the statewide RIPTA system. The tunnel allows faster transit access from College Hill to Downtown Providence and the RIPTA transit hub at Kennedy Plaza.
Despite signs explicitly forbidding trespassing or use of skateboards in the tunnel, fast skateboarding through the tunnel is fairly common. Auto parts salesmen, couriers, and other delivery personnel have been known to "shoot the tunnel" to avoid traffic congestion, though risking a substantial traffic fine.
History
Prior to the construction of the Trolley Tunnel, the steepness of the streets climbing College Hill led to the 1888 construction of a cable-car line by the Providence Cable Tramway Company, the only such system ever to be built in New England.
The west portal of the tunnel was built directly under the Waterman Building (1893), the original classroom and museum gallery structure of the Rhode Island School of Design. Extensive and complex construction methods were required to support the building as the tunnel was bored underneath it.
In 1948 the tracks were removed, and the tunnel was paved for use by buses and trackless trolleys. The tunnel was used by two trackless trolley routes, Elmgrove Avenue and Hope Street, from fall 1948 to fall 1953. The trackless trolley system in Providence was dismantled in the mid-1950s, the last route closing on June 24, 1955.
In 2018, US Senator Jack Reed (RI-D) toured the tunnel with RIPTA officials, and announced a $903,000 federal grant for planning repairs and improvements to the heavily-used transit structure. , planning was in process for construction related to the tunnel.
Gallery
The Waterman Building (1893) of the Rhode Island School of Design is visible directly above the west portal openings.
References
Bus rapid transit in Rhode Island
Railroad tunnels in Rhode Island
Transportation in Providence, Rhode Island
Buildings and structures in Providence, Rhode Island
Tunnels completed in 1914
Rhode Island Public Transit Authority
Transportation buildings and structures in Providence County, Rhode Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Side%20Trolley%20Tunnel |
Stanley Cobb (December 10, 1887 – February 25, 1968) was a neurologist and could be considered "the founder of biological psychiatry in the United States".
Early life
Cobb was born on December 10, 1887, in Brookline, Massachusetts, to John Candler Cobb. His great-grandmother, Augusta Adams Cobb, abandoned her husband and married Mormon prophet Brigham Young as his third wife (out of some 56 wives) in 1843. Cobb's childhood and education were affected by his stammer, which it is suggested led him to study the neurosciences in an attempt to understand its cause. He married Elizabeth Mason Almy in 1915.
As early as 1910, Cobb was published in ornithological journals and he continued to publish natural history articles throughout his life. Cobb studied biology at Harvard College (AB, 1911), and medicine at Harvard Medical School (MD, 1914). After army service and a residency at Johns Hopkins Medical School, he was hired in 1919 to teach neurology at Harvard Medical School. In 1922, Cobb was asked to discover why patients with epilepsy had improved when they were starved. He recruited William Lennox as an assistant to investigate the ketogenic diet that had been proposed as being as effective as starvation in the treatment of epilepsy. In 1915 he reported a disorder which became widely known as Cobb syndrome. In 1925 he was named Harvard's Bullard Professor of Neuropathology.
Career
In 1930, he was appointed director of the newly opened Harvard Neurological Unit at Boston City Hospital. When Cobb moved to the Massachusetts General Hospital in 1934, he was succeeded by Tracey Putnam. Cobb built the department of psychiatry at the Massachusetts General Hospital. He championed psychoanalysis, giving it respectability when others in that conservative hospital disapproved. He published an annual review of neuropsychiatry in the Archive of Internal Medicine from 1935 to 1959.
When Carl Jung was invited in 1936 to receive an honorary degree by Harvard, he stayed with Cobb. Jung "put his shoes outside his bedroom door to have them shined. Cobb polished them".
Retirement
When he retired in 1954, Cobb directed his interest towards the study of avian neurology. He was passionately opposed to the widespread spraying of DDT. After his favourite pond was sprayed, he was angered to write "Death of a Salt Pond," a difficult task, since he was virtually blind by then. This was first published in a local paper but interest gathered and it achieved widespread circulation after being republished in the Audubon Magazine in May, 1963.
Cobb died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on February 25, 1968, at the age of 80.
Mind-body problem
Throughout his professional career, Cobb was troubled by the attempts of medical scientists to draw hard-and-fast distinctions between mental and physical symptoms, between psychic and somatic causes, between functional and organic diseases, and even between psychology and physiology. Cobb addressed the mind-body problem in Borderlands of Psychiatry (1943):
Awards and recognition
In 1956, Cobb received the George M. Kober Medal for his contributions to medicine. In 1960, Harvard Medical School established the Stanley Cobb Chair in his honor. In 1967, Cobb received a Distinguished Service Award from the New York Academy of Medicine.
Selected works
References
Further reading
External links
The Stanley Cobb papers can be found at The Center for the History of Medicine at the Countway Library, Harvard Medical School.
American neurologists
American psychiatrists
1887 births
1968 deaths
People from Brookline, Massachusetts
Harvard Medical School alumni
Harvard Medical School faculty
American ornithological writers
American male non-fiction writers
Rockefeller Fellows
Analysands of Hanns Sachs
Analysands of Helene Deutsch
20th-century American zoologists
20th-century American physicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley%20Cobb |
Brain mapping is a set of neuroscience techniques predicated on the mapping of (biological) quantities or properties onto spatial representations of the (human or non-human) brain resulting in maps.
According to the definition established in 2013 by Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), brain mapping is specifically defined, in summary, as the study of the anatomy and function of the brain and spinal cord through the use of imaging, immunohistochemistry, molecular & optogenetics, stem cell and cellular biology, engineering, neurophysiology and nanotechnology.
Overview
All neuroimaging is considered part of brain mapping. Brain mapping can be conceived as a higher form of neuroimaging, producing brain images supplemented by the result of additional (imaging or non-imaging) data processing or analysis, such as maps projecting (measures of) behavior onto brain regions (see fMRI). One such map, called a connectogram, depicts cortical regions around a circle, organized by lobes. Concentric circles within the ring represent various common neurological measurements, such as cortical thickness or curvature. In the center of the circles, lines representing white matter fibers illustrate the connections between cortical regions, weighted by fractional anisotropy and strength of connection. At higher resolutions brain maps are called connectomes. These maps incorporate individual neural connections in the brain and are often presented as wiring diagrams.
Brain mapping techniques are constantly evolving, and rely on the development and refinement of image acquisition, representation, analysis, visualization and interpretation techniques. Functional and structural neuroimaging are at the core of the mapping aspect of brain mapping.
Some scientists have criticized the brain image-based claims made in scientific journals and the popular press, like the discovery of "the part of the brain responsible" things like love or musical abilities or a specific memory. Many mapping techniques have a relatively low resolution, including hundreds of thousands of neurons in a single voxel. Many functions also involve multiple parts of the brain, meaning that this type of claim is probably both unverifiable with the equipment used, and generally based on an incorrect assumption about how brain functions are divided. It may be that most brain functions will only be described correctly after being measured with much more fine-grained measurements that look not at large regions but instead at a very large number of tiny individual brain circuits. Many of these studies also have technical problems like small sample size or poor equipment calibration which means they cannot be reproduced - considerations which are sometimes ignored to produce a sensational journal article or news headline. In some cases the brain mapping techniques are used for commercial purposes, lie detection, or medical diagnosis in ways which have not been scientifically validated.
History
In the late 1980s in the United States, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Science was commissioned to establish a panel to investigate the value of integrating neuroscientific information across a variety of techniques.
Of specific interest is using structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), diffusion MRI (dMRI), magnetoencephalography (MEG), electroencephalography (EEG), positron emission tomography (PET), Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and other non-invasive scanning techniques to map anatomy, physiology, perfusion, function and phenotypes of the human brain. Both healthy and diseased brains may be mapped to study memory, learning, aging, and drug effects in various populations such as people with schizophrenia, autism, and clinical depression. This led to the establishment of the Human Brain Project. It may also be crucial to understanding traumatic brain injuries (as in the case of Phineas Gage) and improving brain injury treatment.
Following a series of meetings, the International Consortium for Brain Mapping (ICBM) evolved. The ultimate goal is to develop flexible computational brain atlases.
Achievements
The interactive and citizen science website Eyewire maps mices' retinal cells and was launched in 2012. In 2021, the most comprehensive 3D map of the human brain was published by an U.S. IT company. It shows neurons and their connections along with blood vessels and other components of a millionth of a brain. For the map, the 1 mm³ sized fragment was sliced into over 5 000 nanometers-thin pieces which were scanned with an electron microscope. The interactive map required 1.4 petabytes of storage-space. About two months later, scientists reported that they created the first complete neuron-level-resolution 3D map of a monkey brain which they scanned via a new method within 100 hours. They made only a fraction of the 3D map publicly available as the entire map takes more than 1 petabyte of storage space even when compressed.
In October 2021, the BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN) concluded the first phase of a long-term project to generate an atlas of the entire mouse (mammalian) brain with 17 studies, including an atlas and census of cell types in the primary motor cortex.
Brain development
In 2021, the first connectome that shows how an animal's brain changes throughout its lifetime was reported. Scientists mapped and compared the whole brains of eight isogenic C. elegans worms, each at a different stage of development. Later that year, scientists combined electron microscopy and brainbow imaging to show for the first time the development of a mammalian neural circuit. They reported the complete wiring diagrams between the CNS and muscles of ten individual mice.
Vision
In August 2021, scientists of the MICrONS program, launched in 2016, published a functional connectomics dataset that "contains calcium imaging of an estimated 75,000 neurons from primary visual cortex (VISp) and three higher visual areas (VISrl, VISal and VISlm), that were recorded while a mouse viewed natural movies and parametric stimuli". Based on this data they also published "interactive visualizations of anatomical and functional data that span all 6 layers of mouse primary visual cortex and 3 higher visual areas (LM, AL, RL) within a cubic millimeter volume" – the MICrONS Explorer.
Brain regeneration
In 2022, a first spatiotemporal cellular atlas of the axolotl brain development and regeneration, the interactive Axolotl Regenerative Telencephalon Interpretation via Spatiotemporal Transcriptomic Atlas , revealed key insights about axolotl brain regeneration.
Current Atlas tools
Talairach Atlas, 1988
Harvard Whole Brain Atlas, 1995
MNI Template, 1998 (The standard template of SPM and International Consortium for Brain Mapping)
Atlas of the Developing Human Brain, 2012
Infant Brain Atlas, 2023
Full SBMT definition
Brain mapping is the study of the anatomy and function of the brain and spinal cord through the use of imaging (including intra-operative, microscopic, endoscopic and multi-modality imaging), immunohistochemistry, molecular & optogenetics, stem cell and cellular biology, engineering (material, electrical and biomedical), neurophysiology and nanotechnology.
See also
Outline of brain mapping
Outline of the human brain
Brain Mapping Foundation
BrainMaps Project
Center for Computational Biology
Connectogram
FreeSurfer
Human Connectome Project
IEEE P1906.1
List of neuroscience databases
Map projection
Neuroimaging software
Whole brain emulation
Topographic map (neuroanatomy)
Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics
Computational anatomy
References
Further reading
Rita Carter (1998). Mapping the Mind.
F.J. Chen (2006). Brain Mapping And Language
F.J. Chen (2006). Focus on Brain Mapping Research.
F.J. Chen (2006). Trends in Brain Mapping Research.
F.J. Chen (2006). Progress in Brain Mapping Research.
Koichi Hirata (2002). Recent Advances in Human Brain Mapping: Proceedings of the 12th World Congress of the International Society for Brain Electromagnetic Topography (ISBET 2001).
Konrad Maurer and Thomas Dierks (1991). Atlas of Brain Mapping: Topographic Mapping of Eeg and Evoked Potentials.
Konrad Maurer (1989). Topographic Brain Mapping of Eeg and Evoked Potentials.
Arthur W. Toga and John C. Mazziotta (2002). Brain Mapping: The Methods.
Tatsuhiko Yuasa, James Prichard and S. Ogawa (1998). Current Progress in Functional Brain Mapping: Science and Applications.
Neurophysiology
Neuroimaging
Neurosurgery
Bioinformatics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain%20mapping |
Marriage in the Eastern Orthodox Church is a holy mystery (sacrament) in the Eastern Orthodox Church in which a priest marries a man and a woman. The typical Byzantine Rite liturgy for marriage is called the Mystery of Crowning, where the couple is crowned.
Liturgy
The liturgy of the Mystery of Crowning involves the placement of crowns on both heads of the couple in a lengthy ceremony, which is preceded by a betrothal ceremony.
Divorce
Divorce is permitted in the Orthodox Church for various reasons. The more usual divorce occurs under the pastoral guidance of the spiritual director of the spouses when all attempts at salvaging a marriage have been exhausted. In such cases, remarriage may be possible but there is a special rite for a second marriage which contains a penitential element for the dissolution of the first, i.e. some of the more joyful aspects are removed. Marriage is permitted up to three times in Orthodoxy but each divorce necessitates a short period of excommunication.
Another type of divorce is what is known as a "hieratic divorce", which does not signify the breakdown of the relationship but is a step taken for the sake of the theosis of the spouses and with the full support and blessing of the Church. This type of divorce may only take place where there is mutual agreement between the two spouses, and is usually carried out in cases where one or both spouses wish to enter into monasticism.
See also
Russian wedding traditions
References
External links
Weddings, Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain.
Marriage in Christianity
Eastern Orthodox liturgy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage%20in%20the%20Eastern%20Orthodox%20Church |
Lyubov A. Kuznetsova (Russian: Любовь Алексеевна Кузнецова; born 1928) is a Russian calligrapher and font designer.
The official digital version of the Literaturnaya font was developed at ParaGraph in 1996 by her.
References
External links
Biography in Russian at Paratype
Biography at MyFonts
1928 births
Living people
Russian calligraphers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyubov%20Kuznetsova |
I Don't Care That You Don't Mind is the fifth studio album by Crash Test Dummies. The album began as a solo album for Brad Roberts, while he was recuperating in the town of Argyle, Nova Scotia after suffering a near-fatal car accident in September 2000. Crash Test Dummies' name was put on the album after the band (minus Benjamin Darvill) agreed to tour the album.
Background
Shortly after completing a solo tour in Canada (one of the performances would later be released as "Crash Test Dude"), Brad Roberts bought a 1989 Cadillac for $2,000 dollars in the autumn of 2000. Having not driven for a long time, Roberts explained that, along a winding back road in Yarmouth, County, Nova Scotia, he took a corner too fast, resulting in a near-fatal car accident that resulted in a broken left arm, cuts all across his face and multiple other injuries. Having kicked open the window and crawling halfway out of the car Roberts was stuck until a medic came and helped him out of the car. Roberts later would thank his "guardian angel" in the liner notes of "I Don't Care That You Don't Mind" and send him a bottle of rum to extend his deepest thanks.
While recuperating in Argyle, Nova Scotia, Roberts befriended Kent Greene, Dave Morton and Danny MacKenzie: lobster fishermen who also happened to be skilled musicians. Together, they recorded the bulk of what was originally intended to be Roberts' debut solo project.
However, Dummies' keyboardist Ellen Reid was later brought in to record backing vocals for a few tracks, and Dan Roberts agreed to tour with Brad. Shortly after, Reid and Mitch Dorge also agreed to tour the album and, as a result, the Crash Test Dummies name was put on the record.
This move did provoke some criticism from one band member. In 2001, Dummies' harmonica, mandolin and guitar player Benjamin Darvill sharply criticized Roberts in an interview with Crud Music Magazine:
Reception
The album received fairly positive reviews. Allmusic writer Brad Kohlenstein gave the album 3 out of 5 stars and states that the band's "fifth album shows that they have no intention of going away and no particular intention of being famous again. While they have been criticized for trying too hard and forcing themselves to be something they're not, I Don't Care That You Don't Mind provides evidence that what was perceived as strained forethought may have simply been the band trying things out. Continuing in their tradition of playing with different sounds, this album has a decidedly Southern feel. It's an experiment perhaps, but a successful one. The tracks range from cool, masculine ballads laced with steel guitar and reminiscent of Chris Isaak, to satirical drinkin' and shootin' songs. As if not to discriminate, they even throw in a little zydeco.". In addition, Darryl Sterdan of the Winnipeg Sun states that "for a guy who spent years delivering his lyrics with an arched eyebrow and an ironic smirk, Roberts plays it surprisingly straight much of the time. And pulls it off surprisingly well. In fact, I Don't Care That You Don't Mind has some of his strongest, least contrived material in years".
Track listing
Personnel
Brad Roberts – vocals, guitars, ukulele
Danny MacKenzie – drums, background vocals
Dave Morton – acoustic bass, background vocals
Kent Greene – guitars, background vocals
Kenny Wollesen – drums, percussion
Andrew Hall – acoustic bass
Ellen Reid – vocals
Chris Brown – hammond organ, electric piano, piano
Drew Glackin – lap steel guitar, dobro guitar
Brian Mitchell – accordion
G.B. Gilmore – harmonica
Jane Scarpantoni – cello
Steve Bernstein – trumpet
Scott Harding – guitar (10), background vocals
John Ramos – background vocals (10)
Chris Skiani, Scott Harding, Brad Roberts – background vocals (14)
Spot the Dog and friends – animal noises (6)
Angela Feswick – radio (7)
References
External links
2001 albums
Crash Test Dummies albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Don%27t%20Care%20That%20You%20Don%27t%20Mind |
Valentín Massana Gracia (born 5 July 1970 in Viladecans) is a Spanish race walker, and the Spanish national record holder in the men's 50 km walk (3:38:43) in Ourense, March 20, 1994.
Achievements
Notes
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
Spanish male racewalkers
Athletes from Catalonia
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Spain
Olympic bronze medalists for Spain
World Athletics Championships medalists
European Athletics Championships medalists
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
World Athletics Championships winners
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valent%C3%AD%20Massana |
Kirk Preston Watson is an American attorney and politician serving as the 54th and 59th mayor of Austin, Texas, serving from 1997 to 2001, and again since 2023. A member of the Democratic Party, he ran unsuccessfully for Texas Attorney General in the 2002 election, when he was defeated by Republican Greg Abbott, later governor of Texas. In 2006, Watson was elected to the Texas Senate from District 14.
In 2011, Watson was chosen by his Democratic colleagues to chair the Senate Democratic Caucus and served until 2015. On the first day of the 86th Legislature, he was chosen by his colleagues—Democrats and Republicans—to serve as president pro tempore. The position typically goes to the most senior member, regardless of party, who has not yet served as President Pro Tem, and is second in line of succession to the Governor.
It was announced by the Austin American-Statesman that Watson planned to resign from the Texas State Senate to become the first dean of the University of Houston's Hobby School of Public Affairs. His resignation was effective April 30, 2020. With incumbent Mayor Steve Adler not seeking another term, Watson entered the race to become Austin mayor for a second time. He was elected for his second stint as mayor in the 2022 Austin mayoral election runoff with 50.4% of the vote.
Early life and education
Watson was born in Oklahoma City and raised in Saginaw, Texas, a suburb of Fort Worth, where he attended Boswell High School. He received a bachelor's degree in political science in 1980 and a Juris Doctor in 1981 from Baylor University in Waco, Texas. At Baylor Law School, Watson was editor-in-chief of the Baylor Law Review and graduated first in his class. He subsequently clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.
Early political career
Watson was elected president of the Texas Young Lawyers Association in 1990 and served on the executive committee of the State Bar of Texas. Watson was an active Democrat throughout the 1990s and served as the chairman of the Travis County Democratic Party.
In 1991, Watson was appointed by Governor Ann Richards to serve as chairman of the Texas Air Control Board, the state agency that was charged with protecting air quality in Texas. During his tenure, he worked to merge the agency with the Texas Air Control Board and the Texas Water Commission to form the Texas Natural Resources Conservation Commission, and oversaw implementation of the 1991 amendments to the federal Clean Air Act.
In 1994, he was named the Outstanding Young Lawyer of Texas. In 1997, Watson co-founded the Austin law firm of Watson Bishop London & Galow, creating a broad law practice that represented families, doctors, small businesses, and some of the state's major universities.
First term as Mayor of Austin (1997–2001)
In 1997, after Watson moved from Rollingwood to Austin, he was elected mayor of Austin, a nonpartisan position. He ran on a pledge to build consensus in a city that was then dominated by political battles between environmentalists and developers. He campaigned to raise more than $78 million for land preservation and $300 million for transportation improvements. Watson's signature accomplishments as mayor included the transformation of Downtown Austin into a "24-hour downtown" by encouraging development of housing and retail in place of vacant warehouses and parking lots, partially through tax incentives and the city's Smart Growth initiatives.
In 1999, Watson spearheaded a redevelopment project along several blocks of waterfront property in Downtown Austin, in an effort to create a new public-private "digital district" in place of dilapidated warehouses and businesses including the former Liberty Lunch, which were demolished. Watson, along with architect Larry Speck, courted the Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC) by offering a $10.4 million tax incentive to anchor two office buildings on the site in lieu of building their planned campus in a watershed, and under the condition that CSC foot the bill for a new city hall building. The first two buildings were constructed and are now part of the Second Street District, while CSC vacated the premises before following through with the construction of the present-day Austin City Hall.
In 2000, Watson spearheaded a $15.1 million tax incentive for Intel to build a new headquarters in Downtown Austin; Intel stopped construction and the unfinished building was demolished in 2007 and replaced by the Austin United States Courthouse.
In 2000, Watson was reelected with 84% of the vote – the highest percentage a mayoral candidate has ever received in Austin. In November 2001, he stepped down to run unsuccessfully for Texas Attorney General in the 2002 election, losing 41% to 57% to now-Governor Greg Abbott. In 2005, he served as chairman of the Greater Austin Chamber of Commerce.
Texas Senate (2007–2020)
Watson was elected to the Texas Senate in November 2006, succeeding Senator Gonzalo Barrientos. He received more than 80 percent of the vote. Watson was unopposed in the March 2006 Democratic Primary.
He served as vice-chairman of the Senate Transportation and Homeland Security committee, as well as on the Senate Business and Commerce, Economic Development, Jurisprudence, and Nominations committees. In 2008, he was appointed as one of two senators to the state Business Tax Advisory Committee.
Watson has become a prominent voice on transportation, clean energy, and higher education issues, and he has campaigned to widen transparency in the state's finances and increase health coverage for Texans, particularly children. In 2009, he led the fight against a budget rider that would have effectively banned embryonic stem cell research at Texas universities. The rider ultimately was not adopted.
Watson served on many committees including the Capital Area Metropolitan Planning Organization (CAMPO), of which he is the former Transportation Policy Board Chairman. CAMPO is federally designated as the primary transportation planning organization in Central Texas.
The July 2007 Texas Monthly magazine recognized Watson as "Rookie of the Year" for the 2007 session of the Texas Legislature. In 2009, the magazine named him one of the state's 10 Best Legislators. He also was given the Price Daniel Award for Distinguished Public Service by the Baylor Alumni Association, and the Excellence in Leadership Award by Concordia University, Texas.
Watson considered running in the 2010 race for governor, but in August 2009 decided to instead seek re-election to the Texas Senate.
In June 2013, Watson moved to overturn a ruling designed to end the filibuster of Senator Wendy Davis. Together, their efforts averted the passage of SB5, a bill that its opponents claimed would enact severe abortion restrictions in Texas. Instead, in a second special session the same bill was passed (96 to 49) by the Texas House, and then (19 to 11) by the Texas Senate, and then signed into law by Gov. Perry less than a month later. State Rep. Charles "Doc" Anderson of Waco (Texas HD 56) told reporters following the Davis filibuster that the additional special session might "cost taxpayers more than $800,000." Another news organization estimated special-session costs at roughly $30,000 per day.
In the general election on November 6, 2018, Watson easily won reelection, 274,122 (74.1 percent) to 96,355 (25.3 percent) for his Republican opponent, George W. Hindman. A Libertarian Party candidate, Micah M. Verlander, held another 10,838 votes (2.8 percent).
In 2019, Watson proposed a series of money-raising maneuvers to fund the lane expansion project along I-35 through Austin, including doubling the state gas tax, raising vehicle registration fees in Travis County, enacting a special sales tax, and issuing bonds.
Watson resigned from the Texas State Senate on April 30, 2020, to become the first dean of the University of Houston's Hobby School of Public Affairs. Watson resigned from the University of Houston after less than 1 year to become a candidate for Mayor.
Controversies
Texas highways
Much of Watson's first year in office was spent mediating a long, very bitter dispute on the CAMPO board over highway improvements in the Austin area. While many of the improvements had been in transportation plans for years, they had never been constructed. A lack of transportation funding, affecting projects across Texas, had led previous boards to support plans that would toll the additional capacity as well as nearly completed projects, sparking intense opposition throughout the region.
Upon being elected chairman by the rest of the board in January 2007, Watson led the effort to keep the controversial projects in the region's transportation plan. He then spearheaded a public effort to create a process that would allow policy makers and the public to analyze the need for transportation projects, mechanisms to pay for them, and potential public benefits from them.
On October 8, 2007, the CAMPO board overwhelmingly approved a plan to add new toll lanes to several existing highways (U.S. Highway 290, U.S. Highway 183, and State Highway 71).
Most of the improvements were approved on a 15-4 vote, and none were opposed by more than five board members. The board was heckled with shouts of "Political suicide!" and catcalls.
2008 Chris Matthews interview
Following Senator Barack Obama's victory in the 2008 Wisconsin Democratic Primary Election on February 19, 2008, Watson appeared via live feed on MSNBC's election night coverage as a supporter of Senator Obama, whom Watson had endorsed. During the interview, Chris Matthews asked Watson to name one of Senator Obama's legislative accomplishments. A five second delay from the live feed caused confusion amongst Chris Matthews and Kirk Watson. After Watson was unable to list one of Obama's accomplishments, Matthews responded, "You've supported him for president, you're on national television, name his legislative accomplishments, Barack Obama's, sir." After Watson was excused, Matthews commented, "He [Watson] is here to defend Barack Obama and he had nothing to say; that's a problem."
Second term as Mayor of Austin (2023–present)
Election
Watson declared his candidacy for the 2022 mayoral election. In the November 8 general election, he advanced to a runoff election against Celia Israel. On December 13, 2022, Watson won the runoff election with 57,346 votes (50.39%) to his opponent Israel's 56,460 votes (49.61%).
Tenure
Shortly after beginning his second term as mayor of Austin, Kirk Watson faced significant criticism for his handling of and communications about long-term power outages in the city after a record-breaking ice storm on February 1, 2023, resulted in tens of thousands of city residents going without electricity for up to 12 days.
In February 2023, Watson led an effort to terminate City Manager Spencer Cronk, who was fired in a 10-1 vote by City Council. The decision came following the city's response to the winter storm, as well as Cronk's decision to announce a four-year contract with the Austin Police Association — against the wishes of City Council to vote on a one-year contract amid negotiations. The council appointed Jesús Garza — a previous city manager during Watson’s previous tenure as mayor, and manager of the Stand Together Austin political action committee that supported Watson's mayoral campaign.
In March 2023, amid staffing shortages, 911 response delays at the Austin Police Department, and a viral spree of street racing incidents in which cop cars were harassed with live fireworks, Watson reached an agreement with Governor Greg Abbott and Lt. Governor Dan Patrick to deploy the Texas Department of Public Safety troopers to patrol Austin, drawing scrutiny from some city council members who were left out of conversations prior to the announcement.
Electoral history
2022
2018
2014
2012
2010
2006
2002
2000
1997
A majority is usually required to win a mayoral election in Austin, and if no candidate receives more than 50 percent in the general election, a winner is usually determined in a runoff election. However, on May 5, 1997, two days after the general election, candidate Ronney Reynolds, a two-term council member, withdrew from the runoff resulting in Watson's election as mayor.
Personal life
Watson is married to Elizabeth Anne "Liz" McDaniel and is the father of two sons.
Notes
External links
Texas Senator Kirk Watson official website
The Senate of Texas - Senator Kirk Watson official government website
Project Vote Smart - Kirk Watson profile
Follow the Money - Kirk Watson
2006 2004 2002 campaign contributions
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21st-century American politicians
Baylor Law School alumni
Democratic Party Texas state senators
Lawyers from Oklahoma City
Living people
Mayors of Austin, Texas
Politicians from Oklahoma City
Presidents pro tempore of the Texas Senate
Texas lawyers
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk%20Watson |
Régine Cavagnoud (27 June 1970 – 31 October 2001) was a World Cup alpine ski racer from France. She was the World Cup and World Champion in Super-G in 2001. Later that year, Cavagnoud was involved in a high-speed collision while training and died two days later. She competed at three Winter Olympics and five world championships.
Career
Born in Thônes, Haute-Savoie, Cavagnoud's career was plagued by injuries. She finally secured a World Cup race victory in her tenth year of competition, a downhill at Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, in January 1999. That was the first World Cup downhill race victory by a Frenchwoman in 17 years. Cavagnoud had eight World Cup victories: four in Super-G, three in downhill, and two in giant slalom. Her last victory was in March 2001 in giant slalom at the national championships in Courchevel, France. She topped the super-G season standings in 2001 and was ranked third overall in 2000 and 2001. At the 2001 World Championships in St. Anton, Austria, she won the Super-G title on 29 January.
Death
On 29 October 2001, Cavagnoud collided with German ski coach Markus Anwander during ski training in Pitztal, Austria, as he crossed the piste. Both sustained serious head injuries and were evacuated by helicopter to Innsbruck's university hospital, where Cavagnoud was found to have serious brain damage and succumbed to her injuries two days later.
Her death was the first fatality involving a World Cup ski racer in over seven years, since the death of Austria's Ulrike Maier in a downhill race in January 1994.
Cavagnoud was buried near her native village at La Clusaz in the French Alps.
World Cup results
Season titles
Season standings
Race victories
8 wins – (3 DH, 4 SG, 1 GS)
23 podiums – (8 DH, 12 SG, 3 GS)
World Championship results
Olympic results
References
External links
Régine Cavagnoud World Cup standings at the International Ski Federation
BBC News
1970 births
2001 deaths
Sportspeople from Haute-Savoie
French female alpine skiers
Skiing deaths
Sport deaths in Austria
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup champions
Olympic alpine skiers for France
Alpine skiers at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
20th-century French women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gine%20Cavagnoud |
KMMQ (1020 AM, "La Nueva 99.5 y 1020") is a radio station licensed to serve Plattsmouth, Nebraska, United States. The station is owned by NRG Media and the license is held by NRG License Sub, LLC, headquartered in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Its studios are located at Dodge Street and 50th Avenue in Midtown Omaha, while its transmitter site is located near Glenwood, Iowa.
KMMQ broadcasts a Regional Mexican music format to the Omaha metropolitan area.
History
This station began broadcasting on October 26, 1970, as daytime-only KOTD with 250 watts of power on 1000 kHz under the ownership of the Platte Broadcasting Company, Inc. The station was run by J.P. Warga as president and general manager. By 1979, the station was being run by Charles Warga as president and general manager and Jo Warga as comptroller.
In August 1994, KOTD applied to the FCC to change frequencies to the current 1020 kHz and increase daytime power to 1,000 watts. The construction permit was granted in October 1994 and the station received its license to cover for the new frequency and signal power on August 22, 1996.
In April 1998, Platte Broadcasting Company, Inc., reached an agreement to transfer the broadcast license for this station to Warga Broadcasting, LLC. The deal was approved by the FCC on April 28, 1998, and the transaction was consummated on May 8, 1998.
In November 2000, Warga Broadcasting, LLC (Charles Warga, member/manager) agreed to sell KOTD to Waitt Radio, Inc. (Norman W. Waitt Jr., chairman/owner) for a reported sale price of $750,000. The deal was approved by the FCC on December 20, 2000, and the transaction was consummated on January 17, 2001.
In May 2001, KOTD applied to the FCC for another power increase, this time to the current 50,000 watt daytime authorization. In March 2002, the permit was amended to add 1,400 watt nighttime operation as well. The station received its updated license on June 4, 2002.
On February 14, 2002, the station changed its call letters to KKSC for Sarpy County then changed again on April 22, 2003, to the legendary KOIL callsign. This accompanied an April 2003 switch to a classic country music format branded on-air as "KOIL Country 1020 AM".
In 2005, the entire Waitt Radio station group was transferred to NRG Media, also owned by Norman W. Waitt Jr. Internal corporate transfers in 2005 and 2006 saw the license pass to Waitt Omaha, LLC, then to Waittcorp Investments, LLC, before current license holder NRG Media, LLC, on March 14, 2006.
On January 1, 2009, the station was assigned new call letters KMMQ as the KOIL callsign was moved to a sister station on 1180 AM.
References
External links
Hispanic and Latino American culture in Nebraska
MMQ
Regional Mexican radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1970
1970 establishments in Nebraska
NRG Media radio stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMMQ |
Heinrich Schiff (18 November 1951 – 23 December 2016) was an Austrian cellist and conductor.
Early life
Heinrich Schiff was born on 18 November 1951 in Gmunden, Austria. His parents, Helga (née Riemann) and Helmut Schiff, were composers. He studied cello with Tobias Kühne and André Navarra and made his solo debut in Vienna and London in 1971. He studied conducting with Hans Swarowsky.
Career
Schiff made his conducting debut in 1986. He was Artistic Director of the Northern Sinfonia from 1990 to 1996, and recorded with them for the Collins Classics label. He also held chief conductorships with the Copenhagen Philharmonic Orchestra in Copenhagen, Denmark (1996–2000), and the Orchester Musikkollegium Winterthur (1996-2001).
In 2004, he was appointed Chief Conductor of the Vienna Chamber Orchestra and served in the post from 2005 to 2008. He stood down from the post in 2008 for health reasons.
Schiff played the "Mara" Stradivarius (1711) and "Sleeping Beauty" made by Montagnana in Venice in 1739. His recording of the Bach Cello Suites won prizes, and his recording of the Shostakovich concertos won the Grand Prix du Disque in 1985. His recording of the Brahms Double Concerto with Frank Peter Zimmermann and Wolfgang Sawallisch won the Deutscher Schallplattenpreis. Composers who have written cello concertos for Schiff include John Casken and Friedrich Gulda.
Among his students were Rudi Spring, Gautier Capuçon, Richard Harwood and Natalie Clein.
Other
Schiff frequently experienced pain in his right shoulder and arm, the one that holds the bow, presumably caused by overexertion, but tried to ignore it. While playing in a chamber concert in Vienna on 25 April 2010 he had to take breaks during pieces due to the pain. After this evening, he never played cello in public again.
Since 2012, the 'Mara' Cello has been played by Christian Poltéra, one of Schiff's former students.
Death
Schiff died in Vienna on 23 December 2016 at the age of 65.
References
Further reading
External links
Intermusica agency biography of Heinrich Schiff
Interview with Heinrich Schiff, July 3, 1989
1951 births
2016 deaths
People from Gmunden
Academic staff of the University of Basel
Academic staff of Mozarteum University Salzburg
Academic staff of the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna
Austrian classical cellists
Austrian conductors (music)
Male conductors (music) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich%20Schiff |
The United States Army Security Agency (ASA) was the United States Army's signals intelligence branch from 1945 to 1976. The Latin motto of the Army Security Agency was Semper Vigilis (Vigilant Always), which echoes the declaration, often mistakenly attributed to Thomas Jefferson, that "The price of liberty is eternal vigilance."
Although most ASA units focused upon SIGINT (signals intelligence) most if not all ASA units contained HUMINT (human intelligence) specialists as well, mostly interrogators and counter-intelligence specialists. At the end of the Cold War era, some ASA units also were staffed with ELINT (electronic intelligence) specialists and warrant officers, which incorporated field ECM (electronic counter-measures and field ECCM (electronic counter-countermeasures) such as tactical jammers, direction finders, electronic signal decoys, and captured/repurposed Warsaw Pact radio and communications equipment.
The Agency existed between 1945 and 1977 and was the successor to the Army Signals Intelligence Service, operations that dated to World War I. ASA was under the operational control of the Director of the National Security Agency (DIRNSA), located at Fort Meade, Maryland. It had its own tactical commander at Headquarters, ASA, at Arlington Hall Station, Virginia. Besides intelligence gathering, it had responsibility for the security of Army communications and for electronic countermeasures operations. In 1977, the ASA was merged with the US Army's Military Intelligence component to create the United States Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM). However, the last separate ASA field unit (the 523rd ASA, an Army Reserve unit based at Fort Snelling, Minnesota) existed until 1976.
History
Composed of soldiers trained in radio communication, cryptography, military intelligence and linguists trained at the Defense Language Institute located at the Presidio of Monterey, California, the ASA was tasked with monitoring and interpreting military communications of the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, and their allies and client states around the world. The agency was established after World War II, when the Soviet Union and the US had been allies. In the postwar years, after the Soviet Union and communist governments gained power in eastern Europe and China, they became enemies in the Cold War between Communist states and allies, and the US and western nations. The ASA was directly subordinate to the National Security Agency, and all major field stations had NSA technical representatives present.
All gathered information had time-sensitive value, depending on its importance and classification. Information was passed through intelligence channels within hours of intercept for the lowest-priority items, but in as little as 10 minutes for the most highly critical information.
ASA personnel were stationed at locations around the globe, wherever the United States had a military presence. They were sometimes publicly acknowledged. In some cases, such as in Asmara, Eritrea, they constituted the primary US military presence. Other sites included Chitose, Japan; Sinop, Turkey; Kagnew Station, Ethiopia, and the Panama Canal Zone. A former field station outside Harrogate, England, in what is now North Yorkshire, was a primary listening post that the US turned over to the British in the postwar years. They adapted it as a Royal Air Force (RAF) station. It is called RAF Menwith Hill and has been the site of peace protests. There was also a listening post set up at Schneeberg Mountain, Germany.
During the height of the Cold War, personnel from the 326 ASA Company stationed at Ft. Bragg, North Carolina, relocated classified mobile communications equipment to Homestead Air Force Base in Miami–Dade County, Florida. In 1962, they developed the precursor to the 6th USASA Field Station (Seminole Station). U.S. overflights photographed and discovered offensive nuclear weapons placed in Cuba by Soviet allies. Cuba became a live mission before, during and after the Cuban Missile Crisis. The US forced the Soviet Union to remove the weapons.
Vietnam War
ASA personnel of the 3rd Radio Research Unit were covertly designated as Radio Research and were among the earliest U.S. military personnel in Vietnam. The 3rd later expanded to become the 509th Radio Research Group.
The first ASA soldier to be killed on the battlefield in Vietnam was Specialist 4 James T. Davis (from Livingston, Tennessee). He was killed on 22 December 1961, on a road near the old French garrison of Cau Xang. He had been assigned to the 3rd Radio Research Unit at Tan Son Nhut Airport near Saigon, along with 92 other members of his unit. Davis Station, at Tan Son Nhut, was named after him.
Most ASA personnel processed "in country" through Davis Station. Others attached to larger command structures prior to transport to Vietnam processed in with those units. ASA personnel were attached to Army infantry and armored cavalry units throughout the Vietnam War. Some teams were also attached to the Studies and Observation Group of Military Assistance Command Vietnam and special forces units. Assigned to the 5th Special Forces Group (Airborne) based out of Nha Trang was the 403rd Radio Research Group, Special Operations Detachment (SOD). SOD forces were deployed to Operational Detachment base camps throughout South Vietnam. Other teams, such as the 313th Radio Research Battalion at Nha Trang, were independent of other army units. ASA personnel were kept in Vietnam after the 1973 pullout of US Army combat forces; they were finally withdrawn with other US personnel at the Fall of Saigon in April 1975.
References
Military units and formations established in 1945
Defunct United States intelligence agencies
Signals intelligence units and formations Former Country singer Don Williams was part of the United States Army security agency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Army%20Security%20Agency |
Iron Man / X-O Manowar in Heavy Metal is a video game published by Acclaim Entertainment and developed by Realtime Associates for the PlayStation, Sega Saturn, Game Boy, Game Gear, and MS-DOS in 1996. It is a one or two-player side-scrolling action game in which the player battles villains from Marvel Comics' Iron Man and Valiant Comics' X-O Manowar comic book series. It was met with negative reviews which criticized it for dull gameplay and outdated graphics.
Plot
The storyline is revealed through onscreen text. Iron Man and X-O Manowar must team up in order to stop a team of supervillains from grabbing the lost fragments of the Cosmic Cube. During the game it is also revealed that the space aliens that Aric stole his X-O Manowar armor from, want it back. The two super heroes battle through several levels to stop the terrorists and their supervillain leaders from trying to rule the universe.
Gameplay
At the start of the game, the player(s) choose to control either Iron Man or X-O Manowar. Both Iron Man and X-O Manowar can jump, punch, shoot an unlimited supply of energy beams (that can be upgraded through icons) and use a limited but replenishable supply of energy to fly. Iron Man can duck while X-O Manowar can block enemy attack by shield. At the start of each mission, a computer screen gives the player's objectives.
During the game, players can collect medical icons to restore their health, and other icons to give more fuel, stronger laser blasts and a special icon that allows one mega-blast from a character's armor chestplate. The game also allows the player characters to destroy various gas canisters, metal wiring and control panels to locate more icons, deactivate certain weapons, or advance in the game.
Two people can play the game simultaneously in a cooperative manner. Both can play as the same character if desired.
Ports
Atari Corporation and Acclaim announced a partnership in March 1995 that included plans to release three game for the Jaguar. Five months after this announcement, a conversion of Iron Man and X-O Manowar in Heavy Metal for the Atari Jaguar CD was licensed to Atari Corp. The port was slated for an April/Q2 1996 release, but work on the port was discontinued sometime in 1995 and it was never released.
The Game Boy version was developed by Griptonite Games.
Reception
The four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly praised the animation in the Game Gear version but gave it an otherwise negative assessment, lambasting the poor controls and lack of variety in the levels.
GameSpot, reviewing the Saturn version, said that "every aspect of Heavy Metal is a letdown — the graphics, sound, and gameplay," and concluded that the game "feels as though it was hastily thrown together. The result is a game that could have easily used another six months of development. People looking for a good action scroller should look elsewhere." Lee Nutter of Sega Saturn Magazine commented that while the two playable characters have varying abilities yet are evenly matched, giving the game replay value, the action is extremely repetitive, the music is poor, and the graphics are barely above what consoles of the previous generation were capable of. Covering the PlayStation version, IGN criticized the characters for being "interchangeable" and concluded: "It's just boring. The control is as sluggish as it gets, and the graphics, while decent enough for a 2D side-scroller, just aren't up to 32-bit standards." GamePro called it "an apt, enjoyable, but not terribly complex, game." The reviewer praised both the action and platform jumping, the rendered player characters, and "simple, clean backgrounds", though he criticized the music and sounds.
Legacy
The video game was adapted into a 2 issue comic book crossover featuring the two heroes teaming up to save the world.
References
External links
Iron Man and X-O Manowar in Heavy Metal (PlayStation) can be played for free in the browser on the Internet Archive
1996 video games
Acclaim Entertainment games
Cooperative video games
Cancelled Atari Jaguar games
DOS games
Game Boy games
Intercompany crossovers
Marvel Comics limited series
Multiplayer and single-player video games
PlayStation (console) games
Realtime Associates games
Game Gear games
Sega Saturn games
Superhero video games
Valiant Comics titles
Video games based on Iron Man
Video games based on Valiant Comics
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in California
Video games set in New York City
Video games set in the United States
Video games set in South America | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%20Man%20and%20X-O%20Manowar%20in%20Heavy%20Metal |
W. A. Silva (16 January 1890 – 3 May 1957) was a best-selling author of Sinhala literature. Wellawattearachchige Abraham Silva was born in Wellawatte, Colombo. After receiving a formal Sinhala education, he wrote his first novel, "Siriyalatha", at the age of 16.
After studying Sanskrit and Sinhala under Pelane Sri Vajiragnana Thero and reading world literature in his spare time while working as a clerk, Silva wrote Lakshmi, his second novel, in 1922. He continued to write popular novels and short story collections. Several of his novels include Kalae Handa (the first Sinhala novel to be made a movie) and Hingana Kolla, which was also made into a movie.
Silva edited the Siri Sara (1919–1923) and Nuwana (1940–1946) magazines, as well as a weekly newspaper, Lanka Samaya (1933). After his death, High Street in Wellawatte was renamed W. A. Silva Mawatha in his honour.
His residence 'Silvermere' at No. 126, W A Silva Mawatha, Wellawatte has now been turned in to a museum containing artifacts of his time, hand written manuscripts, copies of novels, and other memorabilia.
Publications
Siriyalatha (1907)
Lakshmi (1922)
Hingana Kolla (1923)
Pasal Guruvari (1924)
Deiyanne Rate (1926)
Kele Handha (1933)
Daivayogaya (1936)
Sunethra (1936)
Vijayaba Kollaya (1938)
Radala Piliruwe
Handa pane
Julihatha
Ridihavadiya
Lensuva
Sakviti Raja
Amurtha Hasthaya
Dalakumar
Arabian Nights (translation)
Maya Yogaya (play)
Ramayanaya (translation)
References
1890 births
1957 deaths
Sri Lankan novelists
Sinhalese writers
20th-century novelists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.%20A.%20Silva |
RCAF Station Charlottetown was a Royal Canadian Air Force station located in Sherwood, Prince Edward Island. Today's Charlottetown Airport maintains a remnant of the airfield's runways near its general aviation terminal, but all buildings and most infrastructure have been removed.
Charlottetown Airport
The site of RCAF Station Charlottetown is located in the northeast part of Queens Royalty. It was selected by the City of Charlottetown for a civilian aerodrome to serve central Prince Edward Island in 1938 after the city's original aerodrome, Upton Field, was considered too small and obsolete. A property between the Brackley Point and Norwood/Union roads was purchased for $30,000 by the municipal government. The municipal and provincial governments divided the cost of developing the new airport in exchange for an equivalent division of revenue sharing. The municipal government maintained title to the facility and agreed to operate it.
Following the outbreak of World War II and the creation of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan, the city of Charlottetown offered its airfield to the federal government in December 1939 for military use until the conclusion of the Second World War. The offer was accepted and on 1 May 1940 the Department of National Defence announced the establishment of No. 5 Bombing and Gunnery School (B&GS) under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP), with the provision for a bombing range to be built in the Prince Edward Island National Park near the fishing port of Covehead. Local fishermen on the north shore protested against the school and plans were cancelled in 1941 when No. 5 B&GS was ultimately moved to RCAF Station Dafoe in Saskatchewan.
In preparation for military use, the airfield underwent significant expansion with the main access point being changed to Norwood/Union Road. Three paved runways were constructed in the classic BCATP "triangle" configuration, along with various buildings and support facilities.
Aerodrome information
In approximately 1942 the aerodrome was listed as RCAF Aerodrome - Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island at with a variation of 25 degrees west and elevation of . Three runways were listed as follows:
RCAF Station Charlottetown
Whereas the Royal Canadian Air Force was operating its airfield at RCAF Station Summerside and another further to the west at RCAF Station Mount Pleasant, the Charlottetown airfield was to be controlled by the Royal Air Force (RAF). Construction was completed and the RAF took tactical control of the facility on 15 June 1941. Although a RAF officer commanded the facility the RCAF maintained administrative and operational control of the school and facility and it was RCAF Station Charlottetown.
The RAF school located at RCAF Station Charlottetown was No. 31 General Reconnaissance School (GRS), which flew the Avro Anson. The RAF's No. 32 Air Navigation School was also located at the airfield until it merged with the RCAF's No. 2 Air Navigation School in 1944. RAF schools in Canada during the war were extensions of the British Commonwealth Training Plan until they were officially incorporated into the BCATP in 1942.
The RAF presence in Prince Edward Island disappeared when the No. 31 GRS ceased operation in February 1944 and the RCAF's No. 2 Air Navigation School (ANS) began operation.
The No. 2 ANS ceased operation in July 1945 and the No. 1 Aircraft Holding Unit (AHU) used the aerodrome for a short period until it closed later in 1945. All military activities were subsequently transferred to RCAF Station Summerside.
Over 1,200 students from Commonwealth nations had graduated from the facility. Approximately 200-300 RCAF and RAF personnel had been stationed at the training station and it employed 100 civilian workers during peak training operations.
Along with RCAF Station Summerside, the Charlottetown airfield also supported various patrol operations by the RCAF's Eastern Command, including coastal patrol aircraft dedicated to hunting German U-boats which were operating in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and St. Lawrence River during the 1942 - 1944 period. U-boats sank dozens of cargo and warships during the Battle of the St. Lawrence.
Following the airfield's decommissioning, the Department of Transport took over the Charlottetown Airport from the RCAF on 1 February 1946 and the airfield returned to civilian use.
References
Canadian Forces bases in Canada (closed)
Airports of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan
Royal Canadian Air Force stations
Defunct airports in Prince Edward Island
History of Charlottetown
Military airbases in Prince Edward Island
Military history of Prince Edward Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCAF%20Station%20Charlottetown |
Supercop 2 () is a 1993 Hong Kong action film directed by Stanley Tong and starring Michelle Yeoh. It is a spin-off of Jackie Chan's Police Story film series involving the character Yeoh portrayed in Supercop.
Although Jackie Chan only has a cameo appearance in this film, some DVD covers prominently featured Chan, misleading audiences into thinking he is one of the main characters. He reprises his role as Inspector Chan, but in drag to catch a criminal in drag wearing the same wig and clothes.
Plot
After the mission from Supercop, Inspector Yang participates in neutralizing a terrorist incident during which she narrowly survives, and is awarded the Highest Distinction for the mission. Her boyfriend Chang, a war veteran who works as a security guard and bravely helped Yang in her mission, is frustrated that Yang gets a mere medal for risking her life. Growing disillusioned with the prospects in Mainland China, the ambitious Chang leaves for Hong Kong, promising to one day come back a millionaire and marry Yang.
Some time later, the Hong Kong police encounters a heavily armed gang of highly trained robbers. Suspecting them to be ex-militaries from the Mainland, the police asked for assistance from the Chinese Public Security. Yang is dispatched to Hong Kong to provide intelligence sharing, working with Inspector Lee, who has an awkward crush on Yang.
Yang helps Lee track down the robbers' safehouse. Although the robbers have rigged explosives in the building to ambush the police, Chang, who leads the gang, hesitates after seeing Yang, resulting in one of their member being killed and another arrested. In order to free the arrested man, who is a demolition specialist crucial to an upcoming heist, Chang contacts Yang and rekindles their relationship, and manages to stage a successful breakout. Yang suspects Chang's part in the crime, but cannot bring herself to accuse Chang. She is then ordered to return to Mainland, although she convinces Lee to let her stay on the case.
The robbers then perform a daring heist on the Central Bank, masterminded by Roger Davidson, the designer of the Bank's vault security. After successfully breaking into the vault, Davidson double-crosses Chang's gang. Chang survives the betrayal and chases down Davidson's crew in an underwater subway tunnel, killing Davidson's men and mortally wounding Davidson. Yang, who has infiltrated the bank during the heist, arrives and confronts Chang, trying to convince him to surrender. When Chang is distracted by Yang, the dying Davidson detonates a bomb, causing the tunnel to flood. Knowing his injury will only hinder their survival, Chang pushes Yang and Lee past the lock gate, sacrificing his own life for the person he loved.
Cast
Michelle Yeoh as Interpol Inspector Jessica Yang Jian-wa / Jessica Yang Cien-hua
Yu Rongguang (as Yu Rong Guang) as David Chang Fung, Vietnam veteran and Yang's ex-boyfriend
Emil Chau as RHKP Inspector Martin Lee Kwong-ming
Athena Chu as Annie May Lee, Lee's younger sister
Louis Fan (as Fan Sui Wong) as Alan Kwok Shao-long, Lee's partner and May's boyfriend
Bill Tung as "Uncle" Bill Wong, RHKP deputy commissioner
Alain Guernier as Roger Davidson, designer of the Central Bank Vault
Bowie Lam as George Ho Chu, Chang's right-hand man
Dick Wei as Ah Shuen / Chuen
Joe Cheung as Jewelry shop manager / Fung's Man in Hospital (2 roles)
Chan Mei-kei as Bank manager
Yukari Oshima as Red Terrorist at the Beginning
Mars as Jewelry Store Customer
Alien Sit as Po
Sam Wong as Chun
Bruce Law as Ping
Jackie Chan as Inspector "Kevin" Chan Ka-Kui (cameo)
Eric Tsang as Jewel Robbing Leader (cameo)
Jon M. Chu
Alternative titles
(original title)
Chiu kup gai wak
Argentina
Projecto S
Australia
Project S
Brazil (video title)
Policial Acima de Tudo
Brazil
Police Story 3, Parte 2: Policial Acima de Tudo
Canada (French title)
Chiu kup gai wak
Canada (English title)
Supercop 2
China (Cantonese title) (poster title)
超級警察2 超級計劃
Denmark (video title)
Once a Cop
Finland
Once a Cop
France
Project S
France (video box title)
Supercop 2
Germany
Mega Cop
Greece
Supercop 2
Hong Kong (English title)
Project S
Hong Kong (English title) (series title)
Police Story 3: Supercop 2
Hong Kong (Mandarin title)
Chao ji ji hua
Hungary
Volt egyszer egy zsaru
Japan
プロジェクトS
Japan (Rōmaji title)
Purojekuto S
New Zealand (English title)
Project S
Philippines (English title)
Supercop 2
Poland
Policyjna opowieść 4: Projekt S
Romania
Supercop
Russia
Супер полицейский 2
Slovenia
Projekt S
Spain
Supercop 2
Sweden
Once a Cop
UK
Project S
UK (video box title)
Project S: Police Story 4
USA
Supercop 2
USA (alternative title)
Once a Cop
International (English title) (alternative title)
Project S
International (English title)
Supercop 2
Box office
In Hong Kong, the film grossed HK$9,337,853, as of 8 November 1993. In US dollars, this was .
See also
Jackie Chan filmography
External links
1993 films
1993 action thriller films
1993 martial arts films
Police detective films
Cantonese-language films
Hong Kong action thriller films
Hong Kong martial arts films
Kung fu films
Golden Harvest films
Film spin-offs
Films shot in Hong Kong
Films directed by Stanley Tong
Films scored by Michael Wandmacher
Police Story (film series)
1990s police procedural films
1990s Hong Kong films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercop%202 |
São João d'Aliança is a municipality in northeastern Goiás state, Brazil. São João is a gateway to the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park. The name is sometimes written as São João D'Aliança.
Location
São João is located north of Brasília on state highway G0-118, which begins near Planaltina and connects with Alto Paraíso de Goiás. It is part of the Chapada dos Veadeiros Microregion. The distance to the state capital, Goiânia is 357 km. Highway connections from Goiânia are made by BR-153 / Anápolis / BR-060 / Alexânia / Planaltina (DF) / GO-430 / Planaltina de Goiás (GO) / GO-118 / BR-010 /.
Neighboring municipalities are:
North: Alto Paraíso de Goiás
South: Formosa and Água Fria de Goiás
East: Flores de Goiás
West: Niquelândia
The economy
The economy is based on agriculture (corn, soybeans, and manioc), cattle raising (64,800 head in 2006), services, public administration, and small transformation industries. The soils, altitude and climate are considered favorable for planting corn (7,000 hectares) and soybeans (19,000 hectares). Farmers harvest 15,000 sacks of corn per square kilometre, which is twice the national average. Usually corn is rotated with soybeans. There was one financial institution—Banco Itaú—in 2007.
In 2006 there were 893 farms with a total area of 133,134 ha., of which 2,590 ha. were permanent crops, 27,673 ha. were perennial crops, and 71,332 ha. were natural pasture. There were 2,550 persons dependent on agriculture. The number of tractors was 259.
Health and education
Hospitals: 01 with 24 beds (2007)
Adult literacy rate: 84.0% (2000) (national average was 86.4%)
Infant mortality rate: 26.56 (2000) (national average was 33.
MHDI: 0.719
State ranking: 177 (out of 242 municipalities)
National ranking: 2,654 (out of 5,507 municipalities)
Tourism
Tourism has become important in recent years with the proximity of the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park. There are several waterfalls in the region, with the Cachoeira Extrema or Label being the highest: 130 meters of direct fall. It is still quite inaccessible and it is necessary to walk three hours to reach it. The vegetation and fauna are very rich in the area. In the cerrado there are a minimum of 837 species of birds and 161 species of mammals.
History
São João began as a farm in the nineteenth century. In 1910, it was Arraial Capetinga, consisting of same grass huts, two houses covered with tiles, and a chapel dedicated to Saint John the Baptist. In 1931 it became a municipality only to revert to a district of Formosa in 1939. Finally in 1953 it was re-established as a municipality. With the construction of Brasília and a relative proximity to that important city, farmers from the south began to arrive and buy inexpensive land to plant soybeans.
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
References
Frigoletto
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o%20Jo%C3%A3o%20d%27Alian%C3%A7a |
This is a list of breweries in Texas.
Breweries and microbreweries
Former breweries
These breweries were housed in the same physical brewery building at 3300 Church Street in Galveston.
These breweries were housed in the same physical brewery building at 303 Pearl Parkway in San Antonio.
See also
Beer in the United States
Microbrewery
References
External links
Texas breweries directory
Texas
Breweries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20breweries%20in%20Texas |
In mathematics, an expansion of a product of sums expresses it as a sum of products by using the fact that multiplication distributes over addition. Expansion of a polynomial expression can be obtained by repeatedly replacing subexpressions that multiply two other subexpressions, at least one of which is an addition, by the equivalent sum of products, continuing until the expression becomes a sum of (repeated) products. During the expansion, simplifications such as grouping of like terms or cancellations of terms may also be applied. Instead of multiplications, the expansion steps could also involve replacing powers of a sum of terms by the equivalent expression obtained from the binomial formula; this is a shortened form of what would happen if the power were treated as a repeated multiplication, and expanded repeatedly. It is customary to reintroduce powers in the final result when terms involve products of identical symbols.
Simple examples of polynomial expansions are the well known rules
when used from left to right. A more general single-step expansion will introduce all products of a term of one of the sums being multiplied with a term of the other:
An expansion which involves multiple nested rewrite steps is that of working out a Horner scheme to the (expanded) polynomial it defines, for instance
.
The opposite process of trying to write an expanded polynomial as a product is called polynomial factorization.
Expansion of a polynomial written in factored form
To multiply two factors, each term of the first factor must be multiplied by each term of the other factor. If both factors are binomials, the FOIL rule can be used, which stands for "First Outer Inner Last," referring to the terms that are multiplied together. For example, expanding
yields
Expansion of (x+y)n
When expanding , a special relationship exists between the coefficients of the terms when written in order of descending powers of x and ascending powers of y. The coefficients will be the numbers in the (n + 1)th row of Pascal's triangle (since Pascal's triangle starts with row and column number of 0).
For example, when expanding , the following is obtained:
See also
Polynomial factorization
Factorization
Multinomial theorem
External links
Discussion
Review of Algebra: Expansion , University of Akron
Online tools
Expand page, quickmath.com
Online Calculator with Symbolic Calculations, livephysics.com
Polynomials
de:Ausmultiplizieren | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial%20expansion |
"Here Comes the Night" is a 1964 song, written by Bert Berns. It became a hit for Northern Irish band Them, fronted by Van Morrison, in March 1965, charting at No. 2 in the UK and No. 24 in the US. Them's single is listed at either No. 33 or No. 36 in the Top 100 best-selling UK singles during the calendar year 1965, depending on source.
The song was originally released as a single in both the UK and the US. by another Decca Records' artiste, Lulu, in November 1964. Lulu's recording charted at No. 50 in the UK, and failed to chart at all in the US.
Recording and history
Them's version of the song was the second Them track produced by Bert Berns and the first occasion that Them recorded one of his compositions. It was recorded in a session at Decca Studios in West Hampstead, London in October 1964 along with "Baby, Please Don't Go" and "All For Myself".
Jimmy Page played guitar on this arrangement. Andy White and Tommy Scott performed backing vocals with Phil Coulter on keyboards. Drummer Ronnie Millings recalled that the band worked on the song at the studio with rehearsals lasting four days. [Billy Harrison noted that "I remember sitting in Decca when Bert said he had this song, and he came out with "Here Comes the Night". He had a riff and that's all he had, and we sat and we worked on it, and we came up with what you hear. We worked at it sitting in the studio—but no engineers or anything." Phil Coulter later said, "I knew I'd heard a smash. It was the first time I'd ever heard a hit record in its emerging state."
According to Phil Coulter the band had intended this song to be the follow-up to "Baby, Please Don't Go" but Decca rush-released a recording of the song by Lulu in November 1964. The band members of Them were said to be bitterly disappointed by this decision made by Decca and Phil Solomon. Phil Coulter remarked: "They bitched to me a lot but they wouldn't dare to have said anything to Solomon." The band was said to have a "certain grim satisfaction" as Lulu's recording reached No. 50 and then dropped off the charts.
Despite a bold, breezy tone the song's lyrics tell a tale of obsessive jealousy and approaching loneliness from the point of view of a rejected lover who voyeuristically watches the new couple.
"Here Comes the Night" was Them's third single in both the UK and the US; the US release following the success of "Gloria" in that market. The first day of its release it sold 16,000 copies, at the time an impressive showing. It peaked at No.2 in the UK and No.24 in the US, spending 10 weeks on the US chart. It was also released on the EP Mystic Eyes. After the record was released, Them was immediately sent on a public relations push with television appearances on Ready Steady Go! and Top of the Pops.
Van Morrison has remarked on this:
Them were never meant to be on Top of the Pops, I mean miming? Lip syncing? We used to laugh at the programme, think it was a joke. Then we were on it ourselves. It was ridiculous. We were totally anti that type of thing. We were really into the blues...and we had to get into suits and have make-up put on and all that..
"Here Comes The Night" also achieved chart success in other countries worldwide; for example, it reached No. 17 on the Kent Music Report in Australia, and peaked at No. 2 on the Irish Singles Chart. As of 2020, it remains the highest-charting single for Van Morrison in both the United Kingdom and Ireland, as he has never had a No. 1 single in either country. The song was released on the Parrot (US) version of the album THEM in July 1965, and also appears on the album The Story of Them. It was also re-released on the Deram label in 1973, but did not chart.
Billboard described the single as an "intriguing teen rouser with an equally intriguing vocal performance." Cash Box described it as "a funky, twangy blues-tinged opus with an infectious rhythmic back-beat."
Appearance on other Van Morrison albums
Van Morrison (1974). Having gone on to a solo career, Morrison revisited "Here Comes the Night" on his live album It's Too Late to Stop Now. This rendition is augmented by a string section.
"Here Comes the Night" (the original 1965 version) was included in the 1990 compilation album The Best of Van Morrison.
This song (the original 1964 version) is one of the hits that is included on Van Morrison's 2007 compilation album Still on Top – The Greatest Hits.
Other versions
The song, sung by Scottish singer Lulu, was first released as a single by Decca Records in the UK and Parrot Records in the US in November 1964. Lulu's recording charted at No.50 in the UK.
The Exciters (1965). A slight variation of the song, named "There They Go". Released on Roulette 4632.
David Bowie (1973). On his covers album Pin Ups.
Streetheart (1979) Under Heaven Over Hell.
The Rivals (1980). A punk version. The Rivals thought they were covering a David Bowie song.
Native (1994). A reggae version. Featured memorably in the film (and soundtrack to) Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls.
Dwight Yoakam (1997). On his covers album Under the Covers.
The Fabulous Thunderbirds (1995), on the album Roll of the Dice.
Rod Stewart (2013), on the special edition of the album Time.
South African bands All Night Radio and Big Sky have both covered the song.
Pate Mustajärvi (1988), titled "Taas iskee yö" in Finnish on his album Lago Nero
References
Bibliography
Heylin, Clinton (2003). Can You Feel the Silence? Van Morrison: A New Biography, Chicago Review Press,
Rogan, Johnny (2006). Van Morrison: No Surrender, London: Vintage Books
1964 singles
1965 singles
Lulu (singer) songs
Them (band) songs
Van Morrison songs
Songs written by Bert Berns
Song recordings produced by Bert Berns
1964 songs
Parrot Records singles
Decca Records singles
Songs about loneliness
Songs about nights
Songs about depression
Songs about suicide | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here%20Comes%20the%20Night |
St. George's Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in Georgetown, Guyana. The wooden church reaches a height of . It is the seat of the Bishop of Guyana.
St. George's was designed by Sir Arthur Blomfield and opened on 24 August 1892. The building was completed in 1899. It is located on Church Street in Georgetown and has been designated a national monument.
History
The history of the Anglican Church in Guyana can be traced as far back as 1781, when the Reverend William Baggs, chaplain to Sir George Rodney, came to Guyana. However, his stay was short-lived and it was not until 1796 that the impact of Anglicanism was felt, when the Reverend Francis MacMahon began holding services in a room on the ground floor of a building that was on the site of the present Parliament Buildings.
The first church dates back to 1810 and was erected on the site that now houses St. George's School. This church soon became too small for its increasing membership. In 1839 the foundation stone for a larger church was laid and the small church was relocated at St. Matthew's Parish, East Bank Demerara.
The second church was completed in 1842 and became the first cathedral, as Bishop (William Piercy Austin) was consecrated and the Diocese of Guiana created on 24 August 1842. However, because of a fault in the structure of the building, it began cracking in several places and soon became unsuitable for habitation. It was subsequently dismantled.
In 1877, a temporary pro-cathedral was erected in the grounds of the deanery at a cost of G$10,000. Arthur Blomfield then produced the first plans for the new cathedral - for a building in stone with a central tower and two western towers; but these were rejected because of the weight and the expense. His subsequent plans for a wooden cathedral were accepted, a design that kept many of the salient features of his first plan, such as the central tower and the Latin cross formation of nave and transepts. It was in the Gothic style of architecture, complete with flying buttresses, but it also had a tropical flavour, ensuring light and air. However, it was to be in timber and the committee emphasised that "woods of the country and no others were to be used", although in fact pitchpine was imported from North America for the ceiling.
The foundation stone for the present St. George's Cathedral, built mainly of Greenheart, was laid on 21 November 1889, and the cathedral was consecrated on 8 November 1894 and dedicated by Bishop Proctor Swaby.
Interior
St. George's Cathedral is characterised mainly by Gothic arches, clustered columns and flying buttresses.
There is a small Gothic shrine of carved oak in the northern aisle that commemorates Bishop Coleridge, first Bishop of Barbados, who was responsible for British Guiana from 1826 to 1842. The brass lectern, near the central altar, was given by the Diocese of Barbados when the present cathedral was opened in 1892. The sedilia was donated by Chinese Christians.
The decorative stained glass windows reflect myriad colours in the sunlight. These windows depict scenes from the Crucifixion and the Ascension, among others. Consisting of two rows of six windows, the east window was donated by the McConnell family. The upper windows depict scenes from the Book of Revelation. The intricate ironwork depicts pictures of birds and flowers.
A large chandelier, a gift from Queen Victoria, hangs prominently within the cathedral. The wooden Centenary Cross in front of the high altar marks the 100th anniversary of the Province of the West Indies, founded in 1883. The cross was carried around the diocese in 1983, marking the centenary. The pulpit, donated in memory of the Jones family of Plantation Houston dates from 1866.
See also
Tōdai-ji Temple, wooden house of worship in Japan
Pagoda of Fogong Temple, wooden pagoda in China
Religion in Guyana
:Category:Deans of St George's Cathedral, Georgetown
List of tallest wooden buildings
References
External links
St. George's Anglican Cathedral
The Mittelholzer Foundation
A Short History of St. George's, Georgetown, Guyana
19th-century Anglican church buildings in the Caribbean
Anglican cathedrals in South America
Guyana
Arthur Blomfield church buildings
Cathedrals in Guyana
Churches completed in 1894
Buildings and structures in Georgetown, Guyana
National Monuments in Guyana
Wooden buildings and structures in Guyana
Wooden churches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20George%27s%20Cathedral%2C%20Georgetown |
Ilya Vladislavovich Markov (, born 19 June 1972 in Asbest, Russian SFSR) is a Russian race walker.
Achievements
References
1972 births
Living people
People from Asbest
Sportspeople from Sverdlovsk Oblast
Russian male racewalkers
Russian athletics coaches
Olympic male racewalkers
Olympic athletes for Russia
Olympic silver medalists for Russia
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
FISU World University Games gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Russia
Medalists at the 1997 Summer Universiade
Goodwill Games medalists in athletics
Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Russia
World Athletics Championships winners
World Athletics Championships medalists
European Athletics Championships winners
World Athletics U20 Championships winners
European Athletics Championships medalists
Russian Athletics Championships winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya%20Markov |
Unidare Rugby Football Club, commonly known as Unidare RFC, is a Rugby union club founded in 1958. Unidare currently play at Balcurris park, Ballymun in Dublin city, Ireland. The club's emblem is a Raven and they play in Black and Red. The club plays in the Junior (J4) section of the Leinster Branch Metropolitan League.
History
Foundation
Unidare Rugby Football Club was founded in 1958 by workers of the Unidare Works in Finglas, which is now defunct. During the foundation years (1958–1977) the club participated in the Business Houses Cup Competition and took part in friendly matches during the rest of the season. The club did not have their own grounds, but were given the use of a playing field and dressing rooms in Blackrock College by Father Shields.
Business Houses League
In 1977 the Business Houses League was formed. At that time Unidare Rugby Football Club was given grounds in Unidare Industrial estate on Jamestown Road, Finglas. The grounds were developed further by the club with dressing rooms, training lights, etc. The club did well in the Business Houses League, winning it for the first time in the 1980-1981 season. AIB had won the competition for the first three seasons of the competition. The club continued to participate in this competition during the 1980s.
Recent developments
In 1990 the club lost its playing fields when Unidare plc sold the land for development, and the club was hosted by Suttonians RFC and Malahide RFC for different seasons. In 2005, the club formed an alliance with Dublin City University Sports to play and train in the Ballymun grounds. As of 2011, Unidare played 21 seasons without a permanent home. Unidare in conjunction with The Dublin City Council were allocated the use of Balcurris Park as their new home ground.
Youth Section
In recent years, the club has undergone a revival in interest and membership and has focused in particular on the development of its youth teams. In the 2007/08 season, the club's first competitive under-age side created history by coming runners-up in the Dublin Metro U-18 League, at their very first attempt. The club currently fields youth sides at U-14, U-16, & U-18 and has ten fully qualified coaches currently working in their underage section.
2007/2008 Season
2007/2008 J4 Metropolitan League Fixtures/Results
2007/2008 Friendly Fixtures/Results
2011/2012 Season
2011/2012 J4 Metropolitan League Fixtures/Results
See also
Leinster Branch
References
Sport at Dublin City University
Rugby clubs established in 1958
Rugby union clubs in Dublin (city) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidare%20RFC |
"I Wish You Would" is a song recorded by Chicago blues musician Billy Boy Arnold in 1955. It was developed while Arnold was performing with Bo Diddley and incorporates a Diddley-style rhythm. Called "a timeless Chicago blues classic", "I Wish You Would" is Arnold's best-known song and has been recorded by several artists, including the Yardbirds, who recorded it for their debut single in 1964.
Original song
"I Wish You Would" was developed from "Diddy Diddy Dum Dum", a song Billy Boy Arnold wrote and sang with Bo Diddley. Leonard Chess, the owner/producer of Diddley's record label, Checker Records, planned to record the song as Diddley's second single. However, Arnold heard that Chess did not like him, so he took the song to Chess' rival, Vee-Jay Records. Vee-Jay suggested that he change the lyrics, so Arnold came up with "I Wish You Would".
The song features a one-chord modal blues structure with a repeating guitar figure and Diddley-style rhythm. Backing Arnold (vocal and harmonica) are Jody Williams (guitar), Milton Rector (bass), and Earl Phillips (drums). The single, credited to "Billy Boy", reportedly sold well, but did not appear in the national record charts. Arnold revisited "I Wish You Would" several times during his career, producing new studio versions and live versions of the song for a variety of record labels.
Arnold later commented that because of "I Wish You Would" he was unfairly labeled as a Bo Diddley stylist:
The Yardbirds versions
English rock band the Yardbirds recorded "I Wish You Would" for their debut single in 1964. Recorded at Olympic Studios in London in March 1964, it lacks the Bo Diddley-style beat and is considerably shorter than live versions performed by the Yardbirds around this time.
Columbia UK issued the song, with "A Certain Girl" as the B-side, for the group's debut single on May 1, 1964, with Epic US following on August 17, 1964. The single did not enter the main record charts in the UK or US, but was later released on the Yardbirds' first American album, For Your Love, which reached number 96 on Billboard's Top LPs chart in 1965.
Group bassist and music director Paul Samwell-Smith later commented, I Wish You Would' [was] made with the idea of getting our stage sound. It was a mistake, because trying to get a stage sound captured in a studio is very difficult." Several live versions were recorded by the Yardbirds, which were later released. A version from 1963 with Eric Clapton was released on London 1963 – The First Recordings! (1981); a 1965 recording by the BBC with Jeff Beck was released on Yardbirds ... On Air (1991); and a 1968 version with Jimmy Page appears on Last Rave-Up in LA.
References
Bibliography
1955 songs
1955 singles
1964 debut singles
The Yardbirds songs
Blues songs
Vee-Jay Records singles
Columbia Graphophone Company singles
Epic Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Wish%20You%20Would%20%28Billy%20Boy%20Arnold%20song%29 |
The following is a list of trips for politicians, lobbyists, and staffers funded by Jack Abramoff.
The picture at right (taken at Carnoustie) for the trip to St. Andrews, the famed Scottish golf course. This trip was paid for by Abramoff at a cost of $160,000. Congressman Bob Ney's then chief of staff, William Heaton, admitted "falsifying his and Ney's financial disclosure forms in 2002 and 2003 to keep gifts secret. For example, Ney's forms said the Scotland trip was paid for by the National Center for Public Policy Research so he could meet with Scottish parliamentarians, though the Scottish Parliament was not in session...."
Trips
References
Sources | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20trips%20funded%20by%20Jack%20Abramoff |
This battle took place on 16 May 1644 during the Danish-Swedish War near List Deep, between Sylt and Rømø in western Denmark. Nine Danish ships under King Christian IV forced a retreat back into List Deep of 26 smaller Dutch ships (13 under Marten Thijsen and 13 under Hendrik Gerritsen) which had been leased to Sweden. 4 more Dutch ships from Marcus' squadron appeared during the battle but took no part.
Ships involved
Denmark
Trefoldighed 48
Tre Løver 46
Lindorm 38
Norske Løve 30
Neptunus 28
Sorte Rytter 24
Phenix 20
Postillion 14
Hollandske Fregat 12
Sweden (Dutch fleet)
Gulde Swaen (flag)
Grooten Dolphien (2nd flag of Gerritsen)
Lange Bark
10 others plus 4 under Marcus
References
1644 in Denmark
1644
Rømø
Battles of the Thirty Years' War
Sylt
Battles involving Sweden
Battles involving Denmark
Conflicts in 1644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action%20of%2016%20May%201644 |
Znamenka may refer to:
Znamenka (residence), a residence of the Nikolaevichi branch of the Romanov family, in Saint Petersburg, Russia; see Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia
Znamenka, Russia (or Znamyonka), several inhabited localities in Russia
Znamianka, Kirovohrad Oblast (Znamenka), a city in Kirovohrad Oblast, Ukraine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znamenka |
Mose, Mosè, or Mosé is a given name which may refer to:
People
In religion
Mose Durst, former president of the Unification Church of the United States
Mosé Higuera, Colombian Catholic bishop
Mosè Tovini, Italian Roman Catholic priest
In music
Mose Allison, American jazz pianist and singer
Mose Christensen, American musician, founder and conductor of the Oregon Symphony
Mose Rager, guitar player from Kentucky
Mose Vinson (1917–2002), American pianist and singer
In visual art
Mosè Bianchi, Italian painter and printmaker
Mose Tolliver, American painter
Mosè Turri, Italian painter
In sports
Mosé Arosio, Italian racing cyclist
Mose Bashaw, NFL player
Mose Frazier (born 1993), American former football player
Mose Lantz, NFL player
Mosé Navarra, former tennis player from Italy
Mose Solomon, the "Rabbi of Swat", American Major League Baseball player
Mose Tuiali'i, rugby union player
In other fields
Mose (Ancient Egyptian official), 13th-century BCE Egyptian official under Ramesses II
Mose (scribe), 13th-century BCE Egyptian scribe under Ramesses II
Mosè Giacomo Bertoni, Swiss naturalist who studied Paraguayan plants
Mosè de Brolo (Moses of Bergamo), 12th-century Italian poet and translator
Mose Gingerich, Amish-born American documentary maker
Mose Humphrey, American firefighter
Mose Jefferson, American politician
Mose Khoneli, 12th-century Georgian writer and poet
Mosè Piccio, 16th-century Ottoman lexicographer
Mose Penaani Tjitendero, Namibian politician and educator
Mose Wright, uncle of Emmett Till who was a witness at the murder trial
Fictional characters
Mose the Fireboy, prototypical representation of a b'hoy in 19th-century American theatre
Mose Jakande, a Nigerian-French mercenary in the film Furious 7
Mose Manuel, a recurring character on the HBO series Deadwood
Mose Schrute, a character from the American adaptation of the TV series The Office
See also
MOSE, a Venetian engineering project
Moze (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mose |
Steinberg v. Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc., 663 F. Supp. 706 (S.D.N.Y. 1987) was a federal case in which artist Saul Steinberg sued various parties involved with producing and promoting the 1984 movie Moscow on the Hudson, claiming that a promotional poster for the movie infringed his copyright in a magazine cover, View of the World from 9th Avenue, he had created for The New Yorker.
Procedural posture
The case was heard in the Southern District of New York in front of Judge Louis L. Stanton. The defendants, including Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc., RCA Corporation, and several major newspapers, denied Steinberg's allegations of copyright infringement and asserted the affirmative defenses of (1) fair use as a parody, (2) estoppel, and (3) laches. Both parties moved for summary judgment.
Outcome
The court granted summary judgment to Steinberg on the issue of copyright infringement, finding that the defendants failed to prove any of their defenses.
The two images
The subject of the controversy was a drawing by Steinberg known as View of the World from 9th Avenue or A Parochial New Yorker's View of the World. The drawing, which appeared on the cover of the March 29, 1976 issue of The New Yorker, depicts four city blocks of Manhattan in great detail, with the rest of the United States and the world sketched sparsely in the background. The horizon is marked by a red line, and a thin blue wash of color at the top denotes the sky. At the top is the name of the magazine, in its characteristic font.
The New Yorker registered the image with the United States Copyright Office and assigned the copyright to Steinberg. About three months later, the magazine made an agreement to print and sell posters of the image.
The Moscow on the Hudson poster featured the movie's lead actor Robin Williams and his two co-stars at the bottom of the frame, with a highly detailed depiction of four city blocks of Manhattan behind them. In the background is a blue stripe representing the Atlantic Ocean, three landmarks denoting cities in Europe, and a set of Russian-looking buildings labeled "Moscow". Again, the horizon is marked by a red line, and the sky by a thin blue wash of color. At the top is the name of the movie, in the same font used by The New Yorker. The poster image was published as an advertisement in many newspapers across the country.
The issue of copying
The court states the rule for infringement as follows: "To succeed in a copyright infringement action, a plaintiff must prove ownership of the copyright and copying by the defendant." As there was no dispute over whether Steinberg owned a valid copyright in his image, the only issue to be decided was whether the defendants had copied the image when they created the movie poster. To determine whether the defendants had copied the image, the court turned to circumstantial evidence of access and substantial similarities between the two works. The court found ample evidence of the defendants' access to the copyrighted work; indeed, the defendants admitted at trial that they had used Steinberg’s poster as inspiration for their own. As to the question of "substantial similarity" between the two works, the court asked "whether an average lay observer would recognize the alleged copy as having been appropriated from the copyrighted work."
Although it acknowledged that the idea of drawing a world map "from an egocentrically myopic perspective" could not be copyrighted, the court nevertheless held that the defendants had gone far beyond copying merely the idea of the Steinberg poster and had in fact copied its expression. As examples, the court cited the angle, layout, and details of the four city blocks depicted; the use of color on the horizon and sky; the distinctive lettering used in both for place names as well as the title at the top; and the overall stylistic impression of the two works. The court rejected the argument that any similarity between the works involved unprotectable scènes à faire, or standard themes common to any depiction of New York.
Defenses
The court held that the Moscow on the Hudson poster was not a parody because it was not meant to satirize the Steinberg image itself, but merely satirized the same concept of the parochial New Yorker that was parodied by Steinberg's work. Because the copyrighted work was not an object of the parody, the appropriation of the image was not fair use.
The defendants also argued that Steinberg was estopped from defending his copyright on the grounds that he had taken no action over a period of eight years to stop others from counterfeiting his posters and adapting his idea to other locations, and had not acted in response to newspaper ads promoting the movie. The court rejected this argument, holding that the defendants had not proved any of the elements of estoppel: (1) a representation in fact; (2) reasonable reliance thereon; and (3) injury or damage resulting from denial by the party making the representation. While the defendants argued that Steinberg had made a representation of his acquiescence to their use of his image in the movie poster by not complaining about the ads in the newspaper, the judge rejected this line of reasoning and noted that the defendants had continued to use the infringing advertisements even after becoming aware of Steinberg's objections. Further, there was no existing relationship between the parties that could give rise to estoppel.
Finally, the defendants claimed the affirmative defense of laches, asserting that Steinberg had waited over six months to complain to Columbia Pictures about the alleged infringement in order to increase his award in the eventual lawsuit. The court dismissed this allegation on the grounds that Steinberg had registered his complaint with the defendants within weeks of beginning their advertising campaign, and that a six-month delay between publication of the allegedly infringing work and instigation of a lawsuit was not sufficient to establish a claim of laches.
Test for copyright infringement
The court states the test for copyright infringement as copying an item that is the subject of a valid copyright, making no mention of improper appropriation of protectable elements, or in fact any distinction between protectable and unprotectable elements of Steinberg's drawing. This is in contrast to the 2nd Circuit's prior opinion in Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corp., 45 F.2d 119 (1930), that infringement occurs only when there is copying and improper appropriation. The Nichols decision held that appropriation was not improper when the alleged infringer copied only unprotectable elements of the original work. Therefore, while it is appropriate to look at both protectable and unprotectable elements of a work to determine whether copying has occurred, only the protectable elements are relevant when it comes to determining improper appropriation.
External links
1987 in United States case law
United States copyright case law
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York cases
Columbia Pictures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinberg%20v.%20Columbia%20Pictures%20Industries%2C%20Inc. |
Gilad Karni () is an Israeli violist who has played in the New York Philharmonic and is currently principal viola in the Tonhalle Orchestra Zurich as well as a soloist and player in chamber ensembles. A founder member of the Huberman Quartet, with which he made his debut at Carnegie Hall, he has since appeared there with the Guarneri Quartet.
Early life
Born in Israel, Gilad Karni was the attendee of the Thelma Yellin High School of the Arts in Givatayim. From 1985 to 1991 he attended Manhattan School of Music where he was under guidance from Paul Neubauer, Chaim Taub and Gad Lewertoff and was a scholarship recipient from the America-Israel Cultural Foundation.
Career
Principal violinist
In 1991, Karni, at the invitation from maestro Claudio Abbado became a guest principal violinist with the Orchestra of a United Europe. In 1992 Gilad became the youngest member of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra and between 1996 and 2000 was a Principal Violinist with the Israel Symphony Orchestra Rishon LeZion and the Bamberg Symphony Orchestra. Recently, Mr. Karni had been appointed Principal Violist of the Tonhalle Orchester Zürich, after serving as Principal for the past 2 years at the Deutsche Oper Berlin.
In Berlin, Mr. Karni is in demand as guest Principal at orchestras such as the Staatskapelle Berlin under Daniel Barenboim, Berlin Symphony Orchestra, and Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra, among other European orchestras.
In 2018 Karni had joined Heifetz Institute and since that year is performing with the Ra’anana Symphonette Orchestra.
Chamber musician
As an avid chamber musician, Mr. Karni has been a member of several chamber music ensembles, including the Huberman Quartet, of which he was a founding member. In 2000 the quartet had its Carnegie Hall debut. His participation in national chamber music festivals include the Jerusalem Chamber Music and the Kfar Bloom festivals while his international chamber music performances span through continents. In Europe, Gilad had played at the Nordic Academy of Denmark, Dubrovnik and Lapland Fests in Sweden, the Swiss Davos Music Festival, the Orchestra Sinfonica di Roma, and the German Festival PRO - Bahnhoff Rolandsek and Neustadt Festival, while in Asia he participated with the Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra and Georgian Chamber Orchestra.
In the United States Galid became noticed for being a member of the Bangor Symphony Orchestra, and appeared on various music festivals throughout the country, including Aspen, Bellingham and Newport and participated with the Hartford, Santa Barbara, Santa Fe and La Jolla Chamber Music Orchestras. Special events in which he has appeared include Isaac Stern's 70th birthday celebration in Tel-Aviv and a performance with the Guarneri String Quartet in Carnegie Hall. In addition, he has been heard on radio broadcasts in Israel, Germany, France, Switzerland, South Africa and the USA (WQXR and NPR.)
Solo appearances
In 2006 he had performed Hector Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Sinfonia Concertante with the Bartek Niziol and Hartford Symphony Orchestra.
In May 2009 Gilad Karni had a solo appearance at the Sergei Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet with the Berliner Symphoniker at the renowned Berlin Philharmonic and during the same year performed Viola Concerto by Béla Bartók in Germany, Switzerland and Poland. He also known for along had solo recitals and chamber concerts in London's Wigmore Hall and Paris's Louvre and played Mozart's Sinfonia Concertante with Israel Sinfonietta, Wuppertal Symphony and the Berlin Symphony Orchestra. Mr. Karni was also engaged in solo performances debuts with the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra and the Deutsches Nationaltheater and Staatskapelle Weimar at which he performed plays by Felix Mendelssohn, and was a founder of the Mendelssohn Players.
Between 2009 and 2010 Karni had worked with the Tonhalle and Biel Symphony Orchestras to produce a Gideon Lewensohn's recording ViolAlive as well as Dmitri Shostakovich's Viola Sonata.
In 2016 Gilad had held a viola mini recital class at the Lynn University.
In May 2017 Gilad Karni performed at the Cornell University.
Collaborations
Artists that he has collaborated with include musicians such as Isaac Stern, Yefim Bronfman, Mischa Maisky, Julian Rachlin, Itamar Golan, Tabea Zimmermann, Leonidas Kavakos, Nikolaj Znaider and Gerard Causse and many more.
Future engagements for the coming season will include solo appearances alongside world-renowned cellists Yo Yo Ma and Lynn Harrell and the Tonhalle Orchestra Zurich. Return concerts at the Bellingham Festival in Washington-USA and solos in Italy, Germany and Israel are planned during 2006-2008 as well as chamber music performances throughout Europe.
Awards
Violist Gilad Karni, has been praised for his tone and interpretation throughout the world. He is a violist that has left his trade-mark in many international viola competitions, as First Prize Winner of the Lionel Tertis International Viola Competition 1994, and Third Prize Winner (1993) of the ARD Munich International Music Competition. He has performed as a soloist with orchestras in Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Israel, South Africa, Switzerland, and the USA. Other awards include the Third Prize in the 1992 Bryan International String Competition (USA), First Prize in the Israeli Broadcasting Authority Competition for Best Performance of 1991, the Peter Schidlof Prize for the Most Beautiful Tone in the 1991 Lionel Tertis International Viola Competition (England), and the Best Interpretation Prize for the commissioned concerto (by C. He. Joubert) in the 1989 Third Maurice Vieux International Viola Competition in France.
References
External links
Gilad Karni
Israeli classical violists
Jewish classical musicians
Lionel Tertis International Viola Competition prize-winners
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilad%20Karni |
This list of breweries in California, both current and defunct, includes both microbreweries and larger industrial scale breweries. Brewing companies range widely in the volume and variety of beer produced, ranging from small breweries to massive multinational conglomerates. Since 1983, California has allowed breweries to sell beer on their premises, giving rise to numerous brewpubs and microbreweries.
Breweries in California produce a wide range of beers in different styles that are marketed locally, regionally, nationally, and internationally. In 2012 California's 458 breweries, importers, brewpubs, and company-owned packagers and wholesalers employed over 7,000 people directly, and more than 109,000 others in related jobs such as wholesaling and retailing. Including people directly employed in brewing, as well as those who supply California's breweries with everything from ingredients to machinery, the total business and personal tax revenue generated by California's breweries and related industries was more than $5.1 billion. Consumer purchases of California's brewery products generated another $1.1 billion in tax revenue. In 2012, according to the Brewers Association, California ranked 1st in the number of craft breweries, and 19th per capita with 325.
For context, at the end of 2013 there were 2,822 breweries in the United States, including 2,768 craft breweries subdivided into 1,237 brewpubs, 1,412 microbreweries and 119 regional craft breweries. In that same year, according to the Beer Institute, the brewing industry employed around 43,000 Americans in brewing and distribution and had a combined economic impact of more than $246 billion.
Breweries by county
Alameda County
21st Amendment Brewery in San Leandro
Ale Industries in Oakland
Altamont Beer Works in Livermore
Bison Brewing in Berkeley (opened 1997, closed 2008)
Buffalo Bill's Brewery in Hayward, the first brewpub licensed in California since Prohibition
Cleophus Quealy Beer Company in San Leandro
Diving Dog Brewhouse in Oakland
Drake's Brewing Company in San Leandro
Eight Bridges Brewing Company in Livermore
Faction Brewing in Alameda
Fieldwork Brewing Company in Berkeley
Gilman Brewing Company in Berkeley
Hoi Polloi Brewpub and Beat Lounge in Berkeley
JP DasBrew in Fremont
Oakland United Beerworks (formerly Linden Street Brewery) in Oakland
Old Kan Beer & Co. in Oakland
Pacific Coast Brewing Company in Oakland (opened 1988, closed 2017)
Pyramid Breweries in Berkeley (opened in 1997, closed in 2015)
The Rare Barrel in Berkeley
Shadow Puppet Brewing Company in Livermore
Triple Rock Brewery and Alehouse in Berkeley
Trumer Brauerei in Berkeley
Woods Bar & Brewery in Oakland
Working Man Brewing Company in Livermore
Amador County
Amador Brewing Company in Plymouth
Butte County
Feather Falls Casino Brewing Company in Oroville
Feather River Brewing Company in Magalia
NorCal Brewing in Chico
Mulberry Station Brewing in Chico
Sierra Nevada Brewing Company in Chico
Secret Trail Brewing in Chico
Colusa County
Farmers Brewing Co. in Princeton
Contra Costa County
Black Diamond Brewing Co. in Concord (Closed 2017)
Calicraft in Walnut Creek
Danville Brewing Company in Danville
E.J. Phair Brewing Company in Pittsburg
Farm Creek Brewing Company in Walnut Creek (Closed 2017)
Elevation 66 Brewing Company in El Cerrito
Schubros Brewery in San Ramon
Epidemic Ales in Concord
Del Norte County
Seaquake Brewing in Crescent City
El Dorado County
The Brewery at Lake Tahoe in South Lake Tahoe
Cold Water Brewery and Grill in South Lake Tahoe
Cool Beerwerks in Cool
El Dorado Brewing Company in Diamond Springs
Gold Hill Winery and Brewery in Placerville
HWY 50 Brewery in Camino
Jack Russell Farm Brewery in Camino
Lake Tahoe AleWorX in South Lake Tahoe
Mraz Brewing Company in El Dorado Hills
Outbreak Brewing Company in Placerville
Outpost Brewing Company in South Lake Tahoe
Placerville Brewing Company in Placerville
Sidellis Lake Tahoe in South Lake Tahoe
Solid Ground Brewing in Diamond Springs
South Lake Brewing Company in South Lake Tahoe
Stash Brewing Co. in Garden Valley
Stateline Brewery and Restaurant in South Lake Tahoe
Fresno County
The Mad Duck Craft Brewery in Fresno
Fresno Brewing Company in Fresno
Full Circle Brewing in Fresno
Pine & Palm Brewing in Fresno
Tactical OPS Brewing in Fresno
Tioga–Sequoia Brewing Company in Fresno
Humboldt County
Eel River Brewing Company in Fortuna
Humboldt Brewing Company
Lost Coast Brewery in Eureka
Mad River Brewing Company in Blue Lake
Redwood Curtain Brewing Company in Arcata
Six Rivers Brewery in McKinleyville
Inyo County
Mountain Rambler Brewery in Bishop
Kern County
Crusader Brewing in Bakersfield
Dionysus Brewing Company in Bakersfield
Great Change Brewing in Bakersfield
Kern River Brewing Company in Kernville
Lengthwise Brewing in Bakersfield
Local Craft Beer in Tehachapi
Temblor Brewing Company in Bakersfield
Kings County
Bird Street Brewing in Lemoore
Hop Forged Brewing Company in Hanford
Lake County
Kelsey Creek Brewing Company in Kelseyville
Mount St. Helena Brewing Company in Middletown
O'Meara Brothers Brewing Company in Lakeport
Los Angeles County
Absolution Brewing Company in Torrance
Alosta Brewing Co in Covina
Ambitious Ales in Long Beach
Angel City Brewery in Los Angeles
Beachwood BBQ and Brewery in Long Beach
Bravery Brewing in Lancaster
Brouwerij West in San Pedro
Congregation Ale House in Azusa
Cosmic Brewery in Torrance
Claremont Craft Ales in Claremont
The Dudes' Brewing Company in Torrance
Eagle Rock Brewery in Los Angeles
El Segundo Brewing Company in El Segundo
Golden Road Brewery in Los Angeles
Gordon Biersch Brewing Company in Burbank
Hand-Brewed Beer in Chatsworth
Highland Park Brewery in Los Angeles
Homage Brewing in Pomona
Karl Strauss Brewing Company in Universal City
Kinetic Brewing Company in Lancaster
King Harbor Brewing Company in Redondo Beach
Lagunitas Brewing Company in Azusa
Liberation Brewing Company in Long Beach
Long Beach Beer Lab in Long Beach
MacLeod Ale Brewing Company in Los Angeles
MillerCoors brewery in Irwindale
Monkish Brewing Company in Torrance
Mumford Brewing in Los Angeles
Ohana Brewing Company in Los Angeles
Pacific Plate Brewing Company in Monrovia
Progress Brewing in South El Monte
Red Car Brewery in Torrance
Sanctum Brewing Company in Pomona (closed 2020)
Scholb Premium Ales in Torrance
Smog City Brewing Company in Torrance
Strand Brewing Company in Torrance
Trademark Brewing Company in Long Beach
Timeless Pints Brewing Company in Lakewood
Three Weavers Brewing Company in Inglewood
Madera County
South Gate Brewing Company in Oakhurst
Marin County
Adobe Creek Brewing in Novato
Indian Valley Brewing in Novato
Iron Springs Pub & Brewery in Fairfax
Marin Brewing in Larkspur
Moylan's Brewery in Novato
Pond Farm Brewing in San Rafael
The State Room in San Rafael
Mariposa County
Yosemite Ale Werks in Mariposa
Mendocino County
Anderson Valley Brewing Company in Boonville
Mendocino Brewing Company in Ukiah
North Coast Brewing Company in Fort Bragg
Merced County
Bobcat Brewing Company in Merced
Mono County
Mammoth Brewing Company in Mammoth Lakes
June Lake Brewing in June Lake
Monterey County
Alvarado Street Brewery in Monterey, Carmel, and Salinas
English Ales in Marina
Peter B's Brew Pub in Monterey
Yeast of Eden in Carmel
Napa County
Calistoga Inn, Restaurant and Brewing in Calistoga
Downtown Joe's Brewery in Napa
Mad Fritz in St. Helena
Napa Smith Brewery in Napa
St. Clair Brown in Napa
Stone Brewing in Napa
Tannery Bend Beerworks in Napa
Trade Brewing in Napa
Nevada County
1849 Brewing Company in Grass Valley
Boca Brewing Company in Boca (opened 1876, closed 1893)
FiftyFifty Brewing Company in Truckee
Grass Valley Brewing in Grass Valley
Nevada Brewery in Nevada City
Good Wolf Brewing Company in Truckee
Three Forks Bakery & Brewing Company in Nevada City
Orange County
Anaheim Brewery in Anaheim
Barley Forge Brewing Company in Costa Mesa (closed in 2019)
Brewing Reserve of California in Costa Mesa
Bootlegger's Brewery in Fullerton and Costa Mesa
Bottle Logic Brewing, Anaheim
The Bruery in Placentia
Cismontane Brewing Company in Santa Ana
Everywhere Beer in Orange
The Good Beer Company in Santa Ana (closed in 2020)
Green Cheek Beer Company in Orange and Costa Mesa
Gunwhale Ales in Costa Mesa
Laguna Beach Beer Company in Rancho Santa Margarita and Laguna Beach
Left Coast Brewing Company in San Clemente and Irvine
Network Brewery in Santa Ana
Noble Ale Works in Anaheim
Old Orange Brewing Company in Orange
Radiant Brewing Co. in Anaheim
Riip Beer Company in Huntington Beach
Steelhead Brewing in Irvine (opened in 1995, closed in 2013)
TAPS Brewery & Barrel Room in Tustin
Tustin Brewing Company in Tustin
Valiant Brewing Company in Orange
Placer County
Auburn Alehouse in Auburn
Boneshaker Public House and Community Brewery in Rocklin
Crooked Lane Brewing Company in Auburn
GoatHouse Brewing Company in Lincoln
Knee Deep Brewing Company in Auburn
Loomis Basin Brewing Company in Loomis
Moksa Brewing in Rocklin
Moonraker Brewing Company in Auburn
Out of Bounds Brewing Company in Rocklin
Slice Beer Company in Lincoln
The Monk's Cellar in Roseville
Plumas County
The Brewing Lair of the Lost Sierra (formerly UnderCover Ale Works) in Blairsden-Graeagle
Waganupa Brewing in Chester
Quintopia Brewing Co in Quincy
Riverside County
Aftershock Brewing Company in Temecula
Area 51 Craft Brewery in Riverside (closed)
Babe's BBQ & Brewhouse in Rancho Mirage
Black Market Brewing Company in Temecula
Blind Pig Brewing Company in Temecula (opened 1994, closed 1997)
Brew Rebellion in Banning (closed 2020)
Coachella Valley Brewing in Thousand Palms
Craft Brewing Company in Lake Elsinore
Desert Beer Company in Palm Desert
8 Bit Brewing in Murrieta
Electric Brewing Company in Murrieta
Euryale in Riverside
Evans Brewing in Corona
Garage Brewing in Temecula
GreyWolf Brewing Co in Norco
Heroes Restaurant & Brewery in Riverside
Idyllwild Brewpub in Idyllwild
Inland Empire Brewing Company in Riverside (closed)
Inland Wharf Brewing in Murrieta
Ironfire Brewing Company in Temecula
Karl Strauss Brewing Company brewpub in Temecula
La Quinta Brewing in Palm Desert
Las Palmas Brewing in Palm Springs
Main Street Brewery in Corona
Mason Jar Brewing in Menifee
Oscar's Brewing Company in Temecula
Packinghouse Brewing in Riverside
Refuge Brewery in Temecula
Relentless in Temecula
Route 30 Brewing in Riverside
Skyland Ale Works in Corona
Stone Church Brewing in Corona
Storytellers Brewery & Meet House in Corona
Temecula Brewing Company in Temecula
Thompson Brewing in Riverside
Wicks Brewing in Riverside
Wiens Brewing Company in Temecula (2012 - 2021)
Woody's Brewhouse in Moreno Valley
Sacramento County
Alaro Brewing in Sacramento
At Ease Brewing in Sacramento
Big Sexy Brewing in Sacramento
Big Stump Brew Co. in Sacramento
Buffalo Brewery in Sacramento (closed mid 1970s)
Burning Barrel Brewing in Rancho Cordova
Claimstake Brewing in Rancho Cordova
Delta Borne Brewing in Sacramento
Device Brewing Company in Sacramento
Dreaming Dog Brewery in Elk Grove
Flatland Brewing in Elk Grove
Fort Rock Brewing in Rancho Cordova
Fountainhead Brewing in Sacramento
King Cong Brewing Company in Sacramento
New Glory Craft Brewery in Sacramento
New Helvetia Brewing in Sacramento
Oak Park Brewing in Sacramento
Palm Tree Brewing Company in Orangevale
Porchlight Brewing in Sacramento
Red Bus Brewing in Folsom
River Rock Brewery in Galt
Rubicon Brewing Company in Sacramento, opened in 1987, closed in 2017.
Brewing in Sacramento
Tower Brewing in Sacramento
Track 7 Brewing Company in Sacramento
Tilted Mash Brewing in Elk Grove
Urban Roots Brewing in Sacramento
San Bernardino County
3 Iron Brewing Co. in Colton
Braemar Brewing in Ontario
Brewcaipa in Yucaipa
Desert Barn Brewery in Hesperia
Dragon's Tale in Montclair
Escape Craft Brewery in Redlands
Hamilton Family Brewery in Rancho Cucamonga
Hangar 24 Craft Brewery in Redlands
Hops & Spokes Brewing in Yucaipa
I & I Brewing in Chino
Kings Brewing in Rancho Cucamonga
Lake Arrowhead Brewing in Lake Arrowhead
Last Name Brewing in Upland
No Clue Brewing in Rancho Cucamonga
Oak Hills Brewing Company in Hesperia
Off the Grid Brewing in Apple Valley
Our Brew in Redlands
Rescue Brewing in Upland
Revolt in Montclair
Ritual Brewing Co. in Redlands
Rök House Brewing in Upland
Rowdy's Brew Co. in Rancho Cucamonga
Sandbox Brewing in Montclair
Solorio Brewing in Rancho Cucamonga
Sour Cellars in Rancho Cucamonga
The Stout House in Upland
Strum Brewing in Ontario
San Diego County
San Francisco City and County
21st Amendment Brewery
Acme Brewery (opened 1907; closed 1958)
Albion Brewery (opened 1870; closed 1919)
Almanac Beer Company
Anchor Brewing Company
Barrel Head Brewhouse
Beach Chalet Brewery & Restaurant
Black Sands Brewery
Black Hammer Brewing
Cellarmaker Brewing Company
Eagle Brewery
Enterprise Brewery
Fort Point Beer Company
Golden City Brewery
Hamm's Brewery (opened 1954, closed 1972)
Harmonic Brewing
Hibernia Brewery
Jackson Brewing Company (opened 1859, closed during Prohibition)
Laughing Monk Brewing
Lafayette Brewery
Local Brewing Company
Magnolia Brewing Company
Rainier Brewing Company (opened 1933, closed 1953)
San Francisco Brewing Company (opened 1985, closed 2009)
Schuster's Railroad Brewery
Seven Stills
Southern Pacific Brewing
Speakeasy Ales and Lagers
Sunset Reservoir Brewing Company
Thirsty Bear Brewing Company
Triple Voodoo Brewing
Washington Brewery
Willow's Brewery
San Joaquin County
Dancing Fox Winery and Brewery in Lodi
Five Window Beer Company in Lodi
High Water Brewing Company in Lodi
Idol Beer Works in Lodi
Lodi Beer Company in Lodi
Morgan Territory Brewing in Tracy
San Luis Obispo County
927 Beer Company in Cambria
Central Coast Brewing in San Luis Obispo
Firestone Walker Brewing Company in Paso Robles
Libertine Brewing Company in San Luis Obispo
Liquid Gravity in San Luis Obispo
Tap It Brewing Company in San Luis Obispo
There Does Not Exist (∄) in San Luis Obispo
San Mateo County
Blue Oak Brewing Company in San Carlos
Devil's Canyon Brewing Company in San Carlos
Half Moon Bay Brewing Company in Princeton-by-the-Sea
Highway 1 Brewing in Pescadero
Hop Dogma Brewing in El Granada
Sacrilege Brewery + Kitchen in Half Moon Bay
Alpha Acid Brewing Company in Belmont
Santa Barbara County
Captain Fatty's Brewery in Goleta
Draughtsmen Aleworks in Goleta
Figueroa Mountain Brewing Company in Buellton
Firestone Walker Brewing Company in Buellton
Island Brewing Company in Carpinteria
M. Special Brewing Company in Goleta
Pure Order Brewing Company in Santa Barbara
Solvang Brewing Company in Solvang
Telegraph Brewing Company in Santa Barbara
Third Window Brewing in Santa Barbara
Santa Clara County
Clandestine Brewing in San Jose
El Toro Brewing Company in Morgan Hill
Gordon Biersch Brewing Company in San Jose
Hermitage Brewing Company in San Jose
Kelly Brewing in Morgan Hill
Mayfield Brewery (opened 1868, closed 1920)
Santa Cruz County
Discretion Brewing in Soquel
Fruition Brewing Co. in Watsonville
Greater Purpose Brewing Co. in Santa Cruz
Humble Sea Brewing Co. in Santa Cruz
New Bohemia Brewing Company in Capitola
Private Press Brewing in Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz Mountain Brewing in Santa Cruz
Sante Adairius Rustic Ales in Capitola
Seabright Brewery in Santa Cruz
Shanty Shack Brewing in Santa Cruz
Steel Bonnet Brewing Company in Scotts Valley
Uncommon Brewers in Santa Cruz
Woodhouse Brewing & Blending in Santa Cruz
Siskiyou County
Dunsmuir Brewery Works in Dunsmuir
Etna Brewing Company in Etna
Mt. Shasta Brewing Company in Weed
Siskiyou Brew Works
Solano County
Anheuser-Busch InBev brewery in Fairfield
Heretic Brewing Company in Fairfield
Right Eye Brewery in Suisun
Mare Island Brewing Company in Vallejo
Sonoma County
Bear Republic Brewing Company in Healdsburg
Carneros Brewing Company in Sonoma
Fogbelt Brewing Company in Santa Rosa
Lagunitas Brewing Company in Petaluma
Moonlight Brewing Company in Santa Rosa
New Albion Brewing Company in Sonoma (opened 1976, closed 1982)
Old Redwood Brewing Company in Windsor
Petaluma Hills Brewing Company in Petaluma
Russian River Brewing Company in Santa Rosa
Sonoma Springs Brewing Company in Sonoma
CUVER Belgian Brewers of Sonoma County in Windsor
Stumptown Brewery in Guerneville
Third Street Aleworks in Santa Rosa
Stanislaus County
Dust Bowl Brewing Company in Turlock
St. Stan's Brewery in Modesto
Tehama County
Paskenta Brewery and Distillery in Corning
Trinity County
• Trinity County Brewing Company in Weaverville
Ventura County
Anacapa Brewing in Ventura
Casa Agria Specialty Ales in Ventura
Enegren Brewing Co. in Moorpark
Flat Fish Brewing Company in Camarillo
Institution Ale Co. in Camarillo
Leashless Brewing Co. in Ventura
MadeWest Brewing in Ventura
Poseidon Brewing Company in Ventura.
Red Tandem Brewery in Ventura
Surf Brewery in Ventura
Topa Topa Brewing Company in Ventura
Ventura Coast Brew Co. in Ventura
Westlake Brewing Co. in Westlake Village
Yolo County
Bike Dog Brewing Company in West Sacramento
Dunloe Brewing in Davis
Jackrabbit Brewing Company in West Sacramento
Sudwerk Privatbrauerei Hubsch in Davis
Super Owl Brewing in Davis
Three Mile Brewing Company in Davis
Yolo Brewing in West Sacramento
See also
Beer in the United States
History of California wine
List of breweries in the United States
List of microbreweries
References
Further reading
External links
California breweries directory at RateBeer.com
California
Lists of buildings and structures in California
Lists of companies based in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20breweries%20in%20California |
The Alternative Service Book 1980 (ASB) was the first complete prayer book produced by the Church of England since 1662. Its name derives from the fact that it was proposed not as a replacement for the 1662 Book of Common Prayer (BCP) but merely as an alternative to it. In practice, it was so popular that the various printers had to produce several editions very quickly and churches which retained the BCP drew attention to this fact as something to be noted. The Prayer Book Society soon complained that it was becoming hard to find a church which used the old prayer book and that theological colleges were not introducing students to it. It has now been replaced by Common Worship.
Earlier attempts at reform
Preparatory work
Following the failure of the attempts to introduce a new prayer book through Parliament in the 1920s, liturgical reform had idled.
Some Anglo-Catholic parishes used the English Missal, a version of the BCP which included the prayers of the Latin Mass both in translation and in the original interspersed with prayers from the prayer book; most used either the BCP or the 1928 Prayer Book, which though it was never approved has continued in print until the present with the warning "The publication of this book does not directly or indirectly imply that it can be regarded as authorized for use in churches." As time passed and liturgical scholarship proceeded, it became clear that a new attempt should be made to provide orders of service for the church. In an attempt to break the deadlock, Dom Gregory Dix, in his book The Shape of the Liturgy published in 1945, proposed that his own thinking about the Eucharist, using what he called the "Four Action Shape", be the basis of a rite. He suggested that such a rite be produced by a number of bishops, too many for them to be victimised but not so many so as to suggest rebellion, who would allow such a rite to be used in their own dioceses but who would not protect parish clergy from legal challenge if they used it. Dix's ideas were very influential but no one took up the suggestion.
Alternative Services Series 1, 2, and 3
Only in 1955 did the church set up the Liturgical Commission and ten years later the Church Assembly passed the Prayer Book (Alternative and Other Services) Measure 1965. A series of books followed, most becoming authorised for use in 1966 or 1967: the Series 1 (formally "Alternative Services Series 1") communion book scarcely differed from the 1928 book (as was the case with its wedding service). Series 2, issued at the same time, put forward a form which followed the Dix formula: offertory, consecration, fraction, communion. This was a pattern which was to be widely influential in countries which had used the BCP.
Series 3 was less dependent on and, by implication, more reflective of criticism of Dix. It was also published as a collection of individual booklets for different services, between January 1973 (Holy Communion) and November 1977 (Marriage). The evidence for the offertory had been challenged from left and right by liturgical scholars such as Colin Buchanan and Ronald Jasper: it had been championed by the adherents of the Liturgical Movement but came to be regarded as suspect not only by evangelicals. In his Durham Essays and Addresses, Michael Ramsey had warned against a "shallow Pelagianism" which it seemed to betoken. E.L. Mascall asked "what can we offer at the Eucharist?". (Contrary views were expressed by people such as Donald Gray and Roger Arguile, partly on the ground that, following the writings of St Irenaeus, the goodness of the natural order and its relation to the Eucharist was an important element; the offertory brought the world into church). The fraction, or breaking of the bread, was criticised on the grounds that it was not nearly as significant as the consecration or administration; it was largely a practical act. Other services were less controversial and some scarcely surfaced, including the funeral service, which never went beyond the draft stage. The baptism service, allowing more responses from the godparents and being considerably less wordy than the BCP, became popular.
Birth of the book
In 1974, the Worship and Doctrine Measure, passed by the new General Synod allowed the production of a new book which was to contain everything that would be required of priest and congregation: daily Morning and Evening Prayer, Holy Communion, initiation services (Baptism and Confirmation), marriage, funeral services, the Ordinal, Sunday readings, a lectionary and a psalter. Once again, after a gap of nearly fifteen years, parishes which did not want to use the Book of Common Prayer had in their hands all the words, including readings ordered according to themes and with a two-year cycle.
Discussion in General Synod was lengthy. Hundreds of amendments to the initial proposals were debated on the floor of the chamber. Debate about the significance of the communion was taken up again. Since very many more parishes had, following the influence of the Parish Communion movement, already adopted the Eucharist as their main service, debates about it became even more pertinent.
Contents
The book was very variable in the degree to which it departed from the Book of Common Prayer. The Offices of Morning and Evening Prayer provided alternative canticles and all were now ecumenically approved translations, the so-called ICET texts (English Language Liturgical Consultation), but the form was conservative. In addition, a shorter order was provided for weekdays.
There were two forms of the Holy Communion, Rite A and Rite B. Rite A allowed for the Confession to come at the beginning of the service, following Roman practice; it gave space for extempore prayers in the intercessions and introduced the rubric 'or other suitable words' which were to become normative in modern liturgical books, allowing as it did, a departure from the form set down. The prayer of Humble Access was removed to a place before the Offertory – styled 'the Preparation of the Gifts' and the Four Action Shape was thus given prominence. There were four Eucharistic prayers, a new departure, one of which derived from Cranmer's form, two from the earlier experiments and one from work done between two scholars, one Evangelical and one Catholic, during the progress of the debates; it owed much to a prayer from the Ordo Missae of the Roman Catholic Church. All were heavily dependent on scholarly acceptance of the primacy of a third-century work usually termed the Apostolic Tradition attributed to Hippolytus, and which had been critically edited and published early in the 20th century. Rite B retained a version of Elizabethan language and prayers from the BCP such as the Prayer for the Church Militant (for which an alternative was allowed), and the first Eucharistic Prayer. The word 'Offertory' (though without indication of any actions) survived after the Peace. The Prayer of Oblation, a shortened version of the first Prayer of Thanksgiving in the BCP, was added to conform to the modern pattern. However, Rite A (but not, oddly, Rite B) was permitted to be said following the order of the Book of Common Prayer, a concession to those who valued Cranmer's 1552 abbreviation of the eucharistic prayer and generally used by conservative evangelicals.
A new rite for Thanksgiving after Adoption preceded the revision of the Old 'Churching of Women' service. Baptism could now be incorporated into the main Sunday service, the result of other influences intended to bring it back into the mainstream of worship. The Baptism of those able to answer for themselves was much more prominent, a result of the influence of those who questioned infant baptism in a post-Christian society. The questions, however, now addressed to the godparents or the person baptised directly, no longer required the renunciation of the devil or 'the vain pomp and glory of the world' or 'the carnal desires of the flesh' but instead a turning to Christ, a repentance from sin and a renunciation of evil. Likewise the ancient Apostles Creed was replaced by three tritheistic questions, which were criticised (by, among others, John Habgood, sometime Archbishop of York) as being unknown to the credal discussions of the Church, Eastern or Western, modern or ancient.
The Marriage rite followed the 1928 book in no longer suggesting that men might be 'like brute beasts that have no understanding' and allowed readings and a sermon (which the BCP had not). It added words for the giving and receiving of the ring and made provision for a communion.
The Funeral service officially allowed the coffin into Church, though Church funerals – or in a crematorium – had not ceased with Cranmer. It no longer excluded suicides or the unbaptised: the rubric was simply omitted. The deceased was not to be addressed directly, as had been the case before the Reformation, but a form of committal was now included: the deceased was 'entrust[ed] to '[God's] merciful keeping'.
A two-year cycle of Readings was provided, to which thematic titles were given. These proved not very hardwearing – they did not always adequately reflect the readings and were considered too narrow in their scope; It was not long before priests, if not parishioners, noticed that in spite of the huge increase in the amount of Scripture heard – there were now three readings, Old Testament, New Testament and Gospel, much was missed out. When the reading aloud of the Bible at home and Scripture as the basis of Religious Education were the rule, this may not have mattered; people's general knowledge of the Bible was broader. Now that both had disappeared it did. Moreover, the readings jumped from book to book week by week following the themes. It was not therefore possible to follow the thought of a particular biblical writer, something that was noted by the Liturgical Commission and was corrected in the ASBs successor, Common Worship. The book was also the high point of Tractarian influence: apart from retaining something of the Four Action Shape of Gregory Dix, there were set lections for the Blessing of An Abbot, for Those Taking Vows and for Vocations to Religious Communities. These were to disappear in 2000. The same applied to the Saints who would no longer be distinguished as to whether they were Martyrs, Teachers or Confessors. There was a good range of Prefaces to the Eucharistic Prayers, including one for St. Michael and All Angels (for which festival there is now no such provision).
The Sunday Lectionary originated in the work of the Joint Liturgical Group, an English ecumenical grouping. The Weekday lectionary which, for the first time provided Eucharistic Readings for every day of the year, originated with the Weekday Missal of the Roman Catholic Church.
Further changes
The ASB survived until the turn of the Millennium. General Synod learned not to repeat the time-hungry debates through which it had been born, and had amended standing orders allowing for a much more expeditious means of liturgical revision. The Daily or Sunday offices had been superseded in many churches by less formal forms – the Services of the Word – which accommodated the desire of some Evangelicals, particularly those in the charismatic tradition, not to be bound very much by liturgical forms, and by the growing popularity of informal family services. Additional material had been provided for use by General Synod in such books as 'Patterns for Worship' and seasonal material in the book 'Lent, Holy Week and Easter' and, for the winter seasons of Advent, Christmas and Epiphany, in 'The Promise of his Glory'. Some parishes were using the Roman Catholic-derived Revised Common Lectionary, which allowed each Biblical writer to speak in his own voice and on a three-year cycle. The intention had been to replace the ASB and the time seemed ripe. The single, if somewhat bulky book that the ASB was, was replaced by a series of books, none of which include readings, and by software packages and online support. This was Common Worship.
Another notable change, observed during the life of the ASB, was that the text of the Lord's Prayer was originally printed in Rite A only in the modern English form, but later editions printed a more "traditional" version (but adapted to modern grammar - "Our Father, who art in heaven" rather than the BCPs "Our Father, which art in heaven") side by side.
References
The Shape of the Liturgy Gregory Dix (Dacre 1945)
Durham Essays and Addresses Michael Ramsey (SPCK 1956)
The End of the Offertory Colin Buchanan (Grove 1978)
The Offering of the People Roger Arguile (Jubilee 1986)
Eucharist and Offering Kenneth Stevenson (Pueblo 1986)
Further reading
Prayers for Use at the Alternative Services: Compiled and Adapted from Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Sources, Rev. ed., David Silk, compiler (Mowbray 1986).
1980 books
Christian prayer books
Church of England publications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative%20Service%20Book |
Jesús Ángel García Bragado (born 17 October 1969 in Madrid) is a Spanish race walker. He has competed at eight Olympic Games, the most Olympic appearances ever in athletics. He was married to gymnast Carmen Acedo. He retired in 2021 after the Tokyo Olympics.
Personal bests
Olympic results
Achievements
References
External links
1969 births
Living people
Spanish male racewalkers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Spain
Athletes from Madrid
World Athletics Championships medalists
European Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Championships athletes for Spain
Municipal councillors in the province of Barcelona
World Athletics Race Walking Team Championships winners
World Athletics Championships winners
Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs%20%C3%81ngel%20Garc%C3%ADa |
S-Allylcysteine (SAC) is an organosulfur compound that has the formula . It is the S-allylated derivative of the amino acid cysteine. As such only the L-enantiomer is significant biologically. SAC constituent of aged garlic. A number of related compounds are found in garlic, including the disulfide S-"allylmercaptocysteine" (SAMC, ) and γ-glutamyl-S-allylcysteine" (GSAC).
Allylcysteine is of interest for its potential medicinal properties. and as a chemopreventive.
See also
Alliin, the S-oxide of allyl cysteine
References
External links
S-allyl-laevo-cysteine, thegoodscentscompany.com
Alpha-Amino acids
Sulfur amino acids
Antioxidants
Thioethers
Allyl compounds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Allylcysteine |
Zvyozdny (masculine), Zvyozdnaya (feminine), or Zvyozdnoye (neuter) may refer to:
Zvyozdnoye Municipal Okrug, a municipal okrug of Moskovsky District of Saint Petersburg, Russia
Zvyozdny (inhabited locality) (Zvyozdnaya, Zvyozdnoye), name of several inhabited localities in Russia
Zvyozdnaya, a station of the St. Petersburg Metro, St. Petersburg, Russia
Zvyozdny, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, an abandoned settlement on Wrangel Island.
See also
Star City (disambiguation)
Zvyozdny gorodok (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvyozdny |
Lokman (Arabic: لقمان) is a Turkish given name for males meaning Favour Of The All-merciful, (Allah). Notable people with the name include:
People
Lok man Polat, Turkish writer
Lokman Khan Sherwani (1910–1969), Indian politician
Lokman Yusof, Malaysian politician
Lokman Yeung, member of Hong Kong Cantopop boy band
See also
Luqman
Turkish masculine given names
Masculine given names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokman |
A continuous presence of Islam in Poland began in the 14th century. From this time it was primarily associated with the Lipka Tatars, many of whom settled in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth while continuing their traditions and religious beliefs. The first significant non-Tatar groups of Muslims arrived in Poland in the 1970s, though they are a very small minority.
Today, less than 0.1% of the population in Poland is Muslim. The majority of Muslims in Poland are Sunni.
Beginnings
The first Tatar (Lipka) settlers arrived in the 14th century. Although Muslims were involved in earlier Mongol invasions of Poland in the 13th century, these had a purely military character and there are no traces of settlement or conversion of any parts of the Polish population.
On the other hand, Arab merchants including Muslims arrived in Polish lands during the time of Mieszko I, as can be seen by a large number of Arab coins found in numerous archaeological sites throughout modern Poland.
The Tatar tribes arriving in the 14th century settled in the lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Skilled warriors and great mercenaries, their settlement was promoted by the Grand Dukes of Lithuania, among them Gediminas, Algirdas and Kęstutis. The Tatars who settled in Lithuania, Ruthenia and modern-day eastern Poland were allowed to preserve their Islam religion in exchange for military service. The initial settlements were mostly temporary and most of the Tatars returned to their native lands after their service expired. However, in the late 14th century Grand Duke Vytautas (named by the Tatars Wattad, that is defender of Muslims) and his brother King Władysław Jagiełło started to settle Tatars in the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic borderlands. The Lipka Tatars, as they are known, migrated from the lands of the Golden Horde and in large part served in the Polish–Lithuanian military. The largest of such groups to arrive to the area was a tribe of Tokhtamysh, who in 1397 rebelled against his former protector Tamerlane and sought asylum in the Grand Duchy. The Tatars under his command were all granted szlachta (nobility) status, a tradition that was preserved until the end of the Commonwealth in the late 18th century. Light Tatar cavalry, used both as skirmishers and reconnaissance troops took part in many of the battles against the foreign armies in the 15th century and afterwards, including the battle of Grunwald in which the Tatars fought commanded by their leader, Jalal ad-Din khan.
16th–18th century
In the 16th and 17th centuries, additional Tatars found refuge in the lands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, mostly of Nogay and Crimean origin. After then until the 1980s, the Muslim faith in Poland was associated primarily with the Tatars. It is estimated that in the 17th century there were approximately 15,000 Tatars in the Commonwealth of a total population of 8 million. Numerous royal privileges, as well as internal autonomy granted by the monarchs of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, allowed the Tatars to preserve their religion, traditions and culture throughout the ages. The most notable military clans were granted with Coats of Arms and szlachta status, while many other families melted into the rural and burgher society. The first Tatar settlements were founded near the major towns of the Commonwealth in order to allow for fast mobilization of troops. Apart from religious freedom, the Tatars were allowed to marry Polish and Ruthenian women of Catholic or Orthodox faith, uncommon in Europe of that time. Finally, the May Constitution granted the Tatars with a representation in the Polish Sejm.
Perhaps the only moment in history when the Lipka Tatars fought against the Commonwealth was during the so-called Lipka Rebellion of 1672. The "Deluge" and the ensuing period of constant wars made the szlachta of central Poland associate the Muslim Lipkas with the invading forces of the Ottoman Empire. This, combined with the Counter-Reformation promoted by the Vasa dynasty led the Sejm to gradually limit the privileges of the Polish Muslims; among the measures taken were banning the repair of old Mosques and preventing new ones from being constructed, banning serfdom of Christians under Muslims, banning marriage of Christian females to Muslims, putting limitations on property ownership among Tatars. The Polish–Ottoman Wars fed into the discriminatory atmosphere against them and led to anti-Islamic writings and attacks.
Although King John Casimir of Poland tried to limit the restrictions on their religious freedoms and the erosion of their ancient rights and privileges, the gentry opposed. Finally, in 1672, during the war with the Ottomans, the Lipka Tatar regiments (numbering up to 3,000 men) stationed in the Podolia region of south-east Poland abandoned the Commonwealth at the start of the Polish-Turkish wars that were to last to end of the 17th century with the Peace of Karłowice in 1699. Although the Lipkas initially fought for the victorious Turks, soon their camp was divided onto the supporters of the Turks and a large part of Tatars dissatisfied with the Ottoman rule. Although after the treaty of Buczacz the Tatars were granted lands around the fortresses of Bar and Kamieniec Podolski, the liberties enjoyed by their community within the Ottoman Empire were much less than those within the Commonwealth. Finally, in 1674, after the Polish victory at Chocim, the Lipka Tatars who held the Podolia for Turkey from the stronghold of Bar were besieged by the armies of Jan Sobieski, and a deal was struck that the Lipkas would return to the Polish side subject to their ancient rights and privileges being restored. All the Tatars were pardoned by Sobieski and most of them took part in his campaign against Turkey resulting in the brilliant victory in the battle of Vienna. The Lipka Rebellion forms the background to the novel Fire in the Steppe (Pan Wołodyjowski), the final volume of the Nobel Prize-winning historical Trylogia of Henryk Sienkiewicz. The 1969 film adaptation Colonel Wolodyjowski, directed by Jerzy Hoffman and starring Daniel Olbrychski as Azja Tuhaj-bejowicz, was one of the largest box-office success in the history of Polish cinema.
Although by the 18th century most of the Tatars serving in the military had become polonized, while the lower classes of the Muslim community gradually adopted the Ruthenian language (the predecessor of the modern Belarusian language), traditions were preserved. This led to formation of a distinctive Muslim culture of Central Europe, in which elements of Muslim orthodoxy mixed with religious tolerance and a relatively liberal society. For instance, the women in Lipka Tatar society traditionally had the same rights as men, were granted equal status and could attend common non-segregated schools.
20th century
By the beginning of the 20th century, Lipka Tatars had become so integrated into Polish society that they joined their Roman Catholic brethren in the mass migrations for the United States that gave rise to American Polonia, even founding their own mosque in Brooklyn, New York, which is still in use today. In 1919, at the outbreak of the Polish–Soviet War, two of the Tatar officers serving with the Polish Army Col. Maciej Bajraszewski and Capt. Dawid Janowicz-Czaiński started forming a Tatar cavalry regiment fighting alongside the Polish Army. This unit transformed into a squadron after the war, continued the traditions of Tatar military formations of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and became one of the most notable achievements of the Polish Tatar community in the 20th century. With the restoration of Polish independence, the Tatar community of Poland numbered around 6,000 people (according to the 1931 national census), mostly inhabiting the regions of Wilno, Nowogródek and Białystok Voivodeships. A large community of the Lipka Tatars remained outside of Polish borders, mostly in Lithuania and Belarus (especially in Minsk, the capital of the Belarusian SSR). Although small, the Tatar community formed one of the most vibrant national minorities of Poland. The (est. 1917) focused on preserving the Muslim faith and religious beliefs. At the same time the Cultural and Educational Association of Polish Tatars worked on the preservation and strengthening of Tatar culture and traditions. In 1929 a Tatar National Museum was created in Wilno and in 1931 a Tatar National Archive was formed. All the Muslim people drafted into the army were sent to the Tatar Cavalry Squadron of the 13th Cavalry Regiment, which was allowed to use its own uniforms and banners. The Army Oath for Muslim soldiers was different from the one taken from soldiers of other denominations and was sworn in presence of Ali Ismail Woronowicz, the Chief Imam of the Polish Army.
During and after World War II, the Tatar communities of Poland suffered the fate of all the civilian populations of the new German-Soviet and later Polish-Soviet borderlands. The Tatar intelligentsia was in large part murdered by the German occupiers in the AB Action, while much of the civilian population was targeted by post-war expulsions. After the war the majority of Tatar settlements were annexed by the Soviet Union and only three remained in Poland (Bohoniki, Kruszyniany and Sokółka). However, a considerable number of Tatars moved across to the Polish side of the border and settled in several locations in eastern Poland (esp. in Białystok and nearby towns) as well as in western and northern Poland (esp. in Gdańsk and Gorzów Wielkopolski). Nowadays no more than 400–4,000 Muslims of Tatar origin live in Poland and a much larger and active Tatar community lives in Belarus and also in Lithuania. In 1971 the Muslim Religious Association was reactivated and since 1991 the Society of Muslims in Poland is also active. The following year also the Association of Polish Tatars was restored.
The 2002 census showed only 447 people declaring Tatar nationality. According to the 2011 census, there are 1,916 Tatars in Poland (including 1,251 people who declared composite national-ethnic identity, e.g. identify as both Polish and Tatar). In recent years, increasing oppressions from Alexander Lukashenko's authoritarian Government in Belarus and economic hardships prompts a larger number of Lipka Tatars to come to Poland.
In November 2010, a monument to Poland's Islamic leader Dariusz Jagiełło was unveiled in the port city of Gdańsk at a ceremony attended by President Bronislaw Komorowski, as well as Tatar representatives from across Poland and abroad. The monument is a symbol of the important role of Tatars in Polish history. The monument is the first of its kind to be erected in Europe.
Recent years
Apart from the traditional Tatar communities, since the 1960’s Poland has also been home to a small, immigrant Muslim community.
In the 1960’s and 1970’s Poland attracted a number of immigrants from many socialist-friendly Arabic-speaking Muslim states of the Middle East and North Africa. Some of them decided to stay in Poland. In the late 1980s this community became more active and better organized. They have built mosques and praying houses in Warsaw, Białystok, Gdańsk (built by the Tatar community), Wrocław, Lublin and Poznań. There are also praying rooms in Bydgoszcz, Kraków, Łódź, Olsztyn, Katowice and Opole.
Since the overthrow of the Polish communist regime in 1989, other Muslim immigrants have come to Poland. Relatively prominent groups are Turks and fellow ethnic-Slavic Muslims from the former Yugoslavia. There are also smaller groups of immigrants from Bangladesh, Afghanistan, and from other countries, as well as a refugee community coming from Chechnya.
The Polish Shia minority includes foreign students, migrants, and embassy staff, mainly from countries such as Iraq, Iran, Bahrain, Lebanon, along with native converts to Islam. Currently, Shi'ites in the country do not have their own freestanding mosque, but they do meet for weekly Friday prayer and major Islamic holidays.
The exact number of Muslims living in Poland remains unknown as the last all-national census held by the Central Statistical Office in 2011 did not ask for religion.
Tatar - Salafi relations
There's an ongoing conflict between Polish native Sunni Muslim Lipka Tatars, who have a unique approach towards Islam and have been living in Poland for 600 years, and an increasingly vocal group of mainly foreign-born and foreign-sponsored, but also native-born convert, group of Sunni Muslims who adhere to the Salafi movement. The conflict divides country's Sunni Muslims and causes bureaucratic confusion, as both sides lay claim to representation of country's Sunni Muslims. The "native born" Sunni Muslims (Lipka Tatars), run Muzułmański Związek Religijny w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (Muslim Religious Union in the Polish Republic), and "foreign born" Sunni Muslims run Liga Muzułmańska w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (Muslim League in the Polish Republic). The latter is mainly based upon foreigners living in the country, such as Arabs, Bengalis, Chechens etc. Liga Muzułmańska is also a branch of a worldwide Muslim Brotherhood organization.
Islamophobia
Despite the fact that Muslims in Poland constitute less than 0.1% of the total population, stereotypes, verbal, violent, and physical displays of anti-Islam are widespread and, mostly, socially acceptable. Vandalism and attacks on the very few existing mosques are reported, and women (especially converts) who cover themselves are seen as "traitors" to their own culture.
From January 1, 2013, Poland's Muslims and Jews were both affected by a European Union ban on ritual slaughter after lawmakers deemed halal and kosher practices incompatible with animal rights legislation, specifically the Animal Protection Law of 1997. In December 2014, the Constitutional Tribunal ruled the ban unconstitutional on the grounds that it violated freedom of religion guaranteed by the Polish laws and constitution. Both ways of slaughtering animals were illegal in the country between January 1, 2013 and December, 2014, almost two years, and still is a controversial topic because of the concern of animal cruelty by those practices.
In May, 2016, shortly before the World Youth Day 2016, police in Kraków asked foreigners, mainly among the Muslim community, in the city if they “knew any terrorists". The Polish Ombudsman's office released statement that such actions are offensive and unacceptable.
Perception
Notable Muslims
Tomasz Miśkiewicz, mufti of the Polish Muslim Religious Union
Selim Chazbijewicz, political scientist and writer
Osman Achmatowicz, academic and chemist
Aleksander Jeljaszewicz, unit commander in the Polish army
Jakub Szynkiewicz, religious scholar and writer
Veli Bek Jedigar, commander in the Polish army
Jahangir bey Kazimbeyli, Polish army officer
Israfil Israfilov, Polish army officer
Mamed Khalidov, Russian-born Polish mixed martial artist
See also
Baha'i Faith in Poland
Buddhism in Poland
Hinduism in Poland
Turks in Poland
Notes
References
External links
Non-Polish Sunni website on Sunni Islam, Muslims, Mosques, Koran in Poland
Shi'a Muslim Community of Poland
Polish Shi'a website on Islam
Polish Shia ahlulbait.one website
Mosques in Poland. Past and present
Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Poland |
"Everything's Alright" is a song written and performed by the Mojos. It was released as a single in 1964, peaking at No. 9 in the UK Singles Chart.
Unusually for the time, both sides of the record were written by the band. "Everything's Alright" is credited to all five members of the band (Nicky Crouch, Bob Konrad, Stu James, Keith Karlson and "Simon Stavely", a pseudonym for keyboardist Terence O'Toole). Only Karlson, James and Stavely are listed as writers of the b-side, "Give Your Lovin' To Me".
An EP titled The Mojos, with "Everything's Alright" as the opening track, was released later in the year, backed with versions of American rhythm and blues tracks "I Got My Mojo Working" (a hit for Muddy Waters), "The One Who Really Loves You" (Mary Wells) and "Nobody But Me" (the Isley Brothers).
The band performed the song in the 1965 film Every Day's a Holiday.
David Bowie recorded a version of "Everything's Alright" for his Pin Ups album in 1973, which featured Aynsley Dunbar on drums, who was a member of the Mojos, but only after the "Everything's Alright" single.
The song is recorded in French by Eddy Mitchell on his 1964 album Toute la ville en parle… Eddy est formidable.
References
External links
David Bowie songs
1964 singles
Decca Records singles
1964 songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything%27s%20Alright%20%28The%20Mojos%20song%29 |
The MG F-type Magna is a six-cylinder-engined car that was produced by MG from October 1931 to 1932. It was also known as the 12/70.
Looking for a car to fill the gap between the M-Type Midget and the 18/80, MG turned to another of the engines that had become available from William Morris's acquisition of Wolseley. This was the 1271 cc 6-cylinder version of the overhead camshaft engine used in the 1929 MG M type Midget and previously seen in the 1930 Wolseley Hornet and had dummy side covers to disguise its origins. Fitted with twin SU carburettors it produced at 4100 rpm at first, later increased to by revising the valve timing. Drive was to the rear wheels through a four-speed non-synchromesh gearbox of ENV manufacture. The chassis was a longer version of the one from the MG D-type with suspension by half-elliptic springs and Hartford friction shock absorbers all round with rigid front and rear axles. Wire wheels with 4.00 x 19 tyres and centre lock fixing were used. The car had a wheelbase of and a track of .
With its sloping radiator and long bonnet the F-Type is an attractive car capable of reaching . 188 of the cars were supplied in chassis form to outside coachbuilders such as Abbey, Jarvis, Stiles and Windover.
F
The original F was restricted by only having 8-inch (200 mm) brake drums, which, with its 4-seat bodies, was not really adequate. Many F1 cars have subsequently been fitted with the larger F2 brakes.
The four-seat tourer cost £250 and the Foursome coupé cost £289.
F2
Introduced in late 1932 the F2 was the open 2-seater car in the range. It also got much needed enhanced braking by fitting larger 12-inch (300 mm) drums all round. The body with straight-topped doors came from the J-Type Midget.
F3
The F3, also introduced in 1932, used the same brakes as the F2 but had the 4-seater tourer and Foursome Coupé bodies fitted. The engine cooling was improved by changing the cooling water flow.
See also
1936 Benalla Centenary Race
References
MG Sportscars. Malcolm Green. CLB International. 1997
External links
F-type
Cars introduced in 1931 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG%20F-type |
There are various neighbourhoods within the city of Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.
Brighton
Brighton is Charlottetown's most prestigious neighbourhood, buffered from the city somewhat by bucolic Victoria Park. Comprising houses over 100 years old as well as newer developments from the 1970s to the 1990s, Brighton is roughly delineated by Colonel Gray Drive, North River Road, and Brighton Road. Houses with proximity to Charlottetown Harbour and the North (Yorke) River tend to be more prestigious with their large lots along a former cottage area. Mature trees line newer developments along Queen Elizabeth Drive, Edinburgh Drive, Inkerman Drive, and Prince Charles Drive. Older Victorian homes are situated in Old Brighton which is a smaller neighbourhood east of North River Road, being bounded by McGill Avenue, North River Road, Ambrose Street, and Brighton Road.
Spring Park
The former village of Spring Park is situated in the central western part of the city. Incorporated in 1956 and dissolved through amalgamation with Charlottetown in 1958, the neighbourhood is defined by Spring Park Road which ran from Charlottetown to what was then a rural village on the northern edge of the city. It is roughly delineated by Queen Street, Pond Street, Colonel Gray Drive and the southern boundary with West Royalty along the north (Hermitage Creek).
This was Charlottetown's first post-war suburb developed during the 1960s and was centred on Spring Park Elementary School, originally located on Kirkwood Drive (now used by the Charlottetown Police Department) and currently on Dunkirk Street. The neighbourhood consisted of smaller bungalows interspersed with some larger homes and mature trees lining quiet streets. This is likely the most accessible Charlottetown neighbourhood to services within walking distance with several popular churches, restaurants, schools and employment locations within and adjacent to the area. The neighbourhood expanded significantly during the 1960s with the construction of Colonel Gray High School on Spring Park Road and residential developments such as Holland Park and Skyview that followed in the 1970s and Westwood and Marysfield in the 1980s and 1990s.
West Royalty
The former village of West Royalty is situated in the northwest portion of the city, bordered on the west by the North (Yorke) River, on the north by the former village of Winsloe (also part of Charlottetown), on the east by Route 2 and on the south by Hermitage Creek (the former city limits for Charlottetown and the northern boundary of its Spring Park neighbourhood).
Located on a peninsula in the North (Yorke) River created by Ellen's Creek, Lewis Point Park, and Orchard Hill are two neighbourhoods in West Royalty which were built in the 1970s and 1980s on former farm and wood land. The geographic inaccessibility of the area, along with its shoreline and striking water views of Charlottetown Harbour and the North River, made for several exclusive streets. Its major arteries are Maypoint Road and Beachgrove Road, which host the only multiple-unit apartment buildings in the neighbourhood. It is home to primarily upper-middle-class families, Charlottetown Rural High School, Grace Baptist Christian School and West Royalty Elementary are the only schools within walking distance. The original West Royalty Elementary School was a one-room school located on the Lower Malpeque Road until the 1990s when it was replaced by the present modern structure relocated to the northern part of the neighbourhood to service several new subdivisions. Despite being within walking distance, secondary school students do not attend Charlottetown Rural High School and must instead attend Colonel Gray High School several kilometres to the south.
West Royalty also hosts additional residential developments dating to the 1990s and 2000s (Highland View, Gates, Bell Heights, Richmond Hill, Park West, Upton Park and Sandlewood Park) as well as Charlottetown's largest suburban retail location, the Charlottetown Mall, centred on the road junction of Route 1 and Route 2.
The majority of new subdivisions have been built on speculation by developers and have yet to receive mature vegetation.
Sherwood
The former village of Sherwood is situated in the northeast portion of the city. Largely developed in the 1960s and 1970s, the neighbourhood is largely middle class with some homes constructed in the 1980s and 1990s. The neighbourhood is roughly delineated by Mount Edward Road, Sherwood Road, Brackley Point Road, Oak Drive, Riverside Drive, Kensington Road, Falconwood Drive and Belvedere Avenue. The Charlottetown Airport, along with the Sherwood Industrial Park, is situated on its northern boundary and a retail centre is situated at the junction between Belvedere Avenue, St. Peters Road and Brackley Point Road.
The neighbourhood was amalgamated into Charlottetown in 1996 and has since been seeing a lot of development. There are many multi unit apartment buildings being built toward the boundary between Sherwood and East Royalty, as well as single-family homes and duplexes throughout the new developments. Schools within walking distance include Stone Park Intermediate School and Sherwood Elementary School.
Parkdale
The former town of Parkdale is located along the city's eastern boundary on the East (Hillsborough) River. Parkdale developed during the 1940s and 1950s into a suburb of the city and was home to several industries served by the railway, as well as hosting the city's harness racing track and exhibition grounds. The area is primarily middle class and has smaller homes. The neighbourhood is bounded by Mount Edward Road, Belvedere Avenue, Falconwood Drive, Riverside Drive, Park Street and Belmont Street. Parkdale Elementary School is the only school located within the former town, however Birchwood Junior High School is located several hundred metres from the former municipal boundary with Charlottetown.
East Royalty
The former village of East Royalty occupies the northeast portion of the city. It lies east of the airport and northeast of Riverside Drive, fronting the East (Hillsborough) River.
The southern part of the neighbourhood is dominated by the Hillsborough Park subdivision, developed by the provincial government in the 1970s and 1980s to provide affordable housing, which contains a variety of apartment buildings, townhouses, duplexes, as well as smaller single-family homes.
The northern part of East Royalty is defined by St. Peters Road and Norwood Road, occupying small farming areas and several new subdivisions. The Lucy Maude Montgomery Elementary School was constructed in the 1980s to serve new residential developments.
Downtown Charlottetown
Downtown Charlottetown is the original boundaries of the community as surveyed in 1764 and comprises all property south of Euston Street and west of the rail corridor (now the Confederation Trail). The original 500 residential lots from this survey have been kept largely intact, except for some office and retail development in the centre of the city, focused on Queen Street and University Avenue, as well as Grafton Street and Kent Street. The Confederation Court Mall occupies an entire city block, and the downtown is dominated by federal and provincial government offices, as well as service industry employers. The city's cultural centre, the Confederation Centre of the Arts is located here, as is the provincial legislature building Province House and the city hall. Parts of the waterfront have been redeveloped during the 1990s from former industrial uses by the railway and commercial shipping industries into parkland. The entire waterfront south of water street was infilled with agricultural soil taken from properties adjacent to the rail lines north of the city during the early 1900s, consequently these areas are prone to erosion and sea level rise. Downtown Charlottetown covers and houses 914 people for a population density of .
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhoods%20of%20Charlottetown |
"Heart in a Cage" is a song by American rock band the Strokes. Written by lead singer Julian Casablancas, the song was released as the second single from the band's third studio album, First Impressions of Earth (2006). It was released in the United Kingdom on March 20, 2006.
The CD1 version of the single featured their cover of Ramones' "Life's a Gas" (and contains parts of two other Ramones songs; "The KKK Took My Baby Away" and "Don't Go") as a B-side, while the CD2 version featured an early version of the song "You Only Live Once" (previously named "I'll Try Anything Once"), along with the single's music video. The 7" vinyl includes "I'll Try Anything Once", performed by Nick Valensi on the keyboard.
Music video
The music video for "Heart in a Cage" was directed by Samuel Bayer, and was shot in New York City. It was shot in black and white and featured the band members playing in various locations in the city, such as on tall skyscrapers, or, in singer Julian Casablancas's case, lying down on the pavement. In an interview with Rolling Stone, Albert Hammond, Jr. stated he almost died on the set of the shooting of the video when 40 mph winds almost blew him off the top of the building. Hammond commented that "It's not like it's the first time I've almost died on a shooting for a music video."
Track listings
CD1
"Heart in a Cage (Album Version)" - 3:26
"Life's a Gas (Ramones Cover)" - 3:07
CD2
"Heart in a Cage (Album Version)" - 3:26
"I'll Try Anything Once ("You Only Live Once" Demo)" - 3:15
"Heart in a Cage (Video)" - 3:26
7-inch vinyl
"Heart in a Cage" - 3:14
"I'll Try Anything Once ("You Only Live Once" Demo)" - 3:15
Japanese CD
"Heart in a Cage (Album Version)" - 3:26
"I'll Try Anything Once ("You Only Live Once" Demo)" - 3:15
"Life's a Gas (Ramones Cover)"
"Heart in a Cage (Video)" - 3:26
Chris Thile cover
The single was reworked with traditional bluegrass instrumentation in 2006 by mandolin virtuoso Chris Thile and Punch Brothers on the album How to Grow a Woman from the Ground. The song maintains several elements of the traditional bluegrass feel while still following the overall structure.
References
External links
The Strokes songs
Black-and-white music videos
2005 songs
2006 singles
RCA Records singles
Music videos directed by Samuel Bayer
Song recordings produced by David Kahne
Songs written by Julian Casablancas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart%20in%20a%20Cage |
Francisco Javier Fernández Peláez (born 6 March 1977 in Guadix, Province of Granada, Andalusia), better known as Paquillo Fernández, is a retired Spanish race walker. He specialized in the 20 km race walk.
On 27 July 2008 he set a new 10-km race walk world record at the Spanish Championships in a time of 37:53.09.
International competitions
See also
2002 Race Walking Year Ranking
List of doping cases in sport
List of world records in athletics
References
External links
1977 births
Living people
Sportspeople from the Province of Granada
Spanish male racewalkers
Olympic athletes for Spain
Olympic silver medalists for Spain
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships athletes for Spain
World Athletics Championships medalists
European Athletics Championships medalists
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
World record holders in athletics (track and field)
Doping cases in athletics
Spanish sportspeople in doping cases
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Spain
Mediterranean Games medalists in athletics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2005 Mediterranean Games
World Athletics Race Walking Team Championships winners
People from Guadix | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquillo%20Fern%C3%A1ndez |
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