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Assassination Vacation is a 2005 book by Sarah Vowell, in which she travels around the United States researching the assassinations of U.S. Presidents Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield and William McKinley. While most of the book is devoted to facts about the assassinated presidents and the men who would murder them, Vowell intersperses anecdotes of her self-proclaimed "pilgrimage" of presidential assassinations, including a production of the 1990 musical Assassins.
Audiobook
An abridged audiobook was released by Simon & Schuster on March 29, 2005. It contained a large cast of readers, and original music was composed by Michael Giacchino. In order of appearance, the cast was:
Conan O'Brien as Robert Todd Lincoln
Eric Bogosian as John Wilkes Booth
Stephen King as Abraham Lincoln
Dave Eggers as Mike Ryan
Catherine Keener as Gretchen Worden
Jon Stewart as James A. Garfield
Tony Kushner as John Humphrey Noyes
Brad Bird as Charles Guiteau and Emma Goldman
Daniel Handler as William McKinley
Greg Giraldo as Theodore Roosevelt
David Rakoff as Leon Czolgosz
See also
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
Assassination of James A. Garfield
Assassination of William McKinley
References
External links
Book discussion on Assassination Vacation, C-SPAN, April 27, 2005
2005 non-fiction books
2005 audio plays
Books by Sarah Vowell
Works about assassinations in the United States
Books about Abraham Lincoln
Books about William McKinley
Books about Theodore Roosevelt
Books about James A. Garfield
Assassination of James A. Garfield
Assassination of William McKinley
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln
Cultural depictions of James A. Garfield
Cultural depictions of William McKinley
Cultural depictions of John Wilkes Booth
Cultural depictions of Theodore Roosevelt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination%20Vacation |
Palais Lobkowitz, or Palais Dietrichstein-Lobkowitz, is a Baroque palace in Vienna, Austria. It was owned by the noble Lobkowitz family.
Today, it houses the theatre museum, which is a part of the Kunsthistorisches Museum.
History
The palace is located on the Lobkowitzplatz, a square which previously had been called the "pig market", at which time it was a less distinguished address. The Lobkowitz Palace ranks among the oldest palace buildings of Vienna. The palace is the first important baroque city palace built after the Battle of Vienna (die zweite Türkenbelagerung), when the aristocracy no longer had to invest its money only for military purposes.
The palace façade, unlike its interior, is still to a large extent in its original condition from the time of its construction. The original building that stood where the palace now stands was sold in 1685 by Leopold Baron von Felss to the imperial Colonel stable master Philipp Sigmund count von Dietrichstein. This led to the current palace, built between 1685 and 1687 by Giovanni Pietro Tencala. The new palace occupied not only the site of the house of the Baron von Felss, but also the original site of a neighbouring bathhouse, which was also bought by Philipp Sigmund Count von Dietrichstein.
After repeated ownership changes (among the owners, Count Wenzel Gallas), the palace was bought in 1745 by Ferdinand Philipp Prince von Lobkowitz.
The palace remained from that time up to 1980 in the possession of the Lobkowitz family.
Under the Lobkowitz family, the palace underwent several renovations. At the beginning of the 18th century, most notably, Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach and his son Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach were entrusted with the project.
In the early 19th century, Ludwig van Beethoven was often a guest in the palace, since the owner at that time, Joseph Franz Maximilian von Lobkowitz, was an important patron of the composer. Beethoven's Third Symphony was dedicated to the prince,
which is why the festival room of the palace was named "Eroica Hall".
In 1804,
Beethoven's Third Symphony was performed for the first time in Vienna in this hall, with the composer as conductor.
During the Congress of Vienna, numerous celebrations and balls were held in the palace. Around the middle of the 19th century, the Lobkowitzes transferred their major residence to their hereditary palace in Roudnice nad Labem, northern Bohemia, and released their Viennese residence for letting.
Between 1869 and 1909, the house was used as the French embassy.
From 1919 to 1938, the Czechoslovakian legation was accommodated there.
After end of the Second World War, the house was used as seat of the Institut Français de Vienne.
In 1980, the palace became government property, and since 1991, after a comprehensive renovation, it has served as the theatre museum of the Kunsthistorisches Museum.
See also
Lobkowicz Palace
Lobkowicz family
Notes
References
Homepage of Theatermuseum – museum group in the Palace
External links
Lobkowitz
Dietrichstein family
Baroque architecture in Vienna
Buildings and structures in Innere Stadt
Houses completed in 1687
1687 establishments in the Habsburg monarchy
17th-century establishments in Austria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais%20Lobkowitz%2C%20Vienna |
Francisco Javier "Patxi" López Álvarez (; born 4 October 1959) is a Spanish politician serving as Member of the Congress of Deputies and chair of the Constitutional Committee.
Previously, he has served as President of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country from 2009 to 2012 and President of the Congress of Deputies, the lower house of the Spanish Cortes Generales, in the short lived 11th legislature from January 2016 to July 2016. He was also Secretary-General of the Socialist Party of Euskadi - Euskadiko Ezkerra (PSE-EE), the Basque affiliate of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), from 2002 to 2014.
Political career
López, born into a socialist family, was influenced early in life by the political stance of his father, Eduardo López Albizu, a prominent Spanish left-wing anti-Francoist activist. He joined the Young Basque Socialist movement in 1975, and was its Secretary-General from 1985 to 1988. He joined PSE in 1977, and was elected to the Spanish Congress of Deputies at the 1986 General Election representing Vizcaya Province. In the PSE he rose steadily to prominence before being elected Secretary-General in 1997, having become a Member of the Basque Parliament in 1991.
He is known for his opposition to Basque independence. In 2005, he was the PSE-EE's candidate for the presidency of the Basque Country, but lost out to Juan José Ibarretxe of the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV). In the 2009 election, the Nationalist Party was the party with the most votes with 30 seats, followed by the Socialist Party, with 25 seats. The illegalisation of a party representing a sizeable voting segment, the Left Basque Nationalist Party Batasuna, enabled the socialists to reach an agreement with the People's Party for López to be elected as Lehendakari (Basque president). He was elected to the position on 5 May 2009 in the Basque Parliament, effectively ending thirty years of Basque nationalist rule in the Basque Country, in what was perceived as a controversial election due to the absence of any party representing the secessionist Left Basque Nationalist spectrum.
On 13 January 2016, he was elected President of the Congress of Deputies for the short eleventh legislature, with 130 votes (the deputies of PSOE and Citizens) out of 350.
References
External links
Patxi López Blog
|-
|-
1959 births
Living people
Members of the 4th Basque Parliament
Members of the 5th Basque Parliament
Members of the 6th Basque Parliament
Members of the 7th Basque Parliament
Members of the 8th Basque Parliament
Members of the 9th Basque Parliament
Members of the 10th Basque Parliament
Members of the 3rd Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 12th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 11th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 13th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
People from Portugalete
Presidents of the Basque Government
Presidents of the Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party politicians
Members of the 14th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 15th Congress of Deputies (Spain) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patxi%20L%C3%B3pez |
Phillipsburg High School is a comprehensive, four-year public high school located in Phillipsburg, in Warren County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The school was first established in 1871. For this reason, the school's nickname is the "Stateliners." The school has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Elementary and Secondary Schools since 2000.
The school is part of the Phillipsburg School District, one of 31 former Abbott districts statewide that were established pursuant to the decision by the New Jersey Supreme Court in Abbott v. Burke which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement for the state to cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority. The district serves students from Phillipsburg and from five other municipalities: Alpha, Bloomsbury (in Hunterdon County), Greenwich Township, Lopatcong Township and Pohatcong Township, who attend as part of sending/receiving relationships.
The site of the new Phillipsburg High School, which began construction in January 2014, is in Lopatcong Township. The three-story, building, with more than double the floor space of the existing high school and a capacity to accommodate more than 2,100 students, was completed for the 2016–17 school year and was dedicated in September 2016 at ceremonies attended by Governor of New Jersey Chris Christie. Phillipsburg High School's enrollment had been in excess of the school's capacity. To compensate for this, the Phillipsburg School District purchased or leased 31 trailers.
As of the 2021–22 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,809 students and 133.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.6:1. There were 429 students (23.7% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 36 (2.0% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.
Awards, recognition and rankings
The school was the 183rd-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 215th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 276th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 275th in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 234th in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which surveyed 316 schools across the state.
New high school
Original plans for a new high school campus had stalled due to lack of funds by the New Jersey Schools Construction Corporation. In July 2008, new state funding was secured and on October 5, 2009, a groundbreaking ceremony was held at the site of the new high school located on Belvidere Road in Lopatcong Township. Then-Governor Jon Corzine was in attendance as well as former Governor James Florio, Phillipsburg School District Superintendent Mark B. Miller and then-State Education Commissioner Lucille Davy.
The new campus had been expected to cost $174.4 million and was planned to hold a school and seven athletic fields. After the initial plans had been put on hold, Governor Chris Christie announced in February 2012 that the plan was back online, with a revised estimate of $675 million for the project. Initial contracts were awarded in 2013, with a projected open date for the 2016–17 school year. After many delays, construction started in January 2014 and the new school opened on September 12, 2016. The class of 2020 will be the first to have never attended the old high school building.
Athletics
The Phillipsburg High School Stateliners compete as a member of the Skyland Conference, which is comprised of public and private high schools in Hunterdon, Somerset County and Warren counties, and operates under the supervision of the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). With 1,242 students in grades 10-12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group IV for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 1,060 to 5,049 students in that grade range. The football team competes in Division 5B of the Big Central Football Conference, which includes 60 public and private high schools in Hunterdon, Middlesex, Somerset, Union and Warren counties, which are broken down into 10 divisions by size and location. The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group V North for football for 2022–2024, which included schools with 1,313 to 5,304 students. The school had been a member of the Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association's defunct East Penn Conference.
Boys basketball
The boys' basketball team won the Group III state championship in 1983, defeating Ewing High School in the tournament final.
Boys cross country
In 2005, the boys cross country team won the New Jersey Group IV state championship and placed 3rd at the Meet of Champions. The team finished the season ranked 10th in the Nike Team Nationals Northeast region rankings.
Field hockey
The field hockey team won the Central sectional championship in 1972, won the North II Group III state sectional title in 1977, the North I / II Group IV title in 1998 and the North II Group IV title in 1999.
Football
The football team won the North II Group III state championship in 1977 and 2008, the North II Group IV in 2001, 2005, 2009, 2013, 2014 and 2018. By the end of the 2019 season, the football program had a total of 703 wins in 114 seasons of play, which include 14 state sectional championships. Down 7-0, the 2001 team pulled ahead to win with a last-minute touchdown in a 10-7 victory against Montclair High School in the North II Group IV sectional final. In 2008, the Stateliners completed a 10–2 season beating Rahway High School by a score of 20–6 in the North II Group III state sectional final to win the program's fourth sectional title. 2008 postseason rankings put the Stateliners at 13th in the state, 1st in West Jersey, and 5th in Group III. The 2018 team won the North II Group IV sectional title with a 42-7 win against Irvington High School
Easton Area High School rivalry
The Stateliners have an athletic rivalry with neighboring Easton Area High School in Easton, Pennsylvania, which celebrated its 100th annual football game on Thanksgiving 2006, making it one of the oldest rivalries in the nation. The 100th meeting between the two schools, which Easton won 21–7, was broadcast nationally on ESPN2 on Thanksgiving Day 2006. The game, which typically draws some 15,000 - 20,000 fans before Thanksgiving dinner is served, was broadcast nationally on ESPN in 1988, with games played on Lafayette College's Fisher Field in Easton. In 2009, the 1993 teams from the Easton / Phillipsburg game met again for the Gatorade REPLAY Game to resolve the game, which ended in a 7–7 tie, with more than 13,000 fans watching as Phillipsburg won by a score of 27–12. The two schools have participated in an annual rivalry since 1905, which Easton leads 68-42-5 through the 2021 season with Easton winning having won the last 6 meetings. NJ.com listed the rivalry in the second spot on their 2017 list "Ranking the 31 fiercest rivalries in N.J. HS football", saying that the only thing that kept it from being top-ranked was the fact that one of the schools is not in New Jersey.
Ice hockey
Phillipsburg High School is one of eleven Lehigh Valley-area high schools with an ice hockey team. The team competes in the Lehigh Valley Scholastic Ice Hockey League.
Softball
The softball team won the Central state title in 1972, was overall state champion in 1973 (defeating runner-up Roxbury High School in the finals) and 1975 (vs. Lenape High School), and won the Group III state championship in 1976 (vs. Mainland Regional High School). The 1975 team won the overall state title with a 3-2 win against Lenape at Mercer County Park with the winning run scored on a walk with the bases loaded.
Wrestling
The wrestling team won the North II Group III state sectional championship in 1980–1984, 1989, 1991–1996, 2003, 2004, won the North II Group IV championship in 1985–1988, 1997–2002, 2005–2008, 2012 and 2014–2019, and won the North I Group IV sectional in 2010 and 2011; the team won the Group III state championship in 1983, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1995, 1996, 2003, 2004 and 2009, and won the Group IV state title in 1986–1988, 1997–2000, 2012 and 2014–2018. The 22 group championships are the second most of any school in the state The team won the 2007 North II, Group IV state sectional championship with a 34–25 win against Bridgewater-Raritan High School.
Administration
The schools interim principal is Kyle Rovi. Core members of the schools administration include three assistant principals:
Notable alumni
Charlie Berry (1902–1972), former professional baseball, Boston Red Sox, Chicago White Sox and Philadelphia Athletics, former professional baseball umpire in Major League Baseball, and former professional football referee
Ned Bolcar (born 1967), former professional football player, Miami Dolphins and Seattle Seahawks
Tim Brewster (born 1960), former head coach of the Minnesota Golden Gophers football team.
Joe Buzas (1919–2003), Minor League Baseball executive and former professional baseball player, New York Yankees.
James Cipperly (born 1984, class of 2002), better known as Orange Cassidy, professional wrestler currently signed to All Elite Wrestling.
Harold Curry (1932–2022, class of 1949), lawyer and politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly.
Ted Dailey (1908–1992), former professional football player, Pittsburgh Pirates.
D. C. Drake (born 1957), former professional wrestler and medical professional.
Justin Gaymon (born 1986, class of 2005), former 400 metre hurdler
Martin O. May (1922–1945, class of 1941), United States Army soldier who was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in World War II.
Robert B. Meyner (1908–1990, class of 1926), former Governor of New Jersey.
Jen Ponton (born 1984, class of 2002), actress, screenwriter and producer, best known for portraying Rubi in the AMC series Dietland.
Lou Reda (1925–2017), filmmaker who specialized in television documentaries.
Charles Rinehart (1875–1933), former professional football player, elected to the College Football Hall of Fame.
Jim Ringo (1931–2007), former professional football player, Green Bay Packers and Philadelphia Eagles, member of Pro Football Hall of Fame.
Christina Wilson (born 1979, class of 1997), chef and reality television personality who was the winner of season 10 of the FOX Network's reality cooking show Hell's Kitchen.
References
External links
Official website
Phillipsburg High School on Facebook
Phillipsburg High School athletics on Twitter
Phillipsburg High School, National Center for Education Statistics
Phillipsburg High School sports coverage at The Express-Times
Phillipsburg, New Jersey
Alpha, New Jersey
Bloomsbury, New Jersey
Greenwich Township, Warren County, New Jersey
Lopatcong Township, New Jersey
Pohatcong Township, New Jersey
1871 establishments in New Jersey
Educational institutions established in 1871
Middle States Commission on Secondary Schools
Public high schools in Warren County, New Jersey
Schools in Hunterdon County, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillipsburg%20High%20School%20%28New%20Jersey%29 |
Play Dead is the second album by Scottish guitar-pop fourpiece Astrid.
Track listing
"It Never Happened" – 2:27
"Tick Tock" – 3:17
"Wrong for You" – 3:36
"Crying Boy" – 2:57
"Alas" – 3:12
"Play Dead" – 2:44
"Fat Girl" – 2:37
"Just One Name" – 4:21
"Hard to Be a Person" – 2:18
"Paper" – 3:12
"Modes of Transport" – 3:05
"What You're Thinking" – 2:21
"Taken for Granted" – 3:16
"Horror Movies" + "We'll Drive Away" (hidden track) – 6:46
References
External links
NME review
2001 albums
Astrid (band) albums
Fantastic Plastic Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play%20Dead%20%28Astrid%20album%29 |
Palais Esterházy is a baroque palace in Vienna, Austria, owned by the noble Esterházy family. It houses a famous and popular restaurant in the former wine cellars, called Esterházykeller.
The Palace is one of two with the same name in Vienna. This particular Palais Esterházy is on Wallnerstraße (the other one is on Kärntner Straße). At one time there were 14 different properties on this site. The first prince began building between 1685 and 1695. It was between 1806 and 1820 that it got the appearance we know today. In the 20th century, the family hardly used it. After renovations in the post World War II period, most parts were leased out.
See also
Palais Harrach
List of restaurants in Vienna
References
Esterházy family
Buildings and structures in Innere Stadt
Esterhazy
Restaurants in Vienna | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais%20Esterh%C3%A1zy |
Zavety Ilyicha () is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.
Urban localities
Zavety Ilyicha, Khabarovsk Krai, a work settlement in Sovetsko-Gavansky District of Khabarovsk Krai
Rural localities
Zavety Ilyicha, Altai Krai, a settlement in Zavetilyichevsky Selsoviet of Aleysky District in Altai Krai;
Zavety Ilyicha, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Austrumsky Selsoviet of Iglinsky District in the Republic of Bashkortostan;
Zavety Ilyicha, Krasnodar Krai, a settlement in Pervomaysky Rural Okrug of Kushchyovsky District in Krasnodar Krai;
Zavety Ilyicha, Saratov Oblast, a selo in Engelssky District of Saratov Oblast
Zavety Ilyicha, Smolensk Oblast, a village in Astapkovichskoye Rural Settlement of Roslavlsky District in Smolensk Oblast
Abolished localities
Zavety Ilyicha, Moscow Oblast, a former suburban settlement in Pushkinsky District of Moscow Oblast, Russia; since July 2003—a part of the city of Pushkino | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavety%20Ilyicha |
The Nervous Return is a new wave/post-punk band from Los Angeles. Noted for their electrifying and unpredictable live shows, the band has toured Europe and North America headlining their own club tours as well as supporting arena tours with well-known acts such as No Doubt and Blink 182. They are also known for the diverse and eclectic bands they shared the stage with including Autolux, Hella, Imperial Teen, Har Mar Superstar, Electric Six, xbxrx, 400 Blows, The 88, The Make-Up, Trans Am, The Used, and Enon. They have released two EPs and one full-length studio album. Their self-proclaimed best effort was their last full-length recording (144 HOURS) that was unreleased until December 28, 2018 when the band finally released it themselves. The band broke up in April 2006 and reformed in 2018.
Band history
Origins
the Nervous return was formed in the spring of 2000 by Jason (guitar/vocals), Anthony Crouse (bass/vocals) and Greg Gordon (drums). Jason and Anthony had been playing together in Skinchurch, a Gothic rock/Industrial metal band in the mid-1990s. Skinchurch released one full-length record entitled Of Whores and Martyrs in 1995. The band featured Jason dressed as a gothic transvestite who frequently spit fake blood and simulated vulgar acts on-stage not unlike Marilyn Manson. Soon, Skinchurch fizzled out while Jason and Anthony indulged their love of 1970s Funk and Glam rock as Skinchurch evolved into "Izzy the Pusher", a glamorous space rock phenomenon in Hollywood, California, during 1996-1999. Izzy the Pusher broke up in 1999 as Anthony pursued electronic music and Jason pursued various ill-fated Prince-influenced solo efforts.
After a year of separation, the two decided to start another band. Anthony and Jason became roommates to save money and lived on Silverlake Blvd. in Silverlake, Los Angeles, California. After finding Greg Gordon (at a local bar called The Dragonfly) to play the drums, the Nervous return (then known as "twig") quickly recorded their eponymous five-song EP on their own Psychic Noise Records. A mix of pop music, post-punk and new wave music, this recording included five original songs and featured the first of many guitar players, Marc Hutner, who also played with Pleasure Club. the Nervous return played shows in Los Angeles trying to build a following and booked small tours up and down the west coast establishing a reputation for high-energy and electrifying live shows. During this period, there was another band playing in Los Angeles under the name "The Twigs". This band owned the legal right to the name and began legal proceedings forcing "twig" to change their name. The band settled on "the Nervous return".
They played with many great, diverse, and eclectic bands. One of the most memorable shows was also one of their first shows. This local concert took place at the Silverlake Lounge with a new band called Autolux. This was Autolux's second show ever and they made a lasting impression on the members of the Nervous return. Building a reputation of explosive live performances, the band played anywhere and everywhere trying to build a loyal following while honing their skills.
The band was an independent self-promoting DIY machine that plastered Los Angeles with fliers for upcoming shows and their self-titled EP. The group was notorious for wheat-pasting large black and white posters displaying a creepy country road with menacing dying trees on either side and the name "twig" typed in lowercase letters across the top. These were mercilessly posted on public electrical boxes, telephone poles, and other public venues. These posters can also be seen in the background of the first scene in the Goldie Hawn film The Banger Sisters.
Headshots
In the summer of 2002, the Nervous Return released their first full-length record Headshots on Mootron Records, the indie rock/pop brainchild of Courtney Holt (Interscope Geffen A&M Records) and Mickey P (famed producer and remixer for such acts as Beck, The Cult, Eels, Rage Against the Machine, Luscious Jackson, and Ladytron). Mootron’s other artists include big Sir, Old Hickory, Sissy Bar, Campfire Girls and The 88.
The album was generally well received by critics and fans alike although the album would not find commercial success. The controversial cover art of the U.S.A. version did not help matters and garnered the group some bad press in America. The cover art, coupled with the lyrics and intense music, was conceived by the band to comment on the illusion of Hollywood excess, the idiotic search for fame and fortune, and the depression that often occurs when those fantasies go unrealized. The cover is an actress’ headshot (albeit, she is suggestively holding a gun in her mouth), the liner notes resemble her resume and the back cover represents her distorted vision of the Hollywood illusion.
The band continued to play relentlessly in local clubs, booking shows constantly. As a result, they continued to develop a strong underground following and had the opportunity to play with some of the most diverse and exciting bands around. On August 24, 2003, the band was invited to play the Sunset Junction Street Fair, an annual event that takes place in Silverlake, Los Angeles, California. The two-day event is an explosion of street vendors, gay and lesbian residents, Latino residents, drunks, freaks, weirdos, and the most exciting bands in the city of Los Angeles. The line-up that day included the Nervous return, Silversun Pickups, Earlimart, The 88, Midnight Movies, Rilo Kiley, The Dandy Warhols, and Autolux.
Snow in Berlin
By this time, the band had gone through a rotating cast of no less than six guitar players including the original member, Marc Hutner. Some say this rivals heavy mock group Spinal Tap and their endless list of drummers. With the album artwork changed to a ghostly figure in an alley, Headshots was released in Europe in winter of 2003. The addition of guitarist number seven, Shane Gallagher, synchronized with the immediate success of the European release of Headshots on one of Germany’s most credible independent rock labels, Nois-o-lution records. This set the stage for the band's path to infamy overseas. The international publication Kerrang! gave Headshots 4 "Ks" calling it "a flashing Day-Glo explosion of twisted pop intellect that manages to challenge without ever losing sight of an infectious and melodic hook." The album was very well received by critics and fans alike in Europe and the band embarked on a six-week club tour in early 2005.
The tour was a success and all of the club shows were very well attended. The band gained a reputation for unpredictable and exciting live shows as Jason would get naked, spit on, and tackle band members and audience members alike. These antics were very well received by fans yet this behavior began to wear thin on the members of the band and particularly, Anthony. The album sold much better in Europe than in America as the band spent its sixth week on tour supporting pop-punk act Blink 182. A string of seven sold out dates gave the band the chance to play some of England's finest venues including Wembley Arena and Hammersmith Apollo.
Wake Up Dead
After returning from tour in spring 2004, the band signed a record deal with La Salle records, owned by Travis Barker of Blink 182. When asked what spurred the creation of La Salle, Barker was straight and to the point: "I wanted to put out great music. What artist wouldn't want to help another artist with creative freedom? I saw The Nervous Return 4 years ago and they were the reason I started a label in the first place."
The band spent the next few months writing and rehearsing for their upcoming record. They took a break to do a three-week tour with No Doubt and Blink 182 in late May/early June at Travis' request. Wake Up Dead was recorded in the summer of 2004 and released in September 2004. The band was poised for commercial success.
The album garnered rave reviews from both mainstream and independent critics across America. Their friend and publicist, Josh Mills, lent a helping hand in this endeavor. The band also sent the record to college radio stations nationwide and rose to No. 70 on the CMJ college radio charts. In their usual DIY fashion, the band and their manager, worked tirelessly to promote the record to radio and press. As the band struggled to find support slots on upcoming tours without the help of a booking agent, they played locally in Southern California throughout the winter of 2004 and the spring of 2005. The album did not sell well and the excitement grew into apathy as the band realized they were witnessing the soft demise of their high hopes. This quiet five-month decline affected the band negatively as they had built a heated momentum the past 10–12 months culminating with the release of their first full-length record. During this time, the band continuously wrote new material in anticipation of recording a new record.
Still discouraged with lackluster album sales and having trouble finding bands to tour with, the band decided to book their own nationwide tour with L.A. friends The Vacation. Their friend/booking agent James Harding was persuaded to help with the arduous process of booking a national tour. The "Resisting Arrest" tour of 2005 took the band across America throughout June and July. The band did not have much money and frequently slept on fans' floors when they weren't all sharing two double beds in one Motel 6 room. The bands thoroughly enjoyed touring together and dubbed the tour a success despite low attendance and severe loss of money.
144 Hours
Eager to breathe new life into the band, they convinced producer Joe Barresi to record their second full-length record after hearing rehearsal demos of their new songs. Joe fit them into his busy schedule just weeks before he began work on Tool (band)'s 10,000 Days. Days after returning from the "Resisting Arrest" tour, Joe and the band spent a few days tirelessly arranging and writing the material for 144 Hours. Less than a week later, the band was at Sound City Studios in Van Nuys, CA recording 144 Hours. The early August session was a whirlwind of concentration and creativity. The record was recorded in six days or 144 hours. Joe mixed 16 songs in six more days and the result was staggering. The band heard, in the music, all their hard work paying off. With the help of Joe, the band knew they had captured something special and sincere. This record had the urgency of The Stooges, the sad beauty of Siouxsie and the Banshees, and the organic analog sonic execution of any great heavy rock record of the 1970s. The record was recorded completely on 2-inch reel to reel analog tape. Even the mixes never touched a computer or Pro Tools. They went straight from the 2-inch to 1/2 inch analog tape. That was how Joe worked and that is precisely why they chose him in the first place. They were ecstatic about the recording and could not wait to talk to Travis Barker to discuss possible release dates.
In an effort to continue with their DIY attitude before signing with La Salle, they self-booked another nationwide tour with Seattle band, The Cops. the Nervous return were out of money and could not afford to tour, yet they went out anyway. The tour took its toll on the band's mental and physical health as they slept on floors, barely ate, and played night after night, many times to "just a few drunks". La Salle pressed an EP from the 144 Hours sessions and 500 7" singles on white vinyl for the song "BAD GIRL" b/w "Snow In Berlin". The latter was written about experiences in Berlin when the wide-eyed band toured Europe the year before. La Salle did not release the EP or the 7" single but the band was given a few to sell on tour. The band toured America relentlessly throughout October and November, taking the rest of 2005 off to rest. Shane Gallagher joined +44, a Blink 182 side project featuring Mark Hoppus and Travis Barker, both of Blink fame.
As January came and went, Travis Barker and La Salle still did not have any plans of releasing 144 Hours. The band played a few local shows while waiting to see if their album would be released. The legalities of the contract were difficult to maneuver and with Shane now part of Travis' new band, personal feelings and relationships became stressed. the Nervous return was at a standstill having finished the best record they had ever recorded yet without a label to release it. After a few months of cognitive dissonance and psychological disintegration, the Nervous return finally called it quits in April 2006.
After almost 13 years...Tony, Greg and Jason reunited to play one show in Los Angeles December 18, 2018. They are currently recording new music and playing live. Check www.thenervousreturn.com to stay up to date on what the band is up to.
End
Shane Gallagher is playing with various bands including but not limited to +44 and the Mercy Killers.
Jason is still an avid music lover and plays for pleasure in various outfits, many of them a poly-cotton blend.
Tony is still playing many different kinds of music in Los Angeles.
Greg is playing with the band Mad Planet in Los Angeles.
Band members
Shane Gallagher - guitar
Anthony Crouse - bass guitar, vocals
Jason Muller- guitar, vocals
Greg Gordon - drums
Discography
Albums
Extras
References
American new wave musical groups
American post-punk music groups
Indie rock musical groups from California
Musical groups established in 2000
Musical groups disestablished in 2006
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Musical quartets from California
Post-punk revival music groups
Rock music groups from California
Musical groups reestablished in 2018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Nervous%20Return |
Savitribai Phule () was one of the first female teachers in India, a social reformer, and poet. Along with her husband, Jyotiba Phule in Maharashtra, she played a vital role in improving women's rights in India. She is considered to be the pioneer of India's feminist movement.She strived to abolish discrimination and unfair treatment of people on the basis of caste and gender.
She and her husband were pioneers of women's education in India. They started their first school for girls in 1848 in Pune at Tatyasaheb Bhide's residence or Bhidewada.
Early life
Savitribai Phule was born on 3 January 1831 at the village of Naigaon in Satara District, Maharashtra. Her birthplace is about from Shirval and about from Pune. Savitribai Phule was the youngest daughter of Lakshmi and Khandoji Nevase Patil, both of whom belonged to the Mali Community. She had three siblings. Savitribai married her husband Jyotirao Phule at the age of 9 or 10 (he was 13). Though they had no children of their own. It is said that they adopted Yashawantrao, a son born to a Brahmin widow. It is said that Yashwant was unable to get married because he was born to a widow, and community beliefs disallowed marriage of "such people". Hence Savitribai arranged his marriage to her organization worker Dynoba Sasane's daughter in February of 1889.
Education
Savitribai was illiterate at the time of her marriage. Jyotirao educated Savitribai and Sagunabai Shirsagar, his cousin sister at their home along with working at their farm. Once she completed her primary education with Jyotirao, her further education was the responsibility of his friends, Sakharam Yeshwant Paranjpe and Keshav Shivram Bhavalkar. She also enrolled herself in two teacher's training programs; the first was at institution run by an American missionary, Cynthia Farrar, in Ahmednagar, and the second course was at a Normal School in Poona (Now Pune). Given her training, Savitribai may have been the first Indian woman teacher and headmistress.
Career
After completing her teacher's education, Savitribai Phule started teaching girls at Poona. She did so alongside Sagunabai Kshirsagar, sister of Jyotiba Phule who was a revolutionary feminist as well as a mentor to Jyotirao. Not long after beginning to teach with Sagunabai, Savitribai and Jyotirao Phule along with Sagunabai started their own school at Bhide-wada. Bhidewada was the home of Tatya Saheb Bhide, who was inspired by the work that the trio was doing. The curriculum at Bhidewada included traditional western curriculum of mathematics, science, and social studies.
By the end of 1851, Savitribai and Jyotirao Phule were running three different schools for girls in Pune. Combined, the three schools had approximately one hundred and fifty students enrolled. Like the curriculum, the teaching methods employed by the three schools differed from those used in government schools. The author Divya Kandukuri believes that the Phule methods were regarded as being superior to those used by government schools. As a result of this reputation, the number of girls receiving their education at the Phule's schools outnumbered the number of boys enrolled in government schools.
Unfortunately, Savitribai and Jyotirao Phule's success came with much resistance from the local community with conservative views. Kandukuri states that Savitribai often travelled to her school carrying an extra sari because she would be assailed by her conservative opposition with stones, dung, and verbal abuse. Savitribai and Jyotirao Phule were living at Jyotirao's father's home. However, in 1839, Jyotirao's father asked the couple to leave his home because their work was considered a sin as per the Manusmriti and its derived Brahmanical texts.
After moving out of Jyotirao's father's home, the Phule's moved in with the family of one of Jyotirao's friends, Usman Sheikh. It was there that Savitribai met a soon to be close friend and colleague named Fatima Begum Sheikh. According to Nasreen Sayyed, a leading scholar on Sheikh, "Fatima Sheikh knew how to read and write already, her brother Usman who was a friend of Jyotiba, had encouraged Fatima to take up the teacher training course. She went along with Savitribai to the Normal School and they both graduated together. She was the first Muslim woman teacher of India". Fatima and Savitribai opened a school in Sheikh's home in 1849.
In the 1850s, Savitribai and Jyotirao Phule established two educational trusts. They were entitled: the Native Male School, Pune and the Society for Promoting the Education of Mahars, Mangs, and Etceteras. These two trusts ended up encompassing many schools which were led by Savitribai Phule and later, Fatima Sheikh.
Jyotirao summarises Savitribai and his work in an interview given to the Christian missionary periodical, Dnyanodaya, on 15 September 1853, saying,
Together with her husband, she taught children from different castes and had opened a total of 18 schools. The couple also opened a care centre called Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha () for pregnant rape victims and helped deliver and save their children.
Personal life
Savitribai and Jyotirao had no children of their own. It is said that they adopted Yashawantrao, a son born to a Brahmin widow. However, there is no original evidence available yet to support this. It is said when Yashwant was about to get married, no one was willing to give him a girl because he was born to a widow. Hence Savitribai arranged his marriage to her organization's worker Dynoba Sasane's daughter in February 1889.
Death
Savitribai and her adopted son, only Yashwant, opened a clinic to treat those affected by the worldwide Third Pandemic of the bubonic plague when it appeared in the area around Nalasopara in 1897. The clinic was established at stern outskirts of Pune, in an area free of infection. Savitribai died a heroic death trying to save the son of Pandurang Babaji Gaekwad. Upon learning that Gaekwad's son had contracted the Plague in the Mahar settlement outside of Mundhwa, Savitribai Phule rushed to his side and carried him on her back to the hospital. In the process, Savitribai Phule caught the Plague and died at 9:00pm on 10 March 1897.
Poetry and other work
Savitribai Phule was also an author and poet. She published Kavya Phule in 1854 and Bavan Kashi Subodh Ratnakar in 1892, and also a poem entitled "Go, Get Education" in which she encouraged those who are oppressed to free themselves by obtaining an education. As a result of her experience and work, she became an ardent feminist. She established the Mahila Seva Mandal to raise awareness for issues concerning women's rights. She also called for a gathering place for women that was free of caste discrimination or differentiation of any kind. Symbolic of this was that all the women that attended were to sit on the same mat. She was also an anti-infanticide activist. She opened a women's shelter called the Home for the Prevention of Infanticide, where Brahmin widows could safely deliver their children and leave them there to be adopted if they so desired. She also campaigned against child marriage and was an advocate of widow remarriage.
In a letter to her husband Jyotirao, Savitribai told the story about a boy about to be lynched by his fellow villagers for having relations with a woman of lower caste when Savitribai intervened. She wrote, "I came to know about their murderous plan. I rushed to the spot and scared them away, pointing out the grave consequences of killing the lovers under the British law. They changed their mind after listening to me".
Legacy
Savitribai Phule's legacy lives on today, her work for Girl's- women's education are hugely respected.
Along with B. R. Ambedkar and Annabhau Sathe, Phule has become an icon in particular for the backward classes. Women in local branches of the Manavi Hakk Abhiyan (Human Rights Campaign, a Mang-Ambedkarite body) frequently organise processions on their jayanti (birthday in Marathi and other Indian languages).
Pune City Corporation created a memorial for her in 1983.
On 10 March 1998 a stamp was released by India Post in honour of Phule.
Savitribai's birthdate, 3 January, is celebrated as Balika Din () in the whole of Maharashtra, especially in girls' schools.
In 2015, the University of Pune was renamed as Savitribai Phule Pune University in her honour.
On 3 January 2017, the search engine Google marked the 186th anniversary of the birth of Savitribai Phule with a Google doodle.
In popular culture
Krantijyoti Savitribai Phule, an Indian drama television series based on her life was aired on DD National in 2016.
Savitri Jyoti, a Marathi drama television series based on the life and work of Savitribai Phule and Jyotiba Phule was aired on Sony Marathi in 2019- 2020.
Savitribai Phule, an Indian Kannada-language biopic was made about Phule in 2018.
In 2021, Pune university created a 12.5 foot, life-size bronze metal statue of Phule, It is expected to inaugurate in 2022.
See also
Women in India
References
Notes
Citations
Further reading
External links
Savitribai Phule at Google Arts & Culture
Savitribai Phule Biography And Real Photo Date:12 February 2023
1831 births
1897 deaths
19th-century deaths from plague (disease)
19th-century Indian poets
19th-century Indian women writers
Activists from Maharashtra
Adult education leaders
Founders of Indian schools and colleges
Indian feminists
Indian social reformers
Indian women activists
Indian women poets
Jyotirao Phule
Marathi-language poets
People from Palghar district
Poets from Maharashtra
Satyashodhak Samaj
Women writers from Maharashtra
Women's education in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savitribai%20Phule |
Estonia made their third Eurovision Song Contest appearance in 1997. The preselection for the Eurovision Song Contest 1997 final would follow the same format of previous years, with a judging panel selecting the song and artist that would represent Estonia in the final. The judges would eventually choose Maarja-Liis Ilus again, making her the first Estonian entrant to have made back-to-back appearances in the Eurovision Song Contest. In the final, Ilus finished 8th.
Before Eurovision
Eurolaul 1997
The final took place at the Linnahall in Tallinn, Estonia, and was hosted by Marko Reikop and Anu Välba. Eight different songs were entered, with Pearu Paulus, Hanna-Liina Võsa and Maarja-Liis Ilus performing on more than one entry. A panel of international judges voted on each song, with Ilus' "Keelatud maa" winning by a large margin of 32 points.
Despite this large margin, a public telephone poll had voted the night before that "Aeg" by Ilus, Võsa and Anne Värvimann was the nation's favourite. Despite this, "Keelatud maa" became the Estonian entrant for the 1997 contest.
At Eurovision
Ahead of the contest, Estonia were considered one of the favourites among bookmakers to win the contest, featuring alongside the entries from , , and . On the night of the final, Ilus performed 13th, following Poland and preceding Bosnia and Herzegovina. She performed strongly again and at the end of the voting she received 82 points, placing 8th in a field of 25. The Estonian jury awarded its 12 points to France.
Voting
References
1997
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 1997
Eurovision | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%201997 |
The delicate-skinned salamander (Ambystoma bombypellum) is an extremely rare species of mole salamander.
Description
The delicate-skinned salamander was first described by herpetologist Edward Harrison Taylor from a holotype found in 1939 near Rancho Guadalupe, 14 km. east of San Martín in the north-western Asunción province in Mexico. It is until today the only habitat for this species. Introduced predatory fish and habitat destruction due to agriculture lead to a desiccation of the breeding ponds and to a severely decline of the population. It is a small terrestrial species of about 14.2 cm, with a brown dorsal coloration and a lighter underbelly. The head is flattened. Fingers and toes are unwebbed.
References
Mole salamanders
Amphibians described in 1940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delicate-skinned%20salamander |
Palais Liechtenstein may refer to:
Vienna
Stadtpalais Liechtenstein (Liechtenstein City Palace), owned by the Princely Family of Liechtenstein, in the 1st district of Vienna (Innere Stadt)
Gartenpalais Liechtenstein (Liechtenstein Garden Palace), part of the Liechtenstein Museum, on the Fürstengasse, in the 9th district of Vienna (Alsergrund)
:de:Palais Liechtenstein (Herrengasse), a former palace on the Herrengasse
Feldkirch
:de:Palais Liechtenstein (Feldkirch), in Feldkirch, Austria
Prague
Liechtenstein Palace (Kampa Island, Prague)
Liechtenstein Palace (Malostranské náměstí, Prague) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais%20Liechtenstein |
Palais Obizzi is a small baroque palace in Vienna, Austria.
Today it houses the Vienna Clock Museum (Uhrenmuseum).
External links
Clock museum of Vienna
Obizzi
Baroque architecture in Vienna | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais%20Obizzi |
In the National Football League (NFL), the franchise tag is a designation a team may apply to a player scheduled to become an unrestricted free agent. The tag binds the player to the team for one year if certain conditions are met. Each team has one franchise tag (of either the exclusive or non-exclusive forms) and one transition tag per year. In most seasons, the transition tag can only be used if the team does not use a franchise tag; with exceptions as stipulated in the Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA). For example, Article 10 of the CBA signed in 2011 stipulated that, in the Final League Year, teams were allowed to use both the franchise tag and transition tag for the 2020 NFL season.
The tag option allows NFL franchises to retain a "franchise player" who is valuable to a franchise. The one-year, guaranteed contract that is offered to the player is a known, non-negotiated salary. If a designated player does not sign the offer and is unable or unwilling to negotiate an alternative contract before week 10 of the designated season, the player is unable to sign or negotiate a contract in the NFL for the remainder of the season.
The franchise tag provides general managers and owners a strategic way to manage salary costs and limit exposure to the financial risks associated with a long-term contract. Unsurprisingly, many designated players have criticized the use of the franchise tag by teams when it restricts their perceived ability to negotiate a more lucrative contract.
Background
The National Football League introduced the franchise tag in 1993. There are two types of franchise tag designation: the exclusive rights franchise tag, and the non-exclusive rights franchise tag:
An "exclusive" franchise player must be offered a one-year contract for an amount no less than the average of the top five salaries at the player's position as of a date in April of the current year in which the tag will apply, or 120 percent of the player's previous year's salary, whichever is greater. Exclusive franchise players cannot negotiate with other teams. The player's team has all the negotiating rights to the exclusive player.
A "non-exclusive" franchise player must be offered a one-year contract for an amount no less than the average of the top five cap hits at the player's position for the previous five years applied to the current salary cap, or 120 percent of the player's previous year's salary, whichever is greater. A non-exclusive franchise player may negotiate with other NFL teams, but if the player signs an offer from another team, the original team has a right to match the terms of that offer, or if it does not match the offer and thus loses the player, is entitled to receive two first-round draft picks as compensation.
Under the capped years, a team can designate one additional player with a transition tag. A transition player must be offered a minimum of the average of the top 10 salaries of the prior season at the player's position or 120 percent of the player's prior year's salary, whichever is greater. A transition player designation gives the club a first-refusal right to match, within seven days, an offer sheet given to the player by another club after his contract expires. If the club matches, it retains the player. If it does not match, it receives no compensation.
Consecutive franchise tags are allowed, unless the player and club have agreed to a "no franchise tag" clause in his most recent contract and/or the contract is otherwise structured in such a way as to prevent its use. For any player to be tagged in two straight years, the team must pay 120 percent of the player's previous salary. If tagged in three straight years, the team must pay the player 144 percent of his previous salary, or an average of the top 5 salaries at the highest-paid position (likely QB), whichever is higher.
References
National Football League lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchise%20tag |
Josaiah Ndubuisi Wachuku (also spelled Josiah Wachukwu) was king, paramount chief, servant leader and Eze of Ngwa-land – in the then Aba Division of Eastern Nigeria – during British colonial times.
He was the father of Jaja Wachuku, the first Nigerian speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria, the first Nigerian ambassador and permanent representative to the United Nations, and first Nigerian minister of foreign affairs.
He was the grandfather of Chuku Wachuku, a United States-educated Nigerian economist and management specialist, and Nwabueze Nwokolo, a United Kingdom based lawyer.
References
1950 deaths
Igbo royalty
Igbo monarchs
Nigerian royalty
People from Abia State
Year of birth missing
Josaiah | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josaiah%20Ndubuisi%20Wachuku |
Palais Caprara-Geymüller, sometimes known as Palais Caprara, is a Baroque palace in Vienna, Austria. The Vienna Stock Exchange is situated in the palace.
Architecture
Since the Palais Caprara-Geymüller has a rather atypical design for baroque Vienna, so the Viennese disliked it at first, but they were soon impressed by the massive building that blended into the cityscape without any problems. The facade consists of a five-axis central projection and a two-axis side projection. The horizontal façade is structured by ledges above the floors. In addition, the windows on the first floor are decorated alternately with triangular gables and round arches. The strict structure of the floors is representative of the Italian palace architecture. The entrance gate is bordered by two atlases which support the balcony above. The entrance hall is a transverse, a wide columned hall, from which a three-armed staircase leads to the first floor. The walls of the now subdivided ballroom, which used to extend the entire length of the building, were almost completely covered with architectural paintings that only came to light after a restoration. Only two rooms of the high-quality Empire furnishings have been preserved: The Geymüller Salon and the Pompeian Room, now used as the Wien Museum.
Sources
W.Kraus, P.Müller: Wiener Palais, 1991
Bruno Grimschitz: Wiener Barockpaläste, 1944
Caprara
Baroque architecture in Vienna | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais%20Caprara-Geym%C3%BCller |
Polar Bear was an American alternative rock band that was active in the late 1990s, formed and led by bassist Eric Avery.
History
After the 1991 break-up of Jane's Addiction, Eric Avery and guitarist Dave Navarro formed the band Deconstruction, which released its sole album in 1994. After that project ended, Avery formed Polar Bear with drummer/programmer Harold "Barefoot" Saunders, formerly of Ethyl Meatplow. Guitarists Dani Tull and Andy Troy also contributed to the band. They released two EPs in 1996 and 1997, and the full-length album Why Something Instead of Nothing? in 1999.
Discography
Polar Bear (EP, 1996)
Chewing Gum (EP, 1997)
Why Something Instead of Nothing? (1999)
References
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Man's Ruin Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20Bear%20%28American%20band%29 |
Palais Mollard-Clary is a Baroque palace in Vienna, Austria. It is located in the first district Innere Stadt, at Herrengasse 9.
It was built from 1686 to 1689 for Imperial Count Franz Maximilian von Mollard (1621-1690). In 1760, it was bought by Count Franz Wenzel von Clary und Aldringen. Emperor Joseph II held his famous "round tables" here. Since 2005 it has been used by the Austrian National Library and houses the Globe Museum, the Department of Music and the Department of Planned Languages and Esperanto Museum.
External links
Austrian National Library
Department of Planned Languages and Esperantomuseum
Globe Museum
Mollard-Clary
Baroque architecture in Vienna
Houses completed in 1689
Buildings and structures in Innere Stadt
1689 establishments in the Habsburg monarchy
17th-century establishments in Austria
Clary und Aldringen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais%20Mollard-Clary |
Palais Strozzi is a palace in Vienna, Austria. It was owned by the Strozzi family.
The palace is located in the VIII. district of Vienna Josefstadt, was built between 1699 and 1702 for Countess Maria Katharina Strozzi, née Khevenhüller.
Today the finance offices for the VIII., XVI. and XVII. districts are located there.
Building history
Countess Maria Katharina Strozzi originally had a modest summer residence built, which initially only consisted of the one-storey main wing of today's palace. The elaborately designed garden of the Countess, on the other hand, reached as far as Piaristengasse. The architect of the original building is not known, but could have come from the circle of Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt.
After the Countess' death in 1714, her nephew Colonel Johann Ludwig Graf Khevenhüller inherited the property, which he sold to the Archbishop of Valencia, Antonio Francesco Folco de Cardona, two years later. He had the summer palace extended by the side wings and the forecourt, which was separated from the street by a wall. Folco bequeathed the palace to Emperor Charles VI, whose advisor he had been.
His daughter, Empress Maria Theresa, gave the palace to her court chancellor, Johann Graf Chotek, in 1753. Expansion plans and the Seven Years' War forced him to sell large parts of the garden.
The palace remained in the family until 1840, but was partly rented out, for example to the painter Friedrich von Amerling. When the cholera pandemic reached Vienna in 1831, the palace served as a cholera hospital. In 1840 the state bought the building and set up the k.k. Civil-Mädchen-Pensionat Wien, a college for women teachers. As the building became too small for the new use, the building was enlarged and given a completely new look. The college was separated from the cavalry barracks opposite at that time by a new wing in 1877/1878.
In 1919 the college moved out. The palace was now used by the Municipality of Vienna for the care of the disabled. From 1940 to December 7, 2012, the building housed the tax office for districts 8, 16 and 17 in Vienna until it was moved to the financial center Wien Mitte. In February 2015 it was announced that the Institute for Advanced Studies (IHS) would move to the Palais, and in November 2015 the IHS Research Center was opened in the Palais. The Complexity Science Hub Vienna, which opened in May 2016, is also based in Palais Strozzi.
See also
Palazzo Strozzi in Florence
References
Buildings and structures in Josefstadt
Strozzi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais%20Strozzi |
S8, S-8, or S 8 may refer to:
Routes
S8 (Berlin), a S-Bahn line in Berlin, Germany
S8 (Milan suburban railway network)
S8 (Munich)
Expressway S8 (Poland)
S8 (RER Vaud)
S8 (Rhine-Main S-Bahn)
S8 (Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn) in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
S8 (ZVV), a S-Bahn line in the cantons of Zürich and Zug in Switzerland
Short S.8 Calcutta, British transport flying boat
Stagecoach Gold bus route S8, a bus route in Oxfordshire, England
S8, a line in the Brussels Regional Express Network
Line S8 (Nanjing Metro)
Other uses
S8 (classification), for disabled swimmers
S-8 (rocket), a Russian air-to-surface missile
S8: Keep container dry, a safety phrase in chemistry
Samsung Galaxy S8, a smartphone by Samsung
Samsung Galaxy Tab S8, a tablet computer by Samsung
Octasulfur, the main allotrope of sulfur, having the formula S8
Audi S8, German car | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S8 |
Rosa 'Harison's Yellow', also known as R. × harisonii, the Oregon Trail Rose or the Yellow Rose of Texas, is a rose cultivar which originated as a chance hybrid in the early 19th century. It probably is a seedling of Rosa foetida and Rosa pimpinellifolia. The cultivar first bloomed at the suburban villa of George Folliott Harison, attorney, between 8th and 9th Avenues on 32nd Street, north of New York City. The site of Harison's villa is now just south of the present General Post Office. The nurseryman William Prince of Flushing, Long Island took cuttings and marketed the rose in 1830. 'Harison's Yellow' is naturalized at abandoned house sites through the west and is found as a feral rose along the Oregon Trail.
'Harison's Yellow' was planted by the Heritage Rose Foundation in the Spring of 2009 near the grave of George Folliott Harison. The planting is now a part of the Heritage Rose District of NYC.
The cultivar has semi-double, clear yellow flowers with an average diameter of , up to 25 petals, a slightly cupped bloom form, and a fruity fragrance. They appear in clusters in an early spring flush, lasting for three to four weeks.
'Harison's Yellow' has prickles, small, greenish grey leaves with seven to nine leaflets, and develops many small, globular rose hips. The young hips are first green, then red, and turn to black in the ripe fruits, that reach an average diameter of . The bushy shrub forms suckers on its own roots, and reaches a height and width of . The cultivar tolerates drought, shade and poorer soils, needs little care, and is very winter hardy – down to −35 °C (USDA zone 4). It can be planted solitary, in groups or as hedges.
References
Schaffert, Nancy. "My favorite plant: 'Harison's Yellow' rose," Flower & Garden Magazine, March–April, 1997
Christopher, Thomas. In Search of Lost Roses 1983; paperback 2002
Harison's Yellow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa%20%27Harison%27s%20Yellow%27 |
Polar Bear is a British experimental jazz band led by drummer Seb Rochford with Pete Wareham and Mark Lockheart on tenor saxophone, Tom Herbert on double bass and Leafcutter John on electronics and occasionally guitar or mandolin.
Polar Bear were nominated for the Best Band award at the BBC Jazz Awards 2004, while Rochford was nominated for the 'Rising Star' award. Their first album Dim Lit was released in the same year and was a small scale success.
Their second record, Held on the Tips of Fingers merged elements of cool jazz, funk, dance music, free jazz, electronica and drum and bass and was, by comparison, a crossover hit, earning Polar Bear a nomination for the Mercury Music Prize in 2005. The success was all the more unusual for an almost purely instrumental album. The album was nominated for a BBC Jazz Award 2006. It was selected as one of "The 100 Jazz Albums That Shook The World" by Jazzwise magazine. and featured in The Guardian's list of "1000 Albums To Hear Before You Die". They have been involved with F-IRE Collective.
They released their self-titled third album, Polar Bear, in July 2008 with Tin Angel Records.
In 2010, the band released Peepers and mini-album Common Ground, a collaboration with Portuguese-born, London-based rapper Jyager, on The Leaf Label. Their 2014 album In Each And Every One was shortlisted for the Mercury Music Prize and in the same year they released the single "Cuckoo" in collaboration with singer and songwriter Jin Jin. In March 2015 Polar Bear released their sixth album Same as You, including the single "Don't Let The Feeling Go". This track features frequent collaborator Shabaka Hutchings (Sons of Kemet and The Comet Is Coming) on tenor saxophone and Rochford and Hannah Darling on vocals.
In 2015, Polar Bear were nominated for Best Jazz Act in the MOBO Awards and Urban Music Awards.
Discography
Dim Lit, (Babel, 2004)
Held on the Tips of Fingers (Babel, 2005)
Polar Bear, (Tin Angel, 2008)
Peepers, (Leaf, 2010)
In Each and Every One, (Leaf, 2014)
Same as You, (Leaf, 2015)
Collaborations
Common Ground with Jyager (Leaf, 2010)
Cuckoo with Jin Jin (Leaf, 2014)
References
External links
Polar Bear web site
Polar Bear Bandcamp
Polar Bear on Facebook
Polar Bear on Twitter
The Leaf Label web site
Held on the Tips of Fingers review at www.allaboutjazz.com
Held on the Tips of Fingers review at BBC Jazz Review.
In Each And Every One review at The Guardian
Same As You review at The Guardian
British jazz ensembles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20Bear%20%28British%20band%29 |
S11 may refer to:
Aircraft
Fokker S-11, a trainer aircraft
Rans S-11 Pursuit, an American light aircraft
SABCA S.11, a Belgian prototype airliner
Sikorsky S-11, a Russian reconnaissance aircraft
SPAD S.XI, a French reconnaissance biplane
Rail and transit
Lines
S11 (Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn), Germany
S11 (ZVV), Zürich, Switzerland
Line S11 (Milan suburban railway service), Italy
S11, of the Hamburg S-Bahn, Germany
S11, of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn, Germany
Locomotives
ALCO S-11, a diesel-electric switcher
LSWR S11 class, a steam locomotive
Sri Lanka Railways S11, a diesel multiple unit
Stations
Kitanada Station, in Ōzu, Ehime Prefecture, Japan
Morishita Station (Tokyo), in Kōtō, Tokyo, Japan
Myōhōji Station (Hyōgo), in Suma-ku, Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan
Sakurayama Station, in Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
Wutthakat BTS station, in Bangkok, Thailan
Zenibako Station, in Otaru, Hokkaido, Japan
Roads
S11 highway (Georgia)
Expressway S11 (Poland)
County Route S11 (California), United States
Submarines
Brazilian submarine Rio Grande do Sul (S11) (Balao class), in service 1963–1972
Brazilian submarine Rio Grande do Sul (S11) (Tench class), in service 1972–1978
, of the Royal Navy
, of the United States Navy
Other uses
S11 (classification), a disability swimming classification
S11 (protest), at the meeting of the World Economic Forum in Melbourne, Australia on September 11, 2000
40S ribosomal protein S11
British NVC community S11, see swamps and tall-herb fens in the British National Vegetation Classification system
Nissan Silvia (S11), a sports car
Project S-11, a video game
September 11 attacks
S11, a postcode district in Sheffield, England
S-11, a creature in the Sharktopus film | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S11 |
Henri Brémond (31 July 1865 – 17 August 1933) was a French literary scholar and philosopher, Catholic priest, and sometime Jesuit. He was one of the theological modernists.
Biography
Henri Marie Brémond was born in Aix-en-Provence, the son of Pierre and Thomasine Pons Brémond. His father was a notary; his mother died when he was fourteen. Three of his brothers became priests, two of them Jesuits. A sister became a nun. He attended the College du Sacré-Coeur in Aix.
At the age of seventeen, he joined the Society of Jesus. He served his novitiate in Sidmouth, Devon, and received orders in 1892. He then taught for two years. In 1899, he became the editor of the French Jesuit review Études.
Brémond's early works, such as L'Inquiétude religieuse (1901) dealt with religion and spirituality. He left the Society of Jesus in 1904, but remained a priest. In the summer of 1909 he was suspended for an address he gave at the funeral of his friend, the modernist George Tyrrell. Brémond made a sign of the cross over Tyrrell's grave, for which he was temporarily suspended a divinis by Bishop Amigo, but his faculties to celebrate Mass were restored later that year.
Brémond's attention then turned to the subject of religious sentiment. The same month that he made his submission to the bishop, Brémond began a series of articles in the Annales de philosophie chrétienne, which were then published as Apologie pour Fénelon (1910). French historian of spirituality Émile Goichot sees an explicit "...parallel between Brémond's refusal to disown Tyrrell at his death and Fénelon's conduct in relation to [Madame] Guyon".
Brémond became a prolific author of books on literary topics and Catholicism. Brémond's magnum opus was his Histoire littéraire du sentiment religieux en France. He wrote for Le Correspondant, Revue des deux mondes and the Revue de Paris. He had a permanent interest in English topics, e. g. public schools (Thring of Uppingham), the evolution of Anglican clergy (Walter Lake, J. R. Green) and wrote a study of the psychology of John Henry Newman (1906) (well before Geoffrey Faber's attempt).
Sainte Chantal, published in 1912, was placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum in 1913. André Blanchet argues that the book's condemnation was not only due to Brémond's unconventional treatment of the relationship between Jane Frances de Chantal and Francis de Sales, but also because of his friendship with Tyrrell, and his portrayal of Fenelon's arch-critic Bishop Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet in Apologie pour Fénelon, an opinion in which Alastair Guinan concurs.
Brémond became a member of the Académie française succeeding Louis Duchesne, being elected in 1923 to the seat number 36. He was also awarded the Légion d'honneur. He died in Arthez-d'Asson.
Henri Brémond died in Arthez-d'Asson, in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department of France, and was buried in the Saint-Pierre Cemetery of Aix-en-Provence.
Legacy
According to Keith Bosley, Henri Brémond helped revive interest in the Thomistic Christian poetry of sonneteer Jean de La Ceppède, which was consigned to oblivion at the end of the Renaissance in France and remained so until 1915, when La Ceppède was mentioned in the first volume of Brémond's Histoire littéraire du Sentiment religieux en France. Since then, La Ceppède's poetry has experienced a revival. It has appeared in multiple poetry anthologies and several scholarly works have been written about its author.
Works
L'Inquiétude religieuse. Aubes et lendemains de conversion (1901)
Âmes religieuses (1902)
L'enfant et la vie (1902)
Le Bienheureux Thomas More 1478-1535 (1904) as Sir Thomas More (1913) translated by Henry Child
Le charme d'Athènes et autres essais (1905) with Jean and André Bremond
Newman, essai de biographie psychologique (1906) and translations from J. H. Newman, as The Mystery of Newman (1907) translated by H. C. Corrance
Gerbet (1907)
La Littérature religieuse d'avant-hier et d'aujourd'hui (1908)
La Provence mystique au XVIIe siècle: Antoine Yvan et Madeleine Martin (1908)
Nicole (1909)
L’évolution du clergé anglican (1909)
Apologie pour Fénelon (1910),
Sainte Chantal (1572-1641) (1912)
Textes choisis de Bossuet (1913)
Histoire littéraire du sentiment religieux en France depuis la fin des guerres de religion jusqu'à nos jours (from 1916 to 1936) 11 volumes, as A Literary History of Religious Thought in France (1928) translated by K. L. Montgomery
Anthologie des écrivains catholiques, prosateurs français du XVIIème siècle (1919) with Charles Grolleau
Revue dominicaine (1920)
Pour le Romantisme (1923)
Les deux musiques de la prose (1924)
Maurice Barrès (1924)
Le roman et l'histoire d'une conversion. Ulric Guttinguer et Sainte-Beuve (1925)
Manuel illustré de la littérature catholique en France de 1870 à nos jours (1925) with others
Entretiens avec Paul Valéry (1926) with Frédéric Lefevre
Sainte Catherine d'Alexandrie (1926)
La Poésie pure; Un débat sur la poésie. La poésie et les poètes (1926) with
Prière et Poésie (1926) as Prayer and Poetry: A Contribution To Poetical Theory (1927) translated by Algar Thorold
Introduction à la philosophie de la prière (1928)
L'Abbé Tempête: Armand de Rancé, Réformateur de la Trappe (1929) as The Thundering Abbot (1930) translated by F. J. Sheed
Divertissements devant l'arche (1930)
Racine et Valéry. Notes sur l'initiation poétique (1930)
Un clerc qui n'a pas trahi: Alfred Loisy d'après ses mémoires (1931)
La querelle du pur amour au temps de Louis XIII. et Jean-Pierre Camus (1932)
Autour de l'humanisme d'Érasme à Pascal (1936)
(1970) letters to Maurice Blondel, edited by André Blanchet, Aubier, two volumes
References
External links
1865 births
1933 deaths
People from Aix-en-Provence
20th-century French writers
20th-century male writers
20th-century French Jesuits
19th-century French Jesuits
Members of the Académie Française
French male writers
Modernism in the Catholic Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri%20Br%C3%A9mond |
Bhokal is a superhero appearing in Raj Comics. Most stories are based on dark fantasy with blood and gore. Bhokal was created by Manoj Gupta and Sanjay Gupta.
Story Plot
He is a legendary winged warrior prince of a fictional fabled Parilok (fairyland). He descended to earth to take part in a fighting tournament and landed in Vikasnagar, becoming a zealous defender of the people of Vikasnagar.
Origin
Real name Rajkumar Alop (Prince Alop), Bhokal appeared first in a seven comic series along with his friends Tureen (with whom he falls in love), Shootan and Atikrur. He killed his rival Fuchang who was responsible for death of his parents. Presently Bhokal's parental origins are being explored in the latest issues starting from 'Dhikkar' where Bhokal loses his powers as a result of a conspiracy planned by his master and mentor Mahaguru Bhokal. In issues 'Dhikkar' and 'Antardwand' Bhokal battles to retain his powers as well as find and clear name of his biological father 'Yuddheshthveer'. His quest to find his father continues in 'Yugaandhar'. Mr. Nitin Mishra is writing the origin series for Bhokal, Dhikkar and Antardwand were its debut issues which were illustrated by Mr. Hemant Kumar. Yugaandhar is illustrated by Mr. Lalit Singh and Mr. Nitin Mishra, it is written by Mr. Nitin Mishra.
Bhokal also appeared in issues of Bankelal.
Powers and abilities
Bhokal can summon the 'Bhokal-Shakti', the power of his teacher, Mahaguru Bhokal, by hailing his name in battle, shouting 'Jai Mahaguru Bhokal'. He acquires super-human physical attributes, apart from receiving the mystical Sword and Shield of his master. The Sword is capable of cutting through most of the then-known materials and elements, making it one of the greatest weapons of its time. It can also be used to emit 'Jwala-Shakti', a mystical fire from its edge, which is known to burn away almost anything in a matter of seconds. The Shield is capable of blocking any physical or supernatural attack and also allows its wielder to fly via the Shield. He once wielded the weapon Prahara on his forehead, in memory of its previous owner and Bhokal's deceased wife, Turin. It granted him psychic powers.
Supporting characters
Friends and relations
Turin: aka Rajkumari Sofia (princess Sofia). Turin is a princess from another planet. First love interest of Bhokal and later became his wife. Turin was the owner of the magical weapon prahara and master of a magical cat "Kapala". Turin was killed by Himraj in the Himalayan valleys. Bhokal was out in the battlefields fighting for his adopted country and could not save her. Later in Saat Sawaal he goes in search of her soul and finally he gets back his beloved Turin in Laut Aayi Turin. Turin left Bhokal after Saloni and Rupsi became pregnant with Bhokal's child. Later on it was found that, Maya controlled Bhokal's mind to destroy his reputation and his relationship with Turin.
Kapala Turin's shape shifting cat which can fly. She took a human female form with cat's eye to save Turin's son after Turin was killed.
Rupsi: Niece of Vikasmohan and princess of neighbouring kingdom. Bhokal had another child with Rupsi under Maya's influence.
Saloni:(a skilled archer) Daughter of a sage. Although he never loved the other two as much as he loved Turin, bound by vow to protect them, he can never leave them. Under the mind control of Jadugarni Maya (enchantress Maya) Bhokal had twins with Saloni.
Shootan was the sammohan-samrat ... who could hypnotise anyone and anything with his eyes. Shootan was killed by his enemies in Chitaghati. But after many years he came back in Ghar Aaya Shootan when Bhokal's uncle tried to take over his homeland and in the process resurrected Shootan as to kill Bhokal but eventually Shootan freed from his will and thus returned completely as older self. In "Sammohan Ghat" the royal warlock Tillu tried to impersonate Shootan as enemy of Vikasnagar but was eventually caught.
Mohini: Queen of Vikasnagar. She became the sole ruler after her husband Vikasmohan was killed by Jadugarni Maya.
Venu who started her career as a child-kidnapper but after falling in love with Shootan transformed herself for the better and then fought many a battle alongside her husband, Bhokal, Turin, etc., she carried a flute that could mesmerise anybody and get converted into a battle axe if summoned.
Ladaki Shootan's second wife. Skilled in armed combat.
Atikrur, the wielder of the dantak has the strength of 10 elephants and can flatten mountains with his blows. But later on his appearances with Bhokal dwindled after he went back to his planet.
Piku Pakodia wife of Atikrur
Tilli Once Bhokal and Turin was almost brutally stoned by the people of Vikasnagar. Tilli with his tantrik energy, revived both of them from near death.
Shweta Teen princess of Vikasnagar
Ankit Prince of Vikasnagar
Vikasmohan King of Vikasnagar
Rani Chanda Obsessive suitor of Bhokal.
Enemies
Incomputable enemies of Bhokal have appeared in Bhokal's comics; many died, but some lived on to appear again. Here is the list of Bhokal's major enemies :
Fuchang : Appears in First seven Comics of Bhokal, Fuchang is the murderer of Bhokal's Family, Killed by Bhokal in comics "Bhokal Aur Fuchang"
Himraj
Guneek
Kaal-Kundli
Dharni-Dhar
Maharavan
Kaal
Chaddam
Kubda Shaitan
Rani Maya
Baba Yaga
Shootan
New Bhokal : Pari Rakshak Bhokal
In order to publish something for the kids, Raj comics has started publishing a new series namely Pari Rakshak Bhokal. This Bhokal is entirely different from the original one but has the same powers. And story also takes place in the present Rc universe.
List of Bhokal Comics
Pari Rakshak Bhokal : Comics List
Kaal
Kaal Dansh
Kaal ka Jaal
Ant Kaal
Pari Rakshak Bhokal
Saat Ajube
Baba Yaga
Cindrella
Nightingale
References
External links
Raj Comics
Comics Vine
Fictional Indian people
Indian comics
Male characters in comics
Indian comics characters
Raj Comics superheroes
Indian superheroes
Fictional fairies and sprites
Indian mythology in popular culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhokal |
S12 may refer to:
Aviation
Albany Municipal Airport (Oregon), in Linn County, Oregon, United States
Letov Š-12, a Czechoslovakian prototype fighter aircraft
Rans S-12 Airaile, an American civil utility aircraft
SABCA S.XII, a Belgian passenger aircraft
SIAI S.12, an Italian flying-boat
Sikorsky S-12, a Russian trainer aircraft
SPAD S.XII, a French biplane fighter
Spencer S-12 Air Car, an American amphibious aircraft
Stemme S12, a German motor glider
Rail and transit
Lines
S12 (Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn), Germany
S12 (St. Gallen S-Bahn), Switzerland
S12 (ZVV), Zürich, Switzerland
Line S12 (Milan suburban railway service), Italy
Locomotives
Baldwin S-12, a diesel-electric locomotive
Sri Lanka Railways S12, a diesel multiple unit
Stations
Asari Station (Hokkaido), in Otaru, Hokkaido, Japan
Bang Wa station, in Bangkok, Thailand
Iyo-Nagahama Station, in Ōzu, Ehime Prefecture, Japan
Kikukawa Station, in Sumida, Tokyo, Japan
Mizuho Kuyakusho Station, in Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
Myōdani Station, in Suma-ku, Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan
Roads
Airport Expressway (Beijing), China
Shanghai–Jiaxing–Huzhou Expressway, China
S12 highway (Georgia)
Expressway S12 (Poland)
County Route S12 (California), United States
Vessels
, in service 1963–1972
, in service 1972–1993
, an armed yacht of the Royal Canadian Navy
, a submarine of the Royal Navy
, a submarine of the United States Navy
Other uses
S12 (classification), a disability swimming classification
40S ribosomal protein S12
British NVC community S12, a swamps and tall-herb fens community in the British National Vegetation Classification system
Lenovo IdeaPad S12, a laptop
Nissan Silvia (S12), a sports car
S12: Do not keep the container sealed, a safety phrase
Saiga-12, a Russian semi-automatic shotgun
S12, a postcode district in Sheffield, England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S12 |
Francisco de Enzinas (1 November 1518? – 30 December 1552), also known by the humanist name Francis Dryander (from the Greek drus, which can be translated encina in Spanish), was a classical scholar, translator, author, Protestant reformer and apologist of Spanish origin.
Family and education
Francisco de Enzinas was born in Burgos, Spain, probably on 1 November 1518. (Herminjard, , v9 (1897), p462, n3.) He was one of ten children of the successful wool merchant Juan de Enzinas. The mater of his correspondence was his stepmother, Beatriz de Santa Cruz, whose family included the wealthy Low Countries merchant Jerónimo de Salamanca Santa Cruz and the churchman Alonso de Santa Cruz, treasurer of Burgos Cathedral.
Enzinas was sent to the Low Countries around 1536 for commercial training, but on 4 June 1539 he enrolled at the Collegium Trilingue of Louvain. There he fell under the spell of humanist scholarship as popularized by Desiderius Erasmus. Around that time he developed an acquaintance with the Polish Reformer Jan Łaski. (Epistolario, letter 1.) He also made a connection with the University of Oxford, as shown by a letter he wrote to a certain Edmund Crispin of Oriel College, later published by the martyrologist John Foxe in the first edition of his Acts and Monuments. (Pratt ed. (1870), v6, p139, n1.) The same work, more popularly known as Foxe's Book of Martyrs, also contains eyewitness accounts originally penned by Enzinas.
A brother, Diego de Enzinas, studied with him at the Collegium Trilingue and collaborated on a Spanish edition of the 1538 Catechism of John Calvin and the Freedom of the Christian Man by Martin Luther, printed at Antwerp in 1542. Diego was burned during the Roman Inquisition in 1547.
New Testament translation
In the summer of 1541, Enzinas went to Paris where he was present at the deathbed of his relative, Pedro de Lerma, dean of the faculty of theology at the Sorbonne. On 27 October 1541, he enrolled at the University of Wittenberg. His desire to study there with the famed hellenist Philip Melanchthon was an extension of his admiration for Erasmus.
In Melanchthon's house, Enzinas finished a translation of the New Testament into Spanish. He took it to Antwerp to be printed by Steven Mierdman in 1543. The Spanish New Testament was dedicated to Emperor Charles V who also received the first printed volume during a personal interview with Enzinas in Brussels. Emperor Charles V passed the book on to his confessor Pedro de Soto, who then ordered Enzinas arrest. An attempt to confiscate the printed copies of the New Testament was only partly successful.
Enzinas escaped from the Vrunte prison in Brussels in February 1545. He made his way back to Wittenberg and wrote an account of his adventures, titled De statu Belgico et religione Hispanica. It is better known as his Mémoires. The same year in Basel, he edited and published an account of the murder of his friend and fellow Protestant Juan Díaz, the Historia vera, which became a best seller in the overheated religious atmosphere of the day.
Enzinas's New Testament had a marked influence on subsequent translations, of which the most important was the Reina-Valera version, still the standard Bible of the Protestant Spanish-speaking world.
Marriage, England
In March 1548, Enzinas married fellow religious exile Margaret Elter (d. 1553), a native of Guelders. Soon after, the couple moved to England at the urging of Martin Bucer, the reformer of Strasbourg, who also had set his sights on the relative safety of Edward VI's realm. Thomas Cranmer took the couple into his palace at Lambeth and soon afterward appointed Enzinas to teach Greek at Cambridge. His status at the university is uncertain; there is no evidence that he held a professorship, and more likely was paid by Cranmer to cover an extended absence of Regius Professor of Greek John Cheke.
Enzinas's move to the university was also influenced by the wish of Catherine Willoughby, Duchess of Suffolk, that he should tutor one of her sons, probably Charles. (Epistolario, letter 45i.) The Duchess combined Protestant convictions with a Spanish bloodline traced through her mother, Maria de Salinas, lady in waiting to Catherine of Aragon. (In this connection, it is worth noting that Enzinas's translation of Plutarch's Lives was published under the pseudonym, 'Juan Castro de Salinas'.)
Last years on the Continent
Enzinas left his wife and newborn daughter in England at the end of 1549 to print Spanish translations of Lucian, Livy, and Plutarch. The reasons are not difficult to understand: his primary interest was publishing Spanish literature, and he knew and trusted the Continental printers more than any in England. In June 1550 his family joined him in Strasbourg. There he built what was effectively a small Spanish publishing house, which for the next two and a half years produced editions of classical works and Old Testament books in Spanish. A second daughter was born in 1551.
Enzinas came close to publishing his major life project, a complete Bible translation, but died before seeing it through the press. Carlos Gilly has demonstrated, from the Old Testament portions issued at Strasbourg, that Enzinas translated from the Latin version of Sébastien Castellio rather than the original Hebrew. It is possible that the manuscripts passed into the hands of Casiodoro de Reina, who published his own Bible in 1569. Enzinas commissioned a remarkable set of engravings and capitals for his project, and some have recently been discovered in other editions of the period.
Enzinas died on 30 December 1552, a victim of plague at Strasbourg; Margaret Elter died about 1 February 1553. Their two daughters, Margarita and Beatriz, became wards of the city and were the objects of an extended custody battle with Beatriz de Santa Cruz. As late as 1566 she was still claiming guardianship over the girls, though they were by then living in Flanders.
Posthumous editions
Enzinas's Mémoires were published posthumously in French translation (Ste. Marie aux Mines, 1558), probably through the efforts of Margaret Elter's relatives in Strasbourg. They were translated into German only a hundred years ago, and have been rendered, in the past half century, into modern French, Spanish, and Dutch.
Enzinas's collected letters appeared in 1995, and include correspondence with Philip Melanchthon, Heinrich Bullinger, Martin Bucer, John Calvin, and other religious figures, students, rulers, and printers of the period.
References
Boehmer, Eduard, Bibliotheca Wiffeniana: Spanish Reformers of Two Centuries, vol. 1 (Strasbourg 1874).
Enzinas, Francisco de, Epistolario, Ignacio J. García Pinilla (ed.) (Geneva 1995). Collected letters in original Latin with Spanish translation. "Dryander" is used throughout
Carlos Gilly: Spanien und der Basler Buchdruck bis 1600: Ein Querschnitt durch die spanische Geistesgeschichte aus der Sicht einer europäischen Buchdruckerstadt. Helbing und Liechtenhahn, Basel 1985, , p. 326–353 (PDF; 64,1 MiB).
Nelson, Jonathan L., 'Francisco de Enzinas', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford 2004)
External links
Extensive article in the German Wikipedia, with graphics: :de:Francisco de Enzinas
1510s births
1552 deaths
People from Burgos
Spanish Protestants
16th-century Spanish writers
16th-century male writers
Translators of the Bible into Spanish
16th-century Spanish people
16th-century deaths from plague (disease)
Regius Professors of Greek (Cambridge) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20de%20Enzinas |
Palais Schönborn-Batthyány is a Baroque palace in the Innere Stadt district of Vienna, Austria.
It was built by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach around 1699-1706 for count Adam Batthyány. In 1740, his widow sold the residence to the noble Schönborn family. Friedrich Karl von Schönborn had the interior redecorated. In 1801 the furniture and art collection of Schönborn's Garden Palace in Vienna-Josefstadt were brought here, among them Rembrandt's The Blinding of Samson. The library consisted of 18,000 volumes. In the early 20th century most of the art collection was sold. During the Second World War, the building was damaged, however renovated until 1960. It continues to be the Austrian branch of the Schönborn family's Vienna residence, although partially rented out to other occupants.
External links
Schonborn-Batthyany
Baroque architecture in Vienna
Houses completed in 1706
Buildings and structures in Josefstadt
1706 establishments in the Habsburg monarchy
1706 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
18th-century establishments in Austria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais%20Sch%C3%B6nborn-Batthy%C3%A1ny |
was the father of the famed Imagawa Ujichika and the 9th head of the Imagawa clan.
Yoshitada spent most of his time invading Tōtōmi Province, attacking the Katsumada and Yokota clans. However, after Yoshitada thought he had destroyed the clans of Katsumada and Yokota, and he was returning to his home at Suruga, he was attacked and killed at Shiokaizaka by the remnants of the two clans he thought to have completely destroyed.
After Yoshitada's death, he was succeeded by his eldest son Imagawa Ujichika. Even though at that time Ujichika was not of age, he soon carried on in his father's legacy. His childhood name was Tatsuomaru (龍王丸).
Family
Father: Imagawa Noritada (1408-1461?)
Mother: Uesugi Ujisada's daughter
Wife: Lady Kitagawa
Children:
daughter married Ogimachi Sanjo Sanemichi by Lady Kitagawa
Imagawa Ujichika by Lady Kitagawa
Daimyo
1436 births
1476 deaths
Imagawa clan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagawa%20Yoshitada |
Stabroek was the old name of Georgetown, Guyana, between 1784 and 1812, and was the capital of Demerara. Stabroek is currently a ward in the centre of Georgetown.
History
In 1748, Governor Laurens Storm van 's Gravesande build a guard post at the mouth of the Demerara River. Later English planters started to build houses around the guard post creating a little village. The town was established in 1782 during a brief occupation by the French of the Dutch colony of Demerara. The original name of Longchamps was changed to Stabroek in 1784, after Nicholaas Geelvinck (1732 — 1787), Lord of Stabroek, the then President of the Dutch West India Company.
In 1789, the population was 780 people of which 239 were whites, however the town rapidly started to grow and by 1807 had a population of around 8,500 people. American traders started to build a wharf which became known as American Stelling, and little towns started to appear around the main settlement.
The city's name changed again in 1812 when, under British rule, it became Georgetown. A ward of the city, one fourth of a mile broad and one mile long, retains the name Stabroek.
Brickdam, Stabroek's main street, was paved with bricks and made of burnt earth until 1921 when it was paved over for the arrival of the Prince of Wales. The upper side of Brickdam was once lined with palm trees.
The old name of the city is still reflected in Georgetown's main market, Stabroek Market, which has existed on or near its present location since the 18th century, and the newspaper Stabroek News, established in 1986. The Parliament Building is located in Stabroek on the same spot where the Court of Policy used to be.
Gallery
References
Bibliography
External links
Aerial view
The Growth of Georgetown
Demerara
History of Guyana
Tourist attractions in Guyana
Wards of Georgetown, Guyana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabroek%2C%20Guyana |
The Yellow Rose of Texas may refer to:
"The Yellow Rose of Texas" (song), a traditional folk song
The Yellow Rose of Texas (film), a 1944 American film directed by Joseph Kane
The Yellow Rose of Texas (legend) inspired by the activities of Emily D. West in the Texas Revolution
The Yellow Rose of Texas (flower), or Rosa 'Harison's Yellow', a hybrid rose cultivar
Yellow Rose of Texas (box set), a 1993 box set by Ernest Tubb
Yellow Rose of Texas Award
Amarillo, Texas
David Von Erich (1958–1984), American professional wrestler | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Yellow%20Rose%20of%20Texas |
Palais Pálffy () is a palace located on Josefsplatz in the Innere Stadt (inner city) district of Vienna, Austria. It was once owned by the noble Pálffy family.
Today, the building is used for music performances and various kinds of public functions. The is located in the Palais.
External links
Palais Palffy homepage
Pálffy
Buildings and structures in Innere Stadt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais%20P%C3%A1lffy |
The Anglican Network in Canada (ANiC) is a group of Anglican churches in Canada and the United States established in 2005 under the jurisdiction of the Anglican Province of the Southern Cone, a province of the Anglican Communion. It was a founding diocese of the Anglican Church in North America in June 2009. It comprises over 70 congregations in nine Canadian provinces, Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland & Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, and two American states, Massachusetts and Vermont. Their first Moderator Bishop was Don Harvey, from 2009 to 2014, when he was succeeded by Diocesan Bishop Charlie Masters. Bishop Dan Gifford became Diocesan Bishop in 2022.
Structure
The Anglican Network in Canada aims to "remain faithful to established Christian doctrine and Anglican practice" and represent orthodox Anglicanism in Canada. ANiC is a major Canadian constituent of the Anglican realignment movement. The irregular nature of ANiC makes it the geographically largest Anglican diocese in the world, covering the entire territory of Canada and a small pocket in the northeastern United States, in Massachusetts and Vermont. The Anglican Network in Canada is a diocese within the Anglican Church in North America.
Beliefs
The stated mission of the Anglican Network in Canada is to "Build Biblically faithful, Gospel sharing, Anglican Churches". The network desires to build new churches and expand existing churches that it believes will be fully Anglican, biblically faithful, evangelizing and discipling.
The Anglican Network upholds what it believes to be the historical, biblical and traditional Christian beliefs found in the Anglican tradition pertaining to the Holy Trinity, sexuality, and authority of Christian scripture. ANiC also affirms the Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral of 1886/1888 and the Jerusalem Declaration of GAFCON 2008. While women can be ordained as deacons or priests they cannot be ordained as bishops. The diocese does not bless same-sex unions or marriages. They also oppose abortion and euthanasia.
Worship style
Most churches within the Anglican Network in Canada now worship based on the liturgy and practices of the Book of Common Prayer 2019, developed by the Anglican Church in North America. Most parishes celebrate the Holy Communion (Eucharist) at least once a week, with many churches holding multiple services.
Within ANiC there exists a wide diversity of worship and music styles. There are some churches in ANiC which identify as High Church and Anglo-Catholic, while there are churches at the other end of the spectrum which identify as low church and evangelical and some which would be described as more charismatic. Music in their services can very from hyms and songs let by organ, piano, guitars, or full orchestras and choirs.
Media attention and legal troubles
ANiC gained a degree of media attention, primarily in two respects. Firstly, the network upholds traditional Christian understandings of morality including what it believes are the orthodox Biblical ideas about family, marriage and discipleship. The network has been criticized by the mainline Anglican Church of Canada, the Canadian media, secular interest groups and other liberal, mainline denominations for taking a stand against same-sex unions and same-sex marriage.
Leadership
Since 2007, the diocesan bishops (previously called "moderator bishops") of ANIC have been:
Don Harvey (2007–2014)
Charlie Masters (2014–2022)
Dan Gifford (2022–present)
ANIC's suffragan bishops have included Masters, who served as area bishop for eastern Canada from 2009 until his election as diocesan bishop in 2014; Trevor Walters, who was area bishop for western Canada from 2009 to 2022; and Stephen Leung, who since 2009 has been suffragan bishop for Asian and multicultural ministry.
ANIC is also canonical residence for several retired bishops of the Anglican Church of Canada, including William Anderson of Caledonia, Terry Buckle of Yukon, Ronald Ferris of Yukon and Algoma and ANIC assisting bishop for church planting, and Malcolm Harding of Brandon.
One prominent member of the Anglican Network in Canada was J. I. Packer, who was a leading theologian in the Anglican and North American evangelical world. He was a longtime honorary assistant at St. John's Vancouver and a professor of theology at Regent College. During his lifetime, Packer was canon theologian emeritus of ANIC.
Parishes
As of 2022, the Anglican Network in Canada had 72 parishes. Notable parishes in the diocese include:
Ecumenical relations
Reaction to Roman Catholic personal ordinariates
In October 2009, ANiC's leadership reacted to the Roman Catholic Church's proposed creation of personal ordinariates for disaffected traditionalist Anglicans by saying that this provision would probably not have a great impact on its laity and clergy, who are satisfied with the Anglican realignment movement. In June 2013, at least one priest from the ANIC denomination has accepted the offer to become a Catholic priest. Furthermore, Bishop Don Harvey stated that "Apart from being an intrusion at the very highest levels of one major church into the internal affairs of another, under the guise of being ecumenical, this invitation offers very little that is new."
Relations with other churches
ANiC is a member of the Evangelical Fellowship of Canada. ANiC has established ecumenical contacts with the Lutheran Church-Canada. It is also has been involved in ecumenical dialogue with other Lutheran and Christian church bodies as part of the ACNA.
See also
Anglican Essentials Canada
Anglican realignment
References
External links
Dioceses of the Anglican Church in North America
Anglican realignment dioceses
Evangelicalism in Canada
Christian organizations established in 2005
Anti-LGBT and Christianity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican%20Network%20in%20Canada |
The County Palatine of Durham was a jurisdiction in the North of England, within which the bishop of Durham had rights usually exclusive to the monarch. It developed from the Liberty of Durham, which emerged in the Anglo-Saxon period. The gradual acquisition of powers by the bishops led to Durham being recognised as a palatinate by the late thirteenth century. Durham was one of several counties palatine in England during the Middle Ages, but was noted for having an exceptionally wide range of powers and independence from the monarch.
The county palatine had its own government and institutions, which broadly mirrored those of the monarch and included several judicial courts. From the sixteenth century the palatine rights of the bishops were gradually reduced, and were finally abolished in 1836. The last palatine institution to survive was the court of chancery, which was abolished in 1972.
The palatine included most of contemporary County Durham, the parts of Tyne and Wear south of the Tyne, and had exclaves in Northumberland and North Yorkshire around the island of Lindisfarne and the settlements of Bedlington, Norham, and Crayke.
History
Early history
The territory of the palatinate began to form in 684, when King Ecgfrith of Northumbria granted a substantial territory to St Cuthbert after the latter was elected bishop of Lindisfarne in 684. In about 883 the diocese moved to Chester-le-Street and Guthred, King of Northumbria granted it the area between the Tyne and the Wear. In 995 the diocese was moved again, to Durham, and received additional grants of land. Throughout this period the earl of Northumbria was the secular ruler of the region.
Establishment and consolidation
In 1075, shortly after the Norman conquest, William the Conqueror allowed Bishop Walcher to purchase the earldom of Northumbria after its previous holder, Waltheof, rebelled against the king; this marked the beginning of the bishops' temporal authority. Disputes with the officials of Northumberland were not resolved until 1293, when Bishop Antony Bek and his steward failed to attend a summons by the justices of Northumberland, and the case eventually reached Parliament. There, Bek argued that "from time immemorial it had been widely known that the sheriff of Northumberland was not sheriff of Durham nor entered within that liberty as sheriff", and that Durham was independent of any other county. These arguments appear to have been accepted, as by the 14th century Durham was considered a liberty which received royal mandates direct. The jusisdiction of the bishops was also expanded during this period when the wapentake of Sadberge, another liberty within Northumberland, was purchased by bishop Hugh de Puiset in 1189. It was gradually incorporated into Durham, but retained separate assizes until 1586.
Decline and abolition
The later history of the palatinate is characterised by the Crown and parliament slowly diminishing the powers of the bishops and incorporating the county into the regular system of local government in England. This process began in 1536, when the Act of Resumption deprived the bishop of the power to pardon offences or to appoint judicial officers and mandated that the county's legal system would in future be run in the name of the king, rather than the bishop. In March 1553 the diocese was briefly abolished; the bishop, Cuthbert Tunstall, had been removed from office and imprisoned in 1552 because he did not support the religious policies of Edward VI's de facto regent, John Dudley. Mary I had restored both the diocese and Tunstall to office by April 1554, and in practice the abolition seems to have been ignored. In 1596, under Elizabeth I, restrictions were placed on the palatinate's court of chancery.
In 1646 the parliament of the Commonwealth of England again abolished the palatinate, but after the Stuart Restoration it was once again revived. In 1654 the palatinate sent its first members to the Parliament of England, two each for the city of Durham and the wider county; the bishops had previously put up strong opposition to a 1614 bill which would have given the city of Durham and Barnard Castle representation. By 1831 the county covered an area of and had a population of 253,910. These boundaries were used for parliamentary purposes until 1832, and for judicial and local government purposes until the coming into force of the Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844, which merged most remaining exclaves with their surrounding county.
During the nineteenth century several other Acts of Parliament were passed which affected the governance of Durham. The Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836 effectively abolished the palatine by transferring the bishop's remaining palatine rights to the Crown. Doubts about the construction of this Act led to the enactment of the Durham County Palatine Act 1858. Durham was included in the standardisation of English and Welsh local government enacted by the Local Government Act 1888, which created Durham County Council. Durham maintained its own judicial identity until the Courts Act 1971 abolished its separate court of chancery.
Administration
At its greatest extent, the county palatine consisted of a large, contiguous territory around Durham and several exclaves to the north and south. The contiguous territory was bounded the rivers Tyne and Derwent in the north, the North Sea to the east, the River Tees to the south, and the Pennines in the west. The exclaves were Bedlingtonshire, Islandshire and Norhamshire within Northumberland, and Craikshire within the North Riding of Yorkshire. Durham itself was divided by the 13th century into four "wards" (equivalent to hundreds) named after their chief towns: Chester-le-Street, Darlington, Easington and Stockton. Each had its own coroner and a three-weekly court.
The prior of Durham ranked first among the bishop's barons. He had his own court, and almost exclusive jurisdiction over his men. There were ten palatinate barons in the 12th century, the most important being the Hyltons of Hylton Castle, the Bulmers of Brancepeth, the Conyers of Sockburne, the Hansards of Evenwood, and the Lumleys of Lumley Castle. The Neville family also owned large estates in the county, including Raby Castle.
Taxation
The principle that the King would not tax Durham may have been established as early as 685, when St. Cuthbert was made bishop of Lindisfarne, and successive bishops of the diocese acquired extensive estates with exemptions from tax. They also maintained a seignorial court, which implied exemption from interference by the king's officers. There is no evidence that the bishops paid danegeld, which was first collected in 991; after the Norman Conquest it became a regular tax based on the Domesday survey, which Durham was also omitted from.
Several documents survive which prove Durham's exemption from taxes, including two precepts from the reign of William II and charters from the reign of Henry II which exempt the palatine from a wide range of taxes and reaffirm similar privileges granted in the reigns of Henry I and William II. When the bishopric was vacant it was in included in the pipe rolls maintained by the English Exchequer, which show that it did not pay taxes such as carucage. When Henry II enforced the Assize of Clarendon in the palatinate he also stated that his actions should not be used as a precedent, implying that the exclusion of the king's justices was a privilege of the palatinate. It is not known whether palatinate would have been subject to the Saladin tithe, as bishop de Puiset pledged to go on crusade and was therefore exempt from paying it. During the vacancy which followed the death of bishop Philip of Poitou in 1208 King John appears to have raised money in the palatinate, but this was regarded as an infringement of local privilege.
Government and courts
The palatine had its own government, whose officers were ultimately appointed by the bishop. Until the 15th century the most important administrative officer was the steward, and the palatine also had a sheriff, coroners, a chamberlain and a chancellor. The palatine exchequer was organised in the 12th century. The palatine assembly represented the whole county, and dealt chiefly with fiscal questions. The bishop's council, consisting of the clergy, the sheriff and the barons, regulated the judicial affairs. The palatine eventually developed several courts, including chancery, common pleas, admiralty and marshalsea. The Court of the County of Durham was abolished by section 2 of the Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836, the Court of Chancery of the County Palatine of Durham and Sadberge was abolished by the Courts Act 1971, and the Court of Pleas of the County Palatine of Durham and Sadberge was abolished by the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873.
St Cuthbert and the haliwerfolc
During the medieval period, St Cuthbert became politically important in defining the identity of the people living in the semi-autonomous region. Within this area the saint became a powerful symbol of the autonomy the region enjoyed. The inhabitants of the Palatinate became known as the "haliwerfolc", an Old English phrase which roughly translates as "people of the saint", and Cuthbert gained a reputation as being fiercely protective of his domain.
An example of Cuthbert's importance is the Battle of Neville's Cross in 1346, when the prior of Durham Cathedral received a vision of Cuthbert ordering him to take the corporax cloth of the saint and raise it on a spear point near the battlefield as a banner. Doing this, the prior and his monks found themselves protected "by the mediation of holy St Cuthbert and the presence of the said holy Relic."
Symeon of Durham related a tale of a tax gatherer named Ranulf, who was sent by William the Conqueror to force the people of the saint to contribute to the national revenue. St. Cuthbert, angry at this infringement of his liberties, "horribly visited" Ranulf, who was glad to escape alive from the bishopric. The tale, despite its miraculous elements and the fact it likely postdates the events described, is still of value as it shows the local notion of the bishop's privilege in the matter of taxation.
Legacy
Several buildings related to the bishops of Durham and the palatinate survive, including the castles at Durham, Norham, and Bishop Auckland, and the exchequer building on Palace Green in Durham.
The county palatine has been used by the tourism industry to promote Durham, often using the tagline 'land of the prince bishops'. The phrase can also be seen on road signs when entering the County Durham unitary authority.
References
Aird, William M, St Cuthbert and the Normans: The Church of Durham 1071-1153, Studies in the History of Medieval Religion 14, Boydell Press. 1998 . Google
Bonney, Margaret. Lordship and the Urban Community: Durham and its Overlords, 1250–1540. Cambridge University Press. 1990. Google
Cam, "The Evolution of the English Medieval Franchise" (1957) 32 Speculum 427. Law-finders and Law-makers in Medieval England. 1979. Google
Fraser, C M. A History of Antony Bek, Bishop of Durham, 1283–1311. Clarendon Press. 1957. Google
Holdsworth, A History of English Law. 1903. vol 1. p 50. 3rd Ed. 1922. p 109.
Holford, Matthew. Border Liberties and Loyalties: North-East England, c 1200 to c 1400. Edinburgh University Press. 2010. Chapters 1 to 4. Page 17.
Lapsley, Gaillard Thomas, The County Palatine of Durham. A Study in Constitutional History. (Harvard Historical Studies, No 8). New York. 1900.
Larson, P L, Conflict and Compromise in the Late Medieval Countryside: Lords and Peasants in Durham, 1349–1400. Routledge. 2006. Google
Liddy, Christian D, The Bishopric of Durham in the Late Middle Ages: Lordship, Community and the Cult of St Cuthbert. Boydell Press. 2008. Google
Liddy, Christian D, "The Politics of Privilege: Thomas Hatfield and the Palatinate of Durham, 1345–81". J S Hamilton (ed). Fourteenth Century England IV. Page 62. See also p 175.
Marcombe, David. The Last Principality: Politics, Religion and Society in the Bishopric of Durham, 1494–1660. University of Nottingham. 1987. Google
Pollard, A J, "The Crown and the County Palatine of Durham, 1437–94". The North of England in the Age of Richard III. Stroud. 1996. Pages 67 to 87.
Pollard, A J "St Cuthbert and the Hog: Richard III and the County Palatine of Durham, 1471–85". Griffiths and Sherborne (eds). Kings and Nobles in the Later Middle Ages. Gloucester. 1986. Pages 109 to 129.
Storey, R L "The County Palatine of Durham". Thomas Langley and the Bishopric of Durham: 1406–1437. SPCK. 1961. Chapter 2. Page 52. Google
Scammell, G V, "The Liberty of Durham, 1153–95". Hugh Du Puiset: A Biography of the Twelfth-Century Bishop of Durham. Cambridge University Press. 1956. Chapter 5 .
Thornton, Tim, "Fifteenth Century Durham and the Problem of Provincial Liberties in England and the Wider Territories of the English Crown" (2001) 11 Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (Sixth Series) 83
History of County Durham
Prince-bishoprics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County%20Palatine%20of%20Durham |
Waterstock House Training Centre (WHTC) is situated in the village of Waterstock in Oxfordshire, England. It is a well used venue for local and national equestrian training events and clinics.
It was once owned by Lars Sederholm and was a very well known training centre for horses and riders alike. Many of the royal family have ridden at WHTC and competitions are regularly held there.
Buildings and structures in Oxfordshire
Education in Oxfordshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterstock%20House%20Training%20Centre |
Joseph Isaac Fleishaker (November 25, 1953 – May 23, 2016) was an American character actor best known for his appearances in low-budget cult and horror comedy movies. In particular, those produced by New York-based independent film company Troma Entertainment, who have billed Fleishaker as "Troma's biggest action star", humorously alluding to his morbid obesity, which surpassed five hundred pounds.
Biography
Fleishaker was first cast in Troma's 1988 action-comedy Troma's War as an extra, where he played a member of a violent terrorist sect. Lloyd Kaufman, the film's director, was amused by Fleishaker's screen presence as an obese guerrilla soldier and ended up giving him more screen time throughout the film. Following Troma's War, Fleishaker struck up an ongoing partnership with Troma, having acted in every Kaufman-directed film from 1989 to 2006. These parts have ranged from background parts and short cameos to much larger supporting roles, such as The Toxic Avenger's sidekick Lardass in Citizen Toxie: The Toxic Avenger IV.
Outside of their films, Fleishaker became well-known to Troma fans for his numerous appearances in the company's many promotional videos and shorts, where he assumed the role of Troma co-president Michael Herz, who typically prefers to stay out of the public eye. Fleishaker's appearances as Herz were so frequent, many fans have continued to mistake him for the real Michael Herz.
In addition to his work with Troma, Fleishaker appeared at least twelve times as a bit player on Late Night/Late Show with David Letterman during the 1990s, acting in various comedy sketches.
In July 2012, Fleishaker was rushed to the hospital where he was diagnosed as suffering from kidney, heart and lung failure, weighing nearly . He was later transferred to a physical rehabilitation center where he eventually lost 160 pounds though still couldn't retain the ability to walk. On June 3, 2014, a GoFundMe account was opened in Fleishaker's name, aiming to raise $50,000 to help cover his ongoing medical costs and continued treatment. The fundraiser failed, raising only $961 since the fundraiser opened.
Fleishaker died on May 25, 2016, at Montefiore Medical Center in the Bronx of a possible heart attack.
Filmography
Sharknado 3 (2015) as movie patron who was decapitated by shark
I Spill Your Guts (2012) as Dave the Landlord
Poultrygeist: Night of the Chicken Dead (2006) as Jared (credited as Mega Herz)
Tales from the Crapper (2004) as Michael Herz/500 Pound Candygramm
UnConventional (2004) as Himself
Parts of the Family (2003) as Fat Guy Watching Television (uncredited)
Zombiegeddon (2003) as Caller #1 (voice only)
Captain Bill and the Rockin' Buccaneers (2001) as Mr. McDoohan
Citizen Toxie: The Toxic Avenger IV (2000) as Chester/Lardass
Terror Firmer (1999) as Jacob Gelman
Tromeo and Juliet (1996) as 1-900-HOT-HUNK
Sgt. Kabukiman N.Y.P.D. (1991) as Josephs
The Toxic Avenger Part III: The Last Temptation of Toxie (1989) as Apocalypse Inc. Executive
The Toxic Avenger Part II (1989) as Apocalypse Inc. Executive
Troma's War (1988) as Specially Trained Terrorist
TV shows
Troma's Edge TV (2000) as Michael Herz/Lord Fartacus
Late Night/Late Show with David Letterman - Himself/Various characters
The Tromaville Café (1997) as Michael Herz/God
References
External links
1954 births
2016 deaths
American male film actors
American male television actors
21st-century American male actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Fleishaker |
Palais Pallavicini is a palace in Vienna, Austria. It is located in the Josefsplatz square at number 5. It has been owned by the noble Pallavicini family. It was previously built and owned by the Fries banking family (Swiss-Austrian) and is therefore also known as Palais Fries as house of Count Johann von Fries (and later of his son Count Moritz von Fries that sold it). It was built upon a monastery, erected by Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France (widow of King Charles IX of France), closed in 1782 (the former monastic church is now the Lutheran City Church).
History
The palace was constructed in 1784 by Johann Ferdinand Hetzendorf von Hohenberg in a Neoclassical style. The interior rooms are richly gilded and decorated with stucco, crystal chandeliers and mirrors. The elaborately-inlaid parquet floors are made out of expensive woods.
The Palais Pallavicini is still family-owned, and the historic rooms have been restored. The palace can be rented for special occasions, including conferences, concerts, wedding receptions and other events.
Popular culture
The Palais Pallavicini was used in the 1949 film, The Third Man, as the location for Harry Lime's apartment. It was also used in the 2013 film The Best Offer as the location of Virgin Oldman's apartment.
See also
Palazzo Pallavicini-Rospigliosi (in Rome)
Villa Durazzo-Pallavicini (in Genoa)
References
External links
Buildings and structures in Innere Stadt
Pallavicini
Neoclassical architecture in Austria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais%20Pallavicini |
"Lady Grinning Soul" is a ballad written by English musician David Bowie, released on the album Aladdin Sane in 1973. It was a last-minute addition, replacing the "sax version" of "John, I'm Only Dancing" as the closing track. The composer's first meeting with American soul singer Claudia Lennear in 1972 is often cited as the inspiration for the song. In 2016, after Bowie's death, an interview with Lennear revealed that Bowie called her in 2014, and told her the song had been written about her.
The style of the piece has been compared to a James Bond theme. Pianist Mike Garson described his own performance as "about as romantic as it gets ... French with a little Franz Liszt thrown in there". Rolling Stones contemporary review called Bowie's singing "the album's most expansive and sincere vocal", while author Nicholas Pegg considers the track "one of Bowie's most underrated recordings ... quite unlike anything else he has ever done". Mojo magazine listed it as Bowie's 93rd best track in 2015.
The track was used in the films The Runaways (2010) and Diana Vreeland: The Eye Has to Travel (2012).
Recording
With the release of his album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars and his performance of "Starman" on the BBC television programme Top of the Pops in early July 1972, David Bowie was launched to stardom. To support the album, Bowie embarked on the Ziggy Stardust Tour in both the UK and the US. He composed most of the tracks for the follow-up record on the road during the US tour in late 1972. Because of this, many of the tracks were influenced by America, and his perceptions of the country.
"Lady Grinning Soul" was recorded at Trident Studios in London in January 1973, following the conclusion of the American tour and a series of Christmas concerts in England and Scotland. Like the rest of its parent album, the song was co-produced by Bowie and Ken Scott and featured Bowie's backing band the Spiders from Mars – comprising guitarist Mick Ronson, bassist Trevor Bolder and drummer Woody Woodmansey, as well as pianist Mike Garson and saxophonist Ken Fordham.
Other releases
It was released as the B-side of the single "Let's Spend the Night Together" in June 1973.
It was also the B-side of the Spanish release of the single "Sorrow" in November 1973.
The US release of the single "Rebel Rebel" had "Lady Grinning Soul" as the B-side.
It appeared as the B-side of the Japanese release of the single "1984" in April 1974.
Cover versions
Chris Brokaw – The Hand That Wrote This Letter (2017)
Anna Calvi – Strange Weather (EP) (2014)
Ulf Lundell – Sweethearts (Swedish translation called "Elden")
Janette Mason performed it on her 2014 album D'Ranged
Lucia Micarelli – Instrumental version on Music From a Farther Room (2004)
Momus – Turpsycore (2015)
Mystéfy - Spark Within (2016)
Camille O'Sullivan – Changeling (2012)
Paul Roberts – Faith (1999)
Petra Taylor - Cover Ups (2019)
Personnel
According to Chris O'Leary:
David Bowie – lead vocal, 12-string acoustic guitar
Mick Ronson – lead and rhythm guitar
Trevor Bolder – bass
Woody Woodmansey – drums
Mike Garson – piano
Ken Fordham – baritone saxophoneTechnical'
David Bowie – producer
Ken Scott – producer, engineer
See also
Music of the James Bond series (inspiration)
Notes
References
Sources
David Bowie songs
1973 songs
Songs written by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by Ken Scott
Song recordings produced by David Bowie
Rock ballads
1970s ballads | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady%20Grinning%20Soul |
Sir Martin West (1804–1849) was born in England, the son of a civil servant in the Treasury.
Martin West studied at Balliol College, Oxford, before joining the British East India Company. He served in Bombay but had to retire on grounds of ill-health and became Resident Magistrate in Grahamstown, South Africa.
From this post, he was appointed the first Lieutenant-Governor and the first civilian administrator of the Colony of Natal in 1845, still a dependency of the Cape.
Joyce's short biographical entry describes him as "a moderate administrator, …(who) suffered from poor health and, ill-supported by the British government, … achieved negligible progress during his term of office". He was retired from the Natal governorship in 1849 and died that year.
Durban's West Street and the suburb of Westville are named after him. Westville Boys' High School also has a school house called West that is named after him.
References
1804 births
1849 deaths
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Governors of Natal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20West%20%28colonial%20administrator%29 |
Palais Modena is a palace in Vienna, Austria. It was built and owned by the Habsburgs of the Austria-Este branch of the family.
Today it houses offices of the Federal Ministry of the Interior.
External links
Modena | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais%20Modena |
Gertrude Lamson (October 8, 1874 – February 7, 1965), known professionally as Nance O'Neil or Nancy O'Neil, was an American stage and film actress who performed in plays in various theaters around the world but worked predominantly in the United States between the 1890s and 1930s. At the height of her career, she was promoted on theater bills and in period trade publications and newspapers as the "American Bernhardt".
Early life
O'Neil was born in Oakland, California to George Lamson and Arre Findley.<ref>GREAT STARS OF THE AMERICAN STAGE" by Daniel Blum c. 1952 Profile #36</ref>
Stage career
O'Neil's first performance in a professional production was in the role of a nun in Sarah at the Alcazar Theatre in San Francisco on October 16, 1893. Before returning to San Francisco in 1898 and 1899 as a star, headlining in the plays The Jewess and The Shadow, she spent the preceding years honing her acting skills by playing in every type of venue, "from barns to first-class theatres", in towns throughout the country's West and Northwest."HUNTING 'LOCAL COLOR': Adventures of an American Dramatist in the Gold-Mining Country", The New York Times, November 26, 1899, p. 18. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. O'Neil later described that early period of her career as a time when she appeared "in fully a hundred characters, varying from soubrettes to heavies."
As her celebrity grew, after her success in San Francisco, O'Neil embarked on an around-the-world tour, performing in Hawaii, Australia, Egypt, and in many other locations overseas. Those extensive travels and stage appearances were managed by McKee Rankin—an actor, manager, and producer—who was instrumental in also making her a star in Australia and in overseeing her London debut at the Adelphi Theatre on September 1, 1902, in the play Magda. The next day, back in the United States, The New York Times reported on that important performance in England, noting that in the early acts of the play O'Neil "gave an intense, imperious and unequal rendering of the part." The newspaper, however, then added that the actress's "nervousness" later eased on stage and she "aroused the big audience to enthusiasm in the climax of the third act, and obtained a good reception."In 1899, McKee Rankin and O'Neil were rumored to have married but the announcement was subsequently declared incorrect. Also, the cited September 2, 1902 news report in The New York Times confirms that Rankin was still traveling with O'Neil in 1902 on her world tour. The newspaper states that Rankin was among the cast in Magda, performing in London in the role of Colonel Schwartze. Unfortunately, two other plays in which O'Neil also starred in London that same month—Camille and Elizabeth, Queen of England—were poorly received by English critics and forced her to terminate early her plans for additional engagements there in October 1902. The London Times wholly dismissed her company's presentation of Camille as "flauntingly, overwhelming provincial" and criticized her performance in Elizabeth, Queen of England as "lacking tenderness".
In 1906, in her role as the title character in an adaptation of Leah, the Forsaken, O'Neil recreated the role made famous by Italian actress Adelaide Ristori. She also appeared in Trilby, Camille, The Common Standard, The Wanderer, Macbeth, Agnes, Sappho, The Passion Flower, Hedda Gabler, and many other productions in the United States and Europe. In 1908 a theater critic for The New York Times shared his opinions regarding O'Neil's acting talents, providing what he viewed as both the strengths and weaknesses of her performances:
The statuesque O'Neil performed in Louisville, Kentucky, opposite such actors as Wilton Lackaye, Edmund Breese, William Faversham, Thomas A. Wise, and Harriet MacGibbon. There were regular productions, including Ned McCobb's Daughter, The Front Page, and The Big Fight.
For over four decades, O'Neil also performed in a wide variety of Broadway productions. She appeared early in her career in True to Life at the Murray Hill Theatre in Manhattan in 1896 and then, late in her career, in Night in the House at the Booth Theatre in 1935.
Film
O'Neil began acting in silent films with studios in New York and New Jersey before moving to California to work in Hollywood productions. Among her early films are the 1915 drama The Kreutzer Sonata and the 1916 five-reeler The Witch. Both of those motion pictures were filmed at Fox Film Corporation's facilities in Fort Lee, New Jersey. More than a decade later, she made a successful transition to the sound era, although she retired from films after working a few years in the new medium. Some of O'Neil's screen appearances in that period include performances in the 1930 features Ladies of Leisure, The Royal Bed, and The Rogue Song; in the 1931 releases Cimarron and Transgression; and in the 1932 medical drama False Faces, her final film.
Relationship with Lizzie Borden
In 1904, O'Neil met acquitted murder suspect Lizzie Borden while in Boston. The two had a close friendship, which incited considerable gossip.
O'Neil was referenced as a character in the musical Lizzie Borden: A Musical Tragedy in Two Axe, where she was played by Suellen Vance. The women's implied romantic relationship was explored as well in the 2010 play Nance O'Neil by David Foley and the 2006 novel Miss Lizzie by Walter Satterthwait.
O'Neil was also cited as a character in a play by William Norfolk, The Lights are Warm and Colored. Set in 1905, it uses Lizzie's friendship with O'Neil and other theatrical players as a vehicle for a play within a play. The actors recreate scenes from the murder trial in an improv-like setting, coached or criticized by Lizzie and Emma. The play implies that Lizzie was innocent, and the real perpetrator was the maid, who makes a surprise visit at the end.
Marriage and death
O'Neil in 1916 married Alfred Hickman (né Alfred Scott Devereaux-Hickman), a British-born film actor who was previously married to actress Blanche Walsh. The same year that Hickman and O'Neil married, they costarred in the Fox film The Witch. Then they costarred on screen again in 1917, portraying Emperor Nicholas II of Russia and Empress Alexandra in The Fall of the Romanoffs. O'Neil's marriage to Hickman continued for another 14 years, until Alfred's death in 1931.
In her final years, O'Neil resided at the Lillian Booth Actors Home in Englewood, New Jersey. She died there, at age 90, on February 7, 1965. A cinerary urn containing her ashes was transported to Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California. There, her remains were placed in the park's columbarium, inside the niche that also holds her husband Alfred's cinerary urn.
Partial filmography
The Count of Monte Cristo (1913) - Mercedes
The Kreutzer Sonata (1915) - Miriam Friedlander
Princess Romanoff (1915) - Princess Fedora Romanoff
A Woman's Past (1915) - Jane Hawley
Souls in Bondage (1916) - Rosa Brenner
The Witch (1916) - Zora Fernandez
The Flames of Johannis (1916) - Zirah / Marika
The Toilers (1916) - Jane Brett
The Iron Woman (1916) - Sarah Maitland
Greed (1917) - Alma
The Seventh Sin (1917) - Alma
Mrs. Balfame (1917) - Mrs. Balfame
Hedda Gabler (1917) - Hedda Gabler
The Final Payment (1917) - Nina
The Fall of the Romanoffs (1917) - Czarina Alexandra
Seven Deadly Sins (1917) - Alma (Greed) & (Seventh Sin)
Resurrection (1927)
His Glorious Night (1929) - Eugenie
Ladies of Leisure (1930) - Mrs.John Strong
The Rogue Song (1930) - Princess Alexandra
The Lady of Scandal (1930) - Lady Trench
The Florodora Girl (1930) - Mrs. Vibart
Call of the Flesh (1930) - Mother Superior
The Eyes of the World (1930) - Myra Willard
The Royal Bed (1931) - Queen Martha
Cimarron (1931) - Felice Venable
Resurrection (1931) - Princess Marya
The Good Bad Girl (1931) - Mrs. J.P. Henderson
Transgression (1931) - Honora 'Nora' Maury
A Woman of Experience (1931) - Countess Runyi
Their Mad Moment (1931) - Grand Mere
Secret Service (1931) - Mrs. Varney
Westward Passage (1932) - Mrs. von Stael (uncredited)
False Faces (1932) - Mrs. Finn
References and notes
Further reading
John Herbert Gill – Detecting Gertrude Stein And Other Suspects on the Shadow Side of Modernism ()
External links
Nance O'Neil filmography at the American Film Institute
Nance O'Neil biography on famousandgay.com
Nance O'Neil gallery on lizzieandrewborden.com
How Lizzie Borden Got Away With Murder'' on http://crimemagazine.com
Straight Dope staff report by John Corrado
performed by the St. Louis City Players, 1969
Nance O'Neil page at Corbis
Nance O'Neil and Elsie Ferguson in "The House of Women"(1927)
Nance O'Neil, gallery ; University of Washington, Sayre collection (*upgraded to new url)
1874 births
1965 deaths
Actresses from Englewood, New Jersey
Actresses from Oakland, California
Vaudeville performers
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
20th-century American actresses
Burials at Brookside Cemetery (Englewood, New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nance%20O%27Neil |
Marco Ballotta (born 3 April 1964) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
His professional career spanned a quarter of a century, but he was never capped for the Italy national team. He also held the distinction of being the oldest player ever to appear in both the Serie A and the Champions League.
During 15 Serie A seasons, Ballotta appeared in 138 games for six clubs, mainly Modena and Lazio.
Career
Early years
Born in Casalecchio di Reno, Emilia Romagna, Ballotta emerged through Bologna's youth system before starting out as a senior with hometown club Boca San Lazzaro. In the 1984 summer he joined Modena, where he remained for the next six years. In January 1991 he transferred to Cesena, but only stayed for six months before being purchased by Parma also in Serie A.
Ballotta was in top form during 1992–93, as Parma won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and finished third in the league. However, his momentum did not continue into the next season and he only made three league appearances. He did start both legs in the team's 2–1 aggregate win over A.C. Milan in the UEFA Super Cup, but was benched in favor of Luca Bucci for the 1993–94 Cup Winners' Cup, as Parma reached the final for the second consecutive year, only to be defeated by Arsenal.
Rise to success
Ballotta signed with Brescia in 1994, being relegated in his sole season. He then spent the following campaign in Serie B with Reggiana, achieving promotion at the first attempt. After being immediately relegated, he left for Lazio for 1997–98, initially as third-choice.
After three seasons with the Biancocelesti, Ballotta enjoyed a brief stint with Inter Milan, who acquired the player as part of Angelo Peruzzi's multi-billion lire move to Inter. Inter claimed the transfer fee for Ballotta and Peruzzi were 7 billion and 40 billion respectively (thus 33 billion plus Ballotta), while La Gazzetta dello Sport claimed the transfer fee of Peruzzi was 35 billion plus Ballotta. During this timeframe he was also loaned to Modena, helping them gain promotion to the top flight in 2002 and subsequently signing permanently for free.
Ballotta remained at the Stadio Alberto Braglia until the club's relegation at the end of 2003–04, spending the following season with Treviso in the second tier. Despite a fourth-place finish, they were promoted in place of Genoa after the latter were demoted to Serie C1 following a match-fixing scandal, and he was once again back in the top level after rejoining Lazio as a replacement for Fabrizio Casazza as third goalkeeper.
Winning records and retirement
Ballotta made eight starts during the 2005–06 campaign, as an injury replacement for both Peruzzi and Matteo Sereni. On 23 October 2005, he set the record as the oldest player to have played in the first division when he started in Lazio's lineup against Roma at the age of 41 years and 203 days, beating the previous record set on 7 May 1983 when Dino Zoff played his last game at the age of 41 years and 34 days.
Due to Peruzzi's ongoing injury problems the following season, Ballotta made eleven league appearances as Lazio finished third behind Inter and Roma. They subsequently clinched a berth in the UEFA Champions League.
Ballotta started the first two matches of 2007–08, until the gloves were handed to new acquisition Fernando Muslera for the next five rounds. Following the 5–1 home loss against Milan on 7 October 2007, he regained the starting spot, which he kept until the end of the season. He also started in all Champions League matches, in which he also became the oldest player ever to play in the competition during a 1–1 draw with Olympiacos on 18 September 2007, at the age of 43 years and 168 days, beating the previous record held by another Italian, Alessandro Costacurta, who was 40 years and 211 days in Milan's loss to AEK Athens on 21 November 2006.
Ballotta retired after his contract with Lazio expired at the end of the season, expressing an interest in continuing his career, before eventually signing a deal as general manager at former club Modena. This experience was however short-lived and, after just 35 days, he decided to stop working at the club.
In late 2008, Ballotta returned with Prima Categoria (eighth level) side Calcara Samoggia, but in another position: forward.
Honours
Modena
Serie C: 1985–86, 1989–90
Parma
Coppa Italia: 1991–92
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1992–93
UEFA Super Cup: 1993
Lazio
Serie A: 1999–2000
Coppa Italia: 1997–98, 1999–2000
Supercoppa Italiana: 1998
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1998–99
UEFA Super Cup: 1999
Records
Serie A: Oldest player to play in a game, at 44 years and 38 days (for Lazio, vs. Genoa, 11 May 2008)
UEFA Champions League: Oldest player to play in a game, at 43 years and 252 days (for Lazio, vs. Real Madrid, 11 December 2007)
Oldest debutant for Inter
See also
List of goalscoring goalkeepers
References
External links
Gazzetta dello Sport profile
1964 births
Living people
Sportspeople from the Metropolitan City of Bologna
Italian men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Serie A players
Serie B players
Serie C players
Modena FC 2018 players
AC Cesena players
Parma Calcio 1913 players
Brescia Calcio players
AC Reggiana 1919 players
SS Lazio players
Inter Milan players
Treviso FBC 1993 players
Footballers from Emilia-Romagna | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco%20Ballotta |
Palais Harrach is a Baroque palace in Vienna, Austria. It was owned by the noble Harrach family. The building was extensively renovated and restored in the late 1990s, and it houses offices and shops today.
Count Ferdinand Bonaventura I von Harrach bought a ruined edifice on this site in the late 17th century, which was replaced by a new one designed by Domenico Martinelli in 1696–98. From 1870 to 1970, it housed Aloys Thomas Raimund von Harrach's picture collection (now in Schloss Rohrau). The palace was sold to the municipality of Vienna in 1975.
External links
Harrach
Buildings and structures in Innere Stadt
Harrach family
Baroque architecture in Vienna | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais%20Harrach |
Palais Kinsky is a Baroque palace in central Vienna, Austria. It was originally built for Count Wirich Philipp von Daun, the garrison commander whose son Leopold became a Field Marshal of Empress Maria Theresa. The palace was later bought by the Kinsky family of Bohemia, and it is sometimes called the Palais Daun-Kinsky.
History
The palace was commissioned by Count Wirich Philipp von Daun, and construction started in 1713 under the direction of architect Johann Lucas von Hildebrandt. Prince Józef Poniatowski, a Polish general and Marshal of France, was born in the palace on 7 May 1763.
The palace has a yellow and white façade, and a richly decorated staircase with frescoed ceilings, mirrors and statues. In 1784, it was sold to the noble Kinsky family.
Matilde Kinsky inherited the Palace and married an Argentine: Mr. Martinez de Hoz.
The Palais became the Argentine embassy for a decade in the 1960s.
Palais Kinsky underwent renovation in the late 1990s and was restored to its earlier design. The rooms have Baroque frescoed ceilings and expensive parquet floors. The palace is used for auction events (Auktionshaus im Kinsky) and receptions, and it houses shops and a restaurant named Freyung 4. It was also used for the final-status negotiations between Serbian and Kosovo Albanians in EU-sponsored negotiations.
Gallery
Sources
Wilhelm G. Rizzi, Hellmut Lorenz, Wolfgang Prohaska, Amisola AG (ed.). Palais Daun-Kinsky - Wien, Freyung. Johann Lehner GmbH Verlagsbüro, Vienna. 2001.
References
auktionen
External links
Palais Events Veranstaltungen - Palais Kinsky
Auktionshaus im Kinsky - auction house
Kinsky
House of Kinsky
Buildings and structures in Innere Stadt
Baroque architecture in Vienna
Houses completed in the 18th century | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais%20Kinsky |
TSV may refer to:
Tab-separated values, an example of delimiter-separated values
Two-step verification
Through-silicon via, a vertical electrical connection passing completely through the silicon substrate of a wafer or die
Time Space Visualiser, a Doctor Who fanzine
Taura syndrome virus
Tobacco streak virus, a plant pathogenic virus
Townsville Airport (IATA code), a major Australian regional airport
TSV (TV channel), a TV channel in the unrecognized state of Transnistria
Turn- und Sportverein ("Gymnastics and Sports club"), a common club name prefix of sports in Germany and Austria
Transport Stream Video, a video file format as in MPEG transport stream | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSV |
"The Sound of White" is the fourth and final single released from Australian singer-songwriter Missy Higgins' first album, The Sound of White (2004). It was released on 15 August 2005 and peaked at number 22 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart.
Track listing
Australian CD single
"The Sound of White" – 4:52
"Unbroken" – 3:42
"Hold Me Tight" – 3:49
Charts
References
2004 songs
2005 singles
Eleven: A Music Company singles
Missy Higgins songs
Songs written by Missy Higgins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sound%20of%20White%20%28song%29 |
Sharon Lafaye Jones (May 4, 1956 – November 18, 2016) was an American soul and funk singer. She was the lead singer of Sharon Jones & The Dap-Kings, a soul and funk band based in Brooklyn, New York. Jones experienced breakthrough success relatively late in life, releasing her first record when she was 40 years old. In 2014, Jones was nominated for her first Grammy, in the category Best R&B Album, for Give the People What They Want.
Early life
Jones was born in Augusta, Georgia, the daughter of Ella Mae Price Jones and Charlie Jones, living in adjacent North Augusta, South Carolina. Jones was the youngest of six children; her siblings are Dora, Charles, Ike, Willa and Henry. Jones's mother raised her deceased sister's four children as well as her own. She moved the family to New York City when Sharon was a young child. As children, she and her brothers would often imitate the singing and dancing of James Brown. Her mother happened to know Brown, who was also from Augusta.
Jones grew up in the Bedford Stuyvesant neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. In 1975, she graduated from Thomas Jefferson High School in Brooklyn. She attended Brooklyn College.
Career
Early career
A regular gospel singer in church, during the early 1970s Jones often entered talent shows backed by local funk bands. Session work then continued with backing vocals, often credited to Lafaye Jones, but in the absence of any recording contract as a solo singer, she spent many years working as a corrections officer at Rikers Island and as an armored car guard for Wells Fargo, until receiving a mid-life career break in 1996 after she appeared on a session backing the soul and deep funk legend Lee Fields.
The session was organized by Gabriel Roth and Philippe Lehman, then the owner of the now-defunct French record label Pure Records. Jones was the only one of three singers called to the session to show up. Having completed all the backing parts herself, Roth and Lehman were suitably impressed with her performance and recorded "Switchblade", a solo track with Jones. This track and "The Landlord" were included on the Soul Providers' album Soul Tequila, released by Lehman on Pure circa 1996. The Soul Providers—with members of the Brooklyn bands Antibalas and the Mighty Imperials—later formed the Dap-Kings, who became Jones's regular backing band.
Lehman and Roth started a new label based in Brooklyn, Desco Records, now also defunct. Soul Tequila was re-released as Gimme the Paw, which omitted "The Landlord" but kept "Switchblade". Jones recorded and released three 45-rpm singles for Desco: "Damn It's Hot" part 1 backed by part 2, "Bump N Touch" part 1 backed by "Hook and Sling Meets the Funky Superfly" (a medley cover of tracks by Eddie Bo and Bobby Williams), and "You Better Think Twice" backed by "I Got the Feeling" (a James Brown cover). The singles gained some notice among 45 soul and funk collectors, particularly because in the early days of Desco Records some collectors may have believed them to be originals from the early seventies, as they were not dated. These singles were also released on a compilation CD, the Desco Funk 45' Collection, with tracks by various other artists in the Desco stable. Desco had established a firm reputation among enthusiasts. Desco continued to release 45-rpm singles and also released LPs by Lee Fields, the Sugarman 3, the Daktaris and the Mighty Imperials as well as a further compilation of funk 45s. The Mighty Imperials album was the last release on the Desco label, and Lehman and Roth parted ways in 2000. Lehman started another independent label, Soul Fire Records, now also defunct. Roth went on to start Daptone Records with the saxophonist Neal Sugarman of Sugarman 3.
Daptone Records
Launched on the back of the popularity of Desco Records, Daptone Records' first release was a full-length album by Sharon Jones. A new band, the Dap-Kings, was formed from the former members of the Soul Providers and the Mighty Imperials. Some of the musicians went on to record for Lehman's Soul Fire label, while some formed the Budos Band, an Afro-beat band. From the original Soul Providers, Roth (also known as Bosco Mann) on bass, guitarist and emcee Binky Griptite, percussionist Fernando Velez, trumpet player Anda Szilagyi and organist Earl Maxton were joined by original Mighty Imperials saxophonist Leon Michels and drummer Homer Steinweiss, plus Neal Sugarman from Sugarman 3, to form The Dap-Kings.
In 2002, under the name Sharon Jones & The Dap-Kings, the group released the album Dap Dippin' with Sharon Jones and the Dap-Kings, for which they received immediate attention and acclaim from enthusiasts, DJs and collectors. With three more albums under their belt, Naturally (2005), 100 Days, 100 Nights (2007) and I Learned the Hard Way (2010) they are seen by many as the spearhead of a revival of soul and funk.
In 2015, during an interview with Billboard about her Grammy nomination, Jones discussed her commitment to the Daptone Label, an independent company. She cited artistic freedom and the commitment to the band.
Film
Jones had a small part in the 2007 film The Great Debaters, starring Denzel Washington and Forest Whitaker, in which she played Lila, a juke joint singer. Her performance of Lucille Bogan's "That's What My Baby Likes" is featured in the film, and additional covers by Jones of songs from the 1930s are included on the film's soundtrack. In 2015, a documentary titled Miss Sharon Jones!, directed by Barbara Kopple, debuted at the Toronto International Film Festival.
Collaborations
2007: She performed on tour with Lou Reed, although her appearance in The Great Debaters caused Jones to turn down a stint as back-up singer for Reed's fall 2007 live show built around his Berlin album. She performed one song on the David Byrne–Fatboy Slim collaboration, Here Lies Love.
2009: Jones sang backup for Phish during their 2009 Halloween performance of the Rolling Stones' Exile on Main St., at Festival 8, in Indio, California.
2009: Jones performed a duet of "Baby (You've Got What It Takes)" with Michael Bublé on his 2009 album Crazy Love.
2013: Jones & The Dap-Kings performed on a float during the 87th annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade.
2015: Jones performed "Wade in the Water" on the BBC television program Reginald D Hunter's Songs of the South, presented by Reginald D. Hunter.
2016: Jones performed "100 Days, 100 Nights" in the closing scenes of the Marvel Netflix TV series Luke Cage. Jones and her band were shown performing live in a Harlem night club central to one of the main story arcs of the series.
Influences
Jones has sometimes been called, especially early in her late renaissance of a career, the Female James Brown.
Amongst Jones' influences were James Brown, Sam Cooke, Aretha Franklin, Ella Fitzgerald, Thom Bell, Otis Redding, Ike & Tina Turner, Marva Whitney and everyone from Motown. In addition, Jones also cited more recently known artists, such as Michael Jackson, Prince, Erykah Badu and Beyoncé.
Personal life
For several years she lived with her mother in the Far Rockaway section of Queens, New York.
Health and death
It was announced on June 3, 2013, that Jones had been diagnosed with bile duct cancer and had undergone surgery, which forced her to postpone the release of the group's fifth album, Give the People What They Want. The diagnosis was later changed to stage II pancreatic cancer, for which Jones had surgery on her liver and underwent chemotherapy. The chemotherapy caused hair loss, and for a time she performed bald, refusing to wear wigs.
During the screening of her documentary at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival, Jones revealed that her cancer had returned, and that she would be undergoing chemotherapy again. She suffered a stroke while watching the 2016 United States presidential election results and another the following day. Jones remained alert and lucid during the initial period of her hospital stay, claiming that the news of Donald Trump's victory was responsible for her stroke.
Jones died on November 18, 2016, in Cooperstown, New York, aged 60.
Discography
With the Dap-Kings
Dap Dippin' with Sharon Jones and the Dap-Kings (2002)
Naturally (2005)
100 Days, 100 Nights (2007)
I Learned the Hard Way (2010)
Soul Time! (compilation) (2011)
Give the People What They Want (2014)
It's a Holiday Soul Party (2015)
Soul of a Woman (2017)
As solo artist
Singles
"Damn It's Hot" (Desco, 1996)
"Bump N Touch Part 1" / "Hook N Sling Meets The Funky Superfly" (Desco, 1997)
"You Better Think Twice" / "I Got The Feeling" (Desco, 1998)
"I'm Gonna Get Ya!" (Pandemonium, 1999)
As featured artist
The Soul Providers featuring Lee Fields – "The Landlord" from Gimme The Paw ...And Eleven Other Funky Favorites (1997); vocals
Norma Jean Bell – "Yes I Am (I'm Gonna Get You)" from Come Into My Room (2001)
Greyboy – "Got To Be A Love," "Gotta' Stand For Something" & " Everyday Problem" from Soul Mosaic (Ubiquity, 2004)
Los Walkysons – "Do The Crank / I Idolize You" feat. Sharon Jones (2006)
They Might Be Giants – "Withered Hope" from The Else (2007)
Wax Tailor – "The Way We Lived" feat. Sharon Jones from Hope & Sorrow (Decon, 2007)
Greyboy – "Got To Be A Love" feat. Sharon Jones from 15 Years Of West Coast Cool (2008)
Lucky Peterson – "Will The Circle Be Unbroken?" from Organ Soul Sessions: The Music Is The Magic (Universal Jazz France, 2009)
David Byrne & Fatboy Slim – "Dancing Together" from Here Lies Love (2010)
Booker T. Jones – "Representing Memphis" feat. Matt Berninger & Sharon Jones from The Road From Memphis (ANTI, 2011)
Steve Cropper – "Come On & Save Me" and "Messin' Up" feat. Sharon Jones from Dedicated: A Salute To The 5 Royales (429 Records, 2011)
Joe Jackson – "I Ain't Got Nothin' But The Blues / Do Nothin' 'Til You Hear From Me" from The Duke (Ear Music, 2012)
E.L. Fields Gospel Wonders – "Heaven Bound" (Daptone, 2017)
Other credits
Gangsters – Heat I (1981); backing vocals
Ivy – Ivy II (1986); vocals
Lee Fields – "Let Man Do What He Wana Do" / "Steamtrain" (Desco, 1996); backing vocals
TriSpirit – "Rejoice" feat. Tonni Smith (2003); backing vocals
New York Ska-Jazz Ensemble – Skaleidoscope (2005); vocals
Rufus Wainwright – "Release The Stars" from Release The Stars (Geffen, 2007); backing vocals
Lou Reed – Berlin: Live At St. Ann's Warehouse (2008); backing vocals
Naomi Shelton and The Gospel Queens – What Have You Done, My Brother? (Daptone, 2009); backing vocals
The Gaslight Anthem – "Stray Paper" from Get Hurt (2014); backing vocals
References
External links
Sharon Jones & The Dap-Kings, Live at Amoeba: Amoeba Records, Hollywood. December 3, 2007.
Sharon Jones & The Dap-Kings, NPR Showcase @ Stubb's (audio of concert) / KEXP @ SXSW. "I'll Still Be True," "Road of Broken Hearted Men," "I'm Not Gonna to Cry" (video of songs). March 17, 2010.
Sharon Jones & The Dap-Kings, Austin City Limits. June 18, 2011.
1956 births
2016 deaths
American funk singers
American prison officers
American rhythm and blues singers
20th-century African-American women singers
Brooklyn College alumni
Musicians from Augusta, Georgia
Singers from Brooklyn
American neo soul singers
Singers from South Carolina
Daptone Records artists
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Singers from Georgia (U.S. state)
20th-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American women singers
Thomas Jefferson High School (Brooklyn) alumni
People from North Augusta, South Carolina
Sharon Jones & The Dap-Kings members
21st-century American singers
21st-century African-American women singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon%20Jones |
The Museum of Roman Civilization (Italian: Museo della Civiltà Romana) is a museum in Rome (Esposizione Universale Roma district), devoted to aspects of Ancient Roman Civilization.
The museum has been closed for renovation since 2014.
History and general introduction
The museum was designed by the architects Pietro Ascheri, D. Bernardini and Cesare Pascoletti (1939–1941). Its 59 sections illustrate the history of Roman civilization from its origins to the 4th century, with models and reproductions, as well as original material. The premises are shared with a planetarium.
It houses, among other things:
a model of Archaic Rome (Room XVIII)
, a 1:250 scale model of ancient Rome in the age of Constantine I by Italo Gismondi (Room XXXVII-XXXVIII), derived from the early 3rd-century Severan Forma Urbis Romae as updated by Lanciani and integrated with archeological discoveries. This model is made of plaster. The model was ordered by Mussolini in 1933 in honor of Augustus's 2000th birthday, was begun in 1935, and adjusted throughout Gismondi's life until 1971.
examples of late imperial and early Christian art
a complete sequence of casts of the spiral reliefs round Trajan's Column, arranged in horizontal rows at ground level to facilitate reading.
a reconstructed Roman library based on that in the Villa Adriana at Tivoli
The museum was closed for renovation in January 2014. Work on the renovation was started in June 2017; as of November 2019, no date has been announced for the reopening.
Structure
There are three main different itineraries through the rooms of the museum:
Historical sections
Thematic sections
Model of Imperial Rome
Historical sections
Room V-VI: Roman Legends and Primitive Culture - the origins of Rome
Room VII: The conquest of the Mediterranean
Room VIII: Caesar
Room IX: Augustus
Lifesize copy of the pronaos of the Monumentum Ancyranum, the Temple of Augustus and Rome, Ankara, Turkey, including the Res Gestae Divi Augusti inscription
Scale reconstruction model (1:100) of the Theatre of Marcellus, Rome
Scale reconstruction model (1:20) of the Tropaeum Alpium in La Turbie, France
Scale reconstruction model (1:200) of the Pont du Gard, Nîmes, France
Room X: The family of Augustus and the Julio-Claudian emperors
Room XI: The Flavian Dynasty
Room XII: Trajan and Hadrian
Room XIII: The emperors from Antoninus Pius to the Severans
Room XIV: The emperors from Macrinus to Justinian
Room XV: Christianity
Room XVI: The army
Room XVIII: Model of archaic Rome
Thematic sections
Room XXXVI: School
Room XXXIX: Living spaces
Room XLVI: Rights
Room XLVII: Libraries
Room XLVIII: Music
Room XLIX: Literature and science
Room L: Medicine and drugs
Room LI: Trajan's Column
Room LII: Industry and craft
Room LIII: Agriculture, herding and land management
Room LIV: Hunting, fishing and food
Room LV: Commerce and economic life
Room LVI: Art of rome
Model of Imperial Rome
Room XXXVII-XXXVIII: Model of Imperial Rome (in the age of Constantine I)
Appearance in popular culture
is today the most important reference for any serious attempt of reconstruction of the Ancient Rome: it has been used for the "Rome Reborn 1.0" 3D Visualization Project (B. Frischer, Director, University of Virginia; D. Favro, Associate Director, UCLA; D. Abernathy, Director of 3D Modeling, University of Virginia; G. Guidi, Director of 3D Scanning, Politecnico di Milano). Gismondi's model can be seen also in a few shots of Ridley Scott's Gladiator.
In the James Bond film Spectre, the marble colonnade of the museum doubled as a cemetery after the Archconfraternity of the Departed confraternity barred the filming of a funeral scene at the Campo Verano cemetery. The music video of the song "Cruel Summer" by group Ace of Base was also filmed at this location in 1998.
References
External links
Model of Archaic Rome
Museums in Rome
Museums established in 1955
Museums of ancient Rome in Italy
Museums of Dacia
Dacia in art
Rome Q. XXXII Europa
1955 establishments in Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum%20of%20Roman%20Civilization |
, the son of Iriki-In Shigetoshi, was a vassal under the Shimazu clan of Satsuma. The lord of the Shimazu clan, Shimazu Katsuhisa, suffered the rebellion of a kinsman, Sanehisa, and was forced to flee Satsuma during 1526. The Shimazu clan head was then passed on to Katsuhisa's eldest son, Shimazu Takahisa. Even though Takahisa was the new head, Katsuhisa still had authority over a good amount of land. Considering Shigetomo's lands were very close to that of the Shimazu's, he found himself in conflicts between the Sanehisa around Momotosugi.
In Katsuhisa's attempt to increase the prestige of the Iriki-In clan, he awarded Shigetomo with the Momotosugi Castle. Katsuhisa also rewarded their clan with the Koriyama Castle the following year.
During 1539, Shigetomo stormed the Momotsugi in a night raid. This event increased Shigetomo's reputation, earning the respect of Shimazu Takahisa, and earning a new castle. During the following year, Shigetomo overcame many forts such as the Hirasa, Kuma no sho, Miyasato, Tazaki, and Takea, also gaining prominence within Satsuma for his clan. During the year to follow however, Shigetomo and Shimazu Takahisa's relationship between each other began to sour. This was due to rumors that Shigetomo was plotting a rebellion against Takahisa, even though Shigetomo's younger sister was the wife of Takahisa and mother of the Shimazu heir, Yoshihisa.
In 1544 Shigetomo died and Takahisa took his Koriyama Castle.
Daimyo
1544 deaths
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriki-In%20Shigetomo |
The Battle of Borovo Selo of 2 May 1991, known in Croatia as the Borovo Selo massacre () and in Serbia as the Borovo Selo incident (), was one of the first armed clashes in the conflict which became known as the Croatian War of Independence. The clash was precipitated by months of rising ethnic tensions, violence, and armed combat in Pakrac and at the Plitvice Lakes in March. The immediate cause for the confrontation in the heavily ethnic Serb village of Borovo Selo, just north of Vukovar, was a failed attempt to replace the Yugoslav flag in the village with the flag of Croatia. The unauthorised effort by four Croatian policemen resulted in the capture of two by a Croatian Serb militia in the village. To retrieve the captives, the Croatian authorities deployed additional police, who drove into an ambush. Twelve Croatian policemen and one Serb paramilitary were killed before the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) intervened and put an end to the clashes.
The confrontation resulted in a further deterioration of the overall situation in Croatia, leading Croats and Serbs to accuse each other of overt aggression and of being enemies of their nation. For Croatia, the event was provocative because the bodies of some of the dead Croat policemen killed in the incident were reportedly mutilated. The clash in Borovo Selo eliminated any hopes that the escalating conflict could be defused politically and made the war almost inevitable. The Presidency of Yugoslavia convened several days after the battle and authorised the JNA to deploy to the area to prevent further conflict. Despite this deployment, skirmishes persisted in the region. After the war, a former paramilitary was convicted of war crimes for his role in abusing the two captured policemen, and ultimately sentenced to three years in prison. Four others were indicted, but remain at large outside Croatia.
Background
In 1990, following the electoral defeat of the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia by the Croatian Democratic Union (Hrvatska demokratska zajednica – HDZ), ethnic tensions between Serbs and Croats worsened. The Yugoslav People's Army (Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija – JNA) confiscated the weapons of Croatia's Territorial Defence (Teritorijalna obrana – TO) in order to minimise the possibility of violence following the elections. On 17 August, inter-ethnic tensions escalated into an open revolt of the Croatian Serbs, centred on the predominantly Serb-populated areas of the Dalmatian hinterland around Knin, and parts of Lika, Kordun, Banovina and eastern Croatia.
In July 1990, local Serbs established a Serbian National Council to coordinate opposition to Croatian President Franjo Tuđman's policy of pursuing Croatian independence from Yugoslavia. Milan Babić, a dentist from Knin, was elected president of the council, while Knin's police chief, Milan Martić, established a number of paramilitary militias. The two men eventually became the political and military leaders of the Serb Autonomous Oblast of Krajina (SAO Krajina), a self-declared state incorporating the Serb-inhabited areas of Croatia. In March 1991, SAO Krajina authorities, backed by the government of Serbia, began consolidating control over the Serb-populated areas of Croatia, resulting in a bloodless skirmish in Pakrac and the first fatalities in the Plitvice Lakes incident.
At the beginning of 1991, Croatia had no regular army. In an effort to bolster its defence, it doubled the number of police personnel to about 20,000. The most effective part of the police force was the 3,000-strong special police, which was deployed in twelve military-style battalions. In addition, Croatia had 9,000–10,000 regionally organised reserve police officers organised in 16 battalions and 10 companies, but they lacked weapons.
Prelude
In 1991, the village of Borovo Selo, situated on the right bank of the Danube opposite Serbia, was a part of the Vukovar municipality. While the city of Vukovar itself had an ethnically mixed population of 47.2 per cent Croats and 32.2 per cent Serbs, smaller settlements in the area were more homogeneous. Fourteen were predominantly populated by Croats, ten (including Borovo Selo) by Serbs, two by Ruthenians and the remaining two were ethnically mixed.
Amid the worsening ethnic tensions, Borovo Selo was barricaded on 1 April, one day after the Plitvice Lakes clash. Two days later, the JNA garrison in Vukovar increased its combat readiness to the maximum level. In early spring, the Croats and Serbs reached an agreement whereby Croatian police would not enter Borovo Selo without explicit consent from local Serb authorities. A political rally was held in Borovo Selo on 14 April, and by the end of the month the situation had become more volatile. Speakers at the rally—Serbian Radical Party (Srpska radikalna stranka – SRS) leader Vojislav Šešelj, Serbian National Assembly member Milan Paroški and Serbian Minister of Diaspora Stanko Cvijan—promoted the creation of Greater Serbia, a state which would unite all Serbs within a single country. They all repeated their speeches, together with an open call for dissenting Croats to be killed, a week later in Jagodnjak, north of Osijek.
In addition, White Eagles paramilitaries arrived in Borovo Selo in mid-April at the request of local militia commander Vukašin Šoškoćanin. The paramilitaries were either armed directly by Serbia's Ministry of the Interior directly or by a militia linked to the SAO Krajina, with the approval of the Serbian authorities. By the end of April 1991, the White Eagles in Borovo Selo were joined by fighters from the Dušan the Mighty paramilitary unit, which was linked to the Serbian National Renewal party.
In mid-April, Armbrust rockets were fired from Croatian positions outside Borovo Selo into the village. According to one version of the event, several rounds were fired at agricultural machinery that served as barricades in the outskirts of Borovo Selo. According to a second version, three rockets were fired at the village with the specific aim of inflaming ethnic tensions. One of the rockets struck a house and another landed in a field without detonating. There were no casualties. Radio-Television Belgrade subsequently broadcast images of the rockets and presented them as evidence of Croatian aggression, further exacerbating inter-ethnic tensions. The rockets were fired by a group of men who were led to the site by Osijek police chief Josip Reihl-Kir, who was later killed by Croatian irregulars. Croatia's Interior Minister Josip Boljkovac later indicated that the group included Deputy Defence Minister Gojko Šušak, Branimir Glavaš and Vice Vukojević. Šušak claimed that he had nothing to do with the incident, but admitted to having been in the area at the time. Nikola Jaman, then a reserve unit commander in the Ministry of the Interior, later stated that he had led the action, and denied that Šušak, Glavaš and Vukojević had been involved. He claimed that the action was planned together with Reihl-Kir.
Timeline
During the evening of 1 May 1991, four Croatian policemen entered Borovo Selo in an unauthorised attempt to replace a flag of Yugoslavia in the village with a flag of Croatia. The attempt resulted in an armed clash. Two of the policemen were wounded and taken prisoner, and the other two fled after sustaining minor injuries (one a wounded foot and the other a grazing wound to the head). According to Croatia's Ministry of the Interior, the police had been patrolling the Dalj–Borovo Selo road at the time of the incident. Even though the officers were assigned to the Osijek police administration, the Vinkovci police administrationwhich was assigned authority over the Vukovar municipalityasked the Vukovar police station to contact Šoškoćanin about the incident. Vukovar police contacted him at 4:30 a.m., but Šoškoćanin reportedly said he knew nothing. At 9:00 a.m., Vinkovci police chief Josip Džaja telephoned Šoškoćanin and received the same answer. When Reihl-Kir contacted Šoškoćanin half an hour later, the latter confirmed the incident and said the police had shot at members of the local population, wounding one. Reihl-Kir failed to secure the release of the two captured officers.
Reihl-Kir and Džaja concluded that a party should be sent to Borovo Selo. Šoškoćanin agreed to grant the police safe passage under a white flag. A force of twenty to thirty policemen subsequently entered Borovo Selo. Although they bore a white flag, they were ambushed by paramilitaries and members of a local militia. Around 150 policemen arrived from Osijek and Vinkovci on buses and were deployed as reinforcements. The force dispatched from Vinkovci entered Borovo Selo and was ambushed, while the reinforcements sent from Osijek via Dalj were stopped at a roadblock north of Borovo Selo and failed to enter the village. A firefight ensued and lasted until 2:30 p.m., when seven JNA armoured personnel carriers (APCs) moved into the village from Dalj. Another convoy of APCs deployed by the JNA through Borovo Naselje, just south of Borovo Selo, was stopped by a crowd of Croat women who refused to let them through.
Aftermath
Casualties
Twelve Croatian policemen were killed and 21 injured in the ambush. The two captured policemen were ferried across the Danube and transported to Novi Sad, but were released and returned to Osijek by the evening of 2 May. Vojislav Milić, a paramilitary from Valjevo, was the only fatality among the Serb militia. Four other paramilitaries were wounded. Some of the police killed at Borovo Selo were found to have been mutilated, their ears cut, their eyes gouged out and their throats slit. These acts were meant to inflame ethnic hatred.
Escalation to war
The clash led Tuđman's advisers to advocate an immediate declaration of independence from Yugoslavia and retaliation against the JNA, which Croats viewed as being pro-Serb. On 3 May, Tuđman opined that Croatia and Serbia were virtually at war, but said he hoped the international community would stop the violence. According to the Croatian historian Davor Marijan, Tuđman's decision not to retaliate against the JNA was often interpreted at the time as cowardice bordering treason, leading to public criticism and the resignation of General Martin Špegelj from the post of Defence Minister. Nonetheless, the decision afforded Croatia much-needed time to prepare for war, as Yugoslav Navy Fleet Admiral Branko Mamula later acknowledged. The incident shocked the Croatian public, causing a massive shift in public opinion towards demonisation of Serbs, supported by the Croatian media. Serbs were collectively labelled "Chetniks", "terrorists" and "enemies of Croatia". Similarly, Serbs referred to Croats as "Ustaše" and "enemies of the Serb people". Thus, a political settlement to avoid all-out war became increasingly unlikely. After the clash, war appeared unavoidable.
On 8–9 May, the Presidency of Yugoslavia convened to discuss the events in Borovo Selo and deliberate over a JNA request for military intervention. The presidents of all of Yugoslavia's constituent republics were present at the meeting. The Croatian leadership permitted the JNA to be deployed to areas where inter-ethnic tensions were running high. On 9 May, representatives of the federal and Croatian governments visited Vukovar. Federal representatives visited Borovo Selo, unlike the Croatian government officials who stated they "refused to talk to terrorists". In response to the Borovo Selo clash, the JNA redeployed a part of the 12th Proletarian Mechanised Brigade from Osijek and the 1st Mechanised Battalion of the 453rd Mechanised Brigade based in Sremska Mitrovica to the Vukovar area. At the same time, the 2nd Mechanised Battalion of the 36th Mechanised Brigade was moved from Subotica to Vinkovci. Despite the deployment of the JNA in the area, ethnically motivated skirmishes persisted until the start of the Battle of Vukovar in late August.
Memorial controversy and prosecution
During the 1996–98 United Nations administration established pursuant to the Erdut Agreement to restore the area to Croatian control, three Croatian non-governmental organisations erected a memorial on public property at the entrance to Borovo Selo, but the site was quickly vandalised. A new monument was erected in the centre of the village in 2002, but this was also vandalised soon after completion. A new plaque bearing the names of the 12 Croatian policemen killed in the incident was added to the monument in 2012, but was also subject to vandalism. Although the vandalism was condemned by local Serb politicians, they complained that the memorial was offensive to the Serb minority and imposed guilt on the entire community because it branded Serb forces at Borovo Selo in 1991 as "Serb terrorists".
In February 2012, an Osijek court convicted Milan Marinković of war crimes and sentenced him to three-and-a-half years in prison for mistreating two captured Croatian police officers. In 2014, Marinković's sentence was reduced to three years on appeal. Four other men were indicted in relation to the officers' mistreatment. Since they live outside Croatia, they are not subject to prosecution by the Croatian judiciary.
Footnotes
References
Books
Scientific journal articles
News reports
Other sources
Conflicts in 1991
1991 in Croatia
Battles of the Croatian War of Independence
Battles involving Yugoslavia
Battles involving Serbia
May 1991 events in Europe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Borovo%20Selo |
Framingham Earl is a small village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. The village is located north-west of Loddon and south-east of Norwich.
History
Framingham Earl's name is of Anglo-Saxon origin and derives from the Old English for the village or homestead of Fram's people. The addition of 'Earl' was added due to the fact the village was traditionally part of the estates of the Earl of Norfolk.
Framingham Earl has been identified as the site of possible Roman settlement due to the discovery of coins, pottery, tiles and bricks during an excavation of a new gas pipeline in 1992.
In the Domesday Book of 1086, Framingham Earl is listed alongside Framingham Pigot as a settlement of 61 households in the hundred of Henstead. At the time the villages were divided between the East Anglian estates of King William I, Bishop Odo of Bayeux, Roger Bigod and Godric the Steward.
Geography
According to the 2011 Census, Framingham Earl has a population of 871 residents living in 374 households. Furthermore, the Parish of Framingham Earl has a total area of .
Framingham Earl falls within the constituency of South Norfolk and is represented at Parliament by Richard Bacon MP of the Conservative Party. For the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of South Norfolk.
St. Andrew's Church
Framingham Earl's parish church is dedicated to Saint Andrew and is one of Norfolk's 124 remaining Anglo-Saxon round-tower churches. The church tower dates from the Eleventh Century with the chancel being an earlier survival, the interior features rare surviving Medieval stained-glass depicting Saint Margaret and Saint Catherine.
Amenities
Framingham Earl High School is located within the village and operates as part of the Sapientia Education Trust. The school has a student body of around 800 and was rated as a 'Good' school in 2014 by Ofsted, a decision which was upheld in 2022. The school shares its site with a Sports Centre which opened in 2006 and offers exercise classes and sports to the local community. The centre is currently under the management of South Norfolk Council.
Notable Residents
W. G. Sebald (1944-2001)- German writer and academic, buried in St. Andrew's Churchyard
War Memorial
Framingham Earl's war memorial takes the form of a marble plaque with a carved wooden border, located inside St. Thomas' Church. The memorial lists the following names for the First World War:
L-Cpl. Henry Meadows (d.1916), 8th Bn., Royal Norfolk Regiment
Pvt. F. Norman Watkinson (1897-1917), 9th Bn., Royal Norfolk Regt.
James Clare
William Smith
References
External links
Parish Council website
St Andrew's on the European Round Tower Churches Website
Framingham Earl High School
Friends of St Andrew's Church
Villages in Norfolk
South Norfolk
Civil parishes in Norfolk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framingham%20Earl |
Mallory Snyder (born January 7, 1984) is an American model and television personality best known for her participation on MTV's reality television program The Real World: Paris and her work as a swimsuit model for Sports Illustrated.
Early life
Born in Palatine, Illinois Snyder is a 2002 graduate of William Fremd High School. Her father, Todd Snyder, played professional American football in the NFL for the Atlanta Falcons from 1970 to 1973.
Career
The Real World
Snyder first appeared in the public eye when she appeared as a cast member on The Real World: Paris, which aired in 2003. Snyder was known on the show as a virgin who gave up her soccer scholarship at Iowa State University to participate in the taping of the show. Snyder's looks gained the attention of the males in the house, especially Adam King and Ace Amerson, the latter whom she eventually dated.
Modeling career
Upon returning from Paris, Snyder decided to try modeling and almost immediately found success, appearing in the 2005 and 2006 Sports Illustrated magazine's annual swimsuit issue. She has also modeled for the Abercrombie & Fitch and J.Crew clothing lines in addition to a 2006 appearance in Self magazine. In 2009 Mallory Snyder was voted USA Top Model of the year.
Television appearances
References
External links
Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Gallery, 2006
USA Top Model 2009
1984 births
Living people
Female models from Illinois
The Real World (TV series) cast members
People from Palatine, Illinois
The Challenge (TV series) contestants
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallory%20Snyder |
Strandvägen is a waterfront on Östermalm in central Stockholm, Sweden. Completed just in time for the Stockholm World's Fair 1897, it quickly became known as one of the most prestigious addresses in town.
Stretching 1 km (3.500 ft) east from Nybroplan, Strandvägen is intercepted by (west to east) Arsenalsgatan, Nybrogatan, Sibyllegatan, Artillerigatan, Skeppargatan, Grevgatan, Styrmansgatan, Grev Magnigatan, Torstenssonsgatan, Banérgatan, Narvavägen, Djurgårdsbron, Storgatan, Ulrikagatan, and Oxenstiernsgatan. It has four parallel streets: Almlöfsgatan, Väpnargatan, Kaptensgatan, and Riddargatan. Hamngatan forms a continuation in its western end, as do Djurgårdsbrunnsvägen in its eastern end.
The Djurgården heritage tramway passes over Strandvägen. The waters south of the street are named Nybroviken, Ladugårdslandsviken, and Djurgårdsbrunnsviken.
History
The street is first mentioned as Ladugårdslands Strandgata and Strandvägen respectively in 1885. However, an outstanding quay along the present waterfront was first discussed in 1857, and within two years a proposal was produced for a combined harbour and an esplanade planted with trees — "a street unparalleled in Europe". Works were started in 1862, but by the mid-1870s walking along the water front was still practicable at best, as the area was still crowded with sheds and hovels. The first trees along the 79 m wide street were planted in 1879, and while construction work on the buildings along the street was started in the 1880s, 75% of the 24 buildings were built in the 1890s. However, in front of the World's Fair in 1897, the street was trafficable for both pedestrians and vehicles.
Bünsow House (Bünsowska huset) on number 29–33 constructed in 1886–88, set a standard, not only for the entire street but for architecture in Sweden during the 1890s. It is named after Friedrich Bünsow, who made a fortune on wood and also embellished central Sundsvall with the same kind of luxurious architecture. His architectural contest for the site at Strandvägen was won by the young architect Isak Gustaf Clason who during the contest was studying Renaissance architecture in the Loire Valley. From there he imported the towers, the dormers, and the "honest materials" (i.e. exposed bricks instead of plaster which dominated Swedish architecture during the preceding decades). In his 1895 novel Förvillelser, author Hjalmar Söderberg described the building as "a defiant and brilliant knight's poem in stone".
Even though Bünsow House set the standard for the street, it was an exception in that it was commissioned by one of the prospected residents. The builders of the remaining buildings on Strandvägen were well aware of the value of the prestigious location, and therefore commissioned some of the best architects of the era to design both the façades and the 5–10 room apartments to appeal to their exclusive audience. From the beginning, the rental cost for most of the apartments behind the prestigious façades exceeded average salaries. The smaller apartments on the backyards, however, were intended for low-income earners.
Since 2005 works to develop Strandvägen into a more attractive area for both pedestrians and ships have been progressing: Footways are being paved in granite and lampposts, benches, and litter bins are given a uniform design, while parked cars are confined to available underground carparks.
See also
Geography of Stockholm
Diplomatstaden
Notes
External links
Walk on the Strandvägen
Read about Strandvägens history, architecture and the businesses located on Strandvägen
References
Streets in Stockholm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strandv%C3%A4gen |
Rannoch railway station, on the West Highland Line, serves the area of Rannoch in Perth and Kinross, Scotland. In 2017, Simon Jenkins reported it to be one of the best 10 stations in Britain. It is situated between Corrour and Bridge of Orchy, from Craigendoran Junction, near Helensburgh. ScotRail manage the station and operate most services, along with Caledonian Sleeper.
History
When the West Highland Line was built across Rannoch Moor, its builders had to float the tracks on a mattress of tree roots, brushwood and thousands of tons of earth and ashes to prevent the heavy steel tracks sinking in the bog.
Rannoch station opened to passengers on 7 August 1894.
The station was laid out with a crossing loop and an island platform. There were sidings on both sides, and a turntable on the east side of the line. The siding on the east side has been removed. The station was host to a LNER camping coach from 1937 to 1939.
On 25 January 1987, the crossing loop was altered to right-hand running. The original Down platform has thus become the Up platform, and vice versa. The change was made in order to simplify shunting at this station, by removing the need to hand-pump the train-operated loop points to access the sidings.
At the north end of the platform is a sculptured head, carved in stone by the navvies (workmen) who built the line. It commemorates James Renton, a director of the West Highland Railway, who gave part of his personal fortune to save the line from bankruptcy during construction when the brushwood raft was continually sinking into Rannoch Moor.
Signalling
The signal box, which had 17 levers, was situated on the island platform. From the time of its opening in 1894, the West Highland Railway was worked throughout by the electric token system.
In 1967, the method of working between and Rannoch was changed to the Scottish Region Tokenless Block system.
In August 1985, the method of working between Crianlarich and Rannoch reverted to the electric token block system. The semaphore signals were removed on 3 November 1985 in preparation for the introduction of Radio Electronic Token Block (RETB).
The RETB system was commissioned by British Rail between and Fort William Junction on 29 May 1988. This resulted in the closure of Rannoch signal box and others on that part of the line. The RETB is controlled from a Signalling Centre at Banavie railway station.
The Train Protection & Warning System was installed in 2003.
There was formerly another crossing point on Rannoch Moor, at Gorton near where the railway crossed the Rannoch Drove Road, and operationally dividing the long section between Bridge of Orchy and Rannoch stations. It remains today as an engineer's siding but devoid of the original buildings.
Location
Although the railway links the station with Glasgow and Fort William on the West Highland Line, the station area is otherwise more closely linked, by road, with central Highland towns and villages on or near the A9 road. The B846 road meets the A9 between Pitlochry and Blair Atholl, about east of the station. Its remote location on Rannoch Moor is picturesque and makes it attractive to walkers.
Facilities
The station is well equipped despite its rural location, with a café and visitor centre, toilets, a phone and a car park and bike racks. However, the only access is via a stepped footbridge, so the station does not have step-free access. As there are no facilities to purchase tickets, passengers must buy one in advance, or from the guard on the train.
Passenger volume
The statistics cover twelve month periods that start in April.
Services
Monday to Saturday, ScotRail operates three services north to Mallaig and three services south to Glasgow Queen Street. On Sundays, this decreases to just two each way. Caledonian Sleeper run six services per week (not Saturday nights) each way to Fort William, and London Euston via Edinburgh. The sleeper also carries seated coaches and can therefore be used by regular passengers to/from stations towards Edinburgh, as it is booked to pick up/set down at some stations.
See also
Rannoch Barracks
Loch Rannoch
Rannoch School
Kinloch Rannoch
Dunalastair
Tummel hydro-electric power scheme
The Soldiers' Trenches, Moor of Rannoch
References
Bibliography
External links
Video footage of Rannoch railway station
Video footage of Rannoch Station School
Railway stations in Perth and Kinross
Former North British Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1894
Railway stations served by ScotRail
Railway stations served by Caledonian Sleeper
James Miller railway stations
Listed railway stations in Scotland
Category B listed buildings in Perth and Kinross | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rannoch%20railway%20station |
La Sagesse School was a 3–18, Roman Catholic, private school for girls in Jesmond, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, England. It was established in 1906 and closed in 2008. It occupied Jesmond Towers, a Grade II* listed building and was located in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle.
History
Jesmond Towers was built to a gothic design in the early nineteenth century. In 1869 it was bought by Charles Mitchell and his wife, Anne, who made it their family home. Their son, who was a great art enthusiast, displayed important paintings in the lounge. In 1890, Anne's sister, Emily, who was in a state of depression following the death of her husband, threw herself from the battlements of Jesmond Towers and is said to haunt the building: she is referred to as the Pink Lady.
Following Anne Mitchell's death in 1899, her son, Charles William Mitchell, inherited the house and, following Charles William Mitchell's death in 1903, the Mitchell family moved to Pallinburn, near Ford, Northumberland. Jesmond Towers was acquired by the Filles de la Sagesse (Daughters of Wisdom in English) in 1912.
The school established its own board of governors and rented the building from the Daughters of Wisdom. However the school faced increasing competition from other local private schools (e.g. the Royal Grammar School, Newcastle) and when the Daughters of Wisdom decided to treble the rent in 2008, the Governors decided to close the school.
In 2009, Freddy Shepherd (a Newcastle United F.C. shareholder) acquired the site for development and in 2013, sold the house to Jeff Winn, a solicitor, who secured that part of the site as part of a joint purchase with David Wilson Homes.
Notable alumnae
Gillian Allnutt, poet
Jo Beall, academic
Joanna Pickering, actress, writer, activist and model
Linden Travers, actress
Susan Williams, junior minister
Denise Welch, actress and television presenter
Notes
References
External links
(Archive)
Defunct schools in Newcastle upon Tyne
Defunct Catholic schools in the Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle
Educational institutions established in 1906
1906 establishments in England
Educational institutions disestablished in 2008
2008 disestablishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Sagesse%20School |
The Parliament Building houses the National Assembly of Guyana, and is located in the capital Georgetown. The building was designed by Joseph Hadfield, and is located in Brickdam where the Court of Policy used to be. The building was completed on 21 February 1834. The Parliamentary Chamber contains a decorated ceiling designed by Cesar Castellani.
History
The Parliament Building replaced the former building of the Court of Policy. The building was built on a foundation of greenheart logs. The foundation stone was laid in 1829 and, on 21 February 1834, the structure, stuccoed to resemble stone blocks, was completed.
After having been completed, the building was formally handed over to a committee of the Court of Policy on 5 August 1834. Those present were Joseph Hadfield, of the Hadfield family, after one of whom, John, Hadfield Street was named; and George Booker, who represented J.D. Patterson, one of the three contractors, the other two being Roderick McKenzie and Hector Kemp. The architect was Joseph Hadfield. The building was constructed at a cost of 50,000 pounds using slave labour.
In 1875 Cesar Castellani completed the installation of a sunken panelled ceiling of the Parliamentary Chamber in the eastern wing of the Parliament Building. The Chamber also features an elaborately carved teak Speaker's chair, an Independence gift from the Government of India; a table and three chairs for the Clerks, and a Sergeant-at-Arms chair (an Independence gift from the British House of Commons); paintings of Arthur Chung, Guyana's first ceremonial President (1970-1980) and of Forbes Burnham, Guyana's first executive President (1980-1985); and a gilded clock, depicting the rays of the sun, a gift from the Demerara Company Limited.
The walls of the Parliament Chamber are paneled with mahogany. Floor length shuttered windows allow light and air to enter, and north-facing windows have small balconies.
The Parliament Building is an excellent example of 19th-century Renaissance architecture and is one of two domed buildings in Georgetown. Within its compound are two cannon that were used in the Crimean War and a statue of Hubert Nathaniel Critchlow, OBE (1884-1958) who is regarded as the father of Trade Unionism in Guyana.
In 1998, the Parliament Library opened in the building. The ceiling suffered from the hot and humid climate, and was reconstructed between 2000 and 2005.
References
Government buildings completed in 1834
History of Guyana
Buildings and structures in Georgetown, Guyana
Government buildings in Guyana
Renaissance Revival architecture
Legislative buildings
Seats of national legislatures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament%20Building%2C%20Guyana |
The Provençal Tales is a book written by Michael de Larrabeiti and published in 1988 by Pavilion Books. De Larrabeiti worked on the transhumance in the 1950s and 1960s; his book records stories apparently told to de Larrabeiti by Provençal shepherds.
External links
Free PDF of the first chapter of The Provencal Tales
1988 books
Books by Michael de Larrabeiti
French folklore | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Proven%C3%A7al%20Tales |
The Hawth Theatre is an arts and entertainment complex located in of woodland about from the town centre of the English town of Crawley. It is wholly owned by Crawley Borough Council and is currently operated by Parkwood Theatres.
History
The new town of Crawley had been without a theatre since its inception in 1947, leading, in part, a local newspaper editor to describe the town as soulless.
In 1986, plans were approved by the borough council for a new theatre in an area of woodland known locally as The Hawth. Development began quickly, and the theatre opened for the first time in April 1988. In 1992, the theatre hosted a performance of London City Ballet's Romeo and Juliet, which was attended by the then Her Royal Highness Diana, Princess of Wales.
Facilities
Main auditorium
The main auditorium seats up to 855 for performances, and can be converted to an exhibition or conference venue. The stage is around wide, with a depth of , and is equipped to a high standard with sound, lighting and staging facilities.
Studio
The Studio provides a smaller performance space, seating 146 people which hosts small-scale contemporary dance, theatre, jazz, blues, folk and comedy. The space can be used in a flat-floor format so can be converted for film previews, club nights, cabaret seated events, workshops and rehearsals.
Amphitheatre
There is an amphitheatre performance area in the woodland at the rear of the theatre, where summer productions are performed, including productions of Shakespeare and children's theatre, as well as being used during the Crawley Folk Festival and Crawley International Mela.
Other facilities
Other performance spaces include a permanent foyer exhibition space, an on-site restaurant as well as two bars. Also during the summer a marquee is erected on the lawns to host Crawley Folk Festival, Crawley Mela and world music performances.
Programme
The theatre is mainly used to house touring productions, and has in the past seen presentations across a range of types, from movies to opera. The theatre also housed its own resident production company - Shaker Productions - in the 1990s. It now plays home to Pitchy Breath Theatre Company - a group committed to producing one newly written piece each year.
In addition, other events have visited the Hawth, ranging from circus and juggling conventions, to the hustings for conservative party leader elections in 2001.
References
External links
Hawth Theatre
Theatres in West Sussex
Buildings and structures in Crawley
Organisations based in Crawley
Theatres completed in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawth%20Theatre |
Michael Donald Healy (August 28, 1936 – April 2, 2020) was an American football defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the Chicago Bears and Dallas Cowboys. He also was a member of the Buffalo Bills in the American Football League (AFL). He played college football at the University of Maryland.
Early years
Healy attended Rome Free Academy, where he received honorable-mention All-state honors in football. He also practiced baseball and hockey.
He accepted a football scholarship from the University of Maryland. He played as a two-way tackle and was a three-year starter.
He was a part of the 1958 College All Star team that defeated the 1957 NFL Champion Detroit Lions. His teammates included Alex Karras, Ray Nitschke and Chuck Howley. He also took part in the Senior Bowl and the East–West Shrine Game.
Professional career
Chicago Bears
Healy was selected by the Chicago Bears in the third round (37th overall) of the 1958 NFL Draft. He played two seasons and was a backup offensive guard.
Dallas Cowboys
He was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the 1960 NFL Expansion Draft, becoming the first starter at left defensive tackle in franchise history. He holds the single-season Cowboys record for fumble recoveries (5 in 1961), established when the regular season was 14 games long. He was released on September 7, 1962.
Buffalo Bills
In 1962, he played for the Buffalo Bills of the American Football League.
Personal life
He died on April 2, 2020, in Naples, Florida, at age 83.
References
1936 births
2020 deaths
Sportspeople from Rome, New York
American football defensive tackles
Maryland Terrapins football players
Chicago Bears players
Dallas Cowboys players
American Football League players
Buffalo Bills players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Healy |
The Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS) is a charity registered in England and Wales and in Scotland and is a company limited by guarantee.
The charitable aims and object of the company are to further research in Nautical Archaeology and publish the results of such research and to advance education and training in the techniques pertaining to the study of Nautical Archaeology for the benefit of the public.
Nautical archaeology is an archaeological sub-discipline more generally known as maritime archaeology. It encompasses the archaeology of shipwrecks, underwater archaeology in seas and elsewhere and the archaeology of related features.
The society's logo is derived from the image of a merchant sailing ship on a Bichrome Ware Cypro-Archaic pottery jug 750-600BC, thought to be from the Karpas Peninsula in North Cyprus. The ancient vessel is part of the British Museum's collection (GR 1926.6-28.9). An analysis of how the iconography on this pot has been misinterpreted in recent history and how the image has been adapted for the society's logo, can be read in the editorial of the society's publication the International Journal of Nautical Archaeology (2000) 29.1: 1–2.
History
Council for Nautical Archaeology
The predecessor of the Nautical Archaeology Society was the Council for Nautical Archaeology (CNA). This was formed in 1964
initially under the name the Committee for Nautical Archaeology:"so as to ensure that the many discoveries being made by divers should not go by default through lack of contact with the appropriate learned bodies and to act as a channel of communication with the many interests that were growing up in this new field of research and exploration."
The inaugural meeting of the CNA was held in Joan du Plat Taylor's office at the Institute of Nautical Archaeology, at the University of London. The Council includedindividuals from the Council for British Archaeology, the [Science Museum], the [Museum of London], the National Maritime Museum, [Bristol University], and the Institute of Archaeology at London University. The Society for Nautical Research, the Society for Post Medieval Archaeology. and the British Sub-Aqua Club were also represented on the council.
It was the CNA that was responsible for establishing the International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and the Nautical Archaeology Trust in 1972, but it was also concerned with the promotion of legislation for the protection of nautical archaeological sites playing a key part in what became the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973.
In 1984 the CNA was incorporated into the Council for British Archaeology as one of its research sub-committees
The Nautical Archaeology Trust
The predecessor of the Nautical Archaeology Society was a truust originally incorporated and registered as a charity under the name (The) Nautical Archaeological Trust Limited.
The Trust was established by the Council for Nautical Archaeology as its limited liability charitable arm. As a corporate body the Trust gained the legal ability to enter into contracts and to hold assets. The Trust's objects were
"the furtherance of research into nautical archaeology and the publication of the results of such research together with the advancement of training and education in the techniques pertaining to the study of nautical archaeology for the benefit of the public"
The Trust organised lectures, conferences and seminars, produced a newsletter and had a mechanism for associate membership for groups, associate individual members and subscribers. Associate membership provided a discounted purchase price for the International Journal of Nautical Archaeology.
In 1974, the then chairman of the CNA and of NAT, Professor W. F. Grimes, proposed that what was needed was a membership society but this took some years to establish. The CNA and the Trust eventually agreed the form of constitution of such a Society and the inaugural meeting took place in 1981. The intention of the Society was to act as a forum for the interchange of ideas and all of the associates and subscribers of the Trust were transferred to full membership the Society. The specific intention was to further cooperation between amateurs and professionals and its impact spread beyond the UK with a third of the new membership in its first year being from outside the UK. Joan du Plat Taylor was the first president.
For a few years from 1981, the activities of the charity (the Trust) were separated from the interchange between the members (the Society) although both had identical aims, but the situation was resolved by a special meeting of the Trust held on 3 July 1986 at the Science Museum. At this meeting, the members of the Trust voted to change the name of the Trust to the Nautical Archaeology Society and to change the constitution (the articles of association) to reflect the change to a membership organisation. The reconstituted organisation continued to have responsibility for producing the IJNA and a clause safeguarding the academic standards of the journal was added to the articles. The renamed Trust thus subsumed the role of providing a forum for the interchange of ideas and the memberships of those who had participated in the Society (many of whom were in any case the original associates and subscribers of the Trust) transferred to membership of the incorporated body.
The beginning of NAS training
With the dual advantages of a participatory membership and its status as a registered charity, in 1986 the newly reconstituted Nautical Archaeology Society ran the first events in what later became its four-part internationally accredited training syllabus.
NAS training and education
NAS training in the UK
The society educates and trains professional and avocational archaeologists and commercial and recreational divers. The aim of the NAS training syllabus is to develop awareness, respect for and understanding of the maritime cultural heritage and to develop capability in the maritime archaeological sector by training in relevant archaeological and underwater skills as well as to develop knowledge and understanding of the technology of the past.
In the past, NAS Training has been supported by Cadw and Historic Scotland to provide training opportunities in Wales and Scotland respectively. The development of the NAS training curriculum was supported by English Heritage and its predecessors from 1991 to 2004.
In 2015, the NAS Education Programme underwent a major revision to adapt to the increasing use of online learning and to make the qualification system more flexible. As of 2017, the NAS qualification system in the UK consists of the following:
NAS Foundation in Maritime Archaeology
10 or 15 credits
This qualification is achieved by completing:
Two Elearning courses: Intro to Maritime Archaeology and Underwater Archaeology or Intertidal Archaeology
Underwater Recorder and Surveyor Skills Days or Foreshore Recorder and Surveyor Skills Days
NAS Certificate in Maritime Archaeology
100 credits in total
This qualification is achieved by completing:
NAS Foundation, and
85 or 90 credits from Maritime Archaeology Courses, Events or Fieldwork
NAS Award in Maritime Archaeology
300 credits in total
This qualification is achieved by completing:
NAS Certificate (worth 100 credits),and an additional
200 credits from Maritime Archaeology Courses, Events or Fieldwork, and
A 2,000-word archaeological report
NAS members progress through these qualifications by earning credits which are accrued by participating in courses, events and fieldwork. Attending NAS-run activities accrues 5 credits per day while attending non-NAS or self-directed activities earns 2.5 credits per day.
NAS Training International
The NAS four-part qualification system is still used by the numerous International Training Partners that use a locally adapted version of the NAS syllabus to share knowledge and practical skills to local divers and non-divers. The list and contact details of current International Training Partners can be found here.
NAS Conference
The annual two-day NAS conference provides a forum for a wide range of presentations on nautical archaeology. At the event the annual Adopt-a-Wreck award is presented. Administration of the Muckelroy award was transferred to the NAS in 2009 and is presented every two years to the best publication.
Publications
International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology (IJNA) is published bi-annually (Print , online ) for NAS by Wiley Publishing Ltd. It is a peer-reviewed academic journal but articles by amateur researchers that meet the journal's standards have been published.
IJNA aims to cover all aspects of nautical archaeological research including the seas, ships, cargos, harbours and sailors of the past.
IJNA was first published in 1972 under the founding editor Joan du Plat Taylor. Since 1980, IJNA has been edited by Ian Morrison, James Kirkman, Valerie Fenwick and Paula Martin. The current editor, Miranda Richardson, took over in 2012. Angela Croome held the position of reviews editor from the journal's foundation until 2016 when Paula Martin took over.
NAS Monograph Series
The first in the NAS monograph series is the report of the Sound of Mull Archaeological Project (SOMAP), which ran from 1994 to 2005.
The NAS monograph series was edited by Gerald Grainge until 2016, who was replaced by Julian Whitewright.
NAS Handbook
The NAS Handbook provides an introduction to underwater archaeology. The material in the handbook is consistent with the teaching of the NAS Training programme.
Awards
Joan du Plat Taylor Award
The Joan du Plat Taylor Award is a grant awarded annually by the Nautical Archaeology Society to support publication of nautical archaeological research. The grant was originally funded personally by Joan du Plat Taylor, the founder editor of IJNA and the first president of the Nautical Archaeology Society.
Adopt-a-Wreck
The Adopt-a-wreck scheme, run by the Nautical Archaeology Society was set up as a joint initiative with the Maritime and Coastguard Agency to encourage groups and individuals to take a close interest in a maritime site, and adopt a minimum level of stewardship, monitoring how the site changes over time. As well as shipwrecks, adopted sites can include harbour works and buildings with nautical connections, coastal habitations, hulks and other sea wrack of archaeological interest. The society maintains a register of all such adopted sites and since 2003 has provided an annual award to the person or group that has made the most significant contribution to maritime archaeology and research through the adoption process. A pilot for the Adopt-a-Wreck scheme was run on the East Indiaman Halsewell
Past winners of the Adopt-a-Wreck award have included:
2003. The Joint Services Dive Club and the Gibraltar Museum's Underwater Research Unit for their work on the "Inner and Outer" wreck sites at Gibraltar Harbour.
2004. The Queen's University Belfast Sub-Aqua Club (QUBSAC) for their investigation of the Alastor, a steel-hulled luxury motor yacht that sank in 1948
2005. The Weymouth LUNAR Society for their work on the Earl of Abergavenny shipwreck
2007. Paul Barnett for work on the hulks at Purton on the River Severn
2008. Ed Cumming and Todd Stevens for the project on the Nancy packet, the Rosevear Ledge wrecksite, published as a book.
2009. Alison Mayor and the Southsea Sub Aqua Club for Tanks & Bulldozers "Sleeping Centaurs" site off the south coast of England
2010. Southsea Sub Aqua Club for the Landing Craft LTC (A) 2428.
2011. Weymouth Lunar Society for the "Lost torpedoes of Weymouth and Portland".
Keith Muckelroy Award
This award is made in memory of Keith Muckelroy and until 2008 was awarded as part of the British Archaeological Awards. In 2008 the administration of the award was transferred to the Nautical Archaeological Society, and the award has been presented bi-annually at the NAS conference since 2009. It is awarded for the best published work covering maritime, nautical or underwater archaeology which best reflects the pioneering ideas and scholarly standards of Keith Muckelroy.
Projects
The Gresham Ship
In 2004 the Nautical Archaeological Society took custody of the remains of an Elizabethan wreck discovered in the Princes Channel of the Thames Estuary during dredging operations by the Port of London Authority. The remains represented a navigation hazard, and as they had been disturbed and damaged by the dredging operations, preservation in situ was not an option. The remains were investigated by Wessex Archaeology and dendrochronology by Nigel Nayling of the University of Wales gave a construction date of soon after 1754, probably in East Anglia. The remains were transferred to Horsea Island, an estuarine lake near Portsmouth, where the brackish water should enable the timbers to stabilise while they are accessible to students for study and training purposes. The remains of the ship are being studied as part of a five-year project also involving the Port of London Authority, the Museum at Docklands, the Institute of Archaeology at University College London, Gresham College and the University of Southern Denmark. The ship has been termed the "Gresham Ship" because one of the guns recovered had the initials and emblem of Sir Thomas Gresham.
Wreckmap Projects
The Nautical Archaeology Society manages or participates in research projects with the aims of firstly furthering research and secondly enabling novice professionals and avocational archaeologists to have opportunities to get involved in archaeological research and hence develop individual experience and promote best practice in investigative techniques. Wreckmap projects focus on surveying and recording sites in a specific area. Projects have included the 'Sound of Mull Archaeological Project' (SOMAP), which ran from 1994 to 2005 and the "SubMAP" project, which investigated the wreck of Resurgam. Wreckmap projects have also been conducted in Portland, Dorset and Teesbay (near Hartlepool).
Wreckmap Britain 2005 encouraged recreational divers to submit a recording form for a favourite dive anywhere in Britain. Wreckmap Britain 2006 was launched at the London International Dive Show (LIDS) on 1 April 2006 and has distributed 100,000 recording forms to recreational divers. The results will be added to the Shipwreck Index. WreckMap Britain is conducted in partnership with the Marine Conservation Society (SeaSearch) and sponsored by Crown Estate, the BSAC Jubilee Trust and PADI through the Project AWARE Foundation.
Forton Lake
Forton Lake is a community based project to record the hulks of vessels abandoned at Forton Lake, Gosport. The field work and community training for the project was supported by the Heritage Lottery Fund from 2006 to 2007 and the final year of fieldwork in 2008 and publication is being supported by Crown Estate. The project is carried out jointly with the Hampshire and Wight Trust for Maritime Archaeology.
Diving into history
The Diving into History Project, supported by the Heritage Lottery Fund, ran from 2006 to 2008 and included outreach activities to the public and support for Adopt-a-Wreck groups. In addition community based projects were carried out, including an industrial and oral history project involving underwater survey of Stoney Cove and archive and oral history research.
Dig, Dive and Discover
In 2006 a group of sea cadets were given the opportunity to become maritime archaeologists, learning to scuba dive, to research archives and to design web sites. The project was supported by the Heritage Lottery Fund 'Young roots' programme and was carried out in conjunction with Hartlepool library and Hartlepool Diving Club. An excavation of a wreck was carried out at Middleton Sands on Teesbay and the cadets built their own website documenting their experiences.
Archives
North East England Maritime Archaeology Research Archive
The North East England Maritime Archaeology Research Archive (NEEMARA) was established in 2006 thanks to grant funding from English Heritage and from local councils. The archive contains reference material on ships, shipbuilding and archaeological reports and is housed at the offices of Hartlepool Borough Council.
NAS Project and NAS Part Two Reports
Projects directly run by NAS (including Wreckmap projects) have project reports that are submitted to the appropriate Heritage Environment Record(HER). As part of NAS training, students submit a project report for part two of the NAS Certificate in Underwater and Foreshore Archaeology. Where appropriate reports are submitted to the appropriate local HER. NAS project reports and NAS Part two reports are also available to view at NAS offices in Portsmouth.
The Big Anchor Project
The Big Anchor Project is an international project which is attempting to collect data on anchors to provide a research resource for the identification of anchors. Following a pilot exercise by the South West Maritime History Society and Dorset County Council, a web site enables anyone to upload pghotographs and information about anchors.
Hartlepool Built
The Hartlepool Built project is a project to gather data on ships built in Hartlepool and on the people who sailed them. Designed as a web-based oral history type project, the project captures, and publishes on the web information on ships built in Hartlepool over the last 170 years, with photographs and other information from relatives of those whose lives were affected.
References
External links
NAS website
Archaeological organizations
Archaeology of the United Kingdom
Diver organizations
1972 establishments in the United Kingdom
Maritime archaeology
Organizations established in 1972
Underwater diving in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical%20Archaeology%20Society |
Zavodskoy may refer to:
Zavodskoy City District, Russia, name of several city districts in Russia
Zavodskoy (inhabited locality), name of several inhabited localities in Russia
See also
Zavodsky (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavodskoy |
The Hippocratic Oath is the tradition of ethical oaths for medical practitioners.
Hippocratic Oath may also refer to:
"Hippocratic Oath" (DS9 episode), an episode within the Star Trek franchise
Hippocratic Oath for scientists, a form of the medical oath, adapted for scientists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocratic%20Oath%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Eugene Elwood Heeter (born April 19, 1941) is an American former college and professional football player. He played tight end at West Virginia University, and professionally in the American Football League (AFL) for the New York Jets from 1963 through 1965. On September 12, 1964, he scored the first-ever touchdown in Flushing's Shea Stadium , catching a 16-yard pass from Dick Wood against the Denver Broncos.
Heeter was inducted into the Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame on Long Island in the Football Category with the Class of 2016.
See also
Other American Football League players
External links
https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/HeetGe00.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20070930094151/http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=HEETEGEN01
1941 births
Living people
Players of American football from Johnstown, Pennsylvania
American football tight ends
West Virginia Mountaineers football players
New York Jets players
American Football League players
People from Windber, Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Heeter |
Electric Pencil, released in December 1976 by Michael Shrayer, was the first word processor for home computers.
History
In 1975, Michael Shrayer had moved to California after 20 years as a New York filmmaker. Enjoying assembling electronic kits, he purchased and assembled a MITS Altair 8800 computer, then modified a public domain assembler program for the Processor Technology Sol-20. Fellow computer hobbyists wanted to buy Shrayer's ESP-1 software, giving him an unexpected and lucrative new business.
Having never heard of a "word processor", Shrayer nonetheless believed that he should be able to use his computer, instead of a typewriter, to write documentation for his program, and thus wrote another program – the first word processor for a microcomputer – with which to do so. Electric Pencil for the Altair appeared in December 1976, and the version for the Sol-20 became especially popular. As no large network of computer stores existed, Shrayer formed Michael Shrayer Software Inc. – a decision he regretted, as naming the company after himself cost him his privacy – advertised in computer magazines such as BYTE, and sold the program via mail order. Electric Pencil required 8K of memory and an Intel 8080 or Zilog Z80 processor. As customers requested the program for their specific computers and operating systems he ported the word processor to each, resulting in 78 versions including the NorthStar Horizon and TRS-80.
Electric Pencil was the first program for microcomputers to implement a basic feature of word processors: word wrap, in which lines are adjusted as words are inserted and deleted.
Electric Pencil's market dominance might have continued had Shrayer continued to update it. Many imitators appeared, however, including WordStar and Magic Wand, both of which surpassed the original's popularity as Shrayer became bored with programming and sold its rights to others. Electric Pencil remained on the market into the 1980s, including a version for the IBM PC in 1983, but by 1982 James Fallows described it as "outdated and crude" compared to newer products like Perfect Writer and Scripsit.
Notable use
Jerry Pournelle is recognized as the first author to have written a published portion of a book using a word processor on a personal computer, using Electric Pencil for that purpose. In 1977, Pournelle was shown the program and decided it would help his productivity by making it easier to produce a final manuscript without requiring a complete retyping of edited pages.
References
Word processors
CP/M software
1976 software
DOS word processors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20Pencil |
Pierre Quinon (20 February 1962 – 17 August 2011) was a pole vaulter from France who won the 1984 Olympic Games pole vault gold medal and held the pole vault outdoor world record for just four days in the summer of 1983.
Pole vaulting career
Before the 1984 Olympic Games
Pierre Quinon, whose father was an 800 metres runner, started his pole vaulting career at the Rhodia Club Omnisports (athletics section), which is based in the town of Salaise-sur-Sanne (in the department of Isère). Pierre's father coached him at that club. Pierre did his first pole vaulting training session in the Lyon suburb of Saint-Priest under the supervision of his coach, Christian Bourguignon, who was from Lyon. He made his pole vault competition debut in 1976, at the age of 14, in the town of Le Péage-de-Roussillon (in the department of Isère). He became the French national champion at the youth level (under the age of 18 years) in 1979. He burst onto the scene at the national level in 1981 thanks to a height clearance of 5.50 metres outdoors. He won the silver medal at the 1981 European Junior Championships in Utrecht by clearing a height of 5.30 metres. In 1981, Quinon joined the Racing Club de France in Paris and trained there on a group basis with Patrick Abada, Jean-Michel Bellot and Thierry Vigneron (a former pole vault world record holder), all under the supervision of Jean-Claude Perrin, who was a member of the club's coaching staff.
Quinon's participation at the inaugural 1983 World Championships in Helsinki was a flop; he did not manage to clear a single height in his three attempts. This was to be Quinon's only appearance in an outdoor or indoor World Championships.
On 28 August 1983, during an athletics meeting in the German city of Cologne, Quinon set a new pole vault outdoor world record of 5.82 metres, beating Vladimir Polyakov's 26-month-old outdoor world record by one centimetre. On that day, immediately after winning the pole vault contest, Quinon became the first pole vaulter to attempt to clear 6.00 metres in an official athletics meeting. Although Quinon failed by a significant margin, his coach Jean-Claude Perrin told the French media that Quinon "did not make a fool of himself". "To be alone in front of a bar (in an attempt to set a new world record after having won the contest) was not a fun thing. I preferred fighting the other competitors," Quinon would say later, regarding his failed, world record attempt of 6.00 metres in Cologne. However, Quinon's outdoor world record was very short-lived. On 1 September 1983, in the Italian capital Rome, his countryman Thierry Vigneron beat it by one centimetre.
Quinon won the silver medal with a height of 5.75m at the 1984 European Indoor Championships held in March 1984 in the Swedish city of Gothenburg, with Vigneron taking the gold medal. He also won three Championnats de France d'athlétisme (French National Athletics Championships) outdoor pole vault titles at the senior level in 1982, 1983 and 1984 with heights of 5.55m, 5.65m and 5.70m respectively.
1984 Olympic Games
At the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles, in the absence of Sergey Bubka because of the Soviet-led boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics, Quinon, Vigneron and two Americans - Earl Bell and Mike Tully - were the favorites to win the pole vault title. All four of them had cleared 5.80m or higher prior to these Olympic Games. After Bell and Vigneron had missed three consecutive attempts at 5.70m, Quinon and Tully battled each other for the gold medal. Quinon was leading at 5.70m (he had cleared this height on his first attempt) and Tully was in second position at 5.65m when the bar was raised to 5.75m, with Quinon vaulting first. The Frenchman cleared the 5.75m on his first attempt. Although clearing this height would have put Tully in a tie for first place, he elected to pass. Neither man was successful at clearing 5.80m. Quinon thus won the gold medal with a height of 5.75m, becoming the first French Olympic male pole vault champion (the French had never even won a single medal in this event in previous Olympic Games) and the first French Olympic male or female gold medallist in any jumping event. Fernand Gonder won the 1906 Intercalated Games pole vault gold medal, but medals won in those games are not officially recognized by the International Olympic Committee today. This was to be Quinon's only appearance at the Olympic Games. Tully won the silver medal (5.65m), with Vigneron and Bell each receiving a bronze medal (5.60m). Just after winning the Olympic gold medal, Quinon told L'Équipe in an interview, "I had made it my mission to succeed there (at the Olympic Games) where the other Frenchmen had failed." In the same interview, Quinon considered his Olympic title as a "collective reward" and opined that "the pole vault training programmes started and carried out by Maurice Houvion (who was the coach of Jean Galfione, the 1996 Olympic pole vault champion, for Galfione's entire pole vaulting career) and Jean-Claude Perrin had borne fruit."
After the 1984 Olympic Games
On 16 July 1985 at the Meeting Nikaïa de Nice in the French city of Nice, Quinon achieved his outdoor personal best of 5.90 metres, exactly 10 centimetres less than the new, outdoor world record set by Sergey Bubka in Paris only three days earlier.
An ankle injury sustained in 1986 and other injuries sustained thereafter adversely affected Quinon's pole vault performance in the later years of his career. He never again pole-vaulted at the standard similar to that of the first half of the 1980s. He did not make the cut for the 1988 Olympics pole vault event in Seoul. Philippe Collet, Philippe d'Encausse and Thierry Vigneron were instead selected to represent France at those Olympics.
In 1989, Quinon settled in Bordeaux. He became a member of a sports club there and was coached by Georges Martin. He lived in Bordeaux until his retirement from pole vaulting in 1993.
Later life
After his retirement, from 1993 onwards, Quinon settled in the Mediterranean coast of the department of Var , in the communes of Le Lavandou, Bormes-les-Mimosas and then Hyères. He would live in the Var until his death. He went into business - he owned a chicken rotisserie business, running it from a van based in Hyères.
In the late 1990s, Quinon created the 'Sports en lumière' in Bormes-les-Mimosas, in co-operation with its town council. The
'Sports en lumière is an annual sporting event held in Bormes-les-Mimosas that is especially meant for children, during which free workshops on various sports are conducted.
Quinon acted as an advisor to the French pole vaulter Romain Mesnil in 2004, an experience which Quinon deemed as a "failure" when his protégé failed to qualify for the 2004 Olympic Games pole vault final in Athens.
Quinon did abstract painting during the last five years of his life, starting from 2006. He started painting after a meeting with the artist Colin Raffer in the same year. He stated that he had always been interested in painting and that Nicolas de Staël and Jackson Pollock were his role models who inspired him. He exhibited his works regularly in the Var with some success. The first exhibition of his works in February 2010 was a success.
Quinon supported and promoted the bid of his native city - Lyon - to host the 2015 World Masters Athletics Championships. He worked on the preparations for the bid and accompanied his country's senior sports officials to the United States as part of his duties. On 14 July 2011, the three bid cities - Bydgoszcz, Lyon and Perth - made their bidding presentations to the World Masters Athletics General Assembly in Sacramento, California. Quinon's concluding speech made during the bidding presentations seemed to be a major factor in Lyon receiving the greatest number of votes from the General Assembly for both rounds of voting held on the same day immediately after the bidding presentations. Lyon was thus chosen as the host city of the 2015 World Masters Athletics Championships.
Death
At around 10 pm on Wednesday 17 August 2011 Quinon committed suicide by throwing himself headlong out of a window of his apartment in Hyères from a height of 5 metres. The local French daily Var-Matin broke the news of his suicide the following morning and this was later confirmed by the Fédération française d'athlétisme. Quinon had been suffering from depression for some time and had been taking tablets to treat it. At the time of his self-defenestration, he had a woman friend in his home. Quinon was survived by his mother, his sister (Isabelle), his ex-wife (Caroline Large) and his two sons (Robin and Jean-Baptiste, from his marriage to Caroline Large).
Reactions to the news of his death and tributes
In an interview with the French radio network Europe 1, Jean-Claude Perrin, Quinon's former coach, said, "When a life is lost like that, titles and records do not count any more." Perrin said that he was "very distressed" by the "terrible news" of Quinon's suicide. He said that he was lucky enough to share Quinon's life intimately for five years when he was his coach.
Bernard Amsalem, the president of the Fédération française d'athlétisme, said that he was "grief-stricken" on hearing the news of Quinon's death. "He was a great champion. He was atypical in the world of athletics, but he was very likable," described Amsalem.
Jean Galfione, the 1996 Olympic Games pole vault gold medallist, said, "Pierre was someone whom I admired. It (a poster of Quinon) was the only poster that I owned in my bedroom when I was a kid." Galfione described Quinon as his role model. Galfione said that they would train together when he was at the beginning of his pole vaulting career and Quinon was nearing the end of his, and that they became close.
Marcel Ferrari, the president of the Ligue d’Athlétisme Rhône-Alpes, who like Quinon was a member of the French delegation to the July 2011 World Masters Athletics General Assembly in Sacramento, California, told Lyon Capitale that he did not observe any warning signs of Quinon's impending suicide.
Funeral and tributes
Quinon's funeral took place in the commune of Bormes-les-Mimosas in the department of Var in the afternoon of 23 August 2011. It was attended by more than 200 persons, among them his two sons (Robin and Jean-Baptiste), his ex-wife (Caroline Large), his sister (Isabelle), his mother, Jean-Claude Perrin (his former coach) and notable, retired French athlete like Stéphane Diagana, Maryse Éwanjé-Épée, Thierry Vigneron, Christian Plaziat and William Motti.
The funeral started in front of the town hall, in front of which was placed Quinon's coffin that was draped with the French flag. Two giant, black and white posters of Quinon hung from the balcony of the town hall. The French President Nicolas Sarkozy had a wreath of flowers delivered to the funeral. Albert Vatinet, the mayor of Bormes-les-Mimosas, was the first to deliver a eulogy in praise of his friend. "At present, you are next to the stars, at the summit of Mount Olympus," said Vatinet at the end of his eulogy. The French Sports Minister Chantal Jouanno sent a message of condolence that was read out to the crowd by a representative. In her message, Jouanno recalled the magical moment on 8 Aug 1984 when Quinon became an Olympic champion and announced that all French athletes at the upcoming 2011 World Championships in Athletics would wear black armbands. A very moved Stéphane Diagana, who was a friend of Quinon, read a hand-written letter from Jean Galfione, the 1996 Olympic Games pole vault gold medallist. In his letter, Galfione, who was then in the French city of Brest for a sailing competition (he had been practising sailing competitively since 2007), wrote, "It is thanks to you, Pierre, that I made my first pole vault. You will remain the best." and also expressed his admiration of Quinon - his "hero" - of whom he had a poster in his bedroom. In his eulogy, Diagana described Quinon as an "aesthete of life" who "took great delight in beautiful things".
The French national anthem, La Marseillaise, rang out. The cortege then walked in silence to the Roman Catholic Church of Saint-Trophyme in Bormes-les-Mimosas for a religious ceremony conducted by the parish priest, Father Lopez. During the religious ceremony, Robbie Williams's song Angels, which was chosen by Quinon's family to bid farewell to him, rang out inside the church. In his eulogy, Quinon's older son, Robin, who was then 24 years old, called his father "the hero of his life". In accordance with his wish, Quinon was then buried in the cemetery of Bormes-les-Mimosas. Only family members were present during the burial.
Legacy
On 23 April 2004, Salaise-sur-Sanne's collège gymnasium was renamed "gymnase Pierre Quinon".
The gymnasium in Bormes-les-Mimosas was renamed "gymnase Pierre Quinon" in early
September 2011, less than one month after Quinon's death. It was inaugurated on 20 February 2012, on what would have been Quinon's 50th birthday. The inauguration ceremony was attended by Quinon's two sons (Robin and Jean-Baptiste), his ex-wife (Caroline Large), Albert Vatinet (the mayor of Bormes-les-Mimosas), Bernard Amsalem (the president of the Fédération française d'athlétisme),and notable French athletes such as Laurence Bily, Stéphane Diagana, Jean Galfione, Joseph Mahmoud and William Motti.
A newly constructed sports indoor stadium in Nantes, the stadium métropolitain Pierre-Quinon, was opened in September 2013.
Awards
Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur
International competition record
only the position and height in the final are indicated
See also
French all-time top lists - Pole vault
Men's pole vault world record progression
References
External links
Pierre Quinon at Sports Reference
An analysis of Pierre Quinon's vault technique
1962 births
2011 suicides
2011 deaths
Suicides by jumping in France
French male pole vaulters
Olympic athletes for France
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for France
Athletes from Lyon
Knights of the Legion of Honour
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
20th-century French people
21st-century French people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Quinon |
Donald Alan Heinrich (September 19, 1930 – February 29, 1992) was an American football player, coach, and announcer. He played professionally as a quarterback in National Football League (NFL) for the New York Giants and Dallas Cowboys. He also was a member of the Oakland Raiders in the American Football League (AFL). Heinrich played college football at the University of Washington.
Early years
Born in Chicago, Heinrich was raised in western Washington and graduated from Bremerton High School, west of Seattle, in 1948. As a senior in the fall of 1947, he led the Wildcats to the mythical state title. That winter, he contributed to the basketball team finishing in second-place at state.
College career
Heinrich played quarterback at Washington in Seattle, leading the nation in passing in 1950 and 1952, and setting many of the school's passing records. His 60.9 completion percentage in 1950 set an NCAA record. Heinrich missed the 1951 season due to a pre-season shoulder separation, and was selected in the third round of the 1952 NFL Draft, but stayed in college and played his fifth-year senior season with the Huskies in 1952.
He was inducted into the U.S. Army that November, prior to the Apple Cup in Spokane against Washington State, but was granted a pass to play. The Cougars had won the previous year in Husky Stadium while Heinrich was sidelined, but he led the Huskies to a 33–27 victory in 1952, and finished 3–0 in his career against WSC.
Heinrich played two seasons (1949, 1950) with hall of fame running back Hugh McElhenny. They were expected to play together for three, but Heinrich's shoulder injury put junior Sam Mitchell and sophomore Dean Rockey at quarterback in 1951; after three wins in their first four games, Washington went winless and fell to 3–6–1.
Professional career
New York Giants
Heinrich was selected by the New York Giants in the third round (35th overall) of the 1952 NFL Draft with a future draft pick, which allowed the team to draft him before his college eligibility was over.
He served in the military for just under two years, and also got a chance to play football for Fort Ord. He missed the 1953 season and reported to the Giants in 1954. While in the army, he played for the Fort Ord Warriors, which included running back Ollie Matson.
In his six seasons with the Giants, he saw action in three NFL championship games (1956, 1958, 1959), while being the starting quarterback of the 1956 title team. With Vince Lombardi as the Giants' offensive coordinator (1954–58), Heinrich split time at quarterback with Charlie Conerly, with him being used to probe defenses and Conerly coming into the games to capitalize on weaknesses.
Dallas Cowboys
Heinrich was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the 1960 expansion draft. He reunited with head coach was Tom Landry, who was the defensive coordinator with the Giants. Heinrich again shared time at quarterback, with veteran Eddie LeBaron and rookie Don Meredith.
Oakland Raiders
On July 9, 1962, he returned as a player after the American Football League Oakland Raiders bought his rights from the NFL's Cowboys. The Raiders needed quarterback depth after learning that the previous year's No. 1 draft choice, Tom Flores, would miss the season due to a lung infection.
Coaching career
In 1961, Heinrich returned to the Giants as a backfield coach under newly-promoted head coach Allie Sherman. From 1963 to 1964, he was the backfield coach for the Los Angeles Rams, under former Giants teammate Harland Svare. In 1965, he was hired as a scout for the expansion Atlanta Falcons.
From 1966 to 1968, he was the assistant for offense and called the plays for the Pittsburgh Steelers under former Giants teammate Bill Austin. From 1969 to 1970, he was the backfield coach for the New Orleans Saints under Tom Fears. From 1971 to 1975, he began as the defensive backfield coach before being moved to the passing-receiving coach for the San Francisco 49ers under Dick Nolan.
Broadcasting career
In 1976, Heinrich began his broadcasting career, working first on Washington Huskies games and also as the first radio game analyst for the Seattle Seahawks Radio Network (working with Pete Gross and Wayne Cody) and then becoming an analyst for the 49ers' games. In 1983 and 1984, Heinrich was a color analyst for ESPN and ABC broadcasts of the United States Football League (USFL).
Heinrich worked with Preview Sports Publications, with whom he published the magazines Don Heinrich's College Football and Don Heinrich's Pro Preview, until his death. In 1991, he was the analyst for Pac-10 games on Prime Ticket, a cable channel based in Los Angeles.
Honors and death
In 1974, he was inducted into the State of Washington Sports Hall of Fame. In 1981, he was inducted into the Husky Hall of Fame. In 1987, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. In 1990, he was named the starting quarterback on Washington's Centennial Team.
Heinrich was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in June 1991, and died at age 61 at his home in Saratoga, California.
See also
List of American Football League players
List of college football yearly passing leaders
References
External links
State of Washington Sports Hall of Fame – Football – Don Heinrich
Sports Press Northwest – Wayback Machine: 'Deadeye' Don Heinrich
1930 births
1992 deaths
People from Saratoga, California
Players of American football from Santa Clara County, California
Sportspeople from Bremerton, Washington
Players of American football from Washington (state)
American football quarterbacks
Dallas Cowboys coaches
Dallas Cowboys players
Los Angeles Rams coaches
Atlanta Falcons scouts
New Orleans Saints coaches
New York Giants coaches
New York Giants players
Oakland Raiders players
Pittsburgh Steelers coaches
San Francisco 49ers announcers
San Francisco 49ers coaches
Seattle Seahawks announcers
Washington Huskies football players
United States Football League announcers
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from liver cancer
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
American Football League players
Players of American football from Chicago | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Heinrich |
Lee Tschantret (born April 10, 1969) is a retired soccer defender. He spent most of his career in the National Professional Soccer League and its successor, the Major Indoor Soccer League. He also played outdoor soccer in the American Professional Soccer League and USL A-League.
Youth
Tschantret is originally from Albany, New York. He attended the University at Albany where he played on the school's NCAA Division III soccer team from 1987 to 1990. During his four season he scored 50 goals and added 40 assists. He was a 1988 second team and a 1989 first team All American.
Professional
In 1991, he played 20 games, scoring 2 goals, for the Albany Capitals of the American Professional Soccer League. That year, the Capitals went to the APSL championship, losing to the San Francisco Bay Blackhawks. In 1992, he played for the Harrisburg Heat in the National Professional Soccer League. In 1994, he move to the Kansas City Attack. In 1995 and 1996, he played the summer outdoor season with the New York Centaurs in the A-League. In 1998, he played for the Hershey Wildcats in the A-League. He was named to the 1998 First XI (All Star Team). That fall, he played for the Philadelphia KiXX before the team traded him in February 1999 to the St. Louis Steamers for Ken Snow. He returned to the A-League in 1999, this time with the Staten Island Vipers. In the fall of 1999, he signed with the Detroit Rockers, but only played one season with them before moving to the Baltimore Blast. In 2000, he played six games, scoring two goals, with the Pittsburgh Riverhounds. He finished his career in the MISL with the Blast in 2007.
Tschantret led the Major Indoor Soccer League in penalty minutes all time with 748. He is on pace to be the 15th player to record 1000 points.
On February 2, 2007, he gained his 1000th assist in a victory over the KiXX.
In November, 2008, Tschantret signed with the Philadelphia KiXX of the NISL.
Coaching
Tschantret holds a USSF National A Coaching License. He is the current head coach for Varsity Soccer at Loyola Blakefield in Towson, Maryland.
References
External links
Baltimore Blast Player's Page
1969 births
Living people
Albany Capitals players
American men's futsal players
American Professional Soccer League players
American soccer coaches
American men's soccer players
Albany Great Danes men's soccer players
Baltimore Blast (2001–2008 MISL) players
Baltimore Blast (NPSL) players
Detroit Rockers players
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football forwards
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football utility players
Futsal players at the 2007 Pan American Games
Harrisburg Heat (NPSL) players
Hershey Wildcats players
Kansas City Attack (NPSL) players
Major Indoor Soccer League (2001–2008) players
National Professional Soccer League (1984–2001) players
New York Centaurs players
Sportspeople from Albany, New York
Pan American Games competitors for the United States
Philadelphia KiXX (2008–2010 MISL) players
Philadelphia KiXX (NPSL) players
Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC players
Soccer players from New York (state)
Staten Island Vipers players
Tampa Bay Rowdies (1975–1993) players
St. Louis Ambush (1992–2000) players
A-League (1995–2004) players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Tschantret |
Robert Edward Heintz (born May 1, 1970) is an American professional golfer who plays on the Nationwide Tour.
Early life and amateur career
Heintz was born in Syosset, New York. He attended Yale University. Heintz was a three-time Ivy League champion for the Yale Bulldogs golf team.
Professional career
In 1992, Heintz turned professional. He joined the Nike Tour in 1994, then took a hiatus and did not return to the Tour until 1999. That year he won two events, the Nike Shreveport Open and the Nike Tour Championship, en route to finishing 6th on the money list and earning his PGA Tour card for the 2000 season. After a poor rookie year on Tour, he returned to the Nationwide Tour in 2001. However, he managed to successfully return to the PGA Tour at the end of the year through 2001 PGA Tour Qualifying School. In 2002, he did not retain his PGA Tour card, once again having a poor season, and returned to the Nationwide Tour. He played on the developmental circuit for two years before regaining his PGA Tour card once again at 2004 PGA Tour Qualifying School. However, he once more did not retain his card and returned to the Nationwide Tour in 2006.
In late 2006, Heintz successfully went through qualifying school for the third time at 2006 PGA Tour Qualifying School. He returned to the PGA Tour in 2007 where he had his best year on tour, recording two fifth-place finishes and finishing 136th on the money list, earning him partial status on tour for 2008. He split the year between the PGA Tour and Nationwide Tour and earned his PGA Tour card for 2009 through qualifying school for the fourth time. He returned to the Nationwide Tour in 2010 and has been playing on it since.
Playing as a PGA Tour non-member out of the 151–200 money list category, Heintz had a very close call at the 2010 Reno-Tahoe Open where he missed a 3.5 foot (1.1 m) putt on the final hole to get into a playoff with Matt Bettencourt for an opportunity for his first PGA Tour victory.
Beginning in 2012, Heintz served as the University of Pennsylvania's men's head golf coach. He guided the Quakers to an Ivy League title in 2015. He joined the Duke University men's golf program on February 10, 2017.
Professional wins (2)
Nike Tour wins (2)
Nike Tour playoff record (1–0)
See also
1999 Nike Tour graduates
2001 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
2004 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
2006 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
2008 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
External links
American male golfers
PGA Tour golfers
College golf coaches in the United States
Korn Ferry Tour graduates
Golfers from New York (state)
Golfers from Florida
Yale University alumni
People from Syosset, New York
Sportspeople from Clearwater, Florida
1970 births
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Heintz |
Kamen feat. Tatsuya Ishii (仮面 / Mask) (stylized as KAMEN feat. 石井竜也) is the tenth single of Koda Kumi's 12 Single Collection and featured Kome Kome Club's frontman Tatsuya Ishii. Like many of the other singles released in the collection, KAMEN was also limited to 50,000 copies. The song debuted at No. 3 on Oricon and charted for six weeks.
Information
Kamen is Japanese singer-songwriter Koda Kumi's tenth single in her 12 Singles Collection. It featured Tatsuya Ishii (also known as Tatuya Ishii) from the famed group Kome Kome Club, who had written the lyrics to the song alongside composer Kazuhito Kikuchi. At the time, Kazuhito Kikuichi had just separated from the rock duo Breath. As with most of the other singles in the collection, the single was limited to 50,000 copies.
Each single in the 12 Singles Collection had unique cover art based on certain cultures in various countries. The back cover of each single was a piece to a puzzle, which could only be completed by purchasing all twelve singles. The same was done for the obi strips, which contained a full image when arranged together in order. However, the obi strip image was omitted on the Hong Kong versions.
Unlike usual singles, Kamen carried three different karaoke versions of the title track: one for men, one for women and a full instrumental. The "with your darling version" omitted Kumi's voice, but kept Tatsuya's. The "with your honey version" omitted Tatsuya's voice, but kept Kumi's. The final track was the full instrumental, omitting both artists' voices.
Though limited to 50,000 copies, Kamen still managed to sell 46,971 copies as of 2006.
Music video
"Kamen" feat. Tatsuya Ishii was not part of the story-themed music videos.
The music video carried a Phantom of the Opera theme, but with the female lead, played by Kumi, falling in love with the masked man, reciprocating the Phantom's love and affection. The video carried many visual themes that Kumi would later use in her videos for Unmei and Aishou.
Cover
As with the other singles in this collection, the cover of the single represents a stylized version of a traditional dress from a culture; this time it draws its inspiration from Hawaii and the costumes of hula dancers. This is the third single that draws from the United States of America, the others being you and Birthday Eve.
Track listing
(Source)
References
Avex Network (2006), Koda Kumi Official Web Site
Well Come Voice (2006), T-Stone.com
2006 singles
2005 songs
Koda Kumi songs
Rhythm Zone singles
Songs with music by Kazuhito Kikuchi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen%20%28song%29 |
Flysta is a part of the congregation Spånga in the westernmost parts of the Stockholm municipality, located just over 10 km from the centre of Stockholm. It is a part of the Spånga-Tensta borough. Despite its location in a predominantly residential suburban area, this community has much of what smaller villages used to have, e.g. a bakery, grocery shops, carpenters, hairdressers located along the main road - Spångavägen. This is a testimony to the fact that it used to be its own village, and a summer residence area at the beginning of the 1900s.
Etymology
"Fly" in the word "Flysta" could have originated from the Swedish "gungfly", which refers to the swampy conditions that existed in the marshes in the area during the Middle Ages.
History
The history of Flysta goes far back, with several archaeological remains from the early Bronze Age. A local hill, named "Flystaberget" contains a burial mound from this time. As the sea levels were almost 25 metres higher than those of today, Flysta was a coastal community. Much of what is known as Flysta today was once submerged. The inland lake Mälaren, a few kilometres from Flysta, is a remnant of this age. The habitable area increased significantly during the Iron Age, and what had once been the sea floor turned into fertile soil. The area was settled by farmers around 1000 AD. As Christianity was not that prominent in Scandinavia at this time, many of these farmers would bury their dead close to their farms. Several burial mounds can be still be seen in the area. The earliest documented evidence of a settlement in Flysta dates from 1375, when a farmer named Gunnar of "Flyastum" is mentioned. The oldest map of the area, from 1636, mentions "Flysta farm". This farm later expanded into four different farms, which by the end of the 18th century had grown into a small village.
Living in Flysta
Flysta is a residential area with an increasing number of young families moving in from the inner city of Stockholm. The area has become popular in recent years due to its proximity to the centre of Stockholm, the opportunity to buy old property for renovation, good child-care services, and the ongoing village spirit. The latter can be explained by the fact that there are still a few dwellers in this area whose houses have been passed down through the generations, and hence with historical significance.
There is, despite the effects of urban sprawl, a traditional village centre with a bakery, grocery store, a furniture store, a shoe-maker/laundry service, a hairdresser, two pizza houses, and a movie rental place all within the Flysta area.
Flysta is located below the landing flight path of Stockholm Bromma Airport. Aircraft are scheduled to fly over Flysta on a frequent basis, but it isn't considered to be a major disturbance by the local residents. Similar opinions were recorded about the nearby Spångavägen road.
Districts in Västerort | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flysta |
Competitors at the Olympic Games have used banned athletic performance-enhancing drugs.
History
The use of performance-enhancing tactics or more formally known as PEDs, and more broadly, the use of any external device to nefariously influence the outcome of a sporting event has been a part of the Olympics since its inception in Ancient Greece. One speculation as to why men were required to compete naked was to prevent the use of extra accoutrements and to keep women from competing in events specifically designed for men. Athletes were also known to drink "magic" potions and eat exotic meats in the hopes of giving them an athletic edge on their competition. If they were caught cheating, their likenesses were often engraved into stone and placed in a pathway that led to the Olympic stadium. In the modern Olympic era, chemically enhancing one's performance has evolved into a sophisticated science, but in the early years of the Modern Olympic movement the use of performance-enhancing drugs was almost as crude as its ancient predecessors. For example, the winner of the marathon at the 1904 Games, Thomas Hicks, was given strychnine and brandy by his coach, even during the race.
During the early 20th century, many Olympic athletes discovered ways to improve their athletic abilities by boosting testosterone. As their methods became more extreme, it became increasingly evident that the use of performance-enhancing drugs was not only a threat to the integrity of sport but could also have potentially fatal side effects on the athlete. The only Olympic death linked to athletic drug use occurred at the Rome Games of 1960. During the cycling road race, Danish cyclist Knud Enemark Jensen fell from his bicycle and later died. A coroner's inquiry found that he was under the influence of amphetamine, which had caused him to lose consciousness during the race. Jensen's death exposed to the world how endemic drug use was among elite athletes. By the mid-1960s, sports federations were starting to ban the use of performance-enhancing drugs, and the IOC followed suit in 1967.
The first Olympic athlete to test positive for the use of performance-enhancing drugs was Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall, a Swedish pentathlete at the 1968 Summer Olympics, who lost his bronze medal for alcohol use, "two beers" to steady his nerves. Liljenwall was the only athlete to test positive for a banned substance at the 1968 Olympics, as the technology and testing techniques improved, the number of athletes discovered to be chemically enhancing their performance increased as well.
The most systematic case of drug use for athletic achievement is that of the East German Olympic teams of the 1970s and 1980s. In 1990, documents were discovered that showed many East German female athletes, especially swimmers, had been administered anabolic steroids and other drugs by their coaches and trainers. Girls as young as eleven were started on the drug regimen without consent from their parents. American female swimmers, including Shirley Babashoff, accused the East Germans of using performance-enhancing drugs as early as the 1976 Summer Games. Babashoff's comments were dismissed by the international and domestic media as sour grapes since Babashoff, a clear favorite to win multiple gold medals, won three silver medals – losing all three times to either of the two East Germans Kornelia Ender or Petra Thümer, and one gold medal in a relay. There was no suspicion of cheating on the part of the East German female swimmers even though their medal tally increased from four silvers and one bronze in 1972 to ten golds (out of a possible 12), six silvers, and one bronze in 1976. No clear evidence was discovered until after the fall of the Berlin Wall, when the aforementioned documents proved that East Germany had embarked on a state-sponsored drug regimen to dramatically improve their competitiveness at the Olympic Games and other international sporting events. Many of the East German authorities responsible for this program have been subsequently tried and found guilty of various crimes in the German penal system.
The report, titled "Doping in Germany from 1950 to today", details how the West German government helped fund a wide-scale doping program. West Germany encouraged and covered up a culture of doping across many sports for decades. Doping of West German athletes was prevalent at the Munich Games of 1972, and at the 1976 Montreal Olympics.
According to British journalist Andrew Jennings, a KGB colonel stated that the agency's officers had posed as anti-doping authorities from the International Olympic Committee to undermine doping tests and that Soviet athletes were "rescued with [these] tremendous efforts". On the topic of the 1980 Summer Olympics, a 1989 Australian study said "There is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner, who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might as well have been called the Chemists' Games."
Documents obtained in 2016 revealed the Soviet Union's plans for a statewide doping system in track and field in preparation for the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Dated prior to the country's decision to boycott the Games, the document detailed the existing steroids operations of the program, along with suggestions for further enhancements. The communication, directed to the Soviet Union's head of track and field, was prepared by Dr. Sergei Portugalov of the Institute for Physical Culture. Portugalov was also one of the main figures involved in the implementation of the Russian doping program prior to the 2016 Summer Olympics.
China conducted a state sanctioned doping programme on athletes in the 1980s and 1990s. In a July 2012 interview published by the Sydney Morning Herald newspaper, Chen Zhangho, the lead doctor for the Chinese Olympic team at the Los Angeles, Seoul and Barcelona Olympics told of how he had tested hormones, blood doping and steroids on about fifty elite athletes. Chen also accused the United States, the Soviet Union and France of using performance-enhancing drugs at the same time as China.
A very publicized steroid-related disqualification at an Olympic Games was the case of Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson, who won the Men's 100 metres at the 1988 Seoul Olympics, but tested positive for stanozolol. His gold medal was subsequently stripped and awarded to runner-up Carl Lewis, who had tested positive for stimulants at the U.S. Olympic Trials. The highest level of stimulant Lewis recorded was 6 ppm, which was regarded as a positive test in 1988 but is now regarded as a negative test. The acceptable level was later raised to ten parts per million for ephedrine and twenty-five parts per million for other substances. According to the IOC rules at the time, positive tests with levels lower than 10 ppm were cause of further investigation but not immediate ban. Neal Benowitz, a professor of medicine at UC San Francisco who is an expert on ephedrine and other stimulants, agreed that "These [levels] are what you'd see from someone taking cold or allergy medicines and are unlikely to have any effect on performance." The IAAF acknowledged that at the 1988 Olympic Trials the USOC followed the correct procedures in dealing with positive findings for ephedrine and ephedrine-related compounds in low concentration.
Response
In the late 1990s, the IOC took the initiative in a more organized battle against doping, leading to the formation of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in 1999. The 2000 Summer Olympics and 2002 Winter Olympics have shown that the effort to eliminate performance-enhancing drugs from the Olympics is not over, as several medalists in weightlifting and cross-country skiing were disqualified due to failing a drug test. During the 2006 Winter Olympics, only one athlete failed a drug test and had a medal revoked. The IOC-established drug testing regimen (now known as the "Olympic Standard") has set the worldwide benchmark that other sporting federations attempt to emulate. During the Beijing games, 3,667 athletes were tested by the IOC under the auspices of the World Anti-Doping Agency. Both urine and blood testing was used in a coordinated effort to detect banned substances and recent blood transfusions. While several athletes were barred from competition by their National Olympic Committees prior to the Games, six athletes failed drug tests while in competition in Beijing.
Prohibited drugs
Summer Olympic Games
What follows is a list of all the athletes that have tested positive for a banned substance either during or after an Olympic Games in which they competed. Any medals listed were revoked by the International Olympic Commission (IOC). In 1967 the IOC banned the use of performance-enhancing drugs, instituted a Medical Commission, and created a list of banned substances. Mandatory testing began at the following year's Games. In a few cases the IOC has reversed earlier rulings that stripped athletes of medals.
1968 Mexico City
In addition, the Bulgarian Greco-Roman wrestler Hristo Traykov was disqualified from his bout against Dave Hazewinkel for using concealed smelling salts during their bout.
1972 Munich
As a 16-year-old, Rick DeMont qualified to represent the United States at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany. He originally won the gold medal in the men's 400-meter freestyle, but following the race, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) disqualified DeMont after his post-race urinalysis tested positive for traces of the banned substance ephedrine contained in his prescription asthma medication, Marax. The positive test following the 400-meter freestyle final also deprived him of a chance at multiple medals, as he was barred from any other events at the Olympics, including the 1,500-meter freestyle for which he was the then-current world record-holder.
Before the Olympics, DeMont had properly declared his asthma medications on his medical disclosure forms, but the U.S. Olympic Committee (USOC) had not cleared them with the IOC's medical committee. In 2001, his gold medal performance in the 1972 Summer Olympics was recognised by the United States Olympic Committee (USOC). However, only the IOC has the power to restore his medal, and it has, as of 2019, refused to do so.
1976 Montreal
Leibel was disqualified from the race that took place on the day that he provided the positive sample but was allowed to continue in the event.
1980 Moscow
Though no athletes were caught doping at the 1980 Summer Olympics, it has been revealed that athletes had begun using testosterone and other drugs for which tests had not been yet developed. According to British journalist Andrew Jennings, a KGB colonel stated that the agency's officers had posed as anti-doping authorities from the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to undermine doping tests and that Soviet athletes were "rescued with [these] tremendous efforts". A 1989 report by a committee of the Australian Senate claimed that "there is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner ... who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might well have been called the Chemists' Games".
A member of the IOC Medical Commission, Manfred Donike, privately ran additional tests with a new technique for identifying abnormal levels of testosterone by measuring its ratio to epitestosterone in urine. Twenty percent of the specimens he tested, including those from sixteen gold medalists would have resulted in disciplinary proceedings had the tests been official. The results of Donike's unofficial tests later convinced the IOC to add his new technique to their testing protocols. The first documented case of "blood doping" occurred at the 1980 Summer Olympics as a runner was transfused with two pints of blood before winning medals in the 5000 m and 10,000 m.
1984 Los Angeles
The organizers of the Los Angeles games had refused to provide the IOC doping authorities with a safe prior to the start of the games. Due to a lack of security, medical records were subsequently stolen. A 1994 letter from IOC Medical Commission chair Alexandre de Mérode claimed that Tony Daly, a member of the Los Angeles organizing committee had destroyed the records. Dick Pound later wrote of his frustration that the organizing committee had removed evidence before it could be acted on by the IOC. Pound also claimed that IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch and Primo Nebiolo, President of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) had conspired to delay the announcement of positive tests so that the games could pass without controversy.
The American cyclist Pat McDonough later admitted to "blood doping" at the 1984 Los Angeles Games. Following the games it was revealed that one-third of the U.S. cycling team had received blood transfusions before the games, where they won nine medals, their first medal success since the 1912 Summer Olympics. "Blood doping" was banned by the IOC in 1985 (at the time of the Olympics it was not banned), though no test existed for it at the time.
1988 Seoul
1992 Barcelona
1996 Atlanta
Five athletes tested positive for the stimulant bromantan and were disqualified by the IOC, but later reinstated after an appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport: swimmers Andrey Korneyev and Nina Zhivanevskaya, Greco-Roman wrestler Zafar Guliev and sprinter Marina Trandenkova, all from Russia, and the Lithuanian track cyclist Rita Razmaitė. Dr. Vitaly Slionssarenko, physician to the Lithuanian cycling team and team coach Boris Vasilyev were expelled from the games by the IOC for their role in the scandal. The athletes and officials were reprimanded.
The Irish long-distance runner Marie McMahon (Davenport) got a reprimand after testing positive for the stimulant phenylpropanolamine, and Cuban judoka Estella Rodriguez Villanueva got a reprimand after she tested positive for the diuretic furosemide.
2000 Sydney
2004 Athens
2008 Beijing
"Zero Tolerance for Doping" was adopted as an official slogan for the Beijing Olympic Games. A number of athletes were already eliminated by testing prior to coming to Beijing.
Out of the 4,500 samples that were collected from participating athletes at the games, six athletes with positive specimens were ousted from the competition. Further positive tests were found in 2016, as samples had been sealed and stored for eight years. The quality of the original testing was questioned when the BBC reported that samples positive for EPO were labeled as negative by Chinese laboratories in July 2008. The initial rate of positive findings was lower than at Athens in 2004, but the prevalence of doping had not necessarily decreased; the technology for creating and concealing drugs had become more sophisticated, and a number of drugs could not be detected.
In August 2015, the Turkish Athletics Federation confirmed that an in-competition test of Elvan Abeylegesse at the 2007 IAAF World Championships
in Athletics had been retested and found to be positive for a controlled substance, and that she had been temporarily suspended. On 29 March 2017, the IAAF confirmed the positive test, announced retroactive disqualifications and voided all of her results from 25 August 2007 until 25 August 2009, including the 2008 Summer Olympics. As a result, she was stripped of two silver medals she had won in the women's 5,000 and 10,000 meter races.
In May 2016, following the Russian doping scandal, the IOC announced that 32 targeted retests had come back positive for performance-enhancing drugs, of which Russian News Agency TASS announced that 14 were from Russian athletes, 11 of them track and field athletes, including 2012 Olympic champion high jumper Anna Chicherova. Authorities have sent the B-samples for confirmation testing. Those confirmed as having taken doping agents stand to lose records and medals from the 2008 games to 2016 under IOC and WADA rules.
On 18 June 2016, the IWF reported that as a consequence of the IOC's reanalyses of samples from the 2008 Olympic Games, the samples of the following seven weightlifters had returned positive results: Hripsime Khurshudyan (Armenia), Intigam Zairov (Azerbaijan), Alexandru Dudoglo (Moldova), gold medalist Ilya Ilyin (Kazakhstan), bronze medalist Nadezda Evstyukhina and silver medalist Marina Shainova (both from Russia), and Nurcan Taylan (Turkey). In line with the relevant rules and regulations, the IWF imposed mandatory provisional suspensions upon the athletes. Zairov and Ilyin had been serving previous suspensions. In November 2016, Ilyin was stripped of the gold medal.
On 22 July 2016, Sibel Özkan (TUR) was disqualified due to an anti-doping rule violation and stripped of her silver medal. Medals have not been reallocated as yet.
On 28 July 2016, it was announced that retests of samples from the 2008 Summer Olympics detected a positive sample for performance-enhancing drugs from Aksana Miankova of Belarus, who won a gold medal in the women's hammer throw. There have been no decisions about stripping and reallocation of medals as yet.
On 16 August 2016, the Russian women's 4 × 100 metres relay team was disqualified for doping. Russian teammates were stripped of their gold Olympic medals, as Yuliya Chermoshanskaya had her samples reanalyzed and tested positive for two prohibited substances. The IAAF was requested to modify the results accordingly and to consider any further action within its own competence.
On 19 August 2016, the Russian women's 4 × 400 metres relay team was disqualified for doping. Russian teammates were stripped of their silver Olympic medals, as Anastasiya Kapachinskaya had her samples reanalyzed and tested positive for the same two prohibited substances as Chermoshanskaya.
On 24 August 2016, the IWF reported that as a consequence of the IOC's reanalyses of samples from the 2008 Olympic Games, the samples of the following athletes had returned positive results: Nizami Pashayev (Azerbaijan), Iryna Kulesha, Nastassia Novikava, Andrei Rybakou (all from Belarus), Cao Lei, Chen Xiexia, Liu Chunhong (all from China), Mariya Grabovetskaya, Maya Maneza, Irina Nekrassova, Vladimir Sedov (all from Kazakhstan), Khadzhimurat Akkaev, Dmitry Lapikov (both from Russia), and Natalya Davydova and Olha Korobka (both from Ukraine). In line with the relevant rules and regulations, the IWF imposed mandatory provisional suspensions upon the athletes, who remain provisionally suspended in view of potential anti-doping rule violations until their cases are closed.
On 29 August 2016, some non-official reports indicated that Artur Taymazov of Uzbekistan had been stripped of the 2008 Olympic gold medal in the freestyle wrestling 120 kg event due to a positive test for doping.
On 31 August 2016, the IOC disqualified six sportspeople for failing doping tests at the 2008 Games. They included three Russian medalists: weightlifters Nadezhda Evstyukhina (bronze medal in the women's 75 kg event), Marina Shainova (silver medal in the women's 58 kg event), and Tatyana Firova, who finished second with teammates in the 4 × 400 m relay. Bronze medal weightlifter Tigran Martirosyan of Armenia (men's 69 kg event) and fellow weightlifters Alexandru Dudoglo (9th place) of Moldova and Intigam Zairov (9th place) of Azerbaijan were also disqualified.
On 1 September 2016, the IOC disqualified a further two athletes. Cuban discus thrower Yarelys Barrios, who won a silver medal in the women's discus, was disqualified after testing positive for Acetazolamide and ordered to return her medal. Qatari sprinter Samuel Francis, who finished 16th in the 100 meters, was also disqualified after testing positive for Stanozolol.
On 13 September 2016, four more Russian athletes were disqualified for doping offenses. Two of those were medalists from the 2008 Summer Olympics: silver medalist Mariya Abakumova in the women's javelin throw and Denis Alekseyev, who was part of the bronze medal team in the men's 4 × 400 m relay. Inga Abitova, who finished 6th in the 10,000 meters, and cyclist Ekaterina Gnidenko also tested positive for a banned substance and were disqualified.
On 23 September 2016, some non-official reports indicate wrestler Vasyl Fedoryshyn of Ukraine has been stripped of the 2008 Olympic silver medal in the freestyle 60 kg event due to a positive test for doping.
On 6 October 2016, the IOC disqualified Anna Chicherova of the Russian Federation for testing positive for performance-enhancing drugs. She won a bronze medal in the women's high jump. Russia would likely keep the bronze medal, as the fourth-place athlete in the competition was also from Russia. Through 6 October 2016, the IOC has reported Adverse Analytical Findings for 25 weightlifters from its 2016 retests of samples from the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, all but three of whom tested positive for anabolic agents (three Chinese weightlifters were positive for growth hormones).
On 26 October 2016, the IOC disqualified nine more athletes for failing drugs tests at the 2008 Games. Among them were six medal winners: weightlifters Andrei Rybakou and Nastassia Novikava, both from Belarus, and Olha Korobka of Ukraine; women's steeplechase bronze medalist Ekaterina Volkova of Russia; and freestyle wrestlers Soslan Tigiev of Uzbekistan and Taimuraz Tigiyev of Kazakhstan. The others were men's 62 kg weightlifter Sardar Hasanov of Azerbaijan, long jumper Wilfredo Martinez of Cuba, and 100m-hurdler Josephine Nnkiruka Onyia of Spain.
On 17 November 2016, the IOC disqualified 16 more athletes for failing drugs tests at the 2008 games. Among them were 10 medal winners: weightlifters Khadzhimurat Akkaev and Dmitry Lapikov and wrestler Khasan Baroev from the Russian Federation, weightlifters Mariya Grabovetskaya, Irina Nekrassova and wrestler Asset Mambetov from Kazakhstan, weightlifter Nataliya Davydova and pole vaulter Denys Yurchenko from Ukraine, long/triple jumper Hrysopiyí Devetzí of Greece and wrestler Vitaliy Rahimov of Azerbaijan. The others were women's 75 kg weightlifter Iryna Kulesha of Belarus, women's +63 kg weightlifter Maya Maneza of Kazakhstan, women's high jumper Vita Palamar of Ukraine, men's 94 kg weightlifter Nizami Pashayev of Azerbaijan, men's 85 kg weightlifter Vladimir Sedov of Kazakhstan, and women's high jumper Elena Slesarenko of the Russian Federation.
On 25 November 2016, the IOC disqualified 5 more athletes for failing drugs tests at the 2008 games. Among them were 3 medal winners: gold-medalists 94 kg weightlifter Ilya Ilin of Kazakhstan and hammer thrower Aksana Miankova of Belarus and silver-medalist shot putter Natallia Mikhnevich of Belarus. The others were shot putter Pavel Lyzhyn and 800m runner Sviatlana Usovich, both of Belarus.
On 12 January 2017, the IOC disqualified five more athletes for failing drug tests at the 2008 Games. These included three Chinese women's weightlifting gold medalists: Lei Cao (75 kg), Xiexia Chen (48 kg) and Chunhong Liu (69 kg). Two women athletes from Belarus were disqualified: bronze medalist shot putter Nadzeya Ostapchuk and hammer thrower Darya Pchelnik, who did not medal.
On 25 January 2017, the IOC stripped Jamaica of the athletics gold medal in the men's 4 × 100 m relay due to Nesta Carter testing positive for the prohibited substance methylhexaneamine. The IOC also stripped Russian jumper Tatyana Lebedeva of two silver medals in women's triple jump and long jump due to use of turinabol.
On 1 March 2017, the IOC disqualified Victoria Tereshchuk of Ukraine due to use of turinabol and stripped her of the bronze medal in modern pentathlon.
By April 2017, the 2008 Summer Olympics has had the most (50) Olympic medals stripped for doping violations. Russia is the leading country with 14 medals stripped.
Disqualified
Did not start
Athletes who were selected for the Games, but provisionally suspended before competing.
2012 London
It was announced prior to the Summer games that half of all competitors would be tested for drugs, with 150 scientists set to take 6,000 samples between the start of the games and the end of the Paralympic games at GlaxoSmithKline's New Frontiers Science Park site in Harlow, Essex. All medalists would also be tested. The Olympic anti-doping laboratory would test up to 400 samples every day for more than 240 prohibited substances.
The head of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), John Fahey, announced on 24 July that 107 athletes had been sanctioned for doping offences in the six months to 19 June. The "In-competition" period began on 16 July. During the "In-competition" period Olympic competitors can be tested at any time without notice or in advance.
British sprinter Dwain Chambers, cyclist David Millar and shot putter Carl Myerscough competed in London after the British Olympic Association's policy of punishing drug cheats with lifetime bans was overturned by the Court of Arbitration for Sport.
Russian Darya Pishchalnikova participated in the 2012 Olympics and was awarded a silver medal. However, she tested positive for the anabolic steroid oxandrolone in the samples taken in May 2012. In December 2012, she sent an email to WADA containing details on an alleged state-run doping program in Russia. According to The New York Times, the email reached three top WADA officials but the agency decided not to open an inquiry and instead sent her email to Russian sports officials. In April 2013 Pishchalnikova was banned by the Russian Athletics Federation for ten years, and her results from May 2012 were annulled, meaning she was set on track to lose her Olympic medal. Her ban by the Russian Athletics Federation was likely in retaliation.
Gold medalists at the games who had been involved in previous doping offences included Alexander Vinokourov, the winner of the men's road race, Tatyana Lysenko, the winner of the women's hammer throw, Aslı Çakır Alptekin winner of the women's 1500 meters and Sandra Perković, winner of the women's discus throw. Other competitors at the Summer games involved in previous doping cases included American athletes Justin Gatlin and LaShawn Merritt, and Jamaican sprinter Yohan Blake.
Spanish athlete Ángel Mullera was first selected for the 3000 m steeplechase and later removed when emails were published in which he discussed EPO use with a trainer. Mullera appealed to CAS which ordered the Spanish Olympic Committee to allow him to participate.
Prior to the Olympic competition, several prominent track and field athletes were ruled out of the competition due to failed tests. World indoor medallists Dimitrios Chondrokoukis, Debbie Dunn, and Mariem Alaoui Selsouli were withdrawn from their Olympic teams in July for doping, as was 2004 Olympic medallist Zoltán Kővágó. At the Olympic competition, Tameka Williams admitted to taking a banned stimulant and was removed from the games. Ivan Tsikhan did not compete in the hammer throw as a retest of his sample from the 2004 Athens Olympics, where he won silver, was positive. Amine Laâlou, Marina Marghieva, Diego Palomeque, and defending 50 km walk champion Alex Schwazer were also suspended before taking part in their events.
Syrian hurdler Ghfran Almouhamad became the first track-and-field athlete to be suspended following a positive in-competition doping sample. Nadzeya Astapchuk was stripped of the women's shot put title after her sample came back positive for the banned anabolic agent metenolone. Karin Melis Mey was withdrawn before the long jump final when an earlier failed doping test was confirmed.
A WADA report released in 2015 detailed an extensive Russian state-sponsored doping program implicating athletes, coaches, various Russian institutions, doctors and labs. The report stated that the London Olympic Games "were, in a sense, sabotaged by the admission of athletes who should have not been competing" and detailed incidents of bribery and bogus urine samples. The report recommended that Russia be barred from track and field events for the 2016 Olympics. It also recommended lifetime bans for five coaches and five athletes from the country, including runners Mariya Savinova, Ekaterina Poistogova, Anastasiya Bazdyreva, Kristina Ugarova, and Tatjana Myazina.
On 15 June 2016, it was announced that four London 2012 Olympic weightlifting champions had tested positive for performance-enhancing drugs. They include Kazakhstan's Ilya Ilyin (94 kg), Zulfiya Chinshanlo (53 kg), Maiya Maneza (63 kg) and Svetlana Podobedova (75 kg). If confirmed, Kazakhstan would drop from 12th to 23rd in the 2012 medal standings. Six other lifters who competed at the 2012 Games also tested positive after hundreds of samples were reanalysed. Among them are Russia's Apti Aukhadov (silver at 85 kg), Ukraine's Yuliya Kalina (bronze at 58 kg), Belarusian Maryna Shkermankova (bronze at 69 kg), Azerbaijan's Boyanka Kostova and Belarus duo Dzina Sazanavets and Yauheni Zharnasek. On 27 July 2016, IWF has reported in the second wave of re-sampling that three silver medalists from Russia, namely Natalya Zabolotnaya (at 75 kg), Aleksandr Ivanov (at 94 kg) and Svetlana Tsarukaeva (at 63 kg), together with bronze medalists Armenian Hripsime Khurshudyan (at 75+ kg), Belarusian Iryna Kulesha (at 75 kg) and Moldovan Cristina Iovu (at 53 kg) have tested positive for steroid dehydrochlormethyltestosterone. Aukhadov was stripped of his silver medal by the IOC on 18 October 2016. On 27 October 2016 Maiya Maneza was stripped of her gold medal. In November 2016, Ilyin was stripped of the London gold medal.
On 13 July 2016, the IOC announced that Yuliya Kalina of Ukraine had been disqualified from the 2012 Summer Olympics and ordered to return the bronze medal from the 58 kg weightlifting event. Reanalysis of Kalina's samples from London 2012 resulted in a positive test for the prohibited substance dehydrochlormethyltestosterone (turinabol). The positions were adjusted accordingly.
On 9 August 2016, the IOC announced that Oleksandr Pyatnytsya of Ukraine would be stripped of his silver medal in the javelin throw after he tested positive for the prohibited substance dehydrochlormethyltestosterone (turinabol). Redistribution of medals has not yet been announced, but the likely case is the silver and bronze medals will be given to Finland and Czech Republic instead.
On 20 August 2016, the IOC announced that Yevgeniya Kolodko of Russia would be stripped of her silver medal in shot put after she tested positive of dehydrochlormethyltestosterone (turinabol) and ipamorelin. Medals are not reallocated yet.
On 29 August 2016, a report indicated that a retested sample for Besik Kudukhov of Russia, the silver medalist in the men's 60 kg freestyle wrestling event, had returned a positive result (later disclosed as dehydrochlormethyltestosterone). Kudakhov died in a car crash in December 2013. On 27 October 2016, the IOC dropped all disciplinary proceedings against Kudukhov, stating that such proceedings cannot be conducted against a deceased person. As a result, it said, Olympic results that would have been reviewed will remain uncorrected, which is the unavoidable consequence of the fact that the proceedings cannot move forward.
On 13 September 2016, the IWF reported that the men's 94 kg weightlifting bronze medalist, Moldova's Anatolie Cîrîcu, had tested positive for the dehydrochlormethyltestosterone.
On 6 October 2016, the IWF reported that as a consequence of the IOC's reanalyses of samples from the 2012 Olympic Games, a sample of Norayr Vardanyan, who represented Armenia, had returned a positive result. In line with the relevant rules and regulations, the IWF imposed mandatory provisional suspensions upon Vardanyan, who remains provisionally suspended until his case is closed. On 12 January 2017, the IOC disqualified Vardanyan. Through 6 October 2016, the IOC had reported Adverse Analytical Findings for 23 weightlifters from its 2016 retests of samples from the 2012 London Olympic Games, all of whom tested positive for anabolic agents.
On 11 October 2016, Tatyana Lysenko of the Russian Federation was disqualified from the women's hammer throw, in which she won the gold medal. She had tested positive for a banned substance. The IOC requested the IAAF to modify the results of this event accordingly. The silver medalist Anita Włodarczyk of Poland would likely take the gold medal in her place.
On 18 October 2016, the IOC disqualified Apti Aukhadov of the Russian Federation for doping and stripped him of the silver medal. The IOC requested the IWF to modify the results of this event accordingly; it has not yet published modified results.
On 18 October 2016, the IOC reported that Maksym Mazuryk of Ukraine, who competed in the Men's Pole Vault event, was disqualified from the 2012 London Games, in which he ranked 18th. Re-analysis of Mazuryk's samples resulted in a positive test for dehydrochlormethyltestosterone.
On 27 October 2016 the IOC disqualified a further eight athletes for failing doping tests at the games. This included four medal winners in weightlifting: Zulfiya Chinshanlo, Maiya Maneza and Svetlana Podobedova, all from Kazakhstan, and Maryna Shkermankova of Belarus. The others were hammer thrower Kirill Ikonnikov of Russia, women's 69 kg weightlifter Dzina Sazanavets of Belarus, pole vaulter Dmitry Starodubtsev of Russia, and men's +105 kg weightlifter Yauheni Zharnasek of Belarus.
On 21 November 2016 the IOC disqualified a further 12 athletes for failing doping tests at the games. This included 6 medal winners in weightlifting, including Alexandr Ivanov (Russia), Anatoli Ciricu (Moldova), Cristina Iovu (Moldova), Natalya Zabolotnaya (Russia), Iryna Kulesha (Belarus), and Hripsime Khurshudyan (Armenia). Moldova has lost all its 2012 London medals. The others were hammer thrower Oleksandr Drygol and long jumper Margaryta Tverdokhlib, both of Ukraine, 85 kg weightlifter Rauli Tsirekidze of Georgia, 94 kg weightlifter Almas Uteshov of Kazakhstan, 94 kg weightlifter Andrey Demanov of Russia and 3000m steeplechaser Yuliya Zaripova of Russia, who had previously been sanctioned in March 2016 by the Court of Arbitration for Sport.
On 25 November 2016, the IOC disqualified 4 more athletes for failing drug tests at the 2012 games. They were gold medalist 94 kg weightlifter Ilya Ilin of Kazakhstan, hammer thrower Aksana Miankova and long jumper Nastassia Mironchyk-Ivanova, both of Belarus, and 58 kg weightlifter Boyanka Kostova of Azerbaijan.
On 29 November 2016 the Court of Arbitration for Sport issued a decision that all results achieved by 2012 Olympic heptathlon bronze medalist Tatyana Chernova of Russia between 15 August 2011 and 22 July 2013 are annulled. It also annulled all of Yekaterina Sharmina's results between 17 June 2011 and 5 August 2015, including her 33rd-place finish in the 2012 women's 1500m. CAS ruled that they "have been found to have committed an anti-doping rule violation ... of the International Athletic Association Federation (IAAF) Competition Rules after analysis of their Athlete Biological Passports (ABP) showed evidence of blood doping."
On 12 January 2017, the IOC disqualified three weightlifters for failing drug tests at the 2012 games. Two competed in men's 94 kg weightlifting: Intigam Zairov of Azerbaijan and Norayr Vardanyan of Armenia. Women's 63 kg weightlifter Sibel Simsek of Turkey was disqualified. None was a medalist at these games.
On 1 February 2017, the IOC disqualified three athletes due to failed doping tests, all of whom tested positive for turinabol. Russian women's discus thrower Vera Ganeeva, who finished 23rd, Turkish boxer Adem Kilicci, who ranked 5th in men's 69–75 kg boxing, and Russian 400m runner Antonina Krivoshapka, who finished 6th, were disqualified. Krivoshapka also was part of the Russian silver medal-winning women's 4 × 400 m relay team, which was stripped of the silver medals.
In December 2014, a documentary aired on German TV in which 800m gold medalist Mariya Savinova allegedly admitted to using banned substances on camera. In November 2015, Savinova was one of five Russian runners the World Anti-Doping Agency recommended to receive a lifetime ban for doping during the London Olympics, along with 800m bronze medalist Ekaterina Poistogova. On 10 February 2017, the Court of Arbitration for Sport upheld a four-year ban that effectively stripped Savinova of her Olympic gold and other medals. On 7 April 2017, CAS refused to decide on disqualification from 2012, and disqualify Ekaterina Poistogova from 2015. Thus, Ekaterina Poistogova retained her Olympic 2012 medal at women's 800 metres athletic event.
As of December 2022, the 2012 Summer Olympics has seen a record 40 Olympic medals stripped for doping violations. Russia is the leading country with 17 medals stripped.
On 21 March 2022, the Athletics Integrity Unit of World Athletics issued a two-year ban for Russian racewalker Elena Lashmanova, starting from 9 March 2021, and also disqualified her results from 18 February 2012, to 3 January 2014, thus stripping her gold medal.
Disqualified
Did not start
Athletes who were selected for the Games, but provisionally suspended before competing.
2016 Rio de Janeiro
Originally, Russia submitted a list of 389 athletes for competition. On 7 August 2016, the IOC cleared 278 athletes, and 111 were removed because of the state-sponsored doping scandal.
The Taiwanese weightlifter Lin Tzu-chi was withdrawn from the games hours before her event by her team's delegation for an abnormal drugs test.
Kenyan athletics coach, John Anzrah who travelled to Rio independently of his country's delegation, was sent home after being caught posing as an athlete during a doping test, and was followed by Kenya's track and field manager, Michael Rotich, who was filmed by a newspaper offering to give athletes advanced notice of any pending drugs test in return for a one-off payment.
On 13 October 2016, the IWF reported that weightlifter Gabriel Sincraian of Romania, who won bronze in the men's 85-kg event, tested positive for excess testosterone in a test connected to the Rio Olympics. On 8 December 2016, the CAS affirmed the disqualification of Sincraian and stripped him of the bronze medal. The CAS also disqualified silver medalist 52 kg boxer Misha Aloian of Russia after he tested positive for tuaminoheptane.
Disqualified
Did not start
Athletes who were selected for the Games, but provisionally suspended before competing.
2020 Tokyo
Did not start
Athletes who were selected for the Games, but provisionally suspended before competing.
Winter Olympic Games
1968 Grenoble
No athletes were caught doping at these Games.
1972 Sapporo
1976 Innsbruck
1980 Lake Placid
No athletes tested positive at these Games.
1984 Sarajevo
The Finnish cross-country skier Aki Karvonen admitted in 1994 that he'd had blood transfusions for the Sarajevo Games. Blood transfusions weren't formally banned by IOC until 1986. Karvonen won a silver and two bronze at the games.
1988 Calgary
1992 Albertville
No athletes were caught using performance-enhancing drugs at these Games. The Russian biathlete Sergei Tarasov admitted in 2015 that the Russian biathlon team had carried out illegal blood transfusions at the Games. Something went very wrong with his transfusion, and he was rushed to the hospital where they saved his life.
1994 Lillehammer
No athletes were caught using performance-enhancing drugs at these Games.
1998 Nagano
No athletes were caught using performance-enhancing drugs at these Games. The Canadian snowboarder Ross Rebagliati, winner of the men's giant slalom, was initially disqualified and stripped of his gold medal by the International Olympic Committee's executive board after testing positive for marijuana. Marijuana was not then on the list of prohibited substances by the IOC, and their decision was reversed by the Court of Arbitration for Sport and Rebagliati's medal reinstated.
2002 Salt Lake City
2006 Turin
On 25 April 2007, six Austrian athletes were banned for life from the Olympics for their involvement in a doping scandal at the 2006 Turin Olympics, the first time the IOC punished athletes without a positive or missed doping test. The Austrians were found guilty of possessing doping substances and taking part in a conspiracy, based on materials seized by Italian police during a raid on the athletes' living quarters. The Austrians also had their competition results from Turin annulled. A seventh athlete, cross-country skier Christian Hoffmann, had his case referred to the International Ski Federation for further investigation, but IOC charges were dismissed.
The IOC has retested nearly 500 doping samples that were collected at the 2006 Turin Games. In 2014, the Estonian Olympic Committee was notified by the IOC that a retested sample from cross-country skier Kristina Šmigun had tested positive. On 24 October 2016, the World Anti-Doping Agency Athletes' Commission stated that Šmigun, who won two gold medals at the Turin Games, faces a Court of Arbitration for Sport hearing before the end of October. If Šmigun were to be stripped of her gold medals, Kateřina Neumannová of Czech Republic could be elevated to gold in the 7.5 + 7.5 km double pursuit event. Marit Bjørgen of Norway could acquire a seventh gold medal in the 10 km classical event.
The case against Šmigun was dropped on 13 December 2017 without any charges being raised.
Did not start
On 13 February 2006, the Brazilian Olympic Committee announced that Armando dos Santos' preventive antidoping test, which had been done in Brazil on 4 January 2006, was positive for the forbidden substance nandrolone. Santos was ejected from the team, being replaced by former sprinter Claudinei Quirino, the team's substitute athlete.
Disqualified during the Games
Disqualified after the Games
2010 Vancouver
On 23 December 2016, the IOC stated that it will re-analyse all samples from Russian athletes at the Olympic Winter Games of Vancouver 2010. In October 2017, the IOC stated that one sole athlete was caught from retests of doping samples from the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic Games. Biathlete Teja Gregorin was confirmed as this athlete by the International Biathlon Union. A total of 1195 samples from Vancouver 2010 (70% of the 1700 available) were reanalyzed. This included all medalists and all of the 170 Russian athletes. The IOC requested all Russian samples from the 2010 Games be retested after the publication of the McLaren Report. Russia's disappointing performance at Vancouver (11th in gold medal table with a total of 3 golds) is cited as the reason behind the implementation of a doping scheme alleged to have been in operation at major events such as the 2014 Games at Sochi.
Did not start
Disqualified after the Games
2014 Sochi
According to the director of the country's antidoping laboratory at the time, Grigory Rodchenkov, dozens of Russian athletes at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, including at least 15 medal winners, were part of a state-run doping program, meticulously planned for years to ensure dominance at the Games.
In December 2016, following the release of the McLaren report on Russian doping at the Sochi Olympics, the International Olympic Committee announced the initiation of an investigation of 28 Russian athletes (the number later rose to 46) at the Sochi Olympic Games. La Gazzetta dello Sport reported the names of 17 athletes, of whom 15 are among the 28 under investigation.
Three female figure skaters were named as being under investigation. They are Adelina Sotnikova, the singles gold medalist, as well as pairs skaters Tatiana Volosozhar and Ksenia Stolbova. Volosozhar and Stolbova won gold and silver medals, respectively, in pairs skating. Both also won gold medals in the team event, which also puts the other eight team medalists at risk of losing their golds. In November 2017 the proceeding against Sotnikova was dropped.
Six cross-country skiers were suspended from competition on the basis of the McLaren Report: Evgeniy Belov, Alexander Legkov, Alexey Petukhov, Maxim Vylegzhanin, Yulia Ivanova and Evgenia Shapovalova. Legkov won a gold and silver medals, and Vylegzhanin won three silver medals. The IOC disqualified all six from Sochi, imposed lifetime bans and, in the process, stripped Legkov and Vylegzhanin of the medals they had won in four events (three individual medals and one team medal). Nikita Kryukov, Alexander Bessmertnykh and Natalya Matveyeva were also disqualified on 22 December 2017.
The International Biathlon Union suspended two Russian biathletes who were in the Sochi games: Olga Vilukhina and Yana Romanova. Vilukhina won silver in sprint, and both women were on a relay team that won the silver medal. They were disqualified and stripped of their medals on 27 November 2017.
The International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation suspended four Russian skeleton sliders. They were Alexander Tretyakov, Elena Nikitina, Maria Orlova and Olga Potylitsina. Tretyakov won a gold medal, and Nikitina won a bronze. On 22 November 2017, the IOC stripped these medals and imposed lifetime Olympic bans on all four. Skeleton racer Sergei Chudinov was sanctioned on 28 November 2017.
Seven Russian female ice hockey players were to have hearings before the Oswald Commission on 22 November 2017. Two of the seven were accused of submitting samples showing readings that were physically impossible to be held by a woman. The Russian women's ice hockey team finished sixth at Sochi 2014. On 12 December 2017, six of them were disqualified. Tatiana Burina and Anna Shukina were also disqualified ten days later.
On 24 November 2017, the IOC imposed life bans on bobsledder Alexandr Zubkov and speed skater Olga Fatkulina who won a combined 3 medals (2 gold, 1 silver). All their results were disqualified, meaning that Russia lost its first place in the medal standings. Bobsledders Aleksei Negodaylo and Dmitry Trunenkov were disqualified 3 days later. 3 other Russian athletes who didn't win medals were banned on 29 November 2017. Biathlete Olga Zaitseva and 2 other Russian athletes were banned on 1 December 2017. Bobsledder Alexey Voyevoda who had been already stripped of his gold medals due to the anti-doping violations committed by his teammates was sanctioned on 18 December 2017. Speed skaters Ivan Skobrev and Artyom Kuznetsov, lugers Albert Demchenko and Tatiana Ivanova, and bobsledders Liudmila Udobkina and Maxim Belugin were disqualified on 22 December 2017, bringing the total to 43. Demchenko and Ivanova were also stripped of their silver medals.
2018 Pyeongchang
After the Russian Olympic Committee was barred from competing at the 2018 Winter Olympics, Russian athletes deemed to be clean were allowed to compete as Olympic Athletes from Russia.
2022 Beijing
By the end of the Beijing Olympics, a total five athletes were reported for doping violations.
Controversy surrounding the ROC
The medal ceremony for the team event in figure skating, where the Russian Olympic Committee (ROC) won gold, originally scheduled for 8 February, was delayed over what International Olympic Committee (IOC) spokesperson Mark Adams described as a situation that required "legal consultation" with the International Skating Union. Several media outlets reported on 9 February that the issue was over a positive test for trimetazidine by the ROC's Kamila Valieva, which was officially confirmed on 11 February. Valieva's sample in question was taken by the Russian Anti-Doping Agency (RUSADA) at the 2022 Russian Figure Skating Championships on 25 December, but the sample was not analyzed at the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) laboratory where it was sent for testing until 8 February, one day after the team event concluded.
Valieva was assessed a provisional suspension after her positive result, but upon appeal, she was cleared by RUSADA's independent Disciplinary Anti-Doping Committee (DAC) on 9 February, just a day after receiving the provisional suspension. Following formal appeals lodged by the IOC, the International Skating Union (ISU), and WADA to review RUSADA DAC's decision, the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) heard the case on 13 February, and removal of her provisional suspension was upheld on 14 February, ahead of her scheduled appearance in the women's singles event beginning 15 February. Due to Valieva being a minor at the time, as well as being classified as a "protected person" under WADA guidelines, RUSADA and the IOC announced on 12 February that they would broaden the scope of their respective investigations to include members of her entourage (e.g. coaches, team doctors, etc.).
On 14 February, the CAS declined to reinstate Valieva's provisional suspension issued the previous Monday and ruled that she would be allowed provisionally to compete in the women's singles event. The CAS decided that preventing her from competing "would cause her irreparable harm in the circumstances", while noting that any medals won by Valieva at the Beijing Olympics would be withheld pending the results of the continuing investigation into her doping violation. The temporary provisional decision from the court was made on three grounds: 1/ Due to her age, she is a "Protected Person" as per WADA Code, subject to different rules than adult athletes; 2/ Athlete "did not test positive during the Olympic Games in Beijing"; 3/ "There were serious issues of untimely notification of the results, ... which impinged upon the Athlete’s ability to establish certain legal requirements for her benefit". The IOC announced that the team event medal ceremony, as well as the women's singles flower ceremony and medal ceremony if Valieva were to medal, would not take place until the investigation is over, and there is a concrete decision whether to strip Valieva and the ROC of their medals. To allow for the possibility that Valieva's results may be disqualified, the IOC asked the ISU to expand the qualifying field for the women's singles free skating by one to 25.
Did not start
Athletes who were selected for the Games, but provisionally suspended before competing.
See also
Doping at the Asian Games
List of sporting scandals
List of stripped Olympic medals
List of doping cases in sport
World Anti-Doping Agency
Technology doping
References
External links
Olympic Movement Anti-doping Code
Olympic Games controversies
Lists of doping cases
Olympic Games
Olympics-related lists
Doping in Russia
Lists of Olympic competitors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doping%20at%20the%20Olympic%20Games |
Palais Wilczek is a palace in Vienna, Austria. It was owned by the noble Wilczek family. The palace, as it stands now, was built on the site of the former Brassican family palace some time between 1722 and 1737. The construction is attributed to . In 1728 the palace came into the possession of Lower Austrian Carl Ignaz Lempruch. The Wilczek family came into possession of the palace in 1825.
The palace is located between Palais Herberstein and Palais Modena. Franz Grillparzer and Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff have both lived there.
Further reading
Dehio Wien, I. Bezirk – Innere Stadt, S305,
Wiener Palais, W. Kraus – P. Müller,
External link
Palais Wilczek-Lempruch
Wilczek
Innere Stadt
Residential buildings completed in the 18th century | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais%20Wilczek |
Valeria "Valy" Ionescu (later Constantin, born 31 August 1960) is a retired long jumper from Romania. She won the European title in 1982 and an Olympic silver medal in 1984. Ionescu spent her entire career with the club Rapid Bucuresti, and later worked there as a coach and official.
References
1960 births
Living people
Romanian female long jumpers
People from Turnu Măgurele
Olympic athletes for Romania
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Romania
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
European Athletics Championships medalists
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade bronze medalists for Romania
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Teleorman County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vali%20Ionescu |
William Losee (30 June 1757 – 16 October 1832) was a Methodist minister, who acted as a circuit rider in the United States and Upper Canada.
Biography
Although not the first Methodist to preach in what was then the single British colony of Quebec, William Losee was the first to be officially appointed by the New York Conference to preach in Quebec (in the region known as Upper Canada after 1791). He had previously worked the Champlain circuit in New York. He was appointed by Elder Garrettson to Lower Canada with wide latitude in how to conduct his preaching. Both Losee's relatives in the area and his favourable feelings toward the British Government contributed to his appointment. His first conversion was one of these relatives, Joshua Losee. There were very few ministers in The Canadas at this time, William Case would later recall that he knew of only four, but guessed there might have been as many as six. Losee's preaching resulted in immediate conversions in what was then largely wilderness regions punctuated by tiny villages and isolated cabins. An early source reports that Losee was famous for vehement preaching and imploring God to smite sinners. On one occasion, while being heckled during a religious meeting, Losee pointed at the heckler and proclaimed "Smite him, my God!" The man, whose name is reported to have been Joseph Brouse, fell to the ground writhing in agony only to later rise and repent of his sins.
In 1791, Losee returned to Upper Canada to ride the Kingston (or Cataraqui) circuit. The circuit included the village of Kingston and settlement within about 100 km. Losee set up classes in Augusta, Niagara, Adolphustown, Earnestown and Fredericksburg. One hundred sixty five Methodists were count in his circuit that year. In 1792, the circuit was divided into two and Losee was returned by the New York Conference with a second Methodist circuit rider, Darius Dunham. Dunham took over the Cataraqui circuit and Losee assumed the new Oswegotchie circuit. It would seem, however, that Losee had fallen deeply in love with a woman living on the Cataraqui circuit. Dunham fell in love with the same woman, Elizabeth Detlor of Fredericksburg. She chose Dunham and Losee almost lost his sanity as a result. He quietly resigned from the ministry, returned to New York, and spent the rest of his life working a trade.
References
External links
1757 births
1832 deaths
Canadian clergy
Pre-Confederation Ontario people
American Methodist clergy
18th-century Methodist ministers
18th-century American Methodist ministers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Losee |
was a Buddhist temple in Kyoto which was, for a time, one of the highest temples in Japanese Buddhism. The temple was built around the year 1017, by Fujiwara no Michinaga. The dedication of its Golden Hall in 1022 is detailed in the historical epic Eiga Monogatari. The Emperor Go-Ichijō attended the ceremony, and so every effort was made to ensure the ceremony was as lavish and perfect as possible.
According to the Eiga Monogatari, the Golden Hall's pillars rested on masonry supports in the shape of elephants, the roof tiles and doors were gilded and silvered, and the foundations were of rock crystal. The interior of the hall was decorated lavishly with gold, silver, lapis lazuli, and jewels of all kinds, as well as a series of images detailing the life of the historical Buddha, and a central image of the Vairocana Buddha.
The temple was destroyed by fire in 1053 and not rebuilt.
References
Sansom, George (1958). A History of Japan to 1334. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1017
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1022
Former Buddhist temples
Buddhist archaeological sites in Japan
Former buildings and structures in Japan
Buddhism in the Heian period
11th-century Buddhist temples | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D-ji |
Chaoboridae, commonly known as phantom midges or glassworms, is a family of fairly common midges with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are closely related to the Corethrellidae and Chironomidae; the adults are differentiated through peculiarities in wing venation.
If they eat at all, the adults feed on nectar. The larvae are aquatic and unique in their feeding method: the antennae of phantom midge larvae are modified into grasping organs slightly resembling the raptorial arms of a mantis, with which they capture prey. They feed largely on small insects such as mosquito larvae and crustaceans such as Daphnia. The antennae impale or crush the prey, and then bring it to the larval mouth, or stylet.
The larvae swim and sometimes form large swarms in their lacustrine habitats.
Description
The larvae are nearly transparent, sometimes with a slightly yellow cast; their most opaque features are two air bags, one in the thorax, one in the abdomen about in the second last segment. The adults are delicate flies that closely resemble Chironomidae. Their antennae are 15-segmented and the females' antennae are somewhat bristly; the males' antennae in contrast, are very plumose. In this respect too they resemble many of the Nematocera, and in particular the Chironomidae. The species vary in size from about 2 mm to 10 mm long in their adult stages.
Genera
These 26 genera belong to the family Chaoboridae:
Astrocorethra Kalugina, 1986 g
Australomochlonyx c g
Baisomyia Kalugina, 1991 g
Baleiomyia c g
Chachotosha Lukashevich, 1996 g
Chaoborites Kalugina, 1985 g
Chaoborus Lichtenstein, 1800 i c g b
Chaoburmus c g
Chironomaptera Ping, 1929 g
Cryophila Edwards, 1930 i c g
Dixamima Rohdendorf, 1951 g
Eucorethra Coquillet, 1903 i c g b
Eucorethrina c g
Gedanoborus Szadziewski & Gilka, 2007 g
Gydarina Kalugina, 1991 g
Helokrenia Kalugina, 1985 g
Hypsocorethra Kalugina, 1985 g
Iyaiyai Evenhuis, 1994 g
Libanoborus Azar, Waller & Nel, 2009 g
Mesocorethra c g
Mochlonyx Loew, 1844 i c g b
Palaeomochlonyx Wichard, Gröhn & Seredszus, 2009 g
Praechaoborus Kalugina, 1985 g
Promochlonyx c g
Sayomyia Coquillett, 1903 g
Taimyborus Lukashevich, 1999 g
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net
References
External links
Image Gallery from Diptera.info
Nematocera families | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaoboridae |
A molossus () is a metrical foot used in Greek and Latin poetry. It consists of three long syllables. Examples of Latin words constituting molossi are audiri, cantabant, virtutem.
In English poetry, syllables are usually categorized as being either stressed or unstressed, rather than long or short, and the unambiguous molossus rarely appears, as it is too easily interpreted as two feet (and thus a metrical fault) or as having at least one destressed syllable.
Perhaps the best example of a molossus is the repeated refrain of no birds sing in the first and last verse of John Keats' poem "La Belle Dame Sans Merci" (1819) especially for the way it forces the reader to slow down, which is the poetic essence of this metrical foot.
The title of Lord Tennyson's poem "Break, Break, Break" (1842) is sometimes cited as a molossus, but in context it can only be three separate feet:
Clement Wood proposes as a more convincing instance: great white chief, of which an example occurs in "Ballads of a Cheechako" (1907) by Robert W. Service:
However, given that the previous lines in the stanza are constructed predominantly in iambic heptameter – a common form for ballad stanza – it is more likely that the meter appears as:
The double stress on "White Chief" comes from the substitution of a spondee in place of the iamb, mirroring previous substitutions in the poem, rather than a molossus.
In one literary dictionary, a dubious candidate is given from Gerard Manley Hopkins:
If both lines are scanned as four feet, without extra stress on dwells, then the words in boldface become a molossus. Another example that has been given is wild-goose-chase, but this requires that there be no stress on chase, seeing that in Thomas Clarke's "Erotophuseos" (1840), we have:
where clearly there is no molossus.
See also
En rythme molossique, an étude for piano by Charles-Valentin Alkan that uses the rhythm of the molossus as a theme
References
Metrical feet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molossus%20%28poetry%29 |
{{infobox person
| name = Joyce Jacobs
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Joyce Mary Penn
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Carshalton, Surrey (now London Borough of Sutton) England, UK
| death_date =
| death_place = Taren Point, New South Wales, Australia
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 1962–2000
| spouse = David Ian Hutchinson Jacobs (m. 1946/1947 - 2011; his death)
| known_for = A Country Practice (TV series) as Esme Watson (Seven Network and Ten Network)
| notable_works = {{bulleted|Number 96 (TV series) as Mrs. Daisy Carson|The Young Doctors (TV series) Muriel Palmer|All Saints (TV series) As Mavis Davis}}
}}
Joyce Mary Jacobs (née Penn; 15 April 1922 – 15 September 2013) was an English-born Australian character actress, and comedienne who had a successful career on the small screen, in soap opera and serials, after emigrating there from her native England in 1962.
Early life
Jacobs was born one of three siblings in Carshalton, Surrey, England to Leonard Watson Penn and Dora Elsie (née Ferrett) Penn.
She did not embark on a professional acting career until arriving in Australia in 1962.
Career
During the 1970s, Jacobs played the small, recurring role of Mrs. Carson in Number 96 and Muriel Palmer on The Young Doctors.
Joyce is best known for her portrayals of elderly gossips. She appeared in serial Number 96 as a speaking extra, often referred to as Mrs. Carson or Daisy, and appeared briefly in The Young Doctors as Muriel Cover
She appeared in the short film, Heaven on the 4th Floor, in 1998 opposite Bunney Brooke. She appeared in a guest episode on G.P., in the 1986 TV movie Hector's Bunyip and made a guest appearance on All Saints in 2000.
A Country Practice (Seven Network)
Jacobs remains best known for her more permanent long running role on soap opera A Country Practice, as Esme Watson. In 1981, she appeared on the pilot episode of A Country Practice, as a character in the medical clinic called Norma, after which she returned to the series donning Edna Everage style glasses and playing Esme Watson on the long-running Seven Network series. She was originally a semi-regular, but became a regular, starting with Episode 99 in 1982. Having worked on the series for 12 years (805 episodes), she was one of the show's longest-serving actresses. She normally appeared on screen alongside fellow veteran actors Syd Heylen and Gordon Piper, although, unlike the latter actors who were written out of the series toward the end of its run on Network Seven to make way for a younger revamped cast, she was retained in the series.
A Country Practice (Network Ten)
In 1994, Network Ten continued the series under the same title, but with a new setting and a mostly new cast. Jacobs, however, along with Joan Sydney (as matron) and Andrew Blackman as Dr. Harry Morrison, reprised her role of Esme Watson. The new version was not as successful as the original and was cancelled after 30 episodes.
Personal life
After retirement, in an interview with the magazine Woman's Day'' in 2012 she revealed that he had been battling Parkinson's disease for 10 years. After her husband of 64 years, David Ian Hutchinson Jacobs, died in 2011, she resided in a rest home facility, Goodhew Gardens, Taren Point, where she celebrated her 90th birthday with fellow cast members.
Jacobs died aged 91, on 21 September 2013.
Filmography
Television
Film
References
External links
Notice of death of actress Joyce Jacobs, article.wn.com; accessed 22 September 2015.
Notice of death of Joyce Jacobs, news.com.au; accessed 22 September 2015.
1922 births
2013 deaths
Australian television actresses
British emigrants to Australia
Actresses from Surrey
Actresses from New South Wales
20th-century Australian actresses
21st-century Australian actresses
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Neurological disease deaths in New South Wales
20th-century English women
20th-century English people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce%20Jacobs |
The Palais Bartolotti-Partenfeld is a city-palace in central Vienna's 1st district, Inner City, on the corner of Graben and Dorotheergasse. It was originally built for the Bartolotti noble family and later bought by the Partenfeld family.
References
Bartolotti | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais%20Bartolotti-Partenfeld |
Serge Weinberg (born 10 February 1951) is a French businessman, and the founder and chairman of Weinberg Capital Partners, an investment firm.
Early life and education
Weinberg trained as a civil servant, after graduating with a bachelor's degree in Law from the University of Paris and from the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris. He studied at the École nationale d'administration, the French School for Civil Service.
Career
Career in the public sector
Weinberg started his career as a civil servant in the French administration (1976–81), before becoming « Chef de cabinet » (private principal secretary) to the Budget Minister (Laurent Fabius, 1981–82).
Career in the private sector
Weinberg later held several management positions at FR3 and Havas. In 1990, after three years as General Manager with investment bank Pallas Groupe, he joined the Pinault Group as CEO of CFAO. Next, he was appointed CEO of Rexel (1991–95). From 1995 to 2005, he was chairman of the management board of PPR, the largest non-food retailer in Europe and the third largest multi-brand luxury goods company in the world.
He is the chairman of Sanofi, a French pharmaceutical firm, known for its prescription products such as Lantus insulin.
Other activities
Corporate boards
Accor, Non-Executive Chairman of the Board
Schneider Electric, Member of the Board of Directors
Fnac, Member of the Board of Directors
Artémis, Member of the Board of Directors
Gucci, Member of the Board of Directors
Non-profit organizations
Club of Three, Member of the Steering Group
Paris Europlace, Member of the Board of Directors
Sanofi Espoir Foundation, Member of the Board of Directors
At least between 1998 and 2008 Weinberg was a member of the Trilateral Commission.
References
External links
Weinberg Capital Partners
Accor Group
1951 births
Living people
Kering people
Sciences Po alumni
École nationale d'administration alumni
Businesspeople from Paris
Sanofi people
Businesspeople from Boulogne-Billancourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge%20Weinberg |
The Austin Marathon (also known as Ascension Seton Austin Marathon presented by Under Armour for sponsorship reasons) is an annual marathon held in Austin, Texas, since 1992. The race weekend also features a half marathon and a 5K run with a two-day expo taking place on Friday and Saturday. The 32nd annual event is scheduled to take place on February 18, 2024.
The race begins at 7:00 in the morning and features a highly competitive elite field. It is livestreamed by FloSports. Participants typically include runners from all 50 U.S. states and about 35 countries.
Due to the coronavirus pandemic, the 2021 edition of the Austin Marathon was postponed to and didn’t include the marathon distance.
History
It was founded in 1991 by Motorola, who served as title sponsor for fifteen years.
The 2021 edition of the marathon was cancelled, while the other races of the weekend were postponed to , due to the coronavirus pandemic, with all registrants given the option of transferring their entry to the new date, or to 2022, 2023, or 2024. To properly mark the event's 30th anniversary with a running of the full marathon, anniversary celebrations would be extended to 2022.
Course
The Austin Marathon and Austin Half Marathon both start at 2nd St. and Congress Avenue. The course goes by Austin landmarks and areas, like downtown, the Colorado River, SoCo, historic Hyde Park, East Austin, and the University of Texas at Austin campus and tower. Bands perform live music along the race route in a tribute to Austin's label as The Live Music Capital of the World. The race ends near where it begins at 9th and Congress Ave. in front of the picturesque Texas State Capitol. The course is USATF-certified.
The course that debuted in 2018 was designed to provide a better participant and spectator experience and allow enhanced traffic flow along the course, while still finishing with the picturesque Texas State Capitol as every runner’s backdrop. The first half of the Austin Marathon was not changed. After Mile 12, half marathoners head south to the finish line, while marathoners continue east before turning north and running on Guadalupe St. through the heart of the University of Texas campus.
Other races
In addition to the marathon held on Sunday, the Austin Marathon weekend features a free official shakeout run on Saturday morning since 2022 (previously Friday) at Fleet Feet Austin. Also on Sunday morning, the half marathon and KXAN SimpleHealth 5K benefitting Paramount Theatre start at the same location as the marathon on 2nd and Congress. The 5K starts 30–45 minutes later and is an out and back course while the marathon and half marathon finishes on 9th and Congress.
The event featured the Manzano Mile presented by Dole on the Saturday morning before the marathon in 2018-2020 taking place just outside the expo site on Riverside Drive. The 2021 race was scheduled to take place the same morning as the other races but later became a virtual race, where participants run the distance on their own schedule and submit their time online. A mile race did not take place during the 2022 marathon weekend.
Community impact
Austin Gives Miles, the marathon's official charity program, raised $702,500 in 2020. The 25 Central Texas nonprofit organizations accepted into the program worked to exceed the program’s fundraising goal while increasing awareness of their organization and recruiting race day volunteers. Since 2014, Austin Gives Miles has raised $3.8 million for Central Texas nonprofit organizations. In 2019, Moody Foundation became presenting sponsor for Austin Gives Miles. Since 2015, Austin Gives Miles has been a Moody Foundation grant recipient. During this time, their total contributions have reached $1.2 million.
The Austin Marathon injected $48.5 million into the Austin economy during the 2019 race weekend. 2019's economic impact on the City of Austin is a $11 million (23 percent) increase from the 2018 event.
Sponsorship
Marathon founder Motorola served as the marathon's title sponsor for fifteen years.
The marathon was sponsored by AT&T in 2007 and 2008, but ran with no title sponsor in 2009. From 2010 to 2013, the race was called the LIVESTRONG Austin Marathon. Freescale returned as presenting sponsor in 2014 and 2015. NXP Semiconductors and Freescale completed their merger in December 2015, with NXP becoming the presenting sponsor for 2016 and 2017. Under Armour was the presenting sponsor of the 2018 Austin Marathon, but had no title sponsor. In 2019, an agreement was reached naming Ascension Seton the title sponsor. Under Armour also returned as presenting sponsor for the 2019 Austin Marathon. KXAN-TV became title sponsor of the KXAN SimpleHealth 5K benefitting Paramount Theatre in 2019. Both Ascension Seton (title) and Under Armour (presenting) will return as sponsors for the 2022 Austin Marathon. KXAN will return as title sponsor for the 2022 KXAN SimpleHealth 5K.
Winners
Key: Course record (in bold)
Notes
References
External links
Marathon Info
That Other Paper story by a 2007 Austin Marathon runner
Recurring sporting events established in 1992
Marathons in the United States
Marathon
1992 establishments in Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin%20Marathon |
Boomerang, later Carroll's Boomerang, was an Irish Sport Horse who stood 16.2 hh (168 cm), ridden in show jumping competitions, most successfully by Eddie Macken. Boomerang was also ridden by Liz Edgar (Broome), Johan Heins, and Paul Schockemöhle.
Boomerang was bred by Jimmy Murphy of Maifield. Murphy and his wife Mai, a successful racehorse owner, sent their Irish Draught mare, Girl From The Brown Mountain, to Battleburn. Murphy and his family broke the horse, initially known as Battle Boy, and recognized his ability. They hunted him with the Kilmoganny Harriers and jumped him in novice classes on the Tipperary/Kilkenny/Waterford gymkhana circuit, and then sent him to "finishing school" with 1969 European showjumping champion Iris Kellett at her stables in Dublin. There, the horse was first ridden by Eddie Macken, then a working pupil at Kellett's. He first jumped at the RDS Dublin Spring Show as a four-year-old in 1970. Two years later, Jimmy sold him to Ted and Liz Edgar's yard in Warwickshire, England. Liz Edgar jumped him with success. He was then sold on to Paul Schockemöhle, who took him to his stables in Mühlen, Germany and renamed him Boomerang.
Macken by this time had moved into the heartland of continental competition when he went to the Schockemöhle brothers Paul and Alwin in the Spring of 1975. A rich German owner, Dr Herbert Schnapka, eased Macken's way by providing horses for him to ride in the Schockemöhle yard. Easter Parade, Macken's best horse at the time, broke his back in a freak accident on his way back from the cancelled spring meeting at Hickstead in 1975. By way of an interim replacement, Paul Schockemöhle said to Macken: ...take my speed horse Boomerang for the time being until you get something better.'
Over the period 1975–1979, Macken and Boomerang were to win or take second in a record-breaking 32 major Grands Prix or Derby events across Europe and in the United States. Boomerang helped Macken top the World Computer Ratings in 1976, 1977, and 1978, while amassing £250,000 in prize money - record winnings at the time.(£911,000 in 2007 money)
In 1977, Dr Schnapka gave the outright gift of Boomerang to Eddie Macken.
In 1978, they travelled to Aachen for the world championship where Macken hoped to avenge his narrow defeat on Pele at Hickstead four years earlier. When they reached the final four, the omens were looking positive, but then disaster struck. In the final round Macken was obliged to jump a round on each of his competitors’ horses and on one, Pandur Z, he made a miscalculation and picked up a quarter of a time fault – “like Tiger Woods missing a three-foot putt” – and the slip cost him gold. “Boomerang deserved to be world champion,” Macken said. “Well, he was world champion because he was the best horse there. I wasn’t. I was the one who made the mistake.”
When he and Boomerang were at their peak, Macken was barred from competing at the Olympic Games because he was a professional and had sponsorship. The 1979 European Championships, in Rotterdam again proved a disappointment. Boomerang did not knock a single fence in the first three rounds and helped Con Power on Rockbarton, Gerry Mullins on Ballinderry and John Roche on Maigh Cullin to a bronze medal behind Britain and Germany. Boomerang was in the individual lead and heading for gold when a judge made a late decision that he had hit the tape at the water jump, and he and Macken finished in fourth place.
In the fading weeks of that year and, as it turned out, the fading moments of his career, Boomerang and Macken made their first trip to Calgary, won the main class every day and took the du Maurier Classic Grand Prix in September. In October, the duo won their fourth Horse of the Year Grand Prix at Wembley. Lastly, at the second Dublin Indoor International in November, they won the main events on Thursday and Friday, followed by third place in the Grand Prix. With a double clear, they were fourth in the Grand Prix at Olympia just before Christmas, and that was to be Boomerang's last major individual outing with Macken.
But he and Macken won four consecutive Hickstead Derbies from 1976 to 1979, and also the Hamburg equivalent in 1976. They, along with James Kernan on Condy, Paul Darragh on Heather Honey and Capt. Con Power on (Coolronan 1977, Castlepark 1978 and Rockbarton 1979), won the Aga Khan Trophy at the RDS Dublin (Ireland's Nations Cup) from 1977 to 1979.
In early 1980, Boomerang had to be retired because of a broken pedal bone. Then in May 1983, at 17 years of age, Boomerang had to be euthanized and was buried at Rafeehan Stud, Kells, County Meath. His grave is marked by four evergreen trees. They are symbols of four Hickstead Derby wins, four Championships at Wembley, four clear rounds in the final of the 1978 World Championships, and four years in a row without a fence down in the Aga Khan Trophy competition in Dublin. Ni bheidh a leithéid arís ann (Irish for "His like will not be seen again").
Major achievements
1979
Horse of the Year Grand Prix, Wembley, London
Championship, Wembley, London
Spruce Meadows Grand Prix, Calgary, Canada
Team bronze at the European Championships, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Individual 4th, European Championships, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Nations Cup (Aga Khan Trophy), Dublin, Ireland
Nations Cup, Aachen, Germany
Hickstead Derby, Hickstead, England
Hickstead Derby Trial, Hickstead, England
1978
Health Trophy, Dublin Indoor International
Horse of the Year Grand Prix, Wembley, London
Hickstead Derby, Hickstead, England
Individual silver medal, World Show Jumping Championships, Aachen, Germany
2nd place, Dublin Grand Prix, Dublin, Ireland
Nations Cup (Aga Khan Trophy), Dublin, Ireland
Aachen Grand Prix, Aachen, Germany
Championship, Aachen, Germany
Rome Grand Prix, Rome, Italy
Championship, Rome, Italy
Hamburg Grand Prix, Hamburg, Germany
Nice Grand Prix, Nice, France
Gothenburg Grand Prix, Gothenburg, Sweden
1977
Brussels Grand Prix, Brussels, Belgium
Horse of the Year Grand Prix, Wembley, London
Nations Cup (Aga Khan Trophy), Dublin, Ireland
Hickstead Derby, Hickstead, England
La Baule Grand Prix, La Baule, France
2nd place, Nations Cup, La Baule, France
2nd place, Grand Prix, Rome, Italy
1976
Championship, Wembley, London
New York City Grand Prix, U.S.A
Helped Macken become Leading Rider in Washington.
Wins in Toronto gave Macken the overall award for the three shows on the North American circuit.
Hickstead Derby, Hickstead, England
Hamburg Derby, Hamburg, Germany - (8th 1975, 4th 1977, 6th 1978)
Professional Championship, Cardiff, Wales
2nd place, Grand Prix, Lucerne, Switzerland
2nd place, Nations Cup, Lucerne, Switzerland
1975
Horse of the Year Grand Prix, Wembley, London
Championship, Wembley, London
4 faults, Hickstead Derby, Hickstead, England
Hickstead Derby Trial, Hickstead, England
2nd place, Dublin Grand Prix, Dublin, Ireland
2nd place, Nations Cup (Aga Khan Trophy), Dublin, Ireland
St. Gallen Grand Prix, St. Gallen, Switzerland
Wiesbaden Grand Prix, Wiesbaden, Germany
References
Hickstead Derby results
Aachen results
Irish show jumping horses
1966 animal births
1983 animal deaths
Individual male horses
Irish Sport Horses
Sport horse sires | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomerang%20%28horse%29 |
The House of Commons Library is the library and information resource of the lower house of the British Parliament. It was established in 1818, although its original 1828 construction was destroyed during the burning of Parliament in 1834.
The library has adopted the phrase "Contributing to a well-informed democracy" as a summary of its mission statement.
History
The Library was established in 1818 and a purpose-designed library was built for it by Sir John Soane and completed in 1828. This building, along with much of the mediaeval Palace of Westminster, to which it was added, was destroyed by fire in 1834.
In the rebuilding of the Palace of Westminster by Sir Charles Barry and Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin, the Library was given four large rooms on the river front of the principal floor of the new palace, each 40 feet by 25 feet and some 20 ft high. This suite was fully opened by 1852, and two additional rooms added in the mid/late 1850s. One of these was to compensate for the loss of Room D, which was taken over by Speaker Denison and his successors as their private library—it was not restored until the 1960s.
The Library was stocked with some 30,000 books majoring in history, topography, literature, biography and politics, as well as the official papers of the House. Almost alone among contemporary parliamentary libraries, from about 1860 onwards, the staff were given free rein to determine the scope of the collection.
In 1945–46, the House of Commons reorganised its library on modern lines. A Research Division was created, to provide briefings to Members, and to answer their individual detailed enquiries on a confidential and non-partisan basis. A modern reference library was created in the former Map Room, which had been previously equipped with pull-down maps of all parts of the world.
The Public Information Office (now House of Commons Information Office), was set up in 1978, headed by Chris Pond under the oversight of David Menhennet. Menhennet also began electronic publication in the same year, when the Library contributed to the Prestel viewdata system. Computerisation of the Library's information systems began in 1979 with the creation of POLIS, the Parliamentary On-Line Information System.
The total holdings are about 350,000 print items, plus journals and official papers, together with extensive on-line and electronic sources. The Library is not a mandatory or copyright deposit library, unlike the British Library and the Library of Congress. Some of the older book stock was placed on permanent loan in 2004 with the British Museum, to populate the King's Library there (the original King's Library bookstock having been transferred to the British Library at St Pancras). It is the official custodian of the House's printed records.
In 2008 the Library was incorporated into the new Department of Information Services following a Review of Management and Services of the House of Commons conducted by Sir Kevin Tebbit. However, research, information and library services continue to be provided to Members of Parliament and their staff under the House of Commons Library banner. The Department of Information Services is also responsible for information services for the public including Parliament's Education Service, the House of Commons Information Office, Visitor Services and the Web & Intranet Service.
The Library today
The Library provides four core services to the House, Members and their staff:
A confidential enquiry service for Members and their staff covering all subjects of parliamentary interest. Some 19,200 substantive requests ("logged enquiries") were received in 2010/11.
Briefings for the House and Members generally covering the business of the House and other issues of parliamentary concern. 83 Research Papers (around half on bills before the House) and 187 Debate Packs were produced in 2010/11. 494 new Standard Notes were published in the year and around 1,200 were updated at least once. Research Papers and most Standard Notes are generally available via the Parliament Website.
Library services including reading rooms, book loans, on-line resources and reference collections. The Library is one of the main common spaces of the Houses of Parliament; Members use it for conversation, discussion and relaxation as well as consulting information sources. Reading room facilities for Members' Staff are provided in the Derby Gate Library.
Training and guidance in the use of information, particularly online resources and Library services.
In 2011, the Library had 150 staff, and occupied premises outside the Palace of Westminster (principally the old Whitehall Club at no.1 Derby Gate) as well as within it. Many of the staff have specialist qualifications in, for instance, law, statistics, and various aspects of public affairs, or librarianship. Staff of the Library are not, and have never been, employed by the civil service; they serve, and provide completely impartial advice and analysis to, Members of Parliament.
Although Members of the House of Lords may by courtesy use the Library, the House of Lords has a separate Library (and equally fine set of rooms).
The Library is not open to the general public, though information about the history and work of the Commons can be supplied by the House of Commons Information Office. Arrangements can often be made for members of the public who wish to use resources of the Library not available elsewhere to have access to them in the Parliamentary Archives.
Librarians of the House of Commons
The following have served as Librarian:
1818: Benjamin Spiller
1831: Thomas Vardon
1867: George Howard
1887: Ralph Walpole
1908: Austin Smyth
1937: John Vivian Kitto
1946: Hilary Saunders
1950: Strathearn Gordon
1967: David Holland
1976: David Menhennet
1991: Dermot Englefield
1993: Jennifer Tanfield
1999: Priscilla Baines
2004: John Pullinger
2015: Penny Young
2022: Grant Hill-Cawthorne
See also
Parliamentary Archives
House of Lords Library
Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service (US)
Library of Parliament (Canada)
References
"The House of Commons Library - a History", by David Menhennet, 2nd edition 2000
"The Early History of the House of Commons Library", by Chris Pond, published in 2001
External links
Records of the House of Commons Library are kept at the Parliamentary Archives
Commons Library website
Parliament's website
House of Commons of the United Kingdom
Libraries in the City of Westminster
1818 establishments in the United Kingdom
Palace of Westminster
Legislative libraries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Commons%20Library |
Hardy Brown (May 8, 1924 – November 8, 1991) was an American football linebacker in the National Football League (NFL), All-America Football Conference (AAFC), and the American Football League (AFL). He played college football at the University of Tulsa and then professionally for the San Francisco 49ers, Washington Redskins, and the Denver Broncos. He was one of only two men who played in the AAFC, NFL, and the AFL (the other was Ben Agajanian).
When Brown was four years old, he witnessed the murder of his father. He was then sent, along with his brothers and sisters, to live at the Texas Masonic Home, an orphanage for the children of deceased Freemasons in Fort Worth, Texas. At the Masonic Home, Brown became friends with Tex Coulter. Brown was a standout football player for the Mighty Mites, leading them to the state semi-finals his senior year. He then enlisted in the United States Marine Corps, serving as a Paramarine during the Second World War, before playing football at Tulsa and eventually professionally. Brown became known as one of the roughest defensive players in the game, knocking out numerous opponents with his trademark shoulder push. The Rams once offered a $500 bounty to any player who could take him out, and he had his shoulder pads checked before a game once to make sure he did not have metal plating or other such material stuffed in them. His reputation was such that supposedly, on one occasion, when future Hall of Fame quarterback Bob Waterfield was hit by a motorist, his first response was, "I didn't know that Hardy Brown was in town."
Hall of Famer Art Donovan had this to say of Brown: "How about San Francisco's Hardy Brown; ever heard of him? He was one tough bastard. I can't count how many people Hardy put in the hospital. His style was an intent to maim. He had this knack, this technique of slamming a shoulder into a running back's face; to this day I don't know how he did it. He was like a snake uncoiling. He'd get under your chin and, bang, you'd be seeing stars. Ball carriers looked for Hardy, rather than an opening, coming around that corner."
Brown died in 1991 in a mental institution after suffering from dementia, emphysema, and arthritis in his right (knockout) shoulder so bad he couldn't lift his arm to scratch his head.
NFL Network
On the show NFL's Top 10, Hardy was marked as #5 on "The Most Feared Tacklers of All Time" segment.
See also
List of American Football League players
References
1924 births
1991 deaths
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
Tulsa Golden Hurricane football players
Brooklyn Dodgers (AAFC) players
Chicago Hornets players
Baltimore Colts (1947–1950) players
Chicago Cardinals players
San Francisco 49ers players
Washington Redskins players
Denver Broncos (AFL) players
Western Conference Pro Bowl players
People from Childress, Texas
United States Marines
Paramarines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy%20Brown |
Brian Thomas Wenzel (born 24 May 1929) is an Australian former actor, comedian, director and singer. He has been in the entertainment business for 75 years, including circus, stage, television and film (including made for TV movies and theatrical release films).
After numerous character roles in Crawford Productions serials films and after appearing in the ABC serial Certain Women, he was cast in the permanent role of Sgt. Frank Gilroy, he played from 1981 and 1993.
He had a small role in 1995 in serial Neighbours as Gordon "Flakey the Clown" Orchard. He was also briefly a cast member of Rove Live in 2009.
Early life
Wenzel was born to Harold Wenzel, a grocer who served with the RAAF and Kathleen Wenzel in 1929. One of eight, he grew up in South Australia suburbs Mile End, Torrensville and Thebarton. He had an unsettled early life and spent much of his childhood in remand homes run by various organisations including the Christian Brothers and the Salvation Army. Wenzel ran away several times. At age 14, he left school and joined the Sole Bros. circus as a pony groom and dog trainer. During World War II, he was greatly criticised because of his German sounding surname but nevertheless started acting professionally in 1946 when his first performance in an acting role came at the age of 17 in a comedy stage play. He subsequently appeared in numerous stage plays, musicals, pantomime and children's theatre, including production's of Death of a Salesman, The Crucible, The Imaginary Invalid and Summer of the Seventeenth Doll, he has worked with the Adelaide Festival of the Arts and the South Australian Theatre Company.
Professional career
Television
After many years in the entertainment industry, primarily in live comedy and theatre, Wenzel appeared on the small screen from the late 1960s including in the drama series Division 4, Matlock Police, Homicide, The Young Doctors, Cop Shop and Certain Women. It was the role in the latter that won him the part of old-fashioned and affable policeman Frank Gilroy, originally a constable later sergeant in A Country Practice, he would appear in the series from its inception in 1981, winning a Silver Logie for his role, later episodes would later eventually see Gilroy retire from the police force to become the local RSL clubs barman and chef, after "Cookie" (Syd Heylen) retired. He also had the guest role playing NSW Police Officer in the series Home Sweet Home with John Bluthal.
Wenzel became very popular with the NSW Police due to his role as Sgt. Gilroy, and was once presented with a leather police jacket from former commissioner John Avery as the fictional country town of Wandin Valley was located in New South Wales.
Film
He appeared in many Australian films during the 1970s and 1980s including Caddie (1976), The Odd Angry Shot (1979) and Alison's Birthday (1981) however more recently in the crime thriller in 2014 John Doe: Vigilante.
Theatre
He appeared in the David Williamson play Travelling North in 2000.
Controversy
In 2009 Wenzel appeared in a TV ad in the role for a sexual dysfunction therapy. His Sgt. Gilroy (now 80 years old), arrives to save the day when a newlywed wife complains about her husband "speeding" in the sack – and then prosecutes him in court. This ad created much controversy and Wenzel was featured on A Current Affair, defending the advert and stating that he was "an actor and this is what I do" and being thrown into the spotlight after almost 20 years out of it. In May, he appeared on a spoof of the ad that was aired on Rove Live.
A Country Practice re-boot
Wenzel, as well as Shane Porteous and Joyce Jacobs appeared in the first episode of A Country Practice in November 1981 and stayed with the series until it ended in 1993. However, after the series was cancelled that year by the Seven Network the series was picked by rival Network Ten for a single season in 1994, with a new setting and mostly new cast, Joyce Jacobs was the only original who stayed with the show, with the returning Joan Sydney, Andrew Blackman and briefly Michelle Pettigrove, both Wenzel and Shane Porteous did not reprise their roles in the reboot.
Awards
Personal life
Wenzel has been married to his English-born wife Linda Wenzel for 67 years.
He is an Australia Day ambassador for the state of Victoria, and a lifelong supporter of the Carlton Football Club.
Brian suffered 2 mini strokes in the last three years
Filmography
References
External links
1929 births
20th-century Australian male actors
Australian male stage actors
Australian male television actors
Australian people of German descent
Australian male film actors
Living people
Logie Award winners
Male actors from Adelaide | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Wenzel |
De Oratore (On the Orator) is a dialogue written by Cicero in 55 BC. It is set in 91 BC, when Lucius Licinius Crassus dies, just before the Social War and the civil war between Marius and Sulla, during which Marcus Antonius (orator), the other great orator of this dialogue, dies. During this year, the author faces a difficult political situation: after his return from exile in Dyrrachium (modern Albania), his house was destroyed by the gangs of Clodius in a time when violence was common. This was intertwined with the street politics of Rome.
Amidst the moral and political decadence of the state, Cicero wrote De Oratore to describe the ideal orator and imagine him as a moral guide of the state. He did not intend De Oratore as merely a treatise on rhetoric, but went beyond mere technique to make several references to philosophical principles. Cicero believed that the power of persuasion—the ability to verbally manipulate opinion in crucial political decisions—was a key issue and that in the hands of an unprincipled orator, this power would endanger the entire community.
As a consequence, moral principles can be taken either by the examples of noble men of the past or by the great Greek philosophers, who provided ethical ways to be followed in their teaching and their works.
The perfect orator shall be not merely a skilled speaker without moral principles, but both an expert of rhetorical technique and a man of wide knowledge in law, history, and ethical principles.
De Oratore is an exposition of issues, techniques, and divisions in rhetoric; it is also a parade of examples for several of them and it makes continuous references to philosophical concepts to be merged for a perfect result.
Choice of the historical background of the dialogue
At the time when Cicero wrote the dialogue, the crisis of the state concerned everyone. The dialogue deliberately clashes with the quiet atmosphere of the villa in Tusculum. Cicero tries to reproduce the feeling of the final peaceful days in the old Roman republic.
Despite De Oratore (On the Orator) being a discourse on rhetoric, Cicero has the original idea of inspiring himself to Plato's Dialogues, replacing the streets and squares of Athens with a nice garden of a country villa of a noble Roman aristocrat.
With this fanciful device, he avoided the arid explanation of rhetoric rules and devices. The work contains the second known description of the method of loci, a mnemonic technique (after the Rhetorica ad Herennium).
Book I
The first of three books addressed to Cicero's brother Quintus.
Introduction
Cicero begins his book by addressing this as a conversation to his brother. He continues on reflecting about so little time left in his life to be dedicated to noble studies. Unfortunately, the deep crisis of the state (the civil war between Marius and Sulla, the conjuration of Catilina and the first triumvirate, that excluded him from the active political life) has wasted away his best years.
Education of the orator
Cicero explains that he wants to write something more refined and mature than what he had previously published in his younger and more immature days in his treatise De Inventione.
Several eminent men in all fields, except oratory
Cicero questions why, despite the fact that many people have exceptional abilities, there are so few exceptional orators. Many are the examples of war leaders, and will continue to be throughout history, but only a handful of great orators.
Countless men have become eminent in philosophy, because they have studied the matter thoroughly, either by scientific investigation or using dialectic methods. Each philosopher has become excellent in his individual field, which includes oratory. Nevertheless, the study of oratory has attracted the smallest number of distinguished men, even less than poetry. Cicero finds this amazing, as the other arts are usually found in hidden or remote sources; on the contrary, all of oratory is public and in plain view to mankind, making it easier to learn.
Oratory is an attractive but difficult study
Cicero claims that in Athens, "where the supreme power of oratory was both invented and perfected," no other art study has a more vigorous life than the art of speaking.
After Roman peace had been established, it seemed as though everyone wanted to begin learning the eloquence of oral rhetoric.
After first trying rhetoric without training or rules, using only natural skill, young orators listened and learned from Greek orators and teachers, and soon were much more enthusiastic for eloquence.
Young orators learned, through practice, the importance of variety and frequency of speech.
In the end, orators were awarded with popularity, wealth, and reputation.
But Cicero warns that oratory fits into more arts and areas of study than people might think.
This is the reason why this particular subject is such a difficult one to pursue.
Students of oratory must have a knowledge of many matters to have successful rhetoric.
They must also form a certain style through word choice and arrangement. Students must also learn to understand human emotion so as to appeal to their audience.
This means that the student must, through his style, bring in humor and charm—as well as the readiness to deliver and respond to an attack.
Moreover, a student must have a significant capacity for memory—they must remember complete histories of the past, as well as of the law.
Cicero reminds us of another difficult skill required for a good orator: a speaker must deliver with control—using gestures, playing and expressing with features, and changing the intonation of the voice.
In summary, oratory is a combination of many things, and to succeed in maintaining all of these qualities is a great achievement.
This section marks Cicero's standard canons for the rhetorical composing process.
Responsibility of the orator; argument of the work
Orators must have a knowledge in all important subjects and arts. Without this, his speech would be empty, without beauty and fullness. The term "orator" in itself holds a responsibility for the person to profess eloquence, in such a way that he should be able to treat every subject with distinction and knowledge. Cicero acknowledges that this is a practically impossible task, nevertheless it is at least a moral duty for the orator.
The Greeks, after dividing the arts, paid more attention to the portion of oratory that is concerned with the law, courts, and debate, and therefore left these subjects for orators in Rome.
Indeed, all that the Greeks have written in their treaties of eloquence or taught by the masters thereof, but Cicero prefers to report the moral authority of these Roman orators. Cicero announces that he will not expose a series of prescriptions but some principles, that he learnt to have been discussed once by excellent Roman orators.
Date, scene, and persons
Cicero exposes a dialogue, reported to him by Cotta, among a group of excellent political men and orators, who came together to discuss the crisis and general decline of politics. They met in the garden of Lucius Licinius Crassus' villa in Tusculum, during the tribunate of Marcus Livius Drusus (91 BCE). Thereto also gathered Lucius Licinius Crassus, Quintus Mucius Scaevola, Marcus Antonius, Gaius Aurelius Cotta and Publius Sulpicius Rufus. One member, Scaevola, wants to imitate Socrates as he appears in Plato's Phaedrus. Crassus replies that, instead, they will find a better solution, and calls for cushions so that this group can discuss it more comfortably.
Thesis: the importance of oratory to society and the state
Crassus states that oratory is one of the greatest accomplishments that a nation can have. He extols the power that oratory can give to a person, including the ability to maintain personal rights, words to defend oneself, and the ability to revenge oneself on a wicked person. The ability to converse is what gives mankind our advantage over other animals and nature. It is what creates civilization. Since speech is so important, why should we not use it to the benefit of oneself, other individuals, and even the entire State?
Thesis challenged
Scaevola agrees with Crassus's points except for two. Scaevola does not feel that orators are what created social communities and he questions the superiority of the orator if there were no assemblies, courts, etc. It was good decision making and laws that formed society, not eloquence. Was Romulus an orator? Scaevola says that there are more examples of damage done by orators than good, and he could cite many instances. There are other factors of civilization that are more important than orator: ancient ordinances, traditions, augury, religious rites and laws, private individual laws. Had Scaevola not been in Crassus's domain, Scaevola would take Crassus to court and argue over his assertions, a place where oratory belongs. Courts, assemblies and the Senate are where oratory should remain, and Crassus should not extend the scope of oratory beyond these places. That is too sweeping for the profession of oratory.
Reply to challenge
Crassus replies that he has heard Scaevola's views before, in many works including Plato's Gorgias. However, he does not agree with their viewpoint. In respects to Gorgias, Crassus reminds that, while Plato was making fun of orators, Plato himself was the ultimate orator. If the orator was nothing more than a speaker without the knowledge of oratory, how is it possible that the most revered people are skilled orators? The best speakers are those who have a certain "style", which is lost, if the speaker does not comprehend the subject matter on which he is speaking.
Rhetoric is a science
Crassus says he does not borrow from Aristotle or Theophrastus their theories regarding the orator. For while the schools of Philosophy claim that rhetoric and other arts belong to them, the science of oratory which adds "style," belong to its own science.
Lycurgus, Solon were certainly more qualified about laws, war, peace, allies, taxes, civil right than Hyperides or Demosthenes, greater in the art of speaking in public.
Similarly in Rome, the decemviri legibus scribundis were more expert in right than Servius Galba and Gaius Lelius, excellent Roman orators.
Nevertheless, Crassus maintains his opinion that "oratorem plenum atque perfectum esse eum, qui de omnibus rebus possit copiose varieque dicere". (the complete and perfect orator is him who can speak in public about every subject with richness of arguments and variety of tunes and images).
The orator must know the facts
To speak effectively, the orator must have some knowledge of the subject. Can an advocate for or against war speak on the subject without knowing the art of war? Can an advocate speak on legislation if he does not know law or how the administration process works?
Even though others will disagree, Crassus states that an expert of the natural science also must use oratory style to give an effective speech on his subject. For example, Asclepiades, a well-known physician, was popular not just because of his medical expertise, but because he could share it with eloquence.
The orator can have technical skills, but must be versed in moral science
Anyone who can speak with knowledge upon a subject, can be called an orator as long as he does so with knowledge, charm, memory and has a certain style. Philosophy is divided into three branches: natural studies, dialectic and knowledge of human conduct (in vitam atque mores). To truly be a great orator, one must master the third branch: this is what distinguishes the great orator.
The orator, like the poet, needs a wide education
Cicero mentions Aratos of Soli, not expert in astronomy, and yet he wrote a marvellous poem (Phaenomena). So did Nicander of Colophon, who wrote excellent poems on agriculture (Georgika).
An orator is very much like the poet. The poet is more encumbered by rhythm than the orator, but richer in word choice and similar in ornamentation.
Crassus then replies to Scaevola's remark: he would not have claimed that orators should be experts in all subjects, should he himself be the person he is describing.
Nevertheless, everyone can easily understand, in the speeches before assemblies, courts or before the Senate, if a speaker has good exercise in the art of speaking in public or if he is also well educated in eloquence and all the liberal arts.
Scaevola, Crassus and Antonius debate on the orator
Scaevola says he will debate with Crassus no longer, because he was able to twist some of what he has said to his own benefit. Scaevola appreciates that Crassus, unlike some others, did not jeer at philosophy and the other arts; instead, he gave them credit and put them under the category of oratory. Scaevola cannot deny that a man who had mastered all the arts, and was also a powerful speaker, would indeed be a remarkable man. And if there ever were such a man, it would be Crassus.
Crassus again denies that he is this kind of man: he is talking about an ideal orator. However, if others think so, what then would they think of a person who will show greater skills and will be really an orator?
Antonius approves all what Crassus said. But to become a great orator by Crassus's definition would be difficult. First, how would a person get knowledge of every subject? Second, it would be hard for this person to stay strictly true to traditional oratory and not be led astray into advocacy. Antonius ran into this himself while delayed in Athens. Rumor got out that he was a "learned man", and he was approached by many people to discuss with him, according to each one's capabilities, on the duties and the method of the orator.
A reported debate at Athens
Antonius tells of the debate that occurred in Athens regarding this very subject.
Menedemus said that there is a science of the fundamentals of foundation and government of the state.
On the other side, Charmadas replied that this is found in philosophy. He thought that the books of rhetoric do not teach knowledge of the gods, the education of young people, justice, tenacy and self-control, moderation in every situation. Without all those things, no state can exist nor be well ordered. By the way, he wondered why the masters of rhetoric, in their books, did not write a single word on the constitution of the states, on how to write a law, about equality, about justice, loyalty, on retaining desires or the building of human character. They have built up with their art such a plenty of very important arguments, with books full of prooemiums, epilogues and similar trivial things - he used exactly this term. Because of this, Charmadas was used to mock their teachings, saying that they were not only the competence they claimed, but also they did not know the method of eloquence.
Indeed, he stated that a good orator must shine of a good light himself, that is by his dignity of life, about which nothing is said by those masters of rhetoric.
Moreover, the audience is directed into the mood, in which the orator drives them. But this can not happen, if he does not know in how many and in which ways he can drive the feelings of the men.
This is because these secrets are hidden in the deepest heart of philosophy and the rhetors have never even touched it in its surface.
Menedemus rebutted Charmadas by quoting passages from the speeches of Demosthenes. And he gave examples of how speeches given from the knowledge of law and politics can compel the audience.
Charmadas agrees that Demosthenes was a good orator, but questions whether this was a natural ability or because of his studies of Plato. Demosthenes often said that there was no art to eloquence—but there is a natural aptitude, that makes us able to blandish and beg someone, to threaten rivals, to expose a fact and reinforce our thesis with arguments, refuting the other's ones.
In a nutshell, Antonius thought Demosthenes appeared to be arguing that there was no "craft" of oratory and no one could speak well unless he had mastered philosophical teaching.
Charmadas, finally stated that Antonius was a very docile listener, Crassus was a fighting debater.
Difference between disertus and eloquens
Antonius, convinced by those arguments, says he wrote a pamphlet about them.
He names disertus (easy-speaking), a person who can speak with sufficient clearness and smartness, before people of medium level, about whichever subject;
on the other hand he names eloquens (eloquent) a person, who is able to speak in public, using nobler and more adorned language on whichever subject, so that he can embrace all sources of the art of eloquence with his mind and memory.
Someday, somewhere a man will come along who will not just claim to be eloquent, but will actually be truly eloquent. And if this man is not Crassus, then he can only be a little bit better than Crassus.
Sulpicius is gleeful that, as he and Cotta had hoped, someone would mention Antonius and Crassus in their conversations so that they could get some glimmer of knowledge from these two respected individuals. Since Crassus started the discussion, Sulpicius asks him to give his views on oratory first. Crassus replies that he would rather have Antonius speak first as he himself tends to shy away from any discourse on this subject. Cotta is pleased that Crassus has responded in any way because it is usually so difficult to get him to respond in any manner about these matters. Crassus agrees to answer any questions from Cotta or Sulpicius, as long as they are within his knowledge or power.
Is there a science of rhetoric?
Sulpicius asks, "is there an 'art' of oratory?" Crassus responds with some contempt. Do they think he is some idle talkative Greekling? Do they think that he just answers any question that is posed to him? It was Gorgias that started this practice—which was great when he did it—but is so overused today that there is no topic, however grand, that some people claim they cannot respond to. Had he known this was what Sulpius and Cotta wanted, he would have brought a simple Greek with him to respond—which he still can do if they want him to.
Mucius chides Crassus. Crassus agreed to answer the young men's questions, not to bring in some unpracticed Greek or another to respond. Crassus has been known for being a kind person, and it would be becoming for him to respect their question, to answer it, and not run away from responding.
Crassus agrees to answer their question. No, he says. There is no art of speaking, and if there is an art to it, it is a very thin one, as this is just a word. As Antonius had previously explained, an Art is something that has been thoroughly looked at, examined and understood. It is something that is not an opinion, but is an exact fact. Oratory cannot possibly fit into this category. However, if the practices of oratory and how oratory is conducted is studied, put into terms and classification, this could then—possibly—be considered to be an art.
Crassus and Antonius debate on the orator's natural talent
Crassus says that natural talent and mind are the key factors to be a good orator.
Using Antonius's example earlier, these people didn't lack the knowledge of oratory, they lacked the innate ability.
The orator shall have by nature not only heart and mind, but also speedy moves both to find brilliant arguments and to enrich them with development and ornate, constant and tight to keep them in memory.
Does anybody think really that these abilities can be gained by an art?
No, they are gifts of nature, that is the ability to invent, richness in talking, strong lungs, certain voice tones, particular body physique as well as a pleasant looking face.
Crassus does not deny that rhetoric technique can improve the qualities of orators; on the other hand, there are people with so deep lacks in the just cited qualities, that, despite every effort, they will not succeed.
It is a really heavy task to be the very one man speaking, on the most important issues and in a crowded assembly, while everyone keeps silent and pays more attention to the defects than the merits of the speaker himself.
Should he say something unpleasant, this would cancel also all the pleasant he said.
Anyway, this is not intended to make the young people go away from the interest in oratory, provided that they have natural gifts for it: everyone can see the good example of Gaius Celius and Quintus Varius, who gained the people's favour by their natural ability in oratory.
However, since the objective is to look for The Perfect Orator, we must imagine one who has all the necessary traits without any flaws. Ironically, since there is such a variety of lawsuits in the courts, people will listen to even the worst lawyer's speeches, something we would not put up with in the theatre.
And now, Crassus states, he will finally speak about that which he has always kept silent. The better the orator is, the more shame, nervous and doubtful he will feel about his speeches. Those orators that are shameless should be punished. Crassus himself declares that he is scared to death before every speech.
Because of his modesty in this speech, the others in the group elevate Crassus in status even higher.
Antonius replies that he has noticed this sacredness in Crassus and other really good orators.
This is because really good orators know that, sometimes, the speech does not have the intended effect that the speaker wished it to have.
Also, orators tend to be judged harsher than others, as they are required to know so much about so many topics.
An orator is easily set-up by the very nature of what he does to be labeled ignorant.
Antonius completely agrees that an orator must have natural gifts and no master can teach him them. He appreciates Apollonius of Alabanda, a great master of rhetoric, who refused to continue teaching to those pupils he did not find able to become great orators.
If one studies other disciplines, he simply needs to be an ordinary man.
But for an orator, there are so many requirements such as the subtility of a logician, the mind of a philosopher, the language of a poet, the memory of a lawyer, the voice of a tragic actor and the gesture of the most skilled actor.
Crassus finally considers how little attention is paid in learning the art of oratory versus other arts.
Roscius, a famous actor, often complained that he hadn't found a pupil who deserved his approval. There were many with good qualities, but he could not tolerate any fault in them. If we consider this actor, we can see that he makes no gesture of absolute perfection, of highest grace, exactly to give the public emotion and pleasure. In so many years, he reached such a level of perfection, that everyone, who distinguishes himself in a particular art, is called a Roscius in his field.
The man who does not have the natural ability for oratory, he should instead try to achieve something that is more within his grasp.
Crassus replies to some objections by Cotta and Sulpicius
Sulpicius asks Crassus if he is advising Cotta and him to give up with oratory and rather to study civil right or to follow a military career.
Crassus explains that his words are addressed to other young people, who have not the natural talent for oratory, rather than discourage Sulpicius and Cotta, who have great talent and passion for it.
Cotta replies that, given that Crassus stimulates them to dedicate themselves to oratory, now it is time to reveal the secret of his excellence in oratory.
Moreover, Cotta wishes to know which other talents they have still to reach, apart those natural, which they have—according to Crassus.
Crassus says that this is quite an easy task, since he asks him to tell about his own oratory ability, and not about the art of oratory in general.
Therefore, he will expose his usual method, which he used once when he was young, not anything strange or mysterious nor difficult nor solemn.
Sulpicius exults: "At last the day we desired so much, Cotta, has come! We will be able to listen from his very words the way he elaborates and prepares his speeches".
Fundamentals of rhetoric
"I will not tell you anything really mysterious", Crassus says the two listeners.
First is a liberal education and follow the lessons that are taught in these classes.
The main task of an orator is to speak in a proper way to persuade the audience; second, each speech can be on a general matter, without citing persons and dates, or a specific one, regarding particular persons and circumstances.
In both cases, it is usual to ask:
if the fact has happened and, if so,
which is its nature
how can it be defined
if it is legal or not.
There are three kind of speeches: first, those in the courts, those in public assemblies, and those that praise or blame someone.
There are also some topics (loci) to be used in trials, whose aim is justice; other ones to be used in assemblies, whose aim is give opinions; other ones to be used in laudatory speeches, whose aim is to celebrate the cited person.
All energy and ability of the orator must apply to five steps:
find the arguments (inventio)
dispose them in logical order, by importance and opportunity (dispositio)
ornate the speech with devices of the rhetoric style (elocutio)
retain them in memory (memoria)
expose the speech with art of grace, dignity, gesture, modulation of voice and face (actio).
Before pronouncing the speech, it is necessary to gain the goodwill of the audience;
then expose the argument; after, establish the dispute;
subsequently, show evidence of one's own thesis; then, rebut the other party's arguments;
finally, remark our strong positions and weaken the other's.
As regards the ornaments of style, first one is taught to speak with pure and Latin language (ut pure et Latine loquamur); second to express oneself clearly; third to speak with elegance and corresponding to the dignity of the arguments and conveniently.
The rhetors' rules are useful means for the orator. The fact is, however, that these rules came out by the observation of some people on the natural gift of others.
That is, it is not the eloquence that is born from rhetoric, but the rhetoric is born by eloquence.
I do not refuse rhetoric, although I believe it is not indispensable for the orator.
Then Sulpicius says: "That is what we want to better know! The rhetoric rules that you mentioned, even if they are not so now for us. But this later; now we want your opinion about exercises".
The exercise (exercitatio)
Crassus approves the practice of speaking, imaging to be treating a trial in a court.
However, this has the limit of exercising the voice, not yet with art, or its power, increasing the speed of speaking and the richness of vocabulary; therefore, one is alluded to have learnt to speak in public.
On the contrary, the most important exercise, that we usually avoid because it is the most tiring, it is to write speeches as much as possible.
Stilus optimus et praestantissimus dicendi effector ac magister (The pen is the best and most efficient creator and master of speaking).
Like an improvised speech is lower than a well thought one, so this one is, compared to a well prepared and built writing.
All arguments, either those of rhetoric and from one's nature and experience, come out by themselves.
But the most striking thoughts and expressions come one after the other by the style; so the harmonic placing and disposing words is acquired by writing with oratory and not poetic rhythm (non poetico sed quodam oratorio numero et modo).
The approval towards an orator can be gained only after having written speeches very long and much; this is much more important than physical exercise with the greatest effort.
In addition, the orator, who is used to write speeches, reaches the aim that, even in an improvised speech, he seems to speak so similar to a written text.
Crassus remembers some of his exercises when he was younger, he began to read and then imitate poetry or solemn speeches.
This was a used exercise of his main adversary, Gaius Carbo. But after a while, he found that this was an error, because he did not gain benefit imitating the verses of Ennius or the speeches of Gracchus.
So he began to translate Greek speeches into Latin. This led to finding better words to use in his speeches as well as providing new neologisms that would appeal to the audience.
As for the proper voice control, one should study good actors, not just orators.
Train one's memory by learning as many written works as possible (ediscendum ad verbum).
One should also read the poets, know the history, read and study authors of all disciplines, criticize and refute all opinions, taking all likely arguments.
It is necessary to study the civil right, know the laws and the past, that is rules and traditions of the state, the constitution, the rights of the allies and the treaties.
Finally, as an added measure, shed a bit of fine humor on the speech, like the salt on the food.
Everyone is silent. Then Scaevola asks if Cotta or Sulpicius have any more questions for Crassus.
Debate on Crassus' opinions
Cotta replies that Crassus' speech was so raging that he could not catch his content completely. It was like he entered in a rich house, full of rich carpets and treasures, but piled in disorder and not in full view or hidden. "Why do not you ask Crassus," Scaevola says to Cotta, "to place his treasures in order and in full view?"
Cotta hesitates, but Mucius asks again Crassus to expose in detail his opinion about the perfect orator.
Crassus gives examples of orators not expert in civil right
Crassus first hesitates, saying that he does not know some disciplines as much as a master.
Scaevola then encourages him to expose his notions, so fundamental for the perfect orator: on the nature of men, on their attitudes, on the methods by which one excites or calms their souls; notions of history, of antiquities, of State administration and of civil right.
Scaevola knows well that Crassus has a wise knowledge of all these matters and he is also an excellent orator.
Crassus begins his speech underlining the importance of studying civil right.
He quotes the case of two orators, Ipseus and Cneus Octavius, which brought a lawsuit with great eloquence, but lacking of any knowledge of civil right.
They committed great gaffes, proposing requests in favour of their client, which could not fit the rules of civil right.
Another case was the one of Quintus Pompeius, who, asking damages for a client of his, committed a formal, little error, but such that it endangered all his court action.
Finally Crassus quotes positively Marcus Porcius Cato, who was at the top of eloquence, at his times, and also was the best expert in civil right, although he said he despised it.
As regards Antonius, Crassus says he has such a talent for oratory, so unique and incredible, that he can defend himself with all his devices, gained by his experience, although he lacks of knowledge of civil right.
On the contrary, Crassus condemns all the others, because they are lazy in studying civil right, and yet they are so insolent, pretending to have a wide culture; instead, they fall miserably in private trials of little importance, because they have no experience in detailed parts of civil right .
Studying civil right is important
Crassus continues his speech, blaming those orators who are lazy in studying civil right.
Even if the study of law is wide and difficult, the advantages that it gives deserve this effort.
Notwithstanding the formulae of Roman civil right have been published by Gneus Flavius, no one has still disposed them in systematic order.
Even in other disciplines, the knowledge has been systematically organised; even oratory made the division on a speech into inventio, elocutio, dispositio, memoria and actio.
In civil right there is need to keep justice based on law and tradition. Then it is necessary to depart the genders and reduce them to a reduce number, and so on: division in species and definitions.
Gaius Aculeo has a secure knowledge of civil right in such a way that only Scaevola is better than he is.
Civil right is so important that - Crassus says - even politics is contained in the XII Tabulae and even philosophy has its sources in civil right.
Indeed, only laws teach that everyone must, first of all, seek good reputation by the others (dignitas), virtue and right and honest labour are decked of honours (honoribus, praemiis, splendore).
Laws are fit to dominate greed and to protect property.
Crassus then believes that the libellus XII Tabularum has more auctoritas and utilitas than all others works of philosophers, for those who study sources and principles of laws.
If we have to love our country, we must first know its spirit (mens), traditions (mos), constitution (disciplines), because our country is the mother of all of us; this is why it was so wise in writing laws as much as building an empire of such a great power.
The Roman right is well more advanced than that of other people, including the Greek.
Crassus' final praise of studying civil right
Crassus once more remarks how much honour gives the knowledge of civil right.
Indeed, unlike the Greek orators, who need the assistance of some expert of right, called pragmatikoi, the Roman have so many persons who gained high reputation and prestige on giving their advice on legal questions. Which more honourable refuge can be imagined for the older age than dedicating oneself to the study of right and enrich it by this?
The house of the expert of right (iuris consultus) is the oracle of the entire community: this is confirmed by Quintus Mucius, who, despite his fragile health and very old age, is consulted every day by a large number of citizens and by the most influent and important persons in Rome.
Given that—Crassus continues—there is no need to further explain how much important is for the orator to know public right, which relates to government of the state and of the empire, historical documents and glorious facts of the past.
We are not seeking a person who simply shouts before a court, but a devoted to this divine art, who can face the hits of the enemies, whose word is able to raise the citizens' hate against a crime and the criminal, hold them tight with the fear of punishment and save the innocent persons by conviction.
Again, he shall wake up tired, degenerated people and raise them to honour, divert them from the error or fire them against evil persons, calm them when they attack honest persons.
If anyone believes that all this has been treated in a book of rhetoric, I disagree and I add that he neither realises that his opinion is completely wrong.
All I tried to do, is to guide you to the sources of your desire of knowledge and on the right way.
Mucius praises Crassus and tells he did even too much to cope with their enthusiasm.
Sulpicius agrees but adds that they want to know something more about the rules of the art of rhetoric; if Crassus tells more deeply about them, they will be fully satisfied. The young pupils there are eager to know the methods to apply.
What about—Crassus replies—if we ask Antonius now to expose what he keeps inside him and has not yet shown to us? He told that he regretted to let him escape a little handbook on the eloquence.
The others agree and Crassus asks Antonius to expose his point of view.
Views of Antonius, gained from his experience
Antonius offers his perspective, pointing out that he will not speak about any art of oratory, that he never learnt, but on his own practical use in the law courts and from a brief treaty that he wrote.
He decides to begin his case the same way he would in court, which is to state clearly the subject for discussion.
In this way, the speaker cannot wander dispersedly and the issue is not understood by the disputants.
For example, if the subject were to decide what exactly is the art of being a general, then he would have to decide what a general does, determine who is a General and what that person does. Then he would give examples of generals, such as Scipio and Fabius Maximus and also Epaminondas and Hannibal.
And if he were defining what a statesman is, he would give a different definition, characteristics of men who fit this definition, and specific examples of men who are statesmen, he would mention Publius Lentulus, Tiberius Gracchus, Quintus Cecilius Metellus, Publius Cornelius Scipio, Gaius Lelius and many others, both Romans and foreign persons.
If he were defining an expert of laws and traditions (iuris consultus), he would mention Sextus Aelius, Manius Manilius and Publius Mucius.
The same would be done with musicians, poets, and those of lesser arts. The philosopher pretends to know everything about everything, but, nevertheless he gives himself a definition of a person trying to understand the essence of all human and divine things, their nature and causes; to know and respect all practices of right living.
Definition of orator, according to Antonius
Antonius disagrees with Crassus' definition of orator, because the last one claims that an orator should have a knowledge of all matters and disciplines.
On the contrary, Antonius believes that an orator is a person, who is able to use graceful words to be listened to and proper arguments to generate persuasion in the ordinary court proceedings. He asks the orator to have a vigorous voice, a gentle gesture and a kind attitude.
In Antonius' opinion, Crassus gave an improper field to the orator, even an unlimited scope of action: not the space of a court, but even the government of a state.
And it seemed so strange that Scaevola approved that, despite he obtained consensus by the Senate, although having spoken in a very synthetic and poor way.
A good senator does not become automatically a good orator and vice versa. These roles and skills are very far each from the other, independent and separate.
Marcus Cato, Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius, Gaius Lelius, all eloquent persons, used very different means to ornate their speeches and the dignity of the state.
Neither nature nor any law or tradition prohibit that a man is skilled in more than one discipline.
Therefore, if Pericles was, at the same time, the most eloquent and the most powerful politician in Athens, we cannot conclude that both these distinct qualities are necessary to the same person.
If Publius Crassus was, at the same time, an excellent orator and an expert of right, not for this we can conclude that the knowledge of right is inside the abilities of the oratory.
Indeed, when a person has a reputation in one art and then he learns well another, he seems that the second one is part of his first excellence.
One could call poets those who are called physikoi by the Greeks, just because the Empedocles, the physicist, wrote an excellent poem.
But the philosophers themselves, although claiming that they study everything, dare to say that geometry and music belong to the philosopher, just because Plato has been unanimously acknowledged excellent in these disciplines.
In conclusion, if we want to put all the disciplines as a necessary knowledge for the orator, Antonius disagrees, and prefers simply to say that the oratory needs not to be nude and without ornate; on the contrary, it needs to be flavoured and moved by a graceful and changing variety.
A good orator needs to have listened a lot, watched a lot, reflecting a lot, thinking and reading, without claiming to possess notions, but just taking honourable inspiration by others' creations.
Antonius finally acknowledges that an orator must be smart in discussing a court action and never appear as an inexperienced soldier nor a foreign person in an unknown territory.
Difference between an orator and a philosopher
Antonius disagrees with Crassus' opinion: an orator does not need to have enquired deeply the human soul, behaviour and motions—that is, study philosophy—to excite or calm the souls of the audience.
Antonius admires those who dedicated their time to study philosophy nor despites them, the width of their culture and the importance of this discipline. Yet, he believes that it is enough for the Roman orator to have a general knowledge of human habits and not to speak about things that clash with their traditions.
Which orator, to put the judge against his adversary, has been ever in trouble to ignore anger and other passions, and, instead, used the philosophers' arguments? Some of these latest ones claim that one's soul must be kept away from passions and say it is a crime to excite them in the judges' souls.
Other philosophers, more tolerant and more practical, say that passions should be moderate and smooth.
On the contrary, the orator picks all these passions of everyday life and amplifies them, making them greater and stronger.
At the same time he praises and gives appeal to what is commonly pleasant and desirable.
He does not want to appear the wise among the stupids: by that, he would seem unable and a Greek with a poor art; otherwise they would hate to be treated as stupid persons.
Instead, he works on every feeling and thought, driving them so that he need not to discuss philosophers' questions.
We need a very different kind of man, Crassus, we need an intelligent, smart man by his nature and experience, skilled in catching thoughts, feelings, opinions, hopes of his citizens and of those who want to persuade with his speech.
The orator shall feel the people pulse, whatever their kind, age, social class, investigate the feelings of those who is going to speak to.
Let him keep the books of the philosophers for his relax or free time; the ideal state of Plato had concepts and ideals of justice very far from the common life.
Would you claim, Crassus, that the virtue (virtus) become slave of the precept of these philosophers? No, it shall always be anyway free, even if the body is captured.
Then, the Senate not only can but shall serve the people; and which philosopher would approve to serve the people, if the people themselves gave him the power to govern and guide them? .
Episodes of the past: Rutilius Rufus, Servius Galba, Cato and Crassus
Antonius then reports a past episode: Publius Rutilius Rufus blamed Crassus before the Senate spoke not only parum commode (in few adequate way), but also turpiter et flagitiose (shamefully and in scandalous way).
Rutilius Rufus himself blamed also Servius Galba, because he used pathetical devices to excite compassion of the audience, when Lucius Scribonius sued him in a trial.
In the same proceeding, Marcus Cato, his bitter and dogged enemy, made a hard speech against him, that after inserted in his Origines.
He would be convicted, if he would not have used his sons to rise compassion.
Rutilius strongly blamed such devices and, when he was sued in court, chose not to be defended by a great orator like Crassus.
Rather, he preferred to expose simply the truth and he faced the cruel feeling of the judges without the protection of the oratory of Crassus.
The example of Socrates
Rutilius, a Roman and a consularis, wanted to imitate Socrates. He chose to speak himself for his defence, when he was on trial and convicted to death. He preferred not to ask mercy or to be an accused, but a teacher for his judges and even a master of them.
When Lysias, an excellent orator, brought him a written speech to learn by heart, he read it and found it very good but added: "You seem to have brought to me elegant shoes from Sicyon, but they are not suited for a man": he meant that the written speech was brilliant and excellent for an orator, but not strong and suited for a man.
After the judges condemned him, they asked him which punishment he would have believed suited for him and he replied to receive the highest honour and live for the rest of his life in the Pritaneus, at the state expenses.
This increased the anger of the judges, who condemned him to death.
Therefore, if this was the end of Socrates, how can we ask the philosophers the rules of eloquence?.
I do not question whether philosophy is better or worse than oratory; I only consider that philosophy is different by eloquence and this last one can reach the perfection by itself.
Antonius: the orator need not a wide knowledge of right
Antonius understands that Crassus has made a passionate mention to the civil right, a grateful gift to Scaevola, who deserves it. As Crassus saw this discipline poor, he enriched it with ornate.
Antonius acknowledges his opinion and respect it, that is to give great relevance to the study of civil right, because it is important, it had always a very high honour and it is studied by the most eminent citizens of Rome.
But pay attention, Antonius says, not to give the right an ornate that is not its own. If you said that an expert of right (iuris consultus) is also an orator and, equally, an orator is also an expert of right, you would put at the same level and dignity two very bright disciplines.
Nevertheless, at the same time, you admit that an expert of right can be a person without the eloquence we are discussing on, and, the more, you acknowledge that there were many like this.
On the contrary, you claim that an orator cannot exist without having learnt civil right.
Therefore, in your opinion, an expert of right is no more than a skilled and smart handler of right; but given that an orator often deals with right during a legal action, you have placed the science of right nearby the eloquence, as a simple handmaiden that follows her proprietress.
You blame—Antonius continues—those advocates, who, although ignoring the fundamentals of right face legal proceedings, I can defend them, because they used a smart eloquence.
But I ask you, Antonius, which benefit would the orator have given to the science of right in these trials, given that the expert of right would have won, not thanks to his specific ability, but to another's, thanks to the eloquence.
I was told that Publius Crassus, when was candidate for Aedilis and Servius Galba, was a supporter of him, he was approached by a peasant for a consult.
After having a talk with Publius Crassus, the peasant had an opinion closer to the truth than to his interests.
Galba saw the peasant going away very sad and asked him why. After having known what he listened by Crassus, he blamed him; then Crassus replied that he was sure of his opinion by his competence on right.
And yet, Galba insisted with a kind but smart eloquence and Crassus could not face him: in conclusion, Crassus demonstrated that his opinion was well founded on the books of his brother Publius Micius and in the commentaries of Sextus Aelius, but at last he admitted that Galba's thesis looked acceptable and close to the truth .
There are several kinds of trials, in which the orator can ignore civil right or parts of it, on the contrary, there are others, in which he can easily find a man, who is expert of right and can support him.
In my opinion, says Antonius to Crassus, you deserved well your votes by your sense of humour and graceful speaking, with your jokes, or mocking many examples from laws, consults of the Senate and from everyday speeches.
You raised fun and happiness in the audience: I cannot see what has civil right to do with that.
You used your extraordinary power of eloquence, with your great sense of humour and grace.
Antonius further critiques Crassus
Considering the allegation that the young do not learn oratory, despite, in your opinion, it is so easy, and watching those who boast to be a master of oratory, claiming that it is very difficult,
you are contradictory, because you say it is an easy discipline, while you admit it is still not this way, but it will become such one day.
Second, you say it is full of satisfaction: on the contrary everyone will let to you this pleasure and prefer to learn by heart the Teucer of Pacuvius than the leges Manilianae.
Third, as for your love for the country, do not you realise that the ancient laws are lapsed by themselves for oldness or repealed by new ones?
Fourth, you claim that, thanks to the civil right, honest men can be educated, because laws promise prices to virtues and punishments to crimes. I have always thought that, instead, virtue can be communicated to men, by education and persuasion and not by threatens, violence or terror.
As for me, Crassus, let me treat trials, without having learnt civil right: I have never felt such a failure in the civil action, that I brought before the courts.
For ordinary and everyday situations, cannot we have a generic knowledge?
Cannot we be taught about civil right, in so far as we feel not stranger in our country?
Should a court action deal with a practical case, then we would obliged to learn a discipline so difficult and complicate; likewise, we should act in the same way, should we have a skilled knowledge of laws or opinions of experts of laws, provided that we have not already studied them by young.
Fundamentals of rhetorics according to Antonius
Shall I conclude that the knowledge of civil right is not at all useful for the orator?
Absolutely not: no discipline is useless, particularly for who has to use arguments of eloquence with abundance.
But the notions that an orator needs are so many, that I am afraid he would be lost, wasting his energy in too many studies.
Who can deny that an orator needs the gesture and the elegance of Roscius, when acting in the court?
Nonetheless, nobody would advice the young who study oratory to act like an actor.
Is there anything more important for an orator than his voice?
Nonetheless, no practising orator would be advised by me to care about this voice like the Greek and the tragic actors, who repeat for years exercise of declamation, while seating; then, every day, they lay down and lift their voice steadily and, after having made their speech, they sit down and they recall it by the most sharp tone to the lowest, like they were entering again into themselves.
But of all this gesture, we can learn a summary knowledge, without a systematic method and, apart gesture and voice that cannot be improvised nor taken by others in a moment, any notion of right can be gained by experts or by the books.
Thus, in Greece, the most excellent orators, as they are not skilled in right, are helped by expert of right, the pragmatikoi.
The Romans behave much better, claiming that law and right were guaranteed by persons of authority and fame.
Old age does not require study of law
As for the old age, that you claim relieved by loneliness, thanks to the knowledge of civil right, who knows that a large sum of money will relieve it as well?
Roscius loves to repeat that the more he will go on with the age the more he will slow down the accompaniment of a flute-player and will make more moderate his chanted parts.
If he, who is bound by rhythm and meter, finds out a device to allow himself a bit of a rest in the old age, the easier will be for us not only to slow down the rhythm, but to change it completely.
You, Crassus, certainly know how many and how various are the way of speaking,.
Nonetheless, your present quietness and solemn eloquence is not at all less pleasant than your powerful energy and tension of your past.
Many orators, such as Scipio and Laelius, which gained all results with a single tone, just a little bit elevated, without forcing their lungs or screaming like Servius Galba.
Do you fear that you home will no longer be frequented by citizens?
On the contrary I am waiting the loneliness of the old age like a quiet harbour: I think that free time is the sweetest comfort of the old age
General culture is sufficient
As regards the rest, I mean history, knowledge of public right, ancient traditions and samples, they are useful.
If the young pupils wish to follow your invitation to read everything, to listen to everything and learn all liberal disciplines and reach a high cultural level, I will not stop them at all.
I have only the feeling that they have not enough time to practice all that and it seems to me, Crassus, that you have put on these young men a heavy burden, even if maybe necessary to reach their objective.
Indeed, both the exercises on some court topics and a deep and accurate reflexion, and your stilus (pen), that properly you defined the best teacher of eloquence, need much effort.
Even comparing one's oration to another's and improvise a discussion on another's script, either to praise or to criticize it, to strengthen it or to refute it, need much effort both on memory and on imitation.
This heavy requirements can discourage more than encourage persons and should more properly be applied to actors than to orators.
Indeed, the audience listens to us, the orators, the most of the times, even if we are hoarse, because the subject and the lawsuit captures the audience; on the contrary, if Roscius has a little bit of hoarse voice, he is booed.
Eloquence has many devices, not only the hearing to keep the interest high and the pleasure and the appreciation.
Practical exercise is fundamental
Antonius agrees with Crassus for an orator, who is able to speak in such a way to persuade the audience, provided that he limits himself to the daily life and to the court, renouncing to other studies, although noble and honourable.
Let him imitate Demosthenes, who compensated his handicaps by a strong passion, dedition and obstinate application to oratory.
He was indeed stuttering, but through his exercise, he became able to speak much more clearly than anyone else.
Besides, having a short breath, he trained himself to retain the breath, so that he could pronounce two elevations and two remissions of voice in the same sentence.
We shall incite the young to use all their efforts, but the other things that you put before, are not part of the duties and of the tasks of the orator.
Crassus replied: "You believe that the orator, Antonius, is a simple man of the art; on the contrary, I believe that he, especially in our State, shall not be lacking of any equipment, I was imaging something greater.
On the other hand, you restricted all the task of the orator within borders such limited and restricted, that you can more easily expose us the results of your studies on the orator's duties and on the precepts of his art.
But I believe that you will do it tomorrow: this is enough for today and Scaevola too, who decided to go to his villa in Tusculum, will have a bit of a rest. Let us take care of our health as well".
All agreed and they decided to adjourn the debate.
Book II
De Oratore Book II is the second part of De Oratore by Cicero. Much of Book II is dominated by Marcus Antonius. He shares with Lucius Crassus, Quintus Catulus, Gaius Julius Caesar, and Sulpicius his opinion on oratory as an art, eloquence, the orator's subject matter, invention, arrangement, and memory.
Oratory as an art
Antonius surmises "that oratory is no more than average when viewed as an art". Oratory cannot be fully considered an art because art operates through knowledge. In contrast, oratory is based upon opinions. Antonius asserts that oratory is "a subject that relies on falsehood, that seldom reaches the level of real knowledge, that is out to take advantage of people's opinions and often their delusions" (Cicero, 132). Still, oratory belongs in the realm of art to some extent because it requires a certain kind of knowledge to "manipulate human feelings" and "capture people's goodwill".
Eloquence
Antonius believes that nothing can surpass the perfect orator. Other arts do not require eloquence, but the art of oratory cannot function without it. Additionally, if those who perform any other type of art happen to be skilled in speaking it is because of the orator. But, the orator cannot obtain his oratorical skills from any other source.
The orator's subject matter
In this portion of Book II Antonius offers a detailed description of what tasks should be assigned to an orator. He revisits Crassus' understanding of the two issues that eloquence, and thus the orator, deals with. The first issue is indefinite while the other is specific. The indefinite issue pertains to general questions while the specific issue addresses particular persons and matters. Antonius begrudgingly adds a third genre of laudatory speeches. Within laudatory speeches it is necessary include the presence of “descent, money, relatives, friends, power, health, beauty, strength, intelligence, and everything else that is either a matter of the body or external" (Cicero, 136). If any of these qualities are absent then the orator should include how the person managed to succeed without them or how the person bore their loss with humility. Antonius also maintains that history is one of the greatest tasks for the orator because it requires a remarkable "fluency of diction and variety". Finally, an orator must master “everything that is relevant to the practices of citizens and the ways human behave” and be able to utilize this understanding of his people in his cases.
Invention
Antonius begins the section on invention by proclaiming the importance of an orator having a thorough understanding of his case. He faults those who do not obtain enough information about their cases, thereby making themselves look foolish. Antonius continues by discussing the steps that he takes after accepting a case. He considers two elements: "the first one recommends us or those for whom we are pleading, the second is aimed at moving the minds of our audience in the direction we want" (153). He then lists the three means of persuasion that are used in the art of oratory: "proving that our contentions are true, winning over our audience, and inducing their minds to feel any emotion the case may demand" (153). He discerns that determining what to say and then how to say it requires a talented orator. Also, Antonius introduces ethos and pathos as two other means of persuasion. Antonius believes that an audience can often be persuaded by the prestige or the reputation of a man. Furthermore, within the art of oratory it is critical that the orator appeal to the emotion of his audience. He insists that the orator will not move his audience unless he himself is moved. In his conclusion on invention Antonius shares his personal practices as an orator. He tells Sulpicius that when speaking his ultimate goal is to do good and if he is unable to procure some kind of good then he hopes to refrain from inflicting harm.
Arrangement
Antonius offers two principles for an orator when arranging material. The first principle is inherent in the case while the second principle is contingent on the judgment of the orator.
Memory
Antonius shares the story of Simonides of Ceos, the man whom he credits with introducing the art of memory. He then declares memory to be important to the orator because "only those with a powerful memory know what they are going to say, how far they will pursue it, how they will say it, which points they have already answered and which still remain" (220).
Book III
De Oratore, Book III is the third part of De Oratore by Cicero. It describes the death of Lucius Licinius Crassus.
They belong to the generation, which precedes the one of Cicero: the main characters of the dialogue are Marcus Antonius (not the triumvir) and Lucius Licinius Crassus (not the unofficial triumvir); other friends of them, such as Gaius Iulius Caesar (not the dictator), Sulpicius and Scaevola intervene occasionally.
At the beginning of the third book, which contains Crassus' exposition, Cicero is hit by a sad memory. He expresses all his pain to his brother Quintus Cicero. He reminds him that only nine days after the dialogue, described in this work, Crassus died suddenly. He came back to Rome the last day of the ludi scaenici (19 September 91 BC), very worried by the speech of the consul Lucius Marcius Philippus. He made a speech before the people, claiming the creation of a new council in place of the Roman Senate, with which he could not govern the State any longer. Crassus went to the curia (the palace of the Senate) and heard the speech of Drusus, reporting Lucius Marcius Philippus' speech and attacking him.
In that occasion, everyone agreed that Crassus, the best orator of all, overcame himself with his eloquence. He blamed the situation and the abandonment of the Senate: the consul, who should be his good father and faithful defender, was depriving it of its dignity like a robber. No need of surprise, indeed, if he wanted to deprive the State of the Senate, after having ruined the first one with his disastrous projects.
Philippus was a vigorous, eloquent and smart man: when he was attacked by the Crassus' firing words, he counter-attacked him until he made him keep silent. But Crassus replied:" You, who destroyed the authority of the Senate before the Roman people, do you really think to intimidate me? If you want to keep me silent, you have to cut my tongue. And even if you do it, my spirit of freedom will hold tight your arrogance".
Crassus' speech lasted a long time and he spent all of his spirit, his mind and his forces. Crassus' resolution was approved by the Senate, stating that "not the authority nor the loyalty of the Senate ever abandoned the Roman State". When he was speaking, he had a pain in his side and, after he came home, he got fever and died of pleurisy in six days.
"How insecure is the destiny of a man!", Cicero says. Just in the peak of his public career, Crassus reached the top of the authority, but also destroyed all his expectations and plans for the future by his death.
This sad episode caused pain, not only to Crassus' family, but also to all the honest citizens. Cicero adds that, in his opinion, the immortal gods gave Crassus his death as a gift, to preserve him from seeing the calamities that would befall the State a short time later. Indeed, he has not seen Italy burning by the social war (91-87 BC), neither the people's hate against the Senate, the escape and return of Gaius Marius, the following revenges, killings and violence.
Notes
References
Bibliography
De Oratore editions
Critical editions
M TULLI CICERONIS SCRIPTA QUAE MANSERUNT OMNIA FASC. 3 DE ORATORE edidit KAZIMIERZ F. KUMANIECKI ed. TEUBNER; Stuttgart and Leipzig, anastatic reprint, 1995
L'Orateur - Du meilleur genre d'orateurs. Collection des universités de France Série latine. Latin text with translation in French. Publication Year: June 2008
M. Tulli Ciceronis De Oratore Libri Tres, with Introduction and Notes by Augustus Samuel Wilkins. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1902. (Reprint: 1961). Available from the Internet Archive here.
Editions with a commentary
De oratore libri III / M. Tullius Cicero; Kommentar von Anton D. Leeman, Harm Pinkster. Heidelberg : Winter, 1981-<1996 > Description: v. <1-2, 3 pt.2, 4 >; (Bd. 3 : kart.) (Bd. 3 : Ln.) (Bd. 1) (Bd. 1 : Ln.) (Bd. 4) (Bd. 2 : kart.) (Bd. 2 : Ln.)
"De Oratore Libri Tres", in M. Tulli Ciceronis Rhetorica (ed. Augustus Samuel Wilkins), Vol. I. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1892. (Reprint: Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, 1962). Available from the Internet Archive here.
Translations
Further reading
Elaine Fantham: The Roman World of Cicero's De Oratore, Paperback edition, Oxford University Press, 2007,
External links
Cicero, De Oratore (translated by J.S. Watson) at attalus.org
Works by Cicero on oratory
Mnemonics
Books about tropes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Oratore |
Mihaela Loghin (born 1 June 1952) is a shot putter from Romania. She won a silver medal at the 1984 Olympics, one centimetre behind Claudia Losch, and a bronze medal at the 1986 European Indoor Championships.
After retiring from competitions in 1991, Loghin taught physical education, first at a school in Focsani and since 1992 at a military academy.
She has continued to compete in Masters athletics, setting the world record in the W60 division on 9 June 2012 at a meet in Bucharest.
References
External links
1952 births
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Living people
Romanian female shot putters
Olympic athletes for Romania
Romanian masters athletes
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Romania
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Goodwill Games medalists in athletics
Universiade silver medalists for Romania
Universiade bronze medalists for Romania
Medalists at the 1975 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 1979 Summer Universiade
Competitors at the 1986 Goodwill Games
Sportspeople from Neamț County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihaela%20Loghin |
The Rutland Herald is the second largest daily newspaper in the U.S. state of Vermont (after The Burlington Free Press). It is published in Rutland and is the main source of news geared towards the southern part of the state, along with the Brattleboro Reformer and the Bennington Banner. The Rutland Herald is the sister paper of the Barre Montpelier Times Argus. Its seven eras of ownership, much simplified, are sketched below
History
I
The Williams–Williams partnership, which launched the Herald as a weekly on December 8, 1794, was brief but among the most interesting. The Rev. Samuel Williams (1743–1800) was a Federalist with high journalistic standards, but his newspaper, as was true of most during these times, barely touched upon local news or state issues. Judge Samuel Williams (1756–1800) was a distant cousin and political leader of early Vermont. Both Williamses are buried on North Main Street in Rutland in the same cemetery.
II
The era of printer William Fay, 1797–1840, was somewhat unfocused during a time when all transportation and commerce depended upon the horse. The paper was largely devoted to biblical parables, fables, poems and homilies.
III
George Beaman (1844 to 1856) provided welcome invigoration – for journalistic, political and technological reasons. He was a strong abolitionist who wanted to influence his Whig party (which soon became the Republican party) with anti-slavery sentiments. During his time the railroads arrived, ending rural isolation, providing a boom for commerce, industry and population. Due to Beaman's boosterism, the railroad was routed through Rutland and became its defining industry for the century to follow.
IV
During the era of George and Albert Tuttle (father and son, 1856–1882), the Herald moved to daily publication when the Civil War began and provided some distinguished reportage on the war. The paper was weakened during postwar depressions and several competitors sprang up. In 1877 the major competitor, the Globe, and the Herald merged. Seeking new investors, Albert Tuttle netted the important P. W. Clement.
V
Mixing business, politics and publishing was what Percival W. Clement was all about; he owned the Herald from 1882 to 1927. A Rutland native, Clement also owned Rutland Railroad, the Clement National Bank and New York real estate interests and a brokerage house. He blatantly used his newspaper to support his own projects and political aspirations. He had a strong rivalry with the strong Proctor family of the Vermont Marble Co. Clement held several political offices, and ran for governor three times before being elected in 1918 at the age of 73.
VI
The time of William H. Field and his son William (1927–1947) was one of vastly increased professionalism. Also a Rutland native, Field had a successful career as executive with the Chicago Tribune and was co-founder of the nation's largest-circulation newspaper, the New York Daily News, before returning to Rutland on the death of his father-in-law, Clement, in 1927. At the Herald he started an advertising department, modernized business operations and wrote the annual "Lilac Time" editorial. Bill Field engaged a distinguished typographer to re-design the paper, resulting in major national awards; and he moved the Herald into its present Wales Street building.
VII
The principled era of the Mitchell family began well before Robert W. Mitchell became owner-publisher in 1948 (in partnership with Leroy Noble, the business manager Field had brought from Chicago). Mitchell started at the Herald in 1935 as Vermont Press Bureau reporter in Montpelier, became editor in 1941, and was acting publisher during World War II, when Field enlisted. After 1950 Mitchell took a major role in rebuilding the economy of Rutland, which suffered a massive flood in 1947 and was losing most sources of employment – railroads and stoneworking and "smokestack" industries. He launched an era of some 10,000 editorials over 40 years that promoted the economy and helped rebuild regional confidence, and he gave leadership in commercial and industrial diversification. Mitchell's editorials also supported the ski industry and modern highways, and stood for human rights, amicable race relations and First Amendment freedoms of speech, press, assembly and petition.
Mitchell opposed "chain" newspapers, but the Herald in 1964 acquired the Barre-Montpelier Times Argus to keep it in local ownership; and in 1975 his papers launched a joint Sunday edition. In 1986 the Mitchells acquired the Noble interests in both papers, fending off interest from national newspaper chains, based on a Noble–Mitchell handshake agreement. Bob Mitchell died in 1993, and his son R. John Mitchell, publisher since 1978 of the Times Argus, succeeded his father as Herald publisher.
VIII
In 2016, the Mitchell family sold the Herald and Times Argus to Vermont Community Media, owned by businessmen Chip Harris of New Hampshire and Reade Brower of Maine. In 2018, Vermont Community Media sold the Herald and Times Argus to Sample News Group, who owns the Eagle Times.
Notable contributors
In 2001, the Herald won a Pulitzer Prize for the work of journalist David Moats. Given for his series of editorials defending the civil unions decision in Vermont, this was the first Pulitzer given to the state for journalism.
Award-winning cartoonist Jeff Danziger started his career with the Herald in 1975 and still contributes editorial cartoons and a weekly serial titled 'The Teeds: Tales of Agriculture for the Young and Old'.
Susan Youngwood's 2007 article detailing the anti-Wikipedia stance of professors at Middlebury College has become a commonly cited description of the lack of expertise of Wikipedia editors.
Notes
References
Smith, Claiborne. "David Moats: Defender of Civil Unions, A straight eye for a gay marriage", February 29, 2004, NewsDay.
ABC Audit Report. Publisher's Statement of March 31, 2008.
External links
Rutland Herald homepage
Historic Newspaper Pages (1836-1847) on Chronicling America
Rutland, Vermont
Newspapers published in Vermont
Publications established in 1794
1794 establishments in Vermont | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutland%20Herald |
Andrez Simon Bergen is an Australian musician and writer. , Bergen lived in Tokyo, Japan with his wife, Yoko Umehara, and their daughter Cocoa. He has performed and released electronic music as Little Nobody.
Biography
Andrez Simon Bergen, was born in Melbourne. With his friends Brian Huber and Mateusz Sikora established a record label, IF? Records in 1995 in Melbourne. As Little Nobody, he worked as a DJ and issued an album, Pop Tart in September 1998 on his label. One of its tracks is "Tobacco-Stained Mountain Goat".
In April 2011 Bergen published his first novel, Tobacco-Stained Mountain Goat, via Another Sky Press. Nalini Haynes of Dark Matter Zine observed it is written in a "pseudo-stream-of-consciousness style" and warns that it "requires the reader to be familiar with numerous films from the mid-twentieth century." His second novel, One Hundred Years of Vicissitude, appeared in the following year. It "is by turns educational, inspiring, traumatic and humorous" according to Fantasy Book Reviews Floresiensis.
Bibliography
Novels
Short stories
Black/White (2014)
References
External links
Australian expatriates in Japan
Living people
Musicians from Melbourne
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrez%20Bergen |
Ronald Suart (18 November 1920 – 25 March 2015) was an English football player and manager. His only honour was winning the Division Three North championship as manager of Scunthorpe & Lindsey United in 1957–58.
Playing days
Born in Barrow-in-Furness, Suart started his career as a full-back at Blackpool. He played alongside fellow defenders George Farrow and Harry Johnston in a team which also included Stanley Matthews and Stan Mortensen. Blackpool reached the 1948 FA Cup Final, but Suart missed it through injury. He transferred to Blackburn Rovers in 1949, before retiring in 1955. A 29 August 1953 issue of Soccer Star magazine described Suart as "capable at right and left-back as he is when taking over the centre-half position. A fine man to have in any defence."
Managerial career
Suart took over at Wigan Athletic as player-manager, making 34 appearances in all competitions during the 1955-56 season. He left the club join Scunthorpe & Lindsey United in 1956. After leading the club to promotion as Division Three North champions in 1957-58 he returned to Blackpool — the first ex-Seasider to return to the club as manager — who were then in the First Division. "I intend to work really hard at Blackpool," he said. "I have my own plans and, with the co-operation of the directors, players, staff and public, I am sure they will work out to the good. Following a man like Joe Smith, with his wonderful record, will not be easy, but I feel confident, and the thought of managing the club I once played for gives me a great thrill."
Suart managed to retain Blackpool's place in the top tier for the next eight seasons and reached the League Cup semi-finals in 1962, losing to eventual winners Norwich City. While at Blackpool, he helped unearth future England internationals Alan Ball, Ray Charnley, and Emlyn Hughes, though with the abolition of the maximum wage and the new freedom which players had, he was unable to prevent many of his star players moving on. He resigned in January 1967, four months before Blackpool were relegated to Division Two, and was succeeded by Stan Mortensen. He remains Blackpool's second-longest-serving manager behind Joe Smith.
Suart became assistant manager to Tommy Docherty at Chelsea, where he spent seven years. Docherty left the club in October, and Suart briefly became caretaker manager. His services were retained by new manager Dave Sexton. He was with the club as they won the FA Cup in 1970 and the Cup Winners' Cup in 1971, but declined thereafter. When Sexton was sacked in October 1974 after a poor start to the season, Suart took charge of the first team. However, he was unable to prevent the club's slide towards relegation and was replaced by Eddie McCreadie the following April. He later became a scout at Wimbledon but, with the club in heavy financial trouble, he was released in February 2002.
Death
Suart died on 25 March 2015, aged 94, in Surrey.
Honours
Scunthorpe & Lindsey United
Division Three North: 1957–58
References
Specific
General
External links
Managerial stats at Soccerbase
1920 births
2015 deaths
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. managers
Scunthorpe United F.C. managers
Blackpool F.C. managers
Chelsea F.C. managers
English football managers
English men's footballers
Chelsea F.C. non-playing staff
Footballers from Barrow-in-Furness
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
English Football League players
English Football League managers
Men's association football defenders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron%20Suart |
Saint Vincent Martyr School (SVMS), the oldest Catholic elementary school (established in 1848) in New Jersey, is the coeducational parish school for Saint Vincent Martyr parish in Madison borough, Morris County, New Jersey, United States. SVMS educates approximately 400 students in grades PK-3 through Eighth Grade. The school is named for Vincent of Saragossa. The school nickname is the Eagles.
The school and parish are in the Southeastern Morris Deanery of the Diocese of Paterson of the Province of Newark of the Latin Church of the Catholic Church.
SVMS was one of three elementary schools in New Jersey, and the only non-public school, recognized by the national Blue Ribbon Schools Program, awarded by the United States Department of Education, for the 2005–06 school year. It is fully accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools.
Sports Program
SVMS has many sports teams including basketball, baseball, track and field, cross country, cheerleading, softball, and offers a scout program.
-Basketball: the basketball season takes place during the winter and includes travel teams from Third Grade to Eighth Grade and an intramural league for those students in grades from Kindergarten to Third Grade.
-Baseball: baseball is one of the new sports at SVMS which takes place in the spring.
-Softball: softball is also a new sport which also takes place in the spring.
-Track and Field: track and field is also a new sport which goes on during the spring. The team goes to about five meets a season.
-Cross Country: cross country is a fall sport at SVMS that is new to the athletic program.
-Cheerleading: Cheerleading is offered to the younger students of SVMS that perform at games and for their families.
-Scouting: SVMS offers a Girl Scout and Cub Scout program for all students.
References
External links
National Center for Education Statistics data for Saint Vincent Martyr School
Saint Vincent Martyr Parish
1848 establishments in New Jersey
Educational institutions established in 1848
Private elementary schools in New Jersey
Schools in Morris County, New Jersey
Madison, New Jersey
Catholic elementary schools in New Jersey
Roman Catholic Diocese of Paterson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Vincent%20Martyr%20School%20%28Madison%2C%20New%20Jersey%29 |
Maria Geertruida "Ria" Stalman (; born 11 December 1951) is a Dutch retired discus thrower and shot putter.
In discus throw, her personal best is 71.22 m from 1984, a Dutch record that was later annulled, and in shot put, her personal best is 18.02 m from 1984, also a Dutch record. She won the gold medal in discus throw at the 1984 Summer Olympics. She also has 15 national titles in discus throw and shot put.
In 2016, she admitted to the use of doping in the 1980s. In response, the Royal Dutch Athletics Federation annulled her unsurpassed national record in discus throw set in that period.
Career
From 1971 to 1983, she won 22 medals in the discus throw and shot put events at the Dutch Championships, including 15 gold medals.
Stalman went to Arizona State University, where she was on the track and field team. In June 1982, she won a gold medal for her discus throw of 62.13 m in the 1982 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships.
In September 1982, she became 12th in the discus throw event during the 1982 European Athletics Championships in Athens, Greece. In August 1983, she was 7th in the discus throw event during the 1983 World Championships in Athletics in Helsinki, Finland.
In June 1984, she won both a gold medal in the shot put event for her 18.02 m result and in the discus throw event for her 67.59 m result in the 1984 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships. In July 1984, she achieved her all-time best discus throw of 71.22 m in Walnut, CA, a Dutch record that remained on the books until it was annulled in 2016.
At the Los Angeles Summer Olympics in August 1984, she won the gold medal for her 65.36 m in the discus throw event. The Royal Dutch Athletics Federation gave her the Membership of Merit<ref>Henk van der Sluis, "Ria's goud loont nauwelijks" (in Dutch), Het Parool, 3 September 1984. Retrieved 13 August 2023.</ref> and the NOC*NSF gave her the Dutch Sportswoman of the Year award that year. She was knighted in the Order of Orange-Nassau the following year.
She retired shortly after the Olympics to work as a journalist for Algemeen Dagblad, Sport International, and Atletiek Wereld'' and as an athletics commentator for Eurosport and RTL 4.
Doping use
In March 1992, Stalman was accused by her former training partner and former roommate Jennifer Smit of using doping during their time in the United States and of being caught at the border trying to import a large number of Winstrol tablets from Mexico. In a response, Stalman denied that she had used doping and didn't want to discuss importing tablets at the advice of an attorney she had consulted. The Royal Dutch Athletics Federation stated that they didn't believe the accusations, that also implicated one of their officials.
In January 2016, Stalman admitted in a TV interview that she had been using anabolic steroids during the last 2.5 years of her career, which includes the period when she won her Olympic gold medal and when she set her national discus throw record. The Doping Authority Netherlands indicated that after more than ten years a doping offense is too old to prosecute, so her results would remain unchanged. However, the Royal Dutch Athletics Federation took away her Membership of Merit and annulled her national record in response.
Achievements
Personal bests
Discus throw: 71.22 m (Walnut, CA, 1984)
Shot put: 18.02 m (San Jose, CA, 1984)
International competitions
References
External links
1951 births
Arizona State Sun Devils women's track and field athletes
Arizona State University alumni
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Doping cases in athletics
Dutch female discus throwers
Dutch female shot putters
Dutch sportspeople in doping cases
Knights of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Living people
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for the Netherlands
Olympic gold medalists for the Netherlands
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Sportspeople from Delft
World Athletics Championships athletes for the Netherlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ria%20Stalman |
Palais Auersperg, originally called Palais Rosenkavalier, is a Baroque palace at Auerspergstraße 1 in the Josefstadt or eighth district of Vienna, Austria.
History
Palais Auersperg was built between 1706 and 1710 on the plot of the former Rottenhof according to the plans of two well-known architects, Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach and Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt, for Hieronymus Capece de Rofrano, to whom the former name Rosenkavalier refers. The middle section of the palace was altered between 1720 and 1723 by Johann Christian Neupauer.
In 1749, Prince Joseph of Saxe-Hildburghausen started to use the palace as his winter residence. He hired Giuseppe Bonno as musical conductor of the palace. Between 1754 and 1761, weekly music courses were held during the winter months. From 1759, he rented the palace and hired Christoph Willibald Gluck as head conductor of the concerts held there.
In 1777, Prince Johann Adam of Auersperg, friend and confidant of Emperor Francis I and Maria Theresia, bought the palace, at that time still called Palais Rofrano. From 1786, the palace was renamed Palais Auersperg and was the setting for a series of important and well-known musical events, notably Idomeneo by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (who also conducted), and Sieben Worte des Erlösers am Kreuze by Joseph Haydn.
As Johann Adam of Auersperg's second marriage stayed childless and the children of his first marriage had already died, he adopted his nephew Carl Auersperg (1750–1822). Carl accepted his inheritance in 1795. The marriage of Carl and his wife Josepha also remained childless, so in 1812, they adopted Prince Vinzens Auersperg, who accepted his inheritance in 1817. In the time between 1827 and 1837, Gustav, Prince of Vasa stayed at the Palais Auersperg with the Swedish Royal Family because his inheritance had been contested in Sweden.
In 1864, on the orders of Vinzens Auersperg, a ballroom building was built along the Lerchenfelderstrasse. After his death in 1872, his widow Wilhelmine commissioned further alterations to the ballroom building in order to rent the facilities to the Geometric Institute. In 1878, Franz Joseph Emanuel (1856–1938), son of Wilhelmine Auersperg, and his wife Wilhelmine Kinsky took possession of the Palais Auersperg. Wilhelmine Kinsky organized many charity events for the benefit of the organization called Vereinigung zur Errettung verwahrloster Kinder. Pieces of theatre and music were performed in the Rosenkavaliersaal, partially with the participation of members of the aristocracy.
In 1901, Franz Joseph Auersperg returned the ballroom building to its initial use. During the course of the Second World War, the ballroom building was completely destroyed and the remains were removed. Between 1923 and 1935, the Palais Auersperg was temporarily rented to the Bundesdenkmalamt and a film company.
In 1940, Ferdinand Auersperg (1887–1942) inherited the Palais and in 1942, his sister Christiane Croy accepted her inheritance. She lived with her family in the upper rooms of the Palais during the Second World War. They also hid members of the resistance there during the Second World War, and there is a sign near the entrance of the Palais which commemorates this. In 1944, the organization Provisorische österreichische Nationalkomitee, better known as O5, was established in the Palais. In 1945, the Palais was seized by the Alliierte Kommandantur, the police force of the Allied Control Council, and was subsequently used as their headquarters.
Konsul Alfred Weiss, founder of Arabia Kaffee, bought the Palais in 1953. In 1953 and 1954, it was extended by the architect Oswald Haerdtl, who added the orangery, the winter garden and more functional rooms. Alfred Weiss opened a large café for 600 guests in the Palais, with a terrace next to it. After his death, his descendants sold the Palais to a company called General Partners A.G.
In the beginning of 2006, the Palais was sold again to an old European family. The State Apartments remained the same and are still used for musical purposes. In the upper floor, most areas have been changed into office rooms. In the next few years, the Palais will be restored and a small museum is planned. Currently, the Palais is used for balls and musical events of various kinds; it has eleven rooms and can accommodate up to 1000 guests.
See also
List of Baroque residences
References
Notes
Bibliography
Artur Hartzlieb-Wallthor (ed.): Ein Wiener Palais erzählt / Das Rosenkavalierpalais Auersperg. Böhlau, Wien/Köln/Weimar 1999
Felix Czeike: Geschichte der Stadt Wien. Fritz Molden, Wien 1981
Johann Adam Hiller: Lebensbeschreibungen berühmter Musikgelehrten und Tonkünstler neuerer Zeit. Leipzig 1784, reprinted Leipzig 1975
External links
Official website
History of the Palais
Interior of the Palais
Information at Musicofvienna.com
Information at Burgen-austria.com (in German)
Auersperg
Buildings and structures in Josefstadt
Auersperg
Auersperg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais%20Auersperg |
Florenţa Crăciunescu (later Ionescu, then Ţacu, 7 May 1955 – 8 June 2008) was a Romanian athlete. She won a bronze medal in the discus throw at the 1984 Olympics, finishing sixth in 1980; in 1984 she also placed eighth in the shot put. Her elder sister Carmen Ionesco competed in the same events for Canada at the 1984 Olympics.
References
1955 births
2008 deaths
Romanian female discus throwers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Romania
Olympic bronze medalists for Romania
Sportspeople from Craiova
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Romania
Burials at Ghencea Cemetery
Medalists at the 1979 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 1983 Summer Universiade | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floren%C8%9Ba%20Cr%C4%83ciunescu |
A Principal protected note (PPN) is an investment contract with a guaranteed rate of return of at least the amount invested, and a possible gain.
Although traditional fixed income investments such as guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and bonds provide investment security with little or no risk of capital loss, they provide modest returns. While stocks have the potential to deliver substantial returns, they do so at much greater risk.
Throughout the unpredictable and volatile market conditions that characterised the late 1990s and early 2000s, investors increasingly sought out new approaches to investing that offered both security and potential growth. Principal protected notes (PPNs) were introduced to the North American financial marketplace at that time.
Part of the structured products category, principal protected notes (also known as Guaranteed Linked Notes), can be linked to a broad range of underlying investments. These investments include indexes, mutual funds, baskets of mutual funds, baskets of stocks and even alternative offerings such as hedge funds.
At the heart of a PPN is a guarantee. Typically, PPNs guarantee 100% of invested capital, as long as the note is held to maturity. That means, regardless of market conditions, investors receive back all money they invested. In other words, at maturity, payout on the Note is the original principal plus any appreciation from the underlying assets (typically a mutual fund or group of funds, an index or basket of equities, and sometimes hedge funds or even commodities).
Principal protected notes may offer an array of benefits such as:
100% principal protection
high growth potential
enhanced income potential
weekly liquidity
the opportunity to invest in a broad range of investments
potential for leveraged returns
capital protection regardless of what happens in the markets
Principal protected notes may offer disadvantages such as:
opaque fee structure based on variables over the term of the investment
payment only at maturation
underlying investments that the average investor has no hope of understanding
no prospectus, lack of information as to full details of underlying investment
custom design causes difficulty in evaluating PPN vs. other PPNs or conventional investments
lack of data showing how this type of investment has performed historically
possibility of failure of underlying investments, resulting in loss of principal despite guarantees
Example
A common type of PPN is the stock plus option type. Its return equals at maturity for underlying call options. Where is a multiplication factor set in the contract, is the stock price at maturity, and is the option's strike price.
See also
Structured product
External links
Advisors Asset Management - A public website that describes structured products and unit investment trusts and provides access to these investments.
Structured Investments - A good explanation many PPN factors, including the typical combination of zero coupon bonds with index options.
The Structured Product LLC - A company focused exclusively on structured products, designed to educate investors as well as investment professionals on the benefits and risks of structured investments.
UBS Structured Investments - A website that provides educational materials related to principally-protected notes and other structured investments as well as details on issuances of UBS Structured Investments.
References
Principal protected notes
Interest-bearing instruments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal%20protected%20note |
Neudeggergasse Synagogue (German: Synagoge Neudeggergasse) was a Jewish synagogue in Vienna, Austria.1 The synagogue served the Jewish community of the VII. and VIII. Districts (Neubau and Josefstadt).
It was commissioned by Baron Moritz von Königswarter, and the architect was Max Fleischer.
The synagogue was built in the North-German Neo-Gothic style. It was mostly constructed of brick, including the façade and the two towers. The main hall was divided by pillars into three naves; more than 300 people could sit on the ground level. As in many synagogues, the women sat separate from the men and could watch the proceedings from the balcony on the second floor. The synagogue apparently had excellent acoustics.
The synagogue was destroyed during the Reichskristallnacht pogroms in 1938, after the Anschluß of Austria to Nazi Germany. During the construction of new buildings for housing in 1998, parts of the previous façade were rebuilt in vinyl, but the owner of the house at Neudeggergasse 10 did not want a complete reconstruction.
See also
History of the Jews in Austria
Leopoldstädter Tempel
Synagogue in Pilsen
Notes
1 The synagogue was located at Neudeggergasse 10–12, in the VIII. district (Josefstadt).
References
Literature
Bob Martens, Herbert Peter: "The Destroyed Synagogues of Vienna – Virtual city walks". Vienna: LIT Verlag, 2011.
Synagogues in Vienna
Former synagogues in Austria
Synagogues destroyed during Kristallnacht (Austria)
Vienna Neudeggergasse Synagogue | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neudeggergasse%20Synagogue |
Fab Lab is a British television programme designed for pre-school children. It was aired on the CBeebies channel from June 2002 until 15 October 2006, as well as CBeebies on BBC Two, although the series was put on hiatus between 19 December 2004 and 3 September 2005. It is an introduction to science, nature and technology for young children.
The program features two pixies named "Trixi" and "Dixi" and a dog (male, breed unspecified) called "Prof". Trixi and Dixi are puppets while Prof is played by a human in a whole-body dog suit.
The two pixies live under the floor of a large garden shed known as the "Fab Lab". The shed is used as a laboratory by Prof who investigates various phenomena such as rainfall or the germination of plants. He explains features of the physical and natural world to the pixies, sometimes with the aid of a personal computer which Prof uses to show video sequences. Prof is very partial to green biscuits called "Pixiebicks" with which the pixies sometimes bribe Prof to expand his explanations.
At the end of the programme a whistle is heard, upon which Prof says that "Mrs Whistle" (presumably his owner) is calling, and leaves the shed.
Most episodes are now lost as the show has never been released on DVD.
Cast
Dixi: Simon Buckley
Trixi: Kathy Smee
Prof: Siân Richardson (voiced by Jim Dunk)
Assistant Puppeteers:
Judith Bucklow
Hannah Proops
Animatronics Operator:
Daniel Carlisle
Writer & Creator
Robyn Charteris
Writer
Christopher Lillicrap
References
External links
CBeebies - Fab Lab at bbc.co.uk
The end-credits of the programme spell the names thus, however the CBeebies web page for the programme refers to "Trixie" and "Dixie"
2002 British television series debuts
2003 British television series endings
2000s British children's television series
BBC children's television shows
British preschool education television series
British television shows featuring puppetry
English-language television shows
Television series by Endemol
CBeebies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fab%20Lab |
The Blue Carpet is a piece of public art in Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, England, designed by Thomas Heatherwick. It is an area of public open space in front of the Laing Art Gallery, close to the main shopping and nightclub areas, paved with glass-and-resin slabs which curve up at the space's edges, giving the appearance of a fabric carpet. Although classified as a piece of public art, it is closer to an urban design feature.
Artwork
The square has been covered in a skin of blue paving slabs, made by mixing crushed blue glass with white resin. At the points where this skin reaches a building the slabs curve upwards to create the sensation that the tiles are a fabric laid over the area. There are a number of benches that appear to fold up from the carpet surface, and beneath the benches are sunken glass-topped boxes that hold coloured lights. At the eastern end an existing staircase, leading to an elevated walkway, was replaced with a new one, featuring a curving skin of wood ribbons, constructed by a local boatbuilder.
Setting
Completed in 2001, the piece took six years to realise. The total budget for the space was £1.4m. The work was partially funded by the Arts Lottery Fund and the European Regional Development Fund. Following the success of Anthony Gormley's Angel of the North in nearby Gateshead, Newcastle and other neighbouring authorities were keen to invest in other high profile public art commissions. Heatherwick's design provided was an integral part of a project to improve the streetscape and context of the Laing Art Gallery, which was left marooned following the demolition of the old Victorian library in the 1960s, with a blank brick wall facing towards the city centre.
The Blue Carpet was intended to complement the existing buildings and give the city a contemporary icon. However, the first batch of tiles delivered were green rather than blue and the whole project was set back several months. When finally unveiled it was remarked that the carpet was much paler in colour than was expected from Heatherwick's original visualisations.
Current status
The Blue Carpet has become the subject of some local debate, as parts of it are used as ramps by skateboarders. The tiles have also rapidly faded to a blue-grey colour, a fact that is made more obvious when damaged tiles are replaced with those of the original colour. The upturned benches have also become a regular target for vandals and are often fenced off while awaiting repair. The area was also damaged by an arson attack in 2001 which cost £10,000 to repair.
In 2011 Martin Callanan, a Conservative MEP, said that he did not consider the installation to be well thought out or cost effective, and suggested that it should be replaced by more conventional paving stones. Newcastle City Council director of strategic housing Harvey Emms stated that there were no plans to scrap the piece, which is well maintained.
References
External links
Outdoor sculptures in England
2001 sculptures
Tourist attractions in Newcastle upon Tyne
Thomas Heatherwick | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Carpet |
The Black Crown () is an important symbol of the Karmapa, the Lama who heads the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. The crown signifies his power to benefit all sentient beings. Similar crowns in red are worn by the Shamarpa and the Tai Situpa, while Goshir Gyaltsab wears an orange crown. These crowns were bestowed by the Karmapa.
Legend tells that in a previous eon, in a former life as an accomplished yogi, the Karmapa attained the eighth level or bhumi of the bodhisattvas. At this time, 100,000 dakinis (female buddhas) manifested their hair as a crown, and offered it to the Karmapa as a symbol of his accomplishment.
Dusum Khyenpa, the 1st Karmapa, was regarded as an emanation of that yogi and his appearance was predicted by the historical Buddha Shakyamuni in the Samadhiraja Sutra:
A bodhisattva with the lion's roar will appear. He will use the power he achieved in deep meditation to benefit countless beings. By seeing, hearing, touching or thinking of him, they will be led to happiness
Origin
The Karmapas were traditionally the teachers of the successive Ming dynasty Emperors of China. When the 5th Karmapa, Dezhin Shegpa, met the Yongle Emperor, the Emperor, through his devotion and spiritual realization, was able to perceive Karmapa in the Sambhogakaya form of Vajradhara (Tib. Dorje Chang), wearing a black crown on his head. The Karmapa explained to the Emperor that he had seen the 'Vajra Crown', the power-field of wisdom-energy that is always present above the Karmapa's head. The emperor offered to have a physical replica made so that others could receive its blessing.
A crown encrusted with precious stones and topped by a huge ruby was commissioned, and upon receiving this, the 5th Karmapa started the tradition of the Black Crown Ceremony which has been performed by successive Karmapa incarnations up to and including the 16th Karmapa, Rangjung Rigpe Dorje.
Ceremony
In preparation for the ceremony the Karmapa meditates on inseparability with Chenrezig, the Buddha of Compassion. Prostrations and a mandala offering are made, followed by the seven branch prayer. These offerings allow the audience/participants to accumulate additional merit for the ceremony that ensues. The Karmapa then places the crown on his head while reciting the mantra 'Om Mani Padme Hung', transmitting blessings to each participant in the ceremony to the extent that they are capable of receiving them (e.g., if in that moment one regards Karmapa as a living Buddha, then one will receive the blessings of a Buddha). It is said that by merely seeing the Black Crown during the ceremony, one will become a bodhisattva of the first bhumi within three lifespans. This is one of the key reasons why the Black Crown is so important to the Karma Kagyu lineage.
Recent developments
In the early 1960s, the 16th Karmapa brought the Black Crown and other valuable relics of the Kagyu lineage to Rumtek monastery in Sikkim. They remained there in safekeeping until 1993 following the 16th Karmapa’s death. The ensuing split in his lineage caused a conflict at the monastery between supporters of the two rival claimants for the title of Karmapa. Since that time, it is said that many valuable items have disappeared from the cloister. On July 5, 2004, the Indian Supreme Court delivered a final judgement to grant Rumtek monastery to the Karmapa Charitable Trust, principal supporters of Thaye Dorje, one of the rival candidates for the title of 17th Karmapa. Since then an inventory of valuables is being prepared. The location and integrity of the Black Crown is currently unknown.
External links
Black crown ceremony on Kagyu Asia website
The Origin of the Vajra Crown By Lama Karma Wangchuk
The Black Crown of the Karmapas Explanation of some of the most significant aspects of the Vajra Crown
Tibetan Buddhist practices
Buddhist religious objects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Crown |
The 2005–06 season was the 58th season in the existence of FC Steaua București and the club's 58th consecutive season in the top flight of Romanian football. In addition to the domestic league, Steaua București participated in this season's edition of the Cupa României, the Supercupa României, the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Cup.
Players
First-team squad
Squad at end of season
Transfers
In:
Cornel Cernea - from Oțelul Galați
Daniel Bălan - returned from the loan from FC Vaslui
Andrei Enescu - from Building Vânju Mare
Victoraș Iacob - from Oțelul Galați
Carlos Fernandes - from Boavista F.C.
Vasilică Cristocea - from Farul Constanța
Out:
Martin Tudor - to CFR Cluj
Dorinel Munteanu - to CFR Cluj
Vasil Khamutowski - to Tom Tomsk
Tiberiu Curt - to Dinamo București
Competitions
Overall record
Supercupa României
Results
Divizia A
League table
Results summary
Results by round
Matches
Cupa României
Results
UEFA Champions League
Qualifying rounds
Second qualifying round
Third qualifying round
UEFA Cup
First round
Group stage
Results
Knockout phase
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
References
FC Steaua București seasons
Steaua Bucuresti
Romanian football championship-winning seasons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306%20FC%20Steaua%20Bucure%C8%99ti%20season |
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