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Regis College is a private, non-profit university founded in 1927 by the Sisters of St. Joseph of Boston. The university is located in Weston, Massachusetts, 12 miles outside of Boston, and offers undergraduate, graduate, and professional studies degree and certificate programs via on campus, fully online, and hybrid formats. Regis provides an academically rigorous education within the schools of nursing, arts and sciences, business and communication, and health sciences. Inspired by the social justice values of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Boston, Regis engages with service initiatives within the local community and around the world.
History
Regis College was founded in 1927 by the Sisters of St. Joseph. The college's name is inspired by the Reverend Mother Mary Regis Casserly, who established the Sisters of St. Joseph in Boston in 1873. After eight decades as a women's only college, Regis enrolled its first co-educational class in fall 2007.
As of fall 2022, approximately 3,600 undergraduate and graduate students were enrolled at Regis and the school had a 10 to 1 student/faculty ratio. Ninety-seven percent of Regis students are employed full-time or enrolled in graduate school within six months of graduation (5-year average as of fall 2022).
Projects and programs
The Center for Global Connections oversees academic and service-learning initiatives for students. The Regis Haiti Project is an international faculty partnership initiative to help elevate Haitian nursing education and empower Haitian nursing faculty through the master's degree to teach others across Haiti.
Regis offers an accredited pre-school and kindergarten program at its Children's Center. The program teaches children from the age of 15 months to six years old about science, math, engineering, and technology.
In 2005, Regis founded a Life Long Learning Program (LLARC) that offers courses taught by volunteers to older adults at the Regis College in Weston campus.
The school is also known for its pre-college Summer Scholars program which allows rising high school juniors and seniors to live and study on a college campus during the summer.
Academics
Regis currently offers degrees within four schools: The Richard and Sheila Young School of Nursing, the School of Health Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, and the Sloane School of Business and Communication. Specific Degree designations that can be obtained through the attendance of Regis include: A.S.N., B.S.N, B.A., B.S., B.S.W., M.A.T., M.S., M.S.N., D.N.P, M.A., Ed.D. as well as both undergraduate and graduate certificates.
Regis College has cross-registration privileges with Babson, Bentley, Brandeis University, and Boston College as well as a cooperative degree program with Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Regis is affiliated with the Sisters of Saint Joseph College Consortium, University College Cork in Ireland, and Kyoto Notre Dame University in Kyoto, Japan for study abroad, as well as American University’s Washington Semester program.
Regis offers 27 undergraduate academic programs, 28 graduate & doctoral programs, and 29 minors.
The Richard and Sheila Young School of Nursing is designated as a Center of Excellence in Nursing Education by the National League of Nursing. The school offers undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral programs in Nursing with multiple tracks. The School of Nursing offers a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP), fully online Master of Science in Health Administration, a Master of Science in Nursing programs.
Regis also offers health care and information technology certificates through the Theresa Wood Lavine Division of Professional Studies to students preparing for industry-related certification exams and career advancement.
Student life
On-campus housing is guaranteed for all undergraduates in one of five residence halls: Angela Hall, Maria Hall, Domitilla Hall, St. Joseph Hall, and College Hall. The Student Center houses the Undergraduate Admissions Office, Main Dining Hall, Tower Tavern, WRGS (the Regis College radio station), the bookstore, a post office, and several lounge areas for meetings or events. The Fine Arts Center houses the Eleanor Welch Casey Theatre and the Carney Art Gallery. The campus also features a Science Center, the Spellman Museum of Stamps & Postal History, and a Fitness Center housing: dance studios, weight and cardiovascular equipment, basketball courts, a swimming pool, and newly designed athletic fields.
There are currently over 25 clubs and organizations in which students may become involved, meet new people and stay active. Students are also free to start their own clubs on campus with help and may petition funding from the college.
Regis has multiple outdoor athletic facilities including an artificial turf field surface for field hockey, lacrosse, and soccer with an eight-lane track surface circling the fields. Nearby are six tennis courts, and a full softball diamond with lights. Within the athletic building are the gymnasium, a first class athletic training room, and the pool. The Mary Carr Simone Fitness Center, which holds Cybex equipment, six flat screen HD televisions, and multiple pieces of cardio equipment, can also be found inside the building.
Athletics
Regis College teams participate as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division III. The Pride are a member of the Great Northeast Athletic Conference (GNAC), which they started competing in for the fall 2017 season. Regis was formerly a member of the Commonwealth Coast Conference (CCC) between the 1988–89 and the 2010–11 seasons and the New England Collegiate Conference (NECC) between the 2011–12 and the 2016-2017 seasons. Men's sports include basketball, lacrosse, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and volleyball; while women's sports include basketball, field hockey, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and volleyball. In 2015, The Pride won NECC Championships in Women's Volleyball, Men's and Women's Swimming and Diving, Men's and Women's Tennis, Women's Field Hockey, Men's and Women's Basketball and Women's Lacrosse.
References
External links
Official athletics website
Former women's universities and colleges in the United States
Liberal arts colleges in Massachusetts
Catholic universities and colleges in Massachusetts
Sisters of Saint Joseph colleges and universities
Universities and colleges established in 1927
Universities and colleges in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Weston, Massachusetts
1927 establishments in Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis%20College%20%28Massachusetts%29 |
Harold Victor Campbell Thorby (2 October 1888 – 1 January 1973) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the Country Party and served as the party's deputy leader from 1937 to 1940. He represented the Division of Calare (1931–1940) and held ministerial office as Minister for War Service Homes (1934–1936), Defence (1937–1938), Civil Aviation (1938–1939), Health (1940), and Postmaster-General (1940). He lost his seat at the 1940 federal election.
Early life
Thorby was born on 2 October 1888 in Annandale, Sydney, New South Wales. He was the son of Elizabeth (née Campbell) and Frederick James Thorby; his mother was Irish and his father English. Thorby grew up with his maternal grandparents in Geurie and attended the local public school before going on to Sydney Grammar School. He later acquired his own property in Geurie and studied woolclassing, veterinary science and architecture through Sydney Technical College. He also worked as a construction foreman for his father, whose firm had projects in Sydney and Newcastle. In 1916, he married Vera Lynda Morley and they had two daughters.
State politics
Thorby was a member of the three-member electoral district of Wammerawa in the NSW Legislative Assembly from 1922 to 1927 for the Country Party. After its division into single-member electorates in 1927 he represented Castlereagh for one term to 1930 until his defeat by Joseph Alfred Clark of the Labor Party. He was the Minister for Agriculture and chairman of the Water Conservation and Irrigation Commission in the government of Thomas Bavin from 1927 to 1930, during which construction of the Wyangala Dam commenced, the Burrinjuck Dam was finished and the Hawkesbury Agricultural College was enlarged.
Federal politics
At the 1931 general election, Thorby won the federal seat of Calare, which he held until 1940. He was a Minister without Portfolio from November 1934 to November 1937 in the Lyons government, entitled Assistant Minister for Repatriation (1934–35), Minister for War Service Homes (1935–36) and Assistant Minister for Commerce (1935–37). In November 1937, Thorby was elected deputy leader of the Country Party, defeating John McEwen by a single vote on the second ballot. He subsequently served as Minister for Defence from November 1937 to November 1938 and Minister for Works and Minister for Civil Aviation from November 1938. During this period he initiated a program of adding annexes to existing factories to accelerate armaments production, but this program failed to spend even budgeted funds. In April 1939, he left the ministry when the Country Party refused to take part in the Menzies government. With the formation of a coalition government in March 1940, Thorby became Minister for Health and Postmaster-General.
Later years
After his defeat at the 1940 election by Labor's John Breen, Thorby ran unsuccessfully for the state seat of Dubbo at the 1941 by-election and the federal seat of Calare at the 1943 and 1946 elections. He returned to farming on his wife's parents property at Wongarbon and remained active in the Graziers' Association and the Country Party. Thorby's first wife died in 1958 and he married Alfreda Rogers Smith in 1960. He died at his home in the Sydney suburb of Wahroonga, survived by two daughters from his first marriage.
References
Members of the Cabinet of Australia
1888 births
1973 deaths
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Calare
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
People educated at Sydney Grammar School
National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of New South Wales
National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Defence ministers of Australia
20th-century Australian politicians
Australian Ministers for Health | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold%20Thorby |
Pietro Scalia (born March 17, 1960) is an Italian-American film editor. He won Best Film Editing at the 64th Academy Awards for his work on the film JFK, sharing the award with Joe Hutshing, and at the 74th Academy Awards for Black Hawk Down.
Life and career
He was born in Catania, Sicily and later he moved to Switzerland with his parents. There, he attended Swiss-German schools until high school. After graduation, he decided to move to the United States to pursue his college education. He spent two years at the University at Albany, The State University of New York, after which he was accepted as an undergraduate at UCLA. The Swiss government's scholarship helped him through five years of UCLA and in 1985 he earned his Master of Fine Arts from the UCLA Film School.
After his MFA, a couple of short films, a screenplay, two video documentaries, and a 16 mm thesis film, he returned to Europe to pursue his desire to become a film director. Shortly afterwards, he returned to United States on a work visa to pursue his career in Hollywood as a film editor. He began as an editor on Andrei Konchalovski's Shy People. Later, he received an assistant editor position working with Oliver Stone. However, it was not easy to get the job. Scalia admired Oliver Stone's work, especially Salvador, so he decided he wanted to work with that director. He got a contact through the sister of one of the assistant editors. Scalia worked on such films as Wall Street (1987) and Talk Radio (1988). He later continued as an associate editor on Born on the Fourth of July and as an additional editor on The Doors.
After five years of working with Oliver Stone, Scalia was finally asked to fully edit a film. It was JFK, for which Scalia and his co-editor, Joe Hutshing, were honored with an Academy Award for Film Editing. Craig McKay was nominated the same year for editing The Silence of the Lambs. Scalia edited a sequel to the movie, Hannibal ten years later. He also received a BAFTA Award and A.C.E. Award for his work.
Pietro Scalia worked with Bernardo Bertolucci on Little Buddha (1993) and Stealing Beauty (1996), as well as with Sam Raimi on The Quick and the Dead (1995). He earned two more Academy Award nominations: first in 1997 for Good Will Hunting and second in 2000 for Gladiator, and a second Academy Award for director Ridley Scott's Black Hawk Down. He also edited G.I. Jane and a pilot episode of a TV series American Gothic in late 1990s.
In the recent years, Scalia edited such movies as Levity (2003) directed by Ed Solomon, a documentary entitled Ashes and Snow, The Great Raid directed by John Dahl, and Memoirs of a Geisha, one of the most publicized movies of 2005, directed by Rob Marshall. Scalia also worked on Hannibal Rising, a movie that tells a story of a teenaged Hannibal and his young sister Mischa Lecter after their parents are killed in World War II. It was directed by Peter Webber and released in 2006. He has a long lasting relationship with Ridley Scott working on movies such as American Gangster in 2007, Body of Lies in 2008 and Robin Hood in 2010. Most recently he worked with director Ridley Scott on The Martian, released in October 2015. In May 2017, Scalia replaced editor Chris Dickens on the film Solo: A Star Wars Story, which was released in May 2018.
He lives in Los Angeles with his wife Teresa Sparks and two children, Julian and Maia Scalia.
Filmography
As film editor:
1990 Megaville
1991 JFK
1992 Jackpot
1993 Little Buddha
1995 The Quick and the Dead
1995 American Gothic (TV pilot, first cut)
1996 Stealing Beauty
1997 G.I. Jane
1997 Good Will Hunting
1998 The Big Hit
1998 Playing by Heart
2000 Gladiator
2001 Hannibal
2001 Black Hawk Down
2003 Levity
2003 Masked and Anonymous
2005 Ashes and Snow
2005 The Great Raid
2005 Memoirs of a Geisha
2007 American Gangster
2007 Hannibal Rising
2007 The 11th Hour
2008 Body of Lies
2009 40 Years of Silence: An Indonesian Tragedy
2010 Robin Hood
2010 Kick-Ass
2012 The Amazing Spider-Man
2012 Prometheus
2013 The Counselor
2014 The Amazing Spider-Man 2
2015 Child 44
2015 The Sea of Trees
2015 The Martian
2016 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi
2017 Alien: Covenant
2018 Solo: A Star Wars Story
2022 Morbius (Also associate producer)
2022 Ambulance
2022 The Gray Man
2023 Ferrari
Oscars and Oscar nominations
1992 – JFK (won w/ co-editor, Joe Hutshing)
1998 – Good Will Hunting (nominated)
2001 – Gladiator (nominated)
2002 – Black Hawk Down (won)
References
External links
Filmed BAFTA event with Pietro Scala, July 2009
1960 births
Living people
Film people from Catania
American Cinema Editors
Best Editing BAFTA Award winners
Best Film Editing Academy Award winners
Italian film editors
Italian emigrants to the United States
American film editors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro%20Scalia |
"Friday on My Mind" is a 1966 song by Australian rock group the Easybeats. Written by band members George Young and Harry Vanda, the track became a worldwide hit, reaching No.16 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in May 1967 in the US, No.1 on the Dutch Top 40 chart, No.1 in Australia and No.6 in the UK, as well as charting in several other countries. In 2001, it was voted "Best Australian Song" of all time by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) as determined by a panel of 100 music industry personalities. In 2007, "Friday on My Mind" was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia registry.
In January 2018, as part of Triple M's "Ozzest 100", the 'most Australian' songs of all time, "Friday on My Mind" was ranked No. 25.
Composition
The minor-key verses of "Friday on My Mind" depict the tedium and drudgery of the work week, taking each day at a time ("Monday morning feels so bad/Coming Tuesday I feel better"). These verses are adorned with a distinctive guitar figure. The build-up to the chorus features a slowly rising vocal, culminating with a shout of "Cos I'll have Friday on my mind!", and launching into a major-key refrain celebrating the pleasures of the weekend in the city.
Though the song has long been termed a "working class anthem", George Young maintained it had "more to do with their outlook on the world than any class statement". According to Harry Vanda, the track's distinctive guitar opening was inspired by a film performance featuring the Swingle Singers: "It went tudutudutudu, which made us all laugh. In the train back from the gig, we were imitating them and suddenly it sounded good. They became the first notes of 'Friday on My Mind'."
Release and aftermath
In addition to its 7" single release in October 1966, the song was issued in the United Kingdom on the band's first album for United Artists titled Good Friday which was also released in North America under the song's title. In Australia the song was released instead with its B-side, "Made My Bed (Gonna Lie in It)", on the greatest hits package The Best of The Easybeats + Pretty Girl in 1967 and an EP named after the track in September 1967, with the tracks "Sorry", "Who'll Be the One" and "Made My Bed, Gonna Lie in It". A 2005 rerelease on CD single, along with "Remember Sam", "Pretty Girl" and "Made My Bed, Gonna Lie in It", featured a cover (pictured right) based on an earlier French sleeve.
On 28 May 2001, the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) celebrated its 75th anniversary by naming the Best Australian Songs of all time, as decided by a 100 strong industry panel, with "Friday on My Mind" being selected as the No.1 song on the list. At the APRA Awards ceremony You Am I performed "Friday on My Mind" with Harry Vanda of The Easybeats guesting on guitar, Ross Wilson of Daddy Cool performed the No. 2 listed song "Eagle Rock", Midnight Oil's "Beds are Burning" at No. 3 was shown on video.
"Friday on My Mind" was ranked No. 10 out of 2006 songs featured in the Triple M Essential 2006 Countdown. In the series 20 to 01, it was No. 1 on the "Greatest Aussie Songs" show. The song is heard in the Australian films One Night Stand (1984), and December Boys (2007).
Charts
Track listing
"Friday on My Mind" (Harry Vanda, George Young) – 2:47
"Made My Bed (Gonna Lie in It)" (Young) – 2:20
Personnel
Musicians
Stevie Wright – lead vocals
Harry Vanda – lead guitar, backing vocals
George Young – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Dick Diamonde – bass guitar
Gordon "Snowy" Fleet – drums
Technical
Shel Talmy – producer
Glyn Johns – engineer
Cover versions
The song has been covered many times:
Initially by Tages, who released the song for their November 1966 album Extra Extra.
The Shadows did an instrumental version of the song on their 1967 album Jigsaw.
Les Hou-Lops made a French cover "Vendredi m'obsède" in 1967, also recorded in the same year by Erick Saint Laurent.
The song was also performed by Romanian band Phoenix on their first EP, Vremuri ("Old times") in 1968.
David Bowie recorded a version on his 1973 RCA covers album Pin Ups; for Harry Vanda, it was "the only cover I ever liked".
Also in 1973, San Francisco-based Earth Quake covered the song, which was released as the first-ever single on the Beserkley Records label. The live recording by Earth Quake was well known in Cleveland in the late 1970s, as one of three songs played each Friday at 6.00pm by leading rock radio station WMMS to mark the start of the weekend.
Other covers
Other acts who have covered the song include: John Alan Daubert
Chilly
The Dukes (Dutch band)
Gary Moore
Peter Frampton
Peter Doyle
Richard Thompson (1000 Years of Popular Music)
Ben Lee
Blue Öyster Cult
the Busters
the Kursaal Flyers
The New Orleans based band The Cold
The punk band London, whose version was recorded by producer Simon Napier-Bell in the same recording studios (IBC Studios in London) where the Easybeats had cut the original. South Yorkshire mod revival band the Gents released Friday on My Mind as a single in 1986 and reached No.95 in the UK national chart with the release.
In July 2014, alternative rock band Residual Kid released a cover of the song as a charity single.
References
External links
Albert Music: The Easybeats
Listen to a sample of 'Friday on My Mind' and read more about the song on australianscreen online
'Friday on My Mind' was added to the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia's Sounds of Australia registry in 2007
1966 singles
1967 singles
APRA Award winners
The Easybeats songs
David Bowie songs
Number-one singles in Australia
Parlophone singles
Song recordings produced by Shel Talmy
Songs written by Harry Vanda
Songs written by George Young (rock musician)
United Artists Records singles
1966 songs
Garage rock songs
Protopunk songs
Power pop songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday%20on%20My%20Mind |
The IIHF World Championship Division I is an annual sports event organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation. The divisional championship is played in two groups.
History
From 2001 until 2011 the two national teams that lost the relegation round at the IIHF World Championship were relegated to Division I for the following year's World Championships. At the Division I Championship, the winner of each group was promoted to the following year's IIHF World Championship, while the loser of each group was relegated to the Division II. Beginning in 2012, the last place team from each group in the world championship is relegated to Division I A, to be replaced by first and second place in Division I A. Sixth place in I A is relegated (now) to group I B, replaced by its winner, while sixth in I B is relegated to Division II.
The Division I World Championship was formed in 2001 from Pool B and the top four Pool C teams. Beginning in 2012 the two groups became tiered rather than parallel. Group A teams were the nations who either were relegated from the World Championship, or placed 2nd and 3rd in their 2011 groups. Group B was formed from the 4th and 5th placed teams, as well as the teams promoted from Division II. Japan qualified for group A because the IIHF council voted unanimously to allow Japan to maintain their seeded position (3rd) in their respective tournaments for 2012.
Results
Pool B
Champions (1951–2000)
Summary of participation
59 championships
Division I teams (2001–present) are ranked one through twelve, with this chart assessing gold, silver, and bronze to the nations who ranked 17th, 18th, and 19th overall.
Note 1. The Federal Republic of Germany competed as West Germany from 1953 until 1990.
Note 2. Czechoslovakia, Sweden, and Finland each hosted this level on one occasion each.
See also
Ice Hockey World Championships
IIHF World Championship Division II
IIHF World Championship Division III
References
External links
2010 IIHF Championship Program on iihf.com | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIHF%20World%20Championship%20Division%20I |
Charles de Lannoy (c. 1487 – 23 September 1527) was a soldier and statesman from the Low Countries in service of the Habsburg Emperors Maximilian I and Charles V.
Family
He was a member of the noble de Lannoy family. Charles de Lannoy was born the younger son of Jean IV de Lannoy, Lord of Mingoval, himself nephew of Jean III de Lannoy. His mother was Philipotte de Lalaing (c. 1487). In 1509, he married Francoise de Montbel, with several children. In 1526 he became the first count of Lannoy and Mayordomo mayor to the Emperor. He was succeeded by his son Philip de Lannoy, 2nd Prince of Sulmona.
Career
He took service with the Emperor Maximilian I and won distinction for bravery and leadership. He was appointed member to the council of Charles of Burgundy; later Emperor Charles V and his Caballerizo mayor in 1515. He was appointed knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in 1516. He became governor of Tournai in 1521. He served as viceroy of Naples from 1522 to 1523. He became chief of Imperial armies in Italy upon the death of Prospero Colonna at the end of 1523.
His main experience was that of Imperial lieutenant during the Italian war of 1521-1525 and the War of the League of Cognac. He commanded the Battle of the Sesia (1524), and the siege of Marseille (1524) and Pavia (1525).
He died of a sudden illness in Naples on 23 September 1527.
References
1487 births
1527 deaths
People from Valenciennes
Belgian princes
Knights of the Golden Fleece
Military leaders of the Italian Wars
Viceroys of Naples
Generals of the Holy Roman Empire
Ch | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20de%20Lannoy%2C%201st%20Prince%20of%20Sulmona |
The United Democratic Forces of Belarus (; ) is a coalition of political parties that oppose the presidency of Alexander Lukashenko, who has been in power since 1994. It was the main opposition group during the 2006 presidential election and chose Alexander Milinkevich as their candidate.
Official Belarusian statistics reported Milinevich gained 6% of the vote, however Belarusian opposition and critics from Western countries have not accepted the official results as legitimate and believe this is an example of election fraudulence. Belarusian authorities have denied all accusations of election fraud.
Currently the United Civic Party and Belarusian Left Party "A Just World" make up the majority of the coalition. The BPF Party keeps its membership in the coalition, however concentrates more on the newly created coalition of conservative parties, the Belarusian Independence Bloc.
Members
Belarusian Left Party "A Just World"
United Civic Party of Belarus
Belarusian Social Democratic Party (Assembly)
Belarusian Labour Party
BPF Party
Movement for Freedom
References
External links
2006 establishments in Belarus
Belarusian opposition
Liberal parties in Belarus
Political parties established in 2006
Political party alliances in Belarus
Pro-European political parties in Belarus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Democratic%20Forces%20of%20Belarus |
Ruck Zuck (which loosely translated means "instantly" or "right now") is a remix album by KMFDM, featuring remixed tracks from their previous full-length release, Hau Ruck.
Track listing
References
Metropolis catalog entry
2006 EPs
KMFDM albums
2006 remix albums
Remix EPs
Metropolis Records remix albums
Industrial remix albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruck%20Zuck%20%28EP%29 |
Francisco Fernández may refer to:
Nobility
Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 2nd Duke of Alburquerque (1467–1526), Spanish noble
Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 4th Duke of Alburquerque (1510–1563), Spanish noble
Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 7th Duke of Alburquerque (1575–1637), Spanish noble
Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 8th Duke of Alburquerque (1619–1676), Spanish military officer and governor of New Spain
Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 10th Duke of Alburquerque (1666–1724), viceroy of New Spain
Politics and law
Francisco Montealegre Fernández (1818–1875), Costa Rican politician and businessman
Francisco Fernández de Béthencourt (1850–1916), Spanish politician
Francisco Fernández Ordóñez (1930–1992), Spanish politician
Francisco Fernández Marugán (born 1946), Spanish politician
Francisco Fernández de Cevallos (born 1947), Mexican politician
Francisco Sanz Fernández (born 1952), Spanish politician
Francisco Javier Fernández (politician) (born 1969), Spanish politician
Sports
Gallego (footballer) (Francisco Fernández Rodríguez, born 1944), Spanish international footballer of the 1960s
Francisco Fernández Ochoa (1950–2006), Spanish alpine skier
Francisco Fernández Moreno (born 1954), Spanish road bicycle racer
Francisco Fernández (Chilean footballer) (born 1975), Chilean association football player
Paquillo Fernández (Francisco Javier Fernández, born 1977), Spanish racewalker
Francisco Fernández (water polo) (born 1986), Spanish water polo player
Others
Francisco Fernández (artist) (1606–1646), Spanish painter
Francisco Fernández Carvajal (born 1938), Spanish priest
Francisco Moreno Fernández (born 1960), Spanish dialectologist and sociolinguist
Francisco Fernández (supercentenarian) (1901–2012), Spanish supercentenarian
See also
Francisco José Fernandes Costa (1867–1925), member of the Portuguese Republican Party
Frank Fernández (disambiguation)
Francisco Javier Fernández (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20Fern%C3%A1ndez |
Legacy: A Mormon Journey is a 53-minute film produced by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Legacy depicts the life of two recent converts from the 1830s to the 1890s. The characters are fictional, though the events they experience are historical.
The film was initially produced to be shown in the Legacy Theatre of the Joseph Smith Memorial Building (JSMB), following the building's complete remodel. After the building's reopening, Legacy premiered on July 3, 1993.
In addition to screenings in the JSMB adjacent to Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah, it was shown at the visitors' centers at the church's Washington, D.C., and Mesa Arizona temples. It was replaced in March 2000 by The Testaments of One Fold and One Shepherd.
Production
Parts of the film were shot in Salt Lake City as well as New York, Wyoming, and Nauvoo, Illinois. The scene 41 minutes in when Eliza's wagon slips in the mud was not staged. The rain was unexpected and the crew continued filming as the wagon actually slipped off the road. Marcus Gilbert as David Walker pulled Kathleen Beller as Eliza Williams to safety. Additionally, the actor playing Eliza's father broke his leg trying to control the horses. He can be seen limping throughout the remainder of the film.
Notes
References
Cast
Kathleen Beller as Eliza Williams
Benton Jennings as Governor Boggs
Steve Abolt as Missouri Militia Officer
Marcus Gilbert as David Walker
J.T. Gorham as Young Rider
Brian Lives as Missionary
Will Schmitz Jr. as Wilford Woodruff
External links
1990 films
Films produced by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Films directed by Kieth Merrill
Mormon migration to Utah
Films shot in Salt Lake City
Films shot in New York (state)
Films shot in Wyoming
Films shot in Illinois
1990s English-language films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy%3A%20A%20Mormon%20Journey |
Anthony Allen Lerew (born October 28, 1982) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Atlanta Braves and Kansas City Royals; he also played Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks, and in the KBO League for the Kia Tigers, he also played for the Navegantes del Magallanes on the LVBP Liga Venezolana de Béisbol Profesional where on 11/21/2010 against the Leones del Caracas (the biggest rival team) he managed to throw a no hit no run game.
Career
Atlanta Braves
Lerew, a graduate of Northern York High School in Dillsburg, Pennsylvania, was drafted by the Atlanta Braves in the 11th round of the 2001 Major League Baseball draft. After four seasons in the Braves' minor league system, he debuted on September 4, , in a home game against the Cincinnati Reds. In the 2005 season, Lerew recorded no wins, no losses, 5 strikeouts, and a 5.62 earned run average in 7 games, all of which were relief outings.
On February 23, , the Braves signed Lerew to a one-year deal. A month later, on February 23, he was optioned to the Triple-A Richmond Braves. With Richmond, Lerew compiled a 3–5 record with a 7.48 ERA and 69 strikeouts in 16 games, 15 of which he started.
The Braves called up Lerew from Richmond on September 1, 2006. He made his 2006 debut the next day with a relief appearance in the fifth inning. Lerew pitched 2 innings, allowing 5 runs and striking out 1 batter. He was sent back down to the Richmond Braves on September 4, having appeared in only one game.
On May 8, , Lerew made his first big-league start for Atlanta when he was called up from Richmond yet again, this time to replace Mark Redman in a game against the San Diego Padres. He was later sent down to Richmond again.
On June 20, 2007, Lerew underwent season-ending Tommy John surgery and was placed on the 60-day disabled list. He recovered from surgery in Southern Florida, at the Braves extended spring training site. Once recovered, he spent the rest of pitching for the Gulf Coast Braves and with Triple-A Richmond.
On March 5, , Lerew was outrighted to Triple-A Gwinnett to make room on the roster for Tom Glavine, and was released five days later.
Kansas City Royals
On March 18, 2009, Lerew signed a minor league deal with the Kansas City Royals. Lerew spent the 2009 minor league season with the Double-A Northwest Arkansas Naturals. He was called up in September and made his Royals debut on September 24, 2009. He re-signed with them in February.
On June 16, 2010, Lerew was called up from the Triple-A Omaha Royals to the Royals to replace Luke Hochevar, who went on the disabled list with a sprained elbow. He earned his first career major league win on June 28 of that year over the Chicago White Sox.
Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks
Lerew signed with the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks of Nippon Professional Baseball for the 2011 season.
Kia Tigers
On January 16, 2012, Lerew signed a bonus of $50,000 with Kia Tigers of the Korea Baseball Organization with Alex Graman. As a starter, he went 11–13 in his first season with them, with 94 strikeouts and an earned run average of 3.83. He was resigned with Kia Tigers for 2013 season, but was released on July 24, 2013.
York Revolution
On April 11, 2014, the York Revolution signed Lerew.
Los Angeles Angels
Lerew signed a minor league deal with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim on May 20, 2014.
York Revolution
Lerew signed with the York Revolution of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball for the 2015 season. He became a free agent after the 2015 season.
References
No-hitter
Pitching for Navegantes del Magallanes in the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League, Lerew pitched the 16th no-hitter in league history against Leones del Caracas on Nov. 21, 2010.
External links
, or Baseball Almanac, or Retrosheet, or Baseball Reference (Minor, Fall, Winter, Japanese, Korean and Independent Leagues)
1982 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
American expatriate baseball players in South Korea
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball players from Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
Danville Braves players
Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks players
Gulf Coast Braves players
Kansas City Royals players
KBO League pitchers
Kia Tigers players
Lobos de Arecibo players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Mississippi Braves players
Myrtle Beach Pelicans players
Navegantes del Magallanes players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Northwest Arkansas Naturals players
Omaha Royals players
People from Carlisle, Pennsylvania
Peoria Javelinas players
Richmond Braves players
Rome Braves players
Salt Lake Bees players
York Revolution players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Lerew |
WALF (89.7 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a variety format. Licensed to Alfred, New York, United States, the station serves the Alfred area. The station is owned by Alfred University.
History
WALF-FM started in November 1971 in the basement of 6 Sayles Street, and has since moved twice, to Steinheim in the mid-1970s, and then to its current location in the Powell Campus Center when it opened in 1993.
WALF-FM is run by student volunteers, and has a freeform genre - allowing the student volunteer DJs to play what they want (within Federal Communications Commission regulations). The students produce most of the programming from 9:00am–2:00am, with some programming including faculty and community members.
References
External links
Alfred University
ALF
Radio stations established in 1971
1971 establishments in New York (state)
Allegany County, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WALF |
The Dust Factory is a 2004 film directed and written by Eric Small.
Plot
Ryan Flynn (Ryan Kelley) is a young boy who, traumatized by the death of his father, has not spoken aloud or exercised his imagination since. While on a walk with a friend, Ryan falls from a bridge and apparently drowns. He finds himself in a parallel universe called the Dust Factory, which houses all humans who are on the verge of death, but have yet to die. The Dust Factory's topography is immense, encompassing lakes, forests, mountains, and a wide field covered by dry grass. In the center of the Dust Factory is a circus pavilion whose Ringmaster is a figure of some authority and dread. Each person dwelling in the Dust Factory must enter the circus pavilion and make a leap (a literal leap of faith) across the arena into the arms of a trapeze artist to proceed into death or return to life. The latter decision occurs when a participant falls into the arena during the leap, leaving behind a pile of dust which marks the passage, gives the realm its name, and when disturbed allows the one doing so to enter a hidden chamber where they play a game of the individual's choosing against the Ringmaster. In the Factory, Ryan regains his voice and is reunited with his grandfather (Armin Mueller-Stahl), whose Alzheimer's disease has (in his real life) prevented him from communicating with his family. The grandfather, who is apparently knowledgeable about the inner workings of the Dust Factory, advises and tells him stories. The stories he tells, which outwardly appear to convey no obvious meaning, contain hidden parables that Ryan must solve. The theme of belief and hope versus cynicism or despair surfaces in relation to one of these.
Throughout the main body of the plot, Ryan spends a single endless day exploring the Dust Factory under weather conditions that are always favorable to wandering through the environments and marveling at natural beauty. He is guided by his grandfather and accompanied by a girl of his own age called Melanie Lewis (Hayden Panettiere), who has been in the Dust Factory for years, lacks any memory of her previous life, and lives under the illusion that the climate is of perpetual winter, despite the appearance to Ryan and the viewer of interminable summer. Melanie and Ryan, under the eye of Ryan's grandfather, become intimate friends. Their time is passed in an emotional atmosphere of joy and discovery, mitigated only by the influence of the mysterious Ringmaster, who interferes several times with their activity, and by Melanie's conflict with Ryan's grandfather, who wishes Ryan to make the leap across the arena and thereby contradicts Melanie's desire that all things remain as they are forever. Matters gradually reach a climax, after which Ryan's grandfather makes the leap and dies. Subsequently, against Melanie's wishes (who does not want to be left alone in the Dust Factory), Ryan makes the leap himself, but falls into the pile of dust and is sent back to life. Melanie then defies her own delusion of continual winter and makes the decision to determine her own fate.
Having returned to life, Ryan resurfaces from beneath the water and is rescued by his friend. Although he no longer has any conscious memory of the Dust Factory, it seems to be present in his subconscious, as implied by the facts that he has regained his voice, and a general feeling of joy in life. He subsequently encounters Melanie, who in real life has recovered from a cerebral aneurysm. Although neither Ryan or Melanie has any conscious memory of the other, they appear to subconsciously recognize each other.
Cast
Armin Mueller-Stahl as Grandpa Randolph
Hayden Panettiere as Melanie Lewis
Ryan Kelley as Ryan Flynn
Kim Myers as Angie Flynn
George De La Peña as Ringmaster
Michael Angarano as Rocky Mazzelli
Peter Horton as Lionel
Reception
The film has a 9% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.
Syndication
It currently airs on The 3 on Epix and has also aired on MGM HD.
External links
2004 films
American fantasy films
2004 fantasy films
Films scored by Luis Bacalov
Films shot in Oregon
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films about parallel universes
2004 directorial debut films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Dust%20Factory |
Ajith Thilakasena (born 7 October 1933) is a Sinhala writer who deviated from the conventional use of language, creating his own version suitable for the modern age. His short stories are not only different from other Sinhala writers, in the use of the language, but also unique in style.
Works
Sathuro (1960)
Wanadanawa
Adata Obina Basa
Para Dige film script. directed by Dharmasena Pathiraja (1985)
Mada Viramaya
Mal Veni Gal (1978) Poems
Rali Suli (1991)
Saadaya (1992)
Subarathriyak Ahawarai (1984)
Sunnadooli (1970)
Aumuma Saha Peedawa
Rathriye Purwa Bhagaya (1976)
Pituwahal Kara Sitiddee (1964)
Sanskrutika Kaanthaarayak Kara... (1987)
Arunalla Watenakota Withara (2004)
References
1933 births
Living people
Sinhalese writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajith%20Thilakasena |
A tiller is a shoot that arises from the base of a grass plant. The term refers to all shoots that grow after the initial parent shoot grows from a seed. Tillers are segmented, each segment possessing its own two-part leaf. They are involved in vegetative propagation and, in some cases, also seed production.
"Tillering" refers to the production of side shoots and is a property possessed by many species in the grass family. This enables them to produce multiple stems (tillers) starting from the initial single seedling. This ensures the formation of dense tufts and multiple seed heads. Tillering rates are heavily influenced by soil water quantity. When soil moisture is low, grasses tend to develop more sparse and deep root systems (as opposed to dense, lateral systems). Thus, in dry soils, tillering is inhibited: the lateral nature of tillering is not supported by lateral root growth.
See also
Crown (botany)
References
Grasses
Biology terminology
Plant morphology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiller%20%28botany%29 |
Carlo Caffarra (1 June 1938 – 6 September 2017) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church. He was Archbishop of Bologna from 2003 until 2015, when he retired. His previous positions included President of the Pontifical John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and Family from 1981 to 1995 and Archbishop of Ferrara-Comacchio from 1995 to 2003. He was created a Cardinal in the consistory of 24 March 2006 by Pope Benedict XVI.
Early life
Caffarra was born on 1 June 1938 in Samboseto di Busseto (province of Parma), Emilia Romagna. He was educated at the Episcopal Seminary of Fidenza and the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, where he completed a doctorate in Canon law. He was ordained a priest on 2 July 1961 in Rome.
Beginning in 1965, he taught moral theology in the seminaries of Fidenza and Parma and later at the Studio Teologico Accademico Bolognese, the Università Cattolica in Milan, and at the Theological Faculty of Northern Italy. His academic specialty was the moral doctrine of marriage and the bioethics of human procreation. He also taught medical ethics in the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery at the Università Cattolica's campus in Rome.
Pope Paul VI named him a member of the International Theological Commission where he served from 1974 to 1984. In 1980, Pope John Paul II named him an expert advisor to the Synod of Bishops on Marriage and the Family. He was the first President of the Pontifical John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and Family from its establishment in 1980 until 1995 and founded sections of the same institute in the United States, Spain and Mexico. John Paul II appointed him a consultor to the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in 1983. He was an advisor to John Paul II on sexual issues.
Bishop
Caffarra was named Archbishop of Ferrara-Comacchio on 8 September 1995, and consecrated on 21 October 1995 in the Cathedral of Fidenza by Giacomo Biffi, Archbishop of Bologna. He was installed on 4 November.
Caffarra was appointed Archbishop of the Bologna on 16 December 2003 and installed there on 15 February 2004.
Caffarra was a noted opponent of contraception. In 1988, Caffarra weighed the sin of condom use against acquiring the AIDS virus: "Even the smallest moral wrong is so much greater than any physical wrong. I know this is hard for some to accept when the dangers are great, but the Church is here to combat moral wrongs." The next year, Caffarra argued condom campaigns further exposed society to AIDS because "the means of protection are far from reliable".
On 24 August 2005 Caffarra held the central intervention "Freedom as liberation" at the annual Rimini Meeting of Communion and Liberation. Subsequently, he and Marcello Pera presented the Ratzinger's book L'Europa di Benedetto nella crisi delle culture.
Cardinal
In the consistory of 24 March 2006, Pope Benedict XVI named Caffarra Cardinal-Priest of San Giovanni dei Fiorentini. On 7 May 2006 he was made a member of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples and the Executive Committee of the Pontifical Council for the Family. He was identified at the time as "a strong conservative" voice for the opposition of the Catholic Church to the modern world and one of Benedict XVI's less centrist appointments to the College of Cardinals.
In a note Caffarra published on 14 February 2010, he wrote "public officials who openly support same-sex marriage cannot consider themselves to be Catholic". He said: "It is impossible for the Catholic faith and support for putting homosexual unions on equal footing with marriage to coexist in one's conscience – the two contradict each other."
He participated as a cardinal elector in the 2013 papal conclave that elected Pope Francis.
Pope Francis named him to participate in the Synod on the Family in October 2014, in advance of which Caffarra authored an essay that argued that Catholics who divorce and remarry must be denied access to the Eucharist because their situation "is in objective contradiction with that bond of love that unites Christ and the Church, which is signified and actualized by the Eucharist". Allowing them access would mean the Church recognize their extramarital sexual relations as legitimate and contradict Church doctrine on the indissolubility of marriage. When accused of opposing Pope Francis with that essay, he called the statement a "slander" and said he would rather be charged with taking a lover than harboring views not shared by the pope.
On 26 September 2015, Pope Francis appointed Caffarra to a five-year term as a member of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints.
His resignation as archbishop was accepted on 27 October 2015.
In September 2016, Caffarra and three other cardinals publicly asked Pope Francis to clarify five points of doctrine in the Pope's apostolic exhortation, Amoris laetitia. They issued this public letter after the Pope did not reply to the same query made privately. In June 2017, Caffarra wrote on behalf of the four asking Francis for an audience to discuss their questions. He said that varying interpretations were producing inconsistency: "What is sin in Poland is good in Germany, that what is prohibited in the Archdiocese of Philadelphia is permitted in Malta."
References
External links
unofficial collection of Cardinal Caffarra's speeches
1938 births
2017 deaths
People from Busseto
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore alumni
Roman Catholic archbishops of Bologna
21st-century Italian cardinals
21st-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops
Pontifical Council for the Family
International Theological Commission
Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI
Pontifical Gregorian University alumni
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo%20Caffarra |
Moen is the administrative centre of Målselv Municipality in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway. The village of Moen is located in the Målselvdalen valley about north of the village of Andselv and Bardufoss Airport. The village has a population (2017) of 847 which gives the village a population density of .
The village is lies along the Målselva river and the European route E6 crosses through the village with the Olsborg area in the north and the Moen area in the south. Most of the shops and schools are located in Olsborg, while the municipal offices are located in Moen. Målselv Church is located about north of the village.
References
Villages in Troms
Målselv
Populated places of Arctic Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moen%2C%20Troms |
The 2006 Memorial Cup was held in Moncton, New Brunswick, from May 19–28. It was the 88th annual Memorial Cup competition and determined the major junior ice hockey champion of the Canadian Hockey League (CHL). The host team Moncton Wildcats were the only team guaranteed a spot in the tournament. The other teams were the champions of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL), the Peterborough Petes; the Western Hockey League (WHL) champions, the Vancouver Giants; and the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL)'s Quebec Remparts, who were runners-up in the QMJHL final to the champion Wildcats. The Remparts won the Memorial Cup, defeating the Wildcats 6–2 in the first all-QMJHL final in tournament history. It also marked the first time in Memorial Cup history that the winning team was neither the host nor a league champion.
Round-robin standings
Rosters
Schedule
Round robin
Playoff round
Tie breaker
Semi-final
Championship game
Leading scorers
Leading goaltenders
Award winners
Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy (MVP): Alexander Radulov, Quebec
George Parsons Trophy (Sportsmanship): Jerome Samson, Moncton
Hap Emms Memorial Trophy (Goaltender): Cedrick Desjardins, Quebec
Ed Chynoweth Trophy (Leading Scorer): Gilbert Brule, Vancouver
All-star team
Goal: Cedrick Desjardins, Quebec
Defence: Paul Albers, Vancouver; Michal Sersen, Quebec
Forwards: Alexander Radulov, Québec; Gilbert Brule, Vancouver; Adam Pineault, Moncton
The road to the cup
All series are best-of-seven
WHL playoffs
For regular season final standings and other stats, see 2005–06 WHL season.
OHL playoffs
For regular season final standings and other stats, see 2005–06 OHL season.
QMJHL playoffs
For regular season final standings and other stats, see 2005–06 QMJHL season.
Note: teams cross over between conferences for the final four.
References
External links
Memorial Cup
Canadian Hockey League
Memorial Cup 2006
Memorial Cup tournaments
Memorial Cup 2006
Memorial Cup 2006
2006 in New Brunswick
May 2006 sports events in North America | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Memorial%20Cup |
Josimar Melo (born 1954 in Recife, Brazil), is a food & wine journalist for the major Brazilian daily newspaper, Folha de S.Paulo.
He owns and directs the gastronomic website Basilico and contributes to several publications in Brazil and abroad. A former student of Architecture in University of São Paulo, he teaches History of Gastronomy at Anhembi Morumbi University, also in São Paulo. In 1995 he created the main gastronomic event in Brazil at the time, “Boa Mesa”, which was sold in 2000.
He is the president of the South American jury for the World's 50 Best Restaurants, chosen annually by Restaurant Magazine.
Among his books are Guia Josimar Melo (first published in 1992; a comprehensive gourmet guide of São Paulo, yearly updated ); A Cerveja ("The Beer"); and Berinjela se Escreve com J (a lexicon for the correct spelling of around 10,000 gastronomy-related words in several idioms).
References
Brazilian journalists
1954 births
Living people
Brazilian columnists
People from Recife | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josimar%20Melo |
Wine has been produced in the United States since the 1500s, with the first widespread production beginning in New Mexico in 1628. Today, wine production is undertaken in all fifty states, with California producing 84 percent of all US wine. The North American continent is home to several native species of grape, including Vitis labrusca, Vitis riparia, Vitis rotundifolia, and Vitis vulpina, but the wine-making industry is based almost entirely on the cultivation of the European Vitis vinifera, which was introduced by European settlers. With more than under vine, the United States is the fourth-largest wine producing country in the world, after Italy, Spain, and France.
History
The first Europeans to explore North America, a Viking expedition from Greenland, called it Vinland because of the profusion of grape vines they found. The earliest wine made in what is now the United States was produced between 1562 and 1564 by French Huguenot settlers from Scuppernong grapes at a settlement near Jacksonville, Florida. In the early American colonies of Virginia and the Carolinas, wine-making was an official goal laid out in the founding charters. However, settlers discovered that the wine made from the various native grapes had flavors which were unfamiliar and which they did not like.
This led to repeated efforts to grow the familiar European Vitis vinifera varieties, beginning with the Virginia Company exporting French vinifera vines with French vignerons to Virginia in 1619. These early plantings met with failure as native pest and vine disease ravaged the vineyards. In what would become the Southwestern United States the Spanish Kingdoms of Las Californias and Santa Fe de Nuevo México had missions that were planting vineyards, the traditions of which remain in the modern day California and New Mexico wine industries. New Mexico wine developed first in 1629 making it the oldest wine producing region in the United States, and Mission grapes were being grown for California wine by 1680. In 1683, William Penn planted a vineyard of French vinifera in Pennsylvania; it may have interbred with a native Vitis labrusca vine to create the hybrid grape Alexander. One of the first commercial wineries in the United States was founded in 1787 by Pierre Legaux in Pennsylvania. A settler in Indiana in 1806 produced wine made from the Alexander grape. Today, French-American hybrid grapes are the staples of wine production on the East Coast of the United States.
On November 21, 1799, the Kentucky General Assembly passed a bill to establish a commercial vineyard and winery. The vinedresser for the vineyard was John James Dufour, formerly of Vevey, Switzerland. The vineyard was located overlooking the Kentucky River in Jessamine County in what is known as Blue Grass country of central Kentucky. Dufour named it First Vineyard on November 5, 1798. The vineyard's current address in 5800 Sugar Creek Pike, Nicholasville, Kentucky. The first wine from First Vineyard was consumed by subscribers to the vineyard at John Postelthwaite's house on March 21, 1803. Two 5-gallon oak casks of wine were taken to President Thomas Jefferson in Washington, D. C., in February 1805. The vineyard continued until 1809, when a killing freeze in May destroyed the crop and many vines. The Dufour family abandoned Kentucky, and migrated west to Vevay, Indiana, a center of a Swiss-immigrant community.
In California, the first major vineyard and winery was established in 1769 by the Franciscan missionary Junípero Serra near San Diego. Later missionaries carried vines northward; Sonoma's first vineyard was planted around 1805. California has two native grape varieties, but they make very poor quality wine. The California Wild Grape (Vitis californicus) does not produce wine-quality fruit, although it sometimes is used as rootstock for wine grape varieties. The missionaries used the Mission grape. (In South America, this grape is known as criolla or "colonialized European".) Although a Vitis vinifera variety, it is a grape of "very modest" quality. Jean-Louis Vignes was one of the early settlers to use a higher quality vinifera in his vineyard near Los Angeles.
The first winery in the United States to become commercially successful was founded in Cincinnati, Ohio, in the mid-1830s by Nicholas Longworth. He made a sparkling wine from Catawba grapes. By 1855, Ohio had 1500 acres in vineyards, according to travel writer Frederick Law Olmsted, who said it was more than in Missouri and Illinois, which each had 1100 acres in wine. German immigrants from the late 1840s had been instrumental in building the wine industry in those states.
In the 1860s, vineyards in the Ohio River Valley were attacked by black rot. This prompted several wine-makers to move north to the Finger Lakes region of western New York. During this time, the Missouri wine industry, centered on the German colony in Hermann, was expanding rapidly along both shores of the Missouri River west of St. Louis. By the end of the century, the state was second to California in wine production. In the late 19th century, the phylloxera epidemic in the West and Pierce's disease in the East ravaged the American wine industry.
Prohibition in the United States began when the state of Maine became the first state to go completely dry in 1846. Nationally, Prohibition was implemented after ratification by the states of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920, which forbade the manufacturing, sale and transport of alcohol. Exceptions were made for sacramental wine used for religious purposes, and some wineries were able to maintain minimal production under those auspices, but most vineyards ceased operations. New Mexico was one such region, due to the region's long history of wine making and religious traditions, monks and nuns in New Mexico were able to save long-standing New Mexican sacramental and leisure wine grape lineages. Other parts of the country resorted to bootlegging, home wine-making also became common, allowed through exemptions for sacramental wines and production for home use.
Following the repeal of Prohibition in 1933, operators tried to revive the American wine-making industry, which was nearly ended. Many talented wine-makers had died, vineyards had been neglected or replanted with table grapes, and Prohibition had changed Americans' taste in wines. During the Great Depression, consumers demanded cheap "jug wine" (so-called dago red) and sweet, fortified (high alcohol) wine. Before Prohibition, dry table wines outsold sweet wines by three to one, but afterward, the ratio of demand changed dramatically. As a result, by 1935, 81% of California's production was sweet wines. For decades, wine production was low and limited.
Leading the way to new methods of wine production was research conducted at the University of California, Davis, and at some of the state universities in New York. Faculty at the universities published reports on which varieties of grapes grew best in which regions, held seminars on wine-making techniques, consulted with grape growers and wine-makers, offered academic degrees in viticulture, and promoted the production of quality wines. In the 1970s and 1980s, success by Californian wine-makers in the northern part of the state helped to secure foreign investment from other wine-making regions, most notably the Champenois of France. Wine-makers also cultivated vineyards in Oregon and Washington, on Long Island in New York, and numerous other new locales.
Americans became more educated about wines, and increased their demand for high-quality wine. All 50 states now have some acreage in vineyard cultivation. By 2004, 668 million gallons (25.3 million hectoliters) of wine were consumed in the United States. Today, the U.S. produces over 800 million gallons of wine a year, of which California produces more than 84%, followed by Washington, New York, Pennsylvania, and Oregon. In the second decade of the 21st century, the US wine industry faces the growing challenges of competition from international exports and managing domestic regulations on interstate sales and shipment of wine.
Wine regions
There are nearly 3,000 commercial vineyards in the United States, and at least one winery in each of the 50 states.
West Coast – More than 90% of the total American wine production occurs in the states of California, Washington, and Oregon.
Southwestern United States – Notably New Mexico and Arizona
Rocky Mountain Region – Notably Idaho and Colorado
Southern United States – Notably Texas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama
Midwestern United States – Notably Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and Missouri
Great Lakes region – Notably Michigan, New York, and Ohio
East Coast of the United States – Notably Maryland, eastern Long Island in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, and Florida
Production by state
Production of still wine per state in 2016 was as follows:
Appellation system
The early American appellation system was based on the political boundaries of states and counties. In September 1978, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (now Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau) developed regulations to establish American Viticultural Areas (AVAs) based on distinct climate and geographical features. In June 1980, the Augusta AVA in Missouri was established as the first American Viticultural Area under the new appellation system. For the sake of wine labeling purposes, the use of state and county appellations were grandfathered in and are still used often in lieu of AVAs. There are 269 distinct AVAs designated under U.S. law as of August 2023.
Appellation labeling laws
In order to have an AVA appear on a wine label, at least 85% of the grapes used to produce the wine must have been grown in the AVA.
For a state or county appellation to appear on the wine label, 75% of the grapes used must be from that state or county. Some states have stricter requirements. For example, California requires 100% of the grapes used to be from California for a wine labeled as such, and Washington requires 95% of the grapes in a Washington wine be grown in Washington. If grapes are from two or three contiguous counties or states, a label can have a multi-county or multi-state designation so long as the percentages used from each county or state are specified on the label.
American wine or United States is a rarely used appellation that classifies a wine made from anywhere in the United States, including Puerto Rico and Washington, D.C. Wines with this designation are similar to the French wine vin de table, and can not include a vintage year. By law, this is the only appellation allowed for bulk wines exported to other counties.
Semi-generic wines
U.S. laws formerly allowed American made wines to be labeled as "American Burgundy" or "California champagne", even though these names are restricted in Europe. U.S. laws required usage to include the qualifying area of origin to go with these semi-generic names. Other semi-generic names in the United States include Claret, Chablis, Chianti, Madeira, Malaga, Marsala, Moselle, Port, Rhine wine, Sauternes (often spelled on U.S. wine labels as Sauterne or Haut Sauterne), Sherry, and Tokay. The practice largely ceased in 2006 with the Wine Trade Agreement, though brands that were already using the terms can continue the practice, considered grandfathered in.
Other U.S. labeling laws
For bottles labeled with a varietal, at least 75% of the grapes used to make the wine must be of that varietal. In Oregon, the requirement is 90% for certain varietals, such as pinot noir. At least 95% of the wine must be from a particular vintage for that year to appear on the label. Prior to the early 1970s, all grapes had to be from the vintage year. Additionally, all labels must list the alcohol content based on percentage by volume, state that the wine contains sulfites, and carry the Surgeon General's warning about alcohol consumption.
Distribution
Following the repeal of Prohibition, the United States federal government allowed each state to regulate its own production and sale of alcohol. For the majority of states, this led to the development of a three-tier distribution system between the producer, wholesaler, and consumer. Depending on the state, there are some exceptions, with wineries allowed to sell directly to consumers on site at the winery or to ship wine across state lines. Some states allow interstate sales through e-commerce. In the 2005 case Granholm v. Heald, the Supreme Court of the United States struck down state laws that banned interstate shipments but allowed in-state sales. This Supreme Court decision meant that states could decide to allow both out-of-state wine sales and in-state sales, or ban both altogether.
Convenience stores and retail stores are large distributors of wine, with over 175,000 outlets that sell wine across the United States. In addition, there are around 332,000 other locations (bars, restaurants, etc.) that sell wine, contributing to the $30+ billion in annual sales over the past three years. In 2010, the average monthly per-store sales of wine jumped to nearly $12,000 from $9,084 in 2009. The average gross margin dollars from wine increased to $3,324 from $2,616 in the year prior, with gross margin percentages up to an average 28.2 percent in 2010, versus 27 percent in 2009.
Largest producers
, the largest producers of wine in the U.S. are:
E & J Gallo Winery - 75 million cases sold per year
The Wine Group - 57 million cases sold per year
Constellation Brands - 51 million cases sold per year
Trinchero Family Estates - 19 million cases sold per year
Treasury Wine Estates - 15 million cases sold per year
Bronco Wine Company - 10 million cases sold per year
Delicato Family Wines - 9.2 million cases sold per year
Ste. Michelle Wine Estates - 9 million cases sold per year
Jackson Family Wines - 6 million cases sold per year
Concha y Toro - 2.75 million cases sold per year
See also
History of wine
List of wine-producing regions
Winemaking
Agriculture in the United States
References
Further reading
Clarke, Oz. Oz Clarke's New Encyclopedia of Wine. NY: Harcourt Brace, 1999.
Johnson, Hugh. Vintage: The Story of Wine. NY: Simon & Schuster, 1989.
Taber, George M. Judgement of Paris: California vs. France and the Historic 1976 Paris Tasting that Revolutionized Wine. NY: Scribner, 2005.
External links
Appellation America.com U.S. wine region and AVA portal
All American Wineries U.S. winery and vineyard guide
Free the Grapes: State wine shipment laws
Doubtless as Good: Thomas Jefferson's Dream for American Wine Fulfilled An online exhibition from the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution
American cuisine
Wine
Wine by country | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine%20of%20the%20United%20States |
Sir Philip Stuart Milner-Barry (20 September 1906 – 25 March 1995) was a British chess player, chess writer, World War II codebreaker and civil servant. He represented England in chess both before and after World War II. He worked at Bletchley Park during World War II, and was head of "Hut 6", a section responsible for deciphering messages which had been encrypted using the German Enigma machine. He was one of four leading codebreakers at Bletchley to petition the then-Prime Minister Winston Churchill directly for more resources for their work. After the war he worked in the Treasury, and later administered the British honours system. In chess, he represented England in international tournaments, and lent his name to four opening variations.
Early life and education
Born in Hendon, London, Philip Stuart was the second of six children to a schoolteacher, Edward Leopold Milner-Barry, who died in 1917, and his wife, Edith Mary. A talented chess player, he won the first British Boys' Championship in 1923. He was a pupil at Cheltenham College, and won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he obtained firsts in classics and moral sciences. He represented Cambridge in chess. At Cambridge, he befriended another chess player, C.H.O'D. (Hugh) Alexander, and composed a number of chess puzzles. Between 1929 and 1938 he was a city stockbroker, although he was unhappy with the work. From 1938, he was the chess correspondent for The Times, succeeded in 1945 by Harry Golombek.
Early chess contributions
He made his debut in international-class chess at the strong London 1932 tournament, which World Champion Alexander Alekhine won. Milner-Barry's best results in international competition were achieved in three straight years at the Margate tournaments from 1937 to 1939, and at Hastings 1938. In all four events he finished just above the middle against strong fields, with performance ratings (as calculated by Chessmetrics) between 2538 and 2565. This places him at a solid Grandmaster standard, although he never received this title. He reached as high as No. 65 in the world between June and August 1941, according to Chessmetrics, which ranks historical chess performances retrospectively, using modern algorithms.
He represented England in chess, and played in the international Chess Olympiads of 1937 and 1939. The latter tournament, held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, coincided with Britain's declaration of war on Germany in September 1939. Milner-Barry, with teammates who included Hugh Alexander (at that time the British chess champion) and Harry Golombek, abandoned the tournament unfinished, and returned to Britain. His full Olympiad results are listed later in the article.
Bletchley Park
Upon their return, all three soon joined the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park. Milner-Barry was recruited by mathematician Gordon Welchman, who had been his contemporary at Trinity College; in turn Milner-Barry recruited Hugh Alexander. Arriving in early 1940, he joined Welchman's "Hut 6" section, whose task was to solve the Enigma cipher machine as used by the German Army and Air Force.
In 1993, Milner-Barry wrote that "to this day I could not claim that I fully understood how the machine worked, let alone what was involved in the problems of breaking and reading the Enigma cipher". Nonetheless, with his knowledge of the German language, he made a study of the decrypts and found that they contained stereotyped patterns and forms of address that could be exploited as "cribs" – reliable guesses for the plain language message that matched a given piece of encrypted text. Finding reliable cribs was a critical task for Hut 6, as Enigma was broken primarily with the aid of "bombes", large electromechanical machines which automatically searched for parts of the correct settings. Bombes were reliant on a suitable crib in order to succeed. In autumn 1940, Milner-Barry was put in charge of the "Crib Room".
He was billeted with Alexander, who was working in Hut 8, the counterpart to Hut 6 working on German Naval Enigma. Their close friendship let them easily resolve the competing needs of their sections for the limited available bombe time. By October 1941, he was deputy head of Hut 6 under Welchman. At this time, Bletchley Park was experiencing a shortage of clerical staff which was delaying the work on Enigma, and the management of GCCS appeared unable to obtain the resources needed. This affected both Hut 6 and Hut 8, which was run by mathematician Alan Turing with Hugh Alexander as his deputy. Together, Welchman, Milner-Barry, Turing and Alexander bypassed the chain of command and wrote a memorandum directly to the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, outlining their difficulties. It fell to Milner-Barry to deliver the message to 10 Downing Street in person, on 21 October 1941. The next day, Churchill responded, "Action this day: Make sure they have all they want on extreme priority and report to me that this has been done." Within a month their needs were being met.
In autumn 1943, Milner-Barry took over as head of Hut 6, which by that time had grown to over 450 staff, Welchman having been appointed the Assistant Director of Mechanisation at Bletchley Park. He remained in charge until the end of the war, presiding over a number of technical challenges presented by the introduction of extra security devices to the German Enigma, including the Enigma Uhr and a rewireable "reflector" rotor. His entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography notes that, "although he increasingly felt that Hut 6 was on the verge of losing the ability to decode Enigma, it held on until the end of the war, and this was due in no small part to his gifted leadership." The official history of Hut 6, written immediately after the end of World War II, comments on his early "most vital technical achievement" in finding cribs, and on his "administrative and diplomatic talents" in his later role as head of the section.
After World War II
Milner-Barry joined the Treasury in 1945 with the grade of Principal. In 1947, he married Thelma Tennant Wells, with whom he had a son and two daughters. The same year, he was promoted to Assistant Secretary, and Under-secretary in 1954. Apart from a stint in the Ministry of Health from 1958 to 1960, he remained with the Treasury until 1966, when, aged 60, he had reached the normal retirement age for the civil service. He was persuaded instead to carry on as a ceremonial officer administering the honours system. In this role, he supported the knighthoods of P. G. Wodehouse and Noël Coward. Milner-Barry eventually retired in 1977. He was appointed OBE in 1946 for his work in World War II, CB in 1962, and KCVO in 1975.
Later chess contributions
He had also continued to play chess, competing in the 10th Chess Olympiad and 12th Chess Olympiad in 1952 and 1956. The 1956 Olympiad trip to Moscow was risky, since Britain and the USSR, which had been allies during World War II, were by then locked into the Cold War, and Milner-Barry's wartime codebreaking knowledge would have been of great interest to the Soviets; the very fact that Britain had broken German codes on a massive scale was kept secret until 1974, when Frederick Winterbotham's book The Ultra Secret was published. He placed second in the British Chess Championship at Hastings 1953 (finishing behind only Daniel Yanofsky), with a score of 8/11; this would be his best result in British Championships.
He was president of the British Chess Federation between 1970 and 1973, competed in the British Championship as late as 1978, and was still competing in club and county-level tournaments and matches into his 80s. His obituary in The Independent recalled his "savagely effective attacking style, honed to perfection through a series of 'serious friendly games' against his old rival Hugh Alexander". In 1972, George Koltanowski wrote that, "his style was very pleasing to spectators because he was always looking for dangerous continuations and quite often he found them!" His name is associated with four chess opening variations:
Milner-Barry Variation of the Nimzo-Indian Defence (ECO E33): 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.Qc2 Nc6
Milner-Barry Gambit in the French Defence (ECO C02): 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 c5 4.c3 Nc6 5.Nf3 Qb6 6.Bd3 cxd4 7.cxd4 Bd7 8.0-0!? Nxd4 9.Nxd4 Qxd4 10.Nc3
Milner-Barry Variation in the Petroff Defence (ECO C42): 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 d6 4.Nf3 Nxe4 5.Qe2 Qe7 6.d3 Nf6 7.Bg5 Nbd7
Milner-Barry Variation in the King's Gambit (ECO C31): 1.e4 e5 2.f4 d5 3.Nc3
Olympiad results
Milner-Barry's detailed results while competing for England in chess Olympiads are as follows:
Stockholm 1937: board 3, 3/9 (+2−5=2)
Buenos Aires 1939: board 3, 4/5 (+3−0=2)
Helsinki 1952: board 3, 5½/12 (+2−3=7)
Moscow 1956: board 4, 6/12 (+5−5=2)
Overall, he scored (+12−13=13), 18½/38, for 48.7 per cent.
Final years
In 1985, Milner-Barry fiercely defended the reputation of Gordon Welchman, who had come under posthumous criticism for publishing details about the wartime work of Hut 6. In 1992, echoing his wartime visit to 10 Downing Street, Milner-Barry was a member of a party who delivered a petition to the Prime Minister calling on the government to help preserve Bletchley Park, which was then under threat from demolition.
He died on 25 March 1995 in Lewisham Hospital, London. A memorial service was held for him at Westminster Abbey on 15 June.
There is a conference room named after him at the Civil Service Club, 13 – 15 Great Scotland Yard, London SW1A 2HJ.
References
External links
The Papers of Sir (Philip) Stuart Milner-Barry held at Churchill Archives Centre
Milner-Barry and his Attack
West London Chess Club Gazette February 1946 (PDF)
Remembering Sir Stuart Milner-Barry
1906 births
1995 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
British chess players
Civil servants in HM Treasury
Civil servants in the Ministry of Health (United Kingdom)
Bletchley Park people
People educated at Cheltenham College
British non-fiction writers
British chess writers
English stockbrokers
People from Hendon
Chess theoreticians
Chess Olympiad competitors
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
British male writers
Foreign Office personnel of World War II
20th-century chess players
20th-century English businesspeople
Male non-fiction writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart%20Milner-Barry |
Josh Caterer (born April 12, 1972) is an American, Chicago-area musician, best known as the lead singer, lead guitarist, and principal songwriter of pop-punk band Smoking Popes, which he founded in 1991 with his older brother Matt and younger brother Eli. Josh has also written and recorded Christian and gospel music as a solo artist and with the pop-punk band Duvall. In 2015, he founded the blues band Jackson Mud Band, which has released one full-length album called "Stranger Blues".
Early life
Josh Caterer grew up in Carpentersville, Illinois, where he attended Kings Road Elementary School and Carpentersville Middle School. Later, his family moved to Lake In The Hills IL, where he attended nearby H.D. Jacobs High School, graduating in 1990. After graduation, he held several menial jobs such as gas station cashier and machine operator at a plastics company.
Career
Smoking Popes formed in 1991 and began playing small local venues around the Chicago suburbs. Their first album Get Fired was released in 1993 by Chicago indie label Johann's Face Records. An opening spot for Green Day drew the attention of major labels, and in 1995 they signed to Capitol Records, which released their second album Born To Quit. The single from that album, "Need You Around", was included on the soundtrack to the hit movie Clueless and the band's career took off. They started touring North America and Europe as a headlining act, also opening for such artists as Morrissey, Cheap Trick, Goo Goo Dolls, Violent Femmes, Foo Fighters and Tripping Daisy. During the making of their third album Destination Failure, Josh began struggling with substance abuse and went through a period of personal upheaval and spiritual searching. His songwriting, which until then had focused mostly on the ups and downs of romantic love, began to take on a deeper and more profound quality, which is reflected in the lyrics on that album. Destination Failure was released in 1997 to critical acclaim, but achieved only moderate commercial success.
Eventually, after a collapse due to a cocaine overdose at an all-night party his spiritual search intensified, and reading C.S. Lewis's Mere Christianity helped lead him to embrace Christianity in 1998. Shortly after his conversion, the Smoking Popes broke up, and Caterer became heavily involved in his church, also working at World Relief, a charitable, non-profit organization. He released a five-song EP of acoustic gospel music called Why Me. In 2001 he returned to the rock scene, founding the Christian rock band Duvall, which included other former members of the Smoking Popes.
In November 2005, the Smoking Popes reunited for a sell-out show at the Chicago club The Metro. They embarked on a U.S. tour in early 2006 with the band Bayside and released a new album called Stay Down in July 2008.
Since then, Smoking Popes have released two more full-length albums, This Is Only A Test in 2011 and Into The Agony in 2018. In October 2020, Josh played a virtual concert at the Hideout in Chicago, which was later released as a live solo album called The Hideout Sessions.
Church musician
From 2011 to 2015, Josh served as director of worship at the Village Church of Barrington, Illinois, then from 2015 to 2019 as Pastor of Worship and Music Ministries at Calvary Memorial Church in Oak Park, Illinois. Since July 2019, he's been serving as Pastor of Worship at Village Bible Church in Sugar Grove Illinois.
Personal life
Josh lives in Aurora, Illinois with his wife, Stefanie, and their two children, Elliot and Phoebe.
References
External links
Interview with Josh Caterer by Harvest Bible Chapel
Josh Caterer playing at North Central College Union:
I Know You Love Me
Megan
1972 births
Living people
American punk rock guitarists
American male singer-songwriters
American punk rock singers
Singers from Chicago
American rock songwriters
Smoking Popes members
Guitarists from Chicago
American male guitarists
21st-century American singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh%20Caterer |
Dreaming #11 is the second EP by guitarist Joe Satriani, released on November 1, 1988 through Relativity Records and reissued on May 27, 1997 through Epic Records. The EP reached No. 42 on the U.S. Billboard 200 and remained on that chart for 26 weeks. Its sole studio track, "The Crush of Love", reached No. 6 on Billboard'''s Mainstream Rock chart and was nominated for Best Rock Instrumental Performance at the 1990 Grammy Awards; this being Satriani's second such nomination. The remaining three tracks were recorded live during the Surfing with the Alien (1987) tour. The title track, absent on the EP, would later be released on Satriani's 1993 compilation album Time Machine. Dreaming #11 was certified Gold on August 15, 1991.
Critical reception
Phil Carter at AllMusic gave Dreaming #11'' 2.5 stars out of five, calling it "something of an oddity" and "A recommended disc for musicians and fans, but not essential to the casual collector."
Track listing
Personnel
Joe Satriani – guitar, keyboard, bass (track 1), remixing, production
Jeff Campitelli – drums (track 1)
Jonathan Mover – drums (tracks 2–4)
Bongo Bob Smith – percussion (track 1), sound replacement
Stuart Hamm – bass (tracks 2–4)
David Bianco – engineering (tracks 2–4)
John Cuniberti – engineering, remixing, production
David Plank – engineering assistance
Bernie Grundman – mastering
Charts
Certifications
Awards
References
External links
Dreaming #11 at satriani.com
In Review: Joe Satriani "Dreaming #11" at Guitar Nine Records
Joe Satriani albums
1988 EPs
Relativity Records EPs
Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreaming%20No.%2011 |
A tithing or tything was a historic English legal, administrative or territorial unit, originally ten hides (and hence, one tenth of a hundred). Tithings later came to be seen as subdivisions of a manor or civil parish. The tithing's leader or spokesman was known as a tithingman.
Etymology
The noun tithing breaks down as ten + thing, which is to say, a thing (an assembly) of the households who live in an area that comprises ten hides. Comparable words are Danish herredthing for a hundred, and English husting for a single household.
Sound changes in the prehistory of English are responsible for the first part of the word looking so different from the word ten. In the West Germanic dialects which became Old English, n had a tendency to elide when positioned immediately before a th.
The noun is not to be confused with the verb to tithe, its present participle tithing, nor the act of tithing, though they partly share the same origin.
History
The term originated in the 10th century, when a tithing meant the households in an area comprising ten hides. The heads of each of those households were referred to as tithingmen; historically they were assumed to all be males, and older than 12 (an adult, in the context of the time). Each tithingman was individually responsible for the actions and behaviour of all the members of the tithing, by a system known as frankpledge. If a person accused of a crime was not forthcoming, his tithing was fined; if he was not part of the frankpledge, the whole town was subject to the fine.
Unlike areas dominated by Wessex, Kent had been settled by Jutes rather than Saxons, and retained elements of its historical identity as a separate and wealthy kingdom into the Middle Ages. While Wessex and Mercia eventually grouped their hundreds into Shires, Kent grouped hundreds into lathes. Sussex, which had also been a separate kingdom, similarly grouped its hundreds into rapes. The different choice of terminology continued to the level of the tithing; in Kent, parts of Surrey, and Sussex, the equivalent term was a borgh, borow, or borough (not to be confused with borough in its more usual sense of a chartered or privileged town); their equivalent to the tithingman was therefore a borsholder, borough-holder or headborough.
The Norman Conquest introduced the feudal system, which quickly displaced the importance of the hundred as an administrative unit. With the focus on manorial courts for administration and minor justice, tithings came to be seen as subdivisions of a manor. The later break-down of the feudal system did not detract from this, as the introduction of Justices of the Peace lead to petty sessions displacing many of the administrative and judicial functions of the manorial courts. By the Reformation, civil parishes had replaced the manor as the most important local administrative concept, and tithings came to be seen as a parish subdivision.
Frankpledge eventually evolved into both the Jury system and the petty constabulary, but tithings themselves had lost their practical significance, and fell into disuse. Despite this, active tithings continued to be found in some parts of rural England well into the 19th century, and tithings and hundreds have never been formally abolished.
References
Further reading
Duggan, Kenneth F. (2020) "The Limits of Strong Government: Attempts to Control Criminality in Thirteenth-Century England", Historical Research 93:261, pp. 399–419
Anglo-Norse England
Anglo-Saxon law
Medieval English law
English legal terminology
Defunct types of subdivision in the United Kingdom
Types of administrative division | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithing |
XML Professional Publisher (XPP) is an automated XML based publishing system that was developed out of a proprietary typesetting system.
XPP is a standards-based, content formatting and publishing application for the automatic composition, transformation, and rendering of XML, SGML or tagged ASCII content into high-quality output into PostScript and PDF format. It holds the XML or SGML in its native format and it is able to re-export the data after paper pagination, even if corrections have been made in XPP. The software is used worldwide to produce a wide variety of publications including Technical Documentation, Scientific, Medical Journals (STM) Directory, Dictionary and Legal loose-leaf publishing.
XPP was originally, in the early 1980s, a proprietary system which included the software and hardware. It was one of the first systems to combine high speed batch composition with an interactive mode displaying WYSIWYG pages. Originally Xyvision was built using its own display hardware as off-the-shelf hardware at that time was not up to the task of rapidly displaying pages. Over the years as readily available hardware became more powerful, Xyvision moved away from its own hardware to become a software-only vendor. Xyvision was a publicly held company and evolved in 1995 into the privately owned company called XyEnterprise. XyEnterprise currently employs some 80 people to develop and maintain the XPP software as well as supporting its other products, Contenta, an intelligent XML content management system and LiveContent, an information products delivery platform. XyEnterprise was subsequently bought by SDL and in turn SDL merged with RWS. XPP can be used as a stand-alone system or in conjunction with Contenta and LiveContent.
Each page within XPP is stored as a separate file, which allows XPP to open up a document at every page and reformat this page as a separate unit. XPP can even compose a single line as a separate unit. The ability to handle pages as individual objects means that it is well suited to loose-leaf publications.
The software also has a very active User group which helps communicate back to RWS what the users want to see in the future, and is usually incorporated into successive new versions.
Version 9.4 increases the use of CSS to do page layouts as well as the typographic styling introduced at 9.0.
References
External links
RWS XPP
Letterpart Ltd
XyUser Group
Typesetting software | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML%20Professional%20Publisher |
A shaligram, or shaligrama shila (), is a fossilized stone or ammonite collected from the riverbed or banks of the Kali Gandaki, a tributary of the Gandaki River in Nepal. It is also considered a form of Vishnu within Hinduism.
Legends
According to the Devi Bhagavata Purana, Brahmavaivarta Purana, and Shiva Purana, shilagrama shilas originated due to the following chain of events.
A king named Vrishadhvaja had been cursed by Surya to endure poverty, due to his reluctance to worship any deity other than Shiva. To regain their lost prosperity, his grandsons Dharmadhvaja and Kusadhvaja performed austerities to appease the goddess Lakshmi, the goddess of prosperity. Pleased with the austerities, she granted them prosperity, and the blessing of her being born as their daughters. Accordingly, Lakshmi incarnated as Vedavati, the daughter of Kusadhvaja and Tulasi, the daughter of Dharmadhvaja. Tulasi went to Badarikashrama to perform austerities in order to gain Vishnu as her husband, but was informed by Brahma that she would not get Vishnu as her husband in that life, and would have to marry the danava named Shankhachuda.
In his previous birth, Shankhachuda was Sudama, a classmate (gurubandhu) of Krishna, a manifestation of Vishnu residing in Goloka. He had been created out of his body, and was cursed by Radha to be born as a danava. As a result, Shankhachuda was virtuous and pious by nature, and was devoted to Vishnu. He married Tulasi on the command of Brahma, as per the rules of the Gandharva marriage. After Shankhachuda's marriage, the danavas, under his leadership, waged a battle against their natural enemies, the devas, in which they won due to merit of Shankhachuda's virtue. The devas were subsequently driven out of Svarga by the victorious danavas.
Demoralised and defeated, the devas approached Vishnu, who told them that Shankhachuda was destined to be killed by Shiva. On being requested by the devas, Shiva, along with his attendants and the devas, waged a battle against the danavas, led by Shankhachuda. However, neither side was able to outpower the other. An unembodied voice told Shiva that by the boon of Brahma, Shankhachuda was invincible in combat as long as he wore his armour, and his wife's chastity was not violated.
Hence, Vishnu, assuming the form of an old Brahmin, asked Shankhachuda his armour while begging alms. Shankhachuda donated his armour to him. When he was busy fighting with Shiva, Vishnu, wearing Shankhachuda's armour, assumed the form of Shankhachuda, and cohabited with Tulasi. Thus, Tulasi's chastity was broken, and Shankhachuda was killed by Shiva's trishula, thereby reliving Sudama from the curse.
At the moment of Shankhachuda's death, Tulasi became suspicious that the man who was with her at that time was not Shankhachuda. When she discovered that it was Vishnu who had deceived her, she cursed him to become a stone, as she believed that he had been emotionless like a stone in accomplishing the death of his devotee, Shankhachuda, and stealing her chastity, when she was also his devotee. Vishnu consoled Tulasi by stating that it was the result of her austerities performed in the past in order to gain him as her husband, and that she would again become his wife upon casting off her body. Thus, Lakshmi cast off the body of Tulasi, and assumed a new form (which became known by the name of Tulasi). The discarded body of Tulasi was transformed into the Gandaki river, and from her hairs emerged the tulasi shrub. Vishnu, on being cursed by Tulasi, assumed the form of a large rocky mountain known as shaligrama, on the banks of the Gandaki river where vajrakita, a type of worm having teeth as strong as the vajra, carved out various markings on his body. The stones carved by vajrakita which fall down from the surface of that mountain into the Gandaki river, came to be known as the .
History
Historically, the use of shaligrama shilas in worship can be traced to the time of Adi Shankara through the latter's works. Specifically, his commentary to the verse 1.6.1 in Taittiriya Upanishad, and his commentary to the verse 1.3.14 of the Brahma Sutras, suggest that the use of shaligrama shila in the worship of Vishnu has been a well-known Hindu practice. A good number of false shaligrama shilas, too, remain in circulation.
The statue of Narasimha in Guru Narasimha Temple, Saligrama is said to be made completely of saligrama, and is said to be swayambhu (not carved by anyone, but occurred naturally). This seems to be the earliest mention of Saligrama as this temple was constructed prior to the birth of Adi Shankara.
Vishnu in the Padmanabhaswamy Temple of Thiruvananthapuram and Badrinath Temple of Garhwal region, and that of Krishna in Krishna Matha of Udupi and Radha Raman Temple of Vrindavana are also believed to be made from shaligrama shilas.
Configurations
Quoting from sources like Viramitrodaya, Chaturvarga-chintamani, Matsyasukta, Vaishvanara Samhita, Puranasamgraha etc. the Pranatoshani Tantra cites the following varieties of shaligrama shilas on the basis of shape, colour, features of the chakra (imprint of the ammonite shell present on the outer surface or inside the stone, resembling Sudarshana Chakra, the main weapon of Vishnu) and mukha/vadana/dvara (a large aperture resembling an open mouth through which the chakra present within the stone can be seen from outside) and distinct markings like the vanamala (a linear white line running throughout the body of the stone, resembling a garland)
● Keshava: i) Marked with a single chakra, a vanamala and four bindus (circular markings present on the outer surface) of golden hue arranged like a square. ii) Marked with a shankha and chakra on the lower middle portion. Grants prosperity and fulfilment of all desires on being worshipped.
● Hayagriva: i) Blue in colour at the top, shaped like an elephant-goad or the head of a horse, marked with a linear mark present near the chakra and several bindus. ii) Marked with five linear marks, other characteristics being the same before. iii) Marked with a single chakra and a marking resembling a banner. iv) Has both yellow and red colours on its surface, endowed with two chakras, marked with markings resembling ear-rings and gems on the sides, shaped like an elephant-goad or lotus-bud. v) Shaped like a lotus-bud while the mukha shaped like the head of a horse, and marked with a marking resembling a rosary. vi) Green in colour, marked with a single chakra, the left side is elevated like that of a kapinjala bird. Grants knowledge, prosperity and wordly enjoyment on being worshipped.
● Parameshthin: i) Presence of a hole (which does not reach the other side of the stone, otherwise the stone would be unfit for worship) at the top, has a single chakra, marked with the markings resembling a lotus and several bindus. ii) White in colour, has a single chakra and markings resembling a lotus, shaped like a snake's hood/pearl necklace/sphere, the top is perforated and hard. iii) Reddish in colour, circular in shape with a single chakra and linear mark, perforated and hard. iv) Round in shape, yellow in colour with a hole at the top. v) Red/white in colour while the top surface is yellowish and perforated, marked with a single chakra and markings resembling a lotus. Grants enjoyment and liberation on being worshipped.
● Hiranyagarbha : i) The colour is yellow like that of honey and slightly elongated in shape, has several golden linear marks on the body with a crystal-like glow and shaped like the round moon. ii) Black in colour, round in shape, the vadana is glazed, marked with a single chakra and marking resembling srivatsa (a triangular mark on Vishnu's chest) on a of the top surface. Grants prosperity and increase in progeny on being worshipped.
● Chaturbhuja : The colour is blue like that of a rain cloud. It is round in shape and marked with four chakras. Grants fearlessness on being worshipped.
● Gadadhara : Circular in shape, yellow in colour, the chakra is situated towards the left, the middle part is marked with three linear marks, markings resembling a banner, a vajra and elephant-goad are present on it.
● Narayana :i) Shyama (dark colour of lighter tone) in complexion, the chakra is situated at middle portion, marked with a long linear mark, the right side is perforated. ii) The vadana is situated at the middle of the body, within which lies the chakra at the front, endowed with markings resembling ornaments like ear-rings, bracelets and necklaces. Grants all sorts of success on being worshipped.
Lakshminarayana : i) Endowed with a single vadana, four chakras and a vanamala. ii) Circular in shape, the colour is yellow/blue like a fresh rain-cloud, the vadana is glazed and situated towards the left side within which lie four chakras, endowed with markings resembling a banner, a vajra and an elephant-goad, possesses vanamala, the top is raised and has some bindus on its surface. Grants enjoyment, liberation, fulfilment of all desires, four aims of human life (dharma, artha, kama, moksha), redemption from sins on being worshipped.
Naranarayana : The chakra is red in colour while the body is green like the tamala tree with patches of golden colouration.
Rupinarayana : Markings resembling pestle, gada, shankha are present alongside a single chakra while another marking resembling a bow is situated near the vadana.
● Madhava : With a colour similar to honey, marked with a gada and shankha, the chakra is situated at the middle and is glazed. Grants liberation on being worshipped.
● Govinda : i) Black in colour, shining in appearance, endowed with a single chakra alongside markings resembling a gada on that right side and that resembling a mountain on the left. ii) Black in colour, not much large in size, the central portion is raised upwards, endowed with a large vadana marked with five chakras situated towards the left
● Vishnu : Black in colour, possesses a large chakra, shaped like a gada, a linear mark is present on the top surface near the vadana. Grants liberation on being worshipped.
● Madhusudhana : Golden in colour with a lustrous appearance, has a single chakra and endowed with markings resembling a lotus and a shankha. Destroys enemies on being worshipped.
● Trivikrama : Shyama in colour, triangular in shape with shining appearance, has one or two chakras along with some bindus on the left-side and a linear mark on the right-side . Grants wealth on being worshipped.
● Shridhara : i) The shape is as round like the kadamba flower, endowed with vanamala and five linear marks at the top surface and sides. ii) Green in colour, round in shape with a flat upper surface, endowed with a single glazed chakra and markings resembling a lotus in the middle. iii) Small in size, has two chakras and a vanamala. iv) Glittering like a gem, endowed with a single chakra, vanamala, markings resembling a lotus/banner and another resembling an elephant-goad near the vadana. Grants prosperity to householders on being worshipped.
● Hrishikesha : Shaped like a half moon with a single chakra and also with markings resembling the hair of a boar.
● Padmanabha : Reddish in colour, endowed with a semicircular chakra and markings resembling a lotus and hairs of a mane. Causes poverty and sorrow, hence should not be worshipped.
● Damodara : i) Big in size, the colour is as green as durva grass with a small chakra situated in the middle, a small vadana and a single yellowish linear mark in the middle ii) Endowed with two chakras and a cracked outer surface. Grants auspiciousness on being worshipped.
● Sudarshana : i) Green in colour with gliterring appearance, the chakra and markings resembling a gada are situated on the left side while linear markings arranged like a lotus are found on the right side. ii) Black in colour, shaped like a lotus, endowed with a single chakra, a large vadana and lowered middle portion. Destroys all sins and grants results of all types of worship the on being worshipped.
● Vasudeva : White in colour, endowed with a single or two chakras at the dwara. Fulfills all desires on being worshipped.
● Pradyumna : i) Yellow in colour, has a small chakra and markings resembling a makara on the sides and top surface, endowed with many holes. ii) The colour is blue and has a small chakra and small mukha and many holes. Grants prosperity and happiness to householders on being worshipped.
● Aniruddha : i) Blue in colour, round in shape and glazed, has markings resembling a lotus at the top surface and three linear marks near the dvara. ii) Black in colour with a beautifully shaped dwara and having a chakra near the centre, another on the sides and a small chakra at the top surface. iii) Yellow in colour, round in shape. Grants happiness to householders on being worshipped.
● Purushottama : i) Golden in colour with a chakra at the middle portion and a bigger chakra at the front. ii) The colour is as yellow as the atasi flower and endowed with many bindus. iii) With mukhas on all directions (traditionally numbered to ten). Increases prosperity and grants enjoyment and liberation on being worshipped.
● Adhokshaja : Dark black in colour with patches of brown, circular in shape, endowed with a single chakra and red linear marks, maybe large or small in size. Grants auspiciousness to worshippers on being worshipped.
● Achyuta : Has four chakras on right and left sides and two red markings resembling ear-rings at the mukha, also marked with markings resembling shankha, gada, bow, arrow, pestle, banner, white umbrella and a red elephant-goad.
● Upendra : Green in colour with an lustrous appearance, has a glazed body with one or more chakras on the sides.
● Janardana : Has two dwaras; one on the eastern side and another on the western side, and four chakras; two on the top surface and other two in the middle. Grants prosperity and destroys enemies on being worshipped.
● Lakshmijanardana : The colour is blue with one dwara and four chakras.
● Hari : Green in colour, round in shape with one mukha at the top, the lower portion is marked with bindus. Fulfills all desires on being worshipped.
● Ananta: i) Marked with markings resembling the hood of a snake, has 20 red chakras, 14 dwaras and many bindus, has different colours on its bod. ii) The colour is as blue as a rain-cloud, circular in shape, has 27 chakras. Grants four aims of human life and results of all types of worship on being worshipped.
● Yogeshwara : Has a shivalinga like structure on its top surface. Grants redemption from the great sin of brahmahatya on being worshipped.
● Pundarikaksha : Has markings resembling a pair of eyes/lotuses on the left or top surface or sides. Can bring the entire world under control of the worshipper on being worshipped.
● Chaturmukha : Has four linear marks on the sides, and two chakras on the middle portion of the body.
● Yajnamurthi : Has both yellow and red colours on its surface, with a small dwara and two chakras; one at the middle and other on the right side.
● Dattatreya : i) Has white, red and black patches and markings resembling a rosary on the top surface. (Some versions state red and yellow colours)
● Shishumara : Long in shape, with a deep triangular opening and having one or two chakras on the front side and another on the back side. Grants all sorts of success on being worshipped.
● Hamsa : Shaped like a bow having both blue and white colours on its surface and has a chakra and markings resembling a lotus. Grants only salvation on being worshipped.
● Parahamsa : The colour is blue like the throat of a peacock, with a glazed body and round dwara within which lies a single chakra and a glittering patch resembling the sun on the right side of the chakra. There are also two linear marks forming the shape of a boar on the body. Grants four aims of human life on being worshipped.
● Lakshmipati : Black in colour while the sides or the front portion is blue like a peacock's throat, has a small chakra and large vadana. Grants prosperity and wealth on being worshipped.
● Garudadhvajalakshmipati : Round in shape, has golden marks resembling horns and hoofs on the body and a smooth chakra with black linear marks on it.
● Batapatrashayin : Round in shape with white, copper-red and blue colours on its surface, has a single vadana in the middle, four chakras and three bindus, markings resembling a shankha and a lotus lie to the left and right side of the chakra respectively.
● Vishvambhara : Has 20 chakras on the body.
● Vishvarupa : Circular in shape, has one or five dwaras and many chakras. Bestows children and grandchildren on being worshipped.
● Pitambara : Round like the udder of a cow or a human breast, has a single chakra. Grants happiness on being worshipped.
● Chakrapani : Round in shape and glazed, with a small chakra and many other prints.
● Saptavirashrava : Round in shape with a small chakra and several golden bindus all over the body. Increases all sorts of prosperity on being worshipped.
● Jagadyoni: A single red chakra is present within the dwara. Grants auspiciousness on being worshipped.
● Bahurupin : With multiple mukhas and single chakra alongside markings resembling a shankha present inside. Grants salvation on being worshipped.
● Harihara : Has four dwaras and two chakras with a shivanabhi (a special form of shivalinga) like structure on its top surface. Grants prosperity and happiness on being worshipped.
● Swayambhu : Blue in colour with a long and big mukha, and having the body encircled by linear marks. Grants only salvation on being worshipped.
● Shivanarayana : Has two mukhas and chakras. Destroys wealth, property and progeny, hence should not be worshipped.
● Shankaranarayana : Has a shivanabhi like structure either sideways or left side or right side.
● Pitamaha : Has four different dwaras with a chakra in each of them.
● Naramurti : The colour is yellow like the atasi flower with markings resembling a sacred thread on the sides.
● Shesha : Printed with linear marks forming the coiled body of a snake. Although red in colour, it is not considered inauspicious.
● Pralambaghna : Red in colour with the markings resembling the coiled body and hood of a snake. Causes death, hence should not be worshipped.
● Suryamurti : Has 12 different chakras either on the body surface or inside the dwara. Destroys illnesses on being worshipped.
● Haiheya : Has one mukha and multiple markings resembling hoods, out of which two are found on the right side of the dwara, shaped like a lotus petal with a golden mark resembling an arc. Grants all sorts of success on being worshipped.
● Vishnupanjara : Printed with several linear marks.
● Garuda : i) Shaped like a lotus with three marks one above the other the central line being longer, has four chakras. ii) Printed with markings resembling a pair of wings and having two, three or four golden linear marks on his body, green, blue or white in colour. Destroys all sins on being worshipped.
● Matsya : i) Elongated in shape, the colour is like gold/bell-metal, and marked with three bindus. ii) Elonhated in shape resembling a fish, green in colour with crystal-like glow, endowed with two chakras at the middle portion and three bindus. iii) Has three elongated dwaras each possessing a chakra while another chakra is situated at the posterior end shaped like the tail of a fish, the right side is shaped like a cart, the left side has a linear mark. iv) Has a long dwara at the right side, endowed with three bindus, a single chakra and markings resembling a shankha and lotus
v) Shaped like a fish and a has markings resembling an elongated fish. Grants enjoyment, liberation, fulfilment of all desires and auspiciousness on being worshipped.
● Kurma : i) Shaped like a tortoise with the eastern side elevated. ii) Green in colour, round in shape resembling a tortoise, the top surface being elevated and endowed with red markings resembling Kaustubha, five circular markings resembling the sun and a chakra. iii) Endowed with structures resembling the feet of a bed on the sides. iv) Endowed with a single chakra, three golden bindus and markings resembling a shankha and a lotus. v) Elongated in shape with the mukha extending from left to right side, and endowed with five circular markings resembling the sun. vi) Triangular in shape like the inflorescence of a snuhi plant with chakras on both sides. vii) Round in shape resembling a tortoise, has both blue and red colours on its surface, has a long dwara and two chakras imprinted sideways at the middle portion of the body. Fulfills all sorts of desires and increases progeny on being worshipped.
● Varaha : i) Blue in colour, big in size, and printed with odd number of chakras and three linear marks. ii) Endowed with even number of chakras, of which at least one is situated on the right side, and vanamala. This last variety is called Lakshmi-Varaha. Grants enjoyment and liberation on being worshipped.
● Narasimha : Has a very large mukha, two chakras and linear marks resembling the mane of a lion. Creates detachment in the mind of the worshipper on being worshipped.
Kapilanarasimha : Has three or five bindus, two large chakras in the middle, prominent linear marks, teeth-like projections in the large mukha, circular in shape and tawny in colour like jaggery or lac. Grants liberation, victory in combat, fulfilment of all desires, redemption from sins on being worshipped by a celibate, otherwise causes difficulties and pain.
Lakshminarasimha : Has a large mukha, two chakras at the left side, three or five bindus and a vanamala. Grants happiness, liberation and enjoyment to householders on being worshipped.
Vidarananarasimha : Has a very large mukha endowed with teeth-like projections and two chakras inside it. Causes fear and inflammation of residence on not being worshipped by a celibate.
Sarvatomukhanarasimha : Golden in colour, has multiple mukhas and seven chakras.
Patalanarasimha : Has multiple dwaras, multiple chakras (three at the dwara and ten at the sides) and multiple colours. Grants nectar of immortality to monks on being worshipped.
Akashanarasimha : Has a large mukha and an elevated chakra in the middle. To be worshipped only by monks.
Rakshasanarasimha : Golden in colour, has a large mukha and multiple holes. Causes inflammation of residence, hence should not be worshipped.
Jihvanarasimha : Has two large mukhas, two chakras and an elevated front. Causes poverty, hence should not be worshipped.
Adhomukhanarasimha : Has three chakras, one inside, other on the top surface and another on the sides. Grants liberation on being worshipped.
Jwalanarasimha : Has a small mukha, two chakras and a vanamala. Grants freedom from the world on being worshipped.
Mahanarasimha : Has two chakras and very beautiful, prominent linear marks.
● Vamana :
i) Round in shape like the kadamba flower, small in size and marked with five linear marks. ii) Small in size with glittering appearance, the shape is circular or triangular like the inflorescence of the snuhi flower, has a chakra on both top and bottom surface with markings resembling the Brahminy kite beside the chakra. iii) Not very small in size, has a single prominent glazedchakra at the centre. iv) The colour is yellow like the atasi flower with an elevated top surface, white bindus at the mukha and an indistinct chakra. v) The colour is blue like the rain-cloud, round like the bilva fruit or seeds of the jujube fruit in shape, has two chakras, a vanamala and a small mukha. This last variety is called Dadhivamana. Grants fulfilment of all desires, happiness, prosperity; increase in property, progeny and wealth of householders on being worshipped.
● Parashurama : Yellow or black in colour and marked with markings resembling an axe, has a chakra on either left or right side and markings resembling teeth, either at the top surface or on the sides. Prevents untimely death on being worshipped.
● Ramachandra : The colour is green like the durva grass, endowed with a single chakra, markings resembling a staff on the top surface and two linear marks on the sides.
Ranarama : Neither too large nor too small in size, circular in shape, endowed with two chakras and markings resembling an arrow and a quiver.
Rajarajeshwara : Neither too large nor too small in size, circular in shape, endowed with two or seven chakras and perforated with holes that appear to have been created by arrows, has markings resembling an umbrella, an arrow and a quiver. Grants wealth and kingship on being worshipped.
Sitarama : The colour is blue like a rain-cloud, has one or two dwaras, four chakras out of which one is situated at the left side, a vanamala and markings resembling a bow, an arrow, an elephant-goad, a banner, an umbrella and a chamara (fly-whisk made of yak-tail hair). Grants victory and prosperity on being worshipped.
Dashakanthakulantakarama : Oval in shape like a chicken's egg, green in colour, the top surface is elevated, has two linear marks at the dwara and a marking resembling a bow at the sides.
Virarama : Has a glazed chakra appearing like a lotus filament and markings resembling a bow, an arrow, a quiver, an ear-ring and a garland. Grants prosperity on being worshipped.
Vijayarama : Has a single chakra appearing like a lotus filament, endowed with red bindus, a gaping vadana and markings resembling a bow, an arrow and a quiver.
Ramamurti : Has a single chakra within the vadana, black in colour. Grants the ability to compose poetry on being worshipped.
Dustarama : The colour is blue like a rain-cloud, has markings resembling a bow and an arrow on the top surface and that resembling hooves at the sides.
● Krishna : i) Black in colour, endowed with a single chakra at the dwara and a vanamala. ii) Has yellow patches, the dwara is situated at the middle, the top surface resembles a tortoise shell, endowed with yellow bindus at the sides. Grants wealth, crops, happiness and redemption from sins on being worshipped.
Balakrisha : Has a long mukha and bindus on both top and bottom surface. Grants progeny and prosperity on being worshipped.
Gopala : Deep black in colour, large in size, endowed with two chakras, a vanamala, triangular markings resembling shrivatsa, white teeth-like structure at the sides within the mukha resembling a smile. Grants property, crops and wealth on being worshipped.
Madanagopala : A Gopala shila endowed with additional attributes - markings resembling full-bloomed lotuses on the sides, a garland and an ear-ring. Grants children, grandchildren, wealth and control over the world on being worshipped.
Santanagopala : A Gopala shila whose mukha is shaped like a half-moon. Increases progeny on being worshipped.
Govardhanagopala : Circular in shape, the front portion is lowered, endowed with bindus of silvery hue alongside markings resembling a staff and a garland on the sides, another resembling a venu at the mukha and a long linear mark on the right side. Grants fulfilment of all desires, destruction of all enemies, redemption from all sins, cattle and crops on being worshipped.
Lakshmigopala : A Gopala shila which is oval in shape like a chicken's egg, endowed with markings resembling a venu, an ear-ring and a country plough. Grants progeny, spouse, property, enjoyment and liberation on being worshipped.
Kaliyamardana : The sides are large and endowed with golden linear marks and three small bindus. Grants destruction of enemies, progeny and wealth on being worshipped.
Syamantahari : The colour is white like the blade of a sword, has a large chakra, the top surface is endowed with a vanamala and triangular markings resembling shrivatsa. Increases progeny and fame on being worshipped.
Chanuramardana : Green in colour with two red bindus, endowed with linear markings on both left and right sides, giving a resemblance to a fist. Destroys all enemies on being worshipped.
Kamsamardana : Blue in colour, having a different colour either at the front or on a rear side.
● Sankarshana : Red in colour, has two chakras joined with each other on the top side, the eastern side is perforated. Grants happiness to householders on being worshipped.
Balabhadra : Marked with seven chakras. Grants children and grandchildren on being worshipped.
Balarama : Has five linear marks on the top side and markings resembling a bow and an arrow on the rear sides. Grants progeny on being worshipped.
● Buddha : Has a very small mukha but without any chakra. It is also called Nivita (hidden) Buddha. Grants the ultimate position (parama pada) on being worshipped.
● Kalki : i) The colour is black, has six chakras and markings resembling a sword/dagger over the mukha on the top surface. ii) Shaped like the face of a horse and marked with three chakras. Destroys all evil caused by kaliyuga on being worshipped.
More detailed classification is provided in the Meru Tantra and in the book Shalagrama Kosha compiled by S. K. Ramachandra Rao from a manuscript named Shalagrama Pariksha written by a Telugu brahmin named Anupasimha and unpublished sections of the Sritattvanidhi dealing with shaligrama shilas.
Use
Shaligrama shilas are used as non-anthropomorphic representations of Vishnu alongside Dvaravati shilas, similar to the use of yantra and kalasha in the veneration of Devi and linga and Baneshvara shilas in the veenration of Shiva. The Pranatoshani Tantra states that worship of all deities can be conducted on a shaligrama shila. The Puranas unequivocally state that worship of Vishnu done through a shaligrama shila yields greater merit than that done through a murti (idol).
Unlike murtis, shaligrama shilas can be worshipped in individual residencies alongside temples, can be carried away from one place to another easily and can be worshipped as long as the chakra inside it has not been broken or cracked. Apart from the traditional upacharas (articles of worship) whose number varies from five, 10, 16 to 18, worship of a shaligrama shila requires only tulasi leaves and water poured from a (special conchshell) for ablution compared to an murti which requires upacharas of monetary value like robes and jewellery. Hence worship of shaligrama shila can be afforded by people even in times of hardship and distress as the only mode of worship.
Hindus hailing from South India bedeck idols of Vishnu with a garland made of 108 shaligrama shilas. Bengali Hindus observe a ceremony called Svastyayana in which 108 or 1008 tulasi leaves anointed with sandalwood paste are offered on a shaligrama shila with the aim of healing diseases or being delivered from troubles. This can be accompanied by Chandipatha (ritualistic recitation of the Devi Mahatmya) once, thrice or five times; worshipping one or four clay Shivalingas and chanting the mantras of Durga and Vishnu 108 or 1008 times.
Literature
The Pranatoshani Tantra states that:
The merit gained by worshipping Vishnu in a Shalagrama shila once is equivalent to that of conducting a thousand Rajasuya yajnas and donating the entire earth.
A person who is unable to undertake pilgrimage, donate articles to the needy and brahmins or conduct yajnas can gain mukti (liberation) by worshipping Vishnu in a Shalagrama shila.
Land situated within the radius of three yojanas of a Shalagrama shila becomes sacred to Vishnu even if that land is inhabited by mlecchas (non-Hindus). A devout worshipper who dies in such an area is never reborn again.
All sorts of auspicious activities (like taking ablution, donating articles to the needy and brahmins, undergoing austerities and conducting homa) grants merit for all eternity on being conducted in the vicinity of a Shalagrama shila.
All sorts of sins whether perceived in mind or committed in deeds for an entire year are destroyed by donating a Shalagrama shila to a brahmin.
The person who worships together 12 Shalagrama shilas for a single day earns the merit equivalent of worshipping 12 crore Shivalingas with lotuses made out of gold and residing in Varanasi for eight days.
The person who worships together 100 Shalagrama shilas attains Maharloka after death and is reborn as an emperor.
Moksha is undoubtedly obtained by the person who worships a Shalagrama shila and Dvaravati shila together.
The material is also mentioned in the Skanda Purana and Padma Purana.
Restrictions
The Pranatoshani Tantra states that nobody except initiated brahmins are allowed to touch a Shalagrama shila. On being touched by somebody other than an initiated brahmin, the Shalagrama shila must be cleansed with panchagavya. However all persons are allowed to be the yajamana for the worship of a Shalagrama shila.
The Padma Purana, Patala Khanda, Chapter 20 prohibits women of all castes from touching a Shalagrama shila both directly (by anointing sandalwood paste) and indirectly (by offering flowers).
The Padma Purana, Patala Khanda, Chapter 79 states that person who buys and sells Shalagrama shilas is damned in hell as long as the sun exists in the sky. The same fate is destined for the person who approves of buying or selling Shalagrama shilas and the person who determines its monetary value.
The Devi Bhagavata Purana, 9th Skandha, Chapter 10 states that the person who places the Shalagrama shila on ground is damned in hell for a hundred Manvantaras where he experiences the pain of being eaten by worms.
The Devi Bhagavata Purana, 9th Skandha, Chapter 24 states that failing to keep one's promise or speaking lies while holding the Shalagrama shila in hand leads the person to be damned in hell for the life-time of Brahma. It also states that the person who removes a tulasi leaf from a Shalagrama shila is separated from his wife in his next birth.
The Devi Bhagavata Purana, 9th Skandha, Chapter 35 states that the person who swears falsely while touching a Shalagrama shila experiences the pain of being burnt in red-hot coal for the lifetime of 14 Indras in hell and is reborn as a worm residing in faeces for seven consecutive births.
References
Forms of Vishnu
Vaishnavism
Hindu iconography
Hindu symbols
Objects used in Hindu worship
Fossils | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaligram |
The history of molecular biology begins in the 1930s with the convergence of various, previously distinct biological and physical disciplines: biochemistry, genetics, microbiology, virology and physics. With the hope of understanding life at its most fundamental level, numerous physicists and chemists also took an interest in what would become molecular biology.
In its modern sense, molecular biology attempts to explain the phenomena of life starting from the macromolecular properties that generate them. Two categories of macromolecules in particular are the focus of the molecular biologist: 1) nucleic acids, among which the most famous is deoxyribonucleic acid (or DNA), the constituent of genes, and 2) proteins, which are the active agents of living organisms. One definition of the scope of molecular biology therefore is to characterize the structure, function and relationships between these two types of macromolecules. This relatively limited definition will suffice to allow us to establish a date for the so-called "molecular revolution", or at least to establish a chronology of its most fundamental developments.
General overview
In its earliest manifestations, molecular biology—the name was coined by Warren Weaver of the Rockefeller Foundation in 1938—was an idea of physical and chemical explanations of life, rather than a coherent discipline. Following the advent of the Mendelian-chromosome theory of heredity in the 1910s and the maturation of atomic theory and quantum mechanics in the 1920s, such explanations seemed within reach. Weaver and others encouraged (and funded) research at the intersection of biology, chemistry and physics, while prominent physicists such as Niels Bohr and Erwin Schrödinger turned their attention to biological speculation. However, in the 1930s and 1940s it was by no means clear which—if any—cross-disciplinary research would bear fruit; work in colloid chemistry, biophysics and radiation biology, crystallography, and other emerging fields all seemed promising.
In 1940, George Beadle and Edward Tatum demonstrated the existence of a precise relationship between genes and proteins. In the course of their experiments connecting genetics with biochemistry, they switched from the genetics mainstay Drosophila to a more appropriate model organism, the fungus Neurospora; the construction and exploitation of new model organisms would become a recurring theme in the development of molecular biology. In 1944, Oswald Avery, working at the Rockefeller Institute of New York, demonstrated that genes are made up of DNA(see Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment). In 1952, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase confirmed that the genetic material of the bacteriophage, the virus which infects bacteria, is made up of DNA (see Hershey–Chase experiment). In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helical structure of the DNA molecule based on the discoveries made by Rosalind Franklin. In 1961, François Jacob and Jacques Monod demonstrated that the products of certain genes regulated the expression of other genes by acting upon specific sites at the edge of those genes. They also hypothesized the existence of an intermediary between DNA and its protein products, which they called messenger RNA. Between 1961 and 1965, the relationship between the information contained in DNA and the structure of proteins was determined: there is a code, the genetic code, which creates a correspondence between the succession of nucleotides in the DNA sequence and a series of amino acids in proteins.
In April 2023, scientists, based on new evidence, concluded that Rosalind Franklin was a contributor and "equal player" in the discovery process of DNA, rather than otherwise, as may have been presented subsequently after the time of the discovery.
The chief discoveries of molecular biology took place in a period of only about twenty-five years. Another fifteen years were required before new and more sophisticated technologies, united today under the name of genetic engineering, would permit the isolation and characterization of genes, in particular those of highly complex organisms.
The exploration of the molecular dominion
If we evaluate the molecular revolution within the context of biological history, it is easy to note that it is the culmination of a long process which began with the first observations through a microscope. The aim of these early researchers was to understand the functioning of living organisms by describing their organization at the microscopic level. From the end of the 18th century, the characterization of the chemical molecules which make up living beings gained increasingly greater attention, along with the birth of physiological chemistry in the 19th century, developed by the German chemist Justus von Liebig and following the birth of biochemistry at the beginning of the 20th, thanks to another German chemist Eduard Buchner. Between the molecules studied by chemists and the tiny structures visible under the optical microscope, such as the cellular nucleus or the chromosomes, there was an obscure zone, "the world of the ignored dimensions," as it was called by the chemical-physicist Wolfgang Ostwald. This world is populated by colloids, chemical compounds whose structure and properties were not well defined.
The successes of molecular biology derived from the exploration of that unknown world by means of the new technologies developed by chemists and physicists: X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, ultracentrifugation, and electrophoresis. These studies revealed the structure and function of the macromolecules.
A milestone in that process was the work of Linus Pauling in 1949, which for the first time linked the specific genetic mutation in patients with sickle cell disease to a demonstrated change in an individual protein, the hemoglobin in the erythrocytes of heterozygous or homozygous individuals.
The encounter between biochemistry and genetics
The development of molecular biology is also the encounter of two disciplines which made considerable progress in the course of the first thirty years of the twentieth century: biochemistry and genetics. The first studies the structure and function of the molecules which make up living things. Between 1900 and 1940, the central processes of metabolism were described: the process of digestion and the absorption of the nutritive elements derived from alimentation, such as the sugars. Every one of these processes is catalyzed by a particular enzyme. Enzymes are proteins, like the antibodies present in blood or the proteins responsible for muscular contraction. As a consequence, the study of proteins, of their structure and synthesis, became one of the principal objectives of biochemists.
The second discipline of biology which developed at the beginning of the 20th century is genetics. After the rediscovery of the laws of Mendel through the studies of Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns and Erich von Tschermak in 1900, this science began to take shape thanks to the adoption by Thomas Hunt Morgan, in 1910, of a model organism for genetic studies, the famous fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). Shortly after, Morgan showed that the genes are localized on chromosomes. Following this discovery, he continued working with Drosophila and, along with numerous other research groups, confirmed the importance of the gene in the life and development of organisms. Nevertheless, the chemical nature of genes and their mechanisms of action remained a mystery. Molecular biologists committed themselves to the determination of the structure, and the description of the complex relations between, genes and proteins.
The development of molecular biology was not just the fruit of some sort of intrinsic "necessity" in the history of ideas, but was a characteristically historical phenomenon, with all of its unknowns, imponderables and contingencies: the remarkable developments in physics at the beginning of the 20th century highlighted the relative lateness in development in biology, which became the "new frontier" in the search for knowledge about the empirical world. Moreover, the developments of the theory of information and cybernetics in the 1940s, in response to military exigencies, brought to the new biology a significant number of fertile ideas and, especially, metaphors.
The choice of bacteria and of its virus, the bacteriophage, as models for the study of the fundamental mechanisms of life was almost natural - they are the smallest living organisms known to exist - and at the same time the fruit of individual choices. This model owes its success, above all, to the fame and the sense of organization of Max Delbrück, a German physicist, who was able to create a dynamic research group, based in the United States, whose exclusive scope was the study of the bacteriophage: the phage group.
The phage group was an informal network of biologists that carried out basic research mainly on bacteriophage T4 and made numerous seminal contributions to microbial genetics and the origins of molecular biology in the mid-20th century. In 1961, Sydney Brenner, an early member of the phage group, collaborated with Francis Crick, Leslie Barnett and Richard Watts-Tobin at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge to perform genetic experiments that demonstrated the basic nature of the genetic code for proteins. These experiments, carried out with mutants of the rIIB gene of bacteriophage T4, showed, that for a gene that encodes a protein, three sequential bases of the gene's DNA specify each successive amino acid of the protein. Thus the genetic code is a triplet code, where each triplet (called a codon) specifies a particular amino acid. They also found that the codons do not overlap with each other in the DNA sequence encoding a protein, and that such a sequence is read from a fixed starting point.
During 1962-1964 phage T4 researchers provided an opportunity to study the function of virtually all of the genes that are essential for growth of the bacteriophage under laboratory conditions. These studies were facilitated by the discovery of two classes of conditional lethal mutants. One class of such mutants is known as amber mutants. Another class of conditional lethal mutants is referred to as temperature-sensitive mutants. Studies of these two classes of mutants led to considerable insight into numerous fundamental biologic problems. Thus understanding was gained on the functions and interactions of the proteins employed in the machinery of DNA replication, DNA repair and DNA recombination. Furthermore, understanding was gained on the processes by which viruses are assembled from protein and nucleic acid components (molecular morphogenesis). Also, the role of chain terminating codons was elucidated. One noteworthy study used amber mutants defective in the gene encoding the major head protein of bacteriophage T4. This experiment provided strong evidence for the widely held, but prior to 1964 still unproven, "sequence hypothesis" that the amino acid sequence of a protein is specified by the nucleotide sequence of the gene determining the protein. Thus, this study demonstrated the co-linearity of the gene with its encoded protein.
The geographic panorama of the developments of the new biology was conditioned above all by preceding work. The US, where genetics had developed the most rapidly, and the UK, where there was a coexistence of both genetics and biochemical research of highly advanced levels, were in the avant-garde. Germany, the cradle of the revolutions in physics, with the best minds and the most advanced laboratories of genetics in the world, should have had a primary role in the development of molecular biology. But history decided differently: the arrival of the Nazis in 1933 - and, to a less extreme degree, the rigidification of totalitarian measures in fascist Italy - caused the emigration of a large number of Jewish and non-Jewish scientists. The majority of them fled to the US or the UK, providing an extra impulse to the scientific dynamism of those nations. These movements ultimately made molecular biology a truly international science from the very beginnings.
History of DNA biochemistry
The study of DNA is a central part of molecular biology.
First isolation of DNA
Working in the 19th century, biochemists initially isolated DNA and RNA (mixed together) from cell nuclei. They were relatively quick to appreciate the polymeric nature of their "nucleic acid" isolates, but realized only later that nucleotides were of two types—one containing ribose and the other deoxyribose. It was this subsequent discovery that led to the identification and naming of DNA as a substance distinct from RNA.
Friedrich Miescher (1844–1895) discovered a substance he called "nuclein" in 1869. Somewhat later, he isolated a pure sample of the material now known as DNA from the sperm of salmon, and in 1889 his pupil, Richard Altmann, named it "nucleic acid". This substance was found to exist only in the chromosomes.
In 1919 Phoebus Levene at the Rockefeller Institute identified the components (the four bases, the sugar and the phosphate chain) and he showed that the components of DNA were linked in the order phosphate-sugar-base. He called each of these units a nucleotide and suggested the DNA molecule consisted of a string of nucleotide units linked together through the phosphate groups, which are the 'backbone' of the molecule. However Levene thought the chain was short and that the bases repeated in the same fixed order. Torbjörn Caspersson and Einar Hammersten showed that DNA was a polymer.
Chromosomes and inherited traits
In 1927, Nikolai Koltsov proposed that inherited traits would be inherited via a "giant hereditary molecule" which would be made up of "two mirror strands that would replicate in a semi-conservative fashion using each strand as a template". Max Delbrück, Nikolay Timofeev-Ressovsky, and Karl G. Zimmer published results in 1935 suggesting that chromosomes are very large molecules the structure of which can be changed by treatment with X-rays, and that by so changing their structure it was possible to change the heritable characteristics governed by those chromosomes. In 1937 William Astbury produced the first X-ray diffraction patterns from DNA. He was not able to propose the correct structure but the patterns showed that DNA had a regular structure and therefore it might be possible to deduce what this structure was.
In 1943, Oswald Theodore Avery and a team of scientists discovered that traits proper to the "smooth" form of the Pneumococcus could be transferred to the "rough" form of the same bacteria merely by making the killed "smooth" (S) form available to the live "rough" (R) form. Quite unexpectedly, the living R Pneumococcus bacteria were transformed into a new strain of the S form, and the transferred S characteristics turned out to be heritable. Avery called the medium of transfer of traits the transforming principle; he identified DNA as the transforming principle, and not protein as previously thought. He essentially redid Frederick Griffith's experiment. In 1953, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase did an experiment (Hershey–Chase experiment) that showed, in T2 phage, that DNA is the genetic material (Hershey shared the Nobel prize with Luria).
Discovery of the structure of DNA
In the 1950s, three groups made it their goal to determine the structure of DNA. The first group to start was at King's College London and was led by Maurice Wilkins and was later joined by Rosalind Franklin. Another group consisting of Francis Crick and James Watson was at Cambridge. A third group was at Caltech and was led by Linus Pauling. Crick and Watson built physical models using metal rods and balls, in which they incorporated the known chemical structures of the nucleotides, as well as the known position of the linkages joining one nucleotide to the next along the polymer. At King's College Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin examined X-ray diffraction patterns of DNA fibers. Of the three groups, only the London group was able to produce good quality diffraction patterns and thus produce sufficient quantitative data about the structure.
Helix structure
In 1948, Pauling discovered that many proteins included helical (see alpha helix) shapes. Pauling had deduced this structure from X-ray patterns and from attempts to physically model the structures. (Pauling was also later to suggest an incorrect three chain helical DNA structure based on Astbury's data.) Even in the initial diffraction data from DNA by Maurice Wilkins, it was evident that the structure involved helices. But this insight was only a beginning. There remained the questions of how many strands came together, whether this number was the same for every helix, whether the bases pointed toward the helical axis or away, and ultimately what were the explicit angles and coordinates of all the bonds and atoms. Such questions motivated the modeling efforts of Watson and Crick.
Complementary nucleotides
In their modeling, Watson and Crick restricted themselves to what they saw as chemically and biologically reasonable. Still, the breadth of possibilities was very wide. A breakthrough occurred in 1952, when Erwin Chargaff visited Cambridge and inspired Crick with a description of experiments Chargaff had published in 1947. Chargaff had observed that the proportions of the four nucleotides vary between one DNA sample and the next, but that for particular pairs of nucleotides — adenine and thymine, guanine and cytosine — the two nucleotides are always present in equal proportions.
Using X-ray diffraction, as well as other data from Rosalind Franklin and her information that the bases were paired, James Watson and Francis Crick arrived at the first accurate model of DNA's molecular structure in 1953, which was accepted through inspection by Rosalind Franklin. The discovery was announced on February 28, 1953; the first Watson/Crick paper appeared in Nature on April 25, 1953. Sir Lawrence Bragg, the director of the Cavendish Laboratory, where Watson and Crick worked, gave a talk at Guy's Hospital Medical School in London on Thursday, May 14, 1953, which resulted in an article by Ritchie Calder in the News Chronicle of London, on Friday, May 15, 1953, entitled "Why You Are You. Nearer Secret of Life." The news reached readers of The New York Times the next day; Victor K. McElheny, in researching his biography, "Watson and DNA: Making a Scientific Revolution", found a clipping of a six-paragraph New York Times article written from London and dated May 16, 1953 with the headline "Form of `Life Unit' in Cell Is Scanned." The article ran in an early edition and was then pulled to make space for news deemed more important. (The New York Times subsequently ran a longer article on June 12, 1953). The Cambridge University undergraduate newspaper also ran its own short article on the discovery on Saturday, May 30, 1953. Bragg's original announcement at a Solvay Conference on proteins in Belgium on 8 April 1953 went unreported by the press. In 1962 Watson, Crick, and Maurice Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their determination of the structure of DNA.
"Central Dogma"
Watson and Crick's model attracted great interest immediately upon its presentation. Arriving at their conclusion on February 21, 1953, Watson and Crick made their first announcement on February 28. In an influential presentation in 1957, Crick laid out the "central dogma of molecular biology", which foretold the relationship between DNA, RNA, and proteins, and articulated the "sequence hypothesis." A critical confirmation of the replication mechanism that was implied by the double-helical structure followed in 1958 in the form of the Meselson–Stahl experiment. Work by Crick and coworkers showed that the genetic code was based on non-overlapping triplets of bases, called codons, and Har Gobind Khorana and others deciphered the genetic code not long afterward (1966). These findings represent the birth of molecular biology.
History of RNA tertiary structure
Pre-history: the helical structure of RNA
The earliest work in RNA structural biology coincided, more or less, with the work being done on DNA in the early 1950s. In their seminal 1953 paper, Watson and Crick suggested that van der Waals crowding by the 2`OH group of ribose would preclude RNA from adopting a double helical structure identical to the model they proposed - what we now know as B-form DNA. This provoked questions about the three-dimensional structure of RNA: could this molecule form some type of helical structure, and if so, how? As with DNA, early structural work on RNA centered around isolation of native RNA polymers for fiber diffraction analysis. In part because of heterogeneity of the samples tested, early fiber diffraction patterns were usually ambiguous and not readily interpretable. In 1955, Marianne Grunberg-Manago and colleagues published a paper describing the enzyme polynucleotide phosphorylase, which cleaved a phosphate group from nucleotide diphosphates to catalyze their polymerization. This discovery allowed researchers to synthesize homogenous nucleotide polymers, which they then combined to produce double stranded molecules. These samples yielded the most readily interpretable fiber diffraction patterns yet obtained, suggesting an ordered, helical structure for cognate, double stranded RNA that differed from that observed in DNA. These results paved the way for a series of investigations into the various properties and propensities of RNA. Through the late 1950s and early 1960s, numerous papers were published on various topics in RNA structure, including RNA-DNA hybridization, triple stranded RNA, and even small-scale crystallography of RNA di-nucleotides - G-C, and A-U - in primitive helix-like arrangements. For a more in-depth review of the early work in RNA structural biology, see the article The Era of RNA Awakening: Structural biology of RNA in the early years by Alexander Rich.
The beginning: crystal structure of tRNAPHE
In the mid-1960s, the role of tRNA in protein synthesis was being intensively studied. At this point, ribosomes had been implicated in protein synthesis, and it had been shown that an mRNA strand was necessary for the formation of these structures. In a 1964 publication, Warner and Rich showed that ribosomes active in protein synthesis contained tRNA molecules bound at the A and P sites, and discussed the notion that these molecules aided in the peptidyl transferase reaction. However, despite considerable biochemical characterization, the structural basis of tRNA function remained a mystery. In 1965, Holley et al. purified and sequenced the first tRNA molecule, initially proposing that it adopted a cloverleaf structure, based largely on the ability of certain regions of the molecule to form stem loop structures. The isolation of tRNA proved to be the first major windfall in RNA structural biology. Following Robert W. Holley's publication, numerous investigators began work on isolation tRNA for crystallographic study, developing improved methods for isolating the molecule as they worked. By 1968 several groups had produced tRNA crystals, but these proved to be of limited quality and did not yield data at the resolutions necessary to determine structure. In 1971, Kim et al. achieved another breakthrough, producing crystals of yeast tRNAPHE that diffracted to 2-3 Ångström resolutions by using spermine, a naturally occurring polyamine, which bound to and stabilized the tRNA. Despite having suitable crystals, however, the structure of tRNAPHE was not immediately solved at high resolution; rather it took pioneering work in the use of heavy metal derivatives and a good deal more time to produce a high-quality density map of the entire molecule. In 1973, Kim et al. produced a 4 Ångström map of the tRNA molecule in which they could unambiguously trace the entire backbone. This solution would be followed by many more, as various investigators worked to refine the structure and thereby more thoroughly elucidate the details of base pairing and stacking interactions, and validate the published architecture of the molecule.
The tRNAPHE structure is notable in the field of nucleic acid structure in general, as it represented the first solution of a long-chain nucleic acid structure of any kind - RNA or DNA - preceding Richard E. Dickerson's solution of a B-form dodecamer by nearly a decade. Also, tRNAPHE demonstrated many of the tertiary interactions observed in RNA architecture which would not be categorized and more thoroughly understood for years to come, providing a foundation for all future RNA structural research.
The renaissance: the hammerhead ribozyme and the group I intron: P4-6
For a considerable time following the first tRNA structures, the field of RNA structure did not dramatically advance. The ability to study an RNA structure depended upon the potential to isolate the RNA target. This proved limiting to the field for many years, in part because other known targets - i.e., the ribosome - were significantly more difficult to isolate and crystallize. Further, because other interesting RNA targets had simply not been identified, or were not sufficiently understood to be deemed interesting, there was simply a lack of things to study structurally. As such, for some twenty years following the original publication of the tRNAPHE structure, the structures of only a handful of other RNA targets were solved, with almost all of these belonging to the transfer RNA family. This unfortunate lack of scope would eventually be overcome largely because of two major advancements in nucleic acid research: the identification of ribozymes, and the ability to produce them via in vitro transcription.
Subsequent to Tom Cech's publication implicating the Tetrahymena group I intron as an autocatalytic ribozyme, and Sidney Altman's report of catalysis by ribonuclease P RNA, several other catalytic RNAs were identified in the late 1980s, including the hammerhead ribozyme. In 1994, McKay et al. published the structure of a 'hammerhead RNA-DNA ribozyme-inhibitor complex' at 2.6 Ångström resolution, in which the autocatalytic activity of the ribozyme was disrupted via binding to a DNA substrate. The conformation of the ribozyme published in this paper was eventually shown to be one of several possible states, and although this particular sample was catalytically inactive, subsequent structures have revealed its active-state architecture. This structure was followed by Jennifer Doudna's publication of the structure of the P4-P6 domains of the Tetrahymena group I intron, a fragment of the ribozyme originally made famous by Cech. The second clause in the title of this publication - Principles of RNA Packing - concisely evinces the value of these two structures: for the first time, comparisons could be made between well described tRNA structures and those of globular RNAs outside the transfer family. This allowed the framework of categorization to be built for RNA tertiary structure. It was now possible to propose the conservation of motifs, folds, and various local stabilizing interactions. For an early review of these structures and their implications, see RNA FOLDS: Insights from recent crystal structures, by Doudna and Ferre-D'Amare.
In addition to the advances being made in global structure determination via crystallography, the early 1990s also saw the implementation of NMR as a powerful technique in RNA structural biology. Coincident with the large-scale ribozyme structures being solved crystallographically, a number of structures of small RNAs and RNAs complexed with drugs and peptides were solved using NMR. In addition, NMR was now being used to investigate and supplement crystal structures, as exemplified by the determination of an isolated tetraloop-receptor motif structure published in 1997. Investigations such as this enabled a more precise characterization of the base pairing and base stacking interactions which stabilized the global folds of large RNA molecules. The importance of understanding RNA tertiary structural motifs was prophetically well described by Michel and Costa in their publication identifying the tetraloop motif: "..it should not come as a surprise if self-folding RNA molecules were to make intensive use of only a relatively small set of tertiary motifs. Identifying these motifs would greatly aid modeling enterprises, which will remain essential as long as the crystallization of large RNAs remains a difficult task".
The modern era: the age of RNA structural biology
The resurgence of RNA structural biology in the mid-1990s has caused a veritable explosion in the field of nucleic acid structural research. Since the publication of the hammerhead and P4-6 structures, numerous major contributions to the field have been made. Some of the most noteworthy examples include the structures of the Group I and Group II introns, and the Ribosome solved by Nenad Ban and colleagues in the laboratory of Thomas Steitz. The first three structures were produced using in vitro transcription, and that NMR has played a role in investigating partial components of all four structures - testaments to the indispensability of both techniques for RNA research. Most recently, the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Ada Yonath, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas Steitz for their structural work on the ribosome, demonstrating the prominent role RNA structural biology has taken in modern molecular biology.
History of protein biochemistry
First isolation and classification
Proteins were recognized as a distinct class of biological molecules in the eighteenth century by Antoine Fourcroy and others. Members of this class (called the "albuminoids", Eiweisskörper, or matières albuminoides) were recognized by their ability to coagulate or flocculate under various treatments such as heat or acid; well-known examples at the start of the nineteenth century included albumen from egg whites, blood serum albumin, fibrin, and wheat gluten. The similarity between the cooking of egg whites and the curdling of milk was recognized even in ancient times; for example, the name albumen for the egg-white protein was coined by Pliny the Elder from the Latin albus ovi (egg white).
With the advice of Jöns Jakob Berzelius, the Dutch chemist Gerhardus Johannes Mulder carried out elemental analyses of common animal and plant proteins. To everyone's surprise, all proteins had nearly the same empirical formula, roughly C400H620N100O120 with individual sulfur and phosphorus atoms. Mulder published his findings in two papers (1837,1838) and hypothesized that there was one basic substance (Grundstoff) of proteins, and that it was synthesized by plants and absorbed from them by animals in digestion. Berzelius was an early proponent of this theory and proposed the name "protein" for this substance in a letter dated 10 July 1838
The name protein that he propose for the organic oxide of fibrin and albumin, I wanted to derive from [the Greek word] πρωτειος, because it appears to be the primitive or principal substance of animal nutrition.
Mulder went on to identify the products of protein degradation such as the amino acid, leucine, for which he found a (nearly correct) molecular weight of 131 Da.
Purifications and measurements of mass
The minimum molecular weight suggested by Mulder's analyses was roughly 9 kDa, hundreds of times larger than other molecules being studied. Hence, the chemical structure of proteins (their primary structure) was an active area of research until 1949, when Fred Sanger sequenced insulin. The (correct) theory that proteins were linear polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds was proposed independently and simultaneously by Franz Hofmeister and Emil Fischer at the same conference in 1902. However, some scientists were sceptical that such long macromolecules could be stable in solution. Consequently, numerous alternative theories of the protein primary structure were proposed, e.g., the colloidal hypothesis that proteins were assemblies of small molecules, the cyclol hypothesis of Dorothy Wrinch, the diketopiperazine hypothesis of Emil Abderhalden and the pyrrol/piperidine hypothesis of Troensgard (1942). Most of these theories had difficulties in accounting for the fact that the digestion of proteins yielded peptides and amino acids.
Proteins were finally shown to be macromolecules of well-defined composition (and not colloidal mixtures) by Theodor Svedberg using analytical ultracentrifugation. The possibility that some proteins are non-covalent associations of such macromolecules was shown by Gilbert Smithson Adair (by measuring the osmotic pressure of hemoglobin) and, later, by Frederic M. Richards in his studies of ribonuclease S. The mass spectrometry of proteins has long been a useful technique for identifying posttranslational modifications and, more recently, for probing protein structure.
Most proteins are difficult to purify in more than milligram quantities, even using the most modern methods. Hence, early studies focused on proteins that could be purified in large quantities, e.g., those of blood, egg white, various toxins, and digestive/metabolic enzymes obtained from slaughterhouses. Many techniques of protein purification were developed during World War II in a project led by Edwin Joseph Cohn to purify blood proteins to help keep soldiers alive. In the late 1950s, the Armour Hot Dog Co. purified 1 kg (= one million milligrams) of pure bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A and made it available at low cost to scientists around the world. This generous act made RNase A the main protein for basic research for the next few decades, resulting in several Nobel Prizes.
Protein folding and first structural models
The study of protein folding began in 1910 with a famous paper by Harriette Chick and C. J. Martin, in which they showed that the flocculation of a protein was composed of two distinct processes: the precipitation of a protein from solution was preceded by another process called denaturation, in which the protein became much less soluble, lost its enzymatic activity and became more chemically reactive. In the mid-1920s, Tim Anson and Alfred Mirsky proposed that denaturation was a reversible process, a correct hypothesis that was initially lampooned by some scientists as "unboiling the egg". Anson also suggested that denaturation was a two-state ("all-or-none") process, in which one fundamental molecular transition resulted in the drastic changes in solubility, enzymatic activity and chemical reactivity; he further noted that the free energy changes upon denaturation were much smaller than those typically involved in chemical reactions. In 1929, Hsien Wu hypothesized that denaturation was protein unfolding, a purely conformational change that resulted in the exposure of amino acid side chains to the solvent. According to this (correct) hypothesis, exposure of aliphatic and reactive side chains to solvent rendered the protein less soluble and more reactive, whereas the loss of a specific conformation caused the loss of enzymatic activity. Although considered plausible, Wu's hypothesis was not immediately accepted, since so little was known of protein structure and enzymology and other factors could account for the changes in solubility, enzymatic activity and chemical reactivity. In the early 1960s, Chris Anfinsen showed that the folding of ribonuclease A was fully reversible with no external cofactors needed, verifying the "thermodynamic hypothesis" of protein folding that the folded state represents the global minimum of free energy for the protein.
The hypothesis of protein folding was followed by research into the physical interactions that stabilize folded protein structures. The crucial role of hydrophobic interactions was hypothesized by Dorothy Wrinch and Irving Langmuir, as a mechanism that might stabilize her cyclol structures. Although supported by J. D. Bernal and others, this (correct) hypothesis was rejected along with the cyclol hypothesis, which was disproven in the 1930s by Linus Pauling (among others). Instead, Pauling championed the idea that protein structure was stabilized mainly by hydrogen bonds, an idea advanced initially by William Astbury (1933). Remarkably, Pauling's incorrect theory about H-bonds resulted in his correct models for the secondary structure elements of proteins, the alpha helix and the beta sheet. The hydrophobic interaction was restored to its correct prominence by a famous article in 1959 by Walter Kauzmann on denaturation, based partly on work by Kaj Linderstrøm-Lang. The ionic nature of proteins was demonstrated by Bjerrum, Weber and Arne Tiselius, but Linderstrom-Lang showed that the charges were generally accessible to solvent and not bound to each other (1949).
The secondary and low-resolution tertiary structure of globular proteins was investigated initially by hydrodynamic methods, such as analytical ultracentrifugation and flow birefringence. Spectroscopic methods to probe protein structure (such as circular dichroism, fluorescence, near-ultraviolet and infrared absorbance) were developed in the 1950s. The first atomic-resolution structures of proteins were solved by X-ray crystallography in the 1960s and by NMR in the 1980s. , the Protein Data Bank has over 150,000 atomic-resolution structures of proteins. In more recent times, cryo-electron microscopy of large macromolecular assemblies has achieved atomic resolution, and computational protein structure prediction of small protein domains is approaching atomic resolution.
See also
History of biology
History of biotechnology
History of genetics
References
Fruton, Joseph. Proteins, Genes, Enzymes: The Interplay of Chemistry and Biology. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1999.
Lily E. Kay, The Molecular Vision of Life: Caltech, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Rise of the New Biology, Oxford University Press, Reprint 1996
Morange, Michel. A History of Molecular Biology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1998.
Fry, Michael. Landmark Experiments in Molecular Biology. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. 2016.
History of biology by subdiscipline
History of chemistry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20molecular%20biology |
Rongbuk Monastery (; other spellings include Rongpu, Rongphu, Rongphuk and Rong sbug ()), also known as Dzarongpu or Dzarong, is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery of the Nyingma sect in Basum Township, Dingri County, in Shigatse Prefecture of Tibet.
Location
Rongbuk Monastery lies near the base of the north side of Mount Everest at above sea level, at the end of the Dzakar Chu valley. Rongbuk is claimed to be the highest-elevation monastery in the world. However, the true highest monastery in the world is Drirapuk Monastery in Ngari Prefecture, at an altitude of . For Sherpas living on the south slopes of Everest in the Khumbu region of Nepal, Rongbuk Monastery was an important pilgrimage site, accessed in a few days' travel across the Himalaya through the Nangpa La. The monastery was also regularly visited by the early expeditions to Mount Everest in the 1920s and 1930s after a five-week journey from Darjeeling in the Indian foothills of the Himalaya. Most past and current expeditions attempting to summit Mount Everest from the north, Tibetan side establish their Base Camp near the tongue of Rongbuk Glacier about south of the Monastery.
Today, the monastery is accessible by road after a two- to three-hour drive from the Friendship Highway from either Shelkar (New Tingri) or Old Tingri. From Rongbuk Monastery, there are dramatic views of the north face of Mount Everest, and one of the first British explorers to see it, John Noel, described it: "Some colossal architect, who built with peaks and valleys, seemed here to have wrought a dramatic prodigy—a hall of grandeur that led to the mountain."
Architecture
In front of the Monastery, there is a large, round, terraced chorten containing a reliquary.
History, religious and cultural significance
Rongbuk Monastery was founded in 1902 by the Nyingmapa Lama Ngawang Tenzin Norbu in an area of meditation huts and caves that had been in use by communities of nuns since the 18th century. Hermitage meditation caves dot the cliff walls all around the monastery complex and up and down the valley. Mani stone walls, carved with sacred syllables and prayers, line the paths.
The founding Rongbuk Lama, also known as Zatul Rinpoche, was much respected by the Tibetans. Even though the Rongbuk Lama viewed the early climbers as "heretics," he gave them his protection and supplied them with meat and tea while also praying for their conversion. It was the Rongbuk Lama who gave Namgyal Wangdi the name Ngawang Tenzin Norbu, or Tenzing Norgay, as a young child.
In previous times, the Monastery became very active with Buddhist teachings at certain times of the year. It was, and is, the destination of special Buddhist pilgrimages where annual ceremonies are held for spectators coming from as far away as Nepal and Mongolia. These ceremonies were shared with satellite monasteries across the Himalaya also founded by the Rongbuk Lama. These ceremonies continue to this day, notably at the Sherpa Monastery at Tengboche.
Rongbuk Monastery was completely destroyed by the excesses of China's Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) by 1974, and was left in ruins for several years, as recorded by photo-journalist Galen Rowell in 1981.
The monastery's vast treasury of books and costumes, which had been taken for safekeeping to Tengboche, was lost in a 1989 fire.
Since 1983 renovation work has been carried out and some of the new murals are reportedly excellent. Adjacent to the monastery there is a basic guesthouse and small but cosy restaurant.
According to Michael Palin, it now houses thirty Buddhist monks and thirty nuns, but another source reports that locals say there are only about 20 nuns and 10 monks, although previously there were about 500 monks and nuns living here.
In 2011, Rongbuk Monastery was ranked at the top of CNN's 'Great Places to be a Recluse'.
References
External links
Rongbuk Monastery, NOVA.
Buddhist temples in Tibet
Mount Everest
Religious organizations established in 1902
Shigatse
Nyingma monasteries and temples | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongbuk%20Monastery |
"Don't Bring Me Down" is a song written by Johnny Dee (road manager for British band the Fairies) and first performed by the rock band the Pretty Things in 1964. It was a number 10 hit on the UK Singles Chart, and reached number 34 in Canada. The song was featured on the American version of their debut album, The Pretty Things.
Personnel
Phil May – vocals, harmonica
Dick Taylor – lead guitar
Brian Pendleton – guitar
John Stax – bass guitar
Viv Prince – drums
References
Pretty Things songs
1964 singles
Fontana Records singles
1964 songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t%20Bring%20Me%20Down%20%28Pretty%20Things%20song%29 |
State Route 74 (SR 74) is a state highway that runs southeast-to-northwest through portions of Bibb, Monroe, Upson, Pike, Meriwether, Coweta, Fayette, and Fulton counties in the central part of the U.S. state of Georgia. The route connects the Macon and Fairburn, via Thomaston, Woodbury, and Peachtree City.
Route description
SR 74 begins at an interchange with Interstate 75 (I-75) and SR 540 in the Unionville neighborhood of Macon, in Bibb County. This interchange is at the southwestern edge of Mercer University. Just over later, it intersects US 41/SR 247 (Pio Nono Avenue). It curves to the southwest, passing Macon Mall. It heads west-northwest, passing Macon Memorial Park Cemetery, before an interchange with I-475. It passes just north of Lake Tobesofkee and the Tobesofkee Recreation Area, before crossing into Monroe County. The highway gradually zigzags its way to an intersection with SR 42. It continues to the west and intersects US 341/SR 7 (Peach Blossom Trail), just north-northeast of Culloden. Then, it heads northwest into Upson County. It curves into Yatesville. It heads west-northwest and curves to the southwest, to enter Thomaston. In town, the highway begins a concurrency with SR 36 (Barnesville Highway). They intersect US 19/SR 3. At the next block, SR 36/SR 74 turn to the left onto South Green Street, while SR 74 Alternate (West Main Street) begins straight ahead. One more block later, SR 74 splits off to the west onto West Gordon Street. It curves to the northwest and meets the western terminus of SR 74 Alternate just before leaving town. It continues to the northwest, then curves to the southwest, before heading northwest again. The highway continues to the northwest, through rural areas of the county and crosses the southwestern corner of Pike County. South-southwest of Molena, SR 18/SR 109 begin a concurrency to the west. The three highways head west-southwest and Flint River into Meriwether County. They enter Woodbury. There, at the intersection with SR 85, SR 74 splits off to the north, running concurrent with SR 85. A short distance later, they meet the northern terminus of SR 85 Alternate (Whitehouse Parkway). Farther to the north-northwest, in Gay, is the eastern terminus of SR 109 Spur (Greenville Street). In the unincorporated community of Alps, they intersect SR 362, which briefly joins the concurrency. Less than later, they reach the Meriwether–Coweta county line. The concurrent highways pass through Haralson and enter the southeast part of Senoia. There, they intersect with SR 16 (Wells Street). Less than later, they cross over Line Creek, into Fayette County. They enter Starrs Mill, where SR 74 departs to the northwest. Almost immediately, it enters Peachtree City. The highway passes by the Atlanta Regional Airport. Farther to the north-northwest, it intersects SR 54. SR 74 passes through Tyrone and enters Fulton County. Just under later, it meets an interchange with I-85 in Fairburn. The highway curves to the northwest and runs underneath a bridge that carries US 29/SR 14 (Roosevelt Highway). At the ramp that leads to US 29/SR 14, SR 74 takes the ramp and ends at Roosevelt Highway.
The only portion of SR 74 that is part of the National Highway System, a system of routes determined to be the most important for the nation's economy, mobility, and defense, is from SR 54 in Peachtree City to its northern terminus.
Major intersections
Bannered route
State Route 74 Alternate (SR 74 Alt.) is a alternate route that exists entirely within the central part of Upson County. Its route is completely within the city limits of Thomaston.
It begins at an intersection with the SR 74 mainline (West Gordon Street) in the far western part of Thomaston. It heads east-southeast and gradually curves to the southeast. It then curves back to the east. It meets its eastern terminus, an intersection with Green Street, one block north of SR 36/SR 74, in the main part of town. Here, the roadway continues as West Main Street.
See also
References
External links
Georgia Roads (Routes 61 - 80)
074
Transportation in Macon, Georgia
Transportation in Bibb County, Georgia
Transportation in Monroe County, Georgia
Transportation in Upson County, Georgia
Transportation in Pike County, Georgia
Transportation in Meriwether County, Georgia
Transportation in Coweta County, Georgia
Transportation in Fayette County, Georgia
Transportation in Fulton County, Georgia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%20State%20Route%2074 |
Jesús Hector Gutiérrez Rebollo (19 April 1934 – 19 December 2013) was a Mexican military general who was sentenced to 40 years in prison on multiple charges, including involvement in organized crime in the late nineties.
Biography
He was born in 1934 in Jonacatepec, Morelos. He was a career soldier who rose to the rank of Division General. He commanded the Fifth Military Region based in Jalisco, and worked for the office of the Attorney General where he was appointed the country's top-ranking drug interdiction officer in 1996 as head of the Instituto Nacional para el Combate a las Drogas (INCD).
Gutiérrez had access to local intelligence and to intelligence provided to Mexico by the United States, including anti-drug investigations, wiretaps, interdiction programs, operations and informant identities.
Arrest and charges
The authorities began investigating Gutiérrez on February 6, 1997, after they received a tip that he had moved into an expensive apartment "whose rent could not be paid for with the wage received by a public servant." Mexican authorities also obtained a recording of Gutiérrez and drug lord Amado Carrillo Fuentes in which Gutiérrez allegedly discussed payments to be made to him in exchange for ignoring Carrillo Fuentes' illegal drug activities. Gutiérrez was taken into custody and charged with bribery, perverting the course of justice and facilitating the transportation of cocaine. Gutiérrez Rebollo later was convicted of aiding the drug lord Amado Carrillo Fuentes.
Early in 1997, he was fired from his post after an investigation showed that he had received bribes from the Juárez drug cartel. He was sentenced to 31 years 10 months 15 days imprisonment for misuse of weapons restricted to the Army. In 2007 he was sentenced by a federal court to a further forty years imprisonment and a fine of 24,716,829 pesos.
Death
Gutiérrez died of brain cancer at the Central Military Hospital in Mexico City on 19 December 2013, while he was serving his 40-year sentence. He was 79.
In popular culture
Traffic is a 2000 American crime drama film directed by Steven Soderbergh and written by Stephen Gaghan. It explores the intricacies of the illegal drug trade from a number of perspectives: a user, an enforcer, a politician and a trafficker, whose lives affect each other although they do not meet. The character General Arturo Salazar is closely modeled after General Jesús Gutiérrez Rebollo.
The telenovela El Señor de los Cielos is loosely based on the life of Amado Carrillo Fuentes and how he was helped by General Jesús Gutiérrez Rebollo.
Rebollo is depicted in Season Three of the Netflix series Narcos: Mexico, portrayed by José Zúñiga.
References
1934 births
2013 deaths
Mexican drug traffickers
Mexican prisoners and detainees
People from Morelos
Prisoners and detainees of Mexico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs%20Guti%C3%A9rrez%20Rebollo |
Diego de Enzinas (c. 1520 – c. 15 March 1547), or Jacobus Dryander, Protestant scholar of Spanish origin, active in the Low Countries and Rome, executed by the Roman Inquisition.
Diego de Enzinas was the brother of the better-known Francisco de Enzinas. He was born into a successful merchant family in Burgos, Spain, a little before 1520. After going to the Low Countries for commercial training, he enrolled at the Collegium Trilingue of Louvain on 28 October 1538. He also studied in Paris. In March 1542 he was in Antwerp supervising the printing of a little book titled Breve y compendiosa institución de la religión cristiana. It was a translation made by his brother Francisco of John Calvin's 1538 Latin Catechism, to which was appended a translation of Martin Luther's Freedom of the Christian Man. It also contains an original prologue that may be the work of Diego (rather than Francisco) expressing a Protestant idea of justification by faith in language that would be familiar to Spanish alumbrados and Catholic humanists. Marcel Bataillon calls it 'an exceptional piece of Protestant spiritual writing' (‘un trozo excepcional de literatura espiritual protestante'). Diego planned to smuggle copies of the book into Spain, but the Spanish Inquisition got wind of the plan. As a result, his family persuaded him to seek the relative safety of Rome, where he became part of an evangelical circle. However, the Roman Inquisition was reinstated there in 1542, and Diego fell foul of it after a letter he had written to Luther was intercepted. Under torture, Diego named the members of his religious circle. He was tried, and burned at the stake on or about 15 March 1547.
References
Bataillon, Marcel, 'Diego de Enzinas en Amberes: ortografía castellana de un libro prohibido', in idem, Érasme et Espagne, 3rd French ed. (Geneva 1991), vol. 3, pp. 249–75.
Bataillon, Marcel, 'El hispanismo y los problemas de la historia de la espiritualidad española (a propósito de un libro protestante español olvidado)', in idem, Érasme et Espagne, 3rd French ed. (Geneva 1991), vol. 3.
Caponetto, Salvatore, The Protestant Reformation in Sixteenth Century Italy, Anne C. Tedeschi and John Tedeschi (trans.) (Kirksville, MO, 1999), pp. 196–9, 236–7.
Enzinas, Francisco de, Epistolario, Ignacio J. García Pinilla (ed.) (Geneva 1995), p 83. A letter from Francisco de Enzinas to Juan Díaz regarding the Breve y compendiosa institución.
Herminjard, A.-L., , 9 vols (Nieuwkoop 1965), vol. 9, no. 944a. A letter of Diego de Enzinas (Jacobus Dryander) to Joris Cassander regarding the Breve y compendiosa institución.
Luther, Martin, Werke: kritische Gesamtausgabe: Briefwechsel, vol. 11 (Graz 1966), no. 4180. Letter of Diego de Enzinas to Martin Luther.
1520s births
1547 deaths
Protestant Reformers
People executed by Spain by burning
Executed writers
Spanish male writers
Executed Spanish people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego%20de%20Enzinas |
The San Storm is a two-seat Roadster from San Motors India LTD. of India that was introduced in 1998. It was designed by the French firm, Le Mans Group. It is powered by a 1149 cc Renault D7F engine driving the front wheels giving and a top speed of . It has a double-skinned, fibreglass-reinforced tubular steel body and chassis, and the weight is only giving it a quite satisfactory power-to-weight ratio. The time from 0 to is given as 13 seconds. The San Storm is assembled in Bangalore while the engine is mated to the bodywork in Goa.
Export
In the early 2000s, the Reliant motor company of the United Kingdom began to concentrate on importing "speciality" vehicles rather than its traditional business designing and manufacturing a range of small (often four-wheeler) cars. As well as a number of "light vehicles" made by Piaggio and Ligier, the firm had plans to import the Storm and its cabriolet sister car. However, even though the company had start dates for the importation of these cars, the plan never came to fruition.
The convertible version of the Storm has been imported into the UK and sold by Dream Machines, a company based in Heathfield, East Sussex.
This subcompact car was available with different comfort and safety features like power window, power steering, child safety locks, front fog lights, rear defogger, leather seats, etc. This car comes with the luxury of air-conditioner.
Technical specifications
Dimensions
Overall Length :
Overall Width :
Overall Height :
Wheel Base :
Ground Clearance :
Kerb Weight :.
Gross Vehicle Weight :.
No of Doors : 2 door
Capacity
Seating Capacity : 2 person
Fuel Tank Capacity :
Engine
Engine Type/Model: Renault D7 F
Displacement : 1149 cc
Power : @ 5250 rpm
Torque : @ 2500 rpm
Bore :
Stroke :
No of Cylinders : 4 cylinder
Fuel Type : gasoline
Transmission
Transmission Type : Manual
Gears/Speeds : 5 Gears
Suspensions
Front Suspension : Independent double wishbone with coil over shocks and anti roll bar
Rear Suspension : Trailing link with coil over shocks and antiroll bar
Steering
Power Assisted : Standard
Minimum Turning Radius : 5.6 m
Brakes
Front Brakes : Ventilated disc with piston sliding calipers
Rear Brakes : Drum Brake
Wheels & Tyres
Wheel Type : tubeless tyres
Wheel Size : 5J X R13
Tyres : 155/70 R 14
Mileage
City: 11.9 Kmpl
Highway: 16 Kmpl
References
External links
San Motors official site
Detailed Information on San Storm 1.2 with specifications and reviews
Car manufacturers of India
Front-wheel-drive sports cars
Companies based in Mumbai
Cars of India
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Storm |
Deborah Ann Googe (born 24 October 1962) is an English musician, best known as bassist for the band My Bloody Valentine. She has also worked with Snowpony, Primal Scream and Thurston Moore.
My Bloody Valentine
Googe was born in Yeovil, Somerset, England. Prior to joining My Bloody Valentine, she played for a band called Bikini Mutants in her hometown of Yeovil, who gigged with The Mob. Googe had moved from Yeovil to London, and in early 1985, an ex-girlfriend of hers recommended her as a bass player to Kevin Shields and Colm Ó Cíosóig of My Bloody Valentine. She joined the band after an audition in April 1985. She left the group in 1996, noting she "hadn't been happy for a long time".
Googe is known for her raucous style of bass playing in MBV's live performances.
Googe joined My Bloody Valentine's 2007 reunion, and their subsequent tours.
Work outside My Bloody Valentine
After leaving MBV in 1995, Googe briefly became a taxi driver. She formed Snowpony in 1996 with her then-girlfriend, Katharine Gifford, formerly of Stereolab. They released three albums and four EPs between 1997 and 2003.
She occasionally plays keyboards with the massed fuzz organ experimentalists band Pimmel and also plays drums and sings backing vocals for Rockhard.
In 2012 it was announced that Googe would be the new bassist for Primal Scream, replacing Mani after his departure to rejoin The Stone Roses. She was subsequently succeeded by Simone Butler.
On 4 August 2014, Googe joined Thurston Moore for his solo project The Best Day, and continued this collaboration with his subsequent albums Rock n Roll Consciousness in 2017 and By The Fire 2020, alongside Steve Shelley, and the UK musicians James Sedwards. and Jem Doulton.
She also contributed bass for two tracks on the 2018 Tim Burgess album: As I Was Now.
And collaborated with the American poet Ann Waldman for the 2020 album Shiamachy, along with William Parker and Laurie Anderson.
In 2022 Brix Smith announced that Googe would be part of her new, all women, live band.
References
Living people
1962 births
People from Yeovil
Alternative rock bass guitarists
English rock bass guitarists
Lesbian singers
English lesbian musicians
English LGBT singers
Women bass guitarists
My Bloody Valentine (band) members
Primal Scream members
British shoegaze musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie%20Googe |
Mark William Bryan (born May 6, 1967) is an American musician. He is a founding member, songwriter, and lead guitarist for the band Hootie & the Blowfish. In 1986, Bryan and his friend Darius Rucker formed a duo called the Wolf Brothers while attending the University of South Carolina. Eventually, friends Dean Felber and Jim Sonefeld joined the band, which led to the founding of Hootie & the Blowfish in 1989. Bryan has also released three solo albums: 30 on the Rail, End of the Front, and Songs of the Fortnight.
Early life and career
Bryan was born in Silver Spring, Maryland. He attended Seneca Valley High School in Germantown, Maryland, and received his bachelor's degree in broadcast journalism from the University of South Carolina in 1989. While attending the university, he collaborated with Darius Rucker to create an acoustic duo band called The Wolf Brothers. From there they grew to form a new band named Hootie & the Blowfish with friends Dean Felber and Jim Sonefeld.
Hootie & the Blowfish
Hootie and the Blowfish is an American rock band formed at the University of South Carolina by Darius Rucker, Dean Felber, Jim Sonefeld, and Mark Bryan in 1989. As of July 2010, the band had charted sixteen singles on various Billboard singles charts and recorded five studio albums; and their 1994 debut album, Cracked Rear View, was the 16th-best-selling album of all time in the U.S., having been certified platinum 16 times. They have sold over 21 million albums in the United States alone. Cracked Rear View went on to earn the Billboard's Band of the Year Award in 1996 and the RIAA's Diamond Award for sales of 10 million units. Cracked Rear View remains the 12th best selling album in music business history, and all albums combined have moved over 25 million worldwide.
The band has since gone their separate ways, however Hootie & the Blowfish still perform together numerous times each year. Bryan is a consistent participant in the Hootie & the Blowfish Monday After the Masters Celebrity Pro-Am Golf Tournament. All proceeds from this tournament go to the Hootie & the Blowfish Foundation which makes donations to education and junior golf charities. Hootie & the Blowfish also holds Hootie HomeGrown, an annual event in which they perform a concert to benefit area schools.
Solo career
Since moving to Charleston, South Carolina, in 1999, Bryan has produced full-length albums, as well as co-written and produced songs for other artists. He was also involved in founding the College of Charleston Radio Station, and is helping to develop a music industry concentration there.
In 2001, Bryan founded Carolina Studios, a local nonprofit after school music recording and technology program that helps children ages 8–18 thrive in music and the arts. Bryan became a chairman on the board of Carolina Studios in 2007.
In 2012, Bryan partnered with NASCAR driver Denny Hamlin to create Pro-Am Jam, a yearly golf event for the Denny Hamlin Foundation, Carolina Studios, and Student Transportation of America Education Foundation.
In 2009, Mark created Chucktown Music Group, partnering with long-time friend Ashley Flowers in 2014. Chucktown Music Group offers services to local artists including music licensing, promotion, marketing and industry connection.
Bryan has also created, executive produced, and hosted a Southeast Emmy Award winning show called Live at the Charleston Music Hall. Bryan created a band with Hank Futch of The Blue Dogs and Gary Greene of Cravin Melon. One of their songs, The Great Beyond is the theme song for Live at the Charleston Music Hall.
Discography
Albums
30 on the Rail (Atlantic Records), Produced by Don Dixon (2000)
End of the Front Artist Garage/Fontana, Produced by Fred LeBlanc/Nick Brophy/Mark Bryan (2008)
Songs of the Fortnight (2016)
Midlife Priceless (2021)
EPs
State Your Peace (2004)
Singles
"Maybe Then (Electric)" (2012)
"Coffee County Line" by Carolyn Evans feat. Mark Bryan (2012)
"Be Happy Christmas" (2013)
"Theme for Being John Daly" (2014)
"Keep My Mouth Closed" by Bettina and Mark Bryan (2014)
"Color Me" (2017)
Production credits
"Doug Jones Everybody, Doug Jones" by "Doug Jones", produced by Mark Bryan (2007)
"Thank You, Mark" by "Danielle Howle", produced by Mark Bryan (2006)
"Six Trips Around the Sun" by "The Django Walker Band", produced by Mark Bryan (2005)
"Wrecked" by "Five Way Friday", produced by Mark Bryan (2003)
"Chances Are" by "Patrick Davis", produced by Mark Bryan (2003)
With Hootie & The Blowfish
Hootie and the Blowfish (DEMO) with Fishco (1991)
Kootchypop with Fishco (1993)
Cracked Rear View with Atlantic Records (1994)
Fairweather Johnson with Atlantic Records (1996)
Musical Chairs with Atlantic Records (1998)
Scattered, Smothered and Covered with Atlantic Records (2000)
Hootie & the Blowfish with Atlantic Records (2003)
The Best of Hootie & the Blowfish: 1993-2003 with Rhino/Atlantic Records (2004)
Looking for Lucky with Vanguard Records (2005)
Live in Charleston (2006)
Imperfect Circle with Capital Nashville (2019)
References
1967 births
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Hootie & the Blowfish members
Living people
American mandolinists
People from Silver Spring, Maryland
People from Germantown, Maryland
20th-century American guitarists
21st-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Maryland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Bryan |
HMS Buzzard was a Nymphe-class composite screw sloop and the fourth ship of the Royal Navy to bear the name.
Design
Developed and constructed for the Royal Navy on a design by William Henry White, Director of Naval Construction, she was launched at Sheerness Dockyard on 10 May 1887.
Foreign service
The Nymphe-class sloops were ideal for service in the far distant outposts of the British Empire, and Buzzard was employed on the North America and West Indies Station. In early April 1902, under the command of Commander Leicester Francis Gartside Tippinge (1855–1938), she left Bermuda for home waters, calling at Faial Island, before she arrived at Devonport on 20 April. She was paid off at Chatham on 13 May 1902.
Harbour training ship
In 1904 she was converted to a drill ship for the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve at Blackfriars, London, and in 1911 Buzzard relieved HMS President (formerly of 1878) as headquarters ship, being renamed HMS President on 1 April 1911.
Disposal
As President she served until 23 January 1918, when she was lent to the Marine Society. She was sold to C A Beard for breaking on 6 September 1921, and was later re-sold to Dutch ship breakers.
Citations
References
Battleships-cruisers.co.uk: Royal Navy Sloops
Port Cities: London
Nymphe-class sloops
Ships built in Sheerness
1887 ships
Victorian-era sloops of the United Kingdom
Royal Navy shore establishments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Buzzard%20%281887%29 |
Cornelius Stirk is a fictional character appearing in DC Comics. He is a cannibalistic supervillain with the ability to cause fear or hallucinations through telepathy and appears as a recurring adversary of Batman.
Publication history
He first appeared in Detective Comics #592 (November 1988) and was created by Alan Grant and Norm Breyfogle.
Fictional character biography
Stirk is a serial killer who, like fellow Batman villain Scarecrow, uses fear to get to his victims. Stirk has the ability to make other people see him as someone else, allowing him to get close to his victims. He operates under the delusion that he requires the nutrients and hormones from peoples' hearts in order to stay alive, and these are best prepared with norepinephrine by inducing fear in the victim prior to death.
In his first appearance, Stirk is released from Arkham Asylum after being certified as sane. He had been confined since the age of 16 for trying to kill a classmate. After his release, Stirk subsequently stops taking his medication and begins his escalation into a serial killer.
Despite his many murders, Stirk professes to dislike violence. He also dislikes light and therefore operates almost exclusively at night. Oddly, he refers to almost everyone as "sir".
The Last Arkham
Stirk makes a brief cameo in the beginning of the four-part storyline The Last Arkham, where Jeremiah Arkham, Arkham Asylum's new director, utilizes more barbaric methods to "cure" him. When Stirk refuses to take his medication, for instance, Jeremiah has two orderlies brutally beat him with billy clubs and forces the medication down to his throat.
Knightfall
During the "Knightfall" storyline, Stirk works with the Joker in an attempt to kidnap Commissioner Jim Gordon. However, Stirk tries to kill Gordon rather than kidnap him. Gordon hallucinates that Stirk is actually Batman as Stirk tries to stab him to death. Batman stops Stirk, but Gordon is still screaming in fear. In order to capture Stirk, Batman is forced to leave a terrified Gordon with his wife Sarah, who takes him to a hospital.
Stirk later appears during the "Madmen Across the Water" storyline, taking place after his capture but before Arkham Asylum (destroyed by Bane beforehand) is rebuilt. He, along with the likes of Riddler, Ivy, and Amygdala, are instead incarcerated in Blackgate Penitentiary, and play on a softball game against the prison's "normal" criminals. During the game, Stirk is revealed to be an excellent pitcher, because the ball feels "just like a human heart".
Road to No Man's Land
Stirk makes several more cameos in the "Waxman and the Clown" story arc (Shadow of the Bat #80–82), itself part of the "Road to No Man's Land" crossover, the prequel to "No Man's Land". He is seen in the story arc offering to eat human hearts to save medication (as Arkham Asylum, in post-earthquake lockdown after the "Cataclysm" storyline, is running short of supplies). He later watches the gladiatorial match between fellow inmates Killer Croc and Pinhead, and is released with all the other inmates under Jeremiah's demand that none of them return to Gotham.
The Widening Gyre
Stirk returns in Kevin Smith's storyline, Batman: The Widening Gyre. Stirk attacks a distracted Batman, but Robin manages to save Batman.
Powers and abilities
Cornelius Stirk is able to cast a hypnotic aura which allows him to take on any face he chooses, generally a face that people will trust.
In other media
Cornelius Stirk appears in the Gotham episode "Wrath of the Villains: A Legion of Horribles", portrayed by Kameron Omidian. This version is Edward Nygma's cellmate at Arkham Asylum.
Cornelius Stirk appears in Batman Unburied, voiced by Sam Witwer. This version is a former diener who becomes the serial killer Harvester.
References
External links
Cornelius Stirk at the Unofficial Guide to the DC Universe
Characters created by Norm Breyfogle
Comics characters introduced in 1988
DC Comics metahumans
DC Comics supervillains
DC Comics male supervillains
DC Comics characters who have mental powers
DC Comics telepaths
Fictional cannibals
Fictional serial killers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius%20Stirk |
The mandarinquat, also misleadingly called orangequat, is any cross between a mandarin and a kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia). Mandarinquats are members of the citrofortunella group.
The variety Nippon orangequat was first introduced in 1932 by Dr. Eugene May of the USDA as a hybrid between the Meiwa kumquat and the Satsuma mandarin. A second variety, the Indio mandarinquat, was discovered as an open-pollinated seedling from a Nagami kumquat with an unknown pollen parent.
Description
This is a small, round, orange fruit, which is larger than a kumquat. The fruit ranges from in circumference. Mandarinquat trees are small to medium in size; the leaves are usually long and narrow and dark green in color. The trunk and branches of the trees are slightly narrow, given the size of the trees. These trees can be seen with fruits on them through many of the colder months, since that is the season for Mandarinquat growing. Mandarinquat have not been genetically altered to be resistant to citrus canker, a citrus disease that causes small round sores on the fruit and its tree. The Mandarinquat also has not been bred to be seedless; it has a fair amount of rather large seeds inside. Mandarinquat fruits are typically eaten whole, like Kumquats; when ripe the sweet skin contrasts with the rather tart pulp and juice.
Background
The Meiwa kumquat, a hybrid of a round and an oval kumquat, and the Satsuma mandarin are the two fruits that were used to parent the Nippon mandarinquat. Both of these fruits are able to withstand cooler climates, the meiwa being partially dormant in the winter months and the satsuma maturing in October to December. Since both of these citruses are able to grow in the colder season, the mandarinquat inherited that trait and is also grown and harvested in the colder seasons. Both of the parents of the mandarinquat are grown in many countries of the world, like China, Japan, South Africa, and the United States of America. In the United States, mandarinquat are mainly grown in the Southern states like Florida and Alabama; however, they are also grown in California and other Western states.
References
Citrus hybrids
Kumquats
Fruit trees | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarinquat |
Super Colossal is the eleventh studio album by guitarist Joe Satriani, released on March 14, 2006, through Epic Records. The album reached No. 86 on the U.S. Billboard 200 and remained on that chart for two weeks, as well as reaching the top 100 in three other countries. Super Colossal was nominated for Best Rock Instrumental Performance at the 2007 Grammy Awards, Satriani's thirteenth such nomination.
Release and touring
Recording for Super Colossal began around September 2005 and the title was announced on February 2, 2006. Touring began in North America from March to May 2006, followed by Europe from June to July.
Overview
Satriani provides detailed explanations of the story behind each track in the album's liner notes. "Crowd Chant" was originally going to be named "Party on the Enterprise" with sampled sounds of the Enterprise spacecraft from the Star Trek series. However, prior to the album's release, Satriani explained on a podcast that he was unable to acquire the legal rights to use the samples, choosing instead to replace them with his own sounds and rename the track. "Crowd Chant"'s ending theme was inspired by composer Gabriel Fauré's "Pavane in F-sharp minor, Op. 50".
"Crowd Chant" is used by various American football teams after touchdowns. It is also a popular goal song for ice hockey teams, most notably the Minnesota Wild and the New York Islanders of the NHL. It was later featured on the soundtrack to the 2009 video game NHL 2K10, while a cover version appears in Madden NFL 11. The MLB Network TV series Quick Pitch used the song as its opening theme but replaced it with Fitz and the Tantrums's song "HandClap" in 2017.
Critical reception
Rob Theakston at AllMusic gave Super Colossal 3.5 stars out of 5, saying that Satriani "doesn't pull any new tricks out of his bag, but lets his fingers do the talking throughout most of the record." The title track was described as "big and booming", with an instantly recognizable tone and delivery. "It's So Good" was likened to Flying in a Blue Dream (1989) and Steve Vai's 1990 album Passion and Warfare, while the final track, "Crowd Chant", was criticized as being "painfully out of place" despite its catchiness.
Track listing
Personnel
Joe Satriani – guitar, keyboard, bass, engineering, production
Jeff Campitelli – drums (except tracks 6–9), percussion (except tracks 6–9)
Simon Phillips – drums (tracks 6–9), engineering
Eric Caudieux – editing, sound design
Mike Fraser – engineering, mixing, production
Rob Stefanson – engineering assistance
Stephan Nordin – engineering assistance
George Marino – mastering
Chart performance
Awards
References
External links
Super Colossal at satriani.com
In Review: Joe Satriani "Super Colossal" at Guitar Nine Records
Joe Satriani albums
2006 albums
Epic Records albums
Albums produced by Mike Fraser
Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Colossal |
"Recept" (pronounced ) is a term used in the work of 19th-century psychologist George Romanes to refer to an idea that is formed by the repetition of percepts (i.e., successive percepts of the same object). The idea is similar to that of concatenated impressions, as seen in the work of David Hume. It is also associated with the concepts of "construct" and "influent".
In the book Mental Evolution of Man, Romanes introduced recept to support his argument that Charles Darwin's theory of the origin of language is valid by presenting more evidence from philology. In his conceptualization, recept denotes the process, which involves memory, that transpires when a human child as a "higher animal" is faced with a sensory situation it perceives as familiar. This familiarity elicits a response based on its meaning and significance. Romanes also stated that, recept or a receptual thought is a compound idea - one the differs from a general or abstract idea - of past similar perceptions. It has been interpreted as an idea that one is not aware he has. It is noted that recept is not widely embraced because Romanes book is so little read. The term is used in Richard Maurice Bucke's book, Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind. Bucke was a 19th-century Canadian psychiatrist.
See also
Concept
Percept
References
External links
Recepti i Kuvar online (Serbian)
Perception | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recept |
Royal Air Force Geilenkirchen more commonly known as RAF Geilenkirchen is a former Royal Air Force station in the North Rhine-Westphalia region of Germany, built by the British who used the facility mainly as an airfield for RAF fighter squadrons from May 1953 until 21 January 1968.
History
Geilenkirchen squadrons
No 2 Squadron RAF – 1955–1957; operated the Gloster Meteor FR.9 and later the Supermarine Swift FR.5.
No. 3 Squadron RAF – 1953–1957 and 1959–1961, 1961–68; operated the Hawker Hunter F.4, the Gloster Javelin FAW.4 and the English Electric Canberra B(I).8 (1961–68).
No. 5 Squadron RAF – 1962–1965; operated the Gloster Javelin FAW.9.
No. 11 Squadron RAF – 1959–1965; operated the Gloster Meteor NF.11 and later the Gloster Javelin FAW.4, FAW.5, FAW.9.
No. 59 Squadron RAF – 1957–1961; operated the Canberra B.2 and B(I).8 (1957–61).
No. 92 Squadron RAF – 1965–1968; operated the English Electric Lightning F.2, F.2A.
No. 96 Squadron RAF – 1958–1959; operated the Gloster Javelin FAW.4.
No. 234 Squadron RAF – 1954–1957; operated the Canadair Sabre F.4 and later the Hawker Hunter F.4.
No. 256 Squadron RAF – 1958-1958; operated the Gloster Meteor NF.11.
Post RAF history
The RAF handed over the station to German Luftwaffe in March 1968. The Germans used the airfield as home for a Surface-to-Surface Missile Wing equipped with Pershing missiles with support from the United States Army.
Current use
In 1980, the station became NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen, the main operating base for NATO's Airborne Early Warning and Control force, operating 14 Boeing E-3A Sentry aircraft.
See also
List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force
List of former Royal Air Force stations
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Silent Sentinel – brief history of 92 Sqn Lightning F2s
"Miss Demeanour", a (now famous) former RAF Geilenkirchen Hunter F.4
NATO AWACS Homepage
Military units and formations established in 1953
Royal Air Force stations in Germany
Military units and formations disestablished in 1968
Airports in North Rhine-Westphalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF%20Geilenkirchen |
State Route 16 (SR 16) is a state highway that travels west-to-east through portions of Haralson, Carroll, Coweta, Spalding, Butts, Jasper, Putnam, Hancock, and Warren counties in the western and central parts of the U.S. state of Georgia. The highway connects the southeastern portion of Carroll County, northwest of Mount Zion to Warrenton, via Carrollton, Newnan, Griffin, Monticello, Eatonton, and Sparta.
SR 16 formerly traveled on the current path of US 278 Byp./SR 12 Byp. in Warrenton, SR 80 and SR 17 Conn., and the entire length of SR 296 west of Wrens, in Glascock and Jefferson counties.
Route description
SR 16 starts just south of Interstate 20 (I-20) in southwestern Haralson County, and travels southeast into Carroll County and Carrollton, where it begins a concurrency with US 27 Alt./SR 1. SR 16 continues through Whitesburg and crosses into Coweta County and through Newnan, where its concurrency with US 27 Alt. ends, crossing I-85 on the southeastern edge of East Newnan.
Turning sharply east, the highway travels through Sharpsburg, turns slightly southeast, and travels through Senoia into Spalding County, turning back east, and traveling into Griffin. Turning slightly northeast, SR 16 crosses I-75 at the county line with Butts County and travels into and through Jackson on into Monticello in Jasper County.
Continuing east, the route crosses into Putnam County, through Eatonton, then turns southeast at the county line with Hancock County, heading on into Sparta. Turning first slightly northeast, then southeast, SR 16 continues into Warren County, where it turns northeast once more and on to its eastern terminus in Warrenton.
There are four portions of SR 16 that are part of the National Highway System, a system of routes determined to be the most important for the nation's economy, mobility, and defense:
Approximately in Carrollton, most of it concurrent with US 27/SR 1 and SR 166
The entire length of the concurrency with US 29/SR 14, from Newnan to south of East Newnan.
From US 19/US 41/SR 3 in Griffin east to I-75, approximately south-southeast of Locust Grove
The portion concurrent with SR 15 in Sparta
History
1920s and 1930s
SR 16 was established at least as early as 1919 on its current path from Carrollton to Warrenton. By the end of September 1921, it was extended west-southwest to the Alabama state line./ By October 1926, this extension was redesignated as part of a southern segment of SR 8. Two segments of SR 16 had a "completed hard surface": a portion in the southern part of Newnan and from Griffin to just east of the Henry–Butts county line. Between October 1929 and June 1930, a portion of SR 16 west-southwest of Griffin was completed. Later in 1930, the Spalding County portion of the Sharpsburg–Griffin segment was completed. About four years later, a portion north-northwest of Newnan was completed. At the end of the next year, the Jasper County portion of the Jackson–Monticello segment was completed. During the third quarter of 1936, a portion south-southeast of Newnan was completed. About a year later, a small portion in the eastern part of Monticello was completed. At the end of the year, it was completed from Monticello to Murder Creek. Later in 1938, three segments were completed: the Newnan–Senoia segment, the Jasper County portion of Monticello–Eatonton segment, and the Sparta–Warrenton segment. By the middle of the next year, two segments were completed: the Butts County portion of the Jackson–Monticello segment and a portion in the western part of Eatonton. At the end of the year, SR 16 was extended east-northeast on SR 12 for a very short distance in Warrenton and then on a sole path southeast to SR 17 north-northeast of Stapleton.
1940s and 1950s
Between April and October 1940, SR 16 was extended south-southwest to SR 80 in Stapleton and then south-southeast to US 1/SR 4/SR 17 north-northeast of Louisville. All of SR 16 from the Coweta–Spalding county line to Eatonton was completed. In 1942, the Senoia–Griffin segment was completed. Between the beginning of 1945 and November 1946, two segments were hard surfaced: the Carrollton–Newnan segment and a portion northwest of Sparta. Between February 1948 and April 1949, the Putnam County portion of the Eatonton–Sparta segment was hard surfaced. By August 1950, US 27 Alt. was designated on SR 16 from Carrollton to south-southeast of Newnan. The entire Eatonton–Sparta segment of SR 16 was hard surfaced. In 1952, the path of SR 16 southeast of Warrenton was shifted southward (and slightly extended to the east-southeast to SR 17 in the northwest part of Wrens). This replaced the path of SR 16S. The former part of SR 16 from southeast of Warrenton to northwest of Wrens was redesignated as SR 16 Conn. The former part from northwest of Wrens to north of Louisville was redesignated as SR 16 Conn. Between June 1955 and July 1957, the Warrenton–Wrens segment was paved.
1970s to 1990s
In 1971, a bypass of the main part of Carrollton was proposed from SR 166 southwest of the city to SR 166 east-northeast of the city. In 1973, SR 16 was extended west-northwest to its current western terminus. In Warrenton, the path of SR 16 was shifted southward, replacing SR 16 Spur. The western part of the former route was redesignated as SR 12 Conn. Between the beginning of 1979 and March 1980, a more direct path of SR 16, designated SR 721, was proposed from the eastern part of Griffin to the interchange with I-75 west-southwest of Jackson. Later in 1980, the path of US 27 Alt./SR 16/SR 166 in Carrollton was shifted southward, out of the main part of the city, onto the previously proposed bypass. SR 16 then traveled north on a concurrency with US 27/SR 1 to its original intersection with those two highways. In 1983, the path of SR 16, from Griffin to west-southwest of Jackson, was shifted southward, replacing the proposed path of SR 721. In 1989, the eastern terminus of the highway was truncated to its current terminus in Warrenton, replacing SR 12 Conn. The path of SR 80 was shifted eastward, replacing the Warrenton–Wrens segment of SR 16. The former segment of SR 16 in Warrenton was redesignated as US 278 Byp./SR 12 Byp.
Major intersections
Special routes
Warrenton spur route
State Route 16 Spur (SR 16 Spur) was a spur route of SR 16 that existed completely within the city limits of Warrenton. Between June 1955 and July 1957, it was established from an intersection with SR 16 in the southwestern part of the city to another intersection with SR 16 in the southeastern part. In 1973, the path of SR 16 in the city was shifted southward, replacing all of the spur route, except for the western part. The western part of its former path was redesignated as SR 12 Conn. Between the beginning of 1984 and the beginning of 1991, SR 16 Spur was redesignated as US 278 Byp./SR 12 Byp.
This table shows the 1957–1973 intersections.
Warren County connector route (1952–1981)
State Route 16 Connector (SR 16 Conn.) was a connector route of SR 16 that existed entirely within Warren County. In 1952, the path of SR 16 southeast of Warrenton was shifted southward, replacing the path of SR 16S. The portion of SR 16 from southeast of Warrenton to northwest of Wrens was redesignated as SR 16 Conn., while the portion from northwest of Wrens to north of Louisville was redesignated as SR 16 Conn. This highway traveled from SR 16 southeast of Warrenton to SR 17 about halfway between Wrens and Thomson. Between June 1955 and July 1957, this highway was paved. In 1981, it was decommissioned.
Warren County connector route (1982–1989)
State Route 16 Connector (SR 16 Conn.) was a connector route of SR 16 that existed entirely within Warren County. In 1982, it was established from an intersection with SR 16 southeast of Warrenton to an intersection with SR 17 about halfway between Wrens and Thomson. In 1989, this highway was redesignated as SR 17 Conn.
Jefferson–Warren County connector route
State Route 16 Connector (SR 16 Conn.) was a very short-lived connector route of SR 16 that existed in portions of Jefferson, Glascock, and Warren counties. In 1952, the path of SR 16 southeast of Warrenton was shifted southward, replacing the path of SR 16S. The former portion of SR 16 from southeast of Warrenton to northwest of Wrens was redesignated as SR 16 Conn., while the former portion from northwest of Wrens to north of Louisville was redesignated as SR 16 Conn. Later in 1953, it was redesignated as SR 296.
See also
References
External links
Georgia Roads (Routes 1 - 20)
016
Transportation in Haralson County, Georgia
Transportation in Carroll County, Georgia
Transportation in Coweta County, Georgia
Transportation in Spalding County, Georgia
Transportation in Butts County, Georgia
Transportation in Jasper County, Georgia
Transportation in Putnam County, Georgia
Transportation in Hancock County, Georgia
Transportation in Warren County, Georgia
Griffin, Georgia
U.S. Route 78
1919 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%20State%20Route%2016 |
Marco Uccellini (Forlimpopoli, Forlì 1603 or 1610 - 10 December 1680) was an Italian Baroque violinist and composer. His output of mainly secular music for solo violin is considered to have been important in the rise of independent instrumental trap, and in the development of violin technique.
Life
Uccellini's life, like many composers of the 17th century, is not well documented; however, enough information exists to create a rough biography. He was born into a reasonably affluent noble family in Forlimpopoli, Forlì, who had owned land in the area since the early 14th century. Many members of the family held ecclesiastical posts locally, including Uccellini's father Pietro Maria, and it is likely that Marco went to study at the seminary in Assisi sometime in the early 1630s. Evidence from his will suggests that Uccellini began his formal musical education there, possibly under another notable early violinist-composer, Giovanni Battista Buonamente, who was then serving as music director (maestro di cappella) at the Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi.
He became Capo degl’instrumentisti of the Este court in Modena from 1641 to 1662, and was the maestro di cappella of the Modena cathedral from 1647 to 1665. According to payroll records and remnants of Uccellini's correspondence, it is clear that he was a valued advisor and confidant to the d'Este family, paid almost eight times more than the other court violinists. Following the devolution of the Estense Chapel upon the accession of Duke Alfonso IV d'Este, Uccellini was let go from his position. However, he was soon re-employed as the maestro di cappella at the Farnese court in Parma until his death; he received this job mainly through the assistance of Isabella d'Este, who recently married into the Farnese family. At the Farnese court, he composed operas and ballets, but none of this music survives; thus, he is mainly known today for his instrumental music.
Uccellini was one of a line of distinguished Italian violinist-composers in the first half of the 17th century. His sonatas for violin and continuo contributed to the development of an idiomatic style of writing for the violin (including virtuosic runs, leaps, and forays into high positions), expanding the instrument's technical capabilities and expressive range. Like other 17th-century Italian sonatas, Uccellini's consist of short contrasting sections (frequently dances) that flow one into another. Uccellini's innovations influenced a generation of Austro-German violinist-composers including Johann Heinrich Schmelzer, Heinrich Ignaz Biber, and Johann Jakob Walther.
Works
Uccellini mainly composed instrumental music, of which seven collections were published. Some examples are:
Salmi a 1, a 3, 4, et a 5 concertati parte con istromenti e parte senza con Letanie della Beata Vergine Concertate a 5 con istromenti, Op. 6 (Venice, 1654)
Ozio regio, Op. 7 (Venice, 1660 and Antwerp, 1668)
Sinfonie Boscarecie, Op. 8, a collection of 37 small pieces for violin and basso continuo joined ad libitum by a second and third violins. The first edition of the sheet music was printed in Venice in 1660 but a version reprinted in Antwerp in 1669 was used in the freely available version Sinfonie Boscarecie
Sinfonici concerti brevi e facili, Op. 9
He also composed one opera, Gli eventi di Filandro ad Edessa, which premiered in Parma in 1675.
Contributions to Violin Playing
It can be assumed from the highly idiomatic and virtuosic nature of Uccellini's violin compositions that he was himself a brilliant violinist. Besides introducing several technical innovations necessary to play his difficult music, he was an early popularizer of music written explicitly for solo violin and continuo; at the time, it was common for composers not to specify instruments in their works, preferring to write parts adaptable between instruments of similar ranges.
Further reading
Marco Uccellini: Atti del Convegno "Marco Uccellini… e la sua musica" editors Maria Caraci Vela and Marina Toffetti, Lucca 1999. Record of conference in Forlimpopoli, 1996. The first study devoted to this composer. Bibliography
(on-line contents)
References
Selected discography
Don Marco Uccellini: Sonata over Canzoni Op 5 (1649). Performed by Arparla with Davide Monti (baroque violin) and Maria Christina Cleary (arpa doppia). Stradivarius STR 37023, 2015. http://www.stradivarius.it/scheda.php?ID=801157037023500
Marco Uccellini: Sonatas. Performed by Romanesca, a trio with Andrew Manze (violin), Nigel North (theorbo, archlute, Baroque guitar), and John Toll (harpsichord, organ) and excellent liner notes by Manze. Released in 1999. Harmonia Mundi 907196
Marco Uccellini: La Hortensia Virtuosa. Performed by Bob van Asperen (harpsichord), Lucy Van Dael (violin), Jaap ter Linden (cello), and Toyohiko Satoh (lute). Released in 2007. Aeolus 10096
External links
Uccellini works Altri instrumenti ensemble plays Uccellini
17th-century births
1680 deaths
People from Forlimpopoli
Italian Baroque composers
Italian opera composers
Male opera composers
Italian male classical composers
17th-century Italian composers
17th-century male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco%20Uccellini |
The Woman Chaser is a 1999 film directed by Robinson Devor and starring Patrick Warburton, Ron Morgan, Emily Newman, Paul Malevich, and Marilyn Rising. The screenplay is based on the novel of the same name by Charles Willeford.
Plot
Set in 1950s Los Angeles, Richard Hudson is a shrewd car dealer who moves from San Francisco and sets up a used-car dealership. Tiring of this job, he turns the lot over to an assistant Bill and starts writing his first film, The Man Who Got Away. It turns out to be an uncommercial picture, chronicling the story of a truck driver who goes berserk, runs over a little girl and dies fending off a platoon of police officers.
In making his film, Richard enlists the help of his father-in-law, Leo, a washed-up former film director whose notable possession is a Rouault painting of a clown. Through Leo, Richard pitches his idea to The Man, the unnamed chief executive of Mammoth Pictures who green-lights the project. Conflict inevitably arises when Richard's obsession for making the movie his way clashes with The Man's. Other kooky characters include Richard's mother, a former ballerina who lures her hirsute lug of a son into a comically eccentric pas de deux; Richard's sexually curious stepsister, Becky, who seduces him; and his secretary, Laura, whom he impregnates with a boorish indifference.
Cast
Patrick Warburton as Richard Hudson
Josh Hammond as young Richard
Eugene Roche as Used Car Dealer
Ron Morgan as Bill
Emily Newman as Laura
Paul Malevich as Leo
Lynette Bennett as Mother
Joe Durrenberger as Chet
Ernie Vincent as The Man
Release
The Woman Chaser premiered at the 1999 New York Film Festival and went on to play at top film festivals including the Sundance Film Festival, South By Southwest, the Florida Film Festival, the Seattle International Film Festival, Stockholm Film Festival, and Athens Film Festival.
On June 16, 2000, it was given a limited theatrical release in North America. It was also broadcast on the Sundance Channel and Showtime, becoming a cult movie.
The film went unreleased on DVD for many years due to music rights issues. In 2014, the film was released digitally with half of the music replaced by an original score written by Hollywood film and television composer, Jeff McDonough. All the music in the film is now original, with the other half being written by original composer Daniele Luppi. This updated version is available on film streaming services.
Reception
Clay Smith of The Austin Chronicle wrote, "The Woman Chaser is far from being a hollow genre exercise. At once hilarious, jagged, and nostalgic in all the best ways, The Woman Chaser is a refreshing breath of smoke-tinged, deadpan air. " Merle Bertrand of Film Threat called it "by turns ludicrously funny...and vaguely disturbing". Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "For all of Warburton’s prowess and Devor’s energy and zeal, The Woman Chaser lacks the slam-bang style and authority of Samuel Fuller’s Shock Corridor and The Naked Kiss, two films that The Woman Chaser brings immediately to mind. The Woman Chaser is very much a first film, but a venturesome start for Devor as well as a splendid launch for Warburton."
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, The Woman Chaser has an approval rating of 71% based on 14 reviews.
Awards
SXSW Film Festival, 2000
Winner, Audience Award for Narrative First Film - Robinson Devor
Florida Film Festival, 2000
Winner, Special Jury Award for Best Narrative Feature - Robinson Devor
Nominee, Grand Jury Award Best Narrative Feature - Robinson Devor
Sundance Film Festival, 2000
Nominee for American Spectrum
Golden Trailer Awards, 2001
Nominee, Golden Trailer Best Comedy - Tarmac Films
References
External links
1999 films
1999 black comedy films
1999 directorial debut films
1999 independent films
American black comedy films
American black-and-white films
American independent films
Films about filmmaking
Films about writers
Films based on American novels
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set in the 1950s
1990s parody films
Films about car dealerships
American neo-noir films
American parody films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Woman%20Chaser |
The spotted bat (Euderma maculatum) is a species of vesper bat and the only species of the genus Euderma.
Description
The spotted bat was first described by zoologist Joel Asaph Allen from the American Museum of Natural History in 1891. It can reach a length of 12 cm and a wingspan of 35 cm. The weight is about 15 g. It has three distinctive white spots on its black back. With ears that can grow up to 4 cm, it is said to have the largest ears of any bat species in North America. The spotted bat's mating season is in autumn and the females produce their offspring (usually one juvenile) in June or July. Its main diet is grasshoppers and moths.
Habitat
The habitats of the spotted bat are undisturbed roosts on cliffs along the Grand Canyon in Arizona, and open and dense deciduous and coniferous forests, hay fields, deserts, marshes, riparian areas, and dry shrub-steppe grasslands in Arizona, California, Colorado, Oregon, New Mexico, Utah, Washington, and British Columbia, Canada.
Threats
Use of pesticides such as DDT and other insecticides in the 1960s led to a severe decline in the spotted bat population, but current observations had shown that it is more common than formerly believed. Abundance, population trend, and threats are widely unknown.
See also
Bats of Canada
Bats of the United States
References
Further reading
David J. Schmidly, William B. Davis: The mammals of Texas University of Texas Press, 2004
B. J. Verts, Leslie N. Carraway: Land mammals of Oregon. University of California Press, 1998
External links
Spotted Bat
Vesper bats
Bats of the United States
Bats of Canada
Fauna of the Western United States
Fauna of the Colorado Desert
Fauna of the Mojave Desert
Fauna of the Great Basin
Fauna of the Sonoran Desert
Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands
Taxa named by Harrison Allen
Mammals described in 1891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted%20bat |
LuBara Dixon "Dickey" Simpkins (born April 6, 1972) is an American former professional basketball player best known for his tenure with the Chicago Bulls in the late 1990s. He is currently a scout for the Washington Wizards.
Early life and high school career
Simpkins was born on April 6, 1972 in Fort Washington, Maryland. As a 6' 9" forward/center, Simpkins starred at Friendly High School in Maryland.
College career
Simpkins would go on to play college basketball at Providence College. He would play four seasons for the Providence Friars basketball team, averaging 9.8 points per game during his collegiate career. During his time at Providence, Simpkins was twice named to the Big East All-Tournament team in 1993 and 1994. In 1994, he helped the Friars win the conference title and earn a spot in the 1994 NCAA tournament. In 2013, Providence inducted Simpkins into the college’s athletic Hall of Fame.
Professional career
Simpkins was selected by the Chicago Bulls with the 21st pick in the 1994 NBA draft. Behind Luc Longley, Bill Wennington, and later Dennis Rodman in the Bulls' playing rotation, he saw limited action in his first few seasons as a Bull, scoring 513 points in 167 games. He earned two NBA Championship rings in 1996 and 1997, but was not on the team's active roster for either playoff run, and in fall 1997 the Bulls traded him to the Golden State Warriors for guard/forward Scott Burrell.
The Warriors subsequently waived Simpkins, and the Bulls claimed him. Simpkins posted a .634 field goal percentage in 21 games, and in the spring of 1998 he participated in the playoffs for the first time of his career, earning his third championship ring. After the 1998–99 NBA lockout, the Bulls parted ways with Michael Jordan, Scottie Pippen, Rodman and Luc Longley, which provided Simpkins with significantly more playing time. During the 1999 season he emerged as a part-time starter, averaging career highs of 9.1 points and 6.8 rebounds, and in the following season, he played a career-high 1,651 minutes.
After the Bulls signed Brad Miller in September 2000, the Bulls renounced their rights to Simpkins, who would spend a season in Greece before joining the Atlanta Hawks during the 2001–02 NBA season. He only played one game for the Hawks, though, and spent the rest of the season in Greece and the CBA. He later played in Russia, Puerto Rico, Lithuania, Spain, Philippines, Lebanon, and Germany. In 2005, Simpkins joined the Alaska Aces (PBA) of the Philippine Basketball Association as replacement for Leon Derricks. He led the team to a three-game quarterfinals loss against the sixth-seeded Red Bull franchise.
Post-playing career
Simpkins has worked as a college basketball analyst for ESPN. He is the founder of the basketball development company Next Level Performance Inc. (NLP), and is a national motivational speaker. He is currently a color commentator at Fox Sports 1 (FS1) for the Big East games.
He was a scout for the Charlotte Hornets and the Washington Wizards.
NBA career statistics
Regular season
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Chicago
| 59 || 5 || 9.9 || .424 || – || .694 || 2.6 || 0.6 || 0.2 || 0.1 || 3.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"| †
| style="text-align:left;"|Chicago
| 60 || 12 || 11.4 || .481 || 1.000 || .629 || 2.6 || 0.6 || 0.2 || 0.1 || 3.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"| †
| style="text-align:left;"|Chicago
| 48 || 0 || 8.2 || .333 || .250 || .700 || 1.9 || 0.6 || 0.1 || 0.1 || 1.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Golden State
| 19 || 0 || 10.3 || .458 || .000 || .385 || 2.4 || 0.8 || 0.3 || 0.1 || 2.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"| †
| style="text-align:left;"|Chicago
| 21 || 0 || 11.3 || .634 || .000 || .591 || 1.5 || 0.8 || 0.2 || 0.1 || 3.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Chicago
| style="background:#cfecec;"| 50* || 35 || 29.0 || .463 || .000 || .645 || 6.8 || 1.3 || 0.7 || 0.3 || 9.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Chicago
| 69 || 48 || 23.9 || .405 || .000 || .542 || 5.4 || 1.4 || 0.3 || 0.3 || 4.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Atlanta
| 1 || 0 || 3.0 || – || – || – || 0.0 || 1.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 327 || 100 || 15.9 || .440 || .222 || .618 || 3.6 || 0.9 || 0.3 || 0.2 || 4.2
Playoffs
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1998
|style="text-align:left;"|Chicago
|13||0||5.7||.375||–||.444||1.0||0.2||0.2||0.1||1.2
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
|13||0||5.7||.375||–||.444||1.0||0.2||0.2||0.1||1.2
References
External links
NBA Blog Squad
Eurobasket.com Profile
1972 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
Alaska Aces (PBA) players
American expatriate basketball people in Germany
American expatriate basketball people in Greece
American expatriate basketball people in Lebanon
American expatriate basketball people in Lithuania
American expatriate basketball people in Russia
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American expatriate basketball people in the Philippines
American men's basketball players
Atlanta Hawks players
BC Rytas players
BC UNICS players
Brose Bamberg players
Centers (basketball)
Chicago Bulls draft picks
Chicago Bulls players
College basketball announcers in the United States
Dakota Wizards (CBA) players
Golden State Warriors players
Leones de Ponce basketball players
Liga ACB players
Makedonikos B.C. players
Maroussi B.C. players
People from Fort Washington, Maryland
Basketball players from Prince George's County, Maryland
Philippine Basketball Association imports
Power forwards (basketball)
Providence Friars men's basketball players
Rockford Lightning players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople
Criollos de Caguas basketball players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickey%20Simpkins |
Evelyne Leu (born 7 July 1976) is a former Swiss freestyle skier.
She won a gold medal in Aerial skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics. However, she failed to reach the Finals at the 2010 Winter Olympics when she crashed in her second jump during qualifying.
She retired in April 2010.
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20060308045828/http://www.evelyneleu.ch/
Swiss female freestyle skiers
Freestyle skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Living people
1976 births
Olympic gold medalists for Switzerland
Olympic freestyle skiers for Switzerland
Olympic medalists in freestyle skiing
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
20th-century Swiss women
21st-century Swiss women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyne%20Leu |
Cockfighter (also known as Born to Kill, Gamblin' Man and Wild Drifter) is a 1974 drama film by director Monte Hellman, starring Warren Oates, Harry Dean Stanton and featuring Laurie Bird and Ed Begley, Jr. The screenplay is based on the 1962 novel of the same title by Charles Willeford.
Plot
A mute Frank Mansfield is locked inside a trailer preparing his best cock for an upcoming fight. He slices the chicken's beak slightly so that it looks cracked in order to obtain higher betting odds in the upcoming fight. He bets his trailer, his girlfriend, and the remainder of his money with fellow cocker Jack. Mansfield loses the fight because of the cracked beak.
Frank visits his home town, his family farm, and his long-time fiancée, Mary Elizabeth. Mary Elizabeth has long grown tired of Mansfield's cockfighter ways and asks him to settle down with her. Frank decides in favor of cockfighting, leaves Mary Elizabeth, sells the family farm for money to reinvest in chickens, and starts a partnership with Omar Baradinsky. The partnership takes them all the way to the cockfighting championships.
Cast
Warren Oates as Frank Mansfield
Richard B. Shull as Omar Baradansky
Harry Dean Stanton as Jack Burke
Ed Begley, Jr. as Tom Peeples
Laurie Bird as Dody White Burke
Troy Donahue as Randall Mansfield
Warren Finnerty as Sanders
Robert Earl Jones as Buford
Patricia Pearcy as Mary Elizabeth
Millie Perkins as Frances Mansfield
Steve Railsback as Junior
Tom Spratley as Mr. Peeples
Charles Willeford as Ed Middleton
Pete Munro as Packard
Kermit Echols as Fred Reed
Screenplay
Willeford adapted the novel to the screen himself and made several major plot changes among many smaller changes in detail. The author indicated that Cockfighter is based loosely on the structure of the Odyssey, so it is most significant that the author removed the entire subplot with the beautiful widow Berenice, perhaps the Calypso character. Removing this character also excluded the protagonist's short-lived music career from the plot, although the movie does show Mansfield plucking a guitar at one point. Two other significant characters in the novel are also missing from the movie: Doc Riordan (a pharmacist/inventor who supplies Mansfield with conditioning medicines for his chickens) and the judge who sells the Mansfield farm. The final scene of the movie also presents a dramatic shift from the end of the book: Mansfield claims that Mary Elizabeth loves him as she walks off, whereas in the book he realizes that the relationship is over and he is free.
There are many subtle details changed in the movie, most of which are insignificant to the plot. For example, it is emphasized in the book that Icky is a rare blue chicken, whereas in the movie he is a white chicken called "White Lightning". The Mansfield farm is in Ocala, Florida in the book, in Decatur, Georgia in the movie. Possibly for some comic relief in the movie, Baradinsky goes back to the motel tournament, rather than driving on to a separate tournament as in the novel. He hides his cash under the dead chickens in the bathtub and does not lose money like everyone else in the holdup. By the time of the Milledgeville, Georgia tournament, Middleton's wife had died in the book, but in the movie Middleton (played by Willeford himself) refers to his wife as living. And finally, in the movie, Mansfield does not "regain" his voice until after Mary Elizabeth leaves.
Reception
The film struggled to find an audience; Roger Corman said that it was the only movie that he backed in the 1970s that lost money. He had it re-cut and re-released under the title Born to Kill, but it still did not succeed.
References
Bibliography
External links
Two articles by Jonathan Rosenbaum and Toshi Fujiwara about COCKFIGHTER on La furia umana in the dossier dedicated to Monte Hellman
1974 films
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Monte Hellman
Cockfighting in film
Films produced by Roger Corman
Films shot in Georgia (U.S. state)
1970s English-language films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockfighter |
M.A.D.E. is the third studio album by rapper Memphis Bleek, released by Get Low Records, Roc-A-Fella Records, and Def Jam Recordings. Originally scheduled for a summer 2003 release, the album was ultimately released on December 16, 2003. The album reached #35 on the Billboard 200 charts.
The first single released from the album was "Round Here" which features Southern rappers Trick Daddy and T.I. and production from Just Blaze. The second single was "Need Me In Your Life" which featured Nate Dogg.
Track listing
Samples
"I'm Back" by The New Birth
Sampled in “Roc-A-Fella/Get Low (Respect It)”
Produced by Coptic
“Pieces” by The Stylistics
From the album Round 2 (1972)
Sampled in “Everything's A Go”
Produced by Just Blaze
“Given Me Your Love” by Facts of Life
From the album Sometimes (1977)
Sampled in “Just Blaze, Bleek, & Free”
Produced by Just Blaze
“P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)” by Michael Jackson
From the album Thriller (1983)
Interpolated in “I Wanna Love You”
Produced by Kanye West
“Hold It Now, Hit It” by Beastie Boys
From the album Licensed to Ill (1986)
Sampled in “Murda Murda”
Produced by Scott Storch
“I Wouldn't Change A Thing” by Coke Escovedo
From the album Comin' at Ya! (1976)
Sampled in “Do It All Again”
Produced by Zukhan
“UFO” by ESG
From the album ESG (1981)
Sampled in “1, 2 Y’all”
Produced by Shim & E Bass
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
2003 albums
Memphis Bleek albums
Albums produced by Scott Storch
Albums produced by Just Blaze
Albums produced by Kanye West
Def Jam Recordings albums
Roc-A-Fella Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.A.D.E. |
The Great White Shark (Warren White), or simply Great White, is a supervillain owned by DC Comics who exists in that company's DC Universe.
Publication history
Great White Shark first appeared in Arkham Asylum: Living Hell #1 (July 2003) and was created by Dan Slott and Ryan Sook.
Fictional character biography
Origin story
First appearing in Arkham Asylum: Living Hell, crooked financier Warren White, known as the "Great White Shark" for his ruthlessness, embezzles millions from his company's pension fund and robs virtually all of the company's clients both working class and upper class of their life savings. As the result, White becomes one of the most despised white-collar criminals in the United States. A smug White manages to avoid prison by transferring his case to Gotham City and successfully pleading insanity to avoid prison and speed up his chances of freedom, a strategy he is all too familiar with and convinced it will work. But the plea incenses the judge hearing his case, who is disgusted with White.
Realizing that White might have actually set up a trap for himself by pleading insanity, the judge sentences White to Arkham Asylum indefinitely. There, he suffers great indignities as the new inmate, or "fish". His first cellmate is Death Rattle, a cult leader and mass murderer who plans to turn him into a human sacrifice. Early in his stay, Killer Croc slices a set of "gills" into White's neck with his claws, claiming the "fish" needs a set. Realizing his mistake in pleading insanity, White bribes his psychiatrist, Dr. Anne Carver, into having him transferred to a minimum security prison. However, Carver is revealed to have been killed and replaced by Jane Doe some months before, and she simply reports White's bribe to her superiors. Her boss, Dr. Jeremiah Arkham — who lost his pension due to White's business practices — orders all of White's transfer papers destroyed. Arkham calls White "the worst person I've ever met", a sentiment shared by several individuals - including the Joker, who states that although he has killed people, "[he] didn't steal their kid's college funds".
To survive the harassment and violence in Arkham, White allies himself with Two-Face, becoming his "coin boy" when Harvey injures his hands prior. The relationship quickly ends, however, when Death Rattle threatens the pair; Two-Face's coin flip leads him to abandon White. White then befriends Humpty Dumpty, a childlike murderer and savant, who arranges for White to become his cellmate just in time to head off Death Rattle's murder attempt.
During a prison riot, White is assaulted and locked in Mr. Freeze's subzero cell by Jane Doe, who was attempting to claim his identity and leave him for dead as she had done with Dr. Carver. His injuries, the result of horrific frostbite, leave White deformed: his skin turns a pale white, and his nose, lips, ears, hair and several of his fingers fall off. These deformities, along with his set of "gills", leave him resembling a real great white shark, an effect which he further enhances by filing his teeth to points after he is driven insane by his ordeals.
White, who is immoral but was sane upon entering Arkham, is transformed into one of the "freaks" of Batman's rogues gallery. White now uses his business connections to serve as a liaison and fence for many of his fellow inmates.
One Year Later
White next appears in the storyline Batman: Face the Face, which ran through Detective Comics #817-820 and Batman #651-654, as part of the larger One Year Later storyline. In the storyline, in which Batman and Robin disappeared for a year, the Great White Shark had established himself as Gotham's reigning crime boss.
As part of a revenge plot against Two-Face for his earlier betrayal, he orders his chief enforcer, the Tally Man, to kill several criminals associated with the Penguin — including Orca, KGBeast, Magpie and Ventriloquist — to frame the newly rehabilitated Harvey Dent for the murders. Batman eventually uncovers White's involvement in these crimes, but not in time to prevent Dent, driven insane once again by paranoia, from disfiguring his own face once more and returning to a life of crime as Two-Face.
Despite his status as one of the city's most powerful criminals, the Great White Shark remains in Arkham, directing his empire from within his cell and using his imprisoned condition as a perfect alibi. He most recently appeared in Detective Comics #832, when Batman apprehends another villain who calls himself the Shark, a former member of the "Terrible Trio". When the Shark is sent to Arkham, the Great White Shark announces that he takes over his position after the Fox and the Vulture pledged their allegiances to White.
Gotham Underground
During the recent takeover of Gotham's criminal underworld by Metropolis outfits the 100 and Intergang during the Gotham Underground storyline, the Great White Shark is badly beaten and locked away following his displacement.
The Resurrection of Ra's al Ghul
After the defeat of the newly resurrected Ra's al Ghul, Warren White makes a little appearance in the final strip. He is shown clearly controlling the majority of Arkham Asylum, including its corrupt staff, and he threatens Ra's al Ghul.
Batman R.I.P. / The Battle For The Cowl
After the apparent death of the original Batman, Warren White was one of the many criminals who was being transferred from Arkham to a secure place. A new Black Mask then drugs the criminals, which causes instant death at Mask's will. Acknowledging Black Mask as their leader, Warren and his group were armed to wreak havoc on the city once again by ending Two-Face and Penguin's reigns and ultimately making Black Mask the supreme ruler of Gotham's underworld once again.
The New 52
Warren White made his first brief appearance in The New 52 (a reboot of the DC Comics universe) where he was seen attacking guards in Arkham while on Venom.
Great White Shark was later seen at Arkham Asylum at the time when Resurrection Man was incarcerated there.
DC Rebirth
In DC Rebirth, Great White appears as one of Gotham's most powerful crime lords. He is allied with Penguin and Black Mask in an alliance known as "The Blacks & Whites". Together, they hire KGBeast to defeat Batman.
Powers and abilities
The Great White Shark has no superpowers but is a skilled organizer and negotiator with a high-level intellect. After being deformed, he files his teeth to the point of being razor sharp.
In other media
Video games
The Great White Shark is referenced in the 2009 video game Batman: Arkham Asylum. Solving one of the Riddler's riddles unlocks his in-game bio. The answer to the riddle lies in a jar found in the game's morgue, which contains his nose, lips, an ear, and two of his fingers. This jar of parts is seen again in the 2015 sequel Batman: Arkham Knight in the Gotham City Police Department evidence room with a brief description from Officer Cash.
References
Comics characters introduced in 2003
Fictional businesspeople
Fictional gangsters
Fictional money launderers
Fictional murderers
DC Comics male supervillains
DC Comics supervillains
Characters created by Dan Slott
Fictional characters with disfigurements
Fictional crime bosses
Fictional con artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20White%20Shark%20%28character%29 |
Haldan may refer to:
People
Haldan Keffer Hartline, an American physiologist,
Paul Haldan, a Romanian-born Dutch professional table tennis player.
Halfdan, a legendary Swedish or Danish king
Fictional characters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldan |
Jim Duquette is an American baseball executive. He was the general manager of the New York Mets from 2003–2004, before the team replaced him with Omar Minaya. Duquette subsequently stayed with the Mets in a front office job for a full season before moving on to the Baltimore Orioles. With the Orioles former vice president of baseball operations, where he worked under Mike Flanagan, the team's general manager. Duquette is currently a host on SiriusXM's MLB Network Radio.
Jim Duquette's tenure as the Mets' GM is largely remembered for the trade of top pitching prospect Scott Kazmir to the Tampa Bay Devil Rays for the right-handed pitcher, Victor Zambrano. That very same day, Duquette also traded away future All-Star José Bautista.
Duquette was a standout baseball player himself at Williams College, in Williamstown, Massachusetts. Duquette's cousin, Dan Duquette also was a major league general manager with the Montreal Expos and the Boston Red Sox and was most recently the executive vice-president of baseball operations for the Baltimore Orioles. His brother, Pat Duquette is the head men's basketball coach at UMass Lowell. In 2019, the three Duquettes were among 15 athletes, five coaches and three contributors to be inducted into the inaugural Dalton CRA Athletic Hall of Fame in Dalton, Mass.
He is currently the co-host of "Power Alley" with Mike Ferrin on Sirius XM's MLB Network Radio on Sirius 209 and XM 89. He is also a columnist for The Athletic.
For the 2012 season Duquette joined WFAN as a fill-in commentator for their NY Mets radio broadcasts.
References
External links
1966 births
Living people
Baltimore Orioles executives
Houston Astros executives
New York Mets executives
Major League Baseball farm directors
Major League Baseball general managers
SportsNet New York people
Williams Ephs baseball players
Place of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Duquette |
Video Soul is a two–hour long American music video program that originally aired on BET (Black Entertainment Television) from June 26, 1981 to September 1996. The program was devoted to showcasing R&B and Soul recording artists and performers' music videos.
History
Video Soul premiered on June 26, 1981 and was originally a half-hour show. The show was created after MTV refused to play videos by most African-American musicians, as MTV made the de facto color policy effective. Both BET and Video Soul served as a place of refuge for new African-American musical talent. The expanded two-hour long primetime version premiered on June 26, 1983 and aired from 9 to 11p.m. E.T., Monday through Thursdays. A top 20 countdown aired Friday nights, 9–11p.m. E.T. as well. Throughout the early to mid-1990s, until the show ended, it aired from 8 to 10pm E.T.
Virgil Hemphill was the original first host of the series, calling himself the "Reverend Eldorado". After Hemphill left the series, Donnie Simpson became the show's most prominent VJ although he joined the show a few years after it premiered. Sherry Carter (who also hosted BET's Video LP, a half-hour-long video program) and Sheila Banks were the other hosts. Throughout its run, it was responsible for surprise guests, bringing groups/bands back together, memorable interviews, etc. A number of up-and coming artists had their first interview on Video Soul.
Other formats
Video Soul Top-20 aired on Fridays, and showcased the hottest top 20 videos of the week. It was also known as The Coca-Cola Video Soul Top-20 Countdown, as Coca-Cola became a sponsor of the show. Video Soul By Request was a two-hour long video block on Saturdays. This edition premiered in mid-1992. It showcased videos requested by viewers who called a 1-900 number. Throughout its run, Sherry Carter hosted unseen when she became a host for Video Soul in 1992.
Revival
Donnie Simpson planned to bring back the program in 2019. It was unclear if it would be filmed in Washington, D.C. like the original series. Two years later, the program eventually premiered on Tubi.
Hosts
Donnie Simpson (1983–1996)
Sherry Carter (1992–1996)
Sheila Banks
Kenya Moore
Brett Walker (1994–1996)
Leslie "Big Lez" Segar (1994–1995)
References
External links
1981 American television series debuts
1980s American music television series
1990s American music television series
1996 American television series endings
BET original programming
African-American television
Works about soul
Rhythm and blues | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20Soul |
Henry Raper (1799 – 6 January 1859) was a British Royal Naval lieutenant who became a nineteenth-century authority on navigation. Amongst his achievements was his quantification of the unreliability of a key longitudinal measurement, lunar distance, when taken at different times. One early beneficiary of Raper's research was Robert FitzRoy, whose second expedition was made famous by the work of his travelling companion, Charles Darwin.
Raper is primarily remembered, however, for his seminal work The Practice of Navigation and Nautical Astronomy, for which he was awarded the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society in 1841. According to his memorial at St Peter & St Paul's Church, in Dinton, Buckinghamshire, it was "a work universally adopted by the naval service".
Raper died on 6 January 1859 at Torquay in Devon, England.
See also
Bibliography
Henry Raper, The Practice of Navigation and Nautical Astronomy (Third edition published by Bate, 1849)
1799 births
1859 deaths
History of navigation
Royal Navy officers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Raper |
The Kubitzki system is a system of plant taxonomy devised by Klaus Kubitzki, and is the product of an ongoing survey of vascular plants, entitled The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, and extending to 15 volumes in 2018. The survey, in the form of an encyclopedia, is important as a comprehensive, multivolume treatment of the vascular plants, with keys to and descriptions of all families and genera, mostly by specialists in those groups. The Kubitzki system served as the basis for classification in Mabberley's Plant-Book, a dictionary of the vascular plants. Mabberley states, in his Introduction on page xi of the 2008 edition, that the Kubitzki system "has remained the standard to which other literature is compared".
In ordinal and family arrangements, the classification system in the initial angiosperm volumes closely resembles the Dahlgren system in Monocots and the Cronquist system in Dicots, but later volumes have been influenced by recent molecular phylogenetic studies.
The first volume of the series (Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms) covered lycophytes, monilophytes, and gymnosperms, and was published in 1990. By 2010, there were nine published volumes, covering 39 of the 59 orders of flowering plants that are recognized in the APG III system. The order Saxifragales is covered except for the genus Medusandra, which was transferred to it from Malpighiales in 2009. Volume 10 (2011) covers the family Myrtaceae and the orders Cucurbitales and Sapindales. Volume 11 was published in 2014, and two further volumes in 2015. Volumes 2, and 5–7 address dicotyledons, while volumes 3, 4 and 13 address monocotyledons. Volumes 8–12 and 14 deal with eudicots.
Because it is the result of a work in progress, the Kubitzki system is incomplete for those groups of plants that have not yet been covered, and groups that have been completely covered are not revised in light of subsequent knowledge. Since the first volume was published in 1990, a great deal has been learned about plant taxonomy, mostly by phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences. The classification of ferns has been completely overhauled in that time. And some of the gymnosperm families have been revised.
For the flowering plants, the later volumes of the Kubitzki System follows the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group last revised in 2009 (APG III system), except for the recognition of smaller families. (For a complete listing of all volumes, see Klaus Kubitzki)
Classification
Summary
Divisions
Pteridophyta
Pinophyta
subdivision Coniferophytina
subdivision Cycadophytina
Magnoliophyta
class Monocotyledoneae
class Dicotyledoneae
Pteridophyta
1 division Pteridophyta
1 class Psilotatae
Psilotaceae
2 class Lycopodiatae
Isoetaceae
Lycopodiaceae
Selaginellaceae
3 class Equisetatae
Equisetaceae
4 class Filicatae
Aspleniaceae
Azollaceae
Blechnaceae
Cheiropleuriaceae
Cyatheaceae
Davalliaceae
Dennstaedtiaceae
Dicksoniaceae
Dipteridaceae
Dryopteridaceae
Gleicheniaceae
Grammitidaceae
Hymenophyllaceae
Hymenophyllopsidaceae
Lomariopsidaceae
Lophosoriaceae
Loxsomataceae
Marattiaceae
Marsileaceae
Matoniaceae
Metaxyaceae
Monachosoraceae
Nephrolepidaceae
Oleandraceae
Ophioglossaceae
Osmundaceae
Plagiogyriaceae
Polypodiaceae
Pteridaceae
Salviniaceae
Schizaeaceae
Thelypteridaceae
Vittariaceae
Pinophyta
2 division Pinophyta or Gymnospermae
1 subdivision Coniferophytina
1 class Ginkgoatae
Ginkgoaceae
2 class Pinatae
1 order Pinales
Araucariaceae
Pinaceae
Sciadopityaceae
Taxodiaceae
Cupressaceae
Phyllocladaceae
Podocarpaceae
2 order Taxales
Cephalotaxaceae
Taxaceae
2 subdivision Cycadophytina
1 class Cycadatae
order Cycadales
Boweniaceae
Cycadaceae
Stangeriaceae
Zamiaceae
2 class Gnetatae
order Gnetales
Ephedraceae
Welwitschiaceae
Gnetaceae
Magnoliophyta
3 division Magnoliophyta or Angiospermae
subdivision Magnoliophytina
Monocotyledoneae
1 class Monocotyledoneae or Liliopsida [complete] (with Rolf Dahlgren's collaboration)
4 Superorders
Acoranae
Alismatanae
Lilianae
Commelinanae
Acoranae
1 superorder Acoranae
Acoraceae
Not included in any order
Nartheciaceae
Alismatanae
2 superorder Alismatanae
1 order Arales
Araceae
Lemnaceae
2 order Alismatales
Butomaceae
Alismataceae
Limnocharitaceae
Hydrocharitaceae
Najadaceae
Aponogetonaceae
Scheuchzeriaceae
Juncaginaceae
Potamogetonaceae
Ruppiaceae
Posidoniaceae
Zosteraceae
Zannichelliaceae
Cymodoceaceae
Lilianae
3 superorder Lilianae
1 order Liliales
Campynemataceae
Luzuriagaceae
Alstroemeriaceae
Colchicaceae
Melanthiaceae
Trilliaceae
Liliaceae
Calochortaceae
Petermanniaceae
Smilacaceae
Philesiaceae
2 order Asparagales
Orchidaceae
Iridaceae
Doryanthaceae
Lanariaceae
Ixioliriaceae
Hypoxidaceae
Johnsoniaceae
Hemerocallidaceae
Tecophilaeaceae
Blandfordiaceae
Asteliaceae
Boryaceae
Asphodelaceae
Xanthorrhoeaceae
Aphyllanthaceae
Anemarrhenaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Agapanthaceae
Alliaceae
Themidaceae
Asparagaceae
Hyacinthaceae
Lomandraceae
Herreriaceae
Hostaceae
Anthericaceae
Agavaceae
Eriospermaceae
Ruscaceae
Behniaceae
Dracaenaceae
Convallariaceae
Nolinaceae
3 order Triuridales
Triuridaceae
4 order Dioscoreales
Dioscoreaceae
Trichopodaceae
Taccaceae
Burmanniaceae
Corsiaceae
5 order Pandanales
Pandanaceae
Cyclanthaceae
Velloziaceae
Acanthochlamydaceae
Stemonaceae
Pentastemonaceae
Commelinanae
4 superorder Commelinanae
1 order Principes
Palmae
2 order Dasypogonales
Dasypogonaceae
3 order Bromeliales
Bromeliaceae
?Rapateaceae (see also Xyridales)
4 order Commelinales
Commelinaceae
Pontederiaceae
Philydraceae
Haemodoraceae
5 order Xyridales
Mayacaceae
Xyridaceae
Eriocaulaceae
?Rapateaceae
6 order Zingiberales
Musaceae
Strelitziaceae
Lowiaceae
Heliconiaceae
Costaceae
Zingiberaceae
Cannaceae
Marantaceae
?Hanguanaceae (possibly related to Zingiberales or Commelinales)
7 order Typhales
Typhaceae
8 order Juncales
Juncaceae
Thurniaceae
Cyperaceae
9 order Poales
Flagellariaceae
Restionaceae
Ecdeiocoleaceae
Anarthriaceae
Centrolepidaceae
Joinvilleaceae
Poaceae
incertae sedis in monocots
Hydatellaceae
Dicotyledoneae
2 class Dicotyledoneae or Magnoliopsida [incomplete]
1 subclass Magnoliidae
1 superorder Magnolianae (lower magnoliids)
1 order Magnoliales
Himantandraceae
Eupomatiaceae
Austrobaileyaceae
Degeneriaceae
Magnoliaceae
Annonaceae
Myristicaceae
?Canellaceae
?Lactoridaceae
Amborellaceae
Trimeniaceae
Chloranthaceae
Monimiaceae
Gomortegaceae
Lauraceae
Hernandiaceae
Calycanthaceae
2 order Illiciales
Winteraceae
?Canellaceae
Illiciaceae
Schisandraceae
3 order Aristolochiales
Aristolochiaceae
Hydnoraceae
?Rafflesiaceae
4 order Piperales
Saururaceae
Piperaceae
2 superorder Ranunculanae (higher magnoliids)
1 order Nelumbonales
Nelumbonaceae
2 order Ranunculales
Lardizabalaceae
Berberidaceae
Menispermaceae
Ranunculaceae
?Circaeasteraceae
Pteridophyllaceae
Papaveraceae
Fumariaceae
3 superorder Nymphaeanae
order Nymphaeales
Cabombaceae
Nymphaeaceae
?Ceratophyllaceae
4 superorder Caryophyllanae
order Caryophyllales (including.:Centrospermae Eichler)
Family with an asterisk: *, included in Expanded Caryophyllales in Volume V.
Family with the sign +, only recognized in Volume V, but not in Volume II.
Nepenthaceae *
Droseraceae *
Drosophyllaceae *
Simmondsiaceae *
Rhabdodendraceae *
Asteropeiaceae *
Physenaceae *
Ancistrocladaceae *
Dioncophyllaceae *
Frankeniaceae *
Tamaricaceae *
clade Centrospermae
Caryophyllaceae
Molluginaceae
Aizoaceae
Amaranthaceae
Chenopodiaceae
Halophytaceae
Stegnospermaceae
Achatocarpaceae
Phytolaccaceae
Nyctaginaceae
Cactaceae
Portulacaceae
Didiereaceae
Basellaceae
Hectorellaceae
Barbeuiaceae +
Sarcobataceae +
Petiveriaceae +
Agdestidaceae +
5 superorder Hamamelidanae
1 order Trochodendrales
Trochodendraceae
Eupteleaceae
Cercidiphyllaceae
?Myrothamnaceae
2 order Hamamelidales
Platanaceae
Hamamelidaceae
3 order Fagales
Fagaceae
Betulaceae
Ticodendraceae
4 order Juglandales
Rhoipteleaceae
Juglandaceae
Myricaceae
5 order ?Casuarinales
Casuarinaceae
6 superorder Polygonanae
order Polygonales
Polygonaceae
7 superorder Plumbaginanae
order Plumbaginales
Plumbaginaceae
8 superorder Malvanae
order Malvales
Neuradaceae
Tepuianthaceae
Thymelaeaceae
Dipterocarpaceae
Diegodendraceae
Sphaerosepalaceae
Cistaceae
Sarcolaenaceae
Bixaceae
Cochlospermaceae
Muntingiaceae
Malvaceae
In volumes 5,6,7,8 no groups above the taxonomic rank of order were recognized.
order Capparales
Bataceae
Salvadoraceae
Tropaeolaceae
Limnanthaceae
Caricaceae
Moringaceae
Setchellanthaceae
Akaniaceae
Gyrostemonaceae
Resedaceae
Pentadiplandraceae
Tovariaceae
Koeberliniaceae
Cruciferae or Brassicaceae
Capparaceae
Emblingiaceae
Not placed in any order, but related to Capparales
Tapisciaceae
order Celastrales
Parnassiaceae
Lepidobotryaceae
Celastraceae
order Oxalidales
Oxalidaceae
Connaraceae
Cephalotaceae
Brunelliaceae
Cunoniaceae
Elaeocarpaceae
order Rosales (# revised position, formerly in Urticales in Vol. 2)
Rosaceae (including Guamatela)
Dirachmaceae
Rhamnaceae
Barbeyaceae #
Elaeagnaceae
Ulmaceae #
Moraceae #
Cecropiaceae (including Cannabaceae) #
Urticaceae #
order Cornales
Hydrostachyaceae
Curtisiaceae
Grubbiaceae
Cornaceae
Hydrangeaceae
Loasaceae
order Ericales
Theophrastaceae
Samolaceae
Maesaceae
Myrsinaceae
Primulaceae
Actinidiaceae
Balsaminaceae
Marcgraviaceae
Pellicieraceae
Tetrameristaceae
Ericaceae
Clethraceae
Cyrillaceae
Roridulaceae
Sarraceniaceae
Diapensiaceae
Lissocarpaceae
Polemoniaceae
Fouquieriaceae
Scytopetalaceae
Lecythidaceae
Napoleonaeaceae
Styracaceae
Ebenaceae
Sladeniaceae
Theaceae
Ternstroemiaceae
Sapotaceae
Symplocaceae
order Lamiales
Bignoniaceae
Buddlejaceae
Byblidaceae
Callitrichaceae
Carlemanniaceae
Cyclocheilaceae
Gesneriaceae
Globulariaceae
Hippuridaceae
Labiatae
Lentibulariaceae
Martyniaceae
Myoporaceae
Nesogenaceae
Oleaceae
Pedaliaceae
Phrymaceae
Plantaginaceae
Plocospermataceae
Scrophulariaceae
Stilbaceae
Tetrachondraceae
Trapellaceae
Verbenaceae
order Asterales
Alseuosmiaceae
Argophyllaceae
Compositae or Asteraceae
subfamily Barnadesioideae
subfamily Mutisioideae
subfamily Carduoideae
subfamily Cichorioideae
subfamily Asteroideae
Calyceraceae
Campanulaceae
Carpodetaceae
Goodeniaceae
Menyanthaceae
Pentaphragmataceae
Phellinaceae
Rousseaceae
Stylidiaceae
In volume 9 the supraordinal groups Rosidae and Asteridae were recognized.
Not included in any order
Sabiaceae
order Proteales
Proteaceae
Platanaceae (revised position, formerly in Hamamelidales in Vol. 2)
Nelumbonales (revised position, formerly in Nelumbonales in Vol. 2)
order Buxales
Buxaceae
Didymelaceae
order Gunnerales
Gunneraceae
Myrothamnaceae (revised position, formerly in Trochodendrales in Vol. 2)
Not included in any order
Dilleniaceae
order Saxifragales
Altingiaceae (newly recognized family, included in Hamamelidaceae in Vol. 2)
Aphanopetalaceae
Cercidiphyllaceae (revised position, formerly in Trochodendrales in Vol. 2)
Crassulaceae
Daphniphyllaceae
Grossulariaceae
Haloragaceae
Hamamelidaceae (revised position, formerly in Hamamelidales in Vol. 2)
Iteaceae
Paeoniaceae
Penthoraceae
Peridiscaceae (except Medusandra)
Pterostemonaceae
Saxifragaceae
Tetracarpaeaceae
order Vitales
Leeaceae
Vitaceae
order Zygophyllales
Krameriaceae
Zygophyllaceae
Not included in any order
Huaceae
order Geraniales
Geraniaceae
Ledocarpaceae
Melianthaceae
order Crossosomatales (Guamatela placed in Rosaceae in volume 6)
Aphloiaceae
Crossosomataceae
Geissolomataceae
Ixerbaceae
Stachyuraceae
Staphyleaceae
Strasburgeraceae
Not included in any order
Picramniaceae
order Berberidopsidales
Aextoxicaceae
Berberidopsidaceae
In volume 10 are treated the Orders Sapindales and Cucurbitales; and the Myrtaceae Family (belonging to Myrtales).
order Sapindales
Biebersteiniaceae
Nitrariaceae
Tetradiclidaceae
Sapindaceae
Kirkiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Burseraceae
Rutaceae
Simaroubaceae
Meliaceae
order Cucurbitales
Anisophylleaceae
Coriariaceae
Corynocarpaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Datiscaceae
Begoniaceae
order Myrtales
Myrtaceae
See also
Klaus Kubitzki
References
External links
Fern Classification At: Publications and Data Sets At: Kathleen Pryer's Lab
system, Kubitzki | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubitzki%20system |
Port security is part of a broader definition concerning maritime security. It refers to the defense, law and treaty enforcement, and counterterrorism activities that fall within the port and maritime domain. It includes the protection of the seaports themselves and the protection and inspection of the cargo moving through the ports. Security risks related to ports often focus on either the physical security of the port, or security risks within the maritime supply chain.
Internationally, port security is governed by rules issued by the International Maritime Organization and its 2002 International Ship and Port Facility Security Code. Additionally, some United States-based programs have become de facto global port security programs, including the Container Security Initiative and the Customs Trade Partnership against Terrorism. However, some businesses argue that port security governance measures are ineffective and costly and that it negatively impacts maritime transport costs.
Maritime Supply Chain and Port Security
Physical port security involves the risks to the perimeters of the port. Risks to port security involves natural risks such as hurricanes and flooding, man-made risks such as operator error, and weapon risks such as chemical, biological and nuclear material. It also involves adequate security systems within the port, such as security guards, video surveillance and alarm systems.
Physical port security also falls under the umbrella of maritime terrorism. Ports are attractive targets for terrorists because ships and cargoes are fixed in time once they enter the port, which removes the uncertainty in relation to the location of the target.
Apart from physical port security, the port is connected to a larger supply chain. There are various risks along this supply chain that can affect port security, such as explosives attached to the vessel or unwanted passengers on the vessel. Ports are "potential targets of illegal activity which may impact their ability to function as intended, and ports as conduits into and out of national borders and supply chains, which can be exploited in order to introduce or move illegal materials, persons, or activities". That involves increasing the number of vulnerabilities to port security to the supply chain.
Port Security Risk Management
Security risk management practices of ports reflect the divide between physical and maritime supply chain security.
Physical Port Security Risk Management
Examples of security risk management practices at ports are: employment of a security director, crisis leadership, contingency planning and the use of intelligence. Other measures include physical security barriers, such as CCTV cameras and adequate light at the port in order to ensure that cargo theft does not take place.
Maritime Supply Chain Risk Management
Examples of risk management practices within the maritime supply chain include ISPC (International Ship and Port Facility Security Code), CSI (Container Security Initiative) and whole-of-supply chain outcomes, CTPT (Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism). These efforts have been criticised as the use of quantitative and statistical approach to security in the maritime supply chain is argued to overlook low probability, high impact events.
Privatisation of Port Security
Port security is often in the literature depicted as a responsibility of the state, as it concerns national security. Yet, the emergence of private security actors has also influenced aspects of port security governance. In the case of a port in Indonesian, the involvement of so many different types of state and non- state agencies actually lessened security.
Emerging Port Security Risks
Cyber Risks
Ports use a variety of sensors, such as Wi- Fi and satellite- based Internet systems which are increasingly automated. Such systems are vulnerable to penetration and manipulation and risk being misused for hacktivism and by terrorists. Not only can this affect port security in terms of the parameters of the surface of the port, but a possible hacking of data can be used to trace ships and mislead them for hijacking purposes.
Liquefied Natural Gas Trade
Technological developments coupled with the US Shale Revolution has allowed for increasing exports of liquefied natural gas (LNG). The commodity, consisting of 70-90 percent methane and 0-20 percent of butane, propane and ethane is similar to crude oil as it forms through pressurising and heating.
LNG derives at onshore or offshore ports, where the infrastructure at the port contains terminals that bring the LNG further. It can either be attached to a gas liqufication or storage plant, a regasification and storage plant or just a storage and distribution plant. The infrastructure at LNG terminals are therefore concerned with highly flammable content that is of security risk to personnel. Onshore LNG ports that are located close to cities or dense populations are also a security risk to the area surrounding the port. Risks to port security will vary considerably and depend on the waiting position of a tanker, location of the port, and security risk management practices of each specific port.
LNG is naturally linked to maritime terrorism, as disputed areas and chokepoints -such as the Strait of Malacca and Singapore Strait- has the potential to result in hijacking and bombs as the area becomes more active. As the new demand centres for LNG is most notably in Asian countries such as China, India, Japan and South Korea, new geopolitical tensions might increase in the region between LNG- exporting countries such as the US, Russia and Qatar. This also relates to energy security, as import dependent countries are vulnerable to a sudden stop in supply of LNG.
Port Security in the United States
Following the September 11 Attacks, the U.S. Government acknowledged the threat of unsecured ports and shipping containers. By 2001, the U.S. economy was already heavily reliant on maritime shipping, and that reliance was set to double by 2020. Former U.S. Coast Guard officer Stephen Flynn has stated that interest in shipping container security has seen a definitive shift pre and post-9/11. Shipping container and port security pre-9/11 was focused primarily on promoting the advancement of globalization. These interests were prioritised over sea and border defence. Additionally, prior to 9/11, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection was more focused on combating drug smuggling.
The maritime suicide bombing carried out against the USS Cole in October 2000 by Al-Qaeda illustrated the probability of future maritime based terrorist attacks against the U.S. In response, terrorist groups such as Al-Qaeda were flagged as the largest threat to maritime supply chains; as their maritime skills were rapidly improving and U.S. maritime security regimes remained weak.
However, post-9/11, the U.S. government realized the risks and threats associated with unsecured maritime transport - particularly the containerised transport of nuclear material into U.S. ports. Additionally, the U.S. government showed an interest in funding and developing homeland security, which has been critiqued by maritime experts as merely ‘constructing barricades to fend off terrorists’. In the years since, academics have called for the creation of an international security regime that allows the U.S. ‘to remain an open, prosperous, free and globally engaged society’ as more than 6000 international vessels and 100,000 seafarers visit U.S. ports every year.
Shipping Container Surveillance
Every year, the United States Marine Transportation System moves more than 2 billion tons of domestic and international goods. It imports 3.3 billion tons of domestic oil, transports 134 million passengers by ferry, serves the 78 million Americans engaged in recreational boating and hosts more than 5 million cruise ship passengers a year.
Although shipping containers have been widely used since World War II, in 2002 it was estimated that less than 3% of the 20 million containers that entered U.S. ports were scanned or inspected.
This statistic is made clearer when understood in the context of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection’s protocol. At Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal, 82% of the product passing through is "trusted" by the Customs agents as routine activity.
Only 18% of the shipments are an "anomaly" to the known shipments. This, in addition to the requirements for shippers to provide cargo lists, explains the reasoning behind such low search figures.
Federal Legislature
In 2001, the Port and Maritime Security Act of 2001 was submitted to the House of Representatives, and subsequently referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Some changes were made to the bill, however it was passed into law in 2002 as the Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002. Many of the provisions within the Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002 call for additional attention to be paid to seaports as potential targets of terrorist attacks, and the coordination of the U.S. Coast Guard and government agencies to update their maritime counter terrorism plans. Some of the points include directives to develop anti-terrorism cargo identification tracking, improved screening systems to be used on containers being shipped to the U.S. from foreign ports and enhanced physical security of shipping containers including updates standards on seals and locks. Additionally, federal security standardizations were set for the first time regarding restrictions to specific areas, surveillance measures and developing security plans.
In the 2005 109th Session of Congress, the most maritime security related bills were introduced since 9/11, showing a significant increase in interest in these issues among federal officials.
All 7 bills, however, died in either the House of Representatives or the Senate.
Security Initiatives
The period following 9/11 demonstrates a broadening of security initiatives and focus on terrorist capabilities. Former U.S. Coast Guard officer John Harrald states that while there has been significant growth in container surveillance interest and initiatives from 2001 to 2005, in comparison to the growth of conventional national security and aviation security it is ‘dwarfed’.
In 2001, the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (CTPAT) was created in an attempt to bolster the Bush Administration's post-9/11 multi-layered cargo enforcement strategy. The initiative is a voluntary partnership between principal stakeholders in the public and private sector (importers, shipping container carriers, customs brokers and manufacturers).
A year later, in 2002, the Container Security Initiative (CSI) was launched by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Specifically focusing on containerised cargo entering U.S. ports, the bilateral information sharing initiative was intended to ‘extend the zone of security outward so that American borders are the last line of defence, not the first’. The reciprocal system between U.S. and foreign ports, makes it possible for U.S. bound shipping containers to be inspected at their host port, instead of upon arrival in the U.S.
The 2002 RAND SeaCurity conference revealed that the European Commission ‘strongly opposes’ the Container Security Initiative (CSI) and particularly the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (CTPAT). One reason given was that the shipping container's safety seal is only required to be placed on its doors at the port of departure, not the port of origin. Therefore, the container is unsealed and exposed through most of its journey through international ports.
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) was established in 1997, however expanded after 9/11 to include maritime crime and piracy. In 2015, the UNODC released the first annual report on their Global Maritime Crime Programme. The programme assists 18 countries in combating ‘the smuggling of migrants and people trafficking, wildlife and forestry crime, piracy and armed robbery, Somali charcoal smuggling, fisheries crime and the growing threat of narcotics trafficking on the high seas of the Indian Ocean’. However, neither the UNODC's annual reports, nor their Maritime Crime Manual for Criminal Justice Practitioners, make any mention of shipping container surveillance.
The International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS) is an amendment of the Safety of Life at Sea Convention (SOLAS), which entered into force in July 2004. The code provides a security regime for international shipping and port security. Compliance is mandatory for the 148 contracting parties to SOLAS, however there are no consequences for non-compliance. ISPS is therefore a security framework for states, whereby 'each ship and each port facility will have to determine the measures needed to intensify its security measures to appropriately offset the threat by reducing its vulnerability.
Maritime security expert Peter Chalk acknowledges that government initiatives up until 2008 have ‘conferred a degree of transparency' by laying the parameters - the 'rules, principles, and attendant responsibilities for international cooperation', providing a ‘common framework in which to further develop’. Chalk, however, is quick to point out that even by 2008, government initiatives were still limited in scope. Criticising the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code as a failure, since it includes countries who lack resources to properly comply and audit. Leaving many ports conducting "tick in the box" security verification procedures on container shipments which will eventually arrive in U.S. ports. Stating the U.S. must begin by working with like minded allies internationally.
The U.S. government has taken a segmented approach to problem solving container surveillance weaknesses in an attempt to protect maritime commerce - ‘by necessity, domestic and international maritime security programs have been implemented in parallel to the creation of a coherent strategy and before the development of any measures of effectiveness. The result has been the collection of programs which overlap, interact and leave significant gaps. The overall effectiveness of national and international efforts is impossible to assess’.
Radiation Portal Monitor Technology
In 2002, the U.S. Government installed Radiation Portal Monitors at marine security checkpoints to check for neutron gamma rays. A small amount of HEU, or Highly Enriched Uranium is a substance that can be used to successfully create Weapons of Mass Destruction without much skill. It was later found that the Radiation Portal Monitors installed in 2002, did not scan for the total nuclear energy of the item or the characteristics of the item, which made it difficult to differentiate between harmless and harmful radioactive materials. This led to many false alarms and additional searches by the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol. Additionally, the poorly functioning portal monitors made it possible for successful experiments simulating the smuggling of nuclear material into ports to expose further issues with the machines. One of these experiments included hiding a lead lined steel pipe containing depleted uranium (simulating the properties of a nuclear weapon) in a suitcase. The suitcase passed through countries to simulate the journey of a potential terrorist and was ultimately packed into a container in Istanbul. When the container arrived in New York it was pulled to the side for additional screening, however customs officers did not detect the uranium.
In response, the Department of Homeland Security developed a second generation model of the Radiation Portal Monitors, with hopes to lower the rate of false alarms. However, the machines were still not dependable and were unable to successfully detect Highly Enriched Uranium.
In 2007, George W. Bush signed the recommendations from the 9/11 Commission Report, stating that within five years all maritime cargo was to be scanned before being loaded onto vessels in foreign ports headed to the U.S. He also ordered an increase in the use of the Radiation Portal Monitors despite their inconsistencies and reported issues.
Federal Authorities' Homeland Security Initiatives
Immediate federal responses to 9/11 included the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security in 2002; reorganising the leading federal port security agencies U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Customs Service and the Transportation Security Administration into 5 new separate offices.
The Department of Homeland Security regards the U.S. Coast Guard as the ‘lead federal agency for maritime homeland security’. As the nation's principal maritime law enforcement authority, the U.S. Coast Guard is responsible for ‘evaluating, boarding, and inspecting commercial ships as they approach U.S. waters, for countering terrorist threats in U.S. ports, and for helping protect U.S. Navy ships in U.S. ports’. The U.S. Customs Service is responsible for inspecting commercial cargoes and cargo containers.
Experts, however, have expressed discontent over the lack of clear roles and responsibilities of federal agencies - particularly their overlap and duplication. Flynn, particularly criticises the trend of ‘tweaking the roles and capabilities of agencies whose writ runs only to the nation's shores’.
‘There are many public and private stakeholders operating in a port environment motivated by conflicting agendas. A major concern for U.S. policy makers is assigning roles and responsibilities for maritime security among federal agencies; among federal, state, and local agencies; and between government agencies and private industry’..
Collaborative efforts between the U.S. Immigration and Naturalisation Service (INS), the U.S. Coast Guard, the U.S. Bureau of Consular Affairs and the U.S. Department of State have been attempted through a Memorandum of Agreement. However, in 2004, their intelligence was still only limited to ‘detecting a containserised WMD at its port of entry’. In a 2003 report made for Members of Congress, the Congressional Research Service stated that the U.S. Coast Guard and U.S. Customs and Border Protection's programs ‘represent only a framework for building a maritime security regime, and that significant gaps in security still remain’. The report concluded that there is administrative hesitancy within security agencies, specifically ’implementation issues’ regarding the "24 Hour Rule". Under Customs Regulations, U.S. Customs and Border Protection agents are required to ‘receive, by way of a CBP-approved electronic data interchange system, information pertaining to cargo before the cargo is either brought into or sent from the United States by any mode of commercial transportation (sea, air, rail or truck)’. However, U.S. Customs and Border Protection agents have noted this 'will greatly impact the balance between a prosperous economy and sea and land border defence’.
In a 2007 report made for Members of Congress, the Congressional Research Service quoted former Department of Homeland Security Inspector General Richard Skinner, who stated that ‘overall resource hours devoted to USCG’s homeland security missions grew steadily from FY 2001 through FY 2005’. However the U.S. Coast Guard only achieved 5 out of 19 (26%) homeland security goals. Evaluated with reference to the expectations set out in the Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972 and the Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002, the U.S. Coast Guard's homeland security operations fell short in 9 key areas: funding, assets and personnel levels for performing homeland and non-homeland security missions; division of budget between homeland and non-homeland security missions; coordination with other Department of Homeland Security offices, federal, state and local authorities involved in maritime security - including coordination of operations and intelligence; monitoring compliance with facility and vessel security plans; completing foreign port security assessments; implementing long-range vessel-tracking system required by MTSA; implementing Automatic Identification System (AIS); inland waterway security; and response plans for maritime security incidents.
‘The Coast Guard will be unable to increase total resource hours without the acquisition of additional aircraft, cutters, and boats. Consequently, the Coast Guard has a limited ability to respond to an extended crisis, and therefore must divert resources normally dedicated to other missions’.
Marine Domain Awareness
The adoption of Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) has been suggested by experts as a replacement for the Bush Administration's initial homeland security approach ‘Since FY 2001, more Coast Guard resource hours have been dedicated to homeland security missions than for non-homeland security missions.’
Loy and Ross insist that MDA collaboration between ‘military power, diplomatic influence, economic power... and the private sector’ is the only way to deal with potential security threats.’. Stating that current customs procedures were only ‘developed for economic protection’ by promoting ‘just-in-time delivery’. Whereby ‘final papers are not required to be submitted for a container shipped under customs bond until after the container arrives at its official port of entry, which can be as many as 30 days after it enters the country.’. Highlighting that the DHS’ security training programs and their creation of security plans have very little to no effect on reforming administrative procedures.
Ronald O’Rourke, a specialist in U.S. naval affairs, who details the Coast Guard's self assessment for the fiscal year of 2006 and their subsequent trialing of Marine Domain Awareness (MDA) and Automated Identification Systems (AIS) nationwide. Known as Project Hawkeye, the trial was aimed at bringing maritime cargo transport security to the level of air cargo (O’Rourke 2–3). However the radars confused waves with boats and the long range surveillance cameras were only able to capture ‘a sliver of the harbor and coasts’. Due to their ineffectiveness ‘Coast Guard staff personnel have been told not to waste much time looking at it’. Additionally, the Automated Identification System can be turned off, or used to enter an incorrect vessel location and identity.
Academic Discourse
Admiral James Loy and Captain Robert Ross suggest a multilateral approach with U.S. trading partners (public and private) be pursued.
Former US Coast Guard Commander Stephen Flynn also suggests extending current initiatives to include bilateral and multilateral international inspection zones.
European stakeholders take a similar position to Loy, Ross and Flynn, encouraging the inclusion of the private sector in any counter-measure actions taken by the government, so as to avoid ‘affect container throughput – affecting the commercial imperative’.
Maritime Terrorism and Piracy
The importance of the container shipping industry is equally matched by its vulnerabilities to terrorist attack. The U.S. maritime system consists of over 300 sea and river ports with more than 3,700 cargo and passenger terminals. The United States and global economies depend on commercial shipping as the most reliable, cost efficient method of transporting goods, with U.S. ports handling approximately 20% of the maritime trade worldwide. The volume of trade throughout the U.S. and the world creates a desirable target for terrorist attack. An attack on any aspect of the maritime system, mainly major ports, can severely hamper trade and potentially affect the global economy by billions of dollars.
The security of ports and their deficiencies are numerous and leave US ports vulnerable to terrorist attack. The vulnerabilities of our ports are many, leading to potential security breaches in almost all aspects of the container shipping industry. With the sheer volume of maritime traffic, there is serious concern of cargo/passenger ship hijackings and pirate attack, as well as accountability of the millions of shipping containers transported worldwide. Given the overwhelming number of ships and containers, there are many areas of concern regarding the security of U.S. ports.
Terrorists can, and eventually may, exploit the shipping industry's deficiencies in port security. Potential threats include the smuggling of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), a radiological "dirty" bomb, a conventional explosive device, and transportation of terrorist operatives, as well. Studies have claimed a Hiroshima sized nuclear detonation at a major seaport would kill fifty thousand to one million people. It is common knowledge within the industry that security measures of major ports cannot have a significant effect on the movement of goods, thereby allowing exploitation of the system for terrorist use.
The geographical/physical layout of the ports themselves is of concern. The protection and security of the landside perimeter of a port is difficult due to their large size. Ports located in highly urbanized areas allow terrorists a densely populated area in which to hide while infiltrating or escaping the port area at their perimeter. The high volume of trucks entering and exiting port facilities pose a threat to the port, as well as surrounding geographical areas. Exiting trucks may contain WMD or terrorist operatives that are to infiltrate a surrounding metropolitan area, i.e., transporting a chemical explosive device (from the Port of Los Angeles) to a more densely populated area (downtown Los Angeles). Container ships anchored at port facilities are particularly vulnerable to both highjacking and explosive devices as they are stationary targets. Most crews of cargo ships are unarmed, and would be defenseless to an armed attack. The disabling of a ship at port is enough to halt all activity at that port for an extended period of time, especially if the disabled ship is blocking a throughway for other vessels.
The economic impact of such an attack would be disastrous on a global scale. An example of such an economic impact can be drawn from a labor-management dispute that closed ports along the west coast of the United States. These port closures cost the U.S. economy approximately $1 billion per day for the first 5 days, and rose exponentially thereafter. When the International Longshore and Warehouse Union strike closed 29 West Coast ports for 10 days, one study estimated that it cost the United States economy $19.4 billion. Many manufacturing companies of the world employ a just-in-time distribution model, allowing for lower inventory carrying costs and savings from warehouse space. The shipping industry is essential to this method, as its speed and reliability allow new inventory to be shipped and received precisely when it is needed. The adopting of the just-in-time method has dropped business logistics cost from 16.1% of U.S. GDP to 10.1% between 1980 and 2000. Although this method has dropped costs significantly, it has put a stranglehold on security options, as the shipping times of these shipments are exact and cannot afford delays from inspection. Other aspects of economic impact include costs of altering shipping routes away from a disabled port, as well as delays from ports operating over capacity that receive the rerouted ships. Most ports operate at near capacity and can ill afford an attack of this nature.
Although there are many government sponsored agencies involved with port security, the responsibility of providing that security is of state and local governments. Allen (2007) states that 'under the protective principle, a state has jurisdiction to prescribe and enforce laws against acts that threaten vital state interests'. The protective principle 'recognizes that a state may apply its laws to protect vital state interests, such as the state's national security or governmental functions'. Some ports may enact their own police forces in addition to city law enforcement.
There have been proposals to consolidate federal agencies responsible for border security. The consolidation may offer some long-term benefits, but three challenges may hinder a successful implementation of security enhancing initiatives at the nations ports: standards, funding, and collaboration.
The first challenge involves implementing a set of standards that defines what safeguards a port should have in place. Under the Coast Guard's direction, a set of standards is being developed for all U.S. ports to use in conducting port vulnerability assessments. However, many questions remain about whether the thousands of people who have grown accustomed to working in certain ways at the nation's ports will agree to, and implement, the kinds of changes that a substantially changed environment will require.
The second challenge involves determining the amounts needed and sources of funding for the kinds of security improvements that are likely to be required to meet the standards. Florida's experience indicates that security measures are likely to be more expensive than many anticipate, and determining how to pay these costs and how the federal government should participate will present a challenge.
The third challenge is ensuring that there is sufficient cooperation and coordination among the many stakeholders to make the security measures work. Experience to date indicates that this coordination is more difficult than many stakeholders anticipate, and that continued practice and testing will be key in making it work.
Policing
Whilst the threat of terrorism cannot be totally be dismissed the day-to-day operations of port and harbour police more often deals with more mundane issues, such as theft (including pilferage by dock workers), smuggling, illegal immigration; health and safety with regards to hazardous cargoes, safe docking of vessels, and safe operation of vehicles and plant; environmental protection e.g. spillages and contaminated bilge water.
See also
Homeland security
Infrastructure security
Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002
Supply chain security
References
Sources
External links
Center for Contemporary Conflict - "The Atlantis Garrison: A Comprehensive, Cost Effective Cargo and Port Security Strategy" by Dr. Michael J. Hillyard (PSP / Floating Airport technology could be used for Cost Effective Cargo & Port Security)
PMSO.net Port Security Knowledgebase
Law enforcement in the United States
Security
Water transportation in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20security |
Níjar () is a Spanish municipality in the province of Almería, Andalusia. It lies in the eastern part of Almería, in the Sierra de Alhamilla and the south-eastern Mediterranean coast, in the Campo de Níjar, near the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park.
Níjar covers an area of 599.8 square kilometres, making it one of the most extended municipalities of Spain. Its population of 17,824 (2002) is mainly concentrated in the cities of Campohermoso, San Isidro, and Níjar.
The main sources of income are agriculture, especially in the growing of greenhouse crops, and tourism, especially the watersports centre of San José.
Demographics
References
External links
Níjar - Diputación Provincial de Almería
Municipalities in the Province of Almería | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADjar |
The United Christian Democrats (, CDU) was a minor Christian democratic political party in Italy. The CDU was a member of the European People's Party from 1995 until 2002.
History
The party was started in 1995 by splinters of the Italian People's Party (PPI) who wanted to join forces with Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia (FI). The split was led by Rocco Buttiglione (outgoing secretary of the PPI), Roberto Formigoni and Gianfranco Rotondi. The CDU's symbol used the crusader shield (scudo crociato) of Christian Democracy. In the 1995 regional elections the CDU formed joint lists with FI and Roberto Formigoni was elected President of Lombardy, while in 1996 it formed an alliance with the Christian Democratic Centre (CCD) for the 1996 general election, in which the CCD-CDU list scored 5.6%.
In June 1998 Buttiglione led the party into the Democratic Union for the Republic (UDR), a new Christian-democratic outfit launched by Francesco Cossiga and Clemente Mastella, who had left CCD to form the Christian Democrats for the Republic (CDR). In October, when Buttiglione briefly decided to support the centre-left government of Massimo D'Alema, along with the UDR, Roberto Formigoni, Raffaele Fitto, Maurizio Lupi and several regional councillors in Veneto, Lombardy and Piedmont left the party to form the Christian Democrats for Freedom, which was later merged into Forza Italia.
In February 1999 the UDR split between supporters of Cossiga, who formed the Union for the Republic (UpR), and the supporters of Mastella, who formed the Union of Democrats for Europe (UDEur). In the event, Buttiglione re-established the CDU as an independent party and started a rapprochement with Berlusconi.
In the 1999 European Parliament election the CDU obtained 2.2% and two MEPs, Buttiglione and Vitaliano Gemelli.
In the 2001 general election it formed an electoral alliance with CCD, known as the White Flower, gaining 3.2% of the vote. Following the election, Buttiglione was appointed Minister of European Affairs in Berlusconi II Cabinet. In December 2002 the CDU, the CCD and European Democracy (2.3% in 2001) were merged into the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDC), of which Buttiglione was elected president, an office he would hold for twelve years.
Electoral results
Italian Parliament
European Parliament
Leadership
Secretary: Rocco Buttiglione (1995–2002)
President: Roberto Formigoni (1995–1998), Mario Tassone (1998–2002)
References
Political parties established in 1995
Political parties disestablished in 2002
Christian democratic parties in Italy
Centrist parties in Italy
Defunct Christian political parties
Catholic political parties
Defunct political parties in Italy
1995 establishments in Italy
2002 disestablishments in Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Christian%20Democrats |
Sub-Terrania is a 1994 multidirectional shooter developed by Danish studio Zyrinx and published by Sega for the Mega Drive/Genesis. The game takes place in the future, where a deep-space mining colony has been invaded by an unknown alien race. The player assumes the role of a lone pilot who must defeat the alien forces and rescue the trapped miners. During the course of the game, the player controls a rotatable craft with thrusters that is constantly subject to gravity and the craft's inertia. Using the ship's "rotate-and-thrust" capabilities, the players must aim, shoot, dodge and carefully maneuver their way through the hazardous landscape while constantly taking gravity and refueling needs into account.
It was the first game developed by Zyrinx, a small studio formed by people who had been active in the demoscene during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Upon its release, Sub-Terrania gained a reputation as an "overly difficult" game and suffered from poor sales. However, critical reception was positive with game journalists describing it as an evolution of gravity-based shoot 'em up games like Gravitar (1982) and Thrust (1986). Critics praised its originality, graphics and soundtrack, while noting that getting used to the game's control system and physics-based gameplay can take some time.
Plot
On an off-world asteroid, a red line wipes the sky as headquarters explodes. Hostile alien forces have invaded the vital subterranean mining colony. Workers are trapped in crevices and chasms, helpless against the clouds of radioactive dust swirling toward them. An experimental attack fighter is the only weapon powerful enough to repel the alien attack. A lone pilot has been charged with the task of defeating the aliens and rescuing the trapped miners.
Gameplay
The game takes place in a side view underground environment. At all times, gravity is pulling down on the player's ship, which can work to the player's advantage to conserve fuel. The controls are similar to other gravity-based shoot 'em up games, like Gravitar and Thrust. The ship is rotated with the directional pad and the B button applies thrust in the direction it is facing. A key difference compared to other games of this type is the addition of back thrusters, which allow the players to reverse thrust as they try to dodge enemy fire and maneuver their way through the game's hazardous landscapes.
In Sub-Terrania, each level is an enclosed map in which the player is free to wander in all directions. To beat each of the game's 9 levels, the players must complete various mission objectives, which are outlined before the level begins (with the exception of the last three levels). The bulk of the missions involve rescuing trapped miners, carrying and utilizing various types of special equipment, collecting sub modules (to allow your attack ship to go underwater), and defeating alien bosses. While the players are, for the most part, free to approach things however they want, a key part of the gameplay revolves around finding efficient routes for each level.
The ship is equipped with a force field and will explode if it sustains too much enemy damage. It also has a limited supply of fuel and must be constantly recharged by collecting fuel canisters which are strategically placed throughout the levels, requiring players to plan when and where to refuel. There are various other elements that make it easier for the player to be able to finish without running out of fuel. Mining rails are suspended throughout many levels allowing players to freely slide along them while shooting. Attaching the ship on the rails turns off fuel consumption and nullifies the effects of gravity which can make for easier targeting against bosses and barriers. Scattered across the game's levels the players can find missile canisters (which equip the ship with secondary weapons), shield upgrades (which replenish the ship's force field), extra lives and various types of special equipment. When the "Mega" bar is fully-charged, the ship can also unleash a powerful multi-directional laser blast. Once used, the bar gets depleted and begins to recharge automatically.
There are three types of weapons in the game, identified by three different colors (red, green and blue). Each weapon type has its own upsides, downsides and different strategies, with varying degrees of destructive power, range and a different effect on the rate of the ship's fuel-consumption. All three weapon types can be upgraded up to level 4 by collecting power-ups which cycle though red, green and blue. The player can either take on the color of the laser they already have to increase its firepower by one level, or they can take on a different color to change the laser's attributes. When players lose a life, their weapon's power is downgraded by one level. However, this does not apply on Easy mode, in which players are allowed to retain their weapon enhancements even after losing a life.
Sub-Terrania features three difficulty modes (Easy, Normal and Hard), all available from the start. Each difficulty mode affects the rate of fuel-consumption, the strength of the gravitational pull, the intensity of inertia, the amount of enemy damage that players can sustain and the number of bonus points at the end of each stage. In Sub-Terrania, players earn points for shooting down enemies and are also rewarded with end-of-level bonus points based on their overall performance. This includes their remaining lives after a mission, the number of enemies destroyed, the number of POWs rescued and their time-efficiency in completing the mission. Compared to normal mode, players get half as many points on easy and twice as many on hard.
Development
Sub-Terrania was the first game developed by Zyrinx, a small studio formed by people who had been active in the demoscene during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Most of them were prominent members of the demogroups "Crionics" and "The Silents". Their 1991 Amiga demo "Hardwired" shares many of the visual effects and styles later used in their Mega Drive games, Sub-Terrania and Red Zone.
Crionics was disbanded shortly after Hardwired was completed, with several of their members joining The Silents. However, it was not long before The Silents suffered the same fate. Most of their Swedish members decided to form DICE and work on games like Pinball Dreams and Benefactor for the Amiga. On the other hand, their Danish members – David Guldbrandsen, Karsten Hvidberg, Jens Bo Albretsen, Michael Balle, Jesper Jørgensen and Jesper Kyd – decided to form Zyrinx and develop games for the Mega Drive, mainly because they were impressed by the amount of sprites that Sega's console was able to handle compared to the Amiga.
During the development of Sub-Terrania Zyrinx did not possess an official Sega development kit. Instead, they hacked together their own development kit using Amiga computers. Sub-Terrania was bought and published by Sega, which gave Zyrinx enough money to relocate their offices from Copenhagen to Boston. According to Sega of America producer Tony Van, the game's code was very stable but, since Zyrinx had to "hack" a lot of their data, it had a number of "incorrect read/writes" that had to be addressed. Furthermore, the game was originally too difficult and went through two rounds of difficulty reduction before it was released. The game's soundtrack was composed by Jesper Kyd using a proprietary audio system that played music at a 44 kHz quality instead of the standard 11 kHz. The long tracks are unique, with many of them get it through besides 5 minutes, while other tunes didn't cross one minute at time; the metallic and industrial sound-like matches with the underground style of the game. His sound driver was also used in Red Zone, The Adventures of Batman & Robin (Mega Drive/Genesis version), AWS Pro Moves Soccer and Ultracore.
Release
Despite the game's title screen (and credits) implying a 1993 release, Sub-Terrania was released in 1994. Upon its release, it gained a reputation as an "overly difficult" game and suffered from poor sales. In a 2005 interview with Sega-16, Sega of America producer Tony Van commented on the matter, saying, "I personally could finish the game, and I'm not anywhere near as good as most gamers, so I think it got a bad rap – a few people were put off by it, and the rest just agreed without trying it. It was one of the WORST selling games Sega of America ever released, which surprised me... Gamers usually LOVE a challenge!"
In the May 1994 issue of Mega, editor Andy Dyer criticized Sega of Europe for not giving a high-quality game enough attention, stating that "not only did [Sub-Terrania] arrive pretty much totally unannounced, but Sega seemed to have a sense of complete apathy when promoting the game". On the other hand, Sega of America held a Sub-Terrania contest between April and July 1994. Participants were tasked with playing the game on the hardest difficulty setting and taking a picture of the victory screen after defeating the final boss. The prizes included: all-paid weekends in New York and Los Angeles to attend the Marvel Mega-Tour, VIP tours of the Marvel headquarters, Sega Genesis CDX systems, three games (Gunstar Heroes, Ranger X, and Thunder Force IV), limited editions comic book ashcans, Sub-Terrania hats and T-shirts.
Reception
Sub-Terrania was met with positive reviews. Graphically, the game was described as "excellent", with "nicely constructed cavern backdrops" and "stunningly smooth parallax". Many noted the game's impressive opening scene and physics, while GamePro particularly praised the fluid animation and sharp sprites. According to Edge, "some of the sprites are very impressive – especially the huge skull on level two – and no matter how much is happening onscreen, there's never any slowdown". However, some felt that there was "nothing technically ground-breaking" and that the game could have used a bit more variety in its scenery. The game's soundtrack was described as "superb", featuring a "pseudo-industrial" style and "classy tunes" "that add a heap of atmosphere". According to Mean Machines, "the music is Depeche Mode, while being curiously reminiscent of classic C64 music by the likes of Martin Galway". Hardcore Gaming 101 noted that "pretty much every song in the game is in excess of five minutes long, and is great for listening to outside of the game if you're into stuff like Juno Reactor". The control system was generally praised for being "amusingly responsive" and offering "excellent handling". Edge and MegaTech noted that getting used to it can take some time, however, it "soon becomes instinctive" and the "high degree of maneuverability becomes apparent".
Edge awarded the game a 9 out of 10, concluding that "Sub-Terrania is quite simply a superbly structured and implemented piece of software: fast, clever, varied and, above all, addictive. Borrowing heavily from blasters from the past – Oids, Thrust and Lunar Rescue – it feels like a classic game yet breathes new life into the shoot 'em up genre". Similar sentiments were echoed in the review of German magazine ASM, which described Sub-Terrania as an evolution of the 1986 game Thrust, with updated presentation and "much more varied gameplay". In their review, GamePro deemed it "one of the best games of the year" and gave it a near-perfect score, citing the unique concept and outstanding graphics and animation.
French magazine Consoles+ felt that Sub-Terrania stands out compared to other shoot 'em up games, not only because of its graphics, music and presentation, but also for combining classic traits of the genre, like fast reactions, with methodical, more calculating, action. They gave the game a score of 90% describing it as one of the "most beautiful and interesting shoot 'em ups on the Mega Drive". Electronic Gaming Monthly had similar feelings about the game, calling it "one of the best" and "more original shooters on the Genesis". They also praised the graphics and soundtrack concluding that Sub-Terrania is "an exceptional game for shooter fans and non-shooter fans". However, they rated it a 7 out of 10 arguing that it will take players some time to get used to the gravity and that "some may find the deliberate pace maddening".
Computer and Video Games described Sub-Terrania as "a gorgeous and involving blast" in which shooting "mingles perfectly" with the gravity-based action. They gave the game a score of 85 out of 100 noting that "the inertia takes some getting used to". Mega agreed and expanded on this by explaining that inertia is "a strange thing that, when used badly, can render a game totally unplayable, but when used well, as in the case of Sub-Terrania, simply adds yet another veneer of style and quality", arguing that "half the fun of the game is becoming an expert at combating the inertia. Not many games operate in this way, so it takes quite a time to get the hang of not stopping when you stop thrusting and having to compensate". They also praised the aspect of having to "work out your routes" and "methods of fuel conservation" for adding a methodical element and "a great deal of tension to the whole game". On a similar note, Sega Zone pointed out that "the manual dexterity of staying alive and the spacial awareness of telling left from right when you're upside down give way to tactics and strategy", describing it as "a tough and well designed learning curve". They awarded the game a 91%, saying, "this will become a classic for Mega Drive owners".
Despite giving the game a raving review, Mega expressed disappointment over Sub-Terrania having only 9 levels, rating it 86%. Similarly, Mean Machines and MegaTech praised every aspect of the game, but shared Mega's concerns about its longevity. According to Richard Lloyd of MegaTech, Sub-Terrania "is very tough on the hardest settings, but after playing it for only a few hours I managed to get all the way to level eight with a whole load of lives left. Because of this and the fact that the levels are exactly the same each time you play, I can't see Sub-Terrania lasting very long, which is a shame because apart from this it is an excellent blast". Mean Machines gave it a score of 91% concluding that Sub-Terrania is "an addition to the list of Mega Drive classics, albeit a minor one for reasons of size". MegaTech noted that "this is no ordinary scrolling blaster. There are lots of little touches that you won't have seen before" and awarded the game a 90% describing it as a "sleek-looking", "highly original and challenging game" with "some classy tunes". Mega placed Sub-Terrania at number 16 in their Top Mega Drive Games of All Time, calling it "a superb game in almost every way".
Sub-Terrania appears in the book 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die, by longtime editor of Edge magazine Tony Mott. In his retrospective take on the game he compared it to classics like Gravitar and Thrust, stating that "Zyrinx produced one of the best examples of the genre in Sub-Terrania, a game that makes no concessions to underprepared players" and "a perfect envoy for Sega's positioning of the Mega Drive as the console of choice for the hardcore gamer".
See also
Fly Harder
Gravitar
Gravity Crash
Gravity Force
Oids
Solar Jetman
TerraFire
Thrust
Zarathrusta
References
1994 video games
Multidirectional shooters
Sega Genesis games
Sega Genesis-only games
Video games scored by Jesper Kyd
Video games developed in Denmark | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Terrania |
Jean-Pierre Ricard (born 26 September 1944) is a French prelate of the Catholic Church who was Archbishop of Bordeaux from 2001 to 2019. He has been a cardinal since 2006. He was previously Bishop of Montpellier for five years and before that an auxiliary bishop in Grenoble. From 2001 to 2007 he was president of the French Episcopal Conference.
In November 2022, Ricard admitted he abused a 14-year-old girl in the 1980s when he was a parish priest. Both French prosecutors and the Holy See launched investigations, though criminal proceedings were dropped in February 2023 because the statute of limitations had expired. Church authorities then imposed restrictions on Ricard's exercise of his ministry for five years.
Education
Born in Marseille on 26 September 1944 to Georges and Jeanine Ricard, Jean-Pierre Ricard attended the Lycée de Saint-Charles and the Lycée Périer where he earned his Baccalauréat and then at Lycée Thiers (hypokhâgne). He studied philosophy at the Major Seminary of Marseille from 1962 to 1964. He spent one year performing National Service to promote development in Bamako, Mali. He also studied at the Carmes Seminary in Paris, and the Institut Catholique de Paris, earning a degree in theology and preparing for a doctorate.
Priest
He was ordained a priest on 5 October 1968 in Marseille and did pastoral work in the Archdiocese of Marseille from 1968 to 1993. He was assistant pastor of the parish of Sainte-Émilie de Vialoar from 1970 to 1978 with responsibility for religious teaching, the formation of priests and laymen. He headed the Mistral Center of Religious Culture from 1975 to 1981 and was diocesan delegate for seminarians from 1975 to 1985. While pastor of the parish of Sainte-Marguerite from 1981 to 1988, he served as associate delegate for ecumenism and episcopal vicar for the zone of south Marseille from 1984 to 1988. He was regional theologian for pastoral affairs (1986–1993) and general secretary of the Diocesan Synod of Marseille (1988–1991), and vicar general from 1988 to 1993 to Cardinal Robert Coffy, Archbishop of Marseille.
Bishop
Ricard was named titular bishop of Pulcheriopoli and appointed auxiliary bishop of Grenoble on 17 April 1993. He received his episcopal consecration on 6 June 1993 at the cathedral of Sainte-Marie-Majeure, Marseille, from Cardinal Coffy. On 4 July 1996 he was appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Montpellier and became bishop there upon the death of his predecessor on 6 September.
He became vice-president of the Bishops' Conference of France on 9 November 1999 and participated in the Tenth Ordinary Synod of Bishops, held in Vatican City, 30 September–27 October 2001. He was elected to a three-year term as president of the Conference on 6 November 2001 and re-elected to another term in 2004.
Pope John Paul II named him Archbishop of Bordeaux on 21 December 2001. On 6 September 2002, John Paul named him a member of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, and Pope Benedict renewed that appointment on 6 May 2006.
He attended the 11th General Ordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, 2–23 October 2005.
He gave a series of interviews that appeared as a book, Les Sept Défis pour l'Eglise (The Seven Challenges for the Church) in 2003.
Cardinal
He was made Cardinal-Priest of Sant'Agostino in the consistory of 24 March 2006 by Pope Benedict XVI. He was appointed to the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei, the commission responsible for relations with the Society of Saint Pius X on 8 April 2006. On 17 January 2009, Pope Benedict XVI appointed him a member of the Pontifical Council for Culture.
In 2006, as president of the French Bishops Conference, Ricard objected to the recent authorization of the use of human embryos for scientific research in France and elsewhere in Europe. He called it a grave ethical transgression. In 2009 Ricard told the newspaper La Croix that the Pope Benedict wanted to reconcile all Catholics by allowing a wider use of the Traditional Latin Mass, which does not undermine the achievements of Vatican Council II.
On 21 January 2010 he was appointed a member of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, and on 6 July 2010 of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, and on 12 June 2012 of the Congregation for Catholic Education, and confirmed in the Education post by Pope Francis on 30 November 2013.
He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2013 papal conclave that elected Pope Francis.
On 8 March 2014, he was named by Pope Francis to serve as a member of the newly established Council for Economic Affairs, intended to oversee the work of the new Secretariat for the Economy, the financial regulatory agency for the departments of the Roman Curia.
He closed the Archdiocese's Saint Joseph seminary in May 2019 because enrollment failed to meet the minimum number of seminarians required. He said its seminarians can continue their studies and spiritual formation in Toulouse or Rome and that the closure was part of a national assessment of the country's many small seminaries.
On 11 July 2019, Bordeaux Mayor Nicolas Florian awarded Ricard the city's medal. On that occasion, Ricard praised the city for fostering collaboration between civic authorities and the leaders of its religious communities. He said he anticipated retiring as Archbishop of Bordeaux in a few weeks and returning to his native region. He announced on 4 August that he had already submitted his letter of resignation to Pope Francis, who accepted it on 1 October without naming his successor.
On 10 February 2022, Ricard was named papal delegate for the Foyers de charité, an organization subject to oversight by the Dicastery for the Laity, Family and Life following disclosures in 2020 of sexual abuse committed by one of its founders.
Admission of sexual abuse
Prompted by the February 2022 announcement that Ricard had been charged with supervising a religious organization where sexual abuses had occurred, a 50-year-old woman contacted the president of the Conference of men and women religious of France, Véronique Margron, and reported that Ricard, a close friend of her family at the time, had subjected her to sexual abuse in the 1980s when he was working as a priest in Marseilles. This anonymous woman's parents, motivated by the same report of Richard's appointment as apostolic delegate in February, wrote a letter about Ricard's behavior to the bishop of Nice.
Ricard resigned as apostolic delegate for the Foyers de charité in March, just a month after accepting the assignment, citing health problems and was succeeded by Michel Dubost, bishop emeritus of Évry, on 11 March.
When the bishop of Nice eventually learned how young Ricard's victim had been, he forwarded her parents' letter to civil authorities in October. By November, authorities in Marseilles had opened a preliminary investigation of aggravated sexual assault.
On 7 November 2022, Éric de Moulins-Beaufort, Archbishop of Reims and president of the French Bishops Conference, released a statement in which Ricard admitted abusing a 14-year-old girl when he was a parish priest in the 1980s: "My behaviour has inevitably led to grave and lasting consequences for this person." He pledged to withdraw from public ministry.
Following the release of Ricard's statement, Margron, a figure well known in France for her campaigning against clerical sexual abuse, told an interviewer that she had found Ricard's victim "credible and sincere" and that she had described an experience of "powerful trauma of great violence". Margron also said she feared Ricard was minimizing what he had done, that she expected the Church to take disciplinary action and that he should be denied his right as a cardinal to participate in a papal election. She said the language he used to describe his actions–"reprehensible conduct" (comportement répréhensible)–was subject to many interpretations and commented: "It means everything and nothing. One needs to specify what we are talking about!"
French authorities dropped criminal proceedings against Ricard in February 2023 because the statute of limitations had expired. Later in the spring, the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith imposed restrictions on Ricard for a term of five years–which can be extended–prohibiting him from acting as a priest publicly outside his diocese of residence, currently Digne, and only privately within that diocese with the permission of the local bishop, Emmanuel Gobilliard, who has opposed granting permission. His status and privileges as a cardinal were not affected.
See also
Catholic Church in France
Notes
References
External links
1944 births
Living people
Roman Catholic clergy from Marseille
21st-century French cardinals
Archbishops of Bordeaux
Institut Catholique de Paris alumni
Bishops of Montpellier
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in France
Members of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI
Members of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments
Members of the Congregation for Catholic Education
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Officers of the Ordre national du Mérite
21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in France
Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals in France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre%20Ricard |
Saligramam (சாலிகிராமம்) is a residential locality situated in the western part of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Saligramam is surrounded by Vadapalani in the east, Virugambakkam in the west, KK Nagar in the south and Koyambedu in the north. Saligramam was part of Saidapet Taluk in Chengalpattu district before it was merged with Chennai City and district in 1977.
Neighbourhoods in Chennai | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saligramam |
Hellenic College Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology (HCHC) is an Orthodox Christian liberal arts college and seminary in Brookline, Massachusetts. Its mission is to educate individuals for life and service in the Orthodox Christian community; this includes men preparing for the priesthood of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese and other Orthodox Christian entities, as well as men and women for leadership roles in the church or within secular society. HCHC includes a graduate school of theology (seminary) for clerical training and education, and several undergraduate and certificate programs in business, education, literature, and other secular professions. The institution was founded in 1937 as Holy Cross Theological School in Pomfret, Connecticut, but was moved to Brookline, Massachusetts in 1947.
History
Archbishop Athenagoras of America soon after his enthronement became convinced that a seminary was needed in America to prepare American born man for the priesthood. At the 1936 Clergy-Laity Congress, he announced that the school would open next year in Pomfret, Connecticut, on an estate owned by the Archdiocese, bought for a song during the Great Depression. The establishment of the seminary in Pomfret was a bold experiment, fraught with difficulties. Fr Demetrios Michaelides, who entered the Holy Cross in the 1937, remembered: "The first year was very hard. We were isolated. Being the first class of the start of the seminary was a challenge. The school had very little money, which was a hardship for all. There was not much money for food or books or other supplies. People from Boston and Worcester would bring food for us."
In 1966, College of the Holy Cross expanded its undergraduate division into a full four-year liberal arts college named Hellenic College, which opened in 1968. Hellenic College Holy Cross is the only fully accredited Orthodox Christian college, seminary, and graduate school of theology in the Western Hemisphere.
Academics
Hellenic College offers programs leading to the Bachelor of Arts degree.
Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology offers graduate programs of study leading to the degrees of Master of Divinity (M.Div), Master of Theological Studies (M.T.S.), and Master of Theology (Th.M).
Accreditation
Hellenic College has been accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education and Holy Cross School of Theology has been accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada since 1974. Holy Cross is also a member of the Boston Theological Interreligious Consortium.
Campus
Hellenic College is located on a campus in Brookline, Massachusetts just outside Boston on the former Weld estate. It is notable for having been the longtime practice site of the Boston Celtics.
Summer programs
"Crossroad" is a ten-day, vocational exploration program for Orthodox Christian high school graduates and rising seniors. Two sessions are held on the HCHC campus each summer.
The "Pappas Patristic Institute" is a seminar based program that focuses on readings in the Early Church Fathers. This program is geared towards undergraduate and graduate students.
Notable people
Notable faculty
Georges Florovsky
John Romanides
Nomikos Michael Vaporis
Maximos Constas
George L. Parsenios
Notable alumni
Archbishop Nikitas (Lulias) of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain
Metropolitan Philip (Saliba) of the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America
Metropolitan Evangelos (Kourounis) of Sardes, titular bishop of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
Metropolitan Gerasimos (Michaleas) of the Greek Orthodox Metropolis of San Francisco
Metropolitan Isaiah (Chronopoulos) of the Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Denver
Metropolitan Methodios (Tournas) of the Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Boston
Metropolitan Nicholas (Pissare) of the Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Detroit
Metropolitan Savas (Zembillas) of the Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Pittsburgh
Bishop Andonios (Paropoulos) of Phasiane, auxiliary bishop and Chancellor of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America
Bishop Demetrios (Kantzavelos) of Mokissos, auxiliary bishop and Proistamenos of the St. Photios Greek Orthodox National Shrine
Bishop Dimitrios (Couchell) of Xanthos, titular bishop of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
Bishop Kyrillos (Abdelsayed), auxiliary bishop for Christian Education and Dean of St. Athanasius and St. Cyril Theological School in the Coptic Orthodox Diocese of Los Angeles, Southern California, and Hawaii
Demetrios Constantelos
Emmanuel Lemelson of Massachusetts of the Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Boston
Interments
Archbishop Iakovos (Koukouzis) of America
Bishop Gerasimos (Papadopoulos) of Abydos
Metropolitan Silas (Koskinas) of New Jersey
References
External links
1937 establishments in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Brookline, Massachusetts
Eastern Orthodox seminaries
Eastern Orthodox universities and colleges
Eastern Orthodoxy in Massachusetts
Universities and colleges established in 1937
Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America
Greek-American culture in Massachusetts
Seminaries and theological colleges in Massachusetts
Private universities and colleges in Massachusetts
Universities and colleges in Norfolk County, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic%20College%20Holy%20Cross%20Greek%20Orthodox%20School%20of%20Theology |
Georgy Demidov () (November 29, 1908 – February 19, 1987) was a Russian political prisoner and writer.
Born in Saint Petersburg to a working-class family, Demidov showed technical and engineering gifts at an early age and was thought to be a future physicist. From 1929 to 1931 he was imprisoned for political crimes. In the winter of 1938, he was arrested in Kharkiv, where he was working and studying at the Kharkov Electrotechnical Institute, after being served a summons for an internal passport check. It was a check that was to last eighteen years. His interrogator threatened to arrest Demidov's wife, and orphan his five-month-old daughter. Demidov confessed and was sentenced as a Trotskyist, but did not accuse anyone else, and was sent to corrective labor camps.
For fourteen years he served in the Kolyma region of Siberia, ten in the most brutal of conditions. In 1946, he received a second sentence, after which he sent a telegraph to his wife that was in the form of an official telegraph informing her of his death. In the main camp hospital, Demidov became acquainted and then a friend to a hospital assistant, the future writer Varlam Shalamov.
On March 20, 1958, Demidov was rehabilitated by the Supreme Court of the USSR.
In August 1980 his entire corpus of work was seized.
In July 1988, due to the order of Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev, a secretary in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the seized documents were returned to his daughter.
He wrote several stories on labor camp themes, two of which were published in Novy Mir (1997, Volume 5, pp. 116–145) – "People Die for Metal" ("Люди гибнут за металл") – a title drawn from a statement of Mephistopheles in 'Faust' by 'Goethe' – and "The Artist Baccilla and his Wonders" ("Художник Бацилла и его шедевр"). Unlike other writers of the camps, Demidov remains comparatively unknown and untranslated.
In 2008, on the centenary of his birth, his stories, collected by his daughter, were published in book form as "Чудная планета" (Miraculous Planet) () by Возвращение press.
References
Demidov biography at Belousenko.com
Demidov at Booksite.ru
Demidov profile at Magazines.russ.ru
Biography by his daughter
Biography by the Sakharov Museum
Demidov books
1908 births
1987 deaths
Russian male short story writers
Writers from Saint Petersburg
National University of Kharkiv alumni
Georgy
20th-century philanthropists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy%20Demidov |
Cita's World is a video music show that originally aired on BET from September 20, 1999 until January 3, 2003.
Overview
It was the first show to feature a virtual reality Black character as the host named Cita. Cita's World was the brainchild of Curtis A. Gadson, B.E.T. Senior VP of Programming at that time, & Corey Turner, concept designer and director. The show moved production locations 3 times. The first year, the show was produced and shot in BET's headquarters in Washington, DC. The second year the show was moved to Harlem in BET's newly rented space. The Cita's World set and technical infrastructure sat next to the 106 & Park set.
The final year the show was moved to Burbank, CA, where the show was also given a major overhaul. New optical tracking motion capture to acquire Kittie's performances, its own dedicated stage for the blue screen set, and a remodeled and designed Cita. The show would benefit from the relocation to Los Angeles with staff that was already proficient in visual effects workflows and techniques.
Jam Zone
It was co-developed, produced and sometimes written by both Tracye Z. Kinzer and kittie KaBoom. The show ran from 1999 to 2003 in television. The show was originally named Jam Zone when it was created in 1997, which was just a wallpaper video show until 1999, when Cita emerged into the homes of millions.
Format
In between videos, Cita would talk to the viewers, answer viewer mail and offer her unadulterated opinions on current events, celebrities and more. The voice and motion of the Cita character was performed by kittie KaBoom. From Washington, D.C. to New York City to Hollywood, the shows content came from producer Tracye Kinzer, as well as kittie KaBoom and Writer, Cliff McBean. Tracye assigned her writers Cliff McBean, Monica "Monie Mon" Dyson, and Angela Yarborough and sometimes kittie topics as well as allowing them to generate their own ideas to create great entertainment.
Spin-off media
Due to the popularity of the show, BET published "Cita's World", which addresses the deluge of emails and letters sent to the show.
In 2021, after years of absence, Cita was redesigned and featured on BET Presents: The Encore.
References
External links
1990s American black cartoons
2000s American black cartoons
1999 American television series debuts
2003 American television series endings
1990s American adult animated television series
2000s American adult animated television series
1990s American music television series
2000s American music television series
American adult animated musical television series
American adult computer-animated television series
BET original programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cita%27s%20World |
Jams or JAMS may refer to:
Plural form of jam, a type of fruit preserve
Jams (clothing line)
JAMS (organization), United States organization that provides alternative dispute resolution services
The JAMs, former name of The KLF, a British band
The Jams, a waterfall along Cache Creek in Lake County, California
Jams (album), 1995 album by Northeast Groovers
Acronym
Journal of African Media Studies
Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science
Journal of the American Mathematical Society
Journal of the American Musicological Society
JAMS (organization), an alternative dispute resolution service
John Adams Middle School, one of the Edison Township Public Schools in Edison, New Jersey, US
See also
Jam (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jams |
Robert Craig Sproul, better known as R.C. Sproul Jr., (born July 1, 1965) is an American Calvinist writer, theologian, and pastor, and the son of R. C. Sproul.
Life
Sproul holds degrees from Grove City College (Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy and Literature, 1986) and Reformed Theological Seminary (Master of Arts in Theological Studies, 1991) and received his D.Min. in theology from Whitefield Theological Seminary (2001).
In 1989 Sproul began working for Ligonier Ministries in Orlando, Florida. In 1996 he moved to Meadowview, Virginia where he founded Highlands Study Center (later renamed Highlands Ministries). Sproul served as executive editor of Every Thought Captive, a monthly magazine published by Highlands Ministries. Sproul planted Saint Peter Presbyterian Church in Bristol, Virginia in 1996 serving as senior pastor until 2001, then as Associate Pastor of Education until 2010. From 2009 to 2010, he worked as a teacher for Veritas Press, which specializes in Christian educational texts.
In 2010, Sproul was appointed a Teaching Fellow and Associate Professor of theology, philosophy, and apologetics at Ligonier Academy in both the Bible college and D.Min. programs. In 2014 he was named Rector at Reformation Bible College as well as the Chair of the Department of Theology and Philosophy.
In August 2015, Sproul wrote in his personal blog that he had briefly visited the Ashley Madison website in 2014. As a result, Ligonier Ministries suspended him until July 2016. Sproul had addressed the recently announced Ashley Madison data breach in a July 22, 2015, blog entry that highlighted "the biblical truth that our sins will find us out", but without the acknowledgment made in August.
On November 29, 2016, ten days after his ecclesiastical wedding ceremony, Sproul was arrested in Fort Wayne, Indiana, for drunken driving with two of his minor children in the car. He posted a $5,000 bond and was free under a "monitored conditional release." On June 2, 2017, Sproul filed a plea agreement in which he pled guilty to one felony count, 9-30-5-3(a)(2)/F6: Operating Veh. While Intox or Controlled Substance: Passenger Under 18. He was sentenced to a prison term of 1 year 183 days. Under the terms of the plea agreement his prison sentence was suspended and he was remanded to 1 year supervised probation.
On December 9, 2016, days after his arrest, the board of directors of Ligonier Ministries and Reformation Bible College received and affirmed Sproul's resignation request. Ligonier Ministries posted a statement on their website on December 12, 2016, saying that Sproul resigned "for personal reasons".
Early 2019 Sproul briefly worked as website manager for Bucs Dugout, SB Nation's community for Pittsburgh Pirates fans. His contract was terminated the morning after Deadspin's piece criticizing the hire. Later that year he became ordained through Logos Ministries and formed Dunamis Fellowship (details under Church allegiances).
Personal life
Sproul has been married twice. Sproul's first wife, Denise Elizabeth Sproul (née Rocklein), died in 2011, age 46, of cancer. They have seven surviving children, a disabled daughter died in 2012.
On October 14, 2016, Sproul married Lisa Carol Ringel (née Porter) in a civil ceremony. On November 19, 2016, his father R.C. Sproul Sr. officiated the church wedding ceremony. Lisa, a thrice divorced nutritionist, legally adopted the four youngest Sproul children on July 12, 2018. Combined they have twelve surviving children, eleven grandchildren and currently reside in Indiana.
Church allegiances
Sproul was first ordained in the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church (ARP). After a failed attempt to transfer to the Presbyterian Church in America, he was ordained in the Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly (RPCGA) in 2000.
In January 2006, Sproul and the Session of Saint Peter Presbyterian Church (SPPC), its governing body, were deposed from office by the RPCGA under charges including "abuse of authority in an inexcusable manner" against several families, alleged illegal use of the ARP's tax identification number, planting a church without authority, and practicing infant communion. The SPPC Session issued a letter of apology and asked to be released from general membership in the RPCGA, and the denomination granted their request. SPPC requested pastoral oversight from the CREC, which accepted the congregation as a full member in October 2007. The Confederation of Reformed Evangelical Churches (CREC) examined the case and accepted Sproul as an ordained minister in good standing in 2006. In 2010 Sproul transferred his ordination to the denomination Covenant Presbyterian Church (CPC).
On March 27, 2019, Sproul announced, "I am a member in good standing at Pine Hills Church here in Fort Wayne. It is a part of the Federation of Evangelical Churches." The FEC is an Anabaptist denomination of Amish Mennonite origin.
July 2, 2019, Sproul became ordained through Logos Ministries of Florida and formed the business entity Dunamis Fellowship. February 14, 2021, Sproul planted his newest church, Sovereign Grace Fellowship in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Sproul announced April 3, 2021, he would launch the Shepherd’s College, August 30, 2021, as a pastors college for training and mentoring men nationally and internationally.
Publishing
Sproul has written twelve books, including When You Rise Up: A Covenantal Approach to Homeschooling, Bound for Glory, Biblical Economics, Almighty Over All, Eternity in Our Hearts, and Tearing Down Strongholds. He has edited four books, including After Darkness Light: Distinctives of Reformed Theology, and contributed to several others. He was a regular columnist for World magazine, Homeschooling Today magazine and the Covenant Syndicate. For eleven years he was the editor of Tabletalk magazine, a publication of Ligonier Ministries.
In Almighty Over All Sproul takes the position that God created man to have an object worthy of his wrath: "God is as delighted with his wrath as he is with all of his attributes... What I’ll do is create something worthy of my wrath, something on which I can exhibit the glory of my wrath" (p. 52). Sproul goes on to state that God is the author/creator of sin: "I am not accusing God of sinning; I am suggesting that He created sin" (p. 54).
Books
Money Matters, 1985. Reprinted as Dollar Signs of the Times: A Commonsense Guide to Securing Our Economic Future, 1994, and Biblical Economics: A Commonsense Guide to Our Daily Bread, 2002. Supplemented with Biblical Economics Study Guide in 2010.
Almighty over All: Understanding the Sovereignty of God, 1999.
Quothe the Prophet, 2000.
The Brave Monk, 2000.
Eternity in Our Hearts, 2002.
Tearing Down Strongholds: And Defending the Truth, 2002.
Bound for Glory: God's Promise for Your Family, 2003
When You Rise Up: A Covenantal Approach to Homeschooling, 2004.
Believing God: Twelve Biblical Promises Christians Struggle to Accept, 2009.
The Call to Wonder: Loving God like a Child, 2012.
References
External links
R.C. Sproul Jr. - Highlands Ministries
Saint Peter Presbyterian Church
RC Sproul Jr RC Sproul's blog.
Living people
American Calvinist and Reformed theologians
American Presbyterian ministers
Grove City College alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
1965 births
20th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church
Presbyterians from Florida
Presbyterians from Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.%20C.%20Sproul%20Jr. |
"Growin' Up" is a song by American musician Bruce Springsteen from his 1973 album Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J..
It is a moderately paced tune, concerning an adolescence as a rebellious New Jersey teen, with lyrics written in the first-person. The lyrics feature a chorus that is progressively modified as the song continues, with the first chorus being "I hid in the clouded wrath of the crowd but when they said 'Sit down,' I stood up," while the second chorus switches to "clouded warmth...'come down,' I threw up" and the third finishes the song with "mother breast...'pull down,' I pulled up."
An acoustic version of the song, part of Springsteen's 1972 audition for CBS Records, appears on Tracks, 18 Tracks, and Chapter and Verse.
During the Born to Run tours and following Darkness Tour, Springsteen often performed an extended version of this song, extending it with a long, sometimes exaggerated and/or fictional biographical narration of his youth and his passion for guitar playing.
The song was featured on the soundtracks of the films Big Daddy (1999) and Gracie (2007).
David Bowie recorded a version of this song in the early stages of the Diamond Dogs sessions with Ronnie Wood on lead guitar. In 1990 this was released as a bonus track on the Rykodisc reissue of his Pin Ups album, and in 2004 it appeared on the bonus disc of the 30th anniversary edition of Diamond Dogs. The song has also been covered by Any Trouble, John Hammond, Jr., Portastatic and Alvin Stardust. Pearl Jam and The Bouncing Souls have also played it live.
Personnel
According to authors Philippe Margotin and Jean-Michel Guesdon:
Bruce Springsteen – vocals, acoustic guitar
Vini "Mad Dog" Lopez – drums
Garry Tallent – bass
David Sancious – piano
References
1973 songs
Bruce Springsteen songs
Songs written by Bruce Springsteen
Song recordings produced by Mike Appel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growin%27%20Up%20%28song%29 |
Mike Felumlee, a native of Crystal Lake, Illinois (a suburb of Chicago), is chiefly known as the current drummer for the rock band The Smoking Popes. He is known to a lesser extent for his stint of several years as drummer in the band Alkaline Trio and for his solo music.
The Smoking Popes
Felumlee was the drummer on all of the Popes albums prior to the live album At Metro, released in 2006 in conjunction with a long-awaited reunion of the band. Reportedly, Felumlee discussed with Popes frontman Josh Caterer rejoining the band for its reunion but declined, due to personal relations between himself and the Popes having become a little tense.
He rejoined The Smoking Popes in April 2015, replacing Neil Hennessy who was relocating.
Elsewhere
After the Smoking Popes split in 1999, Felumlee joined Alkaline Trio. He was the drummer on the album From Here To Infirmary. Felumlee left Alkaline Trio in 2001, reportedly due to personal friction with Matt Skiba.
In 2005, Mike played the drums on the self-titled debut release of the Chicago band This Is Me Smiling.
As a drummer, Felumlee was also a founding member of the band Duvall, but his participation in the band was short-lived, being replaced by Rob Kellenberger (previously of the bands Slapstick and Tuesday) not long into the band's existence.
Felumlee founded and ran for several years the small, independent record label Double Zero Records, originally conceived as a vehicle to release some then-unreleased Smoking Popes material after the band was dropped from its major label, Capitol, in 1998. The label later released material by The Honor System, Duvall, The Red Hot Valentines, Split Habit, Ryan's Hope, Amazing Transparent Man and Retro Morning. The label operated for several years before being closed down.
In June 2016, Felumlee and his wife launched their YouTube channel "Live From The Rock Room" which is a video series featuring punk and indie bands performing in their tiny home studio in Westmont, Illinois. Dan Wallach (of Chicago's Artistic Integrity Records) and Ken Nowka (a long time friend of Mike's) also assist in the production of the series.
References
1974 births
Living people
American punk rock drummers
American male drummers
Musicians from Chicago
Alkaline Trio members
Smoking Popes members
People from Crystal Lake, Illinois
20th-century American drummers
21st-century American drummers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Felumlee |
The Arrows was a Canadian new wave band active during the 1980s (and not to be confused with the British band Arrows.
Biography
The Arrows were formed in 1981 by vocalist Dean McTaggart, the group's only consistent member. They recorded a single ("Treat Her Right" b/w "Come On Up") in 1981. The following year, the group issued a 4 song mini-album called Misunderstood which was recorded at Grant Avenue Studios and produced by Daniel Lanois.
In 1984, the band landed a deal with A&M Records. With the help of producer David Tyson, who also became McTaggart's frequent writing partner, the Arrows' 1984 debut album Stand Back was a national success in Canada, providing a top 40 hit with "Meet Me in the Middle". The album sold well, and the band found themselves as the opening act on the UK leg of Chris de Burgh's 1984 tour.
Upon returning home, they went back to the studio for work on their second album The Lines Are Open, which saw its release in October 1985. The singles "Heart of the City", "Talk Talk" and "Chains" all saw success in Canada, but pressures from management for a breakout hit were causing problems within the band, and following a cross-Canada tour, the group called it quits at the end of 1986.
In 1995, a CD compilation Talk Talk: The Best of The Arrows surfaced on a German import label that contained the majority of the tracks from their first two albums. Stand Back were re-issued on CD in 2011, and The Lines Are Open was re-issued in 2013.
McTaggart continued with his songwriting career, writing hit songs for artists such as "Heaven Help My Heart" by Wynonna, and, as co-writer, "Unsung Hero" by Terri Clark and several hits by Amanda Marshall, notably "Birmingham" and her Canadian AC No. 1 hit "Dark Horse", which also became a hit for Mila Mason.
1981 line-up
This line-up recorded the 1981 debut single "Treat Her Right" b/w "Come On Up"
Vocals - Dean McTaggart
Drums and Percussion - Michael Sloski
Keyboards - Gabor Szepesi
Bass - Hendrik Rilk
Guitars - Rusty McCarthy
1982 line-up
This line-up recorded the 1982 4-song mini-album Misunderstood.
Vocals - Dean McTaggart
Drums and Percussion - Michael Sloski
Keyboards - Rob Gusevs
Bass - Hendrik Rilk
Guitars - Rusty McCarthy
Saxophone - Earl Seymour
1984 line-up
This line recorded the 1984 album Stand Back.
Vocals - Dean McTaggart
Guitars - Doug Macaskill
Keyboards - Rob Gusevs
Saxophone - Earl Seymour
With session musicians:
Bass - Peter Bleakney, Howard Ayee
Drums - Michael Sloski, Gary Craig
Percussion - Matt Zimbel
Keyboards, Vocals – David Tyson
Backing Vocals – Al Van Wart, Eddie Schwartz
1985 line-up
This line recorded the 1985 album The Lines Are Open.
Vocals - Dean McTaggart
Keyboards - Rob Gusevs
Saxophone - Earl Seymour
Guitars - Doug Macaskill
Bass - Glenn Olive
Drums - Bobby Economou
With session musicians:
Alto Saxophone - Vernon Dorge
Backing Vocals - Charity Brown, David Blamires, John Rutledge, Sharon Lee Williams, David Tyson
Percussion - Memo Acevedo
Trumpet - Rick Waychesko, Steve McDade
Discography
Studio albums
Stand Back (1984), A&M Records
The Lines Are Open (1985), Avion Records
Compilation albums
Talk Talk: The Best of The Arrows (1995), Long Island Records
EPs
Misunderstood (1982), Spontaneous Records
Singles
"Treat Her Right" (1981), El Mocambo Records
"Come On Up" (1981), El Mocambo Records
"Lovelight" (1982), Spontaneous Records
"If It's Love" (1982), Spontaneous Records
"Meet Me in the Middle" (1984), A&M Records - Canada #30
"Say It Isn't True" (1984), A&M Records
"Never Be Another One" (1984), A&M Records
"Girl in 313" (1984), A&M Records
"Talk Talk" (1985), A&M Records - Canada #47
"Easy Street" (1985), A&M Records
"I Owe You" (1985), A&M Records
"Heart of the City" (1986), A&M Records - Canada #57
"Tell It To My Heart" (1986), A&M Records
"Chains" (1986), A&M Records - Canada #93
"Wild One" (1986), A&M Records
References
External links
Jam! Canadian Pop Encyclopedia - The Arrows entry
CanConRox entry
Dean McTaggart - singer, songwriter, record producer, musician - The Arrows
Canadian new wave musical groups
Musical groups established in 1981
Musical groups disestablished in 1986
Musical groups from Toronto
1981 establishments in Ontario
1986 disestablishments in Ontario
Canadian pop rock music groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Arrows%20%28Canadian%20band%29 |
Teen Summit is an American talk show for youth that aired on Black Entertainment Television (BET) from September 16, 1989 to August 31, 2002. In recent years it has returned as a very occasional special to the network's schedule.
Background
Created by Black Entertainment Television chief operating officer Sheila Johnson, and award-winning, originating broadcast producer Tony Regusters, Teen Summit dealt with the everyday issues teenagers face and attempted, often successfully, to bring them into perspective, and in a positive, uplifting light, while motivating teen viewers and their families to discuss the subjects presented on the weekly, one-hour, live show. After the original program host, Lisa Johnson, moved on in 1993, others filled the hosting vacuum, including Dajour Bullock and Ananda Lewis.
Cancellation and subsequent specials
After 13 years, Teen Summit was cancelled on August 31, 2002. Since then, it has returned twice, as a special called Teen Summit: Backstage Pass on June 21, 2007, then on June 25, 2017 as a part of that year's "BET Experience" festival in Los Angeles, hosted by Mindless Behavior's Princeton Perez.
Hosts and hostesses
Adimu Colon .... Host (2000)
Jay Cooper .... Host (2000–2003)
Dajour .... Host (1994–1998)
Gabrielle Dennis .... Hostess (1998–2000)
Fran Toliver Edwards .... Hostess (1996–2001) (as On Jam Fran)
Cinque Glendy .... Host (2002–2003)
Belma Johnson .... Host 1994
Marcelle Larice .... Hostess (2002–2003) (as Marcelle Kroll)
Ananda Lewis .... Host (1997–1999)
Lisa Johnson Smith .... Host (1989–1994)
Other performers
DJ Cocoa Chanelle... DJ (1994–2001)
Don Champion .... Correspondent/Posse Member (1999–2002)
Yolonda D. Coleman, Posse Member (1989–1994)
Krystal Glenn .... Correspondent/Posse Member (1992–1995)
Nicole Renee Harris ... Posse Co-host (1989–1992)
Kenji Jasper ... Posse Member (1989–1993)
Tisha Lewis .... Correspondent/Posse Member (1996–2002)
Jacob Perez (2017)
Derrell Ross (D-knott)...Dancer/Segment Co-Producer (1994–1999)
Posse / Squad Members
Ajahmure Clovis
Brandi Garrett
Cheickh Aidara
James Anthony
Micah Baham
Theresa Jackson
Veronica King
Stephanie (Staples) Hack
References
External links
1989 American television series debuts
2002 American television series endings
1980s American television talk shows
1990s American television talk shows
2000s American television talk shows
BET original programming
English-language television shows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen%20Summit |
The University of the Basque Country (, EHU; , UPV; UPV/EHU) is a Spanish public university of the Basque Autonomous Community. Heir of the University of Bilbao, initially it was made up of the Faculty of Economic and Business Sciences of Sarriko (1955), Medicine (1968) and Sciences (1968). Following the General Law of Education (1970), the Nautical School (1784), the School of Business Studies of Bilbao (1818) and the Technical Schools of Engineers (1897) joined in, until it grew into the complex of thirty centers that compose it presently.
It has campuses over the three provinces of the autonomous community: Biscay Campus (in Leioa, Bilbao, Portugalete and Barakaldo), Gipuzkoa Campus (in San Sebastián and Eibar), and Álava Campus in Vitoria-Gasteiz. It stands out as the main research institution in the Basque Country, carrying out 90% of the basic research carried out in that territory and benefiting from the good industrial environment in the region.
History
Although there have been numerous institutes of learning in the Basque Country over the centuries, starting with the Universidad Sancti Spiritus de Oñati, it was not until the 20th century that serious efforts were made to create an official university for the Basque people. The first of these opened its doors in Bilbao in 1938, largely thanks to the zeal of the Basque president (lehendakari) at the time, José Antonio Aguirre, an alumnus of the University of Deusto. However, this was during the Spanish Civil War, and an inopportune moment to open a centre of learning. The northwest of the Basque region mostly sided with the Republican movement at this time, earning the wrath of General Francisco Franco. Thus, when Franco's armies entered Bilbao on the 19th of June 1937, the fledgling university was shut down.
It was not until 1968 that another university in the Basque region was founded. In this year, the University of Bilbao was opened. In 1972, the Leioa premises were finished. They were in a remote place among cultivated fields. As in the case of the Somosaguas campus of the Complutense University of Madrid, the dictatorial authorities wanted to keep the rebellious students away from urban areas. In 1977, additional campuses sprang up in Álava and Gipuzkoa. Finally, in 1980, the university was officially designated to be the University of the Basque Country.
As of 2005, 78 different degrees are offered, and the university's 48,000 students can choose from more than 1,300 subjects of study. One can study 90% of the courses in the Basque language. The university is now recognised as one of the foremost in Spain, both in terms of the number of degrees offered and the quality of the typical degree awarded.
In 2009 the UPV/EHU project "Euskampus", was labeled as "Campus of International Excellence", highest quality award by the Spanish Minister of Education. The project has been designed with the aggregation of two important international players: Tecnalia Research and Innovation Corporation and Donostia International Physics Center Foundation.
The current rector is Eva Ferreira. Former rectors:
Gregorio Monreal
Emilio Barberá
Juan Jose Goiriena de Gandarias
Pello Salaburu
Manuel Montero
Juan Ignacio Iglesias
Iñaki Goirizelaia
Nekane Balluerka
Symbols
The motto of UPV/EHU is a Basque-language verse Eman ta zabal zazu ("Give and distribute [the fruit]"), from Gernikako Arbola, a Basque anthem from the 19th century.
The emblem of UPV/EHU is an interpretation of the Guernica oak by sculptor Eduardo Chillida.
Campuses and structure
One of the characteristics of the university is the dispersion of its faculties and schools. The university contains three campuses, one for each of the three provinces of the Basque Autonomous Community.
Biscay Campus
Biscay Campus is the largest and the busiest campus; its main complex is in Leioa, eleven kilometres away from Bilbao's city centre, in the seat of the former University of Bilbao. Nonetheless, there are other centres and schools within Bilbao, in Barakaldo and in Portugalete. Since 2011, the university also has a representation centre, the Bizkaia Aretoa, in the Abandoibarra neighbourhood of Bilbao, which houses some of the university's offices but also congresses and expositions.
Leioa
Faculty of Fine Arts
Faculty of Science and Technology
Faculty of Social Sciences and Communication
Faculty of Law – Biscay section
Faculty of Education of Bilbao
Faculty of Medicine and Nursing
Faculty of Labour Relations and Social Work
Bilbao
University College of Engineering of Bilbao
Faculty of Economics and Business Studies
Teaching Unit of Medicine (Basurto Hospital)
Experience Classrooms of Biscay
Portugalete
University College of Engineering of Bilbao
Barakaldo
Teaching Unit of Medicine (Cruces Hospital)
Galdakao-Usansolo
Teaching Unit of Medicine (Galdakao Hospital)
Gipuzkoa Campus
Gipuzkoa Campus is seated in San Sebastián and Eibar. In San Sebastián, faculties and schools that used to be spread out in the city have been grouped together in the neighbourhood of Ibaeta.
San Sebastián
Higher Technical School of Architecture
Faculty of Law
Faculty of Computer Engineering
Faculty of Chemical Sciences
Faculty of Psychology
Faculty of Economics and Business Studies
Faculty of Engineering of Gipuzkoa
Faculty of Education, Philosophy and Anthropology
Faculty of Medicine and Nursing
Experience Classrooms of Gipuzkoa
Eibar
Faculty of Engineering of Gipuzkoa
Álava Campus
Álava Campus is seated in the south of Vitoria-Gasteiz:
University College of Engineering of Vitoria-Gasteiz
Faculty of Economics and Business Studies
Faculty of Education and Sport
Faculty of Pharmacy
Faculty of Arts
Faculty of Labour Relations and Social Work
Teaching Unit of Medicine
Experience Classrooms of Álava
Master and Doctoral School
The Master and Doctoral School is responsible for coordinating and managing doctoral programmes and interdisciplinary research training, as well as coordinating and managing official master's degrees, with exception of those with professional attributes. It is common to the three campuses.
Affiliated schools
There are five schools affiliated with UPV/EHU:
Elias Querejeta Zine Eskola (Elias Querejeta Film School), San Sebastián.
University School of Nursing of Vitoria-Gasteiz, in Txagorritxu Hospital, Vitoria-Gasteiz.
University College of the Chamber of Commerce of Bilbao, in Bilbao.
University School of Dual Engineering IMH, in Elgoibar.
Goimailako Online Institutua (Higher Education Online Institute).
Summer courses
UPV/EHU conducts its Summer Courses, created in 1981, at the Miramar Palace in San Sebastián. They consist of a series of lectures, talks, courses, and master classes on diverse subjects from different areas of knowledge. World-renowned lecturers have been invited to the Summer Courses, as for example, Noam Chomsky in 2006.
Sports
UPV/EHU has an important handball team. The university also has a football team that played in the Spanish Tercera División, Grupo 4 in the 2006–2007 season. They finished 19th and were relegated to the regional divisions.
The Engineering School of Bilbao and the University of Deusto hold yearly rowing competitions on the Estuary of Bilbao, inspired by the Oxford Cambridge boat race.
English-language distance education
The University used to offer an English language, distance Postgraduate Diploma in International Election Observation and Electoral Assistance, the first official postgraduate qualification of its kind that provides advanced learning in electoral systems and electoral campaign processes, with a particular focus for those occurring in contexts of developing democracies or post-conflict situations. The programme was allegedly run in cooperation with many organisations in the field of election monitoring, such as The Carter Center, Electoral Reform International Services (ERIS), International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES), National Democratic Institute (NDI), the Organization of American States (OAS) and the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) but such partnerships were not officially confirmed.
Other universities operating in the Basque Country
University of Pau and the Adour region
University of Deusto
National University of Distance Education
University of Navarre
Universidad Pública de Navarra
Mondragon University
Musikene
See also
ESDP-Network
Basque Museum of the History of Medicine and Science
Arantza Díaz de Ilarraza Sánchez
References
External links
Campus of Internacional Excellence, Euskampus
Idex Bordeaux
The University of the Basque Country's own account of its history (Spanish)
University of Nevada's Centre for Basque Studies; article about the university's origins
International university study page
Máster SIA
1980 establishments in Spain
University
University
Educational institutions established in 1980
Universities and colleges in Spain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20the%20Basque%20Country |
Alexander "Sandor" Asboth (Hungarian: Asbóth Sándor, December 18, 1811 – January 21, 1868) was a Hungarian military leader best known for his victories as a Union general during the American Civil War. He also served as United States Ambassador to Argentina and as United States Ambassador to Uruguay.
Early life
Asboth was born in Keszthely, Hungary. When Asboth was 8, his family moved to Zombor (now Sombor in Serbia). Asboth wanted to be a soldier, like his elder brother Lajos, but instead his parents decided he should be an engineer. He studied at the Mining Academy of Selmecbánya and the Institutum Geometricum in Pest.
After graduation he worked on the construction of the Széchenyi Chain Bridge as a civilian engineer and later he had some part in the river regulation of the Lower-Danube. He joined with freedom-fighter Lajos Kossuth in the 1848 revolutionary movement. In December 1848 he was promoted to captain. During his time as captain, he took part in the battles of Kápolna and Nagysalló. On the spring of 1849 he was promoted to the rank of major, then he became an adjutant of Kossuth and achieved the rank of lieutenant colonel. Asboth traveled with Kossuth to the Ottoman Empire and then to the United States in 1851, after the revolution failed.
United States and Civil War
Asboth remained in the United States and joined the Union Army. Starting in July 1861, he served as chief of staff for General John C. Frémont. Asboth was nominated brigadier general by President Abraham Lincoln on December 26, 1861, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the promotion on March 24, 1862, as the President did not formally make the appointment until March 22, 1862. Asboth was assigned command of the 4th Division in Frémont's western campaign. Asboth later led a division under Samuel Curtis, and during the Arkansas campaign he occupied Bentonville and Fayetteville. He participated in the Battle of Pea Ridge, leading troops at the Little Sugar Creek position. His right arm was fractured by a musket ball while bringing reinforcements to support Colonel Eugene A. Carr. Reinforcements were transferred to Henry Halleck from the Army of the Southwest and during the Siege of Corinth, Asboth commanded a brigade in the Army of the Mississippi.
Asboth later commanded garrisons in Kentucky and Ohio. In August 1863, Asboth was assigned to the District of West Florida, with his headquarters at Fort Pickens. He was badly wounded in the Battle of Marianna on September 27, 1864; his left cheek-bone being broken and his left arm fractured in two places. Asboth was mustered out of the volunteer service on August 24, 1865. On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Asboth for the award of the brevet grade of major general to rank from March 13, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the award on March 12, 1866.
Later life and death
In 1866, he was appointed U.S. Minister to Argentina and Uruguay. He died in Buenos Aires in 1868, likely due to his wounds received in Florida. He was initially buried in the city's British cemetery, but was re-buried in 1923 when La Chacarita Cemetery became a park. His remains were returned to the United States in October 1990 for burial at Arlington National Cemetery.<ref>Arlington National Cemetery</ref
See also
List of American Civil War generals (Union)
Notes
References
Cox, Dale; The Battle of Marianna, Florida, Dale Cox, (2007)
Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, .
Grant, Ulysses S., Simon, John Y.; The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant: 1837-1861, Volume 1, SIU Press, (1967)
Gracza, Rezsoe, Gracza, Margaret Young; The Hungarians in America, Lerner Publications Co., (1969)
Warner, Ezra J.; Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders, Louisiana State Univ. Press, (1964)
Watson, Davis; The Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida, BiblioBazaar, LLC, (2009)
Welsh, Jack D.; Medical Histories of Union Generals, Kent State University Press, (2005)
ANC Explorer
Attribution
External links
|- style="text-align: center;"
|-
1811 births
1868 deaths
People from Keszthely
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
American people of Hungarian descent
Union Army generals
People of Florida in the American Civil War
People of Missouri in the American Civil War
19th-century American diplomats
Forty-Eighters
Ambassadors of the United States to Uruguay
Ambassadors of the United States to Argentina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Asboth |
KNWS-FM, also known as Life 101.9, is a radio station in Waterloo, Iowa, United States, owned and operated by Northwestern Media, a ministry of the University of Northwestern - St Paul in Roseville, Minnesota, and supported by donations from the local community.
Life 101.9 broadcasts Contemporary Christian music. Its signal covers Waterloo, Cedar Rapids, Iowa City and surrounding areas in eastern Iowa. A live stream is available on the Life 101.9 website, mobile app and on Amazon smart speakers. The station also broadcasts its programming on translator stations K245AZ, serving Dubuque at 96.9FM; and, K242BX, serving Marshalltown at 96.3 FM.
Adam Hannan and April Wilson host the Morning Show from 6-10am weekdays. Other station personalities include Jenn Pooler, David A. Dein, Rick Hall and Lyle Krueger.
The radio station broadcasts commercial-free contemporary Christian music 24 hours a day.
Life 101.9 is active in the community and encourages listeners to help other non-profit organizations in Eastern Iowa on a regular basis.
Life 101.9's sister station, Faith Radio, broadcasts a Christian talk and teaching format.
Translators
External links
www.life1019.com
Waterloo, Iowa
Northwestern Media
NWS-FM
Contemporary Christian radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1965
1965 establishments in Iowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNWS-FM |
Josiah Gorgas (July 1, 1818 – May 15, 1883) was one of the few Northern-born Confederate generals and was later president of the University of Alabama.
As chief of ordnance during the American Civil War, Gorgas managed to keep the Confederate armies well supplied with weapons and ammunition, despite the Union blockade, and even though the South had hardly any munitions industry before the war began. In this effort he also worked closely with the Fraser, Trenholm shipping company that brought in shipments of ordnance by means of blockade runners. He kept diaries during the Civil War which are now a popular subject of study for historians.
Early life
Josiah Gorgas was born near Elizabethtown in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. He was graduated from West Point in 1841 and was assigned to the Ordnance Department. He served in the Mexican–American War and was promoted to captain in 1855. In 1853, he married Amelia Gayle, daughter of former Alabama governor John Gayle.
Gorgas served in arsenals in different parts of the country before the Civil War broke out. Early in his career, Gorgas served at Watervliet Arsenal near Troy, New York, and at the Detroit Arsenal. Following the Mexican–American War, Gorgas served in Pennsylvania and in November 1851 was transferred to Fort Monroe in Virginia. There he began his association with the Tredegar Iron Company, which would become an important Southern foundry once the Civil War began. Gorgas went on to serve at the Mount Vernon Arsenal north of Mobile, Alabama beginning in 1853. He was commanding the Frankford Arsenal when he resigned from the United States Army on March 21, 1861 (effective April 3).
Civil War
In the years prior to the Civil War, Gorgas was a political opponent of Republicans and abolitionists. He also made requests for transfer to arsenals in the South on multiple occasions. Ultimately the decision to participate in the secession, apparently motivated as much because of professional conflict with his commander as by political principle, he moved to Richmond and became chief of ordnance for the Confederacy with the rank of major. Having served in nearly every arsenal in the nation he was the perfect choice for the position. In this capacity, he worked to create an armaments industry almost from scratch. The South had no foundry except the Tredegar Iron Works. There were no rifle works except small arsenals in Richmond, and Fayetteville, North Carolina, plus the captured machines from the U.S. arsenal in Harpers Ferry.
In the procurement of arms Gorgas also corresponded with Charles Prioleau, who headed Trenholm's Liverpool office, arranging for the shipping of arms and other supplies to the Confederacy. Most of the arms sent to the Confederacy departed from Liverpool. During the summer of 1861, Gorgas stockpiled supplies and prepared his first load of cargo while the Trenholm company procured a suitable ship for the voyage. A 1,200 ton iron-hulled steamer, the Bermuda, was chosen to make the voyage.
Gorgas established armories and foundries and created the Nitre Bureau to search for alternative sources of nitre. He implemented President Davis's wish and helped facilitate the commissioning of George Washington Rains, a North Carolina native and West Point graduate with extensive military service who was working as a Northern industrialist when the war broke out. Rains, a scientist of high order, established the Augusta Powder Works in Augusta, Georgia, which supplied almost all of the powder for the Confederacy. Thanks to his and Rains's efforts, the Southern armies never lacked weapons or gunpowder, though they were short on almost everything else. On November 10, 1864, Gorgas was promoted to brigadier general.
Postbellum
After the war, Gorgas purchased an interest in the Brierfield Furnace in Bibb County, near Ashby in Alabama, which had helped supply the Confederate Naval Ordnance Works in Selma. The other directors appointed him to manage the iron works and he moved his family to the furnace site. Due to high operating and management costs he was forced to lease the iron works after just a couple of years in operation.
In 1870, Gorgas accepted a position as the 2nd vice chancellor of the newly established University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee. His position there was marked by discord with the board of trustees and the stress of keeping the university financially afloat. A student residence hall built as part of the Sewanee Military Academy was later renamed "Gorgas Hall" in his honor.
In 1878, Gorgas was elected 8th president of the University of Alabama. When he was forced to resign due to ill health, the trustees created the position of librarian for him, the position in which his wife was to succeed him. Upon his resignation as president, the university allowed the Gorgas family to move into the Pratt House, which also housed the campus post office and student hospital. The building had originally been the 1829 dining hall and later converted to a faculty residence in 1847. The building was dedicated as a memorial to the family in 1944, and became a museum now known as the Gorgas House upon the death of the last two surviving Gorgas children in 1953.
Death and legacy
Gorgas died at the age of 65 in Tuscaloosa in 1883, and was buried at Evergreen Cemetery.
His widow Amelia served as the university's librarian for 23 years after his death and the main university library is named the Amelia Gayle Gorgas Library in her honor. Their oldest son, William Crawford Gorgas (born 1854) served as Surgeon General of the U.S. Army and is credited with implementing preventive measures against yellow fever and malaria that allowed for the completion of the Panama Canal.
See also
Blockade runners of the American Civil War
Gorgas machine gun
List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)
Notes
The birthplace of Josiah Gorgas on various websites is erroneously listed as "Running Pumps, PA." Josiah was actually born in a house adjacent to the family's cotton factory near the Running Pumps Hotel, just north of Elizabethtown, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Josiah's father once owned the Running Pumps Hotel, but due to financial difficulties, he had to sell the Running Pumps Hotel in 1813, five years before Josiah's birth in 1818. (Source: Winters Heritage House Museum, Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania.)
References
Url
Url
Vandiver, Frank E., ed., The Civil War Diary of General Josiah Gorgas (University of Alabama, 1947)
External links
Josiah Gorgas in Encyclopedia Virginia
Brigadier-General Josiah Gorgas- the third of "Sewanee's Five Generals"
Smithsonian: West Point in the making of America
Josiah Gorgas article, Encyclopedia of Alabama
Josiah and Amelia Gorgas Family papers, W.S. Hoole Special Collections Library, The University of Alabama.
1818 births
1883 deaths
People from Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania
Confederate States Army brigadier generals
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
United States Military Academy alumni
Sewanee: The University of the South administrators
Northern-born Confederates
Presidents of the University of Alabama
People of Virginia in the American Civil War
Military personnel from Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah%20Gorgas |
Smith Micro Software, Inc., founded in 1982 by William W. Smith, Jr., is a developer and marketer of both enterprise and consumer-level software and services. Headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Smith Micro maintains multiple domestic and international offices. United States locations include Aliso Viejo, California, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. International offices are located throughout Europe and Asia. Currently, the company focuses on digital lifestyle solutions and security technologies, and is integrated into the evolving wireless media industry, as indicated by partnerships with cellular service providers such as Verizon Wireless, AT&T, and Sprint Corporation, now owned by T-Mobile US after the Sprint & T-Mobile merger in April 2020.
Corporate history
Smith Micro's initial focus was on dial-up modem and fax software technology, distributing predominantly to OEM computer software/hardware manufacturers. Smith Micro established an IPO in 1995, and became publicly traded in the NASDAQ under the symbol SMSI. Initial stock values were approx. $12.75 per share.
As the company entered the 90's, dial-up internet was quickly being replaced by cable internet, DSL, and wireless broadband due to substantially higher speeds and increased reliability. This change led Smith Micro to venture into wireless and mobile network software. Network connection management became an expertise of the company and, Smith Micro quickly developed products of interest to large-scale mobile network operators such as AT&T, Bell Canada, Orange, Sprint, T-Mobile, Verizon, and Vodafone. While fax and modem-related products were still a part of their portfolio, the QuickLink Platform of wireless connection managers became a primary source of revenue in the early 2000s.
By 2005, Smith Micro acquired Allume Systems and their StuffIt data compression software. Soon after, Smith Micro acquired Israel-based image editing company, PhoTags. Smith Micro followed with two more acquisitions, (e frontier America and busineSMS.com Software.) By acquiring these smaller companies, Smith Micro rapidly expanded its consumer business presence, however the company retained focus on network and wireless-related products.
In early 2008, the company began to expand its portfolio with the addition of wireless access and mobile services. Smith Micro introduced multiple solutions for enhanced mobile communications, such as push-to-talk software, visual voicemail services, and video streaming. Smith Micro also expressed interest in WiMAX broadband, a newly developed cellular technology which was considered to be a 4G wireless protocol and the replacement of current 3G cellular systems.
In 2019, Smith Micro entered the retail technology space with its acquisition of ISM Connect, LLC’s Smart Retail product suite. Most recently, the company has continued to expand its family safety business through the acquisitions of Circle Media Labs’ operator business in February 2020, and the Family Safety Mobile Business of Avast Software s.r.o in April 2021.
Products
Family safety
SafePath
SafePath Home
SafePath IoT
SafePath Family
SafePath Drive
Communications
CommSuite VVM (Visual Voicemail)
CommSuite VTT (Voice to Text)
CommSuite Cloud
CommSuite Caller
Smart Retail
ViewSpot
ViewSpot Studio (Retail Display Management)
ViewSpot Dynamic Pricing Portal
ViewSpot Retail Analytics
Major acquisitions
References
Companies based in Aliso Viejo, California
Companies based in Pittsburgh
Software companies based in California
Software companies based in Pennsylvania
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
Software companies established in 1982
American companies established in 1982
1982 establishments in California
1995 initial public offerings
Software companies of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith%20Micro%20Software |
Alyeska may refer to:
Alaska; Alyeska is an archaic spelling of the Aleut word Alaska meaning "mainland", "great country", or "great land"
A former settlement, abandoned and merged with Girdwood, Anchorage, Alaska
Alyeska Resort, an alpine ski area which developed in the early 1960s in Girdwood
Alyeska Pipeline Service Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyeska |
Kenny Kramer (born May 1943) is an American former stand-up comedian, who was the inspiration for the character of Cosmo Kramer from the television sitcom Seinfeld.
Early life
Kramer grew up in New York City, in the Tremont section of the Bronx, and dropped out of high school at age 17. He sold magazines, played drums in a Catskills resort band, and had a spotty career as a stand-up comedian that lasted until 1981, when he gave up comedy to sell light-up "electronic disco jewelry" in nightclubs for a couple of years.
Career
Kramer sought to manage Bill Beason, a New York point karate champion, with the hopes that the karate tournament scene would develop along the same lines as wrestling had, since corporate sponsors such as Budweiser and Paul Mitchell were emerging.
Seinfeld co-creator Larry David lived across the hall from Kenny for six years, just as the character of Jerry Seinfeld did from Cosmo Kramer in the show. The two lived in Manhattan Plaza, a federally assisted apartment complex for performing artists in Hell's Kitchen, New York City. David said that Kramer was a little bit eccentric and would be a good character to have on the show. Many of the traits of Kenny Kramer, such as the obsessions with golf, fruit, hot tubs, taking things out of the refrigerator and coming up with strange ideas and inventions, were featured in the show.
Seinfeld
Michael Richards did not want to meet with Kenny to study the character and wanted to create the character himself. This situation was later parodied in the Seinfeld fourth season episode "The Pilot". The character was originally named "Kessler" (an in-universe explanation for the name change is provided in "The Betrayal"), due to Larry David's fear that using the name would spur the real Kramer to exploit his association with the character. However, Jerry Seinfeld thought that the name was too good not to use. Kenny Kramer then contacted Castle Rock Entertainment with a list of demands, many of which were financial, for the use of his name. One demand not met was that Kenny would get to play Kramer, which is also parodied in "The Pilot".
Kenny has been the host of Kramer's Reality Tour and Kramer's Reality Road Show since Seinfeld was on the air. He tells behind-the-scenes stories to his audience and gives a bus tour of sites made famous by the show. A DVD version of his reality tour has also been produced. The "Reality Tours" were later parodied on Seinfeld in the episode "The Muffin Tops", when catalog sales company owner J. Peterman uses Kramer's various stories in Peterman's autobiography. Kramer develops a reality bus tour and touts himself as "The Real J. Peterman." The relationship between Cosmo Kramer and Kenny Kramer is explored in the featurette Kramer vs. Kramer: Kenny to Cosmo, on the 3rd season Seinfeld DVD.
Later career
After achieving some attention as the inspiration for the character Kramer from Seinfeld, Kramer worked as a correspondent for Hard Copy, created and hosted "Kramer's New York" segments for the Fox New York City affiliate WNYW's Good Day New York, and appeared in the original New York company of Tony n' Tina's Wedding, playing himself. He has made appearances on the bonus features of the Seinfeld DVD series.
In 1997, Kramer attempted to gain the Democratic Party nomination for New York mayor; he claimed that his candidacy was "quite serious," saying that he wanted to represent "a lot of disfranchised Democrats out there." He did not get the nomination. In 2001, Kramer was asked by a television reporter about running again, and he replied that "if Jesse Ventura can be governor, why can't I be mayor?" The next day, the Libertarian Party contacted him to run on its ticket, and he accepted. He cited his agreement with the Libertarian Party on, among other issues, the decriminalization of marijuana. During his run, he claimed that the previous run was "a publicity stunt"; his campaign slogan was "Kramer for mayor... this time I'm not kidding!" He finished seventh in the election, with 1,408 votes.
Personal life
Kramer is Jewish.
On June 6, 2013, Kramer became an ordained non-denominational minister with the Universal Life Church World Headquarters and was registered with the City Clerk in New York City. While officiating at weddings, he prefers to be called the "Irreverent Kramer" rather than Rev. Kramer, and offers a "customized lifetime warranty" of providing pro bono weddings if the couple divorces.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1943 births
American libertarians
American male comedians
20th-century American comedians
Jewish American comedians
Living people
People from Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan
21st-century American Jews
20th-century American Jews
People from the Bronx
Comedians from New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny%20Kramer |
In continental philosophy, the Real refers to the remainder of reality that cannot be expressed, and which surpasses reasoning. In Lacanianism, it is an "impossible" category because of its opposition to expression and inconceivability. The Real Order is a topological ring (lalangue) and ex-ists as an infinite homonym.
In human geography and depth psychology
The Real is the intelligible form of the horizon of truth of the field-of-objects that has been disclosed. As the Real Order of the Borromean knot in Lacanianism, it is opposed in the unconscious to the Symbolic, which encompasses fantasy, dreams and hallucinations. In depth psychology and human geography, the Real can be described as a "negative space", analogous to a "black hole", a philosophical void of sociality and subjectivity, a traumatic consensus of intersubjectivity, or as an absolute noumenalness between signifiers. Lewis states that the Real can be a presence or is a substance and cites Derrida's claim that the real is authenticity.
Jacques Lacan defines the Real as a plenum, a nature beyond culture that is contradistinct from the ontic. The Lacanian real is a section of the triadic, Borromean knot: the Imaginary, the Symbolic, and the Real; the center of the knot is the sinthome (monad-soul).
Thing-ness
Felluga states that Bill Brown's Thing is conceptually close to the Real, as it is a type of unreliableness of the relation between subject and object that is neither subject nor object.
Discourse of the subject
A master signifier (S1) organizes narrative (S2): a defensive form of discourse that is an ideological reaction to the Real: i.e., mythic explanation, hero's journey, storytelling, theme, pathos, ethos, plot, conflict, closure. The real subject (as id) is repressed (via aphanisis) by the imaginary-signified ego's ideologizing overtop of the real instincts. Narrative speech (parole) is an attempt to resolve the Real-Imaginary aporia (langue) concerning events.
Psychotic discourse
Felluga states that Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe's term antagonism, as a societal limit that sits outside of society's articulation, functions similarly to the Real.
Hurst states that, in principle, self-analysis (analyst's discourse) might prevent an analyst from retrogressing to the ideological position of the master's discourse (i.e., King in The Purloined Letter).
The phallic signifier and castration
The ineffable, unary signifier of lack (phallus) stitches the unconscious drives to jouissance, dialectically bridging language and desire (logos and eros, the Apollonian and the Dionysian).
Drives
Barthes reflects that the inner voice of the subject is structured in a triad of "Presence" (frustration) created by the maternal Other, "Intermittence" (castration anxiety) over the loss of the phallus as an imaginary object taken by the real father, and "Absence" (privation) that occurs from losing the phallus from the imaginary father; (symbolic desire separates from real need and becomes imaginary demand) (q.v., Lacan's graph of desire).
In neurosis
Hurst argues that the Lacanian Real parallels Derrida's concept of différance. Lewis states that lalangue is the arche-writing repetition that reveals the real subject through différance. Guattari states that temporal différance is secreted from obsessional neurosis.
Hysteric's discourse
The hysteric's discourse is driven by the Real, where object (a) is at an impossible-to-find truth. Neither individuation nor differentiation can happen in the stagnancy of the Real.
The three categories of hysteria — conversion hysteria, anxiety hysteria, and traumatic hysteria — have a basis in alienation, with an identification to those-without-the-phallus, and a self-sacrifice through displacement. Hurst states that masculine libidinal hysteria breaches the paranoid-schizoid position of masculine fanaticism by attempting to make the Real appear, whereas feminine libidinal hysteria breaches the Nietzschean radical nihilism of Hegel's "eternal irony" by resisting the Symbolic Order.
Artistic discourse
Artistic discourse is a pneuma of neurosis-psychosis hallucinatory hysteria, a poetic-real microcosm of the True-Real.
Signs of the real
Tuché is an Aristotelian-borrowed term to describe the traumatic encounter-kernel of the Real and automaton to describe the repetitive transference process of symbolizing the Real.
The Symbolic introduces "a cut in the Real" in the process of signification: "it is the world of words that creates the world of things." Thus the Real emerges as that which is outside language, making it "that which resists symbolization absolutely". The logos of the Symbolic creates the Order of the Real; the Real and kairos divide the logos, resist symbolization, and anticipate being symbolized.
Signifiers of this experience are Lacan's jouissance, Marx's theory of alienation, the numinous, psychological trauma, transcendence, the sublime or a fractured ideology; particularly, it can be a narrative that separates signifiers from conscious desire-quest (i.e., narcissistic injury).
Jouissance
Julia Kristeva, particularly in her 1980 essay Powers of Horror, posits that the super-ego's abjection facilitates a subjective traumatic limit between subject and objects, with the Real, through ego-object loss and castration of surplus jouissance. Hurst references Žižek: for any event that converges on a collapsed Symbolic Order, is a where Antigone becomes the Thing. Lacanian Being-for-death is a death drive for its telos (i.e., sublimity).
Unreal vs real(2)
The unreal-unnameable organ called a lamella (or libido as a symbiotic, pre-Oedipal, pre-symbolic Real(1) before-signified-who-ness) is distinct from the Real(2) after-signifier-what-ness, which a subject experiences at the limits of the Imaginary and Symbolic. Real(1) is a continuous, "whole" reality that is undivided by language, while Real(2) is the space of the possibility of abjection being raised wherever there is interference in the path of the object of the ego, including the experience of surplus jouissance which threatens to surpass a subject's boundaries; Kristeva remarks that this experience "takes the ego back to its source", i.e., the id.
Somatization
Malcolm Bowie interprets the Lacanian real as ineffable (i.e., uncanny).
Historical materialism
Fredric Jameson interprets Lacan's real through a Marxist-Hegelian lens as meaning "History itself", a narrative symptom of the event.
In afro-pessimism
Marriott examines Fanon: white people's gaze and dehumanization of black people through objectification, creating a desire for the absent object-of-identity in marginalized individuals that is destroyed through racist signification. George states that race is an objet a confrontation with jouissance and lack. George posits that the history of slavery in the United States and racism are within the Real (e.g., Beloved). Crockett references W. E. B. Du Bois in relation to a Real critique of the Symbolic through a point of view from the angle of double consciousness.
Sinthome
In practice, Lacanian psychoanalysis derives the event by gazing at the resistance and transference to identify the automaton mechanisms of the Thing (viz., foreclosure, repression, and disavowal) that are utilized to anamorphosically read where the signifiers are hiding the symptomatic objet petit (a), rendering the real subject.
Subject-as-metaphor
The void is what the subject finds through interrogation of oneself. The subject existentially navigates an inward, metaphorical and vacuous desert or ocean, unguided by the psychoanalytic metaphor of God's "Original Presence". Premodern philosophers also thought up a formless chora, a pre-universal "chaos", and the experience of horror vacui; these conceptions of an unguided ego confronting the void informed psychoanalysis. It prefigured Lacan's outline of how the subject-as-metaphor, later the analysand, encounters the Real and how this experience is slated in analysis to give rise to pathologies, particularly anxieties and traumas. In psychoanalysis, the subject appears either as transference, repression or as the barrier separating the signifier over the signified. Subjective experience is a paradoxical extension inseparable from the experience of place, landscape, and body, which can be conveyed as utopia, dystopia, or pantheon.
Philosophers reveal the Real engulfing the ego in a comparatively unfamiliar and defamiliarizing space, and the subject's dystonic feelings of confrontation. The geographical self as described in human geography, or alternatively the "makanthropos" as described by Schopenhauer, feels Cartesian anxiety, a confusion of certainty in reason, from the experience of this formless void.
Resistance
An impasse is the resistance between the real and the imaginary that affects the therapeutic alliance, wherein the client is at odds with the Transcendent Function of the therapist's mind as mediation to the Symbolic Order by way of the Signifier-as-God (i.e., discrepancy). Analysis reveals the kernel at the core of the Real through resistance. The finite ego resists the unconscious's infinite lattice of signifiers.
Passe
Lacan gave the name passe to the analysand's dualistic experience of uncertainty, becoming eclipsed and challenged by a subjective confrontation, that gives way to a feeling of certainty with the Real, e.g. in the temptation of Christ or the desolation of saints; it is "the moment of crisis in a speaking cure in which all subjectivity, the last imaginary residue [of the ego], all self-love falls away" and is replaced by acceptance from the analyst.
Michael Eigen states that a paradox of faith comes from subject-attacking-object (such as in Jung's Answer to Job). The Real, as analogized as an aporia in experience or an encompassing black hole of reality, relates to the Jungian archetype of the Death Mother, the shadow of the Mother archetype, articulated in Neumann's The Great Mother.
The becoming produced under therapy sessions can lead to an ineffable and oceanic experience of the Thing (White interpreting Bion, Eigen, Ogden); the analyst in the Bion school seeks to be an empty container, or empty subject of the void, of the client's projections.
God as the real
Lerner states that Spinoza's God may be interpreted as the real, with the attribute of Thought as the symbolic.
Interpretations of the real
With Muller, psychosis has no word-thing symbolic mediation: figurative communications function as reified Real objects (e.g., projective identification and bizarre objects). Marriott states that foreclosure is directly connected to ressentiment. Brenner cites Laurent, claiming autistic foreclosure leads to Real castration through manifesting a synthetic mOther (The Death of the Author or barring the subject), as opposed to Symbolic castration within an organic nomos; this existential crisis could theoretically lead to the emergence of a schizoid personality style (dissociation, isolation, and intellectualization); q.v., enantiodromia. Under autistic foreclosure, the autistic subject is un-barred, wherein the signifier feels Real (q.v., synesthesia).
Leeb conjectures that Theodor W. Adorno's concept of the non-identical and Lacan's Real fall under immanent critique.
In schizoanalysis
In critical overviews of the work of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, the Real has been identified, particularly in readings of A Thousand Plateaus, as the plane of defamiliarized and deterritorialized empty signifiers that approach the uncanny valley, destroyed signs of an imploding gaze, and a-temporal semiotic black holes of faciality. In both the construction and destruction of the "face", a system that "brings together a despotic wall of interconnected signifiers and passional black holes of subjective absorption", there is a split in subjectivity and a confrontation with the Real. The uncanny, the plane of empty signifiers, is found in relations between intersections of the interior-self and exterior-Other, a "return of the repressed" as an eternal return of the path of the objet petit a that disturbs familiarity and further deterritorializes the subject.
Guattari, who throughout the development of his philosophy was critical of Lacan, wrote in the 1979 essay "Logos or Abstract Machines?" that:
When the monad-soul finds inner stability, the autopoietic objet petit a does not lead to introjection (oral stage) nor projection (anal stage): this state is the body without organs, a virtuality of becoming within the plane of immanence. The real is a diagrammatic virtuality of reality (or Nature), onticly surpassing all regimes of signs by the merging of content and expression in the body without organs.
Modalities of the real in Žižek
Slavoj Žižek divides the gist of the Lacanian Real into "three modalities":<ref>{{cite journal
| last1 = Luque
| first1 = Juan Luis Pérez de
| date = August 2013
| title = Lovecraft, Reality, and the Real: A Žižekian Approach
| url = A Žižekian Approach
| journal = Lovecraft Annual
| issue = 7
| pages = 187–203
| jstor = 26868476
| access-date = 2022-01-16
| quote = Žižek...divides the Real into three different categories, which coincide with the imaginary/real/symbolic division: 'There are thus THREE modalities[...]the 'real Real'[...]'symbolic Real'[...]'imaginary Real'[...]On Belief 82’’}}</ref>
The "symbolic Real" (Phallus): signifier of signification, Lacan's impossible "Other of the Other"
symbolic historicity (Clotho) perpetually quilting the chain of signifiers (Lachesis) with a new master signifier (Atropos); i.e., dialectically ideological narrative-punctuation (hermeneutic circle/monad): when kairos castrates the logos with the Real.
The "imaginary Real" (Objet petit a): Lewis states that real-traces of each signifier are rendered intelligible through the no-image signified
a parallax-ic ego-split, deriving an ego-ideal object (a '), creating a poetic-real mental image of horror and terror, deriving the uncanny: méconnaissance.
The "real Real" (Event): a semiotic negative-image object (e.g., woodblock printing), neither symbolic signifier nor imaginary signified
a fissure of the Symbolic; an absence-of-absence (~~p); a reified psychological projection, sublimated as a Thing (viz., transference-object, analysand, identification, and nondualism).
Lewis states that the real-of-the-symbolic is the letter (referenced in Lacan's schemas), and the real-of-the-imaginary is objet petit a.
Žižek cites, as literary examples of the Real which he identifies as "the primordial abyss which swallows everything, dissolving all identities", the eldritch experience of Pip in the ocean in Herman Melville's Moby-Dick, regression and the repetition compulsion of characterological desire in death drive within Poe's Maelström, and the climax of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness where Kurtz is in the throes of death. Meanwhile, in his use of film analysis, Žižek states that the real Real can be found in The Full Monty and surreptitiously in The Sound of Music''.
Glyn Daly also provided a further elaboration of Žižek's three modalities through his pre-established examples from pop culture:
The real Real is the hard limit that functions as the horrifying Thing (the Alien, Medusa's head, maelstrom and so on) - a shattering force of negation. The symbolic Real refers to the anonymous symbols and codes (scientific formulae, digitalisation, empty signifiers...) that function in an indifferent manner as the abstract "texture" onto which, or out of which, reality is constituted. In The Matrix, for example, the symbolic Real is given expression at the point where Neo perceives "reality" in terms of the abstract streams of digital output. In the contemporary world, Žižek argues that it is capital itself that provides this essential backdrop to our reality and as such represents the symbolic Real of our age. With the "imaginary real" we have precisely the (unsustainable) dimension of fantasmatic excess-negation that is explored in Flatliners. This is why cyberspace is such an ambiguous imaginary realm.
Notable figures
See also
Notes
Further reading
External links
Chronology of Jacques Lacan
The Seminars of Jacques Lacan
An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis - Dylan Evans
Psychoanalytic terminology
Jacques Lacan
Post-structuralism
Structuralism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Real |
Três Ranchos is a municipality in south Goiás state, Brazil.
Location
Três Ranchos is located in the statistical micro-region of Catalão See Citybrazil and is bordered by:
North: Ouvidor
East: Paranaíba River
South: Catalão and once again by the Paranaíba
West: Catalão.
Highway Connections
It is connected to the important city of Catalão by highway GO-230, passing through Ouvidor. The distance to Catalão is 28 km.
The distance to Goiânia is 383 km. Highway connections are made by BR-352 / Bela Vista de Goiás / Cristianópolis / GO-020 / Pires do Rio / BR-352 / GO-330 / Ipameri / Catalão / GO-330 / BR-352. See Distancias Rodoviarias Sepin
There is also a small airport and two ferries that connect with the state of Minas Gerais crossing the artificial lake of Emborcação.
History
Três Ranchos began as a port in 1887 on the Paranaíba River and as a place where diamonds were found. The name comes from three houses, really huts, that served as a resting place for the cattle drivers who passed through the region. With the railroad the settlement grew until it was raised to the category of district in Catalão in 1948. In 1953 it was dismembered becoming a municipality with the name Paranaíba de Goiás. Shortly after the old name Três Ranchos was restored.
Political Information
Mayor: Nivaldo da Silva Aguiar (January 2005)
City council: 09 members
Eligible voters: 2,843 (December/2007)
Demographics
Population density: 10.15 inhabitants/km2 (2007)
Urban population: 2,528 (2007)
Rural population: 334 (2007)
Population growth: a gain of about 1,000 people since 1980
The economy
The economy is based on tourism, subsistence agriculture, cattle raising, services, public administration, and small transformation industries.
Industrial units: 2 (2007)
Commercial units: 44 (2007)
Hotels: 3 (2007)
Cattle herd: 13,700 head (2,400 milk cows) (2006)
Poultry: 31,300 head (2006)
Main crops: rice, beans, manioc, corn (200 hectares), and soybeans (500 hectares).
Agricultural data 2006
Farms: 112
Total area: 3,048 ha.
Area of permanent crops: 25 ha.
Area of perennial crops: 176 ha.
Area of natural pasture: 2,497 ha.
Area of woodland and forests: 222 ha.
Persons dependent on farming: 270
Farms with tractors: 4
Number of tractors: 4
Cattle herd: 13,000 head
Education (2006)
Schools: 2
Classrooms: 22
Teachers: 39
Students: 767
Higher education: none
Adult literacy rate: 90.2% (2000) (national average was 86.4%)
Health (2007)
Hospitals: 0
Hospital beds: 0
Ambulatory clinics: 1
Infant mortality rate: 14.32 (2000) (national average was 33.0)
Tourism
The Emborcação Reservoir, on the Paranaíba is famous for its blue color and is called Lago Azul. There are several tourist structures on the lake islands and on the banks, which help the local economy. The lake has a surface of 440 km2 and a maximum depth of 160 meters. It can be reached by taking highways BR-352, GO-330 and GO-208. The hydroelectric plant operated by Cemig is located near the dam, which is 30 kilometers from Três Ranchos. See Pousada3ranchos for information on the city (in Portuguese).
Climate
The climate is considered moist tropical with two well defined seasons: dry winter and rainy summer, with a maximum temperature between 18 °C and 23 °C. After the formation of the lake, according to data, the days have become hotter with the maximum going higher than 30 °C.
Municipal Human Development Index
MHDI: 0.787
State ranking: 17 (out of 242 municipalities in 2000)
National ranking: 873 (out of 5,507 municipalities in 2000) See Frigoletto.com
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Catalão Microregion
Microregions of Goiás
References
Frigoletto
Distancias Rodoviarias Sepin
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%AAs%20Ranchos |
The Imaginary (or Imaginary Order) is one of three terms in the psychoanalytic perspective of Jacques Lacan, along with the Symbolic and the Real. Each of the three terms emerged gradually over time, undergoing an evolution in Lacan's own development of thought. "Of these three terms, the 'imaginary' was the first to appear, well before the Rome Report of 1953…[when the] notion of the 'symbolic' came to the forefront." Indeed, looking back at his intellectual development from the vantage point of the 1970s, Lacan epitomised it as follows:
"I began with the Imaginary, I then had to chew on the story of the Symbolic ... and I finished by putting out for you this famous Real."
Accordingly, as Hoens and Puth (2004) express, "Lacan's work is often divided into three periods: the Imaginary (1936–1953), the Symbolic (1953–1963), and the Real (1963–1981)." Regarding the former, "Lacan regarded the 'imago' as the proper study of psychology and identification as the fundamental psychical process. The imaginary was then the…dimension of images, conscious or unconscious, perceived or imagined." It would be in the decade or two following his 1936 delivery of Le stade du miroir at Marienbad that Lacan's concept of the Imaginary was most fully articulated.
The Imaginary Order
The basis of the Imaginary order is the formation of the ego in the "mirror stage." By articulating the ego in this way, "the category of the imaginary provides the theoretical basis for a long-standing polemic against ego-psychology" on Lacan's part. Since the ego is formed by identifying with the counterpart or specular image, "identification" is an important aspect of the imaginary. The relationship, whereby the ego is constituted by identification, is a locus of "alienation,"—another feature of the imaginary—and is fundamentally narcissistic: thus Lacan wrote of "the different phases of imaginary, narcissistic, specular identification – the three adjectives are equivalent," which make up the ego's history.
If "the Imaginary, the Symbolic and the Real are an unholy trinity whose members could as easily be called Fraud, Absence and Impossibility," then the Imaginary, a realm of surface appearances which are inherently deceptive, is "Fraud."
The Fragmented Body
For Lacan, the driving-force behind the creation of the ego as mirror-image was the prior experience of the phantasy of the fragmented body. "Lacan was not a Kleinian, though he was the first in France…to decipher and praise her work," but "the threatening and regressive phantasy of 'the body-in-pieces'…is explicitly related by Lacan to Melanie Klein's paranoid position." Klein's "specific phantasy…that something inside the person is seeking to pull him apart and render him dead by dismemberment" fuelled for Lacan "the succession of phantasies that extends from a fragmented body-image…to the assumption of the armour of an alienating identity"—to the ego as other-identification, as "fraud."
The Symbolic
With the increasing prominence of the Symbolic in Lacan's thought after 1953, the Imaginary becomes viewed in a rather different light, as structured by the symbolic order. It is still the case that "the body in pieces finds its unity in the image of the other…[or] its own specular image" but no longer does "analysis consist in the imaginary realisation of the subject…to make it well-rounded, this ego, to ... have definitely integrated all its disjointed fragmentary states, its scattered limbs, its pregenital phases, its partial drives." Instead, "one finds a guide beyond the imaginary, on the level of the symbolic plane."
It also became apparent that the imaginary involves a linguistic dimension: whereas the signifier is the foundation of the symbolic, the "signified" and "signification" belong to the imaginary. Thus language has both symbolic and imaginary aspects: "words themselves can undergo symbolic lesions and accomplish imaginary acts of which the patient is the subject.…In this way, speech may become an imaginary, or even real object."
To the Lacan of the fifties, "the entire analytic experience unfolds, at the joint of the imaginary and the symbolic", with the latter as the central key to growth: "the goal in analysing neurotics is to eliminate the interference in symbolic relations created by imaginary relations…dissipating imaginary identifications." The Imaginary was the problem, the Symbolic the answer, so that "an entire segment of the analytic experience is nothing other than the exploration of blind alleys of imaginary experience". Thus it is "in the disintegration of the imaginary unity constituted by the ego that the subject finds the signifying material of his symptoms", the "identity crisis…[when] the false-self system disintegrates."
In the late Lacan
Just as the early predominance of the Imaginary was eclipsed after the Rome Report, so too by the end of the Sixties, the Symbolic would be overshadowed by the Real, as from "this point on, Lacan downplays the Oedipus complex, seen as a mythical – and so imaginarized – version of unconscious organization."
Nevertheless, Lacan could still claim that the "objective of my teaching…is to dissociate…what belongs to the imaginary and…what belongs to the symbolic." In the Borromean knots, he considered he had found a possible topological counterpart to the interconnections of Imaginary, Symbolic, and Real. "Lacan's seminar was at times now little more than a silent demonstration of the properties of the interlocking knots which illustrated the imbrication of the real, the symbolic and the imaginary."
French culture
Use of "the adjective [imaginary] as a noun can…be traced to the works of the novelist André Gide…[and] was probably given greater currency by [Sartre's] L'Imaginaire." In Lacan's hands, the Imaginary came close to being an omnivorously colonising interpretive machine: thus René Girard regretted that "To the Lacanian, whatever I call mimetic must correspond to…'capturé par l'imaginaire.'"
With the post-Lacanian fissiparous tendencies of his "schools", the term can perhaps return to the general culture, as when the philosopher Gilles Deleuze (1972) defines the imaginary "by games of mirroring, of duplication, of reversed identification and projection, always in the mode of the double," or when Cornelius Castoriadis defines the imaginary as the capacity humans have to create other forms of individual and social existence.
See also
Imaginary (sociology)
Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses, an influential essay by Louis Althusser, who draws upon Lacan's 'Imaginary' and 'mirror stage', among other notions, to develop a theory of ideology.
Notes
References
The Seminars of Jacques Lacan
An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis – Dylan Evans
Alain Vanier, Lacan (2000)
External links
Chronology of Jacques Lacan
Psychoanalytic terminology
Jacques Lacan
Post-structuralism
Structuralism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Imaginary%20%28psychoanalysis%29 |
Daniel, Dan, or Danny Taylor may refer to:
Sportspeople
Dan Taylor (shot putter) (born 1982), American shot putter
Dan Taylor (cricketer) (1887–1957), South African cricketer
Dan Taylor (footballer, born 1993), English footballer
Dan Taylor (Australian footballer) (1922–2005), Australian rules footballer
Dan Taylor (rodeo) (1923–2010), rodeo calf-roper
Danny Taylor (footballer) (born 1991), English footballer
Danny Taylor (ice hockey) (born 1986), British ice hockey goaltender
Danny Taylor (baseball) (1900–1972), American baseball player
Danny Taylor (rower), Irish Olympic rower and New Zealand university administrator
Others
Daniel C. Taylor (born 1945), American scholar and practitioner of social change
Daniel Taylor (Baptist pastor) (1738–1816), founder of the New Connexion of General Baptists
Daniel Taylor (countertenor) (born 1969), Canadian countertenor
Daniel Taylor (environmentalist) (born 1938), American nature protection specialist (California, Hawaii)
Daniel Taylor (painter) (born 1955), Canadian painter
Daniel Taylor (politician) (1825–1889), Irish Liberal Member of Parliament for Coleraine 1874–1880
Daniel Taylor (writer) (born 1948), Christian writer and academic
Daniel G. Taylor (1819–1878), mayor of St. Louis, Missouri
Danny Gordon Taylor, visual effects supervisor
Daniel Taylor (actor), English comedy actor
Daniel Taylor (journalist), British football journalist
Fictional characters
Dan Taylor, character in the film American Empire
Captain Dan Taylor, a character in the game The House of the Dead III
Danny Taylor (Without a Trace), a fictional character on the CBS television crime drama
Lieutenant Dan Taylor, a fictional character from the book and film Forrest Gump | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Taylor |
The Hill is the colloquial name for the location of various academic buildings on the University of Tennessee, Knoxville's campus. It comprises the oldest part of the university, and is located at the eastern side of the campus. There are two concentric roads around the Hill. University buildings ring both routes, with Ayres Hall located at the apex. The sweeping lawn in front of Ayres Hall that drops to Cumberland Avenue is one of the largest open spaces on the campus. Programmatically, the Hill is populated primarily by engineering and science programs. Other university programs, as well as the dormitories and administrative headquarters, are located west of the Hill.
Along with Neyland Stadium and the Torchbearer statue and eternal flame, the Hill is one of the most recognizable symbols of the university.
The Hill was originally known as Barbara Hill, in honor of the daughter of Governor William Blount. Thomas Jefferson had previously recommended that the college relocate from its confining single building on State Street in downtown Knoxville to a site where it could spread out. In the Summer of 1826, the trustees of what was then known as East Tennessee College explored the location west of the city and soon purchased it for $600. While excavating to construct the first buildings on the site, they found two forgotten graves of early settlers who had died before Knoxville had a cemetery. By the Fall of 1828, East Tennessee College had relocated to the new site. During the American Civil War (1861–1864) the Hill was a fortified position southeast of Fort Sanders known as Fort Byington. It played a key role during the Siege of Knoxville.
References
University of Tennessee campus
Tennessee in the American Civil War
University and college academic buildings in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hill%2C%20Knoxville |
Annular dark-field imaging is a method of mapping samples in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). These images are formed by collecting scattered electrons with an annular dark-field detector.
Conventional TEM dark-field imaging uses an objective aperture in order to only collect scattered electrons that pass through. In contrast, STEM dark-field imaging does not use an aperture to differentiate the scattered electrons from the main beam, but uses an annular detector to collect only the scattered electrons. Consequently, the contrast mechanisms are different between conventional dark field imaging and STEM dark field.
An annular dark field detector collects electrons from an annulus around the beam, sampling far more scattered electrons than can pass through an objective aperture. This gives an advantage in terms of signal collection efficiency and allows the main beam to pass to an electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) detector, allowing both types of measurement to be performed simultaneously. Annular dark field imaging is also commonly performed in parallel with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy acquisition and can be also done in parallel to bright-field (STEM) imaging.
HAADF
High-angle annular dark-field imaging (HAADF) is an STEM technique which produces an annular dark field image formed by very high angle, incoherently scattered electrons (Rutherford scattered from the nucleus of the atoms) — as opposed to Bragg scattered electrons. This technique is highly sensitive to variations in the atomic number of atoms in the sample (Z-contrast images).
For elements with a higher Z, more electrons are scattered at higher angles due to greater electrostatic interactions between the nucleus and electron beam. Because of this, the HAADF detector senses a greater signal from atoms with a higher Z, causing them to appear brighter in the resulting image.
This high dependence on Z (with contrast approximately proportional to Z2) makes HAADF a useful way to easily identify small areas of an element with a high Z in a matrix of material with a lower Z. With this in mind, a common application for HAADF is in heterogeneous catalysis research, as determination of the size of metal particles and their distribution is extremely important.
Resolution
Image resolution in HAADF STEM is very high and predominately determined by the size of the electron probe, which in turn depends on the ability to correct the aberrations of the objective lens, in particular the spherical aberration. The high resolution gives it an advantage over the detection of back scattered electrons (BSE), which can also be used to detect materials with a high Z in a matrix of material with a lower Z.
Microscope Specifications
HAADF imaging typically uses electrons scattered at an angle of >5° (Rutherford scattered electrons). For imaging on a TEM/STEM, optimum HAADF imaging is provided by TEM/STEM systems with a large maximum diffraction angle and small minimum camera length. Both of these factors allow for greater separation between Bragg and Rutherford scattered electrons.
The large maximum diffraction angle is necessary to account for materials that show Bragg scattering at high angles, such as many crystalline materials. The high maximum diffraction angle allows for good separation between Bragg and Rutherford scattered electrons, therefore it is important for the maximum diffraction angle of the microscope to be as large as possible for use with HAADF.
A small camera length is needed for the Rutherford scattered electrons to hit the detector, while avoiding the detection of Bragg scattered electrons. A small camera length will cause most of the Bragg scattered electrons to fall on the bright field detector with the transmitted electrons, leaving only the high angle scattered electrons to fall on the dark field detector.
See also
Transmission electron microscopy
Scanning transmission electron microscopy
Dark field microscopy
References
Electron microscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annular%20dark-field%20imaging |
The Cambodian campaign (also known as the Cambodian incursion and the Cambodian liberation) was a series of military operations conducted in eastern Cambodia in mid-1970 by South Vietnam and the United States as an expansion of the Vietnam War and the Cambodian Civil War. Thirteen operations were conducted by the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) between April 29 and July 22 and by U.S. forces between May 1 and June 30, 1970.
The objective of the campaign was the defeat of the approximately 40,000 troops of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the Viet Cong (VC) in the eastern border regions of Cambodia. Cambodian neutrality and military weakness made its territory a safe zone where PAVN/VC forces could establish bases for operations over the border. With the US shifting toward a policy of Vietnamization and withdrawal, it sought to shore up the South Vietnamese government by eliminating the cross-border threat.
A change in the Cambodian government allowed an opportunity to destroy the bases in 1970, when Prince Norodom Sihanouk was deposed and replaced by pro-U.S. General Lon Nol. A series of South Vietnamese–Khmer Republic operations captured several towns, but the PAVN/VC military and political leadership narrowly escaped the cordon. The operation was partly a response to a PAVN offensive on March 29 against the Cambodian Army that captured large parts of eastern Cambodia in the wake of these operations. Allied military operations failed to eliminate many PAVN/VC troops or to capture their elusive headquarters, known as the Central Office for South Vietnam (COSVN) as they had left a month earlier, but the haul of captured materiel in Cambodia prompted claims of success.
Preliminaries
Background
The PAVN had been utilizing large sections of relatively unpopulated eastern Cambodia as sanctuaries into which they could withdraw from the struggle in South Vietnam to rest and reorganize without being attacked. These base areas were also utilized by the PAVN and VC to store weapons and other material that had been transported on a large scale into the region on the Sihanouk Trail. PAVN forces had begun moving through Cambodian territory as early as 1963.
Cambodian neutrality had already been violated by South Vietnamese forces in pursuit of political-military factions opposed to the regime of Ngô Đình Diệm in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In 1966, Prince Norodom Sihanouk, ruler of Cambodia, convinced of eventual communist victory in Southeast Asia and fearful for the future of his rule, had concluded an agreement with the People's Republic of China which allowed the establishment of permanent communist bases on Cambodian soil and the use of the Cambodian port of Sihanoukville for resupply.
During 1968, Cambodia's indigenous communist movement, labeled Khmer Rouge (Red Khmers) by Sihanouk, began an insurgency to overthrow the government. While they received very limited material help from the North Vietnamese at the time (the Hanoi government had no incentive to overthrow Sihanouk, since it was satisfied with his continued "neutrality"), they were able to shelter their forces in areas controlled by PAVN/VC troops.
The US government was aware of these activities in Cambodia, but refrained from taking overt military action within Cambodia in hopes of convincing the mercurial Sihanouk to alter his position. To accomplish this, President Lyndon B. Johnson authorized covert cross-border reconnaissance operations conducted by the secret Studies and Observations Group in order to gather intelligence on PAVN/VC activities in the border regions (Project Vesuvius).
Menu, coup and North Vietnamese offensive
The new commander of the US Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), General Creighton W. Abrams, recommended to President Richard M. Nixon shortly after Nixon's inauguration that the Cambodian base areas be bombed by B-52 Stratofortress bombers. Nixon initially refused, but the breaking point came with the launching of PAVN's Tet 1969 Offensive in South Vietnam. Nixon, angered at what he perceived as a violation of the "agreement" with Hanoi after the cessation of the bombing of North Vietnam, authorized the covert air campaign. The first mission of Operation Menu was dispatched on March 18 and by the time it was completed 14 months later more than 3,000 sorties had been flown and 108,000 tons of bombs had been dropped on eastern Cambodia.
While Sihanouk was abroad in France for a rest cure in January 1970, government-sponsored anti-Vietnamese demonstrations were held throughout Cambodia. Continued unrest spurred Prime Minister/Defense Minister Lon Nol to close the port of Sihanoukville to communist supplies and to issue an ultimatum on March 12 to the North Vietnamese to withdraw their forces from Cambodia within 72 hours. The prince, outraged that his "modus vivendi" with the communists had been disturbed, immediately arranged for a trip to Moscow and Beijing in an attempt to gain their agreement to apply pressure on Hanoi to restrain its forces in Cambodia.
National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger wrote in his memoirs that "historians rarely do justice to the psychological stress on a policy-maker", noting that by early 1970 President Nixon was feeling very much besieged and inclined to lash out against a world he was believed was plotting his downfall. Nixon had vowed to end the Vietnam War by November 1, 1969 and failed to do so while in the fall of 1969 he had seen two of his nominations to the Supreme Court rejected by the Senate. Nixon had taken the rejection of his nominations to the Supreme Court as personal humiliations, which he was constantly brooding over. In February 1970, the "secret war" in Laos was revealed, much to his displeasure.
Kissinger had denied in a press statement that any Americans had been killed fighting in Laos, only for it to emerge two days later that 27 Americans had been killed fighting in Laos. As a result, Nixon's public approval ratings fell by 11 points, causing him to refuse to see Kissinger for the next week. Nixon had hoped that when Kissinger secretly met Lê Đức Thọ in Paris in February 1970 that this might lead to a breakthrough in the negotiations and was disappointed that proved not to be so.
Nixon had become obsessed with the film Patton, a biographical portrayal of controversial General George S. Patton, Jr., which he kept watching over and over again, seeing how the film presented Patton as a solitary and misunderstood genius whom the world did not appreciate, a parallel to himself. Nixon told his chief of staff, H.R. Haldeman, that he and the rest of his staff should see Patton and be more like the subject of the film. Feeling that events were not working in his favor, Nixon sought some bold, audacious action that might turn his fortunes around.
In particular, Nixon believed that a spectacular military action that would prove "we are still serious about our commitment in Vietnam" might force the North Vietnamese to conclude the Paris peace talks in a manner satisfactory to American interests. In 1969, Nixon had pulled out 25,000 U.S. troops from South Vietnam and was planning to pull out 150,000 in the near future. The first withdrawal of 1969 had led to an increase in PAVN/VC activities in the Saigon area, and General Abrams had warned Nixon that to pull out another 150,000 troops without eliminating the PAVN/VC bases over the border in Cambodia would create an untenable military situation. Even before the coup against Sihanouk, Nixon was inclined to invade Cambodia.
On March 18, the Cambodian National Assembly removed Sihanouk and named Lon Nol as provisional head of state. Sihanouk was in Moscow, having a discussion with the Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin, who had to inform him mid-way in the conversation that he had just been deposed. In response, Sihanouk immediately established a government-in-exile in Beijing allying himself with North Vietnam, the Khmer Rouge, the VC and the Laotian Pathet Lao. In doing so, Sihanouk lent his name and popularity in the rural areas of Cambodia to a movement over which he had little control.
Sihanouk was revered by the Khmer peasantry as a god-like figure and his endorsement of the Khmer Rouge had immediate effects in rural areas (Silhanouk was less popular in the more educated urban areas of Cambodia). The reverence for the royal family was such that after the coup Lon Nol went to the Royal Palace, knelt at the feet of the queen mother Sisowath Kossamak and asked for her forgiveness for deposing her son. In the rural town of Kampong Cham, farmers enraged that their beloved ruler had been overthrown lynched one of Lon Nol's brothers, cut out his liver, cooked it and ate it to symbolize their contempt for the brother of the man who overthrew Sihanouk, who was viewed as the rightful once and future king.
Sihanouk was enraged by the vulgar media attacks by Lon Nol against himself and his family, saying in interview with Stanley Karnow in 1981 that despite the fact that the Khmer Rouge slaughtered much of the royal family including several of his children he still had no regrets about allying himself with the Khmer Rouge in 1970. His voice raising in fury, Sihanouk told Karnow: "I had to avenge myself against Lon Nol. He was my minister, my officer and he betrayed me". Sihanouk left Moscow for Beijing, where he was greeted warmly by Zhou Enlai, who assured him that China still recognized him as the legitimate leader of Cambodia, and would back his efforts at restoration.
Sihanouk went on Chinese radio to appeal to his people to overthrow Lon Nol, whom he depicted as a puppet of the Americans. Lon Nol was an intense Khmer nationalist, who detested the Vietnamese, the ancient archenemies of the Khmer nation. Like many other Khmer nationalists, Lon Nol had not forgotten the southern half of Vietnam was part of the Khmer empire until the 18th century nor had he forgiven the Vietnamese for conquering an area that historically was part of Cambodia.
Though Cambodia had a weak army, Lon Nol had given Hanoi 48 hours to pull its forces out of Cambodia and began the hasty training of 60,000 volunteers to fight the PAVN/VC. By late March 1970, Cambodia had descended into anarchy as Karnow noted: "Rival Cambodian gangs were hacking each other to pieces, in some instances celebrating their prowess by eating the hearts and livers of their victims."
The North Vietnamese response was swift; they began directly supplying large amounts of weapons and advisors to the Khmer Rouge and Cambodia plunged into civil war. Lon Nol saw Cambodia's population of 400,000 ethnic Vietnamese as possible hostages to prevent PAVN attacks and ordered their roundup and internment. Cambodian soldiers and civilians then unleashed a reign of terror, murdering thousands of Vietnamese civilians. Lon Nol encouraged pogroms against the Vietnamese minority and the Cambodian police took the lead in organizing the pogroms.
On 15 April for example, 800 Vietnamese men were rounded up at the village of Churi Changwar, tied together, executed, and their bodies dumped into the Mekong River. They then floated downstream into South Vietnam. Cambodia's actions were denounced by both the North and South Vietnamese governments. The massacres of Cambodia's Vietnamese minority greatly enraged people in both Vietnams. Even before the supply conduit through Sihanoukville was shut down, PAVN had begun expanding its logistical system from southeastern Laos (the Ho Chi Minh trail) into northeastern Cambodia.
Nixon was taken by surprise by the events in Cambodia, saying at a National Security Council meeting: "What the hell do those clowns do out there in Langley [CIA]?". The day after the coup, Nixon ordered Kissinger: "I want Helms [the CIA director] to develop and implement a plan for maximum assistance to pro-U.S. elements in Cambodia". The CIA began to fly in arms for the Lon Nol regime, through the Secretary of State William P. Rogers told the media about Cambodia on March 23, 1970 "We don't anticipate that any request will be made". Realizing that he had lost control of the situation, Lon Nol did a volte-face and suddenly declared Cambodia's "strict neutrality".
On March 29, 1970 the PAVN launched an offensive (Campaign X) against the Cambodian Khmer National Armed Forces (FANK), quickly seizing large portions of the eastern and northeastern parts of the country, isolating and besieging or overrunning a number of Cambodian cities including Kampong Cham. Documents uncovered from the Soviet archives revealed that the offensive was launched at the explicit request of the Khmer Rouge following negotiations with Nuon Chea. In early-April South Vietnamese Vice President Nguyễn Cao Kỳ twice visited Lon Nol in Phnom Penh for secret meetings to reestablish diplomatic relations between the two countries and agree on military cooperation. On April 14, 1970, Lon Nol appealed for help, saying that Cambodia was on the verge of losing its independence.
On April 17 the Khmer Republic announced that North Vietnam was invading Cambodia and appealed for assistance in countering North Vietnamese aggression. The U.S. responding immediately, delivering 6,000 captured AK-47 rifles to the FANK and transporting 3–4,000 ethnic Cambodian Civilian Irregular Defense Group program (CIDG) troops to Phnom Penh. On April 20 the PAVN overran Snuol, on April 23 they seized Memot, on April 24 they attacked Kep and on April 26 they began firing on shipping along the Mekong River, attacked Chhloung District northeast of Phnom Penh and captured Ang Tassom, northwest of Takéo. After defeating the FANK forces, the PAVN turned the newly won territories over to local insurgents. The Khmer Rouge also established "liberated" areas in the south and the southwestern parts of the country, where they operated independently of the North Vietnamese.
Planning
In mid-April 1970 Abrams and Chief of the South Vietnamese Joint General Staff (JGS) General Cao Văn Viên discussed the possibility of attacking the Cambodian base areas. Cao passed on these discussions to South Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu who verbally ordered the JGS to instruct ARVN III Corps to liaise with MACV for operations in Cambodia. In late April Thiệu sent a secret directive instructing the JGS to conduct operations in Cambodia to a depth of from the border. By April 1970, the PAVN/Khmer Rouge offensive in Cambodia was going well and they had taken all five of Cambodia's northeastern provinces and Kissinger predicated to Nixon that the Lon Nol regime would not survive 1970 on its own.
In response to events in Cambodia, Nixon believed that there were distinct possibilities for a U.S. response. With Sihanouk gone, conditions were ripe for strong measures against the base areas. He was also adamant that some action be taken to support "The only government in Cambodia in the last twenty-five years that had the guts to take a pro-Western stand." As the poorly-trained FANK went from defeat after defeat, Nixon was afraid that Cambodia would "go down the drain" if he did not take action.
Nixon then solicited proposals for actions from the Joint Chiefs of Staff and MACV, who presented him with a series of options: a naval quarantine of the Cambodian coast; the launching of South Vietnamese and American airstrikes; the expansion of hot pursuit across the border by ARVN forces; or a ground invasion by ARVN, U.S. forces, or both.
Nixon went to Honolulu to offer his congratulations to the Apollo 13 astronauts who had survived a malfunction on their spacecraft and while there, met the Commander in Chief, Pacific Command, Admiral John S. McCain Jr., who was the sort of aggressive, pugnacious military man he admired the most. McCain drew for Nixon a map of Cambodia that depicted the bloody claws of a red Chinese dragon clutching half of the country and advised Nixon that action was needed now. Impressed by Admiral McCain's performance, Nixon brought him back to his house in San Clemente, California to repeat it for Kissinger who was unimpressed. Kissinger was upset that Thọ had temporarily ended their secret meetings in Paris and shared Nixon's inclinations to lash out against an enemy. Kissinger regarded Thọ like all Vietnamese as "insolent".
During a televised address on April 20, Nixon announced the withdrawal of 150,200 U.S. troops from South Vietnam during the year as part of the Vietnamization program. This planned withdrawal implied restrictions on any offensive U.S. action in Cambodia. By early 1970, MACV still maintained 330,648 U.S. Army and 55,039 Marine Corps troops in South Vietnam, most of whom were concentrated in 81 infantry and tank battalions.
On April 22 Nixon authorized the planning of a South Vietnamese incursion into the Parrot's Beak (named for its perceived shape on a map), believing that "Giving the South Vietnamese an operation of their own would be a major boost to their morale as well as provide a practical demonstration of the success of Vietnamization." At the meeting of April 22, both Rogers and the Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird proposed waiting to see if the Lon Nol regime could manage to survive on its own. Kissinger took an aggressive line, favoring having the ARVN invade Cambodia with American air support.
The Vice President, Spiro Agnew, the most hawkish member of Nixon's cabinet, forcefully told Nixon to avoid "pussyfooting" around and invade Cambodia with American troops. On April 23, Rogers testified before the House Appropriations Subcommittee that "the administration had no intentions...to escalate the war. We recognize that if we escalate and get involved in Cambodia with our ground troops that our whole program [Vietnamization] is defeated."
Nixon then authorized Abrams to begin planning for a U.S. operation in the Fishhook region. A preliminary operational plan had actually been completed in March, but was kept so tightly under wraps that when Abrams handed over the task to Lieutenant general Michael S. Davison, commander of II Field Force, Vietnam, he was not informed about the previous planning and started a new one from scratch. Seventy-two hours later, Davison's plan was submitted to the White House. Kissinger asked one of his aides to review it on April 26, and the National Security Council staffer was appalled by its "sloppiness".
The main problems were the pressure of time and Nixon's desire for secrecy. The Southeast Asia monsoon, whose heavy rains would hamper operations, was only two months away. By the order of Nixon, the State Department did not notify the Cambodian desk at the US Embassy, Saigon, the Phnom Penh embassy, or Lon Nol of the planning. Operational security was as tight as General Abrams could make it. There was to be no prior U.S. logistical build-up in the border regions which might serve as a signal to the communists. U.S. brigade commanders were informed only a week in advance of the offensive, while battalion commanders got only two or three days' notice.
Decisions
Not all of the members of the administration agreed that an invasion of Cambodia was either militarily or politically expedient. Laird and Rogers were both opposed to any such operation due to their belief that it would engender intense domestic opposition in the U.S. and that it might possibly derail the ongoing peace negotiations in Paris (they had both opposed the Menu bombings for the same reasons). Both were castigated by Henry Kissinger for their "bureaucratic foot-dragging." As a result, Laird was bypassed by the Joint Chiefs in advising the White House on planning and preparations for the Cambodian operation.
Through relations between Laird and Kissinger were unfriendly, the latter felt that it was not proper for the Defense Secretary to be unaware that a major offensive was about to be launched. Laird advised Kissinger not to inform Rogers, who was due to testify before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, whose chairman, J. William Fulbright, was an opponent of the war. Laird wanted Rogers to honesty say he was unaware of plans to invade Cambodia to avoid having him indicted for perjury.
Once Laird learned that Nixon was determined "to do something", he suggest only invading the "Parrot's Beak" area with ARVN forces. Nixon in his 1978 memoirs wrote this recommendation was "the most pusillanimous little nitpicker I ever saw". Nixon had decided to go for "the big play" for "all the marbles" since he anticipated "a hell of an uproar at home" regardless of what he did. Lon Nol was not informed in advance that American and South Vietnamese forces were about to enter his nation.
On the evening of April 25 Nixon dined with his friend Bebe Rebozo and Kissinger. Afterward, they screened Patton, which Nixon had seen five times previously. Kissinger later commented that "When he was pressed to the wall, his [Nixon's] romantic streak surfaced and he would see himself as a beleaguered military commander in the tradition of Patton." The following evening, Nixon decided that "We would go for broke" and gave his authorization for the incursion.
The joint U.S./ARVN campaign would begin on May 1 with the stated goals of reducing allied casualties in South Vietnam, assuring the continued withdrawal of U.S. forces, and enhancing the U.S./Saigon government position at the peace negotiations in Paris. The task of providing a legal justification was assigned to William Rehnquist, the assistant attorney general, who wrote a legal brief saying in times of war the president had the right to deploy troops "in conflict with foreign powers at their own initiative".
Nixon had testy relations with Congress, so he had Kissinger inform Senators John C. Stennis and Richard Russell Jr. of the plans to invade Cambodia. Both Stennis and Russell were conservative Southern Democrats who were chairmen of key committees and both were expected to approve of their invasion as indeed they did. In this way, Nixon could say he did inform at least some leaders of Congress about what was being planned. Congress as a body was kept uninformed of the planned invasion.
On April 29, press reports stated that ARVN troops had entered the "Parrot's Beak" area, leading to demands from anti-war senators and congressmen that the president should promise no American troops would be involved, only for the White House to say the president would be giving a speech the next day. Nixon ordered Patrick Buchanan, his speechwriter, to start composing a speech to justify the invasion.
Nixon speaks
In order to keep the campaign as low-key as possible, Abrams had suggested that the commencement of the incursion be routinely announced from Saigon. At 21:00 on 30 April, however, Nixon appeared on all three U.S. television networks to announce that "It is not our power but our will and character that is being tested tonight" and that "the time has come for action." Nixon's speech began 90 minutes after American troops entered the "Fishhook" area. He announced his decision to launch American forces into Cambodia with the special objective of capturing COSVN, "the headquarters of the entire communist military operation in South Vietnam."
Nixon's speech on national television on April 30, 1970 was called "vintage Nixon" by Kissinger. Nixon announced that nothing less than America's status as a world power was at stake, saying he had spurned "all political considerations", as he maintained he rather be a one-term president than "be a two-term president at the cost of seeing America become a second-rate power".
Nixon stated: "If, when the chips are down, the world's most powerful nation, the United States of America, acts like a pitiful helpless giant, then the forces of totalitarianism and anarchy will threaten free nations and free institutions throughout the world". Karnow wrote that Nixon could have presented the invasion as a relatively minor operation designed to speed up the withdrawal of American forces from South Vietnam by eliminating PAVN/VC bases, but instead by presenting the invasion as necessary to maintain America as a world power made it sound like a far bigger operation than what it really was.
On May 1, 1970, Nixon visited the Pentagon where he received the news that 194 PAVN/VC troops had been killed since the previous day, most by air strikes. Upon seeing a map, Nixon noticed there other PAVN/VC sanctuaries besides the "Parrot's Beak" and the "Fishhook. When Nixon asked if they were being invaded as well, he was told that Congress might object. His response was: "Let me be the judge as far as the political reactions are concerned. Knock them all out so they can't be used against us again Ever".
Lon Nol learned of the invasion when an American diplomat told him, who had in turn learned about it from a Voice of America radio broadcast. Kissinger sent his deputy, Alexander Haig, to Phnon Penh to meet Lon Nol. Dressed in battle fatigues, Haig refused to share any information with the U.S. embassy staff, instead meeting Lon Nol alone. Lon Nol complained that the invasion had not helped as it only pushed the PAVN/VC forces deeper into Cambodia and broke down in tears when Haig told him that the Americans would be withdrawing from Cambodia in June.
Operations
Escape of the Provisional Revolutionary Government
Planning for any eventuality the North Vietnamese started planning emergency evacuation routes in the event of a coordinated assault by Cambodians from the west and South Vietnamese from the east. After the Cambodian coup, COSVN was evacuated on 19 March 1970. While the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (PRG) and PAVN/VC bases were preparing to also move to the north and safety they came under aerial bombardment from B-52 bombers on 27 March. As laid out by the evacuation plans General Hoàng Văn Thái planned to have three divisions to cover the escape. The 9th Division would block any movement from the ARVN, the VC 5th Division would screen any FANK forces and the 7th Division would provide security to the civilian and military members of the PAVN/VC bases.
Moving across the border in Cambodia on 30 March, elements of the PRG and VC were surrounded in their bunkers by ARVN forces flown in by helicopter. Surrounded, they waited until nightfall and then with security provided by the 7th Division they broke out of the encirclement and fled north to unite with the COSVN in Kratie Province in what would come to be known as the "Escape of the Provisional Revolutionary Government". Trương Như Tảng, then Minister of Justice in the PRG, recounts that the march to the northern bases was a succession of forced marches, broken up by B-52 bombing raids.
Years later Trương would recall just how "Close [South Vietnamese] were to annihilating or capturing the core of the Southern resistance – elite units of our frontline fighters along with the civilian and much of the military leadership". After many days of hard marches the PRG reached the northern bases, and relative safety, in the Kratie region. Casualties were light and the march even saw the birth of a baby to Dương Quỳnh Hoa, the deputy minister of health in the PRG. The column needed many days to recover and Trương himself would require weeks to recover from the long march.
The Angel's Wing – Operation Toan Thang 41
On 14 April ARVN III Corps units launched a three-day operation into the "Angel's Wing" area of Svay Rieng Province called Operation Toan Thang (Complete Victory) 41. Mounted by two ARVN armor-infantry task forces, the units began their advance at 08:00 on 14 April. One task force met heavy resistance and killed 182 PAVN and captured 30 for the loss of seven killed. The next day the task forces skirmished with PAVN/VC and uncovered food and material caches and claimed 175 PAVN killed and one captured for losses of one killed. On 16 April, the task forces began their withdrawal, returning to South Vietnam by 12:10 on 17 April. Total PAVN losses, according to the ARVN, were 415 killed or captured and over 100 weapons captured. ARVN losses were 8 killed and one Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) A-1H Skyraider shot down. Documents captured during the operation and prisoner interrogations revealed that the area was the base for the PAVN 271st Regiment, 9th Division and other support units.
The Crow's Nest – Operation Cuu Long/SD9/06
On 20 April, elements of the ARVN 9th Infantry Division attacked into Cambodia west of the "Crow's Nest" in Operation Cuu Long/SD9/06. The ARVN claimed 187 PAVN/VC killed and over 1,000 weapons captured for a cost of 24 killed. Thirty CH-47 sorties were flown to remove captured weapons and ammunition before it was decided to destroy the remainder in situ. The ARVN force returned to South Vietnam on 23 April.
On 28 April, Kien Tuong Province Regional Forces with support from the 9th Division attacked into the "Crow's Nest" again in a two-day operation, reportedly killing 43 PAVN/VC and capturing two for the loss of two killed. During the same period the Regional Forces also raided northwest of Kampong Rou District killing 43 PAVN/VC and capturing 88 for the loss of 2 killed.
On 27 April, an ARVN Ranger battalion advanced into Kandal Province to destroy a PAVN/VC base. Four days later other South Vietnamese troops drove 16 kilometers into Cambodian territory. On 20 April, 2,000 ARVN troops advanced into the Parrot's Beak, killing 144 PAVN troops. On 22 April, Nixon authorized American air support for the South Vietnamese operations. All of these incursions into Cambodian territory were simply reconnaissance missions in preparation for a larger-scale effort being planned by MACV and its ARVN counterparts, subject to authorization by Nixon.
The Parrot's Beak – Operation Toan Thang 42
On 30 April ARVN forces launched Operation Toan Thang 42 (Total Victory), also labeled Operation Rock Crusher. 12 ARVN battalions of approximately 8,700 troops (two armored cavalry squadrons from III Corps and two from the 25th and 5th Infantry Divisions, an infantry regiment from the 25th Infantry Division, and three Ranger battalions and an attached ARVN Armored Cavalry Regiment from the 3rd Ranger Group) crossed into the Parrot's Beak region of Svay Rieng Province.
The offensive was under the command of Lieutenant General Đỗ Cao Trí, the commander of III Corps, who had a reputation as one of the most aggressive and competent ARVN generals. Tri's operation was to have begun on the 29th but Trí refused to budge, claiming that his astrologer had told him "the heavens were not auspicious". During their first two days in Cambodia, ARVN units had several sharp encounters with PAVN forces losing 16 killed while killing 84 PAVN and capturing 65 weapons. The PAVN, forewarned by previous ARVN incursions, however, conducted only delaying actions in order to allow the bulk of their forces to escape to the west.
Phase II of the operation began with the arrival of elements of IV Corps, consisting of the 9th Infantry Division, five armored cavalry squadrons and one Ranger group. Four tank-infantry task forces attacked into the Parrot's Beak from the south. After three days of operations, ARVN claimed 1,010 PAVN troops had been killed and 204 prisoners taken for the loss of 66 ARVN dead. On 3 May the III Corps and IV Corps units linked up and searched the area for supply caches.
Phase III began on 7 May with one ARVN task force engaging the PAVN north of Prasot killing 182 and capturing 8, while another task force found a 200-bed hospital. On 9 May the two task forces linked up southwest of Kampong Trach, crossed the Kompong Spean River and searched the area for supply caches until 11 May.
On 11 May Thiệu and Kỳ visited ARVN units in the field and Thiệu ordered III Corps to clear Route 1 and be prepared to relieve Kampong Trach in order to facilitate the evacuation of Vietnamese civilians from Phnom Penh. On 13 May Trí launched Phase IV, moving all three III Corps task forces west along Route 1 from Svay Rieng to meet up with IV Corps forces at Kampong Trabaek. To replace the departing units, Tây Ninh Province Regional Force units were moved into the area. On 14 May the task forces killed 74 PAVN/VC and captured 76. On 21 May a task force killed 9 PAVN and captured 26 from the PAVN 27th Regiment, 9th Division. By 22 May Route 1 was considered secured.
On 23 May III Corps began Phase V to relieve Kampong Cham, headquarters of FANK's Military Region I, which had been under siege by the PAVN 9th Division, which had occupied the Chup rubber plantation northeast of the city and had begun bombarding the city from there. Two task forces moved along Routes 7 from Krek and 15 from Prey Veng to converge on the Chup plantation. The ARVN 7th Airborne Battalion engaged PAVN forces outside of Krek killing 26 and capturing 16. On 25 May armored and Ranger units clashed with the PAVN south of Route 7. On 28 May one task force engaged a PAVN unit killing 73 while the other task force located various supply caches. As the task forces converged on the Chup plantation heavy fighting began which continued until 1 June.
Meanwhile, on 25 May Tây Ninh Province RF units and CIDG forces engaged PAVN/VC forces in the Angel's Wing area killing 38 and capturing 21. On 29 May a task force was sent to assist in the Angel's Wing area. PAVN/VC anti-aircraft fire was particularly heavy, downing one RVNAF A-1H, one USAF F-100 Super Sabre and one U.S. Army AH-1 Cobra gunship.
On 3 June the ARVN began rotating units for rest and refit, withdrawing from around Kampong Cham to Krek. The PAVN quickly moved back into the area and renewed their siege of the city. On 19 June Thiệu ordered III Corps to relieve Kampong Cham once again and on 21 June three task forces moved towards Chup along Route 7 from Krek. By 27 June the PAVN had left the Chup area. On 29 June Task Force 318 was engaged by a PAVN force on Route 15 and the ARVN killed 165 PAVN for losses of 34 killed and 24 missing.
Results for the operation were 3,588 PAVN/VC killed or captured and 1,891 individual and 478 crew-served weapons captured.
The Fishhook – Operations Toan Thang 43-6/Rock Crusher
On 1 May an even larger operation, in parallel with Toan Thang 42, known by the ARVN as Operation Toan Thang 43 and by MACV as Operation Rock Crusher, got underway as 36 B-52s dropped 774 tons of bombs along the southern edge of the Fishhook. This was followed by an hour of massed artillery fire and another hour of strikes by tactical fighter-bombers. At 10:00, the 1st Cavalry Division, the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment (11th ACR), the ARVN 1st Armored Cavalry Regiment and the ARVN 3rd Airborne Brigade then entered Kampong Cham Province. Known as Task Force Shoemaker (after General Robert M. Shoemaker, the Assistant Division Commander of the 1st Cavalry Division), the force attacked the PAVN/VC stronghold with 10,000 U.S. and 5,000 South Vietnamese troops. The operation utilized mechanized infantry and armored units to drive deep into the province where they would then link up with ARVN airborne and U.S. airmobile units that had been lifted in by helicopter.
Opposition to the incursion was expected to be heavy, but PAVN/VC forces had begun moving westward two days before the advance began. By 3 May, MACV reported only eight Americans killed and 32 wounded, low casualties for such a large operation. There was only scattered and sporadic contact with delaying forces such as that experienced by elements of the 11th ACR three kilometers inside Cambodia. PAVN troops opened fire with small arms and rockets only to be blasted by tank fire and tactical airstrikes. When the smoke had cleared, 50 dead PAVN soldiers were counted on the battlefield while only two U.S. troops were killed during the action.
The North Vietnamese had ample notice of the impending attack. A 17 March directive from the headquarters of the B-3 Front, captured during the incursion, ordered PAVN/VC forces to "break away and avoid shooting back...Our purpose is to conserve forces as much as we can". The only surprised party amongst the participants in the incursion seemed to be Lon Nol, who had been informed by neither Washington nor Saigon concerning the impending invasion of his country. He only discovered the fact after a telephone conversation with the U.S. Ambassador, who had found out about it himself from a radio broadcast.
The only conventional battle fought by American troops occurred on 1 May at Snuol, the terminus of the Sihanouk Trail at the junction of Routes 7, 13 and 131. Elements of the 11th ACR and supporting helicopters came under PAVN fire while approaching the town and its airfield. When a massed American attack was met by heavy resistance, the Americans backed off, called in air support and blasted the town for two days, reducing it to rubble. During the action, Brigadier general Donn A. Starry, commander of the 11th ACR, was wounded by grenade fragments and evacuated.
On the following day, Company C, 1st Battalion (Airmobile), 5th Cavalry Regiment, entered what came to be known as "The City", southwest of Snoul. The two-square mile PAVN complex contained over 400 thatched huts, storage sheds, and bunkers, each of which was packed with food, weapons and ammunition. There were truck repair facilities, hospitals, a lumber yard, 18 mess halls, a pig farm and even a swimming pool.
The one thing that was not found was COSVN. On 1 May a tape of Nixon's announcement of the incursion was played for Abrams, who according to Lewis Sorley "must have cringed" when he heard the President state that the capture of the headquarters was one of the major objectives of the operation.
MACV intelligence knew that the mobile and widely dispersed headquarters would be difficult to locate. In response to a White House query before the fact, MACV had replied that "major COSVN elements are dispersed over approximately 110 square kilometers of jungle" and that "the feasibility of capturing major elements appears remote".
After the first week of operations, additional battalion and brigade units were committed to the operation, so that between 6 and 24 May, a total of 90,000 Allied troops (including 33 U.S. maneuver battalions) were conducting operations inside Cambodia. Due to increasing political and domestic turbulence in the U.S., Nixon issued a directive on 7 May limiting the distance and duration of U.S. operations to a depth of and setting a deadline of 30 June for the withdrawal of all U.S. forces to South Vietnam. The final results for the operation were 3,190 PAVN/VC killed or captured and 4,693 individual and 731 crew-served weapons captured.
Operations Toan Thang 44, 45 and 46
On 6 May the U.S. 1st and 2nd Brigades, 25th Infantry Division, launched Operation Toan Thang 44 against Base Areas 353, 354 and 707 located north and northeast of Tây Ninh Province. Once again, a hunt for COSVN units was conducted, this time around the Cambodian town of Memot and, once again, the search was futile. On 7 May the 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment engaged a PAVN force killing 167 and capturing 28 weapons. On 11 May brigade units found a large food and material cache. The operation ended on 14 May. Results for the operation were 302 PAVN/VC killed or captured and 297 individual and 34 crew-served weapons captured. Another source states that the division killed 1,017 PAVN/VC troops while losing 119 of its own men killed.
Simultaneous with the launching of Toan Thang 44, two battalions of the U.S. 3rd Brigade, 9th Infantry Division, crossed the border 48 kilometers southwest of the Fishhook into an area known as the "Dog's Face" from 7 through 12 May. The only significant contact with PAVN forces took place near Chantrea District, where 51 PAVN were killed and another 21 were captured. During the operation, the brigade lost eight men killed and 22 wounded.
On 6 May the 2nd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, launched Operation Toan Thang 45 against Base Area 351 northwest of Bù Đốp District. On 7 May the Cavalry located a massive supply cache, nicknamed "Rock Island East" after the U.S. Army's Rock Island Arsenal in Illinois, the area contained more than 6.5 million rounds of anti-aircraft ammunition, 500,000 rifle rounds, thousands of rockets, several General Motors trucks, and large quantities of communications equipment.
A pioneer road was constructed to aid the evacuation of the captured weaponry. On 12 May the 5th Battalion, 12th Infantry Regiment, was attacked overnight by a PAVN force losing one killed while claiming 50 PAVN killed. The Cavalry continued searching for supply caches until returning to South Vietnam on 29 June. Results for the operation were 1,527 PAVN/VC killed or captured and 3,073 individual and 449 crew-served weapons captured.
Also on 6 May the ARVN 9th Regiment, 5th Infantry Division, launched Operation Toan Thang 46 against Base Area 350. On 25 May, after being engaged by a PAVN/VC force, the 9th Regiment discovered a 500-bed hospital. The Regiment continued searching for supply caches before starting a withdrawal towards Route 13 on 20 June, returning to South Vietnam on 30 June. Results for the operation were 79 PAVN/VC killed or captured and 325 individual and 41 crew-served weapons captured.
Operations Binh Tay I–III
In the II Corps area, Operation Binh Tay I (Operation Tame the West) was launched by the 1st and 2nd Brigades of the U.S. 4th Infantry Division and the ARVN 40th Infantry Regiment, 22nd Infantry Division against Base Area 702 (the traditional headquarters of the PAVN B-2 Front) in northeastern Cambodia from 5–25 May. Following airstrikes, the initial American forces, the 3rd Battalion, 506th Infantry (on loan from the 101st Airborne Division), assaulting via helicopter, were driven back by intense anti-aircraft fire. On 6 May following preparatory airstrikes the assault was resumed. Helicopters carrying the 3rd Battalion, 8th Infantry were met again by intense anti-aircraft fire and were diverted to an alternative landing zone, however only 60 men were landed before intense PAVN fire (which shot down one helicopter and damaged two others) shut down the landing zone, leaving them stranded and surrounded overnight.
On 7 May, the division's 2nd Brigade inserted its three battalions unopposed. On 10 May, Bravo Company, 3/506th Infantry, was ambushed by a much larger PAVN force in the Se San Valley. Eight U.S. soldiers were killed and 28 wounded, among those killed was Specialist Leslie Sabo, Jr. (posthumously promoted to Sergeant), who was recommended for the Medal of Honor, but the paperwork went missing until 1999. Sabo was awarded the Medal of Honor on 16 May 2012 by President Barack Obama.
After ten days the American troops returned to South Vietnam, leaving the area to the ARVN. Historian Shelby Stanton has noted that "there was a noted lack of aggressiveness" in the combat assault and that the division seemed to be "suffering from almost total combat paralysis." The operation ended on 25 May, U.S./ARVN losses were 43 killed while PAVN/VC losses were 212 killed and 7 captured and 859 individual and 20 crew-served weapons captured.
During Operation Binh Tay II, the ARVN 22nd Division moved against Base Area 701 from 14 to 27 May. No significant combat occurred but the ARVN killed 73 PAVN/VC and captured 6 and located supply caches containing 346 individual and 23 crew-served weapons, ammunition and medical supplies. The operation ended on 27 May.
Operation Binh Tay III, was carried out by ARVN forces between 20 May and 27 June when elements of the ARVN 23rd Division conducted operations against Base Area 740. During Phase 1 from 20 May to 3 June the ARVN killed 96 PAVN/VC and captured one while losing 29 killed. Phase 2 took place from 4 to 12 June with limited results. During Phase 3 from 19 to 27 June and resulted the ARVN killed 149 PAVN/VC and captured 3 and 581 individual and 85 crew-served weapons for the loss of 38 killed.
Operations Cuu Long I–III
On 9 May ARVN IV Corps launched Operation Cuu Long, in which ARVN ground forces, including mechanized and armored units, drove west and northwest up the eastern side of the Mekong River from 9 May to 1 July. A combined force of 110 Republic of Vietnam Navy and 30 U.S. vessels proceeded up the Mekong to Prey Veng, permitting IV Corps ground forces to move westward to Phnom Penh to aid ethnic Vietnamese seeking flight to South Vietnam. During these operations South Vietnamese and American naval forces evacuated about 35,000 Vietnamese from Cambodia. Those who did not wish to be repatriated were then forcibly expelled.
Surprisingly, North Vietnamese forces did not oppose the evacuation, though they could easily have done so. It was already too late for thousands of ethnic Vietnamese murdered by Cambodian persecution, but there were tens of thousands of Vietnamese still within the country who could be evacuated to safety. Thiệu arranged with Lon Nol to repatriate as many as were willing to leave. The new relationship did not, however, prevent the Cambodian government from stripping the Vietnamese of their homes and other personal property before they left.
Subsequent operations conducted by IV Corps included Operation Cuu Long II (16–24 May), which continued actions along the western side of the Mekong. Lon Nol had requested that the ARVN help in the retaking of Kampong Speu, a town along Route 4 southwest of Phnom Penh and inside Cambodia. A 4,000-man ARVN armored task force linked up with FANK troops and then retook the town. Operation Cuu Long III (24 May – 30 June) was an evolution of the previous operations after U.S. forces had left Cambodia.
Operation Cuu Long II was initiated by IV Corps on 16 May to assist the FANK in restoring security around Takéo. ARVN forces committed included the 9th and 21st Infantry Divisions, 4th Armor Brigade, 4th Ranger Group and the Châu Đốc Province Regional Forces. The weeklong operation resulted in 613 PAVN/VC killed and 52 captured and 792 individual and 84 crew-served weapons captured. ARVN losses were 36 killed. Operations continued under the name Operation Cuu Long III starting 25 May in the same area with the same forces less the 21st Division which had returned to South Vietnam. While the PAVN/VC generally avoided contact, the ARVN located 3,500 weapons in a storage area.
Evacuation of Ratanakiri – Operation Binh Tay IV
In late June the FANK asked the U.S. and South Vietnam for assistance in evacuating two isolated garrisons at Ba Kev and Labang Siek in Ratanakiri Province. On 21 June the ARVN 22nd Division was given the mission of facilitating the evacuation of the bases. On 23 June the division moved to Đức Cơ Camp and was organized into four task forces which would then advance west along Route 19 to Ba Kev, protected by U.S. air cavalry units.
The FANK units at Labang Siek would then move east along Route 19 to Ba Kev and would then be flown or trucked to Đức Cơ across the border to South Vietnam. The operation began on 25 June and was successfully completed by 27 June with 7,571 FANK troops, their dependents and refugees evacuated. ARVN losses were 2 killed while PAVN losses were 6 killed and 2 weapons captured.
Air support and logistics
Aerial operations for the incursion got off to a slow start. Reconnaissance flights over the operational area were restricted since MACV believed that they might serve as a signal of intention. The role of the United States Air Force (USAF) in the planning for the incursion itself was minimal at best, in part to preserve the secrecy of Menu which was then considered an overture to the thrust across the border.
On 17 April, Abrams requested that Nixon approve Operation Patio, covert tactical airstrikes in support of MACV-SOG reconnaissance elements in Cambodia. This authorization was given, allowing U.S. aircraft to penetrate into northeastern Cambodia. This boundary was extended to along the entire frontier on 25 April. Patio was terminated on 18 May after 156 sorties had been flown. The last Menu mission was flown on 26 May.
During the incursion itself, U.S. and ARVN ground units were supported by 9,878 aerial sorties (6,012 USAF/2,966 RVNAF), an average of 210 per day. During operations in the Fishhook, for example, the USAF flew 3,047 sorties and the RVNAF 332. These tactical airstrikes were supplemented by 653 B-52 missions in the border regions (71 supporting Binh Tay operations, 559 for Toan Thang operations and 23 for Cuu Long).
30 May saw the inauguration of Operation Freedom Deal (named as of 6 June), a continuous U.S. aerial interdiction campaign conducted in Cambodia. These missions were limited to a depth of 48 kilometers between the South Vietnamese border and the Mekong River. Within two months, however, the limit of the operational area was extended past the Mekong and U.S. tactical aircraft were soon directly supporting Cambodian forces in the field. These missions were officially denied by the U.S. and false coordinates were given in official reports to hide their existence. Defense Department records indicated that out of more than 8,000 combat sorties flown in Cambodia between July 1970 and February 1971, approximately 40 percent were flown outside the authorized boundary.
The real struggle for the U.S. and ARVN forces in Cambodia was the effort at keeping their units supplied. Once again, the need for security before the operations and the rapidity with which units were transferred to the border regions precluded detailed planning and preparation. Abrams was fortunate, had the PAVN/VC fought for the sanctuaries instead of fleeing, U.S. and ARVN units would have rapidly consumed their available supplies. This situation was exacerbated by the poor road network in the border regions and the possibility of ambush for nighttime road convoys demanded that deliveries only take place during daylight.
The tempo of logistical troops could be mind numbing. The U.S. Third Ordnance Battalion for example, loaded up to 150 flatbed trucks per day with ammunition. Logisticians were issuing more than 2,300 short tons (almost five million pounds) of supplies every day to support the incursion. Aerial resupply, therefore, became the chief method of logistical replenishment for the forward units. Military engineers and aviators were kept in constant motion throughout the incursion zone.
Due to the rapid pace of operations, deployment, and redeployment, coordination of artillery units and their fires became a worrisome quandary during the operations. This was made even more problematic by the confusion generated by the lack of adequate communications systems between the rapidly advancing units. The joint nature of the operation added another level of complexity to the already overstretched communications network. Regardless, due to the ability of U.S. logisticians to innovate and improvise, supplies of food, water, ammunition, and spare parts arrived at their destinations without any shortages hampering combat operations and the communications system, although complicated, functioned well enough during the short duration of U.S. operations.
Aftermath
The North Vietnamese response to the incursion was to avoid contact with allied forces and, if possible, to fall back westward and regroup. PAVN/VC forces were well aware of the planned attack and many COSVN/B-3 Front military units were already far to the north and west conducting operations against the Cambodians when the offensive began. During 1969 PAVN logistical units had already begun the largest expansion of the Ho Chi Minh trail conducted during the entire conflict.
As a response to the loss of their Cambodian supply route, PAVN forces seized the Laotian towns of Attopeu and Saravane during the year, pushing what had been a corridor to a width of and opening the entire length of the Kong River system into Cambodia. A new logistical command, the 470th Transportation Group, was created to handle logistics in Cambodia and the new "Liberation Route" ran through Siem Pang and reached the Mekong at Stung Treng.
The majority of the PAVN/VC forces had withdrawn deeper into Cambodia before the invasion with a rearguard left to stage a fighting retreat to avoid charges of cowardice. PAVN/VC losses in manpower were minimal, but much equipment and arms were abandoned. The allied forces captured a vast haul of weapons and equipment and the for the rest of 1970 PAVN/VC activities in the Saigon area were notably reduced. However, by 1971 all of the weapons and equipment had been replaced while the PAVN/VC returned to their frontier bases in the summer of 1970 after the withdraw of the Americans in June 1970.
General Abrams was frustrated with the invasion, saying: "We need to go west from where we are, we need to go north and east from where we are. And we need to do it now. It's moving and-goddam, goddam". When one officer asked "Time to exploit?", Abrams replied: "Christ! It's so clear. Don't them pick up the pieces. Don't let them pick up the pieces. Just like the Germans. You give them 36 hours and, goddam it, you've got to start the war all over again".
As foreseen by Laird, fallout from the incursion was quick in coming on the campuses of America's universities, as protests erupted against what was perceived as an expansion of the conflict into yet another country. On 4 May the unrest escalated to violence when Ohio National Guardsmen shot and killed four unarmed students (two of whom were not protesters) during the Kent State shootings. Two days later, at the University at Buffalo, police wounded four more demonstrators. On 15 May city and state police killed two and wounded twelve at Jackson State College in Jackson, Mississippi.
Earlier, on 8 May 100,000 protesters had gathered in Washington and another 150,000 in San Francisco on only ten days notice. Nationwide, 30 ROTC buildings went up in flames or were bombed while 26 schools witnessed violent clashes between students and police. National Guard units were mobilized on 21 campuses in 16 states. The student strike spread nationwide, involving more than four million students and 450 universities, colleges and high schools in mostly peaceful protests and walkouts.
Simultaneously, public opinion polls during the second week of May showed that 50 percent of the American public approved of Nixon's actions. Fifty-eight percent blamed the students for what had occurred at Kent State. On both sides, emotions ran high. In one instance, in New York City on 8 May, pro-administration construction workers rioted and attacked demonstrating students. Such violence, however, was an aberration. Most demonstrations, both pro- and anti-war, were peaceful. On 20 May 100,000 construction workers, tradesmen, and office workers marched peacefully through New York City in support of Nixon's policies.
Reaction in the U.S. Congress to the incursion was also swift. Senators Frank F. Church (Democratic Party, Idaho) and John S. Cooper (Republican Party, Kentucky), proposed an amendment to the Foreign Military Sales Act of 1971 that would have cut off funding not only for U.S. ground operations and advisors in Cambodia, but would also have ended U.S. air support for Cambodian forces. On 30 June the U.S. Senate passed the act with the amendment included. The bill was defeated in the House of Representatives after U.S. forces were withdrawn from Cambodia as scheduled. The newly amended act did, however, rescind the Southeast Asia Resolution (better known as the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution) under which Presidents Johnson and Nixon had conducted military operations for seven years without a declaration of war.
The Cooper–Church Amendment was resurrected during the winter and incorporated into the Supplementary Foreign Assistance Act of 1970. This time the measure made it through both houses of Congress and became law on 22 December. As a result, all U.S. ground troops and advisors were barred from participating in military actions in Laos or Cambodia, while the air war being conducted in both countries by the USAF was ignored.
In June 1970 Thiệu met with Lon Nol, Prince Sirik Matak and Cheng Heng at Neak Loeung where the ARVN had established an operational base. On 27 June 1970 Thiệu gave a televised speech in which he outlined South Vietnam's Cambodia policy: (1) South Vietnamese forces would continue to operate on Cambodian territory after the withdrawal of U.S. forces to prevent the PAVN/VC from returning to their base areas; (2) South Vietnamese forces would continue to evacuate Vietnamese who wished to be repatriated; (3) The South Vietnamese government would support the Cambodian government in meeting PAVN/VC aggression; (4) future activities in Cambodia would be conducted without U.S. support; (5) the bulk of South Vietnamese forces would be withdrawn from Cambodia; and (6) the object of South Vietnamese actions was to improve South Vietnamese security and ensure the success of Vietnamization. The South Vietnamese military established a liaison office in Phnom Penh and monthly meetings of the JGS, FANK command and MACV were instituted.
South Vietnamese operations into the border areas of Cambodia continued. Operation Toan Thang 42 Phase VI was conducted along Routes 1 and 7 with limited success due to the onset of the rainy season. Operation Cuu Long 44-02 was conducted from 13 to 25 January 1971 to reopen Route 4 which had been closed by the PAVN 1st Division occupying the Pich Nil Pass (). The operation was successful with PAVN/Khmer Rouge losses of 211 killed while ARVN losses were 16 killed.
In mid-1971 the Cambodian government requested the abrogation of South Vietnam's zone of operations in Cambodia and the South Vietnamese agreed to reducing the zone to a depth of , which reflected the inability of the South Vietnamese to conduct deeper incursions without U.S. support. South Vietnam mounted its last major operation in Cambodia from 27 March to 2 April 1974 culminating in the Battle of Svay Rieng. Following that action the severe constraints on ARVN ammunition expenditures, fuel usage, and flying hours permitted no new initiatives.
Conclusion
Nixon proclaimed the incursion to be "the most successful military operation of the entire war." Abrams was of like mind, believing that time had been bought for the pacification of the South Vietnamese countryside and that U.S. and ARVN forces had been made safe from any attack out of Cambodia during 1971 and 1972. A "decent interval" had been obtained for the final American withdrawal. ARVN General Tran Dinh Tho was more skeptical:
John Shaw and other historians, military and civilian, have based the conclusions of their work on the incursion on the premise that the North Vietnamese logistical system in Cambodia had been so badly damaged that it was rendered ineffective. However this was only temporary as shown by the sustained PAVN attacks on An Loc supported out of Cambodia during the 1972 Easter Offensive.
The U.S. and ARVN claimed 11,369 PAVN/VC soldiers killed and 2,509 captured. The logistical haul discovered, removed, or destroyed in eastern Cambodia during the operations was indeed prodigious: 22,892 individual and 2,509 crew-served weapons; 7,000 to 8,000 tons of rice; 1,800 tons of ammunition (including 143,000 mortar shells, rockets and recoilless rifle rounds); 29 tons of communications equipment; 431 vehicles; and 55 tons of medical supplies. MACV intelligence estimated that PAVN/VC forces in southern Vietnam required 1,222 tons of all supplies each month to keep up a normal pace of operations.
The official PAVN history claims that from April to July they eliminated 40,000 enemy troops, destroyed 3,000 vehicles and 400 artillery pieces and captured 5,000 weapons, 113 vehicles, 1,570 tons of rice and 100 tons of medical supplies.
Due to the loss of its Cambodian supply system and continued aerial interdiction in Laos, MACV estimated that for every 2.5 tons of materiel sent south down the Ho Chi Minh trail, only one ton reached its destination. However, the true loss rate was probably only around ten percent. Due to lack of verifiable sources in North Vietnam, this figure is, at best, an estimate. The official PAVN history noted: Regardless, the PAVN's Group 559 successfully countered these efforts through camouflage tactics and the construction of thousands of kilometers of "bypass" roads to avoid choke points that frequently came under enemy attack. Per the same history, The USAF's best estimate for the same time period was that one-third of the total amount was destroyed in transit.
South Vietnamese forces had performed well during the incursion but their leadership was uneven. Trí proved a resourceful and inspiring commander, earning the sobriquet the "Patton of the Parrot's Beak" from the American media. Abrams also praised the skill of General Nguyễn Viết Thanh, commander of IV Corps and planner of the Parrot's Beak operation. Unfortunately for the South Vietnamese, both officers were killed in helicopter crashes, Thanh on 2 May in Cambodia and Trí in February 1971. Other ARVN commanders, however, had not performed as well. Even at this late date in the conflict, the appointment of ARVN general officers was prompted by political loyalty rather than professional competence.
As a test of Vietnamization, the incursion was praised by American generals and politicians alike, but the Vietnamese had not really performed alone. The participation of U.S. ground and air forces had precluded any such claim. When called on to conduct solo offensive operations during the incursion into Laos (Operation Lam Son 719) in 1971, the ARVN's continued weaknesses would become all too apparent.
The Cambodian government was not informed of the incursion until it was already under way. The Cambodian leadership however welcomed the intervention against PAVN bases and the resulting weakening of PAVN military capabilities. The leadership had hoped for permanent U.S. occupation of the PAVN sanctuaries because FANK and ARVN forces were unable to fill the vacuum in these territories following U.S. withdrawal and instead the PAVN and Khmer Rouge moved quickly to fill the void. It has been argued that the incursion heated up the civil war and helped the insurgent Khmer Rouge gather recruits to their cause.
References
Notes
Sources
Vietnam, July 1970 – January 1972
Vietnam, January 1969 – July 1970
MACV Command History 1970 Volume III
1970 in Cambodia
Cambodia–United States relations
Conflicts in 1970
Invasions by the United States
Invasions of Cambodia
Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1970
April 1970 events in Asia
May 1970 events in Asia
June 1970 events in Asia
July 1970 events in Asia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian%20campaign |
"No One Needs to Know" is a song co-written and recorded by Canadian country music artist Shania Twain. It was released in May 1996 as the sixth single from her second studio album The Woman in Me (1995). The song was written by Twain and Robert John "Mutt" Lange. The song became Twain's third consecutive number-one hit on country radio, and fourth overall. It spent one week at the top of the chart in July 1996. It was originally released to radio in May 1996. The song was also used in the 1996 film Twister and included on the soundtrack. Twain composed the song while working and performing at the Deerhurst Resort in Huntsville, Ontario, Canada.
Critical reception
Billboard reviewed the single favorably, calling it "an infectious concoction that boasts a lighter, fresher sound than her previous outings". They also stated that the "harmonica-accented production has a cool kind of retro feel" which "should help her sell a few more records".
Music video
The music video for "No One Needs to Know" was filmed in Spring Hill, Tennessee, and directed by Steven Goldmann. It was filmed on April 3, 1996, and released on May 15, 1996, on CMT. The video consists of Twain and a backing band playing at a rather large farm house, while a tornado (filmed by Charles Robertson) arrives, coinciding with the theme of the Twister movie. One version of the video contains scenes from the movie, while another, the 'Performance Only' version is just of Twain and the band. The 'Performance Only' version of the video is available on Twain's DVD The Platinum Collection. Both videos start with a brief "rehearsal", during which Twain gives instructions to the band, they play a few bars and Twain mixes up the lyrics.
Chart performance
"No One Needs to Know" debuted on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart the week of May 11, 1996, at number 62. The song spent 20 weeks on the chart and climbed to a peak position of number one on July 13, 1996, where it remained for one week. The single became Twain's fourth number-one single (third consecutive), fourth Top 10 single, and sixth consecutive Top 20 single. "No One Needs to Know" became Twain's fastest climbing single to reach number one when it did so in ten weeks, a record previously held by both "Any Man of Mine" and "You Win My Love" when they made number-one in eleven weeks.
Charts
Year-end charts
Notes
1996 singles
1995 songs
Shania Twain songs
Songs written by Robert John "Mutt" Lange
Song recordings produced by Robert John "Mutt" Lange
Songs written by Shania Twain
Mercury Records singles
Mercury Nashville singles
Music videos directed by Steven Goldmann | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20One%20Needs%20to%20Know |
Carbajales de Alba is a village and municipality located in the northwest of the province of Zamora in the autonomous community Castile-Leon of Spain. Carbajales' population is approximately 700.
Notable people
Pedro d'Alva y Astorga
External links
www.carbajales.com
References
Municipalities of the Province of Zamora | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbajales%20de%20Alba |
The Second New Deal is a term used by historians to characterize the second stage, 1935–36, of the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The most famous laws included the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act, the Banking Act, the Wagner National Labor Relations Act, the Public Utility Holding Companies Act, the Social Security Act, and the Wealth Tax Act.
In his address to Congress on 4 January 1935, Roosevelt called for five major goals: improved use of national resources, security against old age, unemployment and illness, and slum clearance, and a national work relief program (the Works Progress Administration) to replace direct relief efforts. It included programs to redistribute wealth, income, and power in favor of the poor, the old, farmers and labor unions. The most important programs included Social Security, the National Labor Relations Act ("Wagner Act"), the Banking Act of 1935, rural electrification, and breaking up utility holding companies. The Undistributed profits tax was only short-lived.
After trying since 1920, millions of organized World War veterans demanded their bonus. They never convinced FDR but New Deal liberals in Congress passed the Bonus Bill of $1.5 billion to 3 million veterans over FDR's veto.
Liberals strongly supported the new direction, and formed the long-term voter New Deal Coalition of union members, big city machines, the white South, and ethnic minorities to support it. In reaction, conservatives—typified by the American Liberty League—were strongly opposed but not as well organized at the grass roots. Big business took the lead in opposition. Few liberal programs were enacted after 1936; liberals generally lost control of Congress in 1938. Old programs continued for a while. Many were ended during World War II because unemployment was no longer a problem. These included the WPA, NYA and the Resettlement Administration. Social Security and the Wagner Act, however, survived.
Most of the major laws had been under consideration by New Dealers for years. However, agitators on the left, especially Huey Long of Louisiana, were gaining strength and may have forced Roosevelt's hand. Other historians point to the influence of millions of organized World War veterans who wanted their bonus.
See also
New Deal coalition
References
Further reading
Amenta, Edwin, Kathleen Dunleavy, and Mary Bernstein. "Stolen Thunder? Huey Long's" Share Our Wealth," Political Mediation, and the Second New Deal." American Sociological Review (1994): 678–702. in JSTOR
Best, Gary Dean. "Stuart Chase and the Second New Deal." in Peddling Panaceas ( Routledge, 2017) pp. 145–168.
Jeffries, John W. "A 'Third New Deal'? Liberal Policy and the American State, 1937-1945." Journal of Policy History 8.4 (1996): 387–409.
Kennedy, David M. Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945 (2001)
Leuchtenburg, William. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal: 1932-1940 (1963). online
Marty, Frédéric, and Thierry Kirat. "The late emerging consensus among American economists on Antitrust laws in the second New Deal (1935-1941)." in The late emerging consensus among American economists on Antitrust laws in the second New Deal (1935-1941) (2021): 11–51. online
Ortiz, Stephen R. Beyond the Bonus March and GI Bill: how veteran politics shaped the New Deal era (NYU Press, 2010).
.
Phillips-Fein, Kim. Invisible Hands: The Businessmen's Crusade Against the New Deal (2010) excerpt and text search
Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur Meier. The Politics of Upheaval: 1935-1936 (The Age of Roosevelt, Volume III) (1959), excerpt and text search
New Deal
United States economic policy
United States presidential domestic programs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20New%20Deal |
The MV Horizon was a cruise ship that sailed from 1990-2020, and was the first new build for Celebrity Cruises. She was sent for scrapping in Aliaga in 2022.
Service history
The vessel was ordered on April 28, 1988 at Meyer Werft by Chandris Cruises as a replacement for in the Chandris Fantasy fleet. However, upon the formation of Celebrity Cruises after an agreement with the government of Bermuda, it was transferred while under construction, and entered service for the new upscale brand.
The ship was significant as it was the first new build ordered by parent company Chandris and the new Celebrity brand, both of which only had operated second hand ships prior. The exterior of the ship was designed by Jon Bannenberg while the principal designers for the interiors were Athens based Michael Katsourakis, Patricia Hayes & Associates, and British Designer John McNeece.
The ship was christened by Myrto Chandris, the wife of company founder Dimitri Chandris, and was delivered on April 11, 1990. The ship was built for New York to Bermuda cruises sailing in tandem with the Meridian, calling at Hamilton and St. George's during the summer, and spent the winter sailing Caribbean cruises. The Horizon was joined by an identical sister ship, the Zenith, in 1992. The Horizon would continue the Bermuda routes, and would also be Celebrity's first ship to sail Alaska cruises.
The vessel's service with Celebrity ended after 15 years in September 2005, when it was transferred to Island Cruises a then subsidiary of Royal Caribbean. The ship underwent refits over the end of 2005 and the beginning of 2006 and was operating out of Palma de Mallorca in the Mediterranean Sea as Island Star in summer and from Caribbean in winter season of 2008. It advertised cruising as "relaxed, friendly, and informal".
On 6 October 2008, Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. (RCL), the owner of Island Star, sold their 50% interest in Island Cruises to First Choice Holidays. Island Star was reported to be transferred to the fleet of RCL's Spain-based subsidiary Pullmantur Cruises, although reports in May 2009 said that the ship would go to another Royal Caribbean company, CDF Croisières de France. Pictures in May 2009 showed the ship in Pullmantur Cruises colors and renamed Pacific Dream, although the trademark “X” of Celebrity Cruises, while painted-over, could still be seen. Horizon sailed European and Caribbean itineraries.
In November 2010, it was reported that Pacific Dream would be replacing their ship . She was renamed L'Horizon in 2012.
In late 2016, it was announced that the CDF Croisières de France brand was to be discontinued, with Horizon returning to the fleet of Pullmantur Cruises.
An anonymous crew member of the Horizon reported on 28 March 2020 that a member of the crew had tested positive for COVID-19 on 26 March 2020. With about 250 crew members and contractors aboard, the ship had docked at Port Rashid in Dubai on 15 March 2020, and the crew has been isolated and placed under lockdown.
In June 2020, as a result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, Pullmantur Cruises filed for financial reorganization under Spain's insolvency laws. The following month, Royal Caribbean International's CEO Richard Fain stated that Horizon, along with the other ships in Pullmantur's fleet, had been or will be sold. Since 18 August 2020, the ship was laid up in Elefsis Bay, Greece.
On 25 August 2022, the ship left Eleusis towed by the tugs Vernicos Sifnos and Christos XL towards Aliaga for scrapping.
Gallery
See also
List of cruise ships
References
External links
Horizon at CDF Croisières de France
Professional photographs from shipspotting.com
1989 ships
Ships built in Papenburg
Ships of Celebrity Cruises
Ships of Royal Caribbean International
Ships of Croisières de France Cruises | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV%20Horizon |
Vanspor FK, formerly Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor, is a Turkish professional football club based in Van, a city in eastern Turkey.
History
Van is now represented by Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor (founded in 1982), which gained promotion to the 3rd League (Fourth Level) for the 2006–07 season. Van Belediyespor changed their name to Belediye Vanspor and their colours from blue-white to black-red. This color combination was that of Vanspor's old colours. They promoted to 2nd League by finishing 1st in 1st Group of Third League in 2007–2008 season.
Previous names
Belediye Vanspor (1982–2014)
Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor (2014–2019)
Vanspor Futbol Kulübü (2019–present)
League history
TFF Second League: 2008–11, 2019–
TFF Third League: 2006–08, 2011–19
Amatör Futbol Ligleri: 1982–2006
Current squad
Other players under contract
References
External links
Official website
Twitter
Fan Site
Vanspor on TFF.org
Vanspor Haber / News
Football clubs in Turkey
Association football clubs established in 1982
1982 establishments in Turkey
Van, Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanspor%20FK |
Enicocephaloidea is a sole superfamily within the infraorder Enicocephalomorpha of the hemipteran suborder Heteroptera ("true bugs"). The group was formerly thought to be related to the Reduviidae because of similarities in head structure but they are now considered different enough from other Heteroptera to constitute a separate infraorder and represents a sister group of the Leptopodomorpha. They are predaceous and some species are known to swarm but little is known of their life history. A few species of enicocephalids are known to shed their wings before entering the surface of subsoil.
Notes
Heteroptera
Insect infraorders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enicocephaloidea |
Bhit Shah may refer to:
Bhit (also called Bhit Shah), Sindh, Pakistan, the town where the shrine of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, patron saint of Sindh, is located.
Bhit Shah Island, near Kiamari Town in Karachi, Sindh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhit%20Shah |
Resources of a Resource (ROR) is an XML format for describing the content of an internet resource or website in a generic fashion so this content can be better understood by search engines, spiders, web applications, etc. The ROR format provides several pre-defined terms for describing objects like sitemaps, products, events, reviews, jobs, classifieds, etc. The format can be extended with custom terms.
RORweb.com is the official website of ROR; the ROR format was created by AddMe.com as a way to help search engines better understand content and meaning. Similar concepts, like Google Sitemaps and Google Base, have also been developed since the introduction of the ROR format.
ROR objects are placed in an ROR feed called ror.xml. This file is typically located in the root directory of the resource or website it describes. When a search engine like Google or Yahoo searches the web to determine how to categorize content, the ROR feed allows the search engines "spider" to quickly identify all the content and attributes of the website.
This has three main benefits:
It allows the spider to correctly categorize the content of the website into its engine.
It allows the spider to extract very detailed information about the objects on a website (sitemaps, products, events, reviews, jobs, classifieds, etc.)
It allows the website owner to optimize his site for inclusion of its content into the search engines.
External links
RORweb.com
XML | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resources%20of%20a%20Resource |
Thomas Snow is a pianist, bandleader, composer, and educator from New England.
Biography
Tom Snow is a graduate from the New England Conservatory of Music (M.M. 2005) and the Berklee College of Music (B.M. 1991). Tom has studied improvisation and piano with Danilo Pérez, Michael Cain, and Jerry Bergonzi.
Tom has played with many jazz musicians including Dave Holland, Ken Peplowski, Greg Abate, Bruce Gertz, Larry Coryell, Nick Brignola, Phil Wilson, Mike Turk, Gray Sargent, John Lockwood, Dick Johnson, Herb Pomeroy, and Les DeMerle.
His career has included both traveling throughout Australia and the United States with Irish tenor John McNally and long-term engagements at the Ritz-Carlton Resort in Amelia Island, Florida, The Balsams Grand Resort Hotel, Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines, and the Mount Washington Hotel.
Tom Snow is also on faculty at Bates College and lives in Westbrook, Maine with his wife and two sons.
Discography
Solo albums
Friends
Christmas at Mast Cove
Some Other Time
Northern Standard Time (1997)
As leader
2001 Mast Cove Galleries (MCG 100201)
1997 Invisible Music (IM2003)
As session pianist:
Listening Post: The Ludington van Voorst Quartet, 2004
Engine One, Ladder Twenty Four
Dave Packard and Friends, 2002
The Dream's On Me Carol Jackson, 2001
Dames Rocket Kate Schrock, 2000 Kakelane 0400
CD Sampler Vol. 1 Jim Jose, 1999 Wrench Records, WR 108
Blues On My Back Troy Truner, 1999 Telarc, CD 83448
Amphora Mark Kleinhaut, 1999 Invisible Music, IM 2005
Scheme A Dream Every Sunday, 1998 Spaboop Music
Feel The Love Motor Booty Affair, 1997
Vegas Wig Publishing
Jazzin' Maine Christmas 1995 Invisible Music
Tracy Maclean and Friends Live at Crickets 1995 Malarkey Music
External links
Tom Snow's homepage; includes upcoming performances, reviews, booking/contact information, and testimonials
American male composers
21st-century American composers
American bandleaders
Bates College faculty
American music educators
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
New England Conservatory alumni
Berklee College of Music alumni
American male pianists
21st-century American pianists
21st-century American male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Snow%20%28pianist%29 |
The International School of Hamburg, known to the school community as ISH, is a private international school in the West of Hamburg. ISH combines the IPC (age 3-10), the IB Middle Years Programme (MYP) (age 11-16), the IB Career Related Programme (CP) (Age 16-19), and the IB Diploma Programme (age 17-19).
The International School of Hamburg was founded in 1957 as the first international school in Germany. ISH is a non-profit organization and remains the only Council of International Schools-accredited organisation in Hamburg. In 2010, ISH moved to its current, purpose-built campus, at Hemmingstedter Weg in Hamburg-Osdorf. An extensive expansion was built in 2015.
The school currently has a combined enrolment of approximately 760 students aged 3 to 19 from over 55 countries.
History and facilities
ISH was founded in 1957 as a British Army School with 50 students from 12 nations in the house of the U.S. Consul C. H. Timberlake. By 1959, the school moved to Waitzstrasse in Hamburg-Othmarschen with an enrollment of 360 students. ISH moved to Holmbrook in Othmarschen in 1973, and in 1978 it became an IB World School, offering the IB Diploma Programme and later on began offering the IB Career-Related Programme. In January 2010, ISH moved to its current, purpose-built campus, at Hemmingstedter Weg in Hamburg-Osdorf. An extensive expansion was built in 2015 including three state-of-the-art sports halls, fitness gym, outdoor soccer pitch, two outdoor playgrounds, a 400-seat auditorium and an extensive library. With 41,000sqm of school grounds and 19,000sqm of building ground surface, ISH possesses plenty of space for approximately 900 students. The architects have designed buildings that offer a quiet ambiance for the education of pupils of different nations and cultures.
ISH is the only school in Hamburg that offers the IPC, and was Hamburg's first school to offer the IB Middle Years Programme (MYP) in 2013.
Accreditations
The International School of Hamburg is an IPC School and an IB World School. It is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC) and the Council of International Schools (CIS).
ISH is an active member of the European Council of International Schools (ECIS) and the Northwest European Council of International Schools (NECIS). ISH is also a member of the Association of German International Schools (AGIS).
Extracurricular activities
The Extra-Curricular Activities Programme (ECAP) at ISH offers four strands of after-school student activities: Sports (Intramural & NECIS), Performing Arts, Visual Arts and Special Interests.
Sports: Intramural & NECIS: The intramural sports programme is designed for younger students (students in grades P1 to 4 who are too young to join the NECIS Sports programme); and for those older students (grades 5 to 12) who do not wish to commit to a NECIS team (or in addition to) but instead prefer to play recreational sports in a non-competitive environment.
Performing Arts at ISH is divided into Drama/Theatre, Music, and Dance.
The ISH Music Enrichment Programme (MEP), founded in 2004, offers music instruction, both individual and ensemble, on the school premises to students in grades 1 to 12, as well as individual and group instruction on the following instruments: violin, viola, cello, flute, clarinet, saxophone, trumpet, French horn, trombone, guitar, bass, piano, drums/percussion and voice.
A wide range of Special Interests include the Chess Club, The Yearbook Production Team, The Model United Nations and Debating Society, and more.
The Mother Tongue Programme supports students who cannot be provided with formal tuition in their mother tongue during school hours.
References
External links
Official ISH Website
International schools in Hamburg
Buildings and structures in Altona, Hamburg
International Baccalaureate schools in Germany
Educational institutions established in 1957
Private schools in Germany
1957 establishments in West Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20School%20of%20Hamburg |
The Symbolic (or Symbolic Order of the Borromean knot) is the order in the unconscious that gives rise to subjectivity and bridges intersubjectivity between two subjects; an example is Jacques Lacan's idea of desire as the desire of the Other, maintained by the Symbolic's subjectification of the Other into speech. In the later psychoanalytic theory of Lacan, it is linked by the sinthome to the Imaginary and the Real.
Overview
In Lacan's theory, the unconscious is the discourse of the Other and thus belongs to the Symbolic. It is also the realm of the Law that regulates desire in the Oedipus complex, and is determinant of subjectivity. A formative moment in the development of the Symbolic in a subject is the Other giving rise to the objet petit (a)utre, establishing lack, demand and need. However, when it becomes an empty signifier, psychosis, which Freud had failed to tackle in theory, develops from an unstable metonymic sliding of the signified (i.e., foreclosure). "The signifier", which in Lacan's theory is above the signified as opposed to Saussure's unity of signifier and signified, "is that which represents a subject for another signifier."
Early on, Lacan considered his attempt "to distinguish between those elementary registers whose grounding I later put forward in these terms: the symbolic, the imaginary, and the real" to be "a distinction never previously made in psychoanalysis", because Freud had not encountered semiotic ideas, but had encountered phenomena in case studies that warranted a semiotic understanding.
Quilting point
Lacan uses a French double entendre of nom (name) vs. non (no-no) to contextualize Freudian incest prohibition into a figurative, linguistic framework; the name-of-the-father (no-of-the-father) signifier quilts the lattice of signifiers with a "paternal metaphor", a master signifier that "double stitches" the meaning of the Symbolic Order over the Imaginary Order by establishing the Law, a prohibition of imaginary demand by supplanting symbolic desire.
The name-of-the-father is a "binary signifier" while the phallus is a "unary signifier".
History
Lacan's early work was centred on an exploration of the Imaginary, of those "specific images, which we refer to by the ancient term of imago.…it set out from their formative function in the subject." Therefore "the notion of the 'symbolic came to the forefront in the Rome Report [1953]…henceforth it is the symbolic, not the imaginary, that is seen to be the determining order of the subject."
Lacan's concept of the symbolic "owes much to a key event in the rise of structuralism…the publication of Claude Lévi-Strauss's Elementary Structures of Kinship in 1949.… In many ways, the symbolic is for Lacan an equivalent to Lévi-Strauss's order of culture:" a language-mediated order of culture. Therefore, "Man speaks…but it is because the symbol has made him man" which "superimposes the kingdom of culture on that of a nature."Accepting that "language is the basic social institution in the sense that all others presuppose language," Lacan found in Ferdinand de Saussure's linguistic division of the verbal sign between signifier and signified a new key to the Freudian understanding that "his therapeutic method was 'a talking cure.'"
Predominance of the idea
For a decade or so after the Rome Report, Lacan found in the concept of the Symbolic an answer to the neurotic problematic of the Imaginary: "It is the task of symbolism to forbid imaginary capture […] supremacy of the symbolic over the imaginary […] supremacy of the symbolic over the real." Accepting through Lévi-Strauss the anthropological premise that "man is indeed an 'animal symbolicum'", and that "the self-illumination of society through symbols is an essential part of social reality," Lacan made the leap to seeing "the Oedipus complex—in so far as we continue to recognise it as covering the whole field of our experience with its signification"—as the point whereby the weight of social reality was mediated to the developing child by the (symbolic) father: "It is in the name of the Father that we must recognize the support of the symbolic function which, from the dawn of history, has identified his person with the figure of the law."
The imaginary now came to be seen increasingly as belonging to the earlier, closed realm of the dual relationship of mother and child—"Melanie Klein describes the relation to the mother as a mirrored relationship […] [neglecting] the third term, the father"—to be broken up and opened to the wider symbolic order.
Lacan's shorthand for that wider world was the Other—"the big other, that is, the other of language, the Names-of-the-Father, signifiers or words [which] […] are public, communal property." But though it is an essentially linguistic dimension, Lacan does not simply equate the symbolic with language, since the latter is involved also in the Imaginary and the Real. The symbolic dimension of language is that of the signifier, in which elements have no positive existence but are constituted by virtue of their mutual differences.
Changes in the idea's meaning
With the increasing use of Lacanian theory in psychoanalysis in the Sixties, the Symbolic was seen more as an inseparable quality of the human condition, rather than as a register for a therapeutic cure-all. Lacan's critical attention began to shift instead to the concept of the Real, seen as "that over which the symbolic stumbles […] that which is lacking in the symbolic order, the ineliminable residue of all articulation […] the umbilical cord of the symbolic."
By the turn of the decade (1968–71), "Lacan gradually came to dismiss the Oedipus […] as 'Freud's dream'", despite his own earlier warning of the dangers if "one wishes to ignore the symbolic articulation that Freud discovered at the same time as the unconscious…his methodical reference to the Oedipus complex."
Whether his development of the concept of jouissance, or "the 'identification with the sinthome' (as the naming of one's Real) advocated in Lacan's last works as the aim of psychoanalysis," will in time prove as fruitful as that of the symbolic order perhaps remains to be seen. Part of Lacan's enduring legacy will surely however remain bound up with the triumphal exploration of the symbolic order that was the Rome Report: "Symbols in fact envelop the life of man in a network so total that they join together […] the shape of his destiny."
Notable figures
See also
Notes
External links
Chronology of Jacques Lacan
The Seminars of Jacques Lacan
Psychoanalytic terminology
Jacques Lacan
Post-structuralism
Structuralism
Philosophy of sexuality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Symbolic |
Dipsocoromorpha is an infraorder of insects in the order Hemiptera (true bugs) containing roughly 300 species, in one superfamily, Dipsocoroidea. The insects of this group live on the ground and in the leaf litter, though they can also be found in mangroves, low vegetation areas, and interstitial areas of streams.
Dipsocoromorpha contains some of the smallest adult true bugs, usually between 0.5 and 4.0 mm long. They are often characterized by having a long, whip like antennae, with a flattened and broad body. Many of these insects have long hairs on their antennae, as well. Dipsocoromorpha tend to be more abundant in the tropics.
Fossil records of Dipsocoromorpha date back to the Early Cretaceous period, but relatively few fossils have been well preserved, making it difficult to assess the Dipsocoromorpha’s place on the phylogenetic tree.
External links
Heteroptera
Protostome infraorders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipsocoromorpha |
El Degas or El Dégas was a Japanese label for acoustics and electric guitars built to resemble Gibson guitars, and other major guitar companies' designs and distributed by Buegeleisen & Jacobson of New York, New York.
External links
El Degas user reviews at Harmony Central
El Degas user forum
Guitar manufacturing companies
Musical instrument manufacturing companies of Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Degas%20guitars |
Baba and Bhit Islands () are two small and densely populated islands located in the Karachi Harbour, in Karachi, Pakistan. The approximate area of the islands is 4 km2 and the population is about 25,000. The islands are connected to Karachi via a ferry service to Keamari.
The islands, along with Shams Pir, are old fishing villages in the harbor which predate the formal establishment of Karachi. It is claimed that the two islands are over 400 years old. The ethnic groups in Baba & Bhit Islands include 90% Kutchi and 10% Sindhi. 100% of the population is Muslim. The local Kutchi fishermen refer to themselves as Morrio Pata. Villagers from these islands later helped settle Shams Pir.
See also
List of islands of Pakistan
References
External links
Karachi Website
Islanders — the silent sufferers - Daily Dawn
Neighbourhoods of Karachi
Islands of Sindh
Islands of Karachi
Kiamari Town | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba%20and%20Bhit%20Islands |
Chirundu, Zambia is a town in the Southern Province of Zambia at the border with Zimbabwe. It is the site of two road bridges across the Zambezi river, the Chirundu Bridges.
The Chirundu Petrified Forest is an area of fossil trees 21 km west of Chirundu, lying just south of the Chirundu-Lusaka road near the Kariba turn-off. It is a listed National Monument of Zambia.
Chirundu was the home to the local cult leader and faith healer Emmanuel Sadiki roughly from the year 1988 to 1989.
On the Zimbabwe side the township is also called Chirundu.
References
External links
https://www.tripadvisor.com/Tourism-g676296-Chirundu_Southern_Province-Vacations.html
https://www.lonelyplanet.com/zambia/chirundu
http://www.wildzambezi.com/locations/5/chirundu
Zambia–Zimbabwe border crossings
Zambezi River
Populated places in Southern Province, Zambia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirundu%2C%20Zambia |
Hans Beck (6 May 1929, Greiz – 30 January 2009, Markdorf) was the German inventor of Playmobil toys. He is often described as "The Father of Playmobil". He began to make toys at an early age and trained as a cabinet maker, before being recruited by toy company Geobra Brandstätter in 1958. Beck is responsible for developing the Playmobil figure, which, in 1971, was distinctive from existing toy figures by its movable parts. The Playmobil toy line was launched in 1974 and in 1975 became a global success.
Early years
Born in Greiz, Thuringia, Beck grew up in the small town of Zirndorf, which had a history of toy manufacture. While he was still at an early age, his parents got divorced and remarried. As a result, Beck and his sister had eight half-brothers and half-sisters. He recalled, "When I was about 10, I started making toys for them", including, "little cars and trucks, little figures, dolls, some furniture for the dolls", but he didn't imagine becoming a toy designer. At the end of World War II, when he was a teenager, he trained as a cabinet maker and also began to make model airplanes. In 1958, he presented his model airplanes to Horst Brandstätter, owner of local toy company Geobra Brandstätter. He was selected from 20 candidates and recruited as a product designer.
As a hobby Beck built ultra-lightweight model aircraft for flying indoors. He competed in the FAI World Championships in Debrecen, Hungary in 1966 and won the individual title in the F1D class.
Invention of Playmobil
In 1971, Brandstätter asked Beck to develop toy figures for children. Beck spent three years developing the figures that would eventually be known as Playmobil. He said, "I looked around to see what was on the market" but found only tin soldiers that had been produced since the 1800s, which were unable to bend or move. He developed a new figure that measured just under three inches and could move its head, arms and legs. He noted, "My figures were quite simple, but they allowed children room for their imagination".
With the new figures, he conducted research with children. "I would put the little figures in their hands without saying anything about what they were," Beck remarked. "They accepted them right away... They invented little scenarios for them. They never grew tired of playing with them." Brandstätter was not initially convinced by Beck's idea, but allowed the inventor to continue developing the product.
The 1973 oil crisis greatly increased the price of plastics derived from oil. This prompted Geobra Brandstätter to consider products that generated more revenue for less plastic raw material than the hula-hoops and other large toys they had been producing. Beck's figurines offered a possible solution. The company commissioned Beck to develop a series of figures with interchangeable parts and develop a, "system of play which can be expanded and which through relatively small parts made out of the expensive synthetic material offers a high value product".
"Playmobil is a toy that doesn't impose specific play patterns on children," Beck has remarked, "but rather stimulates their imagination."
Launch
In 1974, the company launched Playmobil at the Nuremberg Toy Fair. Some toy wholesalers initially did not like the new toy line. Beck commented, "People didn't realize how much you could do with them". However, a Dutch firm subsequently agreed to buy a whole year's production. Playmobil began to be sold worldwide in 1975.
The first Playmobil sets were of Native Americans, construction workers and knights. Since then, the range has expanded to include fairies, firefighters, prisoners and airport security staff, amongst others. When developing the product line, Beck always maintained the motto of, "No horror, no superficial violence, no short-lived trends". He once stated that a jumbo jet, alien figures, and dinosaurs should never be introduced as Playmobil sets, but all three have since been released as Playmobil products.
Retirement and death
Beck spent 40 years working for Brandstätter before retiring in 1998. He had been the head of research and development at the company for 24 years. He died in Markdorf am Bodensee at the age of 79 on 30 January 2009 after a serious illness. Geobra Brandstaetter GmbH & Co. released a statement upon his death, stating, "(Beck) rendered outstanding services to the company in a special way," and noted that he worked, "with enormous craftsmanship talent and great qualification. Hans Beck and Playmobil wrote an important chapter in toy history and made millions of children happy."
References
External links
The Fathers of Playmobil at Playmobil official website
1929 births
2009 deaths
People from Greiz
Playmobil
German toy industry businesspeople
20th-century German inventors
Toy inventors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Beck |
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