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The following lists events that happened during 1946 in Australia.
Incumbents
Monarch – George VI
Governor-General – Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester
Prime Minister – Ben Chifley
Chief Justice – Sir John Latham
State Premiers
Premier of New South Wales – William McKell
Premier of Queensland – Frank Cooper (until 7 March), then Ned Hanlon
Premier of South Australia – Thomas Playford IV
Premier of Tasmania – Robert Cosgrove
Premier of Victoria – John Cain
Premier of Western Australia – Frank Wise
State Governors
Governor of New South Wales – Sir John Northcott (from 1 August)
Governor of Queensland – Sir Leslie Orme Wilson (until 23 April), then Sir John Lavarack (from 1 October)
Governor of South Australia – Sir Charles Norrie
Governor of Tasmania – Sir Hugh Binney
Governor of Victoria – Sir Winston Dugan
Governor of Western Australia – none appointed
Events
26 January – Foundation Day is renamed Australia Day.
18 February – The Archbishop of Sydney, Dr. Norman Gilroy, becomes Cardinal Gilroy, the first Australian born member of the College of Cardinals
10 March – An Australian National Airways DC-3 aircraft crashes near Hobart, killing 25 people.
1 May – At least 800 Aboriginal pastoral workers walk off the job in Northwest Western Australia, starting one of the longest industrial strikes in Australia.
6 June – The ABC makes the first national broadcast of a federal parliamentary debate.
19 July – Orange, New South Wales is proclaimed a city.
30 August – Lismore, New South Wales is proclaimed a city.
9 September – Trans Australia Airlines makes its first flight.
28 September – A federal election is held. The Australian Labor Party and Prime Minister Ben Chifley are returned to power. A three-question referendum is also held: the question on Social Services is carried; questions on Marketing and Industrial Employment are not.
23 November – A general election is held in Tasmania. The Labor Party led by Robert Cosgrove is returned to power with a reduced majority.
13 December – The United Nations grants Australia trusteeship of Territory of New Guinea and Territory of Papua.
Science and technology
7 August – Overseas Telecommunications Commission established by an Act of Parliament in August 1946. It inherited facilities and resources from Amalgamated Wireless Australasia Limited (AWA) and Cable & Wireless, and was charged with responsibility for all international telecommunications services into, through and out of Australia.
Arts and literature
William Dargie wins the Archibald Prize with his portrait of L. C. Robson
Film
The Overlanders is released, starring Chips Rafferty
Politics
establishment of the Western Australian Women’s Parliament
Sport
14 September – Balmain win the 1946 NSWRFL season, defeating St. George 13–12 in the grand final. South Sydney, after not winning a game all season, finish in last place, claiming the wooden spoon for the second year in a row.
Morna takes line honours and Christina wins on handicap in the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race
Russia wins the Melbourne Cup
New Zealand defeats Australia 2–0 in a Rugby union test
Births
29 January – Ian Meldrum, music personality
8 February – Bob Collins, politician (died 2007)
24 February – Bob Pearce, politician
3 March – Tim Fischer, politician (died 2019)
4 April – Colin Coates, ice speed skater
10 April – Anne Boyd, composer
17 April – Kerry O'Brien, middle-distance runner
23 May – David Graham, golfer
3 June – Tristan Rogers, Australian-American actor
9 July – Bon Scott, singer (died 1980)
1 August – Fiona Stanley, epidemiologist
15 August – Victor Salvemini, Paralympic athlete (died 2020)
1 September – Barry Gibb, musician-songwriter (Bee Gees)
16 September – Mike Reynolds, Qld Parliament Speaker
18 October – Penelope Wensley, Governor of Queensland (2008–2014)
28 October – John Hewson, politician
30 October – Doug Parkinson, singer (died 2021)
2 November – Alan Jones, racing driver
20 December – John Bertrand, yachtsman
Deaths
2 January – Joe Darling, cricketer (b. 1870)
12 February – Sir David Gordon, South Australian politician (d. 1946)
20 March – Ethel Richardson, author (died in the United Kingdom) (b. 1870)
27 March – Sir Robert Best, Victorian politician and lawyer (b. 1856)
13 September – William Watt, 24th Premier of Victoria (b. 1871)
See also
List of Australian films of the 1940s
References
Australia
Years of the 20th century in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946%20in%20Australia |
Jade City is a settlement in northwestern British Columbia, Canada, near the Yukon, located on Highway 37, west of Good Hope Lake and close to Cassiar, in the Cassiar Highlands. The region around Jade City is rich with serpentinite (a jade precursor), greenstone (jade look-a-likes), and Nephrite jade. Jade City is by road about 19 hours north of Greater Vancouver, and 1 hour south of the Yukon border. As of 2015, it had a population of about 30 people.
During the summer a church opens up to the public offering Sunday services. There are no gas stations or restaurants.
The reality TV series Jade Fever documents the mining efforts of the Cassiar Mountain Jade Store, and the Bunce family. They mine hard rock deposits and placer deposits left by glaciers. The Bunce family has mined the area for jade for about 35 years, starting with Claudia Bunce's father, Steve Simonovic in 1985.
References
External links
Discovery Channel Canada, Jade Fever: "Jade City gallery"
Discovery Channel Canada, Jade Fever
Cassiar Country
Unincorporated settlements in British Columbia
Mining communities in British Columbia
Jade | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade%20City |
Sonsbeck is a municipality in the district of Wesel, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated approximately 20 km west of Wesel, and 25 km south-east of Cleves as well as 8 km from the historic city of Xanten.
It is one of North Rhine-Westphalia's wealthiest municipalities.
History
Antiquity
A watchtower was constructed on the Balberg by the Romans for protection of the road between Castra Vetera (near modern Xanten) and Blerick (Netherlands). The area around Sonsbeck was settled by the Germanic Cugernii tribe.
Middle Ages
The watchtower of the Romans was later reconstructed as a keep for the Dukes of Cleves. The remaining round tower (c. 1417) is called "Römerturm" (Roman tower) today, in reference to its early history.
In close proximity to the watchtower, the first settlement Suangochesboch emerged. The name of the settlement has two possible origins; the first from Latin "sus" (= pig) and the second from the Low German word "soneman" (= arbiter), so the name means either "Schweinebach" ("pig stream") or the stream where the arbiter resides.
Sonsbeck became a place of pilgrimage, when a chapel was constructed to preserve the relics of the martyr Gerebernus. Gerebernus is said to have been an Irish priest of the 6th or 7th century, who was the tutor of Dymphna, the daughter of an Irish tribal king. After the death of her mother, the king wanted to marry his daughter, wo fled to Geel (Belgium) with her tutor Gerebernus, where they were captured and beheaded. The remains were later stolen by "bandits from Xanten" and arrived in Sonsbeck.
The Sonsbeck chapel was elevated to parish status in 1203. Close to the chapel, a second settlement developed, which took the name of the already existing settlement and received town privileges in 1320 from Count Dietrich IX. of Cleves. In the following years, the construction of walls around the city began, they were finished in 1420 and included a keep for the Counts/Dukes of Cleves. The keep was destroyed in 1641.
The most important remaining monument from that time is the St.-Mary-Magdalene-Church that was finished in 1431.
Twin towns
Sonsbeck is twinned with the town of Sandwich in Kent (UK).
Noted residents
Adolph Althoff, (1913-1998), circus owner who rescued Jews during the Holocaust
References
External links
Wesel (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonsbeck |
Luketz Swartbooi (born 7 February 1966) is a retired Namibian long-distance runner.
Career
In 1992 Swartbooi won the Rössing Marathon with a time of 2:11:23 min, a record that stands. At the 1993 World Championships in Stuttgart he won silver in the marathon. Swartbooi set his personal best in Boston 1994 in 2:09:08 min, finishing 3rd. At the 2000 Summer Olympics he finished 48th.
In 2005 Swartbooi received a public warning from the IAAF for testing positive for prednisolone/prednisone.
Achievements
References
External links
1966 births
Living people
Olympic athletes for Namibia
Namibian male marathon runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games competitors for Namibia
World Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Championships athletes for Namibia
Namibian male long-distance runners
20th-century Namibian people
21st-century Namibian people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luketz%20Swartbooi |
KAUR (89.1 FM) is a radio station broadcasting programming from Minnesota Public Radio's News & Information service. Licensed to Augustana University in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States, the station serves the greater Sioux Falls area and can reliably broadcast up to approximately 30 miles in any direction. The station is currently owned by Augustana University and operated by MPR. All programming originates from the Twin Cities, but the station has inserts at least once an hour for local underwriting and weather. MPR also maintains a small office space on the Augustana campus.
History
Up until 2009, KAUR specialized in independent or college rock and also broadcast regular Alternative, Blues/Jazz, Folk, Spanish Traditional, Hip-Hop, and Hardcore/Metal shows. KAUR was founded in 1972 and Augustana University also once managed a self-constructed AM station, which, itself, was founded in 1945.
By 2009, KAUR had begun to experience a number of problems. Amongst the most troublesome of KAUR's woes was a major staffing issue. Owing to a lack of official support, and a decrease in student interest in traditional media, KAUR spent its last year as a student-run station under the direction of only six students during the first semester and five throughout the second, spring semester. Although understaffed, the station continued to develop new ideas for operating in the "new media" era. Plans had been made to begin streaming the station over the internet or to regularly "podcast" student shows by offering down-loadable content on the, now inaccessible, student website. Other plans in development early in the spring of 2009 included adding broadcasts of the Augustana University men's baseball team to the station's sports programming which already featured women's basketball.
In the spring of 2009, administrators at Augustana University decided to discontinue KAUR's student operations in favor of outsourcing the station's operations to MPR (in lieu of alternative suggestions). The station left the air for a week before returning on September 15, 2009 as part of MPR's all-news network. Augustana University continues to own the station while MPR provides programming, maintenance, and funding for the regular operation of the station. The students assigned to operate KAUR for the 2009-2010 academic year, as part of the federal work-study program, were forcibly reassigned to other departments. The college had also received proposals from a number of other parties, including religious and ethnic interests, as well as a non-profit proposal which would have continued the student-run scheme.
References
External links
Minnesota Public Radio homepage
MPR's station info re KAUR
Last.fm Charts
Coverage map
Augustana University
AUR
AUR
Minnesota Public Radio
NPR member stations
1972 establishments in South Dakota
Radio stations established in 1972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAUR |
Rohri (Sindhi: روهڙي; ) is a city of Sukkur District, Sindh province, Pakistan. It is located on the east bank of the Indus River, located directly across from Sukkur, the third largest city in Sindh. Rohri town is the administrative headquarters of Rohri Taluka, and tehsil of Sukkur District with which it forms a metropolitan area.
History
Rohri City, previously Rori Shankar, was built by Raja Dhaj in 5th BCE and was ruled under the Ror dynasty (450 BC to 489 AD) Rohri is west of the ancient city of Aror. Roruka, as capital of the Sauvira Kingdom, is mentioned as an important trading center in early Buddhist literature. Little is known about the city's history prior to the Arab invasion in the eighth century, but Aror was the capital of the A-Ror dynasty, which was followed by Rai dynasty and then the Brahman dynasty that once ruled northern Sindh.
In 711 CE, Aror was captured by the army of Muslim general Muhammad bin Qasim. In 962 CE, a massive earthquake struck the region, causing the course of the Indus River to shift. Aror was re-founded as Rohri afterwards.
Rohri served as a busy port along the Indus by the 1200s, and was a major trading centre for agricultural produce.
Climate
Rohri has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with extremely hot summers and mild winters. Rohri is very dry, with the little rain it receives mostly falling in the monsoon season from July to September. The average annual rainfall of Rohri is 105.8 mm as per 1991-2020 period. The highest annual rainfall ever is 669.4 mm, recorded in 2022 and the lowest annual rainfall ever is 0 mm as it was a record dry period in the city in 1941.
References
External links
The Archaeology of Rohri
Sukkur District
Metropolitan areas of Pakistan
Populated places in Sukkur District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohri |
Dave Mallow (born October 19, 1948) is an American retired voice actor.
Biography
Mallow's father worked in radio and television and was a 30-year on-air veteran at Chicago's WGN. After graduating from Maine South High School, Mallow attained a BFA in Theater Arts from Drake University in 1970. After a successful 12-year career as a radio personality in the Midwestern United States and New York City, he moved to Los Angeles in 1984 to pursue a career in voice acting that has included commercials, film dubbing, looping, narration, audio books, radio plays and voice characterization in numerous video games, toys and cartoons. He provided the daily intros and various monsters for Saban Productions, including the benevolent 'Baboo' in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers; Angemon, Gekkomon and Uppamon in Digimon: Digital Monsters and also is remembered for voicing Amarao in Digital Manga's FLCL, Herzog in the alternative reality game I Love Bees and Akuma in the Street Fighter franchise among numerous others.
Roles
Anime
Adventures on Rainbow Pond - Jonathan Jumper
Ajin - The Minister
Apocalypse Zero - Shimada Kazu
Arc the Lad - Shu
Argento Soma - Base Guard, Doctor, Ground Control, Ulysses Transmission
B-Daman Crossfire - Lightning Dravise, Emcee
Babel II - Hikaru Homura
Bastard!! - Messenger
Big Rig Buddies - Lanky the Crane Truck (formerly), Felix's Dad
Black Jack - Boardmember, Mikazuki Victim, Refugee, Relief Committee Representative, Villager C
Blade of the Immortal - Sori
Bleach - Kensei Muguruma, Aaroniero Arruruerie (Kaien), Kaien Shiba (after Kim Strauss), Inose
Blood: The Last Vampire - Announcer, Ted
Blue Dragon - Grankingdom Captain
Blue Exorcist - Ernst Frederik Egin
Burn-Up Scramble - Narrator
Captain Harlock and the Queen of a Thousand Years - various
Carried by the Wind: Tsukikage Ran - Lord Matsuzaka
Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion - Britannian Bridge Officer, Britannian Officer
Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion R2 - Chief Officer
Computer Warriors - Scanner
Cosmowarrior Zero - Mechanized Man 1, Mechanized Man 2, Nohara, Secretary
Daigunder - Track Announcer
Detatoko Princess - Barell, King/Morita
Digimon series - Angemon/MagnaAngemon, Seraphimon, Upamon, Pegasusmon, Elecmon, Togemon, Ring Announcer, Gekomon, Numemon, Otamamon, Agent #1, Tokomon, Angemon, Piddomon, Vilemon, Grani
Dragon Ball - Oolong (Dragon Ball) (MaoMao) (Harmony Gold dub)
Durarara!! - Yoshida, Kanra
Durarara!!x2 - Various
Eagle Riders - Various
Eiken - Shimada
Eureka Seven - Jobs
Eyeshield 21 - Stadium Announcer
Hunter × Hunter – Gotoh
Fist of the North Star - Hart, Guard Captain
FLCL - Commander Amarao
Flint the Time Detective - Coconaut
Gad Guard - Black, Cop, Man with Briefcase, World Electro Doorman
Galerians - Rainheart, Dr. Pascalle
Gate Keepers - Opening Narrator
Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex 2nd Gig - Gohda's Aide
Ghost Slayers Ayashi - Nioya, Zusyo Okada
Genma Wars - Chief Monkey
Great Teacher Onizuka - Kouichi Igurashi
Grenadier - Teppa's Father
Gungrave - Evans, Gary
Gun Frontier - Custodian, Painter
GUNxSWORD - Chief
Gurren Lagann - The Anti-Spiral
Hand Maid May - various
Heat Guy J - Casino Security Guard C, Hooligan C, Mask Maker, News Anchor, Researcher B, Shogun's Informant A, Thomas Park, Thug A
Here is Greenwood - Bible Man, Lupin, Nagisa's Man D, Student with Glasses (Media Blasters Dub)
Higurashi When They Cry - Kyousuke Irie
Idol Project - Evie
If I See You in My Dreams - Kujira, Niimi, Miho's Boss
Immortal Grand Prix - Glass Jones, MC, Mechanic B, Private Investigator, Weatherman
Iron Virgin Jun - Headguard
Iznogoud - Iznogoud, Saltan, The Caliph
Jin Jin and the Panda Patrol - Squawk, Rudy, Mugsy
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure - Straizo
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders - Narrator
Journey to the Heart of the World - Louis
Karas - Kamaitachi
Kaze no Yojimbo - Arms Dealer, Hunter, Officer, Sugino
Knights of Sidonia - Trainee
Kurogane Communication - Cleric
Kyo Kara Maoh! - Belar
Last Exile - Casino Royale Dealer, Cicada, Goliath XO, Guild Watcher #3, Silvana Observation Deck Officer, Sunny Boy
Lensman - Thorndyke
Little Women - Additional Voices
Lunar Legend Tsukihime - Male Student, Ride Attendant
Macron 1 - Jet
Mahoromatic: Something More Beautiful - Detective, Management Announcer, Management Board Member, Management Employee, Newscaster A, Teacher
Mars Daybreak - Ginpetit
Mega Man Star Force - Deranged Movie Star
The Melody of Oblivion - Detective A, Elan Vital, Male Secretary, Man A, Miri's Butler, Vice Mayor
Mirage of Blaze - Ujimasa Hojyo
Mobile Suit Gundam: The Movie Trilogy - Narrator, Cain Sohn, Chris
Monster - Peter Capek
Mouse - Scientist, Woof, Policeman
Naruto - Hoki, Tekka Uchiha
New Getter Robo - Villager
Nightwalker - Koji Ozaki
Nodame Cantabile - Kozou Etou, Seiichirou Miyoshi
Nura: Rise of the Yokai Clan - Muchi
Otogi Zoshi - Onmyoji, Tabigeinin A
Outlaw Star - Norman Starwind, Prison Security System, Space Race Announcer, Tendo King's Overseer
Overman King Gainer - Toun
Paranoia Agent - Hiranuma
Phantom Investigators - Daemona's Dad
Phantom the Animation - Master Scythe
Phoenix - Kimite (Sun Chapter)
Planetes - Chieftain, Narrator, Werner Locksmith
Rozen Maiden - Seal
Rurouni Kenshin - Sadojima Hoji, Udo Jin-e
Saint Tail - Policeman, Sayaka's Father
Saiyuki - Demon, Shikigami User, Thug C
Samurai Champloo - Ichieimon, Ken, Lord Tamoto, Officer #2
Samurai Girl Real Bout High School - Mr. Kinomiya, Setsura Kyogoku
Scrapped Princess - General Peters-Stahl
Street Fighter Alpha: Generations - Gouken
Street Fighter IV: The Ties That Bind - Akuma
Submarine 707R - Ichiro Suzuki
Tenchi in Tokyo - Hotsuma, Space Police Announcer
Tenchi Muyo! GXP - Kanemitsu Hirata, Misao Kuramitsu, Azusa Masaki Jurai
Tenjho Tenge - Tagami
Tenko and the Guardians of the Magic
Tokko - Homeless Man, Lab Technician, Security Guard, TV News Reporter
Trigun - Sheriff's Office Clerk
Tsukihime, Lunar Legend - Male Student, Ride Attendant
The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya - Sports Announcer, Mask Merchant
The Twelve Kingdoms - Gaishi, Ikuta, Sensei Watanabe, Gahou, Shukou
Vampire Princess Miyu - Galerie Owner, Gas Station Manager, Reporter B, Yasuhiko Tachiki
Vandread - Pyoro
Vandread: The Second Stage - Patch, Pyoro
When They Cry - Ichiro Maebara, Kyousuke Irie
Witch Hunter Robin - Hattori
X - Seishirou Sakurazuka
Yukikaze - Ansel Rombart
Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal - Various
Zatch Bell! - Yopopo, Kikuropu, Cut 'N' Paste
Zetman - Jiro Nakata
Zillion - NOZA Computer, Silo Complex Commander, Soldier
Animation
The Return of Dogtanian - Dogtanian
El Chavo - Mr. Beliarge, Manny the Mailman
Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics - "Briar Rose" - The Prince
Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics - "King Grizzlebeard" - King Grizzlebeard
Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics - "Snow White and Rose Red" - Bear
Lego Friends: Mia's Ranch Romance - Additional Voices
Maple Town - Mr. Badger
Noozles - Grandpa Benjamin Brown, Frankie
Phil's Dance Party - Phil
The Wisdom of The Gnomes - Pit
Live action
Adventures in Voice Acting - Himself
Big Bad Beetleborgs - Swamp Scumoid, Borgslayer (shared role with Bob Papenbrook)
Beetleborgs Metallix - Shellator (voice)
Drunken Master II - Wong Fei-Hung
Dynamo Duck - Edison, Frostbite, Ivan Tobealonesky, Sean O'Connor
Everybody Loves Raymond - Event Announcer (uncredited)
Flipper - Computer Voice
Hallo Spencer - Kasimir (voice)
Jake & Blake - Fynk
Just Shoot Me! - The Egg (computer voice)
Mad Men - Ring Announcer / Season 4 "The Suitcase" (voice)
Marseille - Pierre Chasseron
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers - Baboo (as Colin Phillips), Series Announcer, Pudgy Pig, Grumble Bee (2nd voice), Lizzinator, Trumpet Top, Terror Blossom, Beamcaster, Evil Bookula (voices, all minus Baboo are uncredited)
Power Rangers Zeo - Baboo, Video Vulture, Googleheimer (the Toy Robot), "Hosehead", Midas Monster (voices, all minus Baboo uncredited)
Power Rangers Turbo - Mr Goorific (voice, uncredited)
Power Rangers In Space - Termitus (voice, uncredited)
Power Rangers Lost Galaxy - Gasser (uncredited), Magnetox (voices)
Power Rangers: Lightspeed Rescue - Trifire (voice)
Power Rangers: Time Force - Black Knight (uncredited), Commandocon (voices)
Power Rangers: Wild Force - 2nd Narrator (uncredited), Vacuum Cleaner Org, Helicos (as David J. Mallow), Announcer (voices)
Roseanne - Radio Voice
Versus - Glasses
Violetta - Ramallo (voice: English)
VR Troopers - Air Stryker, Toxoid, Fistbot, Magician, Irradiator, Series Announcer
World Series of Poker - The Discovery Channel
Zeiram 2 - Bob (voice)
Films
A Martian Christmas - VOX, Shopper
An American Tail: The Treasure of Manhattan Island - Looper
Castle in the Sky - Louis (original English dub)
Cromartie High - The Movie - Masa (voice)
Arthur's Missing Pal - TV Announcer
Blood: The Last Vampire - Various
Dawn of the Dead - Zombie Vocal EFX (uncredited)
Digimon: The Movie - Angemon/Seraphimon, Upamon
Digimon Adventure tri. - Angemon
Dive Olly Dive and the Pirate Treasure - Pirate Captain
Fist of the North Star - Heart (Streamline dub)
First Snow - Radio Announcer (voice, uncredited)
FernGully: The Last Rainforest - Additional Voice
Forest Warrior - Bear Vocal Effects (uncredited)
The Happy Cricket - Buffuno
Kiki's Delivery Service - Dirigible Captain (Streamline Dub)
Krippendorf's Tribe - Newscaster (voice, uncredited)
Lensman: Secret of the Lens - Thorndyke
Metropolis - Pero
Mobile Suit Gundam F91 - Cain Sohn, Chris
Nixon - Newscaster (voice, uncredited)
Redline - Track Announcer
'Til There Was You - Newscaster (voice, uncredited)
Turbulence - Autopilot Voice (uncredited)
The Waterboy - Sports Announcer (voice, uncredited)
The L.A. Riot Spectacular - Newscaster (voice, uncredited)
The Dragon That Wasn't (Or Was He?) - Mr. Tusker, Doctor Lockjaw, Newscaster (English dub)
The Hungover Games - Talking Jay
The Unborn - Devil Baby Vocal EFX (uncredited)
John Carpenter's Vampires - Vampire Vocal EFX (uncredited)
Windaria - Lunarian Court Member
Video games
Battleship - Master Chief Petty Officer Scott Vickers, Lt. Commander Steve Metcalfe
Bleach: The 3rd Phantom - Seigen Suzunami
Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare - "Baseplate"
Call of Duty: Black Ops - President Richard Nixon
Defiance - Weston Marx, Votan Rebel, Hammerhead Gretch
Diablo III - Gharbad, Raziel the Dark One, Ghezrim, Serpent Magus, Goz' Turr the Torturer
Digimon Rumble Arena - Seraphimon
Dirge of Cerberus: Final Fantasy VII - Incidental characters
Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles: The Crystal Bearers - Additional voices
Hearthstone - The mistcaller, Sea Reaver, Spawn of Shadows, Mogor's Champion, Mukla's Champion
Heroes of the Storm - Dragon Knight, Undead Miner
I Love Bees - Herzog
Klonoa - Joker, Royal Guard
Marvel vs. Capcom 3 - Akuma
Might and Magic: World of Xeen - Additional Voices
Resident Evil 5 - HQ
Resident Evil 6 - HQ
Resistance 3 - Lester
Samurai Champloo: Sidetracked - Hanaoka
Space Siege - Dr. Edward DeSoto
Street Fighter series - Akuma, Oni
Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 - Akuma
Warcraft series - Various to include: Azgalor, Brutallus, Gortok Palehoof, Lor'Themar Theron, Varkul the Unrelenting, Tortolla, Xevozz, Thermaplugg, Saurok, Verming, Thalnos, Amber Monster, Chief Salyis, Nhallish
Toy voice work
Sonic Slam WWF Smackdown Megaphone Big Rig Buddies - Mattel
Chameleon Crunch Game - Mattel
Hot Wheels® Car Maker - Mattel
Hot Wheels® K.I.T.T. Knight Industries Two Thousand - Knight Rider 30th Anniversary Special EditionAudio book narration
The Commission
Rich Dad's Increase Your Financial IQ
Rich Dad's Advanced guide To Real Estate Investing
Rich Dad's Guide To The ABC's Of Property Management
Rich Dad's Conspiracy Of The Rich
The Political Fix
The Problem with Sudden Dance
Lies Chelsea Handler Told Me
Secret Agent X: "The Torture Trust" - Radio Archives.Com
So Good They Can't Ignore You - Why Skills Trump Passion in the Quest for Work You Love
Word of Mouth Marketing: How Smart Companies Get People Talking
The Kid: The Immortal Life of Ted Williams
ADR Staff
Writer/Adapter
Adventures on Rainbow Pond - Harmony Gold
Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics The Littl' Bits Maple Town Stories Maya the Bee Noozles Ox Tales The Return of Dogtanian Saban's Adventures of Peter Pan Saban's Adventures of Pinocchio Saban's Adventures of the Little Mermaid Saban's Tales of Little Women Saban's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Saban's Gulliver's Travels Samurai Pizza Cats Sandokan (1992 animated series - BRB International)
Swiss Family Robinson The Wisdom of The Gnomes The Hallo Spencer Show WowserDirector
Adventures on Rainbow Pond - Co-director
Button Nose - ADR Director
Eagle Riders - Co-director
Honeybee Hutch - Voice Director
Journey to the Heart of the World - Co-director
Noozles - Co-director
Saban's Tales of Little Women - Co-director
Tenchi in Tokyo Co-director
Wisdom of the Gnomes - Co-director
The Return of Dogtanian - Co-director
Looping
Air Force One Beauty and the Beast Breaking Bad Dark Water Dawn of the Dead ER First Snow Ghosts of Mars Life-Size Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman Mad Men My Favorite Martian My So-Called Life S1m0ne Nixon Jerry Maguire Mystery Alaska 'Til There Was You Turbulence The Waterboy Eraser Relativity Sisters (U.S. TV series) The Siege The Heist - (1989 TV Movie)
The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. Krippendorf's Tribe John Carpenter's Vampires Rocky and Bullwinkle BASEketball - Bob Costas sound-alike
Radio - On-air personality
KFMG-FM - Des Moines, Iowa
KUDL-FM - Kansas City, Missouri
WQIV-FM - New York, New York
WKTU-FM - New York, New York
WTFM-FM - New York, New York
Cutler Comedy Network
Other crew
The Unborn'' - Vocal Effects
References
External links
1948 births
American male television writers
American male video game actors
American male voice actors
American radio personalities
American television writers
Living people
Drake University alumni
American voice directors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Mallow |
Badin (Sindhi and ) is the main city and capital of Badin District in Sindh, Pakistan. It lies east of the Indus River. It is the 87th largest city in Pakistan.
Badin is often called 'Sugar State' due to its production of sugar.
Badin District was established in the year 1975. It comprises five Talukas Viz: Badin, Matli, Shaheed Fazal Rahu, Talhar and Tando bago and 46 Union Councils with 14 revenue circles, 111 Tapas and 535 dehs. This District is bordered by Hyderabad & Mirpukhas District in the North. Tharparkar & Mirpurkhas in the East, Hyderabad & Thatta District in the west & Kutch district of India in the South, which also forms the international boundary with India.
History
Badin was the site of some military action in the late 1500s, under the Tarkhan dynasty governors of Thatta. When the governor Mirza Baqi Muhammad Tarkhan died in October 1585, a dynastic power struggle broke out. His older son Mirza Payanda Muhammad, then posted at Siwistan, was seen as unfit to rule, so most of the nobility initially backed his younger brother Mirza Muzaffar Muhamad, who was located in Badin. However, as Mirza Muzaffar hurried from Badin to Thatta to claim the throne, the nobles realised that they didn't want his maternal relatives, the Jaheja branch of the Samma tribe, so they instead sent for Payanda Muhammad's competent son Mirza Jani Beg to take over. Mirza Jani immediately had many of Baqi Muhammad's favourites brutally executed, which terrified Mirza Muzaffar into retreating to his power base in Badin, where he began recruiting an army to challenge his nephew. Mirza Jani then marched on Badin with an army of his own and successfully defeated his uncle, forcing him to flee to the court of Kachh. Mirza Jani then annexed Badin into his territories. A few years later in early 1592, when Mirza Jani was in revolt against the Mughal Empire, the Mughal general Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan sent a division to capture Badin, which they succeeded in doing.
Later, around 1614, Mir Abu al-Baqa', brother of the author Mirak Yusuf, was appointed jagirdar of Badin; he was recalled to the Mughal court by early 1615 to go on a military campaign against the Kangra Fort. According to Mirak Yusuf, Badin belonged to the sarkar of Chachgan.
The old town of Badin, which was on the western bank of the Ghari Mandhar canal, was later destroyed by the Pathan Madat Khan during his raid into Sindh. The present site, between the Ghari Mandhar and Kaziah canals, is said to have been founded around 1750 by a Hindu named Sawalo.
Badin was first incorporated as a municipality in 1857. Around 1874 it was described as just a fraction of its size before Madat Khan's raid, with an estimated population of 513 people. The population was split about equally between Hindus and Muslims. Important local industries included production of shoes, agricultural tools like spades and axes, earthenware pottery, and wooden irrigation wheels (nars). It was a major regional trade centre for rice, bajri, other cereals, ghee, sugar, molasses, cloth, metals, tobacco, animal hides, cotton, liquor, and drugs. Long-distance trade was more restricted and consisted mainly of cloth, bajri, juar, and oil. Badin was then the headquarters of the taluka's mukhtiarkar and had a kacheri and jail with police lines (with a force of 3 officers and 11 constables), a district bungalow, and a dharamsala. The town was home to several important pirs; the most important of them, Bhawan Shah, had died recently.
Climate
Badin has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh). The climate of the district taken as a whole is moderate and is tempered by the sea breeze which blows for eight months of the year from March to October, making the hot weather somewhat cooler than for other parts of Pakistan. During the monsoon period, the sky is cloudy, but there is usually no rainfall. The climate in summer is generally moist and humid. The cold weather in Badin starts from the beginning of November when a sudden change from the moist sea breeze to the dry and cold north-east wind brings about, as a natural consequence, an immediate fall in temperature.cyclones and floods are hit because of sea.
Education
The University of Sindh established a campus in the region of Badin city, called 'Laar', to provide citizens in these areas with access to education. Sindh University's Laar Campus, Badin (S.U.L.C) was established in order to provide the inhabitants of Laar region, particularly girls, with the higher education in their local area.
The campus provides facilities including a library and a computer laboratory with an Internet connection. The college offers 4-year bachelor's degree programs in Business Administration, Commerce, English and Computer Science, postgraduate diploma in Computer Science and B.Ed., M.Ed. & M.A. (Education).
government owned institutions of education consisted of 209 schools for boys, 102 schools for girls, 691 primary schools, 428 co-educational schools, and 15 high school and higher education schools.
Culture
The city was once the centre of Sufi culture in the region. Badin's Shah Qadri Mela, (Gyarvi mean 11 in Sindi) or "Giyarwee Shareef Mela" (the Festival of Abdul-Qadir Gilani) was one of the famous festivals of Sindh that started around 1569 and ended around 1969 due to lack of support from government, and spread of Wahhabism, an orthodox version of Islam, which sees Sufism and Sufi Festivals as "threat to Islamic principles". It was the festival that used to attract more than fifty thousand people on each celebration.
See also
Gyarvi Sharif
Notes
References
Populated places in Badin District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badin |
A raceway pond is a shallow artificial pond used in the cultivation of algae.
The pond is divided into a rectangular grid, with each rectangle containing one channel in the shape of an oval, like an automotive raceway circuit. From above, many ponds look like a maze. Each rectangle contains a paddle wheel to make the water flow continuously around the circuit.
The Department of Energy's Aquatic Species Program experimented with raceway ponds for the cultivation of algae. Many commercial producers of spirulina still use raceway ponds as their primary method of cultivation. Raceway ponds were used for removal of lead from waste water using biosorption by Spirulina (Arthospira) sp.
See also
Algaculture
Algae
Aquaculture
Aquatic Species Program
Microbiofuels
Pond
Raceway (aquaculture)
References
Aquaculture
Ponds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raceway%20pond |
Mount Doongul is a mountain in Queensland state forest north of Maryborough, Australia. The mountain, although not particularly high, is said to offer views to Fraser Island off the southern Queensland coast and north to the town of Childers. Mount Doongul can be reached via the Maryborough-Biggenden Road and then by taking the North Aramara turn-off and following unsealed roads.
See also
List of mountains in Australia
References
Doongul
Wide Bay–Burnett | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Doongul |
The Italian People's Party (, PPI) was a Christian-democratic, centrist and Christian-leftist political party in Italy. The party was a member of the European People's Party (EPP).
The PPI was the formal successor of the Christian Democracy (DC), but was soon deprived of its conservative elements, which successively formed the Christian Democratic Centre (CCD) in 1994 and the United Christian Democrats (CDU) in 1995. The PPI was finally merged into Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (DL) in 2002, and DL was later merged with the Democrats of the Left (DS) and minor centre-left parties into Democratic Party (PD) in 2007.
History
The party emerged in January 1994 as the successor to the Christian Democracy (DC), Italy's dominant party since World War II, following the final national council of the DC and the split of a right-wing faction led by Pier Ferdinando Casini, which had formed the Christian Democratic Centre (CCD). The first secretary of the PPI was Mino Martinazzoli. He led the party to a severe defeat (11.1% of the vote) in the 1994 general election, fought in coalition with the Segni Pact, under the Pact for Italy banner. It was one of the worst defeats ever suffered by a Western European governing party.
After the election, Martinazzoli was replaced as secretary by conservative philosopher Rocco Buttiglione. In 1995, when his proposal to join the centre-right Pole of Freedoms coalition (composed of Forza Italia, National Alliance and the CCD) was rejected by the party's national council, Buttiglione, along with Roberto Formigoni, Gianfranco Rotondi and other bigwigs, formed the United Christian Democrats (CDU). This essentially left the PPI as the left wing of the former DC. As such, the PPI joined the centre-left coalition.
For the 1996 general election the PPI formed the Populars for Prodi list with the Democratic Union (UD), the Italian Republican Party (PRI) and the South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP). The list was part of The Olive Tree, the formal alliance of the centre-left coalition, and won 6.8% of the vote. The PPI was represented in Romano Prodi's first government by three ministers: Beniamino Andreatta at Defence, Rosy Bindi at Health and Michele Pinto at Agriculture. Additionally, Nicola Mancino was President of the Senate.
In the 1999 European Parliament election the PPI was damaged by the competition from The Democrats (Dem), a centrist and social-liberal party launched by Prodi: the PPI won only 4.3% of the vote, while The Democrats took 7.7%.
For the 2001 general election the PPI formed a joint list with The Democrats, the Union of Democrats for Europe (UDEUR) and Italian Renewal (RI). The list, named Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (DL), won 14.5% of vote. In 2002 DL was transformed into a full-fledged party, the PPI was merged into it and a cultural association named The Populars was formed. DL would later be merged, along with the Democrats of the Left (DS) and minor centre-left parties, into the Democratic Party (PD), of which The Populars became a faction. Two members of the PPI and DL, Enrico Letta and Matteo Renzi, would successively serve as Prime Ministers in 2013–2016.
Electoral results
Italian Parliament
European Parliament
Leadership
Secretary: Mino Martinazzoli (1994), Rocco Buttiglione (1994–1995), Gerardo Bianco (1995–1997), Franco Marini (1997–1999), Pierluigi Castagnetti (1999–2002)
Deputy Secretary: Enrico Letta (1997–1998), Dario Franceschini (1997–1999)
Coordinator: Dario Franceschini (1997–1999), Lapo Pistelli (1999–2002)
President: Rosa Russo Jervolino (1994), Giovanni Bianchi (1994–1997), Gerardo Bianco (1997–1999)
Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies: Beniamino Andreatta (1994–1996), Antonello Soro (1996–2001)
Party Leader in the Senate: Nicola Mancino (1994–1996), Leopoldo Elia (1996–2001)
Party Leader in the European Parliament: Pierluigi Castagnetti (1994–1999), Guido Bodrato (1999–2004)
Symbols
Before the secession of the CDU, the PPI’s logo was adaptation of the old DC’s logo.
References
External links
1994 establishments in Italy
2002 disestablishments in Italy
Centrist parties in Italy
Christian democratic parties in Italy
Defunct Christian political parties
Defunct political parties in Italy
Political parties established in 1994
Political parties disestablished in 2002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian%20People%27s%20Party%20%281994%29 |
The Driving Safety Research Institute (DSRI) at the University of Iowa College of Engineering houses the National Advanced Driving Simulator (NADS-1) and a fleet of instrumented on-road research vehicles. The NADS-1 is one of the largest ground vehicle driving simulators in the world.
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) owns the NADS-1 simulator, while the University of Iowa takes responsibility for operation and maintenance.
Mission
Make roads safer by researching the connection between humans and vehicles
Driving research
The Driving Safety Research Institute conducts research with both simulators and on-road vehicles. Funded by government, military, and industry partners, their expertise includes:
Human factors
Distracted driving
Drowsy driving
Drugged driving
Connected and automated vehicles
Mobility
At-risk populations (older and novice drivers)
Simulation science
Crash biomechanics
Safety and crash data analysis
Simulators
NADS-1 simulator: One of the world’s most realistic driving simulators
NADS-2 simulator: A fixed-base simulator with high-resolution graphics
miniSim™: A low-cost PC-based portable simulator available for purchase
The NADS-1 is one of the world’s highest-fidelity simulators. Four hydraulic actuators attached to the cab produce vibrations emulating road feel. The 24-foot dome is mounted on a yaw ring that can rotate the dome about its vertical axis by 330 degrees. The X-Y assembly produces lateral and longitudinal accelerations by moving about a 64-foot by 64-foot bay. The vehicle cab inside the dome is attached to a motorized turntable that allows the dome rotate and simulate different driving conditions. The cab can be a full-sized car, sport utility vehicle, truck, or tractor cab. The driving simulator was designed, developed, and produced by MTS Systems Corporation of Eden Prairie, Minnesota. The simulation runs using a software package called Real Time Recursive Dynamics (RTRD), as well as NADSdyna submodules for specific vehicle specs.
On-road research vehicles
The Driving Safety Research Institute's faculty and staff utilize a fleet of on-road, custom instrumented vehicles to conduct driving research:
Ford Transit shuttle bus
Tesla Model S75D
Lincoln MKZ
Volvo XC90
Toyota Camry XLE
Additionally, DSRI often receives vehicles as long-term loans from vehicle manufacturers and other partnering organizations for research. All vehicles are maintained in-house, with the University of Iowa, or in cooperation with partnering manufacturers/organizations.
History
The NADS-1 was developed from 1996 through 2001 by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to conduct human factors research on driver behavior.
1992
NHTSA selects the University of Iowa to house the National Advanced Driving Simulator (NADS-1 simulator), which would become the most sophisticated research driving simulator in the world at the time.
1994
The first automated driving simulations in the world are done at the University of Iowa on the Iowa Driving Simulator, predecessor to the NADS-1. Forward collision warning and adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems are designed, developed, and tested for NHTSA.
1997
The University of Iowa (UI) begins building virtual replicas of military proving grounds, such as the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland, where the government tests military vehicles.
1998
Ground is broken for the new NADS facility.
1999
UI begins first drugged driving study: “Effects of Fexofenadine, Diphenhydramine, and Alcohol on Driving Performance.”
2001 (fall)
NADS-1 is operational. The facility is operated on a self-sustaining basis by the UI. NHTSA owns the simulator while the UI takes responsibility for operation and maintenance. UI owns the building, land, and the software that runs the NADS-1.
2001
The first formal study done on the NADS-1 is a study on tire failure and loss of control.
2002
A wireless phone study is conducted—the first at NADS about driver distraction.
2003
NADS begins work with John Deere, and a tractor cab is created for use in the NADS-1 simulator.
2005
NADS builds a portable simulator for outreach to high school students, which eventually leads to the creation of the miniSim program in 2009.
2006
The NADS-2 simulator—the second simulator at the facility—is ready for business.
Based partially on research done at the UI, NHTSA mandates that all new vehicles must have electronic stability control.
2011
The first cannabis study on driving performance is conducted at NADS.
The first on-road vehicle is purchased for DSRI research, a Toyota Camry.
2013
The UI is awarded a grant that would grow to $11.2 million over eight years from the U.S. DOT to fund SAFER-SIM: Safety Research Using Simulation.
2015
MyCarDoesWhat.org campaign launched to educate consumers about advanced driver assistance systems.
2016–2018
Partially-automated vehicles are added to the NADS fleet: a Volvo XC90, Tesla Model S75D, and Lincoln MKZ.
2019
U.S. DOT awards NADS a $7 million grant for the Automated Driving Systems for Rural America project.
2023
The research institute officially changes its name from the University of Iowa National Advanced Driving Simulator (NADS) to the Driving Safety Research Institute (DSRI) to better reflect their expertise in both simulation and in on-road research. The National Advanced Driving Simulator name is retained for the suite of simulators.
References
External links
Driving simulators
University of Iowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Iowa%20Driving%20Safety%20Research%20Institute |
Glenys Bakker (born August 27, 1962 in High River, Alberta) is a Canadian curler from Calgary, Alberta.
Bakker played second for Shannon Kleibrink's bronze medal winning team at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Bakker played for Shannon Kleibrink for most of her curling career. At the 1993 Scott Tournament of Hearts, Bakker was Kleibrink's Alternate. She was Kleibrink's third at the 1997 Canadian Olympic Trials where the team lost to Sandra Schmirler in the final. In 2004, she was Kleibrink's second at the 2004 Scott Tournament of Hearts where they finished with a 6–5 record. Also as Kleibrink's second, the team won the 2005 Canada Cup of Curling and won the 2005 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials getting a berth at the 2006 Olympics.
At the Olympics, Bakker struggled for most of tournament, and was the 8th best second at the games out of ten second's.
In 2006, Bakker left Kleibrink's team to focus more on her family.
References
External links
World Curling Tour team profile
1962 births
Living people
Canadian people of Dutch descent
Canadian women curlers
Curlers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Canada
Olympic curlers for Canada
People from High River
Curlers from Calgary
Olympic medalists in curling
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Canada Cup (curling) participants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenys%20Bakker |
Tando Allahyar (, ) is a city and capital of Tando Allahyar District located in Sindh, Pakistan. It is the 56th largest city of Pakistan by population according to the 2017 census.
History
Tando Allahyar was founded during the rule of Talpur, of the Mir clan. When Bachal Yousfani was mayor, inns and guest houses were built as well as colonies for residents and jobs were created.
Watayo Faqir's shrine
The shrine of the sindhi oracle and that man was presented thinks his own wisdom Sufi poet Watayo Faqir lies at Kuba Shareef near Rashidabad.
1709 fort construction
Tando Allahyar was founded in 1709 when Talpur constructed a mud and clay fort about from the present day Tando Allahyar town center. The fort was built to provide security for the Mir and the people of the area. It also functioned as a trading post. As the township developed around the fort, it was known as "Allahyar Jo Tando" (Allahyar's Town). The fort is now called "Kacho Qilo". Some walls decorated at the time of the Mir remain.
British rule
In 1906, during the British Raj, a railway station was established. It reflected the town's growing importance as a centre of agriculture and trade. The name of the town changed from "Allahyar Jo Tando" to "Tando Allahyar". The British Raj took the fort for its official use.
Canal
In 1933, a canal was constructed. It further increased Tando Allahyar's importance in agriculture and trade.
Independence
Prior to 1947, the majority of inhabitants of Tando Allahyar were Hindu. The temple of Baba Ramdevji Rama-Pir was a symbol of Hindu–Muslim unity and peaceful co-existence. After independence of Pakistan, many Hindu followers left. Nevertheless, the temple, located in the town centre, remains a popular destination for Hindu pilgrims.
The predominantly Muslim population supported Muslim League and Pakistan Movement. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the minority Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India while the Muslim refugees from India settled in the Tando Allahyar District.
Ramapir Temple
The Rama Pir Mandir is a temple of Ramdev Pir in Tando Allahyar. It is the second largest pilgrimage site for the Hindus in Pakistan. Every year in Bhadrapada month of Hindu calendar, here the three days Mela arranged by Ramapir Seva Mandali.
Location
Tando Allahyar lies northeast of Hyderabad, on the road between Hyderabad and Mirpurkhas. Tando Allahyar is a railway hub for the Sindh region. Early in the nineteenth century, members of the Bozdar family, a community from the Suleiman Mountains, founded the settlements of Khan Muhammad Bozdar (a nearby village of 52 houses), Massu Bozdar, and Dhangano Bozdar.
Demography
Population
the population of Tando Allahyar and its immediate surroundings was 400,000. 30% of the population are Muslim immigrants from India who arrived after independence of Pakistan in 1947. 70% are indigenous Sindhi inhabitants. There are a significant number of Urdu, Baloch, Punjabi, and Pashto speaking people in Tando Allahyar.
Hindu temples
Shri Ramapir
Rama Pir
Climate
Tando Allahyar is hot throughout the year. Nights often have cool breezes throughout the year.
Agriculture
Tando Allahyar is one of Pakistan's richest agricultural regions. Cash crops like sugarcane, wheat, onion and cotton are cultivated. Mangoes and bananas are also grown. There are sugar mills and some cotton ginning factories.
Mohsin Rasheed Memon Mango Farm on Mir Wah road 3 km from the city centre is a major mango farm. It has Sindhri, dashari, langra, Anwer Ratol, Siroli and Patasha variety.
Religion
Tando Allahyar's population is predominantly Shia and Sunni Islam. There is also a small Hindu community that exists in the city that mainly engages in business and in rural areas Hindu communities engage in agriculture. There are a few shrines in the city in different areas like Bukera Sharif also there is a very old madrasa in the city with the name of Darul Uloom once called "Saniye Darul Uloom".
Culture
Tando Allahyar has a rich traditional Sindhi culture. Women may wear a Shalwar Kameez but often wear the traditional dress, the gharara or "parro". Traditionally, many bangles are worn on the arms. Men wear a Shalwar Kameez distinguished by broader bottoms and a traditional Sindhi-style cap. The youth may appear in western styles.
Languages
Sindhi, Siraiki and Urdu, are the main languages spoken. Other languages including Rajisthani Qaimkhani Khanzada, dhatki, Marwari, Balochi Punjabi and Brahui as well some Dravidian languages.
Architecture
Tando Allahyar is a bustling town with mango tree lined streets. Old buildings are topped by chimney-like air cooling devices that catch the breeze.
Education
Rates of literacy are greater in the urban than the rural areas of Tando Allahyar.
Tando Allahyar is a marginalised, lower-income area, with state involvement limited to constructing school buildings and providing teachers. Teachers receive little training and have tended to follow an old-fashioned, authoritarian model of teaching; Zahid Shahab Ahmed noted in 2017 that some teachers had expressed unfamiliarity with the concept of participatory classes where students were encouraged to develop independent critical-thinking ability. Education in Tando Allahyar is generally in Urdu due to its widespread familiarity among students.
External links
Sunset at Tando Allahyar
Demographs of Tando Allahyar
Local Government of Sindh
References
Populated places in Sindh
Tando Allahyar District
Shiva temples
History of Pakistan
Ruins in Pakistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tando%20Allahyar |
Vere Brabazon Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough, (27 October 1880 – 10 March 1956), was an Anglo-Irish businessman and politician who served as Governor General of Canada, the fourteenth since Canadian Confederation.
Born and educated in England into 'the Ascendancy', the Anglo-Irish aristocracy, he graduated with a law degree from Cambridge University. In 1910 he became a member of the London County Council as a member of the British House of Commons. Upon the death of his grandfather ten years later, Ponsonby succeeded as Earl of Bessborough and took his seat in the House of Lords. In 1931 he was appointed as Governor-General by King George V, on the recommendation of British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald, to replace The Earl of Willingdon as viceroy. He occupied the post until succeeded by The Lord Tweedsmuir in 1935. Lord Bessborough is remembered for promoting new communication technologies as well as giving support to Canadians during the Great Depression.
After the end of his viceregal tenure, he returned to London, where he continued in business and worked with the Dominions Office and the Foreign Office before his death in March 1956.
The 9th Lord Bessborough was the last Earl of Bessborough to own Bessborough House, the Ponsonby family's ancestral seat near the village of Piltown in the south of County Kilkenny in Ireland. The country house was primarily built in the 1740s for the 1st Earl. It was gutted by fire during the Irish Civil War in February 1923. The 9th Lord Bessborough had the house rebuilt in the late 1920s. However, he sold the house in the late 1930s as he primarily lived in Britain. The house now forms the central part of Kildalton Agricultural College.
Early life and education
Ponsonby was born in London, the first son and third child of Edward, 8th Earl of Bessborough, and his wife, Blanche. Her father, Sir Josiah Guest, was a great-uncle of Sir Winston Churchill. Ponsonby attended Harrow School before going up to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1898, graduating three years later with a Bachelor of Arts degree. In 1903, he began a career in law, being called to the Bar at the Inner Temple. After his father succeeded as Earl of Bessborough in 1906, Ponsonby used the courtesy title of Viscount Duncannon.
Career
In 1907, the young Viscount Duncannon (as he then was) entered politics, being elected to a seat on the London County Council. He remained at that post until running in the January 1910 general election and winning a seat in the British House of Commons as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Cheltenham. He lost that seat in the election of 19 December that same year, but re-entered the Commons in 1913 as the MP for Dover.
When the First World War broke out and, while retaining his parliamentary seat, Lord Duncannon joined the army. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in Royal Buckinghamshire Yeomanry. On 11 November 1914, he transferred to the Suffolk Hussars (both units were part of the Territorial Force and were sent into action overseas), where he was later appointed captain and promoted to acting major. He served at Gallipoli in 1915 and, from 1916 to 1918, on the military staff in France. During his wartime service, he was mentioned in dispatches, awarded the Croix de chevalier of the French Legion of Honour, and appointed to the Italian Order of St Maurice and St Lazarus, the Belgian Order of Leopold II, Greece's Order of the Redeemer, as well as a Third Class Member of the Russian Order of St Anna. After the war, Lord Duncannon was appointed a Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George in the 1919 New Year Honours List.
After the death of his father on 1 December 1920, he succeeded to the Irish earldom of Bessborough, requiring him to resign his seat in the House of Commons and enter the House of Lords. On 17 December, he applied to be Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Three Hundreds of Chiltern. The Earl had a successful business career, holding directorships in several large commercial firms, including acting as head of both the São Paulo Railway and the Margarine Union, as well as deputy chairman of De Beers Consolidated Mines. On 8 April 1925 his ten-year old second son, D. N. Ponsonby, was thrown from a horse and killed while riding at Stansted Park.
Governor General of Canada
It was announced in early 1931 that King George V had, by commission under the royal sign-manual and signet, appointed Lord Bessborough as his representative. The appointment was made on the recommendation of British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald, with input from Prime Minister of Canada Richard Bennett. It came as somewhat of a surprise, as Bessborough was the only businessman to have ever been appointed Governor General.
After being admitted into the Privy Council of the United Kingdom on 20 March 1931, Lord Bessborough travelled to Canada and was sworn in as Governor General on 4 April, amid the Great Depression. In his travels around Canada, Bessborough witnessed the struggles of Canadians during the depression. He praised their tenacity. In Shawbridge, Quebec, he stated in a speech: "There is nothing more encouraging and cheering than the calm steady way Canadians have pursued their daily tasks during the difficult period with a supreme faith in the destiny of their country". As a sign of his sympathy with the majority of the populace, he gave up 10% of his salary.
Despite the economic situation, Canada was gaining international stature, and Lord Bessborough acted as host to the leaders who, in July 1932, converged on Ottawa for the Imperial Economic Conference. He also presided over the opening of the Welland Canal the same year. The Governor General welcomed many foreign dignitaries, including Prince Takamatsu and his wife, Princess Takamatsu; King Rama VII of Siam and his consort, Queen Ramphaiphanni; and Winston Churchill, then a British Member of Parliament. Several technological firsts took place during Bessborough's tenure: his installation ceremony was the first to be broadcast by radio; in 1932, from the Governor General's study at Rideau Hall, he inaugurated the first trans-Canada telephone line by calling each of the lieutenant governors; and, as Governor-in-Council, he created the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (the CBC). Lord Bessborough was also the first Canadian viceroy to fly the new standard dedicated to that office, created in 1931.
Bessborough's time as Governor General coincided with the King's Silver Jubilee celebrations in May 1935. During the celebrations, he launched the King's Jubilee Cancer Fund with a radio broadcast from Rideau Hall. Also, he initiated a campaign to increase the membership of the Scouts. However, the most prominent mark that Bessborough left in Canada was the Dominion Drama Festival. He developed the festival with the assistance of future Governor-General Vincent Massey and Henry C. Osborne. The festival was first held in April 1933 and awarded the Bessborough Trophy to the best amateur theatrical company in the country.
Post-viceregal life
After life in Canada, Lord Bessborough returned to London and his businesses. His activities were not all business related. During the Second World War, Bessborough helped establish a department in the British Foreign Office dedicated to the welfare of French refugees in the United Kingdom.
In 1956, the Earl returned once more to Canada, staying at Rideau Hall as a guest of the then-Governor General, Vincent Massey. He died the following year at the country house he purchased in 1924, Stansted House.
Honours
Appointments
1 January 1919 – 13 February 1931: Companion of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (CMG)
13 February 1931 – 10 March 1956: Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (GCMG)
20 March 1931 – 10 March 1956: Member of His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council (PC)
22 June 1934 – 10 March 1956: Knight of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of Saint John (KStJ)
4 April 1931 – 2 November 1935: Chief Scout for Canada
4 April 1931 – 2 November 1935: Honorary Member of the Royal Military College of Canada Club
Medals
1919: 1914–15 Star
1919: British War Medal
1919: Victory Medal
1935: King George V Silver Jubilee Medal
1937: King George VI Coronation Medal
Foreign honours
25 September 1917: Croix de Chevalier, Legion of Honor
17 October 1917: Member, Third Class with Swords of the Order of St. Anna
24 October 1919: Officer, Order of the Redeemer
: Member of the Order of St. Maurice and St. Lazarus
: Member of the Order of Leopold II
: Médaille de la Reconnaissance française
Honorary military appointments
4 April 1931 – 2 November 1935: Colonel of the Governor General's Horse Guards
4 April 1931 – 2 November 1935: Colonel of the Governor General's Foot Guards
4 April 1931 – 2 November 1935: Colonel of the Canadian Grenadier Guards
Honorary degrees
1932: University of Alberta, Doctor of Laws (LLD)
: University of Toronto, Doctor of Laws (LLD)
: University of Ottawa, Doctor of Laws (LLD)
: McGill University, Doctor of Laws (DCL)
Honorific eponyms
Awards
: Bessborough Trophy (renamed Calvert Trophy)
Buildings
: Bessborough Armoury, Vancouver
: Delta Bessborough, Saskatoon
Schools
: Bessborough Hall, Clear Water Academy, Calgary
: Bessborough School, Moncton
Arms
Ancestry
References
External links
Governor General of Canada: The Earl of Bessborough
The Canadian Encyclopedia: Vere Brabazon Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough
Canadian Governor General Earl of Bessborough visits Britannia Mines September 8th 1932
1880 births
1956 deaths
British Army personnel of World War I
Military personnel from London
People educated at Harrow School
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Vere Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough
Ponsonby, Vere
Ponsonby, Vere
Governors General of Canada
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Knights of Justice of the Order of St John
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Ponsonby, Vere
Ponsonby, Vere
Ponsonby, Vere
UK MPs who inherited peerages
Chief Scouts of Canada
Royal Buckinghamshire Yeomanry officers
Suffolk Yeomanry officers
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Vere
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Dover
Politics of Cheltenham
People from Stoughton, West Sussex
Earls created by George VI
Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vere%20Ponsonby%2C%209th%20Earl%20of%20Bessborough |
Chuck Moore may refer to:
Charles H. Moore (born 1938), inventor of the Forth programming language
Charles R. Moore (computer engineer) (1961–2012), computer architect
Chuck Moore (American football) (born 1940), former American football offensive lineman | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck%20Moore |
Atlin (Tlingit: Wéinaa) is a community in northwestern British Columbia, Canada, located on the eastern shore of Atlin Lake. In addition to continued gold-mining activity, Atlin is a tourist destination for fishing, hiking and heliskiing. As of 2016, there are 477 permanent residents.
The name comes from Áa Tlein, the Tlingit language word for "big body of water". The surrounding area has been used by Inland Tlingit people for many years and the community is home to the Taku River Tlingit First Nation.
Every July, the town hosts the Atlin Arts & Music Festival in Tarahne Park. However, the festival did not take place in 2010 or 2020.
History
The exact time when prospectors arrived in Atlin is unknown. George Miller is supposed to be the first person to have learned of the presence of gold within the area surrounding Atlin. The two men most commonly referred to as the "founders" of Atlin are Frederick Miller and Kenneth McLaren, who staked claims along the nearby Pine Creek in 1898. The Atlin Gold Rush came to Atlin Lake country in 1898 and was one of the richest offshoots of the Klondike Gold Rush. By the end of the mining season of 1899, around 5,000 people had flocked to the region and Atlin became a busy and important settlement, centre of the Atlin Mining District, and one of the flash-points of the Alaska boundary dispute. Although production was greater in its early years, the Atlin field still produces. Total placer gold production has exceeded $23,000,000.
In the 1920s, Atlin was popular as an exotic tourist destination. There was no road to the settlement, requiring tourists to travel up the Inside Passage through the British Columbia Coast and the Alaska Panhandle and via passes through Alaska and a series of lakes in Yukon and British Columbia. The journey ended when the M.V. Tarahne (and other lake boats) took the tourists across the lake to stay at the large three storey Atlin Inn (built by the White Pass and Yukon Route company). It was during this time it was nicknamed the "Switzerland of the North" because it is surrounded by mountains in much the same way as Switzerland. During the Great Depression, tourism decreased and the White Pass and Yukon Route closed their transportation routes and hotel. Atlin was largely isolated from transportation and commerce until the Atlin Road was built in 1950–51.
Infrastructure
Atlin can be reached via the Atlin Road (Yukon Territorial Highway 7; no number in B.C.) that is maintained jointly by the British Columbia and Yukon governments. At its Yukon terminus, the Atlin Road connects to the Tagish Road and the Alaska Highway (Highway 1). It can also be reached through Atlin Airport. Prior to the 1950 construction of the Atlin Road by the Canadian Army, Atlin was reached overland by two lake steamers, the Tutshi and Tarahne, with a two-mile rail line between the lakes they plied, until the 1930s, then was isolated.
Atlin telephone service is provided by Telus Communications since the independent company serving Atlin was merged into B.C. Tel in the mid-20th Century, and B.C. Tel merged with Telus in 2000.
There is internet provided by the local ISP Atlin Community Network and Xplornet but no cell phone service in Atlin.
Atlin long relied on a local diesel generator, but hydroelectric power was restored around 2012 with a micro-hydro project near where one historically operated. The output is sufficient for local use, but expansion is being studied, with the possible sale of surplus to Yukon Energy.
Atlin has a radio repeater carrying CBC Radio One, and used to have a community-owned television transmitter carrying CBC Television by satellite; when first established, the CBC TV signal was relayed from Whitehorse by a repeater on White Mountain near Jake's Corner. Currently, the only available TV service is through Shaw in Whitehorse.
Climate
Atlin has a subarctic climate (Köppen Dsc) with long, cold winters and short, mild summers. The westerly location and minor Pacific influence, however, makes the winters markedly less severe than in most of northern Canada, and the town is among the northernmost in Canada with a mean annual temperature above . Precipitation is generally light, with less than of actual rainfall per year, and a snowfall less than that of markedly milder Juneau on the coast.
Television
Atlin was featured on the historical television series Gold Trails and Ghost Towns, season 1, episode 9.
See also
Atlin Volcanic Field
Atlin Arts & Music Festival
References
Further reading
External links
Discover Atlin
Atlin Arts & Music Festival
Unincorporated settlements in British Columbia
Mining communities in British Columbia
Atlin District
Populated places in the Regional District of Kitimat–Stikine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlin%2C%20British%20Columbia |
Cakaudrove West Fijian Provincial Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 23 communal constituencies reserved for indigenous Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 48 seats, 23 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage). The electorate covered western areas of Cakaudrove Province, in the southeastern part of the northern island of Vanua Levu.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
In the 1999 election, Ratu Kinijoji Maivalili won with more than 50 percent of the primary vote; therefore, there was no redistribution of preferences.
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakaudrove%20West%20%28Fijian%20Communal%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
Robert DeWayne Papenbrook (September 18, 1955 – March 17, 2006) was an American voice actor.
Career
Fellow voice actors often nicknamed him "Pappy". He was very well known in the worlds of anime and video game voice-overs for his voice acting of "gruff" characters. However, he was especially well known in his various live action voice-overs which, most notably, included the Power Rangers franchise. He was discovered by filmmakers Steven Spielberg and George Lucas, which got him his very first voice acting role in the hit film Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) as the voices of all the Hovito natives who pursue Indiana Jones in the beginning of the film. His best-known roles included the voices of Rito Revolto in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers and Power Rangers Zeo, Shadowborg in Big Bad Beetleborgs, Scorpix in Beetleborgs Metallix and Deviot in Power Rangers: Lost Galaxy.
Personal life
Aside from acting, he also taught kickboxing and other martial arts. He and his wife Debbie Rothstein married in 1978 and had a son, Bryce Papenbrook, who is also a voice actor.
Death
On March 17, 2006, Papenbrook died of chronic lung problems at the age of 50. The 2008 DVD Adventures in Voice Acting was dedicated to him (whose appearance was filmed before his death).
Filmography
Anime
.hack//Sign – Lios
Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo – Kilalino
The Big O – Roscoe Fitzgerald
Brigadoon: Marin & Melan – Animal Keeper, President, Principal, Tadashi Tokita
Cyborg 009 (2001) – Cop, Blue Beast, Dr. Eckerman, Scientist
Daigunder – Bulion
Digimon: Digital Monsters – Daemon (Adventure 02), Tadashi Katou (Tamers), Majiramon (Tamers), Kongoumon (Frontier), ShogunGekomon (Adventure and Adventure 02), Additional Voices
Dinozaurs – Gigano Dragon
Duel Masters – Prince Herbert the Ruthless, Prince Eugene the Mean
Eureka Seven – Ken-Goh (Episode 1-28)
Fafner in the Azure – Kyousuke Mizoguchi
Flint the Time Detective – Rocky Hammerhead, Blademan of the Cardians
Giant Robo: The Animation (as Robert D. Papenbrook) – Juujoji the Bell of Life
Great Teacher Onizuka (as John Smallberries) – Hiroshi Uchiyamada
Heat Guy J – J
Kikaider 01 – Shadow Knight
Last Exile – David Mad-thane
Magic Knight Rayearth – Lafarga
Maetel Legend – Conductor
Macross Plus – Raymond Marley
Mezzo Forte (as John Smallberries) – Momokichi Momoi
Phantom Quest Corp. – Rokkon
Rave Master – Bis Ras
Rurouni Kenshin – Koshijirou Kamiya, Heizo Ogawa, Hyottoko, Muraki Uramura
Scrapped Princess – Berkens
Sentō Yōsei Yukikaze – Major General Linneberg
Shinzo – Kutal/Hyper Kutal
Street Fighter II V – Warden Nuchi
Super Pig – Fowley Fastback
Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-Ohki OVA 3 – Katsuhito Masaki/Yosho, Nobuyuki Masaki
Tenchi in Tokyo – Nobuyuki Masaki, Katsuhito Masaki, Dokuzen Tsuchida, and Jurai Priest.
Tenchi Muyo! GXP (as John Smallberries) – NB, Katsuhito Masaki/Yosho
Transformers: Robots in Disguise – Mega-Octane/Ruination
Wolf's Rain – Retrieval Squad Commander
Live-action
Big Bad Beetleborgs – Amphead, Shadowborg, Hammerhands (voices), Borgslayer (shared voice role with Dave Mallow)
Beetleborgs Metallix – Aqualungs, Scorpix, Boron (voices)
Cold Case – Wade Ribble (Episode Discretion/deceased suspect character)
Greed: The Series – Himself
Masked Rider – Edentada, Cyborgator, Bruticon (voices)
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers – Rito Revolto, Showbiz Monster, Saliguana, Snizard (voices – all minus Rito uncredited)
Power Rangers: Zeo – Rito Revolto, Silo (1st voice), Punch-A-Bunch, Borax the Varox (voices, all minus Rito uncredited)
Power Rangers: Turbo – Amphibidor, Torch Tiger (voices, uncredited)
Power Rangers: In Space – Sting King, Lunatick, Spikey (voices, uncredited)
Power Rangers: Lost Galaxy – Radster, Deviot (voices – Radster uncredited)
Power Rangers: Lightspeed Rescue – Fireor, Thunderclaw (voices)
Power Rangers: Time Force – Univolt, Artillicon (voices)
Power Rangers: Wild Force – Bell Org (voice), Mike (sporting goods store clerk; only on-screen role in Power Rangers franchise)
VR Troopers – Spitbot, Footbot, Vanbot, Serpentoid (voices)
Film
Ah! My Goddess: The Movie (2001) – Toraichi Tamiya (voice)
Dawn of the Dead – Additional Voices
Digimon: The Movie – Red Greymon (voice)
The Happy Cricket (English version) – Wartlord (voice)
Jeepers Creepers 2 – Guy in Station Wagon
Lupin III: The Mystery of Mamo (1994) – Flinch (voice)
Mobile Suit Gundam F91 – Cosmo Eigesse, Additional Voices (as John Smallberries)
Patlabor: The Movie – Fukushima (voice)
Raiders of the Lost Ark – Voice of screaming natives chasing Indiana Jones (debut role)
Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed (2004) – Black Knight Ghost (voice)
Sky Blue (2004) – Goliath, Governor, Typon (voice)
Stranger than Fiction – Animal Attack V.O. #3 (voice)
Street Fighter Alpha: The Animation (2001) – Dan Hibiki (voice)
Tenchi Muyo in Love 2 – Haruka Naru Omoi aka Tenchi Forever: Nobuyuki Masaki, Katsuhito Masaki
Tenchi the Movie 2: The Daughter of Darkness''' – Nobuyuki Masaki, Katsuhito Masaki (voices)
Tugger the 4x4 Jeep – BD (voice)
The Toy Warrior (2005) – Mr. Liverstone (voice)
Zentrix – Dr. Roark (voice)
Hoodwinked! – Vincent (voice – uncredited)
Documentaries
Adventures in Voice Acting – Himself
Video games
.hack//Mutation – Lios
.hack//Outbreak – Lios
.hack//Quarantine – Lios
The Bard's Tale – Additional Voices
Dungeons & Dragons: Dragonshard EverQuest II: Desert of Flames EverQuest II: Kingdom of Sky Resident Evil Outbreak & Resident Evil Outbreak: File #2 – David King
Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter
Splinter Cell: Double Agent – Gas Chamber Guard (posthumous release; last performance)
Gundam Side Story 0079: Rise From the Ashes – Additional Voices
Seven Samurai 20XX – Drei
The Suffering: Ties That Bind – Copperfield
Vampire Hunter D – Borgoff, Machira
Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos''
References
External links
Bob Papenbrook at CrystalAcids Anime Voice Actor Database
1955 births
2006 deaths
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
Contestants on American game shows
Deaths from lung disease
Male actors from San Diego | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Papenbrook |
Hakeem Muhammad Saeed (; 9 January 1920 – 17 October 1998) was a Pakistani medical researcher, scholar, and philanthropist. He served as governor of Sindh Province from 19 July 1993 until 23 January 1994. Saeed was one of Pakistan's most prominent medical researchers in the field of Eastern medicine.
He established the Hamdard Foundation in 1948, prior to his settlement in West Pakistan. In the next few years, the herbal medical products of the Hamdard Foundation became household names in Pakistan. Hakeem Muhammad Saeed authored and compiled about 200 books on medicine, philosophy, science, health, religion, natural medicine, literature, social issues, as well as travelogues. In 1981, Saeed became one of the founding member of the World Cultural Council, a nonprofit international organization, based in Mexico.
On 17 October 1998, Hakeem Saeed was assassinated by a group of unknown assailants while he was on his way to attend a medical experiment at the Hamdard Laboratories in Karachi. His killing prompted Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nawaz Sharif to impose direct federal rule over the Sindh province.
Early life and career
Hakeem Muhammad Said was born in Delhi, British Indian Empire in 1920 to an educated and religious Urdu-speaking Muhajir class family. His ancestors came from Kashgar (now Kashi, Xinjiang, China) to the Indian subcontinent, in the reign of the Mughal emperor, Shah Alam. They first stayed at Peshawar for about eighteen years, then moved to Multan, before finally settling down in Delhi.
His forefathers and family had been associated with the herbal medicine business and had established the Hamdard Waqf Laboratories in India before 1947, which today has emerged as one of the largest manufacturers of Unani medicines in the world. Saeed attended the local school where he learned Arabic, Persian, Urdu, English and studied the Quran. At the age of 18, Hakeem went on to attend the University of Delhi in 1938. There, Saeed obtained a B.Pharmacy degree and a Bachelor of Science degree in medicinal chemistry in 1942. After his undergraduate education, Saeed joined Hamdard Waqf Laboratories as a junior researcher and participated in herbal quality control while formulating medicines. In 1945, Saeed attended the post-graduate course and obtained a master's degree in pharmacy from the same institution. Before 1947, Hakeem Saeed was also involved in the Pakistan Movement activities.
After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, Saeed left his hometown with his wife and only daughter. The family settled in Karachi, Sindh Province of West Pakistan. He established Hamdard Laboratories and served as its first director until his death in 1998. In 1952, Saeed travelled to Turkey where he attended the Ankara University and was awarded a PhD degree in pharmacy, then returned to Pakistan to devote his life to medicine research.
Scholarship
Following his settlement in Pakistan, Saeed began practicing medicine and continued to research in Eastern medicine. Having established the Hamdard Laboratories in 1948, Saeed was one of the driving forces in Pakistan for engaging in the research in medical biology and medicine. In 1953, after his doctorate degree, Saeed joined the Sindh University as an associate professor of pharmacy and taught courses in organic chemistry. In 1963, Saeed resigned from his position because of differences with the Federal government. In 1964, Saeed came into public limelight when he gave rogue criticism to Lieutenant-General Wajid Ali Khan Burki, then-Surgeon General of the Pakistan Army Medical Corps, who was a high-profile officer leading the then Ministry of Health under the government of Field Marshal Ayub Khan. Saeed criticized the General, saying, "General [Wajid] Burki used to say that Eastern medicine and homeopathy were quackery". Saeed began to write articles, organized conferences and lobbied hard for the Eastern medicine and Ayub Khan had to pass a law legalizing Eastern medicine, due to a fear of his government losing credibility among the people.
In 1985, Hakeem Mohammed Saeed founded Hamdard University, where he served as its first Vice-Chancellor and as a professor.
The crowning activity of his life is the establishment of Madinat-al-Hikmah campus in Karachi. It comprises Hamdard University with such institutes as Hamdard College of Medicine and Dentistry, Hamdard Al-Majeed College of Eastern Medicine, Hafiz Muhammad Ilyas Institute of Herbal Sciences, Hamdard Institute of Education & Social Sciences, Hamdard Institute of Management Sciences, Hamdard Institute of Information Technology, Hamdard School of Law, Faculty of Engineering Science & Technology, Hamdard Public School and Hamdard Village School. Bait-al-Hikmah (the Library) is also a constituent part of Madinat-al-Hikmah. This is one of the biggest and best-stocked libraries of Pakistan.
Saeed wrote, edited or compiled over 200 books and journals in Urdu and English on Islam, education, Pakistan, science, medicine, and health. Besides writing travelogues of countries he visited, he also wrote books especially for youth and children. He also edited some journals such as Hamdard Islamicus, Hamdard Medicus, Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society "Historicus", Hamdard-e-Sehat, and Hamdard Naunehal. For several years he was also the editor of Payami, the Urdu edition of UNESCO'S journal Courier. Saeed participated in various international conferences on medicine, science, education and culture and travelled widely to many countries of the world. While in Pakistan, he organized numerous international and national conferences on topics of prime importance.
Saeed created two widely attended national forums: Hamdard Shura (for leaders of public opinion) and Naunehal Assembly (for children). He held offices and memberships in dozens of national and international organizations related to education and healthcare. He launched two journals, Hamdard Medicus and Hamdard Islamicus. Hamdard-e-Sehat, which was already being published under his editorship since 1940, also appeared from Karachi in 1948. He launched a magazine for young readers, Hamdard Naunehal and established a separate division, Naunehal Adab, for producing quality books for children.
Saeed was an exponent of Eastern medicine who had treated patients from all over the world including Pakistan, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East by the time of his death in October 1998. He helped get alternative medicine recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO). After a fifty-year career as a practitioner of Greco-Arab medicine, he was posthumously awarded the Nishan-e-Imtiaz by the Government of Pakistan in 2002.
Books written
Islamic-related
Religion, Islamic Studies, Islamic Law, Education and Literature (in English)
Nuristan (Radio speeches on Quran-e-Hakim & our lives) (Published in 1987)
The Employer And the Employee: Islamic Concept (Published in 1972)
Islamic Concept of State (Published in 1983)
Essays on Islam (Four Volumes) (Published between 1992 and 1998)
Voice of Morality (Published in 1985)
Man, The World, Peace
Main Currents of Contemporary Thought In Pakistan (2 Volumes), History & Biography (in English) (Published in 1973)
Al-Biruni: His Time, Life And Works, Co-author: Dr. Ansar Zahid Khan (Published in 1981)
Personalities Noble (Published in 1983)
Road To Pakistan, Co-authors: Dr. Moin-ul-Haq, Prof. Sharif-ul-Mujahid, Dr. Ansar Zahid Khan (Published in 1990)
Medicine & History of Medicine
Al-Biruni's Book on Pharmacist And Material to Medica (Published in 1973)
Diseases of Liver: Greco-Arab Concepts (Published in 1982)
Cardiovascular Diseases: Greco-Arab Concepts (Published in 1983)
Hamdard Pharmacopoeia of Eastern Medicine (Published in 1969)
Oral Health (Published in 1994)
Medicine In China (Published in 1965)
Pharmacy and Medicine Thru The Ages (Published in 1969)
Traditional Greco-Arab And Modern Western Medicine: Conflict and Symbiosis (Published in 1975)
Pakistan Encyclopedia Planta Medica (2 Volumes), Co-authors: Dr. Viqar Uddin Ahmed & Dr. Atta-Ur-Rahman (Published in 1986)
Medicinal Herbal (2 volumes) (Published in 1996)
Background of Unani, Arabic & Islamic Medicine & Pharmacy (Published in 1997)
Ethics For Medics (Published in 1997)
Children's Literature
Love and Peace (Published in 1990)
Dostan (4 parts) Published in 1991
Let Us Talk Health (Published in 1989)
Peace Primer, Co-author F.A. Anvery (Published in 1991)
The Best of Goodness (Published in 1991)
The Greatest Man (Published in 1991)
A Primer of Health for Children of the World (Published in 1993)
A World without Polio – Children's thematic Poster Competition (Published in 1996)
Personal life
In 1945, he married his cousin Naimat Begum in Delhi. They had one daughter, Sadia Rashid.
He was the younger brother of the Hakim Abdul Hameed.
Death
Saeed was murdered on 17 October 1998 in Aram Bagh area of Karachi. His murderers were caught by DIG Farooq Amin Qureshi, CCPO Karachi at that time. Qureshi was highly appreciated and is one of the most renowned police officers of Pakistan to this day. Several persons were arrested and subsequently sentenced to death by an anti-terrorism court.
Investigation
In 2001, an anti-terrorism appellate bench of the Supreme Court of Pakistan acquitted all nine people accused of murdering Saeed. The verdict was challenged by the then provincial government. Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) workers, Mohammed Amirullah, Mohammed Shakir alias Shakir Langra and Abu Imran Pasha, were among those acquitted by the court.
On 26 April 2014, the Supreme Court upheld the verdict of Sindh High Court (SHC) regarding acquittal of MQM workers in the Hakeem Saeed murder case.
Legacy, awards and recognition
Kuwait Prize for Tibb-i-Islami (Eastern medicine) in 1983
Sitara-i-Imtiaz Award by the President of Pakistan in 1966
Nishan-e-Imtiaz Award by the President of Pakistan in 2002
Many prominent personalities of Lahore gathered at the Hamdard Center on his death anniversary in 2011, to pay tributes to him. Hakeem Saeed was portrayed as someone who had a multi-dimensional personality, a patriot of the highest order, and who is a role model for the youth as he set worthwhile examples of hard work, honesty and love for humanity.
References
1920 births
1998 deaths
Governors of Sindh
Founding members of the World Cultural Council
Herbalists
Muhajir people
Pakistani philanthropists
Pakistani homeopaths
Pakistani humanitarians
Pakistani medical researchers
Pakistani medical writers
Pakistani pharmacists
Pakistani pharmacologists
Pakistani travel writers
Founders of academic institutions
Pakistani book and manuscript collectors
Vice-Chancellors of the Hamdard University
Bibliophiles
Writers from Karachi
Businesspeople from Karachi
Academic staff of Hamdard University
Pakistan Movement activists
People murdered in Karachi
Founders of Pakistani schools and colleges
Pakistani diarists
Pakistani people of Uyghur descent
Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz
Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz
Urdu-language children's writers
20th-century diarists
Scientists from Delhi
People from Karachi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakeem%20Muhammad%20Saeed |
F1 Grand Prix (also known as Formula One 2005 Portable in Japan) is a racing video game developed by Traveller's Tales and published by Sony Computer Entertainment exclusively for PlayStation Portable.
Gameplay
Quick Race is where the player can set up a random race with random settings from the Game.
Events is where the player can choose from Time Attack, Single Grand Prix (which has to be unlocked) or Scenario Mode (a list of scenarios vital for unlocking extras).
World Championship allows the player to play the full 2005 FIA Formula One World Championship.
Multiplayer is Wi-Fi gaming with 2 to 8 players.
TV Mode Race allows the player to watch a single race as if it were on television.
Teams and drivers
The game featured the initial driver line ups for the 2005 Formula One World Championship; substitute drivers Pedro de la Rosa, Anthony Davidson, Alexander Wurz, Vitantonio Liuzzi, Ricardo Zonta, Antônio Pizzonia and Robert Doornbos, although all driving in FIA Formula One Races during the 2005 Formula One World Championship, were not included in the game.
Circuits
The game features all the circuits used in the 2005 Formula One World Championship.
Unlockables
There are 19 unlockable tracks, which are mirrors of the original tracks.
There are 5 unlockable Classic Cars.
There is an invisible car, unlocked after driving off the course in the German Grand Prix.
Download packs
The first official download pack for F1 Grand Prix entitled "Stats Pack And Bonus Car" included the full grid line ups from the first 16 Grand Prix of 2005, excluding Brazil, Japan and China. It also allowed the player to unlock the Lotus 25 Classic Car.
The three missing grids have been created (unofficially) and were available for download from "The PSP Vault".
Reception
The game received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of one eight and three sevens for a total of 29 out of 40.
References
External links
2005 video games
Formula One video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
PlayStation Portable games
PlayStation Portable-only games
Sony Interactive Entertainment games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games set in Australia
Video games set in Malaysia
Video games set in Bahrain
Video games set in São Paulo
Video games set in Shanghai
Video games set in Barcelona
Video games set in Monaco
Video games set in Montreal
Sports video games set in France
Video games set in England
Sports video games set in Germany
Video games set in Hungary
Video games set in Turkey
Video games set in Belgium
Sports video games set in Italy
Video games set in Indianapolis
Sports video games set in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F1%20Grand%20Prix%20%282005%20video%20game%29 |
Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon (12 September 1866 – 12 August 1941), styled as the Earl of Willingdon between 1931 and 1936, was a British Liberal politician and administrator who served as Governor General of Canada and as Viceroy and Governor-General of India.
Freeman-Thomas was born in England and educated at Eton College and then the University of Cambridge before serving for 15 years in the Sussex Artillery. He then entered the diplomatic and political fields, acting as aide-de-camp to his father-in-law when the latter was Governor of Victoria and, in 1900, was elected to the British House of Commons. He thereafter occupied a variety of government posts, including secretary to the British prime minister and, after being raised to the peerage as Lord Willingdon, as Lord-in-waiting to King George V. From 1913, Willingdon held gubernatorial and viceregal offices throughout the British Empire, starting with the governorship of Bombay and then the governorship of Madras, before he was in 1926 appointed as the Governor-General of Canada to replace the Viscount Byng of Vimy, occupying the post until succeeded by the Earl of Bessborough in 1931. Willingdon was immediately thereafter appointed as Viceroy and Governor-General of India to replace Lord Irwin (later created Earl of Halifax), and he served in the post until succeeded by the Marquess of Linlithgow in 1936.
After the end of his viceregal tenure, Willingdon was installed as the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports and was elevated in the peerage as the Marquess of Willingdon. After representing Britain at a number of organisations and celebrations, Willingdon died in 1941 at his home in London, and his ashes were interred in Westminster Abbey.
Early life and education
Freeman Thomas was born the only son of Freeman Frederick Thomas, an officer in the rifle brigade of Ratton and Yapton, and his wife, Mabel, daughter of Henry Brand, Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury (later Speaker of the House of Commons, who retired as 1st Viscount Hampden). Before he was two, Thomas' father had died and he was raised thereafter by his mother, who sent him to Eton College. There, he acted as President of the Eton Society and was for three years a member of the school's cricket team, serving as captain of the playing eleven during his final year. He carried this enthusiasm for sport on to the University of Cambridge, where he was accepted to Trinity College after leaving Eton, and was drafted into the Cambridge playing eleven, playing for Sussex and I Zingari. His father had also played for Sussex. Upon his general admission from university, Freeman-Thomas then volunteered for fifteen years for the Sussex Artillery, achieving the rank of major.
Marriage and political career
In 1892, Freeman-Thomas assumed the additional surname of Freeman by deed poll and married the Hon. Marie Brassey, the daughter of Thomas Brassey, then recently created Baron Brassey. Freeman-Thomas often cited her as a source of support, stating once: "My wife has been a constant inspiration and encouragement." The couple had two sons: Gerard, born 3 May 1893, and Inigo, born 25 July 1899. Gerard was killed in World War I on 14 September 1914, and Inigo eventually succeeded his father as Marquess of Willingdon.
In 1897 Freeman-Thomas was appointed aide-de-camp to his father-in-law, who was then the Governor of Victoria, Australia. Upon his return to the United Kingdom, Freeman-Thomas joined the Liberal Party and in 1900 was elected to the British House of Commons to represent the borough of Hastings. He then served as a junior lord of the Treasury in the Liberal Cabinet that sat from December 1905 to January 1906. Though he lost in the January 1906 elections, Freeman-Thomas returned to the House of Commons by winning the by-election for Bodmin, and, for some time, served as a secretary to the prime minister, H. H. Asquith. For his services in government, Freeman-Thomas was in 1910 elevated to the peerage as Baron Willingdon of Ratton in the County of Sussex, and the following year was appointed as Lord-in-waiting to King George V, becoming a favourite tennis partner of the monarch. His father-in-law was created Earl Brassey at the coronation in that year.
Governorship of Bombay
Willingdon was on 17 February 1913 appointed as the Crown Governor of Bombay, replacing the Lord Sydenham of Combe, and to mark this event, Willingdon was on 12 March 1913 honoured with induction into the Order of the Indian Empire as a Knight Grand Commander (additional). Within a year, however, the First World War had erupted, and India, as a part of the British Empire, was immediately drawn into the conflict. Lord Willingdon strove to serve the Allied cause, taking responsibility for treating the wounded from the Mesopotamian campaign. In the midst of those dark times, Mahatma Gandhi returned to Bombay from South Africa and Willingdon was one of the first persons to welcome him and invite him to Government House for a formal meeting. This was the first meeting Willingdon had with Gandhi and he later described the Indian spiritual leader as "honest, but a Bolshevik and for that reason very dangerous."
In 1917, the year before Willingdon's resignation of the governorship, a severe famine broke out in the Kheda region of the Bombay Presidency, which had far reaching effects on the economy and left farmers in no position to pay their taxes. Still, the government insisted that tax not only be paid but also implemented a 23% increase to the levies to take effect that year. Kheda thus became the setting for Gandhi's first satyagraha in India, and, with support from Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Narhari Parikh, Mohanlal Pandya, and Ravishankar Vyas, organised a Gujarat sabha. The people under Gandhi's influence then rallied together and sent a petition to Willingdon, asking that he cancel the taxes for that year. However, the Cabinet refused and advised the Governor to begin confiscating property by force, leading Gandhi to thereafter employ non-violent resistance to the government, which eventually succeeded and made Gandhi famous throughout India after Willingdon's departure from the colony. For his actions there, in relation to governance and the war effort, Willingdon was on 3 June 1918 appointed by the King as a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India.
Governorship of Madras
Willingdon returned to the United Kingdom from Bombay only briefly before he was appointed on 10 April 1919 as the governor of Madras. This posting came shortly after the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms of 1918 were formalised by the Government of India Act, which distributed power in India between the executive and legislative bodies. Thus, in November 1920, Willingdon dropped the writs of election for the first election for the Madras Legislative Council; however, due to their adherence to Gandhi's non-cooperation movement, the Indian National Congress party refused to run any candidates and the Justice Party was subsequently swept into power. Willingdon appointed A. Subbarayalu Reddiar as his premier and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (a former Governor General of Canada), opened the first meeting of the Legislative Assembly.
The following year, the Governor found himself dealing with a series of communal riots that in August 1921 broke out in the Malabar District. Following a number of cases of arson, looting, and assaults, Willingdon declared martial law just before the government of India sent in a large force to quell the riots. At around the same time, over 10,000 workers in the Buckingham and Carnatic Mills of Madras city organised for six months a general strike contemporaneous with the non-cooperation movement, which also sparked riots between pro- and anti-strike workers that were again only put down with police intervention.
When he returned once more to the United Kingdom at the end of his tenure as the Governor of Madras, Willingdon was made a viscount, becoming on 24 June 1924 the Viscount Willingdon, of Ratton in the County of Sussex.
Governor General of Canada
It was announced on 5 August 1926 that George V had, by commission under the royal sign-manual and signet, approved the recommendation of his British prime minister, Stanley Baldwin, to appoint Willingdon as his representative in Canada. The sitting Conservative British Cabinet had initially not considered Willingdon as a candidate for the governor generalcy, as he was seen to have less of the necessary knowledge of affairs and public appeal that other individuals held. However, the King himself put forward Willingdon's name for inclusion in the list sent to Canada, and it was that name that the then Canadian prime minister, William Lyon Mackenzie King, chose as his preference for the nomination to the King. George V readily accepted, and Willingdon was notified of his appointment while on a diplomatic mission in China.
This would be the last Canadian viceregal appointment made by the monarch in his or her capacity as sovereign of the United Kingdom, as it was decided at the Imperial Conference in October 1926 that the Dominions of the British Empire would thereafter be equal with one another, and the monarch would operate for a specific country only under the guidance of that country's ministers. Though this was not formalised until the enactment of the Statute of Westminster on 11 December 1931, the concept was brought into practice at the start of Willingdon's tenure as Governor General of Canada.
The Balfour Declaration of 1926, issued during the Imperial Conference, also declared that governors-general would cease to act as representatives of the British government in diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom and individual dominions. Accordingly, in 1928, the United Kingdom appointed its first High Commissioner to Canada thus effectively ending the governor general's, and Willingdon's, diplomatic role as the British government's envoy to Ottawa.
Willingdon arrived at Quebec City in late 1926, and on 2 October was sworn in as governor general in a ceremony in the salon rouge of the parliament buildings of Quebec. His following journey to Ottawa to take up residence in the country's official royal and viceroyal home, Rideau Hall, was just the first of many trips Willingdon took around Canada, meeting with a variety of Canadians and bringing with him what was described as "a sense of humour and an air of informality to his duties." He also became the first governor general to travel by air, flying from Ottawa to Montreal and back, as well as the first to make official visits abroad; not only did he tour the Caribbean in 1929, but he further paid a visit to the United States, going there in 1927 to meet with and receive state honours from President Calvin Coolidge. On that visit, the Governor General was welcomed in Washington by the King's emissary to the US, Vincent Massey, who would later himself be appointed as Governor General of Canada.
In Canada, Willingdon hosted members of the Royal Family, including the King's two sons, Prince Edward, Prince of Wales, and Prince George, who, along with Baldwin, came to Canada to participate in the celebrations of the Diamond Jubilee of Confederation. The Princes resided at Rideau Hall and the Prince of Wales, accompanied by Willingdon, dedicated at the Peace Tower both the altar of the Memorial Chamber and the Dominion Carillon, the first playing of which on that day was heard by listeners across the country on the first ever coast-to-coast radio broadcast in Canada. This dedication marked the completion of the Centre Block of Parliament Hill, and the following year, Willingdon moved the annual governor general's New Year's levée to that building from the East Block, where the party had been held since 1870. A few months before the end of his viceregal tenure in Canada, Willingdon was once more elevated in the peerage, becoming on 23 February 1931 the Earl of Willingdon and Viscount Ratendone.
In their time the viceroyal couple, the Earl and Countess of Willingdon fostered their appreciation of the arts, building on previous governor general the Earl Grey's Lord Grey Competition for Music and Drama by introducing the Willingdon Arts Competition, which dispensed awards for painting and sculpture. They also left at Rideau Hall a collection of carpets and objets d'art that they had collected during their travels around India and China, and many of which were restored in 1993 to the Long Gallery of Rideau Hall. However, Willingdon's tastes also included sports, particularly fishing, tennis, skating, skiing, curling, cricket, and golf. For the latter, he in 1927 donated to the Royal Canadian Golf Association the Willingdon Cup for Canadian interprovincial amateur golf competition, which has been contested annually since that year.
During his residence in Ottawa, Willingdon was a regular attendee at home matches of the Ottawa Senators, continuing a tradition of patronage by sitting Governors-General of the local professional club. In 1930, he donated a trophy to be awarded to the Senators player "of the greatest assistance to his team", which the organization cheekily interpreted as an award for the player to lead the team in assists and dubbed the Willington Trophy.
Viceroy and Governor-General of India
He had not been Governor General of Canada for five years before Willingdon received word that he was to be sent back to India as that country's viceroy and governor general. After being appointed to the British Privy Council on 20 March 1931, he was sworn in as such on 18 April 1931, merely two weeks after he was replaced in Canada by the Earl of Bessborough. When Willingdon arrived again in India, the country was gripped by the Great Depression and was soon leading Britain's departure from the gold standard, seeing thousands of tonnes of gold shipped to the United Kingdom through the port of Bombay. Of this, Willingdon said: "For the first time in history, owing to the economic situation, Indians are disgorging gold. We have sent to London in the past two or three months, £25,000,000 sterling and I hope that the process will continue."
Jailing leaders of Congress
Simultaneously, Willingdon found himself dealing with the consequences of the nationalistic movements that Gandhi had earlier started when Willingdon was Governor of Bombay and then Madras. The India Office told Willingdon that he should conciliate only those elements of Indian opinion that were willing to work with the Raj. That did not include Nehru and the Indian National Congress, which launched its Civil Disobedience Movement on 4 January 1932. Therefore, Willingdon took decisive action. He imprisoned Gandhi. He outlawed the Congress, he rounded up all members of the Working Committee and the Provincial Committees and imprisoned them, and banned Congress youth organizations. In total he imprisoned 80,000 Indian activists. Without most of their leaders, protests were uneven and disorganized, boycotts were ineffective, illegal youth organizations proliferated but were ineffective, more women became involved, and there was terrorism, especially in the North-West Frontier Province. Gandhi remained in prison until 1933. Willingdon relied on his military secretary, Hastings Ismay, for his personal safety.
Construction projects
It was also by Willingdon's hand, as Governor-in-Council, that the Lloyd Barrage was commissioned, seeing £20 million put into the construction of the barrage across the mouth of the Indus River, which not only provided labour but also brought millions of hectares of land in the Thar Desert under irrigation. Further, Willingdon established the Willingdon Airfield (now known as Safdarjung Airport) in Delhi and, after he was denied entry to the Royal Bombay Yacht Club because he was accompanied by Indian friends, despite his being the viceroy, Willingdon was motivated to establish the Willingdon Sports Club in Bombay, with membership open to both Indians and British and which still operates today.
As he had been in Canada, Willingdon acted for India as Chief Scout of the Bharat Scouts and Guides and took this role as more than an ex-officio title. Convinced that Scouting would contribute greatly to the welfare of India, he promoted the organisation, especially in rural villages, and requested that J. S. Wilson pay special attention to cooperation between Scouting and village development.
Post-viceregal life
Once back in the United Kingdom, Willingdon associated with Roland Gwynne. Willingdon was one of the notable guests of parties at Gwynne's East Sussex estate, Folkington Manor. He was also honoured by George V, not only by being appointed as the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports—one of the higher honours bestowed by the sovereign and normally reserved for members of the Royal Family and former prime ministers—but he was also elevated once more in the peerage, being created Marquess of Willingdon by Edward VIII on 26 May 1936, making him the most recent person to be promoted to such a rank.
Willingdon did not cease diplomatic life altogether: he undertook a goodwill mission to South America, representing the Ibero-American Institute, and chaired the British committee on the commissioning of army officers. In 1940, he also represented the United Kingdom at the celebrations for the centennial of the formation of New Zealand. The next year, however, on 12 August, the Marquess of Willingdon died at 5 Lygon Place, near Ebury Street, in London, and his ashes were interred in Westminster Abbey.
Honours
Titles
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Appointments
18 July 191131 January 1913: Lord-in-Waiting to His Majesty the King
12 March 1913 – 21 July 1941: Knight Grand Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE)
3 June 1918 – 21 July 1941: Knight Grand Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India (GCSI)
20 July 1926 – 21 July 1941: Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (GCMG)
5 August 1926 – 4 April 1931: Chief Scout for Canada
5 August 1926 – 4 April 1931: Honorary Member of the Royal Military College of Canada Club
20 March 1931 – 21 July 1941: Member of His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council (PC)
4 December 1917 – 21 July 1941: Knight Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (GBE)
Medals
1902: King Edward VII Coronation Medal
1911: King George V Coronation Medal
1935: King George V Silver Jubilee Medal
1937: King George VI Coronation Medal
Honorary military appointments
5 August 1926 – 4 April 1931: Colonel of the Governor General's Horse Guards
5 August 1926 – 4 April 1931: Colonel of the Governor General's Foot Guards
5 August 1926 – 4 April 1931: Colonel of the Canadian Grenadier Guards
1936 – 21 July 1941: Colonel of the 5th battalion of the Royal Sussex Regiment
Honorific eponyms
Awards
: Willingdon Arts Competition
: Willingdon Cup
Organizations
: Willingdon Club, Mumbai
Geographic locations
: Mount Willingdon
: Willingdon
: Willingdon Avenue, Burnaby
: Willingdon Heights, Burnaby
: Willingdon Dam, Junagadh
: Willingdon Airport, New Delhi (later renamed Safdarjung Airport)
: IAF Willingdon, New Delhi
: Willingdon Island
Schools
: Willingdon Secondary School, Burnaby
: Willingdon College, Sangli
: Willingdon Elementary School, Montreal
Arms
See also
List of alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
References
External links
Website of the Governor General of Canada entry for Freeman Freeman-Thomas
The Canadian Encyclopedia entry for Freeman Freeman-Thomas
Viceroys of India
1930s in British India
Governors of Bombay
1866 births
1941 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Governors General of Canada
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
Liberal Party (UK) Lords-in-Waiting
Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports
Freeman-Thomas, Freeman
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Freeman-Thomas, Freeman
Freeman-Thomas, Freeman
UK MPs who were granted peerages
Scouting and Guiding in India
Freeman-Thomas, Freeman
English cricketers
Cambridge University cricketers
Sussex cricketers
Chief Scouts of Canada
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Marquesses of Willingdon
Barons created by George V
Viscounts created by George V
Burials at Westminster Abbey
People educated at Eton College | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman%20Freeman-Thomas%2C%201st%20Marquess%20of%20Willingdon |
Hala (, ) is a city and taluka of Matiari district of Sindh, Pakistan. According to the Revenue record, Hala was given the status of Taluka of Hyderabad District in 1848. In 2005, it became part of Matiari District. Hala is located on the N-5 National Highway of Pakistan at a distance of about 62 kilometers from Hyderabad. Hala is also located on the Tando Adam - Mehrabpur Railway Line but railway line has been abandoned by Pakistan Railways. As of 2017 census, the Hala Municipal Corporation has a population of 65,731. Total population of Hala Taluka is 262,423 (2017) which includes Hala Municipal Corporation, Hala Old, Bhit Shah, Bhanote and surrounding areas.
Hala is famous through the subcontinent for art, glazed colored pottery (Kaashi), woodwork (Jandi), cloth printing, woven cloth (Sussi) and khaddar made of handmade khaddi.
Sufism
Hala became a leading centre of the Suhrawardi sect of Sufism from the 16th century onwards. It contains the mausoleum of Makhdum Nuh (died circa 1592), a Suhrawardi Pir, which attracts pilgrims. Renowned Scholar, poet and politician Makhdoom Muhammad Zaman Talibul Moula and his son Makhdoom Muhammad Amin Faheem also belong to this city. In the vicinity of Hala there is another mausoleum of the famous Sufi poet Hazrat Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai at Bhitshah at the distance of 5 km from Hala City. Bhitshah Town is a sub-office of Taluka Municipal Administration Hala.
References
External links
Hala New
Populated places in Matiari District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hala%2C%20Sindh |
The Journal of the United States Artillery was founded at Fort Monroe in 1892 by First Lieutenant (later Major General) John Wilson Ruckman and four other officers of the Artillery School. Ruckman served as the editor of the Journal for four years (July 1892 to January 1896) and published several articles therein afterward. One publication by West Point notes Ruckman's "guidance" and "first-rate quality" work were obvious as the Journal "rose to high rank among the service papers of the world". The Journal was renamed the Coast Artillery Journal in 1922 and the Antiaircraft Journal in 1948.
See also
Field Artillery Branch (United States)
U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps
Air Defense Artillery Branch (United States)
References
United States Army publications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Artillery |
The Democratic Union (, UD) was a small social-liberal political party in Italy.
It was founded in February 1996 by Antonio Maccanico, along with Willer Bordon and Giorgio Benvenuto (both members of Democratic Alliance), Valerio Zanone (a former leader of the Italian Liberal Party) and Giorgio La Malfa (leader of the Italian Republican Party). The party was a minor member of The Olive Tree, and formed the Populars for Prodi list with the Italian People's Party for the 1996 general election, electing five deputies and one senator.
The party was part of the Prodi I Cabinet, with Maccanico becoming minister for Communications, and later the D'Alema I Cabinet, D'Alema II Cabinet and Amato II Cabinet with Maccanico minister of Institutional Reforms.
In 1999 the party joined Romano Prodi's new party, The Democrats.
References
1996 establishments in Italy
1999 disestablishments in Italy
Defunct political parties in Italy
Liberal parties in Italy
Political parties established in 1996
Political parties disestablished in 1999 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic%20Union%20%28Italy%29 |
Maciej Miechowita (also known as Maciej z Miechowa, Maciej of Miechów, Maciej Karpiga, Matthias de Miechow; 1457 – 8 September 1523) was a Polish renaissance scholar, professor of Jagiellonian University, historian, chronicler, geographer, medical doctor (royal physician of king Sigismund I the Old of Poland), alchemist, astrologer and canon in Kraków.
Life
He studied at the Jagiellonian University (also known that as the Cracow Academy), obtaining his master's degree in 1479. Between 1480-1485 he studied abroad. Upon his return to the country, he became a professor at the Jagiellonian University, where he served as a rector eight times (1501–1519), and also twice as a deputy chancellor of the Academia.
His (Treatise on the Two Sarmatias) is considered the first accurate geographical and ethnographical description of Eastern Europe. It provided the first systematic description of the lands between the Vistula, the Don and the Caspian Sea. This work also repeated after Jan Długosz and popularised abroad the myth of Sarmatism: that Polish nobility (szlachta) are descendants from the ancient Sarmatians.
His (Polish Chronicle) is the developed, larger treaty about Polish history and geography. and are his two printed medical treaties, about how to combat epidemics and on benefit of sanitation.
He has also written other works, many of which appeared only in manuscripts and were not printed during his lifetime, like his biography of Saint John Cantius.
Selected works
, print. 1508;
, print. 1508;
, print. 1512;
, print. 1517;
, print. 1919, 1921.
See also
List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics
References
Further reading
Marek Stachowski: Miechowita's knowledge of East European languages (mainly Hungarian, Lithuanian and Tatar), based on his Tractatus de duabus Sarmatiis (1517). – [in:] Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis 130 (2013): 309-316.
External links
Works by Maciej Miechowita in digital library Polona
1457 births
1523 deaths
Jagiellonian University alumni
People from Miechów County
15th-century alchemists
16th-century alchemists
16th-century writers in Latin
Academic staff of Jagiellonian University
Polish alchemists
Polish astrologers
Polish geographers
15th-century Polish historians
Polish male non-fiction writers
Canons of Kraków
Polish male writers
Catholic clergy scientists
Rectors of the Jagiellonian University
16th-century Polish writers
16th-century male writers
16th-century Polish physicians
16th-century Polish scientists
16th-century Polish philosophers
16th-century astrologers
16th-century Polish historians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maciej%20Miechowita |
"Rock 'n' Roll with Me" is a power ballad written by David Bowie and Warren Peace and recorded in January 1974 that first appeared on Bowie's Diamond Dogs album, supposedly to address the artist's complex relation with his fans. A version recorded during the Diamond Dogs tour in July 1974 was released on the album David Live.
While the song "Knock on Wood" from David Live was issued as a single in the UK, "Rock 'n' Roll With Me" was chosen for release as the US single (RCA PB 10105) in September 1974, in response to Donovan's recent cover version. The B-side in each case was another live recording from the Diamond Dogs tour, "Panic in Detroit", originally from Aladdin Sane (1973). An edited version was issued on a US promotional single (RCA JB 10105) that same month.
Like "Rebel Rebel", the lead single from Diamond Dogs, "Rock 'n' Roll With Me" was conceived as part of a never-produced Ziggy Stardust musical in 1973. It has been described as "one of Bowie's least self-conscious love songs" and a foretaste of the R&B balladry on Young Americans (1975).
Cash Box said of the live single that "the spontaneity of Bowie's performance comes across with some heavy instrumentation and Bowie's inimitable vocal style."
On 27 July 2016, a remastered version of the 1974 live promo single edit was posted online to promote the upcoming compilation Who Can I Be Now? (1974–1976). Subsequently, this version was included on Re:Call 2, part of the compilation.
Writing
The song was composed at Bowie's house located on Oakley Street, London, after Warren Peace (Geoff MacCormack) started playing chords on his piano. Bowie and Peace were inspired by Fats Domino and Little Richard, two rhythm and blues musicians they listened to during their childhood.
Musically, the song is a power ballad with a nod to soul music, specifically recalling Bill Withers' "Lean on Me" from 1972 in the piano intro.
Track listing
"Rock 'n' Roll With Me" (lyrics by David Bowie; music by Bowie, Warren Peace) – 4:15
"Panic in Detroit" (Bowie) – 5:41
Personnel
Producers:
David Bowie
Musicians (album version):
David Bowie: vocals, guitar
Herbie Flowers: bass
Mike Garson: organ
Aynsley Dunbar: drums
Warren Peace: backing vocals, piano
Live versions
The July 1974 live recording, released as a single and on David Live, also appeared on the Dutch release Rock Concert. A live version recorded in September 1974 (previously available on the unofficial album A Portrait in Flesh) was released in 2017 on Cracked Actor (Live Los Angeles '74). A live performance from October 1974 was released in 2020 on I'm Only Dancing (The Soul Tour 74).
Cover versions
Donovan – Released only as a single A-side (b/w "Divine Daze of Deathless Delight", September 1974, Epic EPC 2661). This was also issued on the compilation album Oh! You Pretty Things, which is composed of early cover versions of Bowie's work. Cash Box said "a rock 'n roll ballad in the glorious Bowie tradition features some lush orchestration to cushion the inimitable Donovan vocal style which has always been a captivating source of musical expression." Record World said that it "strews glitter garlands on [Donovan's] comeback course.
References
External links
1974 singles
David Bowie songs
Donovan songs
Songs written by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by David Bowie
1974 songs
RCA Records singles
Rock ballads | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%20%27n%27%20Roll%20with%20Me |
Scott Oldham (born 1969) was vice president of editorial for Edmunds Inc.'s Edmunds.com, where he was responsible for the quality and direction of content published. He started with Edmunds.com in December 2004 as senior editor with the company's now-defunct enthusiast site, Inside Line, and left the company in October 2016. Oldham was invited to be on the North American Car and Truck of Year Jury. The jury consists of 50 of the top journalists from a variety of automotive media outlets in the United States and Canada.
He earned his BA in journalism from Glassboro State College, now known as Rowan University. Previously, he worked at Sport Compact Car, European Car, Super Chevy Popular Mechanics and has also been published in Car and Driver and the Los Angeles Times.
Scott was also known to be a stockholder in a hair gel company due to his love affair with drop-top automobiles. During a driving session on PCH near Redondo Beach, Oldham was pulled over for speeding; he told the police officer he was trying to keep the car out of 1st gear.
Oldham was on the board of the Los Angeles-based Motor Press Guild, and has been the president of that association.
Family
His father is Joe Oldham, who was Popular Mechanics longtime editor.
References
1969 births
Living people
American male journalists
20th-century American journalists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Oldham |
The 2006 al-Askari Shrine bombing occurred on 22 February 2006 at approximately 6:44 a.m. local Iraqi time, and targeted the al-Askari Shrine in the city of Samarra, Iraq. The attack on the mosque, one of the holiest sites in Shia Islam, has not been claimed by any group; the then President of the United States, George W. Bush, claimed that the bombing was an al-Qaeda plot. Although the mosque was severely damaged from the blast, there were no casualties.
The attack was followed by retaliatory violence, with over a hundred dead bodies being found the next day and well over 1,000 deaths in the days following the bombing; some counts place the death toll at over 1,000 on the first day alone. Already-prevalent communal violence between Iraqi Sunnis and Shia armed groups eventually escalated into a full-scale civil war.
The attack and response
On February 22, 2006, at 6:44 a.m. (0344 UTC), explosions occurred at al-Askari Mosque, effectively destroying its golden dome and severely damaging the mosque. Several men wearing military uniforms, had earlier entered the mosque, tied up the guards there and set explosives, resulting in the blast. Two bombs were set off by five to seven men dressed as personnel of the Iraqi special forces who entered the shrine during the morning.
No injuries were reported following the bombing. However, the northern wall of the shrine was damaged by the bombs, causing the dome to collapse and destroying three-quarters of the structure along with it.
Following the blast, American and Iraqi forces surrounded the shrine and began searching houses in the area. Five police officers responsible for protecting the mosque were taken into custody.
The dome had been repaired by April 2009 and the shrine reopened to visitors.
Responsibility and accusations
No group immediately claimed responsibility for the attack on the mosque.
Al-Qaeda in Iraq
Although Al-Qaeda in Iraq denied any involvement in statements released, in June 2006, it was reported that Iraqi commandos and troops had captured and seriously wounded Yousri Fakher Mohammed Ali, a Tunisian also known as Abu Qudama al-Tunesi, after he and 15 other foreign fighters stormed an Iraqi checkpoint 25 miles north of Baghdad, according to Iraqi National Security Adviser Mouwafak al-Rubaie.
Abu Qudama confessed to taking part in the attack on al-Askari mosque in Samarra and gave a detailed account of how the attack took place. Al-Rubaie said Iraqi security forces had yet to capture the mastermind of the mosque attack, Haitham al-Badri, an Iraqi and leader of one of Al Qaeda in Iraq's cells, who was later killed in an airstrike on August 2, 2007. Al-Rubaie said al-Badri, Abu Qudama, four Saudi nationals and two other Iraqis stormed the mosque Feb. 21, rounded up the shrine's guards, members of Iraq's Facility Protection Service, and bound their hands. The group then spent the rest of the night rigging the mosque with bombs. At dawn the next day, they detonated the explosives, bringing down the dome.
In an August 2006 press conference U.S. President George W. Bush stated "it's pretty clear – at least the evidence indicates – that the bombing of the shrine was an Al Qaida plot, all intending to create sectarian violence." In May 2007, also 'Iraqi officials' blamed Al Qaeda of the attack. Before his death, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi listed among his goals the incitement of a civil war between Iraq's Shiites and Sunnis.
In September 2006, Iraqi officials announced the capture of Hamid Juma Faris Jouri al-Saeedi in connection with the bombing, allegedly done on his orders by Haitham al-Badri. Al-Badri was killed in August 2007.
United States and Israel
Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad blamed the United States and Israel for the attack. He claimed that "these heinous acts are committed by a group of Zionists and occupiers that have failed." He warned, amid a crowd of protesters, that the United States would "not be saved from the wrath and power of the justice-seeking nations" by resorting to bombings like the one that occurred at Al Askari Mosque.
According to Alertnet, Hezbollah leader Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah, speaking from the Lebanese capital, Beirut, echoed the opinions of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and accused the United States of attacking the shrine to cause tension between the Sunnis and Shi'ites in the Middle East.
Post-bombing violence against Sunnis
As a result of the bombing, there was widespread violence throughout Iraq. According to the Sunni Clerical Association of Muslim Scholars, 168 mosques were attacked in the two days following the bombing, while ten imams were murdered and fifteen others kidnapped. The Shi'ite controlled Interior Ministry said it could only confirm figures for Baghdad, where it had reports of 19 mosques attacked, one cleric killed and one abducted. The normal daily patrols of US coalition forces and Iraqi security forces were temporarily suspended in Baghdad during the few days following the bombing.
February 22
In Najaf, shops were closed, while residents gathered at the city's 1920 Revolution Square for demonstrations. In Al Diwaniyah, all mosques, shops and markets were closed.
Three Sunni Muslim clerics were shot dead by Shi'a militiamen.
A civilian, Hameed Rasheed, was shot dead by random shooting in Baghdad
Attacks on Sunni mosques especially in eastern Baghdad started right away after the news of the bombing spread on the afternoon. Groups of armed men in civil vehicles seen in the streets.
February 23
Up to 21 Sunni mosques were attacked in reprisals for the bombing. The attacks included shootings and acts of arson. Three mosques were completely destroyed by explosives.
In the mainly Shia city of Basra, armed men in police uniforms seized eleven Sunni Muslim men, including some Saudi, Turkish and Egyptian nationals, from the Mina prison. The seized men were later found dead and were believed to have been tortured. Ninety reprisal attacks on mosques were reported. Iraq's Kurdish Sunni President Jalal Talabani warned that Iraq was on the brink of civil war.
Shia militiamen killed 47 Sunni civilians and left their bodies in a ditch near Baghdad on February 23. All of the bodies had their hands bound together.
Three journalists, including Atwar Bahjat, working for Al-Arabiya television were kidnapped and killed by Sunni insurgents while covering the bombing. Their bodies were found on the outskirts of Samarra. The journalist and her crew were Sunni Muslims.
February 24
Baghdad was relatively calm on February 24, despite reports of minor clashes between members of a Shia militia and Sunni insurgents in the south of the city. In Basra, where the curfew was not in effect, on Friday Sunni insurgents kidnapped three children of a Shia legislator and prominent member of the Shi'a Islamic Da'awa Party. In the city of Madain (Ctesiphon), Sunni insurgents fired two rockets at the tomb of Salman the Persian, causing damage but no casualties.
February 25
Fierce sectarian violence erupted on February 25 despite an extraordinary daytime curfew, killing more than 24 people in a series of incidents around the country, including a brazen attack by Sunni insurgents on the funeral procession of an Iraqi television journalist Atwar Bahjat. The violence took place even though a daytime curfew emptied the streets of Baghdad and three neighboring governorates for a second day. The government extended the daylight security clampdown with a ban on cars on February 27.
According to KarbalaNews.net and Juan Cole, Sunni insurgents blew up a Shiite shrine in Bashir, south of Tuz Khurmato. 20 insurgents attacked the shrine of Salman the Persian. They killed the guards and placed explosives at the tomb, then blew it up, damaging the shrine.
February 26
Five days of violence left more than 200 people dead and many Sunni mosques smashed, despite daytime curfews on Baghdad and surrounding provinces. There were further ominous signs of the "ethnic cleansing" of once mixed neighbourhoods in and around Baghdad. Scores of Shi'a families were reported to have fled homes in the restive western Sunni suburb of Abu Ghraib. Shi'a community leaders said they were being housed temporarily in schools and other buildings in Shia areas. In the latest round of attacks, a bomb destroyed a minibus as it was leaving a bus station in the Shi'a town of Hilla, 60 miles south of Baghdad, killing five people and wounding three.
February 27
According to Al Jazeera, the Iraqi government said that since the bombing 379 people had been killed and 458 wounded. The Baghdad morgue confirmed they had received 309 bodies since the bombing, most of them victims of violence. Morgue data showed this was double the average – it handled 10,080 bodies in 2005.
Political reactions
Iraq
Prime Minister Ibrahim al-Jaafari has urged Iraqis to stay unified and peaceful, saying the attack was an effort to incite violence. He has also called for three days of national mourning. However, talks between him and a prominent Sunni Muslim group are put on hold as the Sunni Iraqi Accord Front quits discussions on forming a new government due to the recent violence. At the same time, a government organization called the Sunni Endowments that maintains Sunni mosques and shrines condemned the attack. On Feb 25, al-Jaafari blamed terrorists for the crisis: "The Iraqi people have one enemy; it is terrorism and only terrorism. ... There are no Sunnis against Shiites or Shiites against Sunnis."
Despite the Sunni boycott, President Jalal Talabani pressed ahead with a meeting that he had called to avert a descent toward a civil war. After discussions with Shiites, Kurds and leaders of a smaller Sunni group, he warned about the danger of all-out war.
The government is extending a curfew it imposed in parts of the country on Friday to calm tensions sparked by an attack on a Shia shrine.
Iraqi defence minister Saadoun al-Dulaimi warned about the danger of a long civil war. Also, he said that Iraq would not hesitate to dispatch tanks to the streets to end violence and impose security. The minister also denied any involvement by what he called Interior Ministry commandos in the attack that targeted Harith Sulayman al-Dari, leader of the Association of Muslim Scholars.
Sunni and Shiite clerics in Iraq have agreed to prohibit killings and to ban attacks on each other's mosques in an effort to ease sectarian violence.
International
U.S. President George W. Bush warned about the threat of civil war and expressed support for the Iraqi government. On February 25, Bush called seven Iraqi political leaders in an extraordinary round of telephone diplomacy aimed at getting talks restarted about forming a permanent government. On February 28, Bush decried the latest surge in sectarian violence and said that for Iraqis "the choice is chaos or unity." In congressional testimony, National Intelligence Director John Negroponte said a civil war in Iraq could lead to a broader conflict in the Middle East, pitting the region's Sunni and Shiite powers against one another.
UK Foreign Secretary Jack Straw called the bombing a "criminal and sacrilegious act", urging Iraqis to show restraint and avoid retaliation.
Zalmay Khalilzad, Washington's ambassador to Iraq, and the top US commander in the country, Gen. George Casey, issued a joint statement saying the US would contribute to the shrine's reconstruction.
Religious reactions
Iraq
Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani sent instructions to his followers forbidding attacks on Sunni mosques, especially the major ones in Baghdad, and calling for seven days of mourning. He hinted that religious militias could be given a bigger security role if the government was incapable of protecting holy shrines. On February 25 Sistani called for Iraq's powerful tribes to be deployed to protect the country's holy places after three attacks on Shia shrines in four days: "Ayatollah Sistani, who received a tribal delegation from Kufa, asked that the Iraqi tribes reclaim their role of protecting the shrines," said an official in Sistani's office in the Shia clerical center of Najaf. ... After the crimes against the places of worship, including the blowing up of the mausoleum in Samarra and the attacks against the tombs of Salman the Persian and Imam Ali bin Mussa al-Rida, the tribes must take a stand and claim a role in the protection of these sites."
Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr condemned the attack and called for calm. Having called to stop mutual attacks, Sadr ordered members of his militia to protect Sunni mosques in majority Shia areas in southern Iraq. Sadr called for Iraqi unity and warned against "a plan by the occupation to spark a sectarian war". He called on Sunni groups such as the Association of Muslim Scholars to form a joint panel and ordered his militia to defend Shiite holy sites across Iraq.
On February 25 Sunni and Shiite clerics agreed to prohibit killing members of the two sects and banning attacks on each other's mosques in an effort to ease tension between Iraq's Muslim communities following sectarian violence after the bombing of a Shi'ite shrine. The agreement was made during a meeting between representatives of Sadr and Shiite cleric Jawad al-Khalisi and members of the influential Sunni Association of Muslim Scholars at the Abu Hanifa Mosque, a Sunni place of worship.
According to Juan Cole, three Iraqi clerics all employed their influence and authority among the Shiite rank and file to make the Samarra bombing work for them politically. Sistani expanded his militia and stayed at the forefront of the movement by encouraging peaceful rallies. Abdul Aziz al-Hakim used the explosion in Samarra to bolster his own authority. He remonstrated with the American ambassador, saying it was not reasonable to expect the religious Shiites, who won the largest bloc of seats in parliament, to give up their claim on the ministry of interior, and that, indeed, Khalilzad had helped provoke the troubles with his assertions to that effect earlier. Muqtada al-Sadr used the incident to push for a U.S. withdrawal from Iraq, something he has wanted since the fall of Saddam.
Iran
Grand Ayatollah and Supreme Leader of Iran Ali Khamenei, urged Shi'ites not to take revenge on Sunni Muslims for the attack on the Samarra shrine and deflected blame to the United States and Israel.
India
Syed Ali Nasir Saeed Abaqati a leading Shia cleric from Lucknow, India held al-Qaeda responsible for destruction of the Al-Askari Mosque in Samarra, Iraq.
Analysts' views
"I think this is probably the most dangerous event that has occurred since the fall of Saddam Hussein," former CIA Middle East specialist Reuel Marc Gerecht told CNN. "It risks our entire enterprise in Iraq."
"We may be on the verge of taking communal violence to the next level," warned Juan Cole, professor of Middle-Eastern history at the University of Michigan, who called Wednesday "an apocalyptic day in Iraq".
"It's very clear that the Shiites are interpreting this chain of events as evidence that the Americans are weak and can't protect Shiite interests," said Cole. "And now Americans are having to come back to the Shiites and ask them to be magnanimous and give away a lot of what they've won in elections."
"It was always going to be a very hard sell, but now it's an impossible argument; Shiites aren't going to give away any power at all at this point," he said, adding that "it's possible that there could be a hung parliament, the government would collapse, and you'd have to go to new elections. And that would be a disaster in the present circumstances."
William F. Buckley, Jr. considered the bombing as an indication of a general failure of the US policy in Iraq.
WikiLeaks data
The October 2010 Iraq War documents leak shed new light on the events of February–March 2006. In particular, the logs reveal that U.S. soldiers immediately reported an "explosion of retaliatory killings, kidnappings, tortures, mosque attacks, and open street fighting," even as U.S. commanders including Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld were downplaying media reports of a surge in killings. The previous "official" death toll for post-bombing sectarian fighting, of 3–400, was based on information from the Shiite-led government and the Sadr-run Health Ministry, which was directly involved in atrocities according to the logs. According to The Washington Post reporter Ellen Knickmeyer, her contemporary report of 1,300+ casualties, dismissed at the time as an outlier, was in fact an undercount; the actual deaths, she says, exceeded 3,000.
References
External links
In pictures: Iraq shrine bombing
Al-Qaeda activities in Iraq
Explosions in 2006
Shia–Sunni sectarian violence
Islamic terrorist incidents in 2006
Al-Askari Mosque bombing
Battles and conflicts without fatalities
Samarra
Attacks on Shiite mosques
February 2006 events in Asia
Mosque bombings by Islamists
Attacks on religious buildings and structures in Iraq
Mosque bombings in Iraq
Burned buildings and structures in Iraq | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20al-Askari%20mosque%20bombing |
The Second Battle of Adobe Walls was fought on June 27, 1874, between Comanche forces and a group of 28 Texan bison hunters defending the settlement of Adobe Walls, in what is now Hutchinson County, Texas. "Adobe Walls was scarcely more than a lone island in the vast sea of the Great Plains, a solitary refuge uncharted and practically unknown."
Background
Adobe Walls settlement
Adobe Walls was the name of a trading post in the Texas Panhandle, just north of the Canadian River. In 1845 an adobe fort was built there to house the post, but it was blown up by traders three years later after repeated Native attacks. In 1864 the ruins were the site of one of the largest battles ever to take place on the Great Plains. Colonel Christopher "Kit" Carson led 335 soldiers from New Mexico and 72 Ute and Jicarilla Apache Scouts against a force of more than 1,000 Comanche, Kiowa and Plains Apache. The Natives forced Carson to retreat, though he was acclaimed as a hero for successfully striking a blow against the Natives and for leading his men out of the trap with minimal casualties. This is known as the First Battle of Adobe Walls.
After the "enormous slaughter" of the buffalo in the north during 1872 and 1873, the hunters moved south and west "into the good buffalo country, somewhere on the Canadian . . . in hostile Indian country". In June 1874 (ten years after the first battle) a group of enterprising businessmen had set up two stores near the ruins of the old trading post in an effort to rekindle the town of Adobe Walls. The complex quickly grew to include a store and corral (Leonard & Meyers), a sod saloon owned by James Hanrahan, a blacksmith shop (Tom O'Keefe) and a sod store used to purchase buffalo hides (Rath & Wright, operated by Langton), all of which served the population of 200-300 buffalo hunters in the area. By late June, two hunters had been killed by Natives 25 miles downriver, on Chicken Creek, and two more were killed in a camp on a tributary of the Salt Fork Red River north of present-day Clarendon. "The story of the Indian depredations had spread to all the hunting camps, and a large crowd had gathered in from the surrounding country" at the "Walls".
American Indian alliance
The remaining free-ranging Southern Plains bands (Comanche, Cheyenne, Kiowa and Arapaho) perceived the post and the buffalo hunting as a major threat to their existence. The 1867 Medicine Lodge Treaty reserved the area between the Arkansas River and Canadian River as Indian hunting grounds. Yet, since 1873, several buffalo hunting parties operated in the area, in violation of the treaty, prompting Indian outrage. In the spring of 1874, the Indians held a sun dance. Comanche medicine man Isatai'i promised victory and immunity from bullets to warriors who took the fight to the enemy.
Battle and siege
On June 25, 1874, Hanrahan and his party of hunters departed Dodge City, Kansas, for Adobe Walls. The party encountered a band of Cheyenne on June 26 at Sharp's Creek, 75 miles southwest of Dodge City, who ran off all of their cattle. The party then joined a wagon train that was en route to the Walls, arriving just hours before the major battle took place. Some 28 men were then present at Adobe Walls, including James Hanrahan (the saloon owner), 20-year-old Bat Masterson, William "Billy" Dixon, and one woman, the wife of cook William Olds.
At 2:00 am on June 27, the ridgepole holding up the sod roof of the saloon made a loud cracking sound, although two men nearby thought that it sounded like "the report of a rifle". According to some sources Hanrahan awoke the camp by firing a gun, then telling the others that the sound had come from the ridgepole. The reason for his action was that he knew about the attack in advance but did not tell anyone, afraid that men would leave the camp, hurting his business. Everyone in the saloon and several other men from the town immediately set to repair the damage. Thus, most of the inhabitants were already wide awake and up at dawn when a combined force of Comanche, Cheyenne and Kiowa warriors swept across the plains, intent on erasing the populace of Adobe Walls. In Dixon's words:
There was never a more splendidly barbaric sight. In after years I was glad that I had seen it. Hundreds of warriors, the flower of the fighting men of the southwestern Plains tribes, mounted upon their finest horses, armed with guns and lances, and carrying heavy shields of thick buffalo hide, were coming like the wind. Over all was splashed the rich colors of red, vermillion and ochre, on the bodies of the men, on the bodies of the running horses. Scalps dangled from bridles, gorgeous war-bonnets fluttered their plumes, bright feathers dangled from the tails and manes of the horses, and the bronzed, halfnaked bodies of the riders glittered with ornaments of silver and brass. Behind this headlong charging host stretched the Plains, on whose horizon the rising sun was lifting its morning fires. The warriors seemed to emerge from this glowing background.
The Indian force was estimated to be in excess of 700 strong and led by Isatai'i and Comanche chief Quanah Parker, son of captured white woman Cynthia Ann Parker. Their initial attack almost carried the day; the Indians were in close enough to pound on the doors and windows of the buildings with their rifle butts. The fight was in such close quarters that the hunters' long-range rifles were useless. They were fighting with pistols and Henry and Winchester lever-action rifles. After the initial attack was repulsed, the hunters were able to keep the Indians at bay with their large-caliber, long-range Sharps rifles. Nine men were located in Hanrahan's saloon—including Bat Masterson and Billy Dixon—11 in Meyer's & Leonard's Store, and seven in Rath & Wright's Store.
The hunters suffered four fatalities, three on the first day: the two Shadler brothers asleep in a wagon were killed in the initial onslaught, and Billy Tyler was shot through the lungs as he entered the doorway of a building while retreating from the stockade. On the fifth day William Olds accidentally shot himself in the head while descending a ladder at Rath's store. A search following the initial battle turned up the bodies of 15 Indians killed so close to the buildings that their bodies could not be retrieved by their fellow warriors.
By noon the Indians had ceased charging and had stationed themselves in groups in different places, maintaining a steady fire on the buildings; by 2 pm the Indians rode out of range at the foot of the hills, and by 4 pm the besieged started venturing out from the buildings to gather relics and bury the Shadlers. The Indians stayed in the distance while deciding how to handle the situation, effectively laying siege to Adobe Walls.
During the second day the besieged buried or dragged away the dead horses. George Bellfield's outfit made it to the Walls, as did Jim and Bob Cator, while Henry Lease volunteered to ride to Dodge City while two hunters visited the surrounding camps to warn them that "the Indians were on the war path".
On the third day after the initial attack, 15 Indian warriors rode out on a bluff nearly a mile away to survey the situation. At the behest of one of the hunters, Dixon, renowned as a crack shot, took aim with a rifle that he had borrowed from Hanrahan and cleanly dropped a warrior from atop his horse. "I was admittedly a good marksman, yet this was what might be called a 'scratch' shot." Seeing their fellow warrior killed from such a distance apparently so discouraged the Indians that they decamped and gave up the fight.
More hunters came in on the third and subsequent days so that, by the sixth day, the garrison amounted to about 100 men. Those in the camp might have experienced it as a siege, although sieges were not part of Comanche warfare or battle strategy. Nevertheless, Indians were close by during the days after the initial attack. Quanah had been wounded, which might have taken the edge off the attack, as was always the case with Comanches when the war chief fell in battle. The Indians retired soon afterward. "The Indians probably came to the conclusion that if they remained long enough, charged often enough and got close enough, all of them would be killed, as they were unable to dislodge us from the buildings." Casualty reports vary, although most agree that there were fewer than 30 total deaths.
Within a week of the fight, 25 men headed to Dodge City, including Hanharan, Masterson and Dixon, only to learn upon arrival that a relief party of 40 men under Tom Nixon had already headed south to bring back "Mrs. Olds and the greater part of the men".
By August a troop of cavalry made it to Adobe Walls, under Lt. Frank D. Baldwin, with Masterson and Dixon as scouts, where a dozen men were still holed up. "Some mischievous fellow had stuck an Indian's skull on each post of the corral gate." The killing had not ended, however; one civilian was lanced by Indians while looking for wild plums along the Canadian River. The next day the soldiers and remaining men left Adobe Walls, heading south to join General Nelson A. Miles' main command on Cantonement Creek. The Indians later burned the village to the ground.
Billy Dixon's shot
Controversy prevails over the range of Billy Dixon's shot. Baker and Harrison set it at about 1,000 yards, while a post-battle survey by a team of U.S. Army surveyors measured the distance at 1,538 yards. For the rest of his life, Billy Dixon never claimed that the shot was anything other than a lucky one; his memoirs do not devote even a full paragraph to "the shot". He, however, did confide to people in the area that he took the shot near an outcropping of rock that hunters regularly shot from their camp in a betting game.
Aftermath
Buffalo hunting ended in that region of the country "just as the Indians had planned". The result of Adobe Walls was a crushing spiritual defeat for the Indians, though it was seen as a military victory. It also prompted the U.S. military to take its final actions to crush the Indians once and for all. Within the year the long war between whites and Indians in Texas would reach its conclusion.
In September, just three months after Adobe Walls, an army dispatch detail consisting of Dixon, scout Amos Chapman, and four troopers from the 6th Cavalry were surrounded and besieged by a large combined band of Kiowas and Comanches. During what became known as the Battle of Buffalo Wallow, with accurate rifle fire they held off the Indians for an entire day. An extremely cold rainstorm that night discouraged the Indians, and they broke off the fight; every man in the detail was wounded and one trooper killed. For this action Dixon, along with the other survivors, were awarded the Medal of Honor.
Significance
This fight is historically significant because it led to the Red River War of 1874–75, resulting in the final relocation of the Southern Plains Indians to reservations in what is now Oklahoma. A monument was erected in 1924 on the site of Adobe Walls by the Panhandle-Plains Historical Society.
References
Rupert N. Richardson, "The Comanche Indians at the Adobe Walls Fight", Panhandle-Plains Historical Review 4 (1931).
G. Derek West, "The Battle of Adobe Walls", Panhandle-Plains Historical Review 36 (1963).
T. Lindsay Baker and Billy R. Harrison, Adobe Walls: The History and Archaeology of the 1874 Trading Post College Station: Texas A&M University Press (April 4, 1986), trade paperback, 452 pages,
Further reading
External links
The Battle of Adobe Walls, Texas State Library
1874 in Texas
Battles involving the Comanche
Battles involving the United States
Conflicts in 1874
Native American history of Texas
Texas–Indian Wars
June 1874 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20Battle%20of%20Adobe%20Walls |
"Year Two" is the title of an American four-part, 1987 comics story arc featuring Batman, written by Mike W. Barr and illustrated by Alan Davis, Paul Neary, Alfredo Alcala, Mark Farmer, and Todd McFarlane. It originally appeared in the American comic book Detective Comics #575–578, published by DC Comics.
The story was initially a treatment by Barr titled "Batman: 1980", but it was released as "Batman: Year Two" to coincide with the release of Frank Miller's "Batman: Year One". A similar "Batman: Year Three" would later be released.
This story was collected as a trade paperback in 1990. In 2002, DC Comics published a second printing of the trade paperback, this time with the addition of the 1991 one-shot sequel Batman: Full Circle included, with the new edition retitled as Batman: Year Two – Fear The Reaper (). Elements of the story were incorporated into the 1993 film Batman: Mask of the Phantasm, including the concept of a masked vigilante waging war on criminals and having a personal connection to Bruce Wayne.
Plot
Batman is an established vigilante in Gotham City. Captain Gordon is Police Commissioner, and through an appearance on a talk show, explains that Batman is working with the Gotham Police Department. During the interview, the host reflects on the anniversary of the final sighting of Gotham's first vigilante, the Reaper.
Leslie Thompkins, who helped raise Bruce Wayne after his parents were murdered, introduces him to Rachel Caspian, a charity worker and aspiring nun. The two develop a romantic relationship. Rachel's father, Judson Caspian, is the original Reaper, driven to fight criminals after the death of his wife at the hands of one. After observing that crime is still rampant in Gotham, the retired vigilante returns to his Reaper costume and foils several crimes through the use of lethal force.
The Reaper's activities soon draw the attention of Batman, and the two fight. The Reaper's experience and weaponry (including his use of guns) prove too much for Batman, who is left bloodied, broken, and forced to flee before he is killed. Returning to Wayne Manor, Wayne admits that his skills in unarmed combat are not enough, and that perhaps the only way to confront a killer like the Reaper is by using a firearm -- something he has never done. Wayne retrieves the gun that killed his parents, which he has secretly kept as a reminder of his promise to fight crime. He prepares for the coming re-match.
Batman's vendetta against the Reaper leads to a falling out with Gordon, whom Batman nearly wounds to prevent him from arresting someone he considers his personal prey. Gordon misinterprets this action as Batman following in the Reaper's murderous footsteps and soon deploys his forces against both Batman and the Reaper.
As the Reaper lays waste to Gotham's underworld, several crime lords discuss the situation. Batman interrupts the meeting and proposes they join forces against the Reaper. The crime lords agree, but only if Batman cooperates with their handpicked agent. That individual is Joe Chill, the man who shot Thomas and Martha Wayne. Batman schemes to take Chill's life once the Reaper is disposed of, while he also lays the groundwork for his life after Batman by asking Rachel to marry him. She accepts. Secretly, the bosses instruct Chill to murder Batman once the Reaper is dealt with.
During a battle with the Reaper, the bosses are killed, and Batman's true plan is revealed to Commissioner Gordon. The Reaper is presumed dead, and Batman takes an unconscious Chill to one of his safe houses, and then to the site of the murder of the Waynes. There he reveals his identity and threatens him with the gun. Chill questions whether Batman has the nerve to pull the trigger, but before he has a chance, the Reaper re-emerges and shoots Chill himself. Now aware of Batman's identity, the Reaper beckons him to a final confrontation in the frameworks of the unfinished building housing the Wayne Foundation. Batman and the Reaper fight to a standstill, and Batman, gaining the upper hand, discovers the Reaper is Judson before he falls to his death.
Realizing that the way of the gun is not for him, Batman places Chill's gun in the cornerstone of the building, to be sealed away for good when construction is completed.
Bruce returns to Rachel, who is distraught over the news that her father was the Reaper. She produces her nun's habit from the closet and calls off the engagement, choosing to atone for her father's sins by devoting herself to the church. Bruce returns to prowling Gotham's streets in his role as Batman.
Batman: Full Circle
A 1991 one-shot sequel, Batman: Full Circle, was also written by Barr and illustrated by Alan Davis. Years later, the story centers on Joe Chill's son assuming the Reaper's mantle. The story reunites most of the cast of Year Two and incorporates Robin (the Dick Grayson version) into the story.
Emulating the Reaper's mission of zero tolerance towards criminals and using his original costume and weapons, Chill Jr., in collaboration with his sister Marcia, attempts to lure Batman into a confrontation where they would finally dispose of the Dark Knight with a different weapon. The arrival of Chill's son, Joey, hampers Chill's schemes. Chill Jr. witnessed his father's death at the original Reaper's hands, but he could not make out Bruce Wayne's unmasked face. Overcome with grief, Chill seeks revenge on Batman. Batman faces personal issues with Rachel Caspian, who has returned to Gotham convinced the Reaper is her father reborn. Chill and his sister use this to their advantage, plaguing Rachel with encounters as a way to cast doubt in her and Batman's minds that he is the returned Judson Caspian (Joe Chill Sr.'s body was stolen before it could be taken into custody at the end of Year Two). The Reaper also uses an explosive to destroy the cornerstone of the Wayne Foundation building, freeing his father's gun.
Chill captures Batman and unmasks but does not recognize the unconscious crimefighter; Batman has applied elaborate makeup and hair dye to alter his appearance. Chill subjects Batman to a video reel and a hallucinogenic drug that reduces Batman to a quivering wreck suffering from survivor's guilt. Chill has Batman poised at the top of a pedestal overlooking a pool of acid, forcing him to watch a video where a young boy's parents are killed in front of him and then the boy subsequently thanks God he did not die himself. Chill hopes that Batman will kill himself from the resulting guilt. When Marcia, who saw her father as a thug who abused her mother and cared nothing for the revenge plot, tries to double-cross Chill to deliver Batman to mob boss Morgan Jones. Chill slashes Marcia, apparently killing her. Robin arrives and coaxes Batman out of his hallucinogenic haze. Batman defeats the Reaper. As Batman holds the unmasked Chill over the acid pool, urged by Robin to drop him, Chill's son Joey reveals himself and his father's identity. Bruce spares Chill Jr.'s life, reflecting that what began with Joe Chill and Thomas Wayne should end with their 'grandsons', Joey and Dick. After the police arrive and Chill is taken away in an ambulance, Batman throws Chill's gun into the ocean.
In other media
The 1993 film Batman: Mask of the Phantasm borrows elements from the comic book story. The original character of the Phantasm was inspired by the Reaper, a main character of the comic book story arc.
While not completely based on the comic, an element of the story is used in the 2005 film Batman Begins, in which Bruce Wayne waits outside for Joe Chill with a gun, after Joe has a hearing for parole. As in the comic, someone else kills Chill before Bruce has a chance to see if he could kill him.
References
Comics by Todd McFarlane | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman%3A%20Year%20Two |
Cubbington is a village and civil parish with a population of 3,929, adjoining the north-eastern outskirts of Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, England, approximately 3 miles from the town centre. Welsh Road, running through the village crossroads, was an old sheep drovers' route connecting London and Wales. Since the 1950s when the village expanded there have been two parts to the village: Cubbington proper which was the old village core, and New Cubbington which is to the west, although both are referred to as Cubbington. Topographically the highest point of the village sits about above sea level while its lowest is about . For many years the electorate for Cubbington was represented in government by the MP for Warwick and Leamington but for the 2010 UK Elections it moved to the new Kenilworth & Southam constituency.
Cubbington history
The place-name 'Cubbington' is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it appears as Cobintone and Cubintone. The name means 'the town or settlement of Cubba's people'. A related name is the source of the name of the village of Cublington to the southeast in Buckinghamshire. In early November 1605 a group of men, including Robert Catesby, who were involved in the Gunpowder Plot, passed through the village. They were fleeing from London after the arrest of Guy Fawkes. They were on their way to Wales (via Warwick Castle to steal fresh horses), after a meeting at Dunchurch, near Rugby.
Apart from the parish church, Cubbington's notable former landmark was the windmill which stood at the top of Windmill Hill, the section of Welsh Road which crosses the road to Rugby. The first mention of the windmill was in 1355 in a dispute between the Prior of Kenilworth and the Abbot of Stoneleigh. No mention of it was made again however until it appeared on a map of Warwickshire over 400 years later in 1789. The sails of the windmill could be turned using a wheel to face in the optimum direction in relation to the prevailing wind.
Cubbington Manor House is said to be haunted by a young girl who starved to death when her mentally-ill father locked them all in the house and refused to speak to the outside world. Until the mid-1820s the population of Cubbington was larger than that of Leamington Spa, which now dwarfs Cubbington. Cubbington men served in the First World War and Second World War. In the First World War 139 men served their country, 31 of whom lost their lives. In the Second World War 10 men lost their lives. Although the village never received direct hits from Luftwaffe bombers, two bombs landed in Cubbington Woods near the village after a raid on Coventry about to the north.
New Cubbington
New Cubbington is a part of the village. It links the old village of Cubbington with Lillington, a suburb of Leamington Spa. The first buildings in the area were along the main village road, the Rugby Road. Most of the area was developed as a planned housing estate after the Second World War. Plans were drawn up in 1946 and a mixture of medium to large semi-detached houses, detached houses and bungalows were built in the 1950s. The land was originally owned by Baron Leigh, then owner of Stoneleigh Abbey, and many of the roads are named after towns in Scotland such as Dunblane Drive and Stirling Avenue.
The Rugby Tavern public house existed long before the houses and was originally some east of where it now stands. It was opened for the first time where it now stands by Arthur Savage and his family on King George's Silver Jubilee in 1935. They ran the pub for many years all living above the premises. His granddaughter Micheline Julie Warnier born there in 1944, her mother Betty Savage worked behind the bar and was married to Gilbert Victor Julian Warnier; the family left for another public house around 1961. It was renovated in the early 2000s after being gutted by a fire.
As a planned estate, it contains a variety of local shops including two hairdressers, a bicycle shop, two off-licences, a pet shop, traditional and ethnic takeaways, and a grocery. A post office that existed for many years in Kelvin Road was closed in January 2004. There is one open space for children's recreation that has swings and two football goals. Telford Infant and Junior Schools are the nearest schools to the area. The 67A bus linking old Cubbington with Leamington Spa runs through New Cubbington which then follows through to Hatton Park, and the 67 bus to Leamington runs close by Telford School.
Geography
Pingle Brook, which flows south-westwards through the village, is a long tributary of the River Leam. It is normally mostly invisible within the village due to the sheltered nature of its course and its size. Heavy rains in July 2007 caused the brook to burst its banks, flooding streets in the village with over two feet of water, and the event was reported in the local and national press and television networks. South Cubbington Wood and North Cubbington Wood are ancient woods in the parish, outside the village.
Churches
The Church of England parish church of Saint Mary has a documented chronology of vicars dating from 1346. The church was originally a chapelry of Leek Wootton and was granted to St Mary's Abbey at the priory's foundation by Geoffrey de Clinton in 1122. By 1331 it had become a separate parish and was appropriated by the monastery; a vicarage with house, mortuaries, altarage and small tithes being granted in 1345. The building of the present church was probably started by the Augustinians canons at Kenilworth in the early 12th century and when finished consisted of the nave, chancel, south aisle and western tower. The parish magazine is called Contact and is distributed throughout Cubbington and New Cubbington.
Jane Austen's brother James was vicar of Saint Mary's between 1792 and 1820, but never visited Cubbington as he lived in Hampshire where he was vicar of Steventon and another parish, where he took services every Sunday. Because of the distance between Hampshire and Warwickshire, he employed a curate to perform the vicar's duties at Cubbington. Cubbington has a Methodist church. The original Wesleyan chapel had been outgrown by 1843. A second was in use between 1844 and 1888, which was the year when the present building was erected. A church hall was added in 1965.
Education
The earliest known record of a school in Cubbington is from 1780, on a different site from any of the schools now in existence. The first buildings on the site of the present Cubbington School were erected in 1846. Extensions to the school were made in 1893 and the 1960s. Our Lady and St Teresa's School was opened in 1961 on a site overlooking much of the surrounding countryside. Telford School in nearby Lillington is also attended by children from Cubbington. Secondary education is provided by North Leamington Community School and Arts College just under from the village. There is an equestrian school on the edge of the village, near the allotments.
Transport
Cubbington is served by several bus routes with destinations to Birdingbury, Hatton Park, Kenilworth, Leamington Spa, Lillington, Stratford upon Avon and Warwick via several parts of the village. The nearest railway station is in Leamington Spa about south-west of the village. In 2010 the Department for Transport announced that the proposed High Speed 2 railway would pass the northern edge of the village in a wide, long railway cutting. In January 2011 The Tree Register of the British Isles identified a wild pear tree (the Cubbington Pear Tree) in the parish near Cubbington Woods as the largest on record in Britain. The tree was estimated to be 200-250 years old, which may have made it the oldest in Britain. It was in the path of the proposed HS2 route and was felled on 20 October 2020.
Economy
Local employers include Thwaites since 1937, a manufacturer of dumpers that are sold throughout the United Kingdom and across Europe, and the Warwickshire Beer Company which was founded in 1998 in the former village bakery.
Activities and sport
Cubbington's silver band plays all around Warwickshire. The current Cubbington Silver Band was formed in 1995 as a result of an idea by Ken Lindop, who was then the vicar of St Mary's parish church. In March 2007 the band attained Midland Area Champions 4th section. In March 2009 the band won again, this time becoming 3rd Section Midland Area Champions. A trip to Harrogate to compete against the other top bands in the country resulted in the band placing 3rd. The band won the 2015 Midland Area Brass Band Championships for the 4th Section, and was set to compete in Cheltenham at the National Finals in September 2015. The village hall is used for various projects including the Cubbington OAP group, and performances by the Cubbington Players, an amateur dramatic group. Behind the Victorian Methodist church is a large hall which is also used for groups including Cub Scouts and Beaver Scouts, a youth club, a ladies' fellowship and a small Junior Church.
Popular culture
The village was used for some scenes in the BBC Television comedy series Keeping Up Appearances starring Patricia Routledge and Clive Swift. The children's television programme ChuckleVision has also filmed scenes in the village.
References
Sources
External links
Cubbington stats on the 2001 national census website
Villages in Warwickshire
Civil parishes in Warwickshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubbington |
Christine Keshen (born February 6, 1978) is a Canadian curler from Invermere, British Columbia.
She played lead for Team Canada, skipped by Shannon Kleibrink at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Keshen joined the team in 2005, and helped them win the Canada Cup of Curling in 2005 and the 2005 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials. At the Olympics, Keshen had the best percentage of any female player at the games with 81% after round-robin play.
Keshen posed nude for Ana Arce's "Fire on Ice" 2007 Team Sponsorship Calendar to promote women's curling.
References
External links
Christine Keshen on Real Champions
Curlers from Alberta
Curlers from British Columbia
Curlers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Canadian women curlers
People from the Regional District of East Kootenay
1978 births
Living people
Olympic bronze medalists for Canada
Olympic curlers for Canada
Olympic medalists in curling
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Continental Cup of Curling participants
Canada Cup (curling) participants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine%20Keshen |
DOVO Solingen, DOVO Steelware, or simply DOVO, is an independent German company, based in Solingen ("The City of Blades"). They are a manufacturer of scissors, shaving equipment such as straight razors and safety razors, as well as manicure tools.
DOVO was founded in 1906. The name derives from the last names of the original founders Carl Dorp + Carl Arthur Voos.
Starting from 1950s onwards, DOVO has acquired multiple companies such as Tennis (1952), Bismarck (1957), "Ankerflagge" (1957), "Teufelskerle" (1968). "Kronpunkt" (1969), Fontana (1970), Heups & Hermes company (1973)
As of 31 December 2001, the company employed 86 staff who produced a daily output of 1200 scissors, 900 nippers, and 150 open razors and shavers. 75% of these products were exported to other countries while the remaining 25% were sold in Germany. Since the early 2000s, the company has seen an increase in demand and, as of 2016, produced tens of thousands of razors a year, with 20 employees working exclusively on razor production.
Since 2013, DOVO moved towards focusing mainly on their shaving products and introducing a new range of straight razors.
Gallery
See also
Rolls Razor
Safety razor
Timeline of historic inventions
Thiers Issard
Straight razor
Solingen
References
External links
Companies based in Solingen
Knife manufacturing companies
German brands
Razor brands
Manufacturing companies of Germany
Manufacturing companies established in 1906
1906 establishments in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOVO%20Solingen |
Michael John Sorich ( , born March 23, 1958) is an American actor, writer and director.
Biography
Sorich has been a voice actor for many different characters in the Power Rangers franchise (until the end of the Wild Force series), as well as related or similar Saban series such as Masked Rider, VR Troopers, and Big Bad Beetleborgs/Beetleborgs Metallix. Some of his roles included the voices of Squatt in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, Decimator and Zelton in VR Troopers, Roboborg in Beetleborgs Metallix, and Double Face in Masked Rider. He has also had some on-screen roles, such as Woody Stocker on VR Troopers.
Sorich had voice roles in the anime series Bleach. He directed the dubs for Idaten Jump and for Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo. He had also co-directed the ADR for VR Troopers with Scott Page-Pagter and Wendee Lee.
Filmography
Anime
Armitage III - Train Driver
Arte - Ubertino
Ayakashi Ayashi: Ayashi Divine Comedy - Prisoner, Tamahei
Bakuto Sengen Daigunder - Daigunder
Battle Athletes Victory - Ando
Battle B-Daman - Vinnie, Additional Voices
Baki - The Announcer
Black Jack - Various
Black Magic M-66 - Additional Voices
Bleach - Don Kanonji, Tessai Tsukabishi, Giriko Kutsuzawa, Fishbone D, Unnamed Soul
Blue Dragon - Hippopotamus
Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo - Additional Voices
Carried by the Wind: Tsukikage Ran - Daigoro Okuma
Casshan: Robot Hunter - Additional Voices
Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion - Store Owner
Coppelion - Kamata
Cosmo Warrior Zero - Rai
Cowboy Bebop - Giraffe
Crimson Wolf - Additional Voices
Cutie Honey - Various
Cyborg 009 - Great Britain/Cyborg 007
Daigunder - Daigu/Daigunder
Digimon Adventure - Andromon, Zudomon, Elecmon, Evil Greymon, Tyrannomon, DarkTyrannomon
Digimon Adventure 02 - Zudomon, Andromon, Gennai (Jose), Tyrannomon, DarkTyrannomon
Digimon Tamers - Vikaralamon, Dobermon, Sinduramon's Possessed Owl
Digimon Frontier - Elecmon, SkullSatamon, Neemon, Doggymon, Pandamon
Digimon Fusion - Deputymon, Damemon, Deckerdramon, Monitamon Elder, Machinedramon
Dinozaurs - Dragozaur Army Forces
Dorohedoro - Vaux
Durarara!! - Asanuma, Additional Voices
Duel Masters - Benny Haha
Early Reins - Boss
El-Hazard - Mr. Masamichi Fujisawa
éX-Driver - Yamazaki
Eyeshield 21 - Additional Voices
Final Fantasy Girl Rescue Me: Mave-chan - Forgetter
Final Fantasy: Legend of the Crystals - Ra Devil/Deatrh Gynos
Flag - Nadi Olowakandi
Flint the Time Detective - Lynx, Ominito, Young Babe Ruth (ep. 11)
Galerians - Drug Dealer, Guard A, Guy in Lobby, Maniac Terrorist, Priest, Researcher A
Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - Nanao's Classmate
Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex 2nd Gig - Additional Voices
Ghost Slayers Ayashi - Bodyguard, Man, Merchant, Tamahei
Golgo 13: Queen Bee - Bernard
Great Pretender - Danny
Great Teacher Onizuka - Committeeman A, Hiramatsu, Masked Man, Mizushima, Police Chief, Yakuza
Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics - Various
Gungrave - Norton, Widge
Gun Sword - Nero
Hand Maid May - Commando-Z
Honeybee Hutch - Additional Voices
Hunter × Hunter 2011 series – Tonpa
Inazuma Eleven: Ares - Chester Horse
Jin Jin - Various
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond is Unbreakable - Ryohei Higashikata
Jujutsu Kaisen - Jogo
Jungle de Ikou! - Additional Voices
Kekkaishi - Lord Uro
Kill la Kill - Barazo Mankanshoku
Last Exile - Additional Voices
Lily C.A.T. - Jimmy Hengel
Lupin III Part II - Olivera Net
Lupin III Part V - Camille Bardot
MÄR - Kaldea's Grand Elder
Marmalade Boy - Rihito Sakuma, Sakurai
Mars Daybreak - Doctor
Mazikaiser SKL - Kiba
Mirmo! - Hanzo
Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn - Otto Mitas
Mob Psycho 100 - Dimple
Mon Colle Knights - Tanaka
Monster - Bartender, Mr. Fortner
Mushrambo - Darba, Robot Cop
Naruto - Gamabunta, Choza Akimichi, Jirobo, Black Zetsu
Naruto: Shippuden - Gamabunta, Choza Akimichi, Jirobo
The Noozles - Additional Voices
Outlaw Star - Mata, McCoy, Warden
Phoenix - Additional Voices
Planetes - Jiraiya, Tarobo, Temara
Rave Master - Cheeks
Reign: The Conqueror - Bessus, Zariwari
Robotech - Sparks
Sailor Moon - Grandpa Hino (Viz Media dub)Sailor Moon Crystal - Master Pharaoh 90 (Episodes 27 & 28)
Crayon Shin-chan (Phuuz dub) - Lucky
Shinzo - Additional Voices
Speed Racer X - Additional Voices
Street Fighter II V - Zangief, Mr. Masters (Animaze Dub)
Submarine 707R - Youhei Hayami
Super Pig - Ken Carlen
Tenchi Muyo! - Kamidake (TV2, Movie 3, and OVA 3), Kazuhiko Amagasaki (TV2)
Tenjho Tenge - Wutan
The Legend of Heroes: Trails of Cold Steel – Northern War - Giliath Osborne
Tribe Nine - Tenshin Otori
The Twelve Kingdoms - Itan
Vampire Princess Miyu - Chang, Captain
Wowser - Additional Voices
X - Additional Voices
Ys - Dogi
YS-II - Dogi
Yo-kai Watch - Whisper
Yukikaze - Operator
Zatch Bell! - Garza
Zenki - Sohma Miki, Enno Ozuno
Zetman - Detective Sayama (as Michael McKay)
Live action
Big Bad Beetleborgs - Mums (1st voice), Grenade Guy/Super Grenade Guy
Beetleborgs Metallix - Roboborg
Hollywood's Amazing Animal Actors - Narrator
Idaten - Avery Brundage
Mad Scientist Toon Club - Dr. Pi
Married... with Children - Fidel Castro
Masked Rider - Double Face, Fluffy (voice minus Doubleface uncredited)
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers - Squatt (as Michael J. Sorich), Terror Toad, Fang, Polluticorn, Pumpkin Rapper, Saliguana (2nd voice), Magnet Brain, Silver Horns, Pachinko Head, Double Face, Vampirus, Hate Master, Crabby Cabbie, Erik and Merrick the Barbaric Brothers (all minus Squatt are uncredited)
Power Rangers: Zeo - Squatt (credited, as Michael J. Sorich), Boohoo the Clown, Wrecking Ball, Tough Tusks, Cog Changer (uncredited)
Power Rangers: Turbo - Voltmeister, Shrinkasect (uncredited)
Power Rangers: In Space - Elephantitan, Crocotoxes (uncredited)
Power Rangers: Lost Galaxy - Teksa (2nd appearance), Hardtochoke (2nd appearance), Quakemaker (uncredited 1st time, credited 2nd time)
Power Rangers: Lightspeed Rescue - Triskull, Gatekeeper, Bird Bane
Power Rangers: Time Force - "Mohawked Mutant" (uncredited), Brickneck
Power Rangers: Wild Force - Retinax, Artilla, Camera Org, Locomotive Org
Power Rangers: Lost Galaxy - Auctioneer
Seinfeld - Fidel Castro
The Prince of Light: The Legend of Ramayana - Hanuman
VR Troopers - Woody Stocker, Decimator, Horrorbot, Tankatron, Vacbot, Zelton, Spitbot (substitute voice), Slice Swordbot Brother (first voice)
You Can't Hurry Love - Drug Dealer
Animation
Creepy Crawlers - Additional Voices
Huntik: Secret and Seekers - Master Tantras
Iznogoud - Various
Little Mouse on the Prairie - Cal, Osgood
The Magic Snowflake - Santa Claus, Contrary Santa
The Return of Dogtanian - Athos
The Nutcracker and the Mouse King - Additional Voices
Pucca: Love Recipe - Dong King
Santa's Apprentice - Santa Claus, Nightmare Santa, Inspector Stevens, Contrary Santa (US English version)
Tenko and the Guardians of the Magic - Jason, Steel
What the Bleep Do We Know!? - Various Character Voices
Willy Fog 2 - Various
Wisdom of the Gnomes - Pat
Film
The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run - Additional Voices
009 Re:Cyborg - 006/Chang Changku
Akira - Various
Appleseed - Bar Troublemaker, Elder, Soldier
Case Closed: The Fist of Blue Sapphire - Hiroshi Agasa
Castle in the Sky - Additional Voices
Catnapped! The Movie - Additional Voices
Child of Kamiari Month - Ryūjin, additional voices
Curious George - Seen It Cab Driver
Digimon: The Movie - Big Agumon, Gargomon
Digimon Frontier Island of Lost Digimon - Neemon
Digimon Adventure tri. - Zudomon, Vikemon, Elecmon, Omnimon
Gen¹³ - Additional Voices
Lu over the Wall - Chairman
Mia and the Migoo - Additional Voices
Resident Evil: Degeneration - Senator Ron Davis
Rusty: A Dog's Tale - Additional voices
Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed - Tar Monster, Cotton Candy Glob
Street Fighter II: The Animated Movie - Dhalsim (as Don Carey), Zangief (as William Johnson)
The Cockpit - Okiumi
The Smurfs and the Magic Flute - Papa Smurf (2nd American dub)/Hefty Smurf
The Toy Warrior - Ciao and Happy Watch
Unico in the Island of Magic - Melvin the Magnificat
Video games
Binary Domain - Additional voices
D4: Dark Dreams Don't Die - Derek Buchanan
Detective Pikachu Returns - Brandon Barnes
Diablo III - Additional Voices
Diablo III: Reaper of Souls - Additional Voices
Dirge of Cerberus: Final Fantasy VII - Incidental characters
Final Fantasy Type-0 HD - Additional voices
Fire Emblem Awakening - Vaike
Fire Emblem: Three Houses - Gwendal
Fire Emblem Warriors: Three Hopes - Gwendal
Grim Fandango - Don Copal
Heroes of the Storm - Falstad Wildhammer
Heroes of Might and Magic III: The Restoration of Erathia - Uncredited roles
Jade Cocoon: Story of the Tamamayu - Village Chieftain
Master Detective Archives: Rain Code - Dr. Huesca
Naruto: Ultimate Ninja Storm - Gamabunta
Octopath Traveler - Additional voices
Sengoku Basara: Samurai Heroes - Yoshitsugu Otani, Harumasa Nanbu
Shenmue III - Additional Cast
Silent Bomber - Mercury
Star Ocean: Second Evolution - Regis
Star Wars Episode I: Racer - Mawhonic, Teemto Pagalies
Star Wars: X-Wing Alliance - Rebel Pilot
Stonekeep - Skuz
Street Fighter IV series - Gen
Street Fighter V - Gen
The Bard's Tale - Additional voices
The Curse of Monkey Island - Edward Van Helgen, Charles DeGoulash the Ghost Groom
The Legend of Heroes: Trails of Cold Steel IV - Chancellor Giliath Osborne
Twisted Metal Black - Billy Ray Stillwell (Junkyard Dog)
World of Warcraft: Cataclysm - Falstad Wildhammer, Kurdran Wildhammer, numerous others.
World of Warcraft: Warlords of Draenor - Additional voices
Staff work
Script adaptation
Bleach Bob in a Bottle Bumpety Boo Dinozaurs Duel Masters Dynamo Duck Flag Honeybee Hutch Idaten Jump Iznogoud Jin Jin and the Panda Patrol The Littl' Bits Little Mouse on the Prairie Maya the Bee Mon Colle Knights The Noozles Ox Tales Power Rangers Super Samurai Rave Master The Return of Dogtanian Saban's Adventures of the Little Mermaid Saban's Adventures of Peter Pan Saban's Adventures of Pinocchio Sailor Moon (Viz Media dub)
Sandokan Shinzo Tokyo Pig Transformers: Robots in Disguise Wild Arms: Twilight Venom Willy Fog 2 WowserVoice director
Battle B-Daman Bleach Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo Cyborg 009 The Cyborg Soldier Digimon: Digital Monsters Digimon Fusion Duel Masters Elsword Eyeshield 21 Idaten Jump Iron Virgin Jun Mon Colle Knights Komi Can't Communicate Saint Seiya: The Lost Canvas Shinzo''
References
External links
1958 births
Living people
American male television actors
American male television writers
American male video game actors
American male voice actors
American people of Serbian descent
American television writers
American voice directors
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Sorich |
The 1831 City Bank of New York theft took place on March 19, 1831, in New York City, New York, United States, when burglars stole $245,000 (1831 values) from the City Bank (now Citibank) on Wall Street, using a set of copied keys. The theft is regarded as one of the first bank heists in U.S. history. The amount stolen would come to over $52 million in 2013 currency. Initial reports variously reported the name of the culprits as Edward Smith, Edward Jones, James Honeyman and James Murray. A modern source, drawing on period newspapers, fingers James Honeyman and William J. Murray.
Murray and Honeyman, who used both "Smith" and "Jones" as aliases, spent $60,000 before they were caught. Murray fled to Philadelphia while Honeyman remained in New York under an alias. Both were captured, convicted, and both sentenced to five years in Sing Sing prison.
The Connecticut Courant reported that the suspect, Smith (Honeyman), was apprehended "due to the acuteness and indefatigable vigilance of High Constable Hays." Honeyman had been apprehended in the previous year for robbing "Mr. Schenck's store" in Brooklyn. He was a "Morocco (leather) dresser" by trade who kept a small shoe store on the Bowery where he allowed "dissipated profligates" to gather. Constable Hays found nothing during his first search of the Division Street rooms where Honeyman lived with his wife and two children. Tipped off by the keeper of the lodging house, who saw Honeyman carrying a trunk out of his rooms, the "acute" Constable Hays returned later in the week, and he decided to search the trunks remaining in the apartment. This time, he found most of the stolen money hidden under clothing in one of the trunks. The suspect was seized and taken to New York's colonial-era Bridewell prison. Authorities recovered: $57,328 in City Bank Notes; $501,118 in "various city notes;" $44,000 in Lansingburgh Bank Notes (a bank in Lansingburgh, New York); $20,000 in notes issued by the "Morris Canal"; $8,272 recorded as "uncurrent - belonging to S. & M. Allen"; and $40 worth of counterfeit notes. $63,000 of stolen money was never recovered, a sum that included 398 doubloons.
References
Bank thefts
1831 in New York (state)
1831 crimes in the United States
Crimes in Manhattan
Citigroup | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1831%20City%20Bank%20of%20New%20York%20theft |
The list of ship launches in 1972 includes a chronological list of all ships launched in 1972.
References
1972
Ship launches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ship%20launches%20in%201972 |
Jamal Watson is a writer and columnist whose work is regularly featured in Diverse: Issues In Higher Education and The Root. In 2001, Watson reported that Harvard Law School Professor Charles Ogletree and attorney Johnnie Cochran were planning a lawsuit on behalf of the descendants of African slaves. Watson served as the editor of the publication from 2005 until 2019 and remains a contributing editor.
Watson has also written for a variety of other publications including the Washington City Paper, The Baltimore Sun and USA Today. He holds a teaching appointment in Communications at Trinity University.
As a critic, Watson is frequently a guest on WNYC radio, an affiliate of National Public Radio and has appeared on Fox News' Hannity and Colmes and Nightline. He is featured in Dick Morris' best-selling book, Condi vs. Hillary and has been quoted in a handful of other books and publications. He is completing a full-length biography of the Reverend Al Sharpton which was scheduled to be published in Fall 2021.
References
External links
Jamal Watson's homepage
Living people
American columnists
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal%20Watson |
The list of ship launches in 1975 includes a chronological list of ships launched in 1975. In cases where no official launching ceremony was held, the date built or completed may be used instead.
References
1975
Ship launches
Ship launches
Ship launches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ship%20launches%20in%201975 |
The Financial Reporting Council (FRC) is an independent regulator in the UK and Ireland based in London Wall in the City of London, responsible for regulating auditors, accountants and actuaries, and setting the UK's Corporate Governance and Stewardship Codes. The FRC seeks to promote transparency and integrity in business by aiming its work at investors and others who rely on company reports, audits and high-quality risk management.
In December 2018, an independent review of the FRC, led by Sir John Kingman, recommended its replacement by a new Audit, Reporting and Governance Authority, a recommendation followed by the government in March 2019.
Ireland adopted the FRC's auditing framework in 2017.
Structure
The FRC is a company limited by guarantee, and is funded by the audit profession, who are required to contribute under the provisions of the Companies Act 2006 and by other groups subject to, or benefitting from FRC regulation. Its board of directors is appointed by the Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. It and its subsidiaries play crucial roles in the oversight and development of corporate governance standards in the UK and the Republic of Ireland, such as the UK Corporate Governance Code and standards for the accounting industry.
The FRC board is supported by three governance committees, two business committees, and three advisory councils.
Governance committees
Audit Committee
Nominations Committee
Remuneration Committee
Business committees
Codes & Standards Committee - advises the FRC board on corporate governance matters, including changes to the UK Corporate Governance Code and the Stewardship Code. It also advises the FRC Board on the Annual Plan and Budget and FRC strategy.
Conduct Committee - responsible for overseeing the FRC's work in promoting high quality corporate reporting. Its responsibilities include overseeing: the monitoring of recognised Supervisory and Recognised Qualifying Bodies; audit quality reviews; Corporate reporting reviews; Professional discipline; and the regulation of accountants and actuaries. The Conduct Committee is supported by three further Committees, members of whom, including the Chairs, sit on the Conduct Committee:
the Case Management Committee, whose functions include monitoring and providing oversight in respect of enforcement investigations and tribunal proceedings;
the Audit Quality Review Committee; and
the Corporate Reporting Review Committee, which ensures the consistency and quality of the FRC's monitoring work.
Advisory councils
Corporate Reporting - advises the FRC Executive on the development and maintenance of high quality, effective and proportionate Standards, Guidance, SORPS and Practice Notes for accounting and narrative reporting work. Accounting standards apply to all companies, and other entities that prepare accounts that are intended to provide a true and fair view.
Audit & Assurance - as above, but for audit and assurance work.
Actuarial - as above, but for technical actuarial work.
Former structure
The FRC used to incorporate six operating bodies:
Accounting Standards Board
The role of the Accounting Standards Board (ASB) was to issue accounting standards in the United Kingdom and was recognised for that purpose under the Companies Act 1985. It took over the task of setting accounting standards from the Accounting Standards Committee (ASC) in 1990. However, ASB was overtaken by the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) on 2 July 2012. Thus, FRC is now the authority that may issue accounting standards in the UK.
Financial Reporting Review Panel
The Financial Reporting Review Panel (FRRP) was established in 1990 as a subsidiary of the United Kingdom's Financial Reporting Council. The FRRP sought to ensure that the provision of financial information by public and large private companies complied with relevant accounting requirements such as the Companies Act 1985.
Accountancy & Actuarial Discipline Board
The Accountancy & Actuarial Discipline Board (AADB) was the independent, investigative and disciplinary body for accountants and actuaries in the United Kingdom. The AADB was formerly known as the Accountancy Investigation & Discipline Board (AIDB) and changed its name to the AADB on 16 August 2007. The AADB Scheme established the framework and set in place the legal formalities of participation between the AADB and the Participating Accountancy Bodies i.e. the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW), the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA), the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA), and the Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA), The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Ireland, and the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland.
the AADB had a substantial workload including investigations into the conduct of professional firms, such as EY, that had advised Lehman Brothers, JPMorgan, Connaught, Aero Inventory, and BAE Systems.
Professional Oversight Board
The Professional Oversight Board (POB) was a regulatory body specialising in the accounting, auditing, and actuarial professions in the United Kingdom. It was a part of the Financial Reporting Council (FRC), the independent regulator of corporate governance and reporting in the UK.
The Board's stated purpose was to support the FRC's goal of investor and public confidence in the financial governance of business organisations. The Board provides assurance that professional accountancy bodies are properly setting standards and enforcing discipline for their members, in accordance with the Companies Act 2006 and other statutory requirements. The POB carried out inspections on behalf of the FRC, but if any shortcomings were found, sanctions could only be imposed by the professional bodies. The POB did not have the power either to overturn any decision which the body has made in a case or to direct how the body should handle a case.
The Board also operated an Audit Inspection Unit (AIU) that oversees auditing organisations and makes recommendations for appropriate regulatory actions by governmental and professional authorities. As part of its oversight of the actuarial profession, the Board monitored the activities of actuarial organisations with regard to the education, discipline, ethical standards and continuing professional development of their members. The Board also sought to provide a framework for the evaluation of the quality and effectiveness of actuarial work.
Before 5 May 2006, the Board was known as the Professional Oversight Board for Accountancy. The name change reflected the Board's additional responsibility for oversight of the actuarial profession from that date.
In 2011, the Board published information for the first time about shortcomings in self-regulation by particular institutes. Press reports highlighted comments about ACCA, which had implemented recommendations to improve its examination syllabus, but needed to pay greater attention to continuing monitoring of members who had registered as auditors some years ago.
The board contains member from a wide range of background. As of 2011 Paul George is its director, and John kellas is interim chair following the death of Dame Barbara Mills.
Auditing Practices Board
The Auditing Practices Board Limited (APB) was originally established in 1991 as a committee of the Consultative Committee of Accountancy Bodies, to take responsibility within both Ireland and the United Kingdom for setting standards of auditing, with the objective of enhancing public confidence in the audit process and the quality and relevance of audit services in the public interest.
In April 2002 APB was re-established under the auspices of The Accountancy Foundation and, following a UK government review, it was transferred to the FRC. Its objective remained the same, but its remit was extended to include responsibility for setting standards for auditors' integrity, objectivity and independence.
An APB electronic newsletter was published periodically to "assist interested parties [to] better understand APB activities".
Board for Actuarial Standards
Following the Morris Review of the Actuarial Profession, published in March 2005, HM Treasury asked the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) to take on responsibility for oversight of the regulation of actuaries by the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries (IFoA) and the independent setting of technical actuarial standards. This latter task was the remit of the Board for Actuarial Standards until 2 July 2012 when responsibility was assumed by the FRC.
Senior personnel
Sir Winfried Bischoff was the Chairman of the FRC, between 2014 and 2019. Other board members included Gay Huey Evans, Melanie McLaren and Paul George. The FRC's chief executive from November 2009 until announcing he was stepping down in late 2018, was Stephen Haddrill.
In 2019, Simon Dingemans and Sir Jon Thompson took over as chair and CEO respectively. Private Eye reported that during the appointment process, Simon Dingemans did not declare an interest in a company which was late filing accounts. In May 2020, Dingemans resigned, citing conflicts between the part-time role and other positions he was interested in taking. In December 2021, Jan du Plessis was nominated by the UK Government to lead the FRC through its transformation into the Audit, Reporting and Governance Authority. In February 2022, du Plessis was confirmed as the FRC's new chair.
Controversies
Carillion
Following the January 2018 collapse of construction and services business Carillion, it was reported that Carillion's auditor KPMG would have its role examined by the FRC. Two months later, the FRC's conduct committee announced an investigation into the conduct of former Carillion finance directors Richard Adam and Zafar Khan.
The operations of the FRC itself were also to be scrutinised by an independent inquiry ordered by Business Secretary Greg Clark.
An "excoriating" report by the Business and the Work and Pensions Select Committees into the collapse of Carillion, published on 16 May 2018, was critical of the FRC, describing it as feeble and timid, and of failing to follow up concerns in Carillion's 2015 accounts. Along with The Pensions Regulator, it was branded as "chronically passive". Welcoming the Government's review of the FRC's powers and effectiveness, the report said changes to be a more aggressive and proactive regulator "will require a significant shift in culture at the FRC itself". Still under pressure to improve, in October 2018, the FRC proposed reforms, including banning from earning consultancy fees at businesses they audit, to tackle the "underlying falling trust in business and the effectiveness of audit," and severely rebuked KPMG. In July 2020, the FRC told the Big Four that they must submit plans by October 2020 to separate their audit and consultancy operations by 2024.
Meanwhile, in November 2018, it was announced that Stephen Haddrill, CEO of the FRC, was to quit, amid suggestions that his departure might lead to the body's abolition.
FRC replacement
In March 2019, the government announced that the FRC would be replaced by a new regulator, the Audit, Reporting and Governance Authority (ARGA), with enhanced powers, in an effort to "change the culture" of the accounting sector. Plans for the new regulator were included in the September 2019 Queen's Speech and, despite concerns that the launch of ARGA might be delayed, the Department for Business, Enterprise and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) told Accountancy Daily in February 2020 that "next steps on audit reform" would be taken in the first quarter of 2020. However, further details were slow to emerge; in November 2020 City A.M. reported that reform proposals relating to the audit sector were expected in early 2021 with full implementation expected in 2023.
A UK Government policy paper, Restoring trust in audit and corporate governance, was published on 19 March 2021, consulting on its proposed steps to establish the ARGA and give it the formal duties, functions and powers it needs to be fully effective. In September 2021, the FRC's head of regulatory standards, Mark Babington said the ARGA would "commence in April 2023".
See also
UK company law
UK Corporate Governance Code
Stewardship Code
References
External links
Official site
FRC structure
Accounting in the United Kingdom
Accounting organizations
Government oversight and watchdog organizations
Corporate governance in the United Kingdom
Financial reporting
1990 establishments in the United Kingdom
Government agencies established in 1990
Public bodies and task forces of the United Kingdom government
Financial regulatory authorities of the United Kingdom
Accounting in Ireland
Department for Business and Trade | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial%20Reporting%20Council |
The Big White is a 2005 black comedy film directed by Mark Mylod starring Robin Williams, Holly Hunter, Giovanni Ribisi, Woody Harrelson, Tim Blake Nelson, W. Earl Brown and Alison Lohman.
In a podcast interview with Marc Maron in 2010, Williams admitted that during filming, he started drinking again after 20 years of sobriety. This would lead to a stint in rehab in 2006.
Plot
Travel agent Paul Barnell finds a body in a dumpster that, unbeknownst to him, was left there by Mafia hitmen. Heavily in debt and attempting to find a cure for his wife Margaret's apparent Tourette syndrome, he stages a disfiguring animal attack with the body in order to cash in his missing brother's life-insurance policy, for which a corpse is required.
Local police are convinced, but promotion-hungry insurance agent Ted Waters is not. The hitmen who dumped the body are also in search of the corpse for proof to collect their payment. They take Margaret hostage to ensure that they will get the body. Meanwhile, Ted is having problems with his girlfriend, Tiffany, whom he neglects as he works his way up in his firm.
Paul's missing brother Raymond returns home, beats him up, and demands a portion of the insurance money. By suggesting that Ted assaulted him, Paul speeds up the delivery of the million dollar insurance payment. He has the body exhumed and agrees to exchange it and a portion of the money for Margaret. Fearing that Raymond will attempt to kill Margaret to keep her quiet, Paul considers killing his brother in his sleep, but cannot bring himself to do so.
The next morning Paul leaves his brother asleep and meets the hit-men for the exchange. Raymond is angered at his brother's deception and arrives as well, and is told by the insurance agent, who has finally pieced together what has happened, about his million dollar policy. Raymond then pulls out a pistol and shoots Margaret in the back as she flees. He is in turn shot in the stomach by one of the hitmen. Paul finds Margaret alive; he had hidden the insurance money in her jacket, and it stopped the bullet. The brothers say goodbye as Raymond dies. Paul tells Ted that he only committed fraud out of love for his wife, which appeals to Ted's renewed feelings for Tiffany; touched, he lets them go. Using the money, Paul takes Margaret on a tropical vacation.
Cast
Robin Williams - Paul Barnell
Holly Hunter - Margaret Barnell
Giovanni Ribisi - Ted Waters
Tim Blake Nelson - Gary
W. Earl Brown - Jimbo
Woody Harrelson - Raymond Barnell
Alison Lohman - Tiffany
Billy Merasty - Cam (as William Merasty)
Marina Stephenson Kerr - Avis
Ralph Alderman - Mr. Branch
Frank Adamson - Detective
Andrea Shawcross - Hair Stylist
Ryan Miranda - Korean-am Teenager
Craig March - Howard
Ty Wood - Paperboy
Production
According to one insider, it was Collin Friesen's script that "drew the talent needed to get the production off the ground." Production was based in Winnipeg, though it was filmed in the Yukon Territory; the film had a $1 million impact on the territory's economy, including the employment of 200 Yukoners. Most of the outdoor scenes and cinematography were shot at summit of the White Pass along the border of Alaska and British Columbia. The bulk of the film was shot in April, 2004.
Reception
In November 2005, Variety, after seeing the film at the AFI Fest in Los Angeles, called it "snowed under by misjudgment on every level", with "frigid" commercial prospects. In March 2006, David Mattin of the BBC gave it three stars out of five, saying the film "wants to be a cross between small-screen hits Northern Exposure and Frasier" but "can't resist the lure of cheap and obvious one-liners"; Mattin calls William's performance "typically slushy and ultimately likeable" and Ribisi's a performance that "really shines", but notes that the viewer is mostly subjected to "limp gags based on [Hunter]'s compulsive swearing, and Harrelson's cliché-ridden small-town hick stupidity."
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 30% based on reviews from 10 critics.
References
External links
Canadian black comedy films
New Zealand black comedy films
American black comedy films
2000s English-language films
2005 films
Films directed by Mark Mylod
Films scored by Mark Mothersbaugh
Films set in Alaska
Films shot in Alaska
Films shot in Yukon
2000s American films
2000s Canadian films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Big%20White |
The list of ship launches in 1984 includes a chronological list of all ships launched in 1984.
References
1984
Ship launches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ship%20launches%20in%201984 |
The list of ship launches in 1988 includes a chronological list of all ships launched in 1988.
References
1988
Ship launches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ship%20launches%20in%201988 |
Paul Schrier II (born June 1, 1970) is an American actor, director, and artist. He is best known for his role of Farkas "Bulk" Bulkmeier in the Power Rangers series. He portrayed the character for seven seasons from 1993–1999, returning in 2011 for the eighteenth season of Power Rangers Samurai, and was the last original cast member to leave the show. Schrier has also done some directing work, directing a few Power Rangers episodes, 16 episodes of the Hello Kitty animated series, and a short film, "An Easy Thing". He is also an artist, having worked on the comic book The Red Star. In 2017, he starred in his first animation voice role as Flonk in Cartoon Network's Mighty Magiswords.
Filmography
Anime roles
Daigunder – Bone Rex
Eagle Riders – Ollie Keeawani
Teknoman – Cain Carter / Teknoman Saber
Live action / TV roles
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers (1993–1996) – Farkas "Bulk" Bulkmeier (main role, credited) / Primator (voice, uncredited) / Bratboy (voice, uncredited)
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: Alpha's Magical Christmas – Farkas "Bulk" Bulkmeier (video short/archival footage)
Masked Rider (1995) – Fire Bug (voice)
Power Rangers Zeo (1996) – Farkas "Bulk" Bulkmeier
Power Rangers Turbo (1997) – Farkas "Bulk" Bulkmeier (In the first half of PRT, Bulk was turned into a chimpanzee by Elgar. He was restored in the second half.)
Power Rangers in Space (1998) – Farkas "Bulk" Bulkmeier
Power Rangers Lost Galaxy (1999) – Farkas "Bulk" Bulkmeier (only appears in 4 episodes)
Power Rangers: The Lost Episode (1999) – Farkas "Bulk" Bulkmeier (special episode/archival footage)
Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue (2000) – Infinitor (voice)
Power Rangers Time Force (2001) – Severax (voice)
Power Rangers Wild Force (2002) – Farkas "Bulk" Bulkmeier (Guest appearance)
Mega64 (2006) – Paul Farkas (cameo)
Power Rangers Samurai / Super Samurai (2011–2012) – Farkas "Bulk" Bulkmeier (main role)
Power Rangers Hyperforce (2017) – Jack D. Thomas / Hyperforce Yellow Ranger – RPG web series
Animation
Mighty Magiswords – Flonk
Movie roles
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie (1995) – Farkas "Bulk" Bulkmeier
Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie (1997) – Farkas "Bulk" Bulkmeier
Le zombi de Cap-Rouge (1997) – Billy Jack
Wicked Game (2002) – Mom
The Order (2017) – Varus
Additional notes
While the longest-serving cast member of the Power Rangers franchise, Paul's Farkas "Bulk" Bulkmeier was never an official Power Ranger himself. This was finally rectified during the 2017 web series Power Rangers Hyperforce where Schrier was made the team's yellow ranger. Though a web series rather than a television one, Hyperforce is considered canon by series creators Saban Entertainment, thus finally making Schrier a Ranger in his own right.
References
External links
Paul Schrier on MySpace
Paul Schrier's Twitter account
1970 births
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male comedians
21st-century American comedians
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
Living people
Los Angeles Pierce College people
Male actors from Nevada
Actors from the Las Vegas Valley
President William McKinley High School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Schrier |
The list of ship launches in 1990 includes a chronological list of all ships launched in 1990.
References
1990
Ship launches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ship%20launches%20in%201990 |
The Democrats (, Dem) was a centrist and social-liberal political party in Italy.
The party was launched in 1999 by Romano Prodi, a few months after his dismissal as Prime Minister and leader of The Olive Tree coalition. Three parties merged into The Democrats: the Democratic Union, Italy of Values and The Network. Also splinters from the Italian People's Party joined. In 2002 The Democrats were merged into Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy, which would be merged into the Democratic Party in 2007.
History
Early groups of "Olivists" were formed in 1995–1996, during the campaign for the 1996 general election, by close supporters of Prodi who were not members of any party of The Olive Tree coalition, like Prodi himself. "Clubs for Prodi" and the "Citizens for The Olive Tree" association were organised. Although most Olivists took part to the campaign only as activists, some were elected with the Populars for Prodi list, whose main constituent parties were the Christian-democratic Italian People's Party (PPI) and the social-liberal Democratic Union (UD). The Olive Tree won the election, the PPI–UD joint list obtained 6.8% of the vote, and Prodi was sworn in as Prime Minister, at the head of the Prodi I Cabinet.
After being ousted as Prime Minister and replaced by Massimo D'Alema (leader of the Democrats of the Left) in November 1998, Prodi launched the new party in February 1999. The Democrats were joined by PPI splinters, grassroots activists, the UD (leader: Antonio Maccanico), The Network (leader: Leoluca Orlando), Italy of Values (leader: Antonio Di Pietro) – which would be re-established as an independent party in May 2000 –, and the so-called "Movement of Mayors" (leaders: Francesco Rutelli, a former Green, and Massimo Cacciari, a former Democrat of the Left).
After a few months after the party's foundation, Prodi gave way to his close associate Arturo Parisi as president.
Prodi led The Democrats to a good result in the 1999 European Parliament election (7.7%), much more than the PPI (4.3%). Six Democratic MEPs were elected: Cacciari, Di Pietro, Rutelli, Paolo Costa, Pietro Mennea and Giovanni Procacci. In September Prodi was appointed President of the European Commission.
In December 1999 the party joined D'Alema II Cabinet with four ministers: Maccanico as minister of Institutional Reforms, Enzo Bianco (who had missed the election as MEP for a few votes) minister of the Interior, Willer Bordon ministers of Public Works, and Paolo De Castro minister of Agriculture. Of these, all but the latter would be confirmed in Amato II Cabinet, which was formed in April 2000, after the coalition's defeat in the regional elections.
In early 2000 Parisi asked the Democrats of the Left, then led by Walter Veltroni, to dissolve into a new "Democratic Party". The proposal was not received, thus in October 2000 The Democrats agreed with the PPI, Italian Renewal and the Union of Democrats for Europe to form a joint list for the 2001 general election, under the leadership of Rutelli, who was also The Olive Tree's "candidate for Prime Minister". The list, which gained a considerable success (14.5%), was transformed into a party in March 2002 under the name of Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy. This party, led by Rutelli, would be eventually merged into the Democratic Party in October 2007.
Ideology
Several party members were either former Christian Democrats (Prodi, Parisi, Costa, Orlando, etc.), while several others were formerly affiliated to the Italian Republican Party (Maccanico, Bianco, etc.). The ideology of the party thus ranged from Prodi's "social Catholicism" to Rutelli's and the former Republicans' social liberalism, Di Pietro's populism and social democracy. At the European level, The Democrats were affiliated to the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party.
The party was fervently "Olivist" (that is to say interested in the creation of a more united centre-left and, possibly, a joint centre-left party) and Europeanist, while also favouring the establishment of a two-party system. The name and symbol of the party were a direct reference to the Democratic Party of the United States.
Electoral results
European Parliament
Leadership
President: Romano Prodi (1999), Arturo Parisi (1999–2002)
References
External links
Official website
Political parties established in 1999
Political parties disestablished in 2002
Centrist parties in Italy
1999 establishments in Italy
2002 disestablishments in Italy
Defunct political parties in Italy
Romano Prodi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Democrats%20%28Italy%29 |
The list of ship launches in 1993 includes a chronological list of all ships launched in 1993.
References
1993
Ship launches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ship%20launches%20in%201993 |
Terence Richard Boyd Donahoe (October 30, 1944 – November 29, 2005) was a Nova Scotia opposition leader, cabinet minister, and MLA.
Early life and education
Terry Donahoe was born in Halifax on October 30, 1944. His father Richard was Mayor of Halifax, served in the provincial cabinet as Minister of Public Health and Welfare and Attorney General and was a Senator. Donahoe's older brother Art was also an MLA and served as Speaker of the House of Assembly of Nova Scotia.
Donahoe was educated at St. Mary's High School in Halifax, after which he went to Saint Mary's University. He graduated in 1964 and then attended Dalhousie Law School. After completing his law degree, he joined the Halifax law firm of Blois, Nickerson, Palmeter and Bryson in 1967.
Political career
He was elected to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly in the 1978 provincial election as a Progressive Conservative, serving for 19 years. He represented Halifax Cornwallis from 1978 to 1993, then Halifax Citadel (succeeding his brother Art) until he resigned in 1997 to run federally.
In Cabinet, he served in several posts, including Education, Tourism and Culture, Environment, Labour, Attorney General and Chair of the Management Board. He held the education portfolio for eight years. In that ministry, he was a strong supporter of the public education system, pushing for more money for schools and championing new programs. He also amalgamated the several hundred school boards into just under thirty, and introduced the first Acadian school board, precursor of the present-day Provincial Acadian School Board. The Education Act of 1981 gave legal recognition to the category of "Acadian schools" where French is taught as a first language and where French is used as a language of instruction.
When Premier Donald Cameron stepped down on election night after the Conservatives' were defeated in 1993, Donahoe was named interim leader of the Progressive Conservatives and leader of the official opposition. In this capacity, he was credited with providing direction and holding together a demoralized caucus in disarray. He served for two years before being succeeded by John Hamm who later led the party to power in the 1999 provincial election.
In the 1997 federal election, he ran for the Progressive Conservatives in Halifax. That campaign was a three way race which saw New Democratic Party leader Alexa McDonough get elected, while Donahoe finished second, ahead of Liberal incumbent, Mary Clancy.
Electoral record
Honours
In 1985, Donahoe was awarded an honorary doctorate in education from l'Université Sainte-Anne. In 2001, he received an Honorary Doctor of Laws from Saint Mary's University. Donahoe also donated a plaque commemorating the connection between Saint Mary's and the Charitable Irish Society.
Death
Donahoe died of cancer on November 29, 2005, at the age of 61.
References
(Page 9830)
1944 births
2005 deaths
Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia MLAs
Schulich School of Law alumni
Deaths from cancer in Nova Scotia
Members of the Executive Council of Nova Scotia
Politicians from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia political party leaders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry%20Donahoe |
The GEOSAT (GEOdetic SATellite) was a U.S. Navy Earth observation satellite, launched on March 12, 1985 into an 800 km, 108° inclination orbit, with a nodal period of about 6040 seconds. The satellite carried a radar altimeter capable of measuring the distance from the satellite to sea surface with a relative precision of about 5 cm. The initial phase was an 18-month classified Geodetic Mission (GM) have a ground-track with a near-23-day repeat with closure to within 50 kilometers. The effect of atmospheric drag was such that by fall 1986 GEOSAT was in an almost exact 23-day repeat orbit.
Mission
The Geosat GM goal was to provide information on the marine gravity field. If the ocean surface were at rest, and no forces such as tides or winds were acting on it, the water surface would lie along the geoid. To first order, the Earth shape is an oblate spheroid. Subsurface features such as seamounts create a gravitational pull, and features such as ocean trenches create lower gravity areas. Spatial variations in gravity exert influence on the ocean surface and thereby cause spatial structure in the geoid. The deviations of the geoid from the first order spheroid are on the order of ± 100m. By measuring the position of the water surface above the Earth center, the geoid is observed, and the gravity field can be computed through inverse calculations.
Exact Repeat Mission
After the GM concluded 30 September 1986, GEOSAT's scientific Exact Repeat Mission (ERM) began on November 8, 1986 after being maneuvered into a 17.05 day, 244 pass exact repeat orbit that was more favorable for oceanographic applications. When the ERM ended in January 1990, due to failure of the two on-board tape recorders, more than three years of ERM data were collected and made available to the scientific community.
Once the GM goal had been reached, the satellite still had a useful life. An opportunity existed to observe the next order physical process that affects the ocean surface. Currents, tides and wind forcing all create changes in water levels. While there are extreme waves and events (tsunamis and hurricane surge), typical ocean features would be considered large if the water level change caused by them were 1 m. Most areas of the world experience features of typical amplitude of 20 cm. The ERM established the satellite in an exact repeat orbit. The satellite would orbit the Earth, and after 17.05 days the satellite would return to the same point. The satellite was actively controlled through thrust maneuvers to maintain the exact repeat orbit to within 1 km of the predefined ground track. In this manner, the satellite could observe long term changes at the points along the ground track.
Declassification
The U.S. Navy declassified parts of the Geodetic Mission data in 1990 that covered a doughnut-shaped area of ocean that surrounds Antarctica between 60 and 72 degrees south latitude. In 1992, further parts of the Geodetic Mission data over the oceans south of 30 degrees south were released. The GEOSAT data for the entire global sea surface was declassified in July 1995 after the competition of the geodetic phase of ESA ERS-1 mission. These data were subsequently widely used to estimate ocean bathymetry along with additional satellite altimeters.
GFO
The successor to GEOSAT is the Geosat Follow-On (GFO) mission, launched 10 February 1998 by a Taurus rocket from Vandenberg AFB. GFO carried a water vapor radiometer as well as a radar altimeter, and operated in the same orbit as GEOSAT's Exact Repeat Mission. In addition, GFO carried a GPS receiver (which was never used operationally), Doppler receivers, and laser retro-reflectors for orbit determination. GFO was scheduled for retirement on December 31, 2008, but in late September 2008, the deteriorating state of the spacecraft resulted in a decision to accelerate the shutdown. Despite a series of system failures aboard the spacecraft, controllers were able to successfully lower GFO to a disposal orbit and shut it down on November 25, 2008. A successor mission, named GFO-2, was planned for launch in 2014, and would have featured a dual-band altimeter, instead of the single-band altimeter on the previous spacecraft. GFO-2 was cancelled by the U.S. Navy on 30 June 2010.
See also
Gladys West
References
External links
Geosat Handbook
Earth observation satellites of the United States
Military space program of the United States
Spacecraft launched in 1985
United States Navy
Geodetic satellites
Earth satellite radar altimeters
Satellites in low Earth orbit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosat |
Merode is a railway and metro station in Brussels, Belgium. It lies in the municipality of Etterbeek, near the border between Etterbeek, the City of Brussels and Schaerbeek. The metro end is under the /, which is the start of the Avenue de Tervueren/Tervurenlaan, a major thoroughfare, while the mainline railway station end is under the /. The two stations are connected by a long underground concourse punctuated by ticket barriers. The area is named in honour of Jean Philippe Eugène de Mérode.
Metro station
Merode station opened in 1976 and was served by the first heavy metro service ever in Brussels (earlier underground services elsewhere were operated by trams). The station is located at the eastern end of the common branch of lines 1 and 5. One metro train out of two coming from Schuman continues to the south-east of the city through Thieffry towards Herrmann-Debroux in the municipality of Auderghem; this branch is currently line 5. Line 1 continues to the east through Montgomery towards Stokkel/Stockel in the municipality of Woluwe-Saint-Pierre.
The station is unusual in having its eastbound and westbound tracks one on top of the other, which avoids an at-grade fork. As a result, each platform faces a blank wall across the track, which has been decorated with tiling to improve the station's atmosphere. Originally, it was planned to be underneath the building of the Bank Bruxelles Lambert. Due to security issues, this idea was not fully implemented. However, leftovers of this idea are still visible in the building.
Railway station
The underground railway station has two tracks with two side platforms and is served by the suburban services of the National Railway Company of Belgium (NMBS/SNCB)'s line 26, as part of the Brussels Regional Express Network (RER/GEN) services.
Train services
The station is served by the following service(s):
Brussels RER services (S4) Mechelen - Vilvoorde - Merode - Etterbeek - Brussels-Luxembourg - Denderleeuw - Aalst (weekdays)
Brussels RER services (S7) Vilvoorde - Arcaden - Halle (weekdays)
Area
Several places of interest are located around this station among which the famous Cauchie House (house of the architect ), the Parc du Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark, the Avenue de Tervueren/Tervurenlaan (one of the oldest avenues in Brussels) and the Royal Military Academy. The station offers a connection with the Brussels tram route 81 as well as the bus routes 22, 27 and 80.
References
External links
Railway stations in Belgium opened in the 1970s
Railway stations opened in 1976
1976 establishments in Belgium
Etterbeek
Railway stations in Brussels
Brussels metro stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merode%20station |
Gordon Holden Mirams (9 March 190929 November 1966) was the fourth Chief Censor of New Zealand. He was the son of Leslie Haywood Mirams and Mary Elvire Webb. He married Ruth Taylor in Christchurch on 23 November 1932. They had three daughters and one son.
Biography
Before becoming a film censor, Mirams worked as a journalist and film reviewer for the Christchurch Sun, the New Zealand Radio Record, the Dominion newspaper, and the New Zealand Listener. In his book Speaking Candidly: films and people in New Zealand published in 1945, Mirams argued that film has an enormous influence on culture. For this reason, he campaigned for more local New Zealand documentary and feature film production. He also argued for the need to show quality films that were generally ignored by commercial film distributors, which led to the formation of the New Zealand Film Institute, a national federation of film societies, which Mirams chaired.
In Speaking Candidly, Mirams was forthcoming about his views on censorship. He wrote, “I am one of those people who believe that, ideally, the best censorship, like the best government, is none at all” and “in the long run, the community is best left to censor itself; that when given the opportunity coupled with knowledge it can usually be relied on to reject the bad and accept the good.” On the other hand, Mirams was critical of Chief Censor W. A. von Keisenberg’s decision to approve the film Iceland in which Sonja Henie abandons her Icelandic sweetheart in favour of a US Marine, “at the very time that the American-serviceman-New-Zealand-girl problem was causing concern” in New Zealand. He wrote, “I am against censorship on principle, [but] if we must have it I would suggest that the custodians of our screen morals might be better employed in discouraging this sort of thing than in worrying about whether we should, say, be allowed to hear a few naughty words in Noël Coward’s In Which We Serve.”
In 1947 Mirams was appointed first assistant film information officer, Mass Communications Section, UNESCO. In this position, he worked to develop film as an educational medium. He left Paris in 1949 to become New Zealand’s fourth Censor of Cinematograph Films, a position he held until 1959.
Mirams was the first censor to make liberal use of the R certificate, allowing films to be restricted to specific audiences and age groups. He also made extensive use of non-restrictive certificates that recommended films as more suitable for exhibition to particular audiences. These included the GA certificate that approved a film for general exhibition but recommended it as more suitable for adults, and the GY certificate that approved a film for general exhibition but recommended it as more suitable for persons 13 years of age and over.
Mirams was sensitive to the influence film had on social and cultural perceptions. After the release of the Mazengarb Report on Moral Delinquency in Children and Adolescents in 1954, Mirams responded to community fears about juvenile delinquency by banning The Wild One starring Marlon Brando and Rebel Without A Cause starring James Dean. Although the ban on "The Wild One" was upheld by a review board, it overthrew his decision on "Rebel Without a Cause" and overturned his bans on several other movies. Recent research shows that during the 1950s Mirams provoked fears about the effects of modern American popular culture, especially comics and movies, in attempts to ban or severely restrict community access to such media. In this he was supported by leading members of the New Zealand left such as Elsie Locke. [Gary Whitcher, "'More Than America': Some Responses to American Popular Culture in New Zealand c.1942-1956", PH.D. Thesis, University of Canterbury, 2011]
In 1959, Mirams accepted a permanent appointment at UNESCO’s mass media division in Paris where he worked on the development of children’s television programmes. He was succeeded as Chief Censor by Douglas McIntosh.
Mirams resigned from UNESCO in 1966, and died in Wellington on 29 November 1966.
References
de la Roche, C. “International job for NZ film censor with UNESCO in Paris’. Dominion. 6 January 1959: 4
Mirams, G. Speaking Candidly. Paul's Book Arcade, Hamilton, 1945.
Obituary. Evening Post. 29 November 1966: 19
Obituary. NZ Motion Picture Exhibitors’ Bulletin. 16 December 1966: 8-9
External links
Office of Film and Literature Classification (New Zealand)
1909 births
1966 deaths
Chief Censors of New Zealand
UNESCO officials
New Zealand officials of the United Nations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%20Mirams |
Lower Post is an aboriginal community in northern British Columbia, Canada, located on Highway 97, the Alaska Highway, approximately southeast of Watson Lake, Yukon. Its historical mile designation is Mile 620. It is located near the confluence of the Dease and Liard Rivers.
History
Early fur traders named it Lower Post to distinguish between the upper and lower Liard trading posts.
Lower Post, or Fort Liard (its original name), had been established by an American, Rufus Sylvester, in 1872. Four years later the Hudson's Bay Company took it over and a couple of years afterwards two of its officials brokered peace between the local Kaska Dena and a raiding party of two hundred Taku.
Before Lower Post became a community, it served as a fishing spot, a crossing and a meeting place. Because many different indigenous people stopped here for trading, the community still has a diverse ethnic make-up today. In the early 1940s, it served as a stopover for scheduled airline passenger service between Whitehorse and Edmonton via Fort Nelson.
One of the aboriginal languages spoken in Lower Post is Kaska, of which there are very few fluent speakers.
There are no services provided at Lower Post, with residents using services at nearby Watson Lake, Yukon.
The local school, Denetia School, is a K-7 elementary school that is British Columbia's most northern school and part of the School District 87 Stikine. The school has between 9 and 12 students and currently operates as a one-room school focusing on outdoor experiential education called P.A.C.E.S..
In 2016, approximately 81 people lived in Lower Post, which is a decrease from the 2011 population of 105.
Gallery
References
Unincorporated settlements in British Columbia
Liard Country
Tahltan
Kaska Dena
Hudson's Bay Company trading posts
Stikine Country
Populated places in the Northern Rockies Regional Municipality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower%20Post |
Scott Randall Tipton (born November 9, 1956) is an American politician who served as the U.S. representative for from 2011 to 2021. A Republican, he was previously a member of the Colorado House of Representatives from 2009 to 2011. Tipton was first elected to the House in November 2010 when he defeated three-term Democratic incumbent John Salazar, and he was re-elected four times. In 2020, he lost renomination to Republican primary challenger Lauren Boebert in what was considered a major upset.
Early life and education
Tipton was born in Española, New Mexico and raised in Cortez, Colorado. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from Fort Lewis College, the first in his family to graduate from college.
Career
After college, Tipton co-founded a pottery company called Mesa Verde Indian Pottery with his brother, based in Cortez, Colorado. The Tiptons sold the company to the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe in 2014.
A lifelong Republican, he became involved in the unsuccessful Reagan presidential campaign of 1976 and was a delegate to the Republican Convention that year. He also assisted with local campaigns for Reagan in 1980 and 1984 across Montezuma County, Colorado and the 3rd Congressional district and was Republican chairman of the 3rd Congressional district for eight years. He was a board member of Mesa Verde National Park, Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, and the advisory board of Pueblo Community College.
In 2011, it was reported that he spent over $7,000 on vendors that did business with his nephew's company. In 2012, he violated House rules when his office used taxpayer resources to promote a campaign event.
A super PAC, funded by oil and gas driller SG Interests, is registered at the address of Tipton's campaign attorney and run by a law clerk in his office. Tipton's attorney said: "I have specifically put up Chinese walls to make sure Charlie (law clerk) is in no way involved with the Tipton campaign, and I'm in no way involved with the Colorado Future Fund."
Colorado House of Representatives
2008 election
On February 5, 2008, he announced his candidacy for the Colorado House seat representing District 58. The announcement came shortly after the incumbent, Ray Rose, announced he would retire in 2008. He had no opposition in the Republican primary, but faced Democratic candidate Noelle Hagan in the November 2008 general election. Hagan's candidacy was endorsed by the Denver Post and the Montrose Daily Press. Tipton won the election with 59 percent of the vote.
Tenure
With Representatives Laura Bradford and Frank McNulty, Tipton planned on re-introducing a version of Jessica's Law to establish minimum sentences for child sex offenders, sponsoring bills to create a full-time judge position in Montrose and to simplify water rights filing. The attempt to introduce a version of Jessica's Law was unsuccessful, it died in committee.
Committee assignments
For the 2009 legislative session, Tipton was named to seats on the House Agriculture, Livestock, and Natural Resources Committee and the House Local Government Committee.
U.S. House of Representatives
Elections
2006
He unsuccessfully challenged the first term Democratic U.S. congressman, John Salazar. Tipton lost 38% to 62% to Salazar.
2010
In the Republican primary, he defeated Bob McConnell 56% to 44%. He again challenged Salazar in . Libertarian Gregory Gilman and independent Jake Segrest were also on the ballot, with independents John W. Hargis, Sr. and James Fritz qualified as write-in candidates. He decided to retire from the Colorado House of Representatives to run for Congress in 2010, again challenging Salazar. In the general election, he defeated Salazar 50.1% to 45.8%.
2012
In 2012, he was challenged by Sal Pace, a Democratic state representative from Pueblo. His re-election campaign was aided by $1.3 million in advertising against Pace, funded by the Grover Norquist led, Americans for Tax Reform. SG Interests, an oil and gas company from Texas, that sought to drill in the Thompson Divide area, also campaigned against Pace. On election night, Tipton defeated Pace and two third party challengers with 53.3% of the vote.
2014
In 2014, he was challenged by Democrat Abel Tapia, Libertarian Travis Mero and UNA candidate Tisha Casida. He won with 56.1% of the vote.
2016
In 2016, Tipton defeated Democratic state senator Gail Schwartz and Libertarian Gaylon Kent, receiving 54.6% of the vote.
2018
In 2018, Tipton held off Democratic former state representative Diane Mitsch Bush, Independent Mary Malarsie, and Libertarian Gaylon Kent in his closest challenge since he was first elected to Congress, receiving 51.2% of the vote.
2020
In what was considered by many media outlets to be a shocking upset, Tipton was defeated in the Republican primary by restaurant owner and gun rights activist Lauren Boebert. He received 45.2% of the vote to Boebert's 54.6%. Dick Wadhams, a Republican political consultant from Denver, says that Tipton had several hundred thousand dollars in the bank for his primary against Boebert, but he chose not to use it for TV/radio ads, mailings, or social media, ceding the debate to Boebert, who inspired a much higher Republican turnout than in 2018. Boebert went on to win in a general election.
Tenure
Tipton voted in favor of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. According to Tipton, the bill fixes a "broken tax code" and "puts the needs of the American people before special interests." Tipton touts that the act "supports families, graduate students, homeowners, and small businesses," and is "a victory for Coloradans and all Americans."
Committee assignments
Committee on Agriculture
Subcommittee on Conservation, Energy, and Forestry
Committee on Natural Resources
Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests and Public Lands
Subcommittee on Water and Power
Committee on Small Business
Subcommittee on Agriculture, Energy and Trade
Subcommittee on Investigations, Oversight and Regulations
Republican Study Committee
Caucus Memberships
Congressional Cement Caucus
Congressional Gaming Caucus
Congressional Western Caucus
Political positions
Abortion
Tipton opposes abortion.
Donald Trump
Tipton expressed support for then-candidate Donald Trump in March 2016. After the Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape was released, in which Trump and Billy Bush had a lewd exchange about women, Tipton re-affirmed his support.
On December 18, 2019, Tipton voted against both articles of impeachment against Trump.
Economic issues
Tipton has said, "we have a problem with reckless spending across the board at the federal level." He has signed Grover Norquist's Taxpayer Protection Pledge, and a pledge sponsored by Americans for Prosperity promising to vote against any Global Warming legislation that would raise taxes. He has also supported the Ryan Plan, having twice voted for it.
In February 2017, he voted against a resolution that would have directed the House to request 10 years of Trump's tax returns, which would then have been reviewed by the House Ways and Means Committee in a closed session.
Environment
Tipton rejects the scientific consensus on climate change. He argues that climate change is driven by natural climate cycles. He opposes the Paris Agreement, the international agreement which mitigates greenhouse gas emissions.
He opposes federal regulation of greenhouse gas emissions. He has an 8% score by the League of Conservation Voters.
In 2010, while serving in the state legislature, Tipton voted against legislation to compel Xcel Energy to convert three coal power plants to natural gas power plants. He also voted against legislation to require electricity utilities to use more renewable energy.
In 2016, Tipton wrote a draft bill on oil and gas drilling in the Thompson Divide that contained large sections taken "word for word" from a proposal offered by a SG Interests, a Texas-based energy company and its lobbying firm. Tipton's draft legislation (which he described as a "starting point") was criticized because of Tipton's receipt of $39,000 in campaign contributions from SG Interests over the course of his career.
In January 2017, Tipton voted in favor of legislation that would make it easier to sell federal public lands. Tipton was criticized by conservation groups for his vote.
Water rights
Tipton introduced the Water Rights Protection Act into the House on September 26, 2013. The bill would prevent federal agencies from requiring certain entities to relinquish their water rights to the United States in order to use public lands. Tipton said the bill was needed because it "provides critical protection for water rights' holders from federal takings by ensuring that federal government agencies cannot extort private property rights through uneven-handed negotiations." Tipton argued that the bill "prohibits federal agencies from pilfering water rights through the use of permits, leases, and other land management arrangements, for which it would otherwise have to pay just compensation under the 5th Amendment of the Constitution."
Foreign policy
He has criticized the Obama administration for inaction in the Middle East: "President Obama and Secretary Clinton's inaction in the Middle East has emboldened Syria, Iran and Russia and led to the death and displacement of millions of Syrian civilians."
Healthcare
He is in favor of repealing the Affordable Care Act. On May 4, 2017, he voted to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) and pass the American Health Care Act.
LGBT rights
He opposes same-sex marriage.
Immigration and refugees
Tipton has said, "I strongly oppose amnesty or any special benefits for illegal immigrants". He criticized President Obama for his executive order allowing up to five million illegal immigrants "to come out of the shadows" and work openly in the country.
Tipton takes a "hardline stance" on the refugees of the Syrian Civil War and opposes the admission of Syrian refugees to the United States. He has clashed with Governor John Hickenlooper about the resettlement of refugee families in Colorado.
Personal life
Tipton and his wife, Jean, have two daughters and three grandchildren.
References
External links
1956 births
21st-century American politicians
Businesspeople from Colorado
Fort Lewis College alumni
Living people
Republican Party members of the Colorado House of Representatives
People from Cortez, Colorado
People from Española, New Mexico
People from Montrose, Colorado
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Colorado | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Tipton |
Cabo Blanco may refer to:
Cabo Blanco, Africa, a peninsula also known as Ras Nouadhibou
Cabo Blanco, Peru, fishing village and surf spot
Cabo Blanco, Spain, village in Arona, Spain
Cabo Blanco, Chile, hamlet in Valdivia, Chile
Cabo Blanco, Costa Rica, wildlife reserve
Cabo Blanco (film), a film starring Charles Bronson
See also
Cape Blanco (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabo%20Blanco |
Kierland Commons is a lifestyle center in Phoenix, Arizona, adjacent to Scottsdale, Arizona which is used for the center's mailing addresses. The mixed-use development is centered on a "Main Street" feel and composed mostly of outdoor retail shops with residential units above and adjoining residential tower.
Development
The mixed-use destination began construction in 1995 and was completed in 2000. The primary developer was Woodbine Development Corporation of Dallas. The development concept, urban design plan and design guidelines were prepared by Design Workshop, Inc. (Denver, CO) and Communication Arts, Inc. (Boulder, CO). Building design was developed and prepared by Nelsen Architects (now known as Nelsen Partners). Originally owned by Westcor, in 2002 Kierland Commons became part of The Macerich Company's portfolio. Signature Properties was the Exclusive Residential Broker for The Plaza Lofts at Kierland Commons from 2003 through 2013 and remains On-Site to handle resales.
Kierland Commons was one of 10 developments honored as award winners by the Urban Land Institute's (ULI) 2009 Awards for Excellence; the 2009 winners were selected from a pool of 140 projects located across the Americas. The awards are widely considered the land-use industry's most prestigious recognition program. Other awards Kierland Commons has received include the 2010 "Crescordia" Award for Environmental Excellence by the Phoenix Valley Forward Association and the 2004 Honor Award given by the Arizona Chapter of the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA).
Kierland Commons was the first lifestyle center in Arizona. The Main-Street-style development includes shopping, dining, entertainment, office space and upscale loft condominiums, The Plaza Lofts. Kierland Commons was created to serve as the community gathering place for the master-planned community of Kierland, whose notable features include The Westin Kierland Resort & Spa, the 27-hole Kierland Golf Club, as well as other residential and commercial entities.
Kierland Commons is home to about 75 stores, restaurants and services on approximately and cost approximately US$65 million to build. Like many shopping centers in the Phoenix area, it is managed by the Westcor division of Macerich, though majority ownership is held by the developer, Woodbine Development Corporation.
Some notable retailers at Kierland Commons include Anthropologie, Banana Republic, BCBG Max Azria, Coach, Crate & Barrel, ECCO, Eileen Fisher, J.Crew, Lucky Brand Jeans, Michael Kors, 7 for all mankind and Tommy Bahama. On December 31, 2014, Barnes and Noble closed.
The Plaza Lofts
The mixed-use development's residential component is composed of The Plaza Lofts at Kierland Commons, located above retail overlooking the central plaza on Main Street and in an adjacent nine-story tower. The Plaza Lofts holds the record for the highest price per square foot of any residential project in Arizona – at $1,051 per square foot on a sale made in February 2007. Signature Properties was the Exclusive Residential Broker for The Plaza Lofts at Kierland Commons from 2003 through 2013 and remains On-Site to handle resales.
The Scottsdale condominium community features 84 residences in two phases. Phase I was completed spring 2005, with all 30 lofts selling out in 30 days with only on-site signage and word-of-mouth. Floor plans include one-bedroom and two-bedroom/study floor plans measuring 1,100 to .
Phase II of The Plaza Lofts was completed summer 2008. The nine-story tower contains 54 residences and offers one-bedroom to two-bedroom/study floor plans stretching 1,100 to . Five penthouse suites occupy the top floor, measuring 3,300 to with sweeping mountain, desert and city views.
Community amenities of The Plaza Lofts include a private residential parking garage; two reception lobbies with card-access entry (one per phase); a professional-grade fitness facility; two community rooms, one with a full kitchen and another with a catering-friendly setup; a heated lap pool and whirlpool; as well as a bi-level outdoor amenity deck featuring fire pits, gas barbecues and comfortable seating areas and a water feature.
See also
Phoenix metropolitan area
Scottsdale Fashion Square
References
External links
The Plaza Lofts at Kierland Commons
Signature Properties, representing The Plaza Lofts at Kierland Commons
Shopping malls in Arizona
Macerich
Lifestyle centers (retail)
Residential buildings in Phoenix, Arizona
Shopping malls in Maricopa County, Arizona
Shopping malls established in 2000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kierland%20Commons |
Josiah Edward Spurr (1870–1950) was an American geologist, explorer, and author.
Born in Gloucester, Massachusetts, he was considered something of a failure as a youth, unsuited for the family fishing business, since on a voyage he invariably became seasick. Since he could not be a productive fisherman like his brothers, his parents decided he might as well go to college. After working his way through Harvard, he began his career with the Minnesota Geological Survey, making the first-ever geological map of the great Mesabi Range in Minnesota.
J. E. Spurr led two expeditions of historic importance in Alaska for the United States Geological Survey in 1896 and 1898, made without the benefit of telephones, airplanes, the internal combustion engine, or electrical appliances. In 1896 he led the first expedition to map and chart the interior of Alaska, exploring the Yukon Territory, where gold had been discovered. In 1898 Spurr went down the length of the Kuskokwim River, naming as he traveled previously undiscovered mountains, mountain ranges, creeks, rivers, lakes and glaciers. At the end of the Kuskokwim expedition he made the first scientific observations of the Mount Katmai volcano, and the valley that later became known as the "Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes." During these expeditions he encountered Native Americans, Aleuts, traders, missionaries, prospectors, whiskey smugglers and various con artists. His books were seen as the definitive work on Alaskan minerals during the Alaska Gold Rush. They read like an adventure including the expedition's experiences with ice dams bearing down on them and lost provisions, as well as interactions with native Indians and missionaries.
After charting these regions, Spurr became the world's leading geological consultant, working for clients including the Sultan of Turkey, Bernard Baruch, and the Guggenheims. He was generally regarded as one of the world's foremost geologists, and probably the leader in the field of economic geology (the application of geology to mining). At the age of 68 he became interested in the origin of craters of the Moon, and published four books that made a major contribution to the field. His last book, Geology as applied to Selenology, published just a year before his death, has been criticised, but was influential in the new field. He was considered a superb and pithy writer.
He published well over a hundred articles in scientific journals, books and monographs, as well as poetry and books for a general audience. He has named after him, Mount Spurr, a very active volcano near Anchorage; Spurr crater on the Moon; and a mineral, spurrite. Many of his papers, correspondence and photographs are in the American Heritage Center of the University of Wyoming; others are preserved in the Anchorage office of the United States Geological Survey.
His children were Edward "Ted" Spurr, an entrepreneur; John Spurr, a publishing executive; William Alfred Spurr, Professor of Statistics at Stanford; Robert A. Spurr, professor of chemistry at the University of Maryland; and Stephen H. Spurr, an authority on forestry and forest ecology and former president of the University of Texas at Austin.
There is a recent biography of him by Stephen J. Spurr, an economist who is his grandson.
Publications of Josiah Edward Spurr
1894 The iron-bearing rocks of the Mesabi range in Minnesota: Minnesota Geological and Natural History Survey, v. B10, 268 p., reviewed in XIV The American Geologist 251–252 (October 1894).
The iron ores of the Mesabi Range (Minnesota); American Geologist, v. 13, p. 335–345.
Preliminary report on field work done in 1893: Minnesota Geological and Natural History Survey, Annual Report 22, pp. 115–133.
The stratigraphic position of the Thomson slates (Minnesota), American Journal of Science, v. 3, p. 159–166.
False bedding in stratified drift deposits: American Geologist, v. 13, p. 43–47.
Oscillation and single current ripple marks: American Geologist, v. 13, p. 201–206. Abstract: Minnesota Univ. Quarterly Bulletin, v. 2, p. 54–55.
1895 Economic geology of the Mercur mining district, Utah, (with introduction by S. F. Emmons): U.S. Geological Survey Annual Report 16, pt. 2, p. 343–455.
1896 Gold resources of the Yukon region of Alaska (abstract): Science, new ser., v. 4, p. 801.
1897 The measurement of faults: Journal of Geology, v. 5, p. 723–729. Abstract: Science, new ser., v. 5, p. 238.
1898 Geology of the Yukon gold district, Alaska (with an introductory chapter on the history and condition of the district to 1897 by Harold Beach Goodrich) : U.S. Geological Survey Annual Report 18, pt, 3, p. 87–392.
Geology of the Aspen mining district, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Mon. No. 31. XXXV, 260 p. and atlas.
1899 (Contributions to) Maps and descriptions of routes of explorations in Alaska in 1898: (by G. H. Eldridge, and others): U.S. Geological Survey Annual Report, 138 p.
1900 Quartz-muscovite rock from Belmont, Nevada; the equivalent of the Russian beresite: American Journal of Science, 4th ser., v. 10, p. 351–358.
Ore deposits at Monte Cristo, Washington (abstract); Science, new ser., v. 12, p. 884,885.
Classification of igneous rocks according to composition: American Geologist, v. 25, p. 210–234.
Scapolite rocks from Alaska: American Journal of Science, 4th ser., v. 10, p. 310–315.
A reconnaissance in southwestern Alaska in 1898: U.S. Geological Survey Annual Report 20, pt. 7, p. 31-264.
Succession and relation of lavas in the Great Basin region: Journal of Geology, v. 8, p. 621–646.
Structure of the Basin ranges (abstract): Science, new ser., v. 11, p. 229.
Through the Yukon Gold Diggings; a narrative of personal travel: Boston, Eastern Publishing Co., 276 p.
The Exploration of the Kuskoquim River and the Valley of the Ten Thousand Smokes, privately printed, Boston.
1901 Origin and structure of the Basin ranges: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 12, p. 217,270. Abstract: Science, new ser., v. 13, p. 98.
Variations of texture in certain Tertiary igneous rocks of the Great Basin: Journal of Geology, v. 9, p. 586–606.
The ore deposits of Monte Cristo, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Annual Report 22, pt. 2, p. 777–865. Reviewed by H. V. Winchell in American Geologist, v. 30; p. 113–118 (1902).
1902 The original source of the Lake Superior iron ores: American Geologist, v. 29, p. 335–349.
Application of geology to mining: Mining and Sci. Press, v. 85, p. 145–146.
1903 Descriptive geology of Nevada south of the fortieth parallel and adjacent portions of California: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 208, 229 p. (2d ed., 1905).
A consideration of igneous rocks and their segregation or differentiation as related to the occurrence of ores (with discussion by A. N. Winchell): American Institute of Mining Engineers Transactions, v. 33, p. 288–340.
The ore deposits of Tonopah, Nevada (preliminary report): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 219, 31 p. Abstract: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 76, p. 54–55.
(Contributions to) Ore deposits; a discussion by Thomas Arthur Rickard: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 75, p. 256–258, 476–479, 594–595.
(Contributions to) A genetic classification of ore deposits by Walter H. Weed: Science, new ser., v. 17, p. 273–274.
(Contributions to) The geological features of the gold production of North Amer¬ica, a discussion by Waldemar Lindgren: American Institute of Mining Engineers Transactions, v. 33, p. 790–845, 1081–1083.
The relation of faults to topography (abstract): Science, new ser., v. 17, p. 792.
Ore deposits of Tonopah and neighboring districts, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 213, p. 81–87.
The ore deposits of Tonopah, Nevada: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 76, p. 769–770.
Application of geology to mining: 5th International Mining Congress Proceedings, p. 80–86.
The determination of the feldspars in thin section: American Geologist, v. 31, p. 376,383.
Genetic classification of ore deposits (abstract): Science, new ser., v. 17, p. 274.
Relation of rock segregation to ore deposition: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 76, p. 54–55.
1904 The Silver Peak region, Nevada: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 77, p. 759–760.
Coal deposits between Silver Peak and Candelaria, Esmeralda County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 225, p. 289–292.
Geology applied to mining; a concise summary of the chief geological principles, a knowledge of which is necessary to the understanding and proper exploitation of ore-deposits, for mining men and students, New York: Engineering and Mining Journal, 326 p.
Alum deposit near Silver Peak, Esmeralda County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 225, p. 501–502.
Faulting at Tonopah, Nevada (abstract): Science, new ser., v. 19, p. 921–922.
Ore deposits of Silver Peak quadrangle, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 225, p. 111–117.
Notes on the geology of the Goldfield district, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 225, p. 118–119.
Preliminary report on the ore deposits of Tonopah, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 225, p. 89–110.
1905 Geology of the Tonopah mining district, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 42, 295 p. Abstract: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 80, p. 922–923.
Descriptive geology of Nevada south of the fortieth parallel and adjacent portions of California: Mining Report, v. 52, p. 232–233.
(with George H. Garrey) Preliminary report on ore deposits in the Georgetown, Colo¬rado, mining district: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 260, p. 99–120.
The ores of Goldfield, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 260, p. 132–139.
Developments at Tonopah, Nevada, during 1904: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 260, p. 140–149.
Tonopah mining district (western Nevada): Franklin Institute Journal, v. 160, p. 1–20.
Enrichment in fissure veins: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 80, p. 597–598.
Genetic relations of the western Nevada ores: American Institute of Mining Engineers Bimonthly Bulletin 5, p. 939–969.
1906 What is a fissure vein?: Economic Geology, v. 1, p. 282–285.
Genetic relations of the western Nevada ores: American Institute of Mining Engineers Transactions, v. 36, p. 372–402.
Ore deposits of the Silver Peak quadrangle, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 55, 174 pages.
The southern Klondike district, Esmeralda County, Nevada; a study in metalliferous quartz veins of magmatic origin: Economic Geology, v. 1, p. 369–382.
(with George H. Garrey) The Idaho Springs mining district, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 285, p. 35–40.
1907 How should faults be named and classified?: Economic Geology, v. 2, p. 182–184; p. 601–602.
The Goldfield district, Nevada (abstract): Franklin Institute Journal, v. 164, p. 155–160.
A theory of ore deposition: Economic Geology, v. 2, p. 781–795.
1908 A theory of ore deposition: Mining and Sci. Press, v. 96, p. 261–265, 662–663.
A theory of the origin of ore deposits: Mining World, v. 28, p. 489–490, 519, 660.
(with George H. Garrey) Economic geology of the Georgetown quadrangle (together with the Empire district), Colorado, with general geology by Sydney H. Ball: U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 63, 422 p.
(with George H. Garrey) Ore deposits of the Velardena district, Mexico: Economic Geology, v. 3, p. 688–725.
1909 Ore deposition at Aspen, Colorado: Economic Geology, v. 4, p. 301–320; Mining World, v. 31, p. 749–752.
Scapolite rocks of America: American Journal of Science 4th ser., v. 24, p. 154.
1911 Tonopah geology (Nevada): Mining and Sci. Press, v. 102, p. 560–562.
1912 Theory of ore deposition: Economic Geology, v. 7, p. 485–492.
1913 (with J. E. Garrey and C. N. Fenner) Study of a contact-metamorphic ore deposit, The Dolores Mine, at Matehuala, S.L.P., Mexico: Economic Geology, v. 7, p. 444–484. Abstract: Washington Academy of Sciences Journal, v. 3, no. 4, p. 116.
Genetic relations of the western Nevada ores (see 1905), in Emmons, S. F., Ore Deposits: New York, American Institute of Mining Engineers, p. 590–620.
A consideration of igneous rocks and their segregation or differentiation as related to the occurrence of ores (see 1903), in Emmons, S. F., Ore Deposits: New York, American Institute of Mining Engineers, p. 251–304.
1915 Geology and ore deposition at Tonopah, Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 10, p. 713–769.
Origin of certain ore deposits (lead and zinc, Mississippi Valley): Economic Geology, v.10, p. 472–475.
1916 The relation of ore deposition to faulting: Economic Geology, v. 11, p. 601–622.
1918 War minerals: Economic Geology, v. 13, p. 500–511.
1919 Commercial control of the mineral resources of the world (abstract): Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 30, p. 108–109.
1920 (Editor) Political and commercial geology and the world's mineral resources; a series of studies by specialists: New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 562 p.
The copper ores of Lake Superior: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 110, p. 355–357.
The origin of iron ores: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 109, p. 1053.
1922 Origin of desert ranges of Mexico: Pan-American Geologist, v. 37, p. 79.
The zonal theory of ore deposition: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 113, p. 489.
1923 The ore magmas; a series of essays on ore deposition: New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 2 vols., 915 p.
The filling of fissure veins: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 116, p. 329–330.
The gold ores of Porcupine (Ontario): Engineering and Mining Journal v. 116, p. 633–638.
The pre-Cambrian veins of Kirkland Lake, Ontario: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 116, p. 671–672.
The origin of metallic concentrations by magmation: Economic Geology, v. 18, p. 617–638.
(Contribution to) Economic application of zonal theory of primary deposition ores (by John Carter Anderson): American Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Engineers Transactions, v. 96, p. 22–35.
(Contributions to) An Arizona asbestos deposit (by Alan M. Bateman): Economic Geo¬logy, v. 18, p. 663–683.
(Contributions to Necrology) Horace Vaughn Winchell (by John P. Gray): Mining and Metallurgy, v. 4, p. 463–464.
1924 The content of metals in intrusive magmas: Economic Geology, v. 19, p. 89–92.
Upper Mississippi lead and zinc ores: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 118, p. 246–250, 287–292.
(Contributions to) The gold ores of Grass Valley, California (by E. Howe): Economic Geology, v. 19, p. 595–622.
(Necrology) Alfred Hulse Brooks: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 118, p. 891.
(Contributions to) Angular inclusions and replacement deposits (by Alan M. Bateman) : Economic Geology, v. 19, p. 504–520.
(Contributions to) Primary downward changes in ore deposits (by W. H. Emmons) : American Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Engineers Transactions, v. 70, p. 964–997.
Ore injection at Edwards, New York: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 117, p. 684–689.
Ore deposition at the Creighton nickel mine, Sudbury, Ontario: Economic Geology, v. 19, p. 275–280.
Ore magmas (abstract): Canadian Mining Journal, v. 45, p. 1099.
Application of the zonal theory: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 117, p. 393.
The microscope and the decadence of geology: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 118, p. 82–83.
1925 (with J. Volney Lewis) Ore deposition at Franklin Furnace, New Jersey: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 119, p. 317–328.
(Co-editor with Felix Edgar Wormser) The marketing of metals and minerals; a series of articles by specialists: New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company.
The Camp Bird (Colorado) compound veindike: Economic Geology, v. 20, p. 115–152; Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 119, p. 517–529.
Ore magmas versus magmatic waters: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 119, p. 890.
Development of the ore magma theory: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 119, p. 874–875.
The ghost of the molten magma: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 120, p. 322.
The natural history of the pegmatites: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 120, p. 402–403.
What is a magma?: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 120, p. 562.
Mining for shooting stars: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 120, p. 1001–1002.
Angular inclusions in ore deposits (discussion): Economic Geology, v. 20, p. 766–767.
Basic dike injections in magmatic vein sequences (with discussion by J. F. Kemp): Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 36, p. 545–582, (abstract), p. 167. Abstracts reprinted in Pan-American Geologist, v. 43, p. 145, 1927.
1926 Geology applied to mining; a first book of general geology and metallology: New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 361 p.
Review of geology and ore deposits of the Randsburg quadrangle, California (1925) – California State Mining Bur. Bulletin, v. 95, 152 p.; Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 121, p. 463–464.
(Contribution to) Discussion: Magmas, dikes and veins (by W. Lindgren): American Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Engineers Transactions, v. 74, p. 71–126.
Alkaline sulphides as collectors of metals: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 120, p. 975–977; Bol. Minero, t. 21, no. 1, p. 12–16.
Ore deposits or ore injection: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 121, p. 475.
Essentials of the ore magma theory: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 121, p. 634–635.
Formation of Porcupine quartz veins (discussion): Economic Geology, v. 21, p. 95–96.
Magmas, dikes, and veins: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 122, p. 134–140.
Lead-zinc chimneys in limestone: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 122, p. 296–298.
Crystallization temperature of veins near the surface (discussion): Economic Geology,
v. 21. p. 619–621.
Successive banding around rock fragments in veins: Economic Geology, v. 21, p. 519–537; Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 122, p. 491–498.
The Kentucky-Illinois ore magmatic district: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 122, p. 695–699.
The southeast Missouri ore magmatic district: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 122, p. 968–975.
Ore deposition in the Tri-State district: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 121, p. 913.
1927 Ores of the Joplin region Pitcher district (Oklahoma): Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 123, p. 199–209.
A feldspar-chalcopyrite rock-ore from Sonora: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 123, p. 604–605.
Iron ores of Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 123, p. 363–366.
Dikes and ores of the Mississippi Valley: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 123, p. 82.
1939 Diaschistic dikes and ore deposits: Economic Geology, v. 34, p. 41.48.
1944 Geology applied to selenology: I. The Imbrian Plain region of the Moon: Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Science Press Pub. Co., 112 p.
1945 Geology applied to selenology: II. The features of the Moon: Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Science Press Pub. Co., 318 p.
1946 Autobiography, unpublished manuscript, 295 p.
1948 Geology applied to selenology: III. Lunar catastrophic history: Concord, New Hampshire, Rumford Press, 253 p.
1949 Geology applied to selenology: IV. The shrunken Moon: Concord, New Hampshire, Rumford Press, 207 p.
1975 Into an unknown country: the recollections and journals of an Alaskan expedition,
1898: manuscript written in 1928, based on the diaries J.E. Spurr kept during the Kuskokwim expedition, subsequently edited by Ray Naddy, illustrated by Robert Wandesforde, and published in seven parts in Alaska Magazine (May–November 1975).
References
Books by Josiah Edward Spurr in the University of Washington Libraries
Southwest Alaska Chapter 3 1867–1912 The Era of American Exploitation Alaska History and Cultural Studies course
Memorial Resolution William A. Spurr (1905–1975) at Stanford University, in PDF format
Spurrite mineral data from mindat.org
External links
1870 births
1950 deaths
American geologists
American explorers
United States Geological Survey personnel
Harvard University alumni
Economic geologists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah%20Edward%20Spurr |
The list of ship launches in 2001 includes a chronological list of all ships launched in 2001.
References
2001
Ship launches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ship%20launches%20in%202001 |
Joseph J. D'Auria is an American actor, writer, and voiceover artist best known for his role as Bozo the Clown in The Bozo Show, succeeding original actor Bob Bell. He is also known as J.W. Terry, Joseph J. Terry, and Joseph W. Terry.
Career
D'Auria is best known for his role in WGN-TV Chicago's The Bozo Show from 1984 to 2001. D'Auria was hired after a long search for the next Bozo in part because his improvisational skills were very good. D'Auria also blended well with Roy Brown, who said he knew right away that D'Auria would be a hit after telling him he had broken his arm in three places and getting a response of, "Then don't go in those three places!" D'Auria played Bozo until the show's cancellation in 2001.
Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
References
External links
Official website of Joey D'Auria
My Favorite Comedy Sketches by Joey D'Auria official website
Joey D'Auria NPR Interview
Living people
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American clowns
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male video game actors
American male voice actors
Bozo the Clown
Male actors from New York City
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey%20D%27Auria |
Muncho Lake is a lake in northern British Columbia, Canada.
Geography
The lake is part of the Muncho Lake Provincial Park and located at kilometre 681 (mile ) of the Alaska Highway. The lake is about long and its width varies . It reaches a maximum depth of . The surrounding peaks (the Terminal Range of the Muskwa Ranges to the west and the Sentinel Range to the east) reach altitudes of more than , while the lake lies at an elevation of . It is formed along the Trout River, a tributary of the Liard River.
The jade green color of the lake is attributed to the presence of copper oxide leached from the bedrock underneath. Its name is derived from the Kaska language in which "muncho" translates as "big water".
The small community of Muncho Lake is established on the lake's southern shore, at the confluence of Trout River and Muncho Creek. The Muncho Lake/Mile 462 Water Aerodrome is set up along the eastern shore of the lake, at Mile 462 of the Alaska Highway.
See also
Muncho Pass
Sentinel Range (Canada)
References
External links
Official brochure for the Muncho Lake Provincial Park (pdf)
Lakes of British Columbia
Northern Interior of British Columbia
Peace River Land District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muncho%20Lake |
Samuel Wilford Gebo (Americanization of the French “Gibeau”) (1862-1940) was an American entrepreneur influential in the early development of the U.S. state of Montana. Born in Canada in 1862, Gebo grew up near Ogdensburg, New York, and lived briefly in Minnesota before settling in Montana in the early 1890s.
Between 1895 and 1897, Sam Gebo's Clarks Fork Coal Company developed the Gebo Mine near present-day Fromberg (originally named Gebo) in Carbon County, Montana. In 1900 he and Butte businessman Henry Frank formed the Canadian American Coal and Coke Company and developed a lucrative coal mine at Frank, Alberta, Canada (the mine was damaged by the Frank Slide in 1903, but soon reopened and remained productive until 1918). After the death of Henry Frank in 1908, the Canadian American Coal and Coke Company was reorganized into the Canadian Consolidated Coal Company with Gebo as its managing director. Gebo also developed the Spring Creek Mine near Lewistown, Montana and the Owl Creek Coal Mine in Gebo, Wyoming. In 1910 Gebo purchased the Citizens’ Electric Company and the Spring Creek Power and Electric Company and merged them with the Lewistown Coal, Gas and Light Company.
Gebo built the large Director's house in Frank in 1901, and also built a ranch near Fromberg between 1904 and 1908. It included a large brick house and a 9,000 square foot barn (National Register of Historic Places #5000512; Jun 01, 2005). Under pressure from an indictment on federal land fraud charges in Wyoming, Gebo abruptly left for Guatemala (where he developed a marble quarry) in 1913, and his Fromberg ranch was put up for auction. Gebo retired to Seattle in 1927 with his second wife, and he died in 1940 at home from a gas-leak.
References
United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places (USA), Site 24CB1868
"Many Arrests for Coal Lands Fraud" New York Times, September 8, 1909 https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/09/08/101896343.pdf
External links
Historic Gebo Barn
http://www.wyomingtalesandtrails.com/coalgebo.html
1862 births
1940 deaths
People from Clinton County, New York
American manufacturing businesspeople
People from Carbon County, Montana
People from Ogdensburg, New York
Emigrants from the British Empire to the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Gebo |
The Battle of Slim Buttes was fought on September 9–10, 1876, in the Great Sioux Reservation between the United States Army and Miniconjou Sioux during the Great Sioux War of 1876. It marked the first significant victory for the army since the stunning defeat of General George Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn in June.
Background
Following the Little Bighorn debacle, Lieutenant General Philip H. Sheridan, commanding the Department of Missouri, ordered the U.S. Army to convince the hostile Indians to return to their reservations. Generals Alfred Terry and George Crook took up an unsuccessful late summer chase of the Lakota and Cheyenne. The campaign resumed on August 5, and on August 10 the combined force, leaving its wagon train behind to unencumber the pursuit, moved east toward the Black Hills. Bad weather, extreme muddy conditions on the trail, and overtaxed men and animals led to the combined force breaking up on August 18, with Terry's men returning to their bases.
General Crook's force continued the pursuit but soon began running short of supplies. The general ordered his men to go on half rations. Soon, many of the men resorted to eating mule and horseflesh. A column under Captain Anson Mills was dispatched to Deadwood, a Black Hills mining town, to find supplies, and en route stumbled onto the Miniconjou Sioux village of American Horse.
Battle
On the evening of September 8, 1876, near the present town of Reva, South Dakota, Captain Mills with his 150 troopers from the 3rd U.S. Cavalry surrounded the village of thirty-seven lodges and attacked it the next morning, shooting anyone who resisted. Taken by surprise, the Indians fled, with a mortally wounded American Horse and fifteen women and children hiding in a nearby ravine/draw. Having refused treatment by the army surgeons after surrendering, American Horse eventually died, as well as two women and one child. One Indian boy was found alive in the village, having slept through the initial fighting. Those Sioux who escaped spread the word to neighboring Sans Arc, Brulé and Cheyenne villages, telling Crazy Horse and other leaders that they had encountered 100-150 soldiers. Unknown to them, Crook's main column of infantry, artillery, and other cavalry had arrived.
Crazy Horse and 600-800 warriors quickly rode 10 miles northward towards American Horse's village, set in a depression among several hills. They reached an overlook, where they saw much larger than expected numbers of well-armed soldiers surrounding the village. From their positions atop the bluffs, the warriors opened fire, causing Crook to immediately form a defensive perimeter around his horses and mules. The general soon ordered the village to be set ablaze. Crook sent forward a line of skirmishers, with four companies of infantry in the lead, followed by dismounted troopers from three cavalry regiments. After a 45-minute steady firefight, the advancing soldiers drove most of the warriors from their hilltop positions. A few Sioux held their ground, even charging the perimeter of the 3rd Cavalry at one point, but were eventually chased away.
The soldiers seized 110 ponies in the village, as well as a supply of dried meat that was divided among Crook's ill and wounded men. Of emotional interest to the cavalrymen, they recovered a number of artifacts of the Battle of Little Bighorn, including a 7th Cavalry guidon from Company I, the bloody gauntlets of slain Capt. Myles Keogh, government-issued guns and ammunition, and other related items.
On September 10, Crook led his famished force away from the smoldering village, headed for the Black Hills and the promised food and supplies. The Sioux kept up a running fight with his troops for the next few days, before Crook finally made it to a supply column on September 15. The fighting at Slim Buttes cost the lives of two cavalrymen and one of Crook's civilian scouts, Charles "Buffalo Chips" White, as well as those of at least 10 Sioux.
Aftermath
The army continued to seek out the remaining Indian encampments. Further significant battles were fought on November 25 with Dull Knife and Wild Hog on the Red Fork of the Powder River (the so-called Dull Knife Fight), and on January 8 with Crazy Horse at Wolf Mountain. Other assaults during the fall and winter convinced most of the Sioux and Cheyenne of the futility of fighting the soldiers. In May 1877, Crazy Horse surrendered at Fort Robinson and Sitting Bull led his remaining followers into Canada.
The Slim Buttes battle site is on private land. A nearby monument commemorates the fighting.
Order of battle
Sioux
American Horse's band of Miniconjou Sioux (37 lodges; perhaps 30-40 warriors)
Crazy Horse's mixed band of Sans Arcs, Brule, and others (600-800)
U.S. Army
Department of the Platte - Brig. Gen. George Crook
2nd U.S. Cavalry – Troops A, B, D, E, and I
3rd U.S. Cavalry – Troops A, B, C, D, E, F, G, I, L, and M: Capt. Anson Mills
5th U.S. Cavalry – Troops A, B, C, D, E, F, G, I, K, and M: Lt. Col. Eugene A. Carr
4th U.S. Infantry – Companies D, F, and G
9th U.S. Infantry – Companies C, G, and H
14th U.S. Infantry – Companies B, C, F, and I
See also
History of South Dakota
Plains Indians Wars
List of battles fought in South Dakota
References
Werner, Fred H., The Slim Buttes Battle, San Luis Obispo, CA: Werner Publications, 1981. .
National Park Service description of Slim Buttes
The History Net: The Last Stand of Crazy Horse
September 1876 events
Slim Buttes
Pre-statehood history of South Dakota
Slim Buttes
Slim Buttes
Crazy Horse | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Slim%20Buttes |
The list of ship commissionings in 1975 includes a chronological list of all ships commissioned in 1975.
See also
1975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ship%20commissionings%20in%201975 |
Toad River, originally Toad's River Post, is a highway service community in northern British Columbia, Canada, located at historic Mile 422 on Highway 97, the Alaska Highway, near the confluence of the Toad and Racing Rivers. The community primarily serves travelers and tourists with a highway maintenance station; a lodge with a restaurant, campground and gas station; a public telephone and a private 3000 foot airstrip. The Toad River Lodge boasts a "world famous" collection of over 10,000 hats (2016) thumbtacked to the ceiling, many of them donated by passersby on the Alaska Highway. Two miles north, The Poplars Campground offers camping, and motel rooms during the summer months (2011).
Name
The community name derives from the nearby river of the same name that lies close to the Alaska Highway a few miles past the airstrip. The name derives historically from Hudson's Bay Company employees using the Liard River to reach the Northern Interior of British Columbia. It is likely a name given by Robert Campbell on his trips up river to Fort Halkett and Dease Lake during the 1830s. A Hudson's Bay trading post was established here in 1867, with a postmaster in service from 1868 to 1878, but the site was reported abandoned by the Geological Survey of Canada in 1890.
The name was well established by the time R.G. McConnell of the Canadian Geological Survey passed the mouth of Toad River entering the Liard River in 1887. He wrote "and Toad River, which comes in from the south through a deep gloomy valley four miles farther down (from the Crow River mentioned previously in the text). Two miles below Toad River, on the opposite side, is situated Toad River post, which was abandoned when the post on the Nelson was established." (ref. Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada, Annual Report 1888–89, report by R.G. McConnell, 1891, pages 40D-41D)
The river has its origin in a series of lakes which lie to the south of the Alaska Highway near historic Mile 446. The Toad River canyon between the community and the Liard River is a nasty piece of water even for jet boats with experienced pilots (private communication with D.Coulson, 2007). Much closer to the community lies Toad River Hot Springs Provincial Park.
Schools
There is a public school in Toad River serving, as of May 2016, 10 students in grades 2 through 9, staffed by one teacher, an educational assistant, a secretary based in Fort Nelson and a circuit riding principal.
References
Unincorporated settlements in British Columbia
Liard Country
Populated places in the Northern Rockies Regional Municipality
Hudson's Bay Company trading posts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toad%20River%2C%20British%20Columbia |
The Lygaeoidea are a sizeable superfamily of true bugs, containing seed bugs and allies, in the order Hemiptera. There are about 16 families and more than 4,600 described species in Lygaeoidea, found worldwide. Most feed on seeds or sap, but a few are predators.
The ash-gray leaf bug family (Piesmatidae) is generally considered a member of the superfamily Lygaeoidea, but in the past it was sometimes placed in its own superfamily.
Families
These 16 families belong to the superfamily Lygaeoidea. The majority of them were considered to be part of the family Lygaeidae before Thomas J. Henry's work was published in 1997.
Artheneidae Stål, 1872
Berytidae Fieber, 1851 (stilt bugs)
Blissidae Stål, 1862
Colobathristidae Stal, 1865
Cryptorhamphidae
Cymidae Baerensprung, 1860
Geocoridae Baerensprung, 1860 (big-eyed bugs)
Heterogastridae Stål, 1872
Lygaeidae Schilling, 1829 (seed bugs)
Malcidae Stål, 1865
Meschiidae Malipatil, 2013
Ninidae Barber, 1956
Oxycarenidae Stål, 1862
Pachygronthidae Stål, 1865
Piesmatidae Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843 (ash-gray leaf bugs)
Rhyparochromidae Amyot & Serville, 1843 (dirt-colored seed bugs)
References
External links
Hemiptera superfamilies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lygaeoidea |
A port operator is a port authority or company that contracts with the port authority to move cargo through a port at a contracted minimum level of productivity. They may be state-owned (particularly for port authorities) or privately run.
The work involves managing the movement of cargo containers between cargo ships, trucks and freight trains and optimizing the flow of goods through customs to minimize the amount of time a ship spends in port. Maintaining efficiency involves managing and upgrading gantry cranes, berths, waterways, roads, storage facilities, communication equipment, computer systems and dockworkers' union contracts. The port operator also manages paperwork, leases, safety and port security.
Largest port operators
This is a list of the world's largest port operators in terms of total cargo tonnage handled.
Hutchison Port Holdings (Hong Kong, People's Republic of China)
PSA International (Singapore)
DP World (Dubai, United Arab Emirates)
APM Terminals (The Hague, Netherlands)
COSCO (Beijing, People's Republic of China)
EUROGATE (Bremen, Germany)
International Container Terminal Services (Manila, Philippines)
Adani Ports & SEZ (Gujarat, India)
Dubai Ports World was the 6th largest port operator before acquiring then 4th-placed Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company in 2006.
External links
How a port operator operates on Slate.com. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20operator |
Quality control is a process for maintaining proper standards in manufacturing.
Quality control may also refer to:
Analytical quality control
Quality Control (album), a 2000 album by Jurassic 5
"Quality Control", title track from the above
Quality Control Music, an American record label
Quality Control: Control the Streets Volume 1, a compilation album by Quality Control Music
A song from Summer Girl, the fifth LP from Smash Mouth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality%20control%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The list of ship commissionings in 1977 includes a chronological list of all ships commissioned in 1977.
See also
Notes
References
1977
Ship commissionings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ship%20commissionings%20in%201977 |
Norge 1:50 000 (Norway 1:50 000) is the main series of 727 topographical maps in 1:50,000 scale that cover the entire mainland area of Norway and proximate islands. The civilian designation is Norway 1:50 000 and the military designation is M711.
The military series includes 727 maps. The production of the map series was begun in 1952, and the series was completed for whole Norway in 1988. The maps are subject to ongoing revision, and about 60 maps are issued in new release each year. From 2012, a civilian series printed on plastic sheets on both sides and in a larger format were produced. Each map sheet is now equivalent to four different maps in the military series. The civilian series include 212 different maps.
Statens kartverk (Norwegian Mapping Authority), the governmental cartography office, is responsible for updating and maintaining the maps. The geodetic datum of the series is EUREF89 (European Reference Frame 1989), which is approximately equal to WGS84 (World Geodetic System 1984). The maps are in full color, complete with place names and political boundaries. Contour line spacing is 20 meters (66 ft), and the maps are usable for hiking and other navigation.
The maps are available for sale in most bookstores, though it may vary how complete their collection is.
External links
Norwegian Mapping Authority
Norwegian Mapping Authority's webpage describing Norway 1:50 000
Maps of Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norge%201%3A50000 |
Prophet River is a First Nations reserve community of the Dunne-za (Beaver) people in northeastern British Columbia, Canada, located at Mile 233 on Highway 97, the Alaska Highway, about 54 miles south of Fort Nelson. The community observes Mountain Standard Time year-round, as does Fort Nelson since November 1, 2015.
Unincorporated settlements in British Columbia
Indian reserves in British Columbia
Populated places in the Northern Rockies Regional Municipality
Peace River Country
Dane-zaa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet%20River%2C%20British%20Columbia |
Jorge Liberato Urosa y Savino (28 August 1942 – 23 September 2021) was a Venezuelan prelate of the Catholic Church. He was auxiliary bishop of Caracas from 1982 to 1990, Archbishop of Valencia from 1990 to 2005, and Archbishop of Caracas from 2005 to 2018. He was made a cardinal in 2006.
Biography
Early life and ordination
Jorge Urosa was born in Caracas to Luis Manuel Urosa Joud and Ligia Savino del Castillo de Urosa. He studied humanities at Colegio De La Salle Tienda Honda, and philosophy at the Interdiocesan Seminary of Caracas. From 1962 to 1965, he studied theology at St. Augustine's Seminary in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Urosa then attended the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, where he obtained his doctorate in dogmatic theology, until 1971. During his time at the Gregorian, he returned to Caracas to be ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal José Quintero Parra on 15 August 1967.
Professor
After concluding his Roman studies at the Pius Latin American Pontifical College, Urosa served as a professor and the rector of the Seminary San José in Caracas. He later served as rector of the Interdiocesan Seminary in Caracas as well. Before becoming vicar general of the Archdiocese of Caracas, he was President of the Organization of Latin American Seminaries and founded a parochial vicariate in a chabolas neighborhood of Caracas.
Bishop
On 6 July 1982, Urosa was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Caracas and Titular Bishop of Vegesela in Byzacena by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 22 September from Archbishop José Lebrún Moratinos, with Archbishops Domingo Roa Pérez and Miguel Salas Salas CIM serving as co-consecrators. Urosa was named Archbishop of Valencia on 16 March 1990, and Archbishop of Caracas on 19 September 2005.
He was elected as the second Vice-President of the Venezuelan Episcopal Conference on 10 January 2006.
Cardinal
Pope Benedict XVI created him Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria ai Monti in the consistory of 24 March 2006. Urosa was the fifth member of the College of Cardinals from Venezuela.
Besides his native Spanish, he spoke English, Italian, French, and Latin.
As of October 2011, he was the Honorary President of the Venezuelan Episcopal Conference.
He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2013 papal conclave that elected Pope Francis.
Pope Francis accepted his resignation as archbishop on 9 July 2018.
Urosa rejected the creation of the Reformed Catholic Church in Venezuela, whose representatives were introduced in July 2008, as in line with the socialism of President Hugo Chávez. He called the group "an irregular association".
Urosa and his auxiliary bishops warned against using the mass for political purposes and declared that the mass at which a blessing was given to the President-elect of Paraguay, former bishop Fernando Lugo, was not authorized by the archdiocese.
Illness and death
On 27 August 2021, Urosa was admitted to a clinic in Caracas and diagnosed with COVID-19. He received the sacrament of the sick before being transferred to the intensive care unit and placed on a ventilator. On 3 September 2021, the Caracas archdiocese denied rumours circulating in the media that the cardinal had died but said the cardinal's health was in a delicate but stable condition and he was receiving all the necessary medical interventions in the intensive care ward. On 12 September, the archdiocese said the cardinal's health had deteriorated and he was in very delicate health. Cardinal Urosa died from the virus on 23 September 2021, after being hospitalized for a month.
References
External links
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
Catholic-Hierarchy
1942 births
2021 deaths
Venezuelan cardinals
Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI
21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Venezuela
Pontifical Gregorian University alumni
Members of the Congregation for the Clergy
Roman Catholic archbishops of Caracas
Members of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre
Roman Catholic bishops of Caracas
Roman Catholic archbishops of Valencia en Venezuela
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela
Venezuelan Roman Catholic archbishops
Deaths in Caracas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge%20Liberato%20Urosa%20Savino |
Anthropologie is an American retailer operating in the U.S., Canada, and the UK that sells clothing, jewelry, home furniture, decorations, beauty products, and gifts.
Anthropologie is part of URBN brands, which includes Urban Outfitters, Free People, BHLDN, and Terrain.
History
In 1970, former Lehigh University roommates and later University of Pennsylvania Wharton Business School classmates Richard Hayne and Scott Belair needed a project for an entrepreneurial class. They decided to open a retail store called Free People. According to some sources, Hayne's ex-wife Judy Wicks co-founded the company with him. After opening another store, Urban Outfitters, Hayne worked the concept behind Anthropologie, aiming to sell products targeting 30 to 45-year-old women.
In the autumn of 1992, Anthropologie opened its first free-standing store in a refurbished automobile shop in Wayne, Pennsylvania. In 1998, the brand launched a mail-order catalog. Anthropologie launched a website that same year. In 2009, Anthropologie opened its first international store in London, England. It followed the other brands in URBN in expanding to the United Kingdom.
In 2018, following an exposé of the mohair industry in South Africa, Anthropologie joined other fashion retailers in banning the sale of products containing goat-derived fur. In October 2019, Urban Outfitters announced the opening of Anthropologie Home Outlet in Pittsburgh, which focuses only on home furnishings. In 2020, Anthropologie became a target of protests when it ignored calls from PETA to ban the sale of items made with alpaca hair.
In April 2021, Hillary Super stepped down as CEO of Anthropologie, and Tricia D. Smith, who had served 26 years at Nordstrom, took over as Anthropologie’s global CEO.
Collaborations
Anthropologie had partners with various artists and designers worldwide for its products. Collaborators have included Tracy Reese, Peter Som, Collette Dinnigan, Mara Hoffman, Liya Kebede, Byron Lars, Ekaterina Kukhareva, Chris Benz, Kit Kemp, Vera Neumann, Amber Lewis, Joanna Gaines and Claire Desjardins.
References
External links
Companies based in Philadelphia
Clothing retailers of the United States
Clothing brands of the United States
Retail companies established in 1992
American companies established in 1992
1992 establishments in Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologie |
Pyrrhocoroidea is a superfamily of true bugs in the infraorder Pentatomomorpha.
References
Hemiptera superfamilies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhocoroidea |
Noël Milarew Odingar (5 May 1932 – 29 April 2007) was a Chadian officer who briefly served as head of state and was later one of the nine members of the Supreme Military Council, the military junta that ruled Chad between 1975 and 1978.
A Sara, Odingar was born on 5 May 1932. As a graduate of the French military academy he had a rapid career, and in 1965 Odingar, with the grade of Major, took the post as commander of the Chadian Armed Forces (FAT), a choice that strengthened Sara dominance of the government.
By 1968 the military situation in the country had badly deteriorated, after the creation of the rebel insurgent group FROLINAT in 1966 and the consequent loss of control by the government of many of the country's Muslim regions. As a result, President François Tombalbaye asked France to send troops to help defeat the rebels; the only ones who opposed themselves, in vain, to this decision, were Minister Bangui and Colonel Odingar, who objected that the project would indicate Chad's suzerainty.
As the years passed, Odingar gained further promotions: by early 1975 he had become general and acting commander of the FAT's 4,000 troops. Great discontent was brewing in the army's ranks: in the last two years Tombalbaye's action had become more and more erratic, and in 1973 he had thrown in jail the FAT's commander-general Félix Malloum. It was another purge in the army, in which Tombalbaye had arrested the commanders of the gendarmerie (the military police), that triggered the 1975 coup: on the morning of 13 April units of the gendarmerie attacked the Presidential Palace. While these were fighting with the President's guard, Odingar arrived bringing reinforcements and assuming command. All fighting ended by 8:30 am, with Tombalbaye reportedly dying from the wounds received in the battle and the coupists triumphantly taking the palace. There was no other resistance: already at 6:30 am Odingar had spoken to the radio announcing the armed forces had "exercised their responsibilities before God and the nation" while the capital's population poured into the streets to celebrate the death of Tombalbaye.
Odingar and the army justified their actions in a military communique that accused Tombalbaye of having divided the country, putting the tribes one against the other, and of having humiliated the military. In the meanwhile Odingar, acting as interim commander and head of state, sealed off all roads to the capital and imposed a curfew on the city.
Félix Malloum and the other jailed officers were immediately freed by the coupists. Already on 15 April a Supreme Military Council (Conseil Superieur Militaire or CSM) was formed, a nine-member military junta whose President was chosen to be Malloum, who so peacefully succeeded to Odingar as head of state.
See also
The Tombalbaye Regime
FROLINAT
References
"Death of a dictator", Time, (April 28, 1975)
External links
Conflict in Chad at Global Security
Heads of state of Chad
20th-century Chadian politicians
Chadian military personnel
1932 births
2007 deaths
People of French Equatorial Africa
French military personnel
François Tombalbaye
1970s in the Central African Republic
Sara people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl%20Milarew%20Odingar |
The Morgan Dioscurides (Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 652) is a 10th-century Byzantine illuminated copy of the De Materia Medica by the Greek physician Dioscurides, which covers the medical use of herbs and other natural resources and is widely regarded as the most comprehensive collection of naturally occurring resources (plants, animals etc.) and their medical uses. Today, it is regarded as an early, fairly accurate, form of pharmacological text, in herbal form.
History and Context in Byzantium
The Morgan Dioscurides was written in Greek and illustrated in Constantinople, the capital of the Greek-speaking Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, around the tenth century AD. Constantinople, often called the “New Rome”, had a culture that was heavily inspired by Greco-Roman art and architecture. This adherence to classical Greco-Roman law and religion made for a peaceable, organized political structure. As such, as Oswei Tempkin states in his journal article "Byzantine Medicine: Tradition and Empiricism", "Medicine of the period of Constantinople was Christian. It accepted rather than shaped a tradition". Medical thinking during this time reflected religious philosophy, seeking to utilize God's creation. This is evident in works like De Materia Medica. Within this religious and classical structure, the elite could easily utilize Roman law to establish and maintain power dynamics. The most powerful were those in charge of urban centers of heightened economic activity. As an essential port of trade between east and west, the nation also had the capability to borrow from multiple cultures and utilized this access to create gilded, masterful, artistic pieces. This period was followed by a shift from prevalence of sculpture in the round to low relief sculpture and two-dimensional art. During this time, Byzantium’s standing as a wealthy trading nation factored into their art production as imported mosaics were crafted into mosaic artworks.
Appearance and Contents
Bound in lozenge-patterned dark brown leather over heavy boards around the 14th century, the manuscript includes about 769 illustrations on 385 leaves (or pages). It contains an alphabetical, five book version of De Materia Medica, with sections on “Roots and Herbs”, “Animals, Parts of Animals and Products from Living Creatures”, “Trees”, “Wines and Minerals, etc.” “On the Power of Strong Drugs to Help or Harm”, “On Poisons and their Effect” “On the Cure of Efficacious Poisons”, “A Mithridatic Antidote”, “Anonymous Poem on the Powers of Herbs”, Eutecnius’ “Paraphrase of the Theriaca or Nicander, and an incomplete paraphrase of the Haliutica of Oppianos. Its owners have added their own content to its pages - most notably by an Arabic-speaking individual who, in the 15th century, added inscriptions in Arabic and genitalia to some animals.Its pages are gouache on vellum, it is written in one column with about 30 lines per page, and it is 15 1/2 x 11 13/16 inches in height and width (395 x 300 mm). About 50 illustrations are missing from the original text.
Comparable works
The illustrations closely reflect those in the Vienna Dioscurides. Many of the illustrations in the Morgan Dioscurides resemble those in the Juliana Anicia Codex, produced in the year 512. The 6th century text Codex Neapolitanus may have been a source in the production of the Morgan Dioscurides as it contains several images that appear in the Morgan Dioscurides that are not present in other works like the Julianna Anicia Codex.
Ownership
After its creation in Byzantine Constantinople the Morgan Dioscurides changed hands many times. Following a stint in the 15th century with an Arabic-speaking owner, who made marginal comments, the work was moved back to Constantinople in the 16th century and was listed in the library of the Greek scholar Manuel Eugenicos. It was then owned by Domenico Sestini in Italy c.1820. It was in the collection of Marchese C. Rinucchi of Florence from 1820-1849 after which it most probably circulated around England with the booksellers John Thomas Payne and Henry Floss from 1849-1857. On April 30, 1857, it was sold at the Payne Sale to Charles Phillips for Sir Thomas Phillipps. In 1920, it was purchase by J.P. Morgan Jr. from the Phillips’ estate.
Notes
References
Calkins, Robert G. Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1983.
Further reading
Evans, Helen C. & Wixom, William D., The glory of Byzantium: art and culture of the Middle Byzantine era, A.D. 843-1261, no. 161, 1997, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, ; full text available online from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries
Weitzmann, Kurt, ed., Age of spirituality: late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century, no. 181, 1979, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, ; full text available online from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries
External links
Morgan Library's CORSAIR catalog entry, with link to 556 online images from the manuscript.
10th-century illuminated manuscripts
Scientific illuminated manuscripts
Byzantine literature
Collection of the Morgan Library & Museum | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan%20Dioscurides |
Carol Jackson is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Lindsey Coulson. The character was introduced in 1993 as the mother of the Jackson family. Coulson decided to quit the role in 1997, but she returned temporarily in 1999 within a storyline that contributed to both the introduction of her boyfriend Dan Sullivan (Craig Fairbrass) and the departure of her daughter Bianca (Patsy Palmer); in the storyline, Carol discovers that Bianca had previously had a relationship with Dan and they resumed their affair - which prompted her to end her relationship with Dan, disown Bianca, and leave the square on her own.
On 25 October 2009, it was confirmed that she would return along with other members of the Jackson family - Sonia (Natalie Cassidy), Robbie (Dean Gaffney) and Billie (Devon Anderson), on 15 February 2010, although her first appearance in 2010 is in EastEnders: Last Tango in Walford, an episode released exclusively to DVD on 8 February 2010. Coulson chose to leave the show for a third time in June 2015, with her exit airing on 2 October 2015.
Carol is depicted as a tough, working-class grafter, fiercely defensive of her four children. Her storylines include relationships with several men including David Wicks (Michael French), eventual husband Alan Jackson (Howard Antony), Connor Stanley (Arinze Kene), Eddie Moon (David Essex) and Masood Ahmed (Nitin Ganatra), the death of her youngest son Billie, and her breast cancer diagnosis in January 2014.
Storylines
1993–1997
Carol Jackson first came to Albert Square in 1993, working alongside Pauline Fowler (Wendy Richard) as the replacement of her best-friend Dot Cotton (June Brown) in the launderette. She soon moves to the Square with her family, which consists of her partner Alan Jackson (Howard Antony) and his grandmother Blossom Jackson (Mona Hammond) - along with her four children, Bianca (Patsy Palmer), Robbie (Dean Gaffney), Sonia (Natalie Cassidy) and Billie (Devon Anderson), all of whom have different fathers but have taken Alan's surname despite Carol and Alan not being married.
Carol is soon forced to tell her childhood sweetheart, David Wicks (Michael French), that he is Bianca's father when it looks like they are about to start a relationship. David agrees to keep this a secret from Bianca, but is forced to tell her when she tries to seduce him. Carol and Alan attend the wedding of Carol's sister April Branning (Debbie Arnold) to Nikos (Yorgos Glastras), where their father Jim Branning (John Bardon) and brother Derek Branning (Terence Beesley) show their disapproval of Carol and Alan's interracial relationship. After April is jilted by her fiancé, Alan decides he wants to marry Carol there and then. However, Alan grows jealous of Carol's renewed friendship with David and embarks on an affair with singer Frankie Pierre (Syan Blake), moving out of the Jacksons' house, leaving Carol to reignite a romance with David. Both affairs are short lived and Carol and Alan soon reunite.
Billie is the only witness to an armed robbery and is kidnapped to prevent him from testifying in court. He is eventually returned safely, but Carol and the rest of her family (bar Bianca) are placed in a witness protection programme and move away from Walford for their safety.
1999
In her time away, Carol separates from Alan due to his mental breakdown and starts a relationship with Dan Sullivan (Craig Fairbrass). Carol, Robbie and Sonia return to Walford with Dan, and it is revealed that Dan was in a relationship with Bianca when she was 15 and he was married. Bianca keeps this a secret from Carol, but they begin an affair during a family holiday. The affair only ends when Carol becomes pregnant with Dan's baby, however, Carol finds an old photo of Bianca and Dan and quizzes him about it. He tells only part of the truth and says that they had a relationship long before he ever met Carol. Carol believes this but is angry at Bianca for not telling her. Carol confronts Bianca who reveals the affair, not knowing what Dan had said. Carol throws Dan out, tells Bianca's husband Ricky Butcher (Sid Owen) about the affair and disowns her daughter. She aborts Dan's child and leaves Albert Square in October 1999 to care for her critically ill mother, Reenie (Joy Graham), who dies. Following Reenie's funeral, Carol reconciles with Alan and returns to him and Billie in Balham. She tends to her father in 2007 following his stroke, but remains estranged from Bianca and her children.
2010–2015
Carol turns up uninvited to Bianca and Ricky's second wedding to stop her son Billie attending. Despite initial animosity, Carol and Bianca make amends for the past and Carol moves back to Walford, having lost her job in Balham as a school secretary. Billie and Carol regularly clash regarding Carol's controlling parenting and Billie's connection with a gang. When a gang member attempts to shoot Billie, Carol's brother Jack (Scott Maslen) is accidentally shot instead. Blaming himself, Billie joins the army and despite initial opposition, Carol gives her blessing.
Billie is given leave on his birthday, so Carol arranges a party for him and his friends. Copious amounts of alcohol are consumed by Billie and the next day he is found dead on the settee. Distraught, Carol pushes away her family, suggesting they are responsible for Billie's death, until her brother Max (Jake Wood) tells her Billie only joined the army to get away from her. When Carol sees a video on Billie's laptop in which he says she is a control freak and wants her to die, she is devastated. She bans her family from attending Billie's funeral, and it is only she, Alan and Blossom who attend. In her grief, Carol attempts to kiss Alan, but he rejects her as he is now married with a young son. Struck by sadness, Carol plans to commit suicide by overdose, but is interrupted by Connor Stanley (Arinzé Kene), one of Billie's friends and a gang member; they comfort each other and end up having sex. Carol disapproves of Connor's criminality and so their relationship ends and reignites several times. On one break, Connor begins dating Bianca's stepdaughter, Whitney Dean (Shona McGarty). Connor sleeps with Carol and Whitney simultaneously, until Bianca finds out and attacks Connor with a metal pole. Bianca is imprisoned and Connor's mother Kendra (Sharon D. Clarke) warns Carol to leave Connor alone.
In 2011, Carol meets a love-interest, Eddie Moon (David Essex), but their relationship ends when Carol discovers Eddie has been seeing Vanessa Gold (Zöe Lucker). Old feelings resurface between Carol and David when he returns to Walford in 2012 after years away, to visit his dying mother Pat (Pam St Clement). Derek (now Jamie Foreman) still loathes David because of the rivalry in their youth over David getting Carol pregnant; he forbids Carol and David's reunion. David's feud with Derek escalates to violence. After convincing Carol to leave Walford with him, David changes his mind when he sees how much their grandchildren need her; he devastates Carol by leaving without her.
Upon being released from prison, Bianca struggles to support her family and gets into debt. In desperation, she steals money from a market trader; the police are called and Bianca is sent back to prison, in Suffolk, for six months. Wanting to be near Bianca, Carol temporarily moves to Suffolk with her grandchildren. She returns to prepare for Bianca's return and discovers Derek is using the house for criminal activities. She orders him to get rid of his merchandise, but he just stocks it in the garage. Derek dies of a heart attack.
Carol and Masood Ahmed (Nitin Ganatra) bond and arrange a date, but it is not a success, and Carol starts a relationship with Bianca's probation officer, Steve Lowe (Michael Simkins). Bianca objects and Masood breaks up the relationship on Carol's behalf. Carol and Masood then arrange another date and eventually their relationship becomes more serious. David returns to Walford penniless, so Carol allows him to stay at her house. David attempts to charm Carol again, and tries to interfere in her romance with Masood. This does not work initially and Carol moves in with Masood, but soon moves out. Carol finds a lump in her breast and is diagnosed with breast cancer. She then resumes her relationship with David. After ending her relationship with Masood and a heated argument between David and Masood, Carol visits Sonia and her daughter Rebecca (Jasmine Armfield) to tell her about the cancer. Carol worries about being tested for the BRCA2 gene, rebuffing David's advances and rejecting his marriage proposal, though this leads to David inadvertently revealing to her friends and neighbours that she has cancer. David kisses Nikki Spraggan (Rachel Wilde) but accepts Carol's later proposal of marriage and moves back in with her.
Carol tests positive for the gene, and her daughters are also tested. Sonia has inherited the gene, causing tension between her and Bianca and Carol, who is undergoing intensive chemotherapy, is forced to step in, but she collapses. Carol is told she has an infection because of her weak immune system, but is released and recovers ahead of her upcoming wedding. On the day of the wedding, David disappears to find her "something blue", and Carol believes he is scared by the idea of commitment and jilted her. However, he has suffered a heart attack. Distraught, Carol shares a heart to heart with her long-time employer Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) and realises that she and David must be honest with each other. Carol visits David in hospital but they argue and she decides that they cannot continue their relationship. After sharing one last dance to "Misty Blue" — the "something blue" David had promised — he moves out of the home and leaves Walford.
When Carol is due to undergo her mastectomy, Bianca persuades her to only have a single mastectomy. Bianca reveals that the family are in debt, so Carol goes back to work and sells some of her and her family's possessions. Carol confides in her colleague Tina Carter (Luisa Bradshaw-White) about her money problems, and Tina proposes that they sell marijuana. Carol is appalled but later accepts the proposal because of the debt. Carol and Bianca then attend Sonia's health class, where many of the locals try to persuade Carol to have a double mastectomy. This infuriates Carol, but after talking to Pam Coker (Lin Blakley), she decides to have a double mastectomy, much to Sonia's delight, and calls off her marijuana deal with Tina.
While Carol is preparing for her operation, Bianca gets in trouble with social services when Liam accidentally gives Tiffany hash brownies to take to school for the last day of term. When Liam confesses that he got them from the cafe, Carol realises that the brownies were Tina's and she is dealing drugs despite saying that she was calling the deal with her aunt off. Carol furiously threatens to expose Tina's deals to help Bianca get social services off her back, exposing Tina's actions to her devastated girlfriend, Fiona "Tosh" Mackintosh (Rebecca Scroggs). Carol asks the grandson of her stepmother Dot Branning (June Brown), Charlie Cotton (Declan Bennett), to talk to Liam about what to say with the police, and after he leaves she answers his discarded phone and discovers his supposedly dead father, Dot's estranged son Nick Cotton (John Altman), on the other end of the line. Carol confronts Charlie about deceiving Dot, and despite his pleas for her to keep his actions quiet to salvage his relationship with his grandmother, Carol tells him she will tell Dot after her operation. She then has her double mastectomy, after receiving advice from the hospital's vicar. To try to keep her quiet, Charlie pays off Bianca's debt, and the rest of the Butchers hail him as the family's hero. However, Carol is initially determined that he still needs to tell the truth, until she sees how happy Dot is by his side, and agrees to keep quiet. She orders Charlie to take a DNA test to confirm he is Dot's grandson, which proves positive. She then discovers she no longer has cancer, but is upset that Bianca is planning to move away with her family.
Carol later begins behaving erratically for no apparent reason. During a friendly outing with Billy Mitchell (Perry Fenwick), she drunkenly kisses him and then abruptly walks off. When she catches Liam having sex with Cindy Williams (Mimi Keene), she allows it despite Sonia's protests. Wanting to understand Carol better, Sonia has a counselor visit her. Carol then admits to the counselor, who also had a double mastectomy, that she is scared of her cancer possibly coming back. Later, Carol receives a phone call from Jim's home informing her of Jim's death. Despite wanting to tell Dot, she ends up putting off her visit and concentrating on organizing Jim's clothes and then her work in the cafe. It soon becomes apparent that she is unable to process her grief properly, due to some resentment to Jim, when she lashes out at Max, and Whitney, Liam and Sonia's daughter Rebecca catch her doing so. Carol later befriends Buster Briggs (Karl Howman), but when Buster's girlfriend, Shirley Carter (Linda Henry), sees them together, she punches Carol. When Carol is informed of the option for breast reconstruction, she rejects her family and has drinks with Buster at his and Shirley's home. When she admits that she wishes she had remained rebellious and adventurous after having her children, Buster encourages her to make her own free choices and she returns home later as a more rebellious woman, alienating her family. Later in the day, Shirley finds a bra behind her sofa, and confronts Carol, who lies that she had sex with Buster. She later admits it was a lie to Shirley, who helps her come to terms with her mastectomy scars to regain her confidence. Carol is upset when Max is charged with the murder of Lucy Beale (Hetti Bywater) and starts drinking when unable to raise legal fees. She is angered by gossip and loses faith in Max's innocence when Lucy's blood is found on his shoes, particularly when he doesn't defend Abi. She soon realises the extent of Max's innocence when many of his insecurities are brought to light during the trial. After coming home the same day from court, she is surprised to find Robbie in her kitchen. Robbie tries to persuade Carol to go and live in Milton Keynes with him and Bianca, but Carol refuses and decides to go on the run with Max, who has escaped from court after being found guilty, however, Max is arrested before they can. Recent events culminate in Carol realising that she will always be relied upon by her family; she decides to take her father's motorbike and ride away from Walford, not knowing where she will end up, embracing her newfound freedom. Before she leaves, she buys a dog for Robbie and his son Sami Jackson (Shiven Shankar), named Wellard II (Panther). She visits Tiffany in December 2022 in Germany and therefore, cannot attend Dot’s funeral. However, she inherits Dot’s engagement ring.
Creation
1994 was a historic year for EastEnders, as in April, a third weekly episode was introduced. Due to the programme's increased frequency, a number of new characters were introduced to the regular cast in the latter part of 1993 and early 1994. Among them were the Jackson family: mother Carol (Lindsey Coulson), her four children, Bianca (Patsy Palmer), Robbie (Dean Gaffney), Sonia (Natalie Cassidy), and Billie (Devon Anderson), as well as Carol's partner Alan Jackson (Howard Antony). Though Carol and Alan were not initially married in the serial, and though Alan was only the biological father of Billie, the whole family took on Alan's surname. The family was created by writer Tony McHale. None of the actors cast as the Jackson family were matched for appearance or screen compatibility. Cassidy has commented, "it was all decided without doing that. I don't think it particularly mattered that none of us Jackson kids looked like each other because all our characters had different dads!" Carol was Coulson's first major television role.
Various members of the family began to appear sporadically from November 1993 onwards, but in episodes that aired early in 1994, the Jacksons moved from Walford Towers, a block of flats, to the soap's focal setting of Albert Square. Their slow introduction was a deliberate attempt by the programme makers to introduce the whole family over a long period. The Jacksons have been described by EastEnders scriptwriter Colin Brake as a "classic problem family".
Development
Characterisation
In an interview from 1995 that was published by Larry Jaffee in 2009, Coulson described Carol as "fiery, loud and determined". However, Coulson added that she played Carol as possibly more approachable as time progressed, adding, "It's difficult to find a level when you step into a soap, it's so fast-moving. You're not really sure who you are or what you're doing. I think as the actor relaxes, maybe the character softens a little. Everybody's trying to find their level." Author Kate Lock has suggested that "Carol always looked careworn and sounded snappish, but then, as pointed out repeatedly, she's had to make a lot of sacrifices in her life, raising four kids single-handedly, missing out on any chance of a career". Carol is depicted as a grafter who is fiercely protective of her problematic children. Discussing Carol's role as a mother, Coulson has said, "I think a lot of mothers find their adolescent children hard work, and with four children well, what more can I say? She's out working, trying to get money. She's always tired - it's hard being a mum." Coulson argued with the production team over Carol's attire. She felt that Carol should not have a bad dress sense just because she is poor.
David Wicks
In the character's backstory, Carol became pregnant with Bianca and her boyfriend David Wicks (Michael French) moved away. A sixteen-year-old Carol faced life as a single mother. His mother, Pat Butcher (Pam St. Clement) never forgave David for sleeping with Carol. The feud between the Jackson and Butcher families became a prominent storyline in December 1994. Bianca's boyfriend was Pat's step-son Ricky Butcher (Sid Owen) and those who knew about Bianca's paternity were desperate to keep the duo apart. Both Carol and Pat invite Ricky around for Christmas dinner. But he planned to bring the two warring clans together. Owen told Victoria Ross from Inside Soap that Ricky convinces Carol to call a truce and invite Pat and David over for Christmas dinner. She agrees for Bianca's sake and they all gather in Carol's home. However, Owen warned that the feud may never end, "I don't think it's possible for Pat and Carol to become friends very easily because too much has been said on both sides." St. Clement claimed that Pat is willing to use violence; she added that Pat "will do anything to protect her family. It just takes someone like Carol Jackson to bring it out."
Carol's family secret is revealed in 1994. When they first meet, David develops an attraction to Bianca. An Inside Soap writer stated that Carol "flipped" at the sight of Bianca flirting with David. Carol is forced to inform him that he is her father. He vows to keep the secret hidden from Bianca. But in March 1995, the show played Bianca making a drunken attempt to seduce David and the truth has to be revealed.
Over Christmas 1995, Carol rejects David's advances and he remains solitary over the festive period. David thinks that Carol still has feelings for him. David enjoys meddling in other character's lives and his favourite target is Alan. As an Inside Soap reporter noted, David would have no qualms about destroying what he cannot have. French told the reporter that "I think it'd be nice if David ended up with Carol. They may be at it hammer and tongs most of the time but the old spark's still there."
Alan Jackson
Carol is married to Alan Jackson (Howard Antony), together they share a son, Billie (Devon Anderson). Alan meets soul-singer Frankie Pierre (Syan Blake) but she has a "scheming" persona. The storyline develops into infidelity when Alan kisses Frankie. Having been with Carol for ten years, Alan feels trapped and enticed into having fun. He then leaves for Spain abandoning Carol and the children. Antony told Simon Timblick from Inside Soap that Alan is trying to discover more about himself and subsequently acts selfish towards Carol. The actor explained that "he's been in this relationship with Carol all these years, and he hasn't had the chance to go out and have a wild time like most people have." When Alan reflects on his behavior he wants Carol back for the sake of the children. But Frankie has trapped him in a dilemma. Author Lock has suggested that it was Carol's "constant bitching" at Alan that caused the affair.
Return (1999)
In May 1999, it was announced that Coulson would be return to the series, with a new love interest, Dan Sullivan (Craig Fairbrass) and was reported to have been filming scenes on Southend Pier along with co-stars Palmer, Gaffney, Cassidy and Owen in scenes that aired the following month.
Reintroduction (2010)
Having originally appeared between 1993 and 1997 and again in 1999 and despite Coulson ruling out a return to the programme in 2008, it was announced on 25 October 2009 that Carol would return to the show in 2010 along with her children Robbie, Sonia and Billie. Coulson is quoted as saying, "I'm thrilled to be returning to EastEnders after all these years. I'm also excited and intrigued to find out what Carol and her family have been up to since we last saw her and where she will be going next." A source told entertainment website Digital Spy: "Everything's being kept hush-hush about the Jacksons' return at the moment, but there are certainly a load of questions to be answered. Will the frosty relationship between Carol and Bianca thaw? Are Sonia and Martin still together? And how will Robbie react when he learns of his beloved Wellard's death? Everyone's so pleased to have them back." The family will return for Bianca's second wedding to Ricky Butcher (Sid Owen) as part of the show's 25th anniversary. Executive producer Diederick Santer explained that he wanted great stories to get people talking, saying "The wedding is the perfect opportunity for us to bring back the much-loved Jackson characters – Carol, Sonia, Robbie and Billie."
Grief and reinvention
In September 2010 it was revealed that Billie would be killed from alcohol poisoning, leaving Carol devastated. Although Coulson felt Anderson's departure was premature, she praised the storyline's "huge shock value". Coulson felt heartbroken when she was filming Billie's death scenes, of this she stated during an interview with Inside Soap: "When we had to play the scene where Carol sees Billie lying dead in the living room, it was really sad - not just because a mum had lost her son in tragic circumstances, but also because I felt almost as though I was losing Devon too."
Coulson revealed that she was exhausted from playing Carol's grief for a period of six weeks. She added she was pleased because upon her return she had hope for a demanding storyline. Asked how it felt to portray the storyline Coulson stated: "Incredibly satisfying, For them to give me that lovely storyline is a compliment, and it was wonderful." The storyline progresses into Carol realising Bianca is her biggest support, of this Coulson claims: "I think there’s a bit of Bianca going, 'What about me? I’m still here.' Carol’s projected so much of her love onto Billie, because nobody else needed her." After the episode aired it received a great deal of praise from fans on Digital Spy.
Carol's grief makes her lash out at those nearest to her and she tries to end her own life by taking an overdose, but later changes her mind. Speaking of the development in the storyline, Coulson commented: "It's a journey Carol goes on and she makes some terrible decisions." Coulson later revealed she wanted Carol to have more friends. Carol is then paired with Glenda Mitchell (Glynis Barber) as they strike an "unlikely friendship" and move in together, after she feels unable to live at the home her son died in. Coulson felt that Carol was reinventing herself, she also stated: "It's a strange pairing, but it'll be interesting to see if they can find common ground." Barber also admitted she is a fan of the pairing, expressed her desire for Glenda to lead Carol astray and stated: "The characters are very different but actually have a lot in common." Coulson has also admitted she felt it important viewers could see how strong Carol can be, she added: "I'd like to show viewers that Carol is strong enough to transcend all of this, because people have to - but it won't just go away."
Carol then starts sleeping with Billie's old friend Connor Stanley (Arinze Kene). Discussing the storyline, Coulson stated: "For her, though, this is a brief moment where she doesn't have to think about Billie's death. It's not even lovely sex - it happens in a fit of loss and grief." Coulson feels at this point Carol crosses a major boundary because he was Billie's friend.
Masood Ahmed
In 2013, Carol starts a relationship with Masood Ahmed (Nitin Ganatra) which is soon affected by the return of her ex-boyfriend David. Coulson told Jon Peake from TV Choice that Carol had accepted that David had left her and moved on. David's return is unexpected and Coulson stated that he has never been good for her character. She added "her heart is probably with David, he was her first love, but as a grown-up woman she should be with Masood - someone who treats her well." David reveals that he missed Carol and it is clear she still cares about him. Coulson believed that Carol hates her feelings and does not want "this complication in her life". Ganatra told Peake that David's manipulative and clever personality develops a rivalry for Carol's attention. He explained that Carol's theme of falling in love with David upsets Masood. He wants reassurance but Carol fails to notice Masood's problem with David and even nurses him following an assault. Ganatra concluded that "he's at the stage where he loves Carol, and then David comes back and ruins everything [...] but she's worth fighting for." Coulson believed that Carol and Masood could have a successful relationship. David finds it more difficult to "play her" because knows his tricks. She noted that Carol changed and is no longer a victim. David uses his grandchildren Morgan and Tiffany to guilt Carol into letting him stay. Ganatra told Allison Jones that David then causes more trouble - but Carol and Masood are in love, find each other attractive and he will fight David for Carol.
Breast cancer
On 24 November 2013, it was announced that EastEnders would feature breast cancer in December, with Carol finding a lump in her breast. Carol's daughter Sonia will return as the storyline begins. Coulson said, "This is a very important storyline as breast cancer is something that affects so many people. Through Carol's story I hope we can raise awareness of the impact of breast cancer on the people that have it and their families." Executive producer Dominic Treadwell-Collins said: "EastEnders has a long tradition of dealing with social issues and breast cancer is one that the majority of people have been affected by in some way. And this is not just a story about breast cancer. This is a story about women, about mothers and daughters, and ultimately about family. And with Lindsey Coulson, Michael French, Patsy Palmer and Natalie Cassidy giving powerhouse performances at its centre, this is a storyline that will inform, move, and shake up the audience as it shakes up the Jackson family." Producers worked with charities such as Macmillan Cancer Support, whose Head of Health and Social Care, Jacqui Graves, congratulated the show "for helping to raise awareness of the condition."
Departure (2015)
On 21 June 2015, it was announced that Coulson had decided to leave, speaking of her departure she said: "I've had a fantastic time playing the formidable Carol Jackson and although I'll miss everything about EastEnders, I feel the time is right for me to move on". Carol's exit aired on 2 October 2015, with Julia's Theme being played as she rides on Jim's motorbike down the market. The episode was watched by 5.6 million viewers on the night of its broadcast.
Reception
In March 1995, a reporter from Inside Soap said "The Square's toughest mum, and David's ex-girlfriend Carol Jackson, has got a few secrets of her own, considering she's had four children by four different men." They predicted that it would not be long before Carol's past caught up with her. In July 2015, Gary Gillatt of Inside Soap praised Coulson's acting as Carol came to terms with her mental and physical scars following her mastectomy, "Wasn't Lindsey Coulson amazing in EastEnders this week? The script was uncompromising, the acting first rate. Bravo EastEnders!"
Since Carol's exit in 1999, writer Dorothy Hobson used Carol's continued absence on-screen despite numerous upsets in her children's lives as indicative of lack of realism in soaps. She believed Carol's absence during Sonia's motherhood detracted from the storyline. She added "you knew she might be judgemental towards Sonia, but she would have sorted out her problems and supported her as a mother."
Coulson was nominated for "Best Supporting Actress" at the 1997 Inside Soap Awards. She was nominated in the Best Serial Drama Performance category at the 16th National Television Awards in 2011 for her portrayal of Carol. Coulson won 'Best Dramatic' performance at the 2000 British Soap Awards. She was also nominated for 'Best Actress' and 'Best Dramatic Performance' at the 2011 awards, and for 'Best Actress' at the 2011 Inside Soap Awards. In March 2011, EastEnders won in the Soaps and Continuing Drama category at the Royal Television Society Programme Awards, and the judges praised Coulson's portrayal of Carol, saying the soap was "A real class above the rest with a stunning central performance from Lindsay Coulson." Anne Leask from the Sunday Mirror branded Carol a "dark and brooding put-upon single mum" who was desperate to get married.
During the episode dated 30 July 2015, Carol visited Max in prison. Carol called Max a "bastard", which sparked complaints. In 2020, Sara Wallis and Ian Hyland from The Daily Mirror placed Carol 48th on their ranked list of the Best EastEnders characters of all time, calling her a "tough-as-boots mum who'd punch your lights out if you crossed her".
In 2020, Sara Wallis and Ian Hyland from The Daily Mirror placed Carol 48th on their ranked list of the best EastEnders characters of all time, calling her a "tough-as-boots mum" and saying that she would "punch your lights out if you crossed her".
References
External links
EastEnders characters
Television characters introduced in 1993
Fictional waiting staff
Fictional bookmakers
Fictional characters with cancer
Fictional attempted suicides
British female characters in television
Fictional teenage parents
Branning family | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol%20Jackson |
The list of ship commissionings in 1986 includes a chronological list of all ships commissioned in 1986.
References
See also
1986
Ship commissionings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ship%20commissionings%20in%201986 |
The list of ship commissionings in 1989 includes a chronological list of all ships commissioned in 1989.
See also
1989
Ship commissionings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ship%20commissionings%20in%201989 |
Horningsea is a small village north of Cambridge in Cambridgeshire in England. The parish covers an area of . It lies on the east bank of the River Cam, and on the road from Cambridge to Clayhithe. The nearest railway station is Waterbeach, away.
Listed as Horningesea in the Domesday Book, the village's name derives from either "Island (or dry ground in marsh) of a man called Horning" or "Island by the horn-shaped hill".
History
Central to the development of Horningsea as a settlement has been its location on the River Cam, whose use for navigation dates back to at least Roman times. Around 4000 years ago, the parish consisted of a chalk promontory between marshland and the sea, and there is evidence of Iron Age habitation. Around 1000 years ago it had become a peninsula extending northwards into the undrained fens.
Between the 2nd and 4th centuries Horningsea was used for pottery by the Romans and was connected with Lincoln by Car Dyke, a Roman canal.
Drainage of the area began with Bottisham Lode in early medieval times, and a bridge is mentioned in the village in the late 13th century. In 1637 the Earl of Bedford was given 400 acres in Fen Ditton, Horningsea, and Stow cum Quy which were drained over the following 20 years. The remainder of the parish was drained in the late 18th and 19th centuries, other than the area around Snout's Corner, which is still fenland.
The Saxon hamlets of Eye and Clayhithe have been part of Horningsea parish since 1279, with Clayhithe situated where the ancient peninsula reached the river.
In 2006 Horningsea's conservation area was re-appraised by South Cambridgeshire District Council. The report contains much detail about the current status of the village and its buildings.
Church
The village has been home to a place of worship for well over a thousand years. The Saxons chose the site for a minster in the 9th century, though it was sacked by the invading Danes in the 870s and rebuilt soon after. Only a pair of Saxon coffin lids remain from the original church.
The south arcade remains from the 11th century, the chancel from around 1220, and the building was substantially rebuilt in the 13th and 14th centuries. During this period it was granted to the Hospital of St John in Cambridge, that
later became St John's College. It was extensively restored in the early 19th century.
Village life
Horningsea has two pubs (the Plough and Fleece and the Crown and Punchbowl), and the parish church of St Peter. The only retail facility inside the village is a Garden centre which also contains a cycle shop.
In September, 2012 a Community Interest Company (Horningsea CIC) took over the running of the Plough and Fleece pub (at the time the only village pub).
There were three public houses in 1764; The Sluice at Clayhithe which catered to the river traffic, closed in around 1830, The Chequers, which probably opened around 1800 and closed in around 1873, and The Crown and Punch Bowl inn which opened in a 17th-century building in around 1764. The Plough and Fleece, occupying a 16th-century building, opened as a pub in the 19th century.
The Millennium Green contains a sculpture called Convexity created by local artist Matthew Sanderson. The Millennium pavilion is also situated here. These were created as part of the Millennium celebrations at the start of 2000.
Nearby villages
Clayhithe
Waterbeach
Milton
Fen Ditton
See also
List of places in Cambridgeshire
References
External links
Horningsea village website
Plough and Fleece pub Horningsea
Villages in Cambridgeshire
Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire
South Cambridgeshire District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsea |
Wonowon is a community in northeastern British Columbia, Canada, located at Mile 101 on Highway 97, the Alaska Highway. The present-day community name is derived from the mile number, "one-oh-one", however, the area was historically known as Blueberry. The community is part of the Peace River Regional District. The major business center for residents is Fort St. John, and the residents observe the same clock time as Fort St. John, including its abstinence from daylight saving time.
Climate
Wonowon has a subarctic climate.
Facilities
Wonowon offers overnight accommodation, a gas station, grocery store, mobile home park, and parking lanes for long trucks. The thru-road Alaska Highway has been paved in the village area since 1982.
References
See also
List of places with numeric names
Unincorporated settlements in British Columbia
Populated places in the Peace River Regional District
Peace River Country | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonowon |
Charles David is an American fashion company known for their design of shoes, founded by David and Charles Malka.
History and operations
The family-owned company was founded by David and Charles Malka. It began Canadian distribution of shoes in the 1970s, followed by the U.S. distribution of European shoes in 1987. Their first retail store opened at the Côte-des-Neiges Plaza in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in the early 1970s. They opened and operated several chains in Canada until they moved their operations to Los Angeles, California in 1988.
In the spring of 2004, Charles David launched their lower price lines, Charles by Charles David and Exchange by Charles David. In 2005, they had 25 retail stores across the U.S., in Arizona, California, Florida, Illinois, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. They also sell handbags and their shoes are carried in department and specialty stores nationwide, such as Nordstrom, Dillard's, and Bloomingdale's.
Charles David shoes have been worn by celebrities such as Debra Messing, Eva Longoria, Jessica Simpson, Halle Berry, and longtime fan Emmanuelle Chriqui. Actress Natalie Portman was a fan of Charles by Charles David's Vegan collection, launched in 2011, and wore many of their shoes to premieres and appearances throughout the release of Black Swan.
In February 2013, the company launched its first campaign featuring a celebrity spokesmodel, actress Emmanuelle Chriqui, a longtime fan of the brand. The company also announced a future collaboration with Emmanuelle - a capsule collection for release in fall 2013. The collection, Charles David by Emmanuelle Chriqui, featured several styles designed by the actress.
In December 2013, according to The Sage Group, Charles David's financial adviser, New York Transit, Inc. has bought Charles David of California Inc.
Brands
Charles David - women's footwear and accessories
Charles David "Made in Italy" - women's footwear made exclusively in Italy, consisting mostly of leather boots and booties
Charles by Charles David - women's footwear (lower price label)
Exchange by Charles David
Charles David by Emmanuelle Chriqui - capsule collection designed by actress Emmanuelle Chriqui
References
Charles David Profile
Natalie Portman Wearing Charles David Sandals
External links
Charles David website
Shoe brands
Shoe designers
Shoemakers
Clothing companies established in 1987
Shoe companies of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20David%20%28company%29 |
Nicole Hosp (; born 6 November 1983) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Austria. She competed in all five disciplines and was a world champion, three-time Olympic medalist, and an overall World Cup champion.
Career
Born in Ehenbichl, Tyrol, she won her first World Cup competition, giant slalom, in Sölden, Tyrol, Austria on 26 October 2002, sharing the victory with Andrine Flemmen and Tina Maze. Hosp won the overall World Cup title in 2007 and the season title in giant slalom. A versatile all-around racer, she won World Cup races in four of the five alpine skiing disciplines (super-G, giant slalom, slalom and combined), and was world champion in the giant slalom in 2007. Although Hosp won the giant slalom crystal globe in 2007, she stopped racing GS after often not qualifying for the second run in 2011. In her final seasons, she competed in four disciplines: slalom, Super-G, downhill, and combined.
Hosp suffered an anterior cruciate ligament injury to her right knee at Sölden in October 2009 and missed the rest of the 2010 season, including the 2010 Winter Olympics.
World Cup results
Season titles
2 titles – (1 overall, 1 GS)
Season standings
Race victories
12 wins – (1 SG, 5 GS, 5 SL, 1 SC)
57 podiums – (1 DH, 9 SG, 20 GS, 20 SL, 7 SC)
World Championship results
Olympic results
References
External links
Austrian Ski team – official site – Nicole Hosp –
Fischer Skis – athletes – Nicole Hosp
–
1983 births
Austrian female alpine skiers
Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic alpine skiers for Austria
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in alpine skiing
Olympic silver medalists for Austria
Olympic bronze medalists for Austria
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup champions
People from Reutte District
Living people
Skiers from Tyrol (state)
20th-century Austrian women
21st-century Austrian women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole%20Hosp |
Michael McConnohie is an American voice actor, writer and director who has provided many voice roles in movies, anime, and video games. He and fellow actress Melodee Spevack run a production company called VoxWorks. Some of his major works include the Narrator on Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo and Hunter x Hunter,
The Necromancer in Diablo II, Azulongmon in Digimon, Gork in Masked Rider, Keiichi Ikari in Paranoia Agent, Rolf Emerson in Robotech, Manzou the Saw in Samurai Champloo, Cosmos and Tracks in Transformers, Hot Shot / Ironhide in Transformers: Robots in Disguise, D in Vampire Hunter D, Chief Inquisitor Margulis in Xenosaga and Charles zi Britannia in Code Geass.
Filmography
Anime
3×3 Eyes (Streamline Pictures dub) - Chou
The Adventures of Manxmouse - Narrator
Ajin - Teacher (Ep. 1)
Aldnoah.Zero - Rayregalia Vers Rayvers
Appleseed - General Edward Uranus III
Argento Soma - Funeral Unit Commander, Dignitary A, General
Babel II - Emperor Yomi
The Big O - Schwarzwald/Michael Seebach
Black Jack - Mangetsu Proprietor
BlazBlue Alter Memory - Takamagahara
Bleach - Chojiro Sasakibe, Ryūken Ishida, Kurodo, Shawlong Qufang, Toshimori Umesada, Danzomaru, Hiyosu, Shiroganehiko, Barragan Luisenbarn (episodes 216+)
Blue Dragon - King of Jibral
Blue Exorcist - Tatsumasa Suguro, Additional Voices
Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo - Narrator, Bobopatchiggler
Captain Harlock and the Queen of a Thousand Years - Captain Harlock
Code Geass - Charles zi Britannia
Coppelion - Gennai Ishikawa
Cowboy Bebop - Hospital Guard, Gate Company Chairman, Yuuri Kellerman, Punch (Big Shot Host)
Crimson Wolf - Cell Guard, Driver
Daigunder - Additional Voices
Digimon Tamers - Azulongmon, Vajramon, Additional Voices
Digimon Frontier - Additional Voices
Digimon Data Squad - Cherrymon
Dirty Pair - Mughi
Dragon Ball - General Pei
Dragon Ball Super - King Kai (Bang Zoom! dub for Toonami Asia)
Eureka Seven - Captain Jurgens
Ergo Proxy - Husserl, Police Dog
Fafner - Kouzou Minashiro
Fate/stay night - Berserker, Sorcerer, Tokiomi Tohsaka
Flag - Base Commander, Newscaster, Operator, Traffic Controller, Tson, UN Press Officer
Gargantia on the Verdurous Planet - Captain Fairlock
Gatchaman (1994) - Dr Nambu
Geneshaft - Cummings
Ghost Talker's Daydream - Detective Yamazaki
Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - SWAT Chief
Golgo 13: The Professional - Leonard Dawson
Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics - Puss in Boots
Gungrave - Big Daddy, Deed, Scott
Gun X Sword - Baron Mayor (Ep. 2)
Gurren Lagann - Rossiu (20 Years Later), Father Magin
Haibane Renmei - The Communicator, the Baker
Haré+Guu - Elder
Hello Kitty's Paradise - Various
Hellsing Ultimate - Wild Geese
Honeybee Hutch - Additional Voices
Hunter x Hunter - Narrator, Ship Captain (episodes 1–2), Mr. Battera
Ikki Tousen - Kaya, Narrator
Ikki Tousen: Great Guardians - Shizonsui
Ikki Tousen: Xtreme Xecutor - Narrator, Shisonzui
Immortal Grand Prix (microseries) - Dimma
Initial D (Tokyopop dub) - Yuichi Tachibana
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure - Tonpetty, Messina
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders - Impostor Captain Tennille
Kamichu - Prime Minister, God of Select-O-Vision, Oyadama Kaze, Sunfish Grandpa
Karas - Chief of Police
Kaze no Yojimbo - Kanehara
Kekkaishi - Heisuke Matsudo, Yoki, Yumeji Hisaomi
Kikaider - Golden Bat
Knights of Sidonia - Council Member (episodes 1–2, 6), Hiroki Saito (Ep. 7), Old Man (episodes 1–2, 7), Play-by-Play Commentator (Ep. 3)
Kyo Kara Maoh! - Maxine
Last Exile - Duke Henry Knowles; Gale; Prime Minister Marius, Additional Voices
Lensman - Van Buskirk
Lensman: Secret of the Lens - Van Buskirk
Lensman: Power of the Lens - Van Buskirk
MÄR - Babbo
Mahoromatic - Uncle Sakura, VESPER Leader (Suguru's Grandfather, Yuichiro Konoe)
Mao-chan - Rikushirou Onigawara
Maple Town - Additional Voices
Marmalade Boy - Cop; Master; Producer Takemura; Yoshimitsu Miwa
Mars Daybreak - Poipoider, Niall Poe
MegaMan Star Force - Wolf
Melody of Oblivion - Bocca's father, Keiko's father, Mayor Sonada
Mermaid Forest - Co-Worker, Old Gentleman
Mermaid Saga - Rin's father
Mirage of Blaze - Doctor, Kinue
Mobile Suit Gundam (Movies I-III English Dub) - Ramba Ral
Mobile Suit Gundam: The 08th MS Team - Norris Packard
Mon Colle Knights - Various
Monster - Dr. Boyer, Franz Bonaparta, Additional Voices
Naruto - Enma
Naruto: Shippuden - Hagoromo Ōtsutsuki
Noein - Operator
Noozles - Additional Voices
Nura: Rise of the Yokai Clan series - Lord Sodemogi, Inugamigyōbu Danuki, Minagoroshi Jizo, Namahage
Otogi Zoshi - Minamoto no Mitsunaka
Outlaw Star - Fred's Bodyguard A
Overman King Gainer - Yassaba Jin
Paranoia Agent - Keiichi Ikari
Phoenix - Old Masato
Planetes - Dolf Azaria
Please Teacher! - Minoru Edajima
Rave Master - Lance of the Beast Sword
Robotech - Rolf Emerson
Robotech II: The Sentinels - T.R. Edwards
Saint Tail - Mr. Kaido
Saiyuki Gunlock - Demon, Head Priest, Villager
Samurai Champloo - Manzo the Saw
Scrapped Princess - Alec, Playhouse Owner, Customer
s-CRY-ed - Unkei
The Seven Deadly Sins - Bartra Lyonesse, Twigo
Shinzo - Various
Stellvia - Sergei Roskov, Umihito Katase
Street Fighter Alpha: Generations - Goutetsu
Tales of Phantasia: The Animation - Mars
Teknoman - Lance, Ringo
Texhnolyze - Kimata Motoharu
The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya - Okabe-sensei, Kiyosumi Morimura, Shamisen (Season 2)
Transformers: Robots in Disguise - Hotshot, Ironhide
Trigun - Chapel the Evergreen, Ingway
Tenchi Muyo! GXP - Minami Kuramitsu, Mr. Kaunaq, Wau Shaman
Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-Ohki - D3, Minami Kuramitsu
Tsukihime, Lunar Legend - Makihisa Tohno, Doctor, Male announcer
Ultra Maniac - Butler, Nina's Grandfather
Vampire Hunter D - D, D's Left Hand
Vampire Princess Miyu - Mr. Shigere
Vandread - Hibiki's Grandfather
Vandread: The Second Stage - Doyen, Man
Windaria - King Draco
Witch Hunter Robin - Cornelli / Professor / Kazuma Karata
X - Kyogou Monou
Ys - Slaff
YS-II - Sada Hadat
Zatch Bell! - Li-Akron the Crime Lord
Zillion: Burning Night - Rick
Animation
Avatar: The Last Airbender - Various
Bureau of Alien Detectors - Ben Packard
Creepy Crawlers - Additional Voices
G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero - Cross-Country
Inspector Mouse - Inspector Mouse
Iznogoud - Genie
Jin Jin and the Panda Patrol - Various
RedHand Animation - Narrator
Oliver Twist - Various
The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo - The Mirror Demon (ep. 4)
The Real Ghostbusters - Steve Jennings
The Return of Dogtanian - Narrator
The Transformers - Cosmos, Tracks
The Wisdom of The Gnomes - Narrator
Visionaries: Knights of the Magical Light - Ectar, Lexor
Walter Melon - Sneero (season 1)
Zentrix - Emperor Jarad/Dark General/Quantum
Live-action
Adventures in Voice Acting - Himself
Black Lightning - Prof. Viktor Kuptsov (English dub)
The Hallo Spencer Show - Poldi (voice, uncredited)
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers - Gork (voice, uncredited), Repellator (voice, uncredited)
Marseille - Robert Taro (Gérard Depardieu, English dub)
Masked Rider - Gork (voice)
Passions - Detective
The District - "The Greenhouse Effect" - Max Cartwright
Beetleborgs Metallix - Mole Monster (voice)
Power Rangers: Turbo - Strikeout (voice, uncredited)
Power Rangers: Lost Galaxy - Motor Mantis (voice)
Power Rangers: Lightspeed Rescue - Mantevil (voice)
Power Rangers: Wild Force - Narrator (Opening)
VR Troopers - Fiddlebot (voice)
Versus - Detective (English dub)
Violetta - Herman (English dub)
Film
Akira (Pioneer/Animaze) - Resistance Member 2
A Turtle's Tale 2: Sammy's Escape from Paradise - Security Guard
Cardcaptor Sakura: The Movie 2 - The Sealed Card - Fujitaka Kinomoto
The Bike Squad - Stan Jackson
The Castle of Cagliostro - Count Cagliostro (Streamline version)
Cromartie High - The Movie - Shinichi Mechazawa, Narrator
The Dog of Flanders - Mr. Cogetz
Fate/stay night: Unlimited Blade Works - Berserker
Little Big Panda - Mr. Teng
Fist of the North Star movie - Shin
Fly Me to the Moon - American Newscaster
Frog-g-g! - Huntley Grimes
G.I. Joe: The Movie - Cross Country
Jungle Shuffle - Helms
Lupin The 3rd: The Movie - The Secret of Mamo - Special Agent Gordon
Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland - Etiquette Master
The Little Polar Bear - Mika
Naruto the Movie: Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow - Director Makino
Redline - Machine Head
Sakura Wars: The Movie - Yoritsune Hanakouji
Scream Bloody Murder - Principal Burden
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze - Master Tatsu (voice)
The Adventures of Panda Warrior - Captain
Tiger and Bunny: The Rising - Johnny Wong
Zeiram 2 - Kamiya
Video games
.hack//G.U. series - Sirius
Vol.1//Rebirth
Vol.2//Reminisce
Vol.3//Redemption
Ancient Quest of Saqqarah - Khufu
Battleship - Commander Alan Colder
Bleach: Soul Resurrección - Baraggan Louisenbairn
Blue Dragon - Jiro's Father, Marumaro's Father, Yasato
Boogerman: A Pick and Flick Adventure - Boogerman
Call of Duty 3 - Narrator
Crackdown trilogy (2007–2019) - Director Charles Goodwin
Dead or Alive: Dimensions - Raidou
Diablo II - Necromancer/Warrior/Warriv
Diablo III - Rondal- Act 3 Soldier
Supreme Commander - Berry - UEF Commander
Eureka Seven Vol. 1: The New Wave - Captain Pete Saville (uncredited)
Final Fantasy IV - FuSoYa, Cagnazzo
Final Fantasy XI - Intro FMV Narrator
Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles: The Crystal Bearers - Jegran
Hearthstone - Uther the Lightbringer, The Lich King, Kel'Thuzad (Archlich), Various minions
Heroes of the Storm - Uther the Lightbringer, The Lich King, Kel'Thuzad (Archlich), Xul (Necromancer), Deathwing
Infex - Kendall
Lost Planet 2 - Additional voices
Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker - Soldiers/Extras
ModNation Racers - Chief
Mortal Kombat series
Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe - Kano
Mortal Kombat - Kano, Ermac
Mortal Kombat X - Kano
NCIS: The Video Game - Trevor Gates
Ninja Gaiden 3/Ninja Gaiden 3: Razor's Edge - Ken Ishigami
Phantasmat - The Hotel Owner
Rave Master - Lance
Red Faction: Guerrilla - Red Faction Commander
Rune Factory: Tides of Destiny - Bacchus
Sengoku Basara: Samurai Heroes - Shingen Takeda
Seven Samurai 20XX - Kambei
Shadow Hearts: Covenant - Minister Ishimura
Star Ocean: First Departure - Ashlay Bernbeldt
Street Fighter IV/Super Street Fighter IV/Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition/Ultra Street Fighter IV - Seth
Street Fighter V - Seth, Daigo Kazama
The Last Remnant - Ludope
Transformers: Armada The Game - Bruticus
Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos - Uther the Lightbringer, Kel'Thuzad
World of Warcraft - Kel'Thuzad
World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade - Epoch Hunter, Aeonus, Legionnaire 03, High Warlord Naj'entus
World of Warcraft: Wrath of the Lich King - The Lich King, King Ymiron, Commander Kolurg, Uther the Lightbringer
World of Warcraft: Cataclysm - Deathwing
World of Warcraft: Mists of Pandaria - Sergeant VerdoneWorld of Warcraft: Shadowlands - Uther the Lightbringer
X-Morph: Defense - General
Xenosaga Episode II - Margulis
Xenosaga Episode III - Margulis
Staff credits
Voice director
Berserk Cyborg 009: Call of Justice Descent to Undermountain Seven Knights
Star Trek: 25th Anniversary Enhanced Star Trek: Judgment Rites Stonekeep Transformers: Robots in Disguise Script writer
Aldnoah.Zero Around the World in 80 Dreams Beetleborgs Metallix Bleach Bob in a Bottle Bumpety Boo Chobits Creepy Crawlers Digimon: Digital Monsters Fate/stay night: Unlimited Blade Works Flint the Time Detective Gad Guard Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics Gulliver's Travels Hello Kitty's Paradise I'm Telling! Iznogoud Jin Jin and the Panda Patrol JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Jungle Tales Little Mouse on the Prairie Lunar Legend Tsukihime Maple Town Mars Daybreak Masked Rider Maya the Bee Mighty Morphin' Power Rangers Mon Colle Knights Noozles Ox Tales Phoenix Princess Tenko Saban's Adventures of Peter Pan Saban's Adventures of Pinocchio Saban's Adventures of the Little Mermaid Samurai Pizza Cats Sandokan s-CRY-ed Shinzo The Littl' Bits The Seven Deadly Sins
The Wisdom of The Gnomes Transformers: Robots in Disguise VR Troopers Wowser Casting director
Descent to Undermountain Star Trek: Judgment Rites Star Trek: 25th Anniversary Enhanced Stonekeep Internet series
Star Trek: Odyssey 1x05, "Keepers of the Wind" - Overseer Liendo
Star Trek: The Helena Chronicles'' 1x03, "Letter of the Law" - Sidron
References
External links
Interview with Michael McConnohie and Melodee Spevack
VoxWorks
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Living people
American casting directors
American male voice actors
American male video game actors
American male television writers
American television writers
American voice directors
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20McConnohie |
The following lists events that happened during 1895 in Australia.
Incumbents
Premiers
Premier of New South Wales was George Reid
Premier of South Australia was Charles Kingston
Premier of Queensland was Hugh Nelson
Premier of Tasmania was Edward Braddon
Premier of Western Australia was John Forrest
Premier of Victoria was George Turner
Governors
Governor of New South Wales – Robert Duff until 21 March, then Henry Brand, 2nd Viscount Hampden
Governor of Queensland – Henry Wylie Norman until 31 December
Governor of South Australia – Algernon Keith-Falconer, 9th Earl of Kintore until 10 April, then Sir Thomas Buxton, 3rd Baronet
Governor of Tasmania – Jenico Preston, 14th Viscount Gormanston
Governor of Victoria – John Hope, 1st Marquess of Linlithgow until 12 July, then Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey
Governor of Western Australia – William C. F. Robinson until 22 December, then Gerard Smith
Events
8 August - The steamship SS Catterthun strikes Seal Rocks, NSW, and founders, killing 55 persons
17 August - The Albert Railway Bridge opens in Brisbane
10 December - Launceston, Tasmania becomes the first Australian city to be powered by hydro-electricity with the opening of the Duck Reach Power Station
Arts and literature
6 April - The song Waltzing Matilda is first performed at the North Gregory Hotel, Winton, Queensland.
Banjo Paterson publishes his first major collection of poetry, The Man from Snowy River and Other Verses
Tom Roberts painted Bailed Up
Little Donah Polka published under the name 'Ansell Hope' (unidentified)
Reverend Alfred Wheeler (composer) publishes Sailing Together
Sport
Auraria wins the Melbourne Cup
Victoria wins the Sheffield Shield
Births
6 January – Hudson Fysh, aviator, joint founder of Qantas (d. 1974)
14 March – Duncan Thompson, rugby league footballer, coach and administrator (d. 1980)
13 April – Ivan Stedman, swimmer (d. 1979)
31 October – Les Darcy, boxer (d. 1917)
Deaths
29 December – Arthur Sidney Olliff, taxonomist (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1865)
References
Australia
Years of the 19th century in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1895%20in%20Australia |
The list of ship commissionings in 1995 includes a chronological list of all ships commissioned in 1995.
See also
1995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ship%20commissionings%20in%201995 |
Tracey Greenwood is a professional fitness competitor on the IFBB circuit.
Biography
Tracey became interested in fitness and bodybuilding during high school. Tracey would buy copies of Muscle & Fitness and would see pictures of early bodybuilders such as Cory Everson, Tonya Knight, and Rachel McLish. These early pioneers of female bodybuilding inspired Tracey and she decided to pursue her dream of becoming a fitness competitor. She started training in her senior year of high school, but didn't become serious until college. She won her first contest as an amateur in 1997 at the Europa Fitness Championships. Tracey continued competing as an amateur until 2001 when she took second place at the NPC USA Championships thus earning her Pro Card.
Aside from competing as an IFBB professional, Tracey also trains aspiring athletes for figure and fitness competition. She sponsors her own NPC contest (Tracey Greenwood Fitness and Figure Classic) and is a judge at the NPC state level. She earned a B.S. in exercise physiology from the University of Delaware in 1991 and a M.S. in health education from Saint Joseph's University in 1996. She possesses a Ph.D. in exercise physiology at Temple University. She also volunteers time for the animal rescue Adopt a Boxer Rescue.
Contest history
1997 Pittsburgh NPC Fitness Championships – 4th
1997 Europa NPC Fitness Championships – 1st
1998 New Jersey Gold's Classic – 1st
1999 North American Championships – 3rd
2000 NPC USA Championships – 9th
2000 Team Universe Championships – 5th
2000 NPC Pittsburgh Amateur – Overall champion
2000 NPC National Championships – 4th
2001 NPC USA Championships – 2nd (earned Pro Card)
2002 IFBB Southwest Pro – 9th
2002 IFBB Atlantic States – 9th
2002 Carl van Vechten Fitness Championships – 19th
2002 Jan Tana Classic (now defunct) – 3rd
2002 Fitness Olympia – 7th
2003 Fitness International – 6th
2003 Night of Fitness – 5th
2003 Jan Tana Classic (now defunct) – 1st
2003 Fitness Olympia – 4th
2003 GNC Show of Strength – 6th
2004 Fitness Olympia 5th
2005 Europa Supershow Champion
2005 Fitness Olympia – 4th
2005 Bulk Nutrition – 2nd place
2006 Fitness Olympia – 5th
2007 Fitness International – 6th
2007 New York Pro – 1st
2007 Atlantic City Pro – 1st
2008 Europa Supershow Champion
External links
Tracey Greenwood
Living people
Fitness and figure competitors
Saint Joseph's University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracey%20Greenwood |
Kwadacha, also known as Fort Ware or simple Ware, is an aboriginal community in northern British Columbia, Canada, located in the Rocky Mountain Trench at the confluence of the Finlay, Kwadacha and Fox Rivers, in the Rocky Mountain Trench upstream from the end of the Finlay Reach (north arm) of Williston Lake. The population is about 350. It is in the federal electoral riding of Prince George-Peace River.
The community is home to Kwadacha First Nation, a Sekani First Nation but a member of the Kaska Dena tribal council.
History
The area is part of the traditional territory of the Sekani-speaking people, the Kwadacha, and called Tahche in their language.
In 1927, the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) established an outpost of Fort Grahame, naming it the Whitewater trading post. It was first built in Deserters Canyon farther along Finlay River, but was later relocated near the meeting of Fox, Kwadacha and Finlay Rivers. It became a "full-fledged" post in 1929. The fort introduced the local Kwadacha people to its wares as well as commercial trapping, still a mainstay of life in the region and for the Kwadacha First Nation. .
In 1938, the fort was renamed Fort Ware after William Ware (1872-1957). Ware had worked for HBC since 1895, rising from Chief Factor company store at Telegraph Creek in 1911 to the District Manager of Fur Trade (1927-1932). William reportedly portaged across Canada to set up Telegraph Creek Trading Post, meeting and hunting with Louis Riel along the way.
The HBC post was closed on 31 May 1953.
Flooding from Bennett Dam
The community of Fort Ware was relocated from its original location due to the flooding of the lower Finlay Valley by Lake Williston in the late 1960s.
Some current inhabitants of Fort Ware are relocatees (and their descendants) who formerly lived at locations (such as Finlay Forks, located at the confluence of the Finlay and Parsnip Rivers). Before the Bennett Dam was completed on the Peace River in 1967, the combined flow of the Finlay and Parsnip were the beginning of the Peace River, but which itself is now the Peace Arm of Lake Williston. Finlay Forks was one of several native communities that were flooded out during the creation of Lake Williston (British Columbia's largest lake and one of the world's largest man-made lakes).
Infrastructure
Transportation
No provincial highways reach the community, but a logging road extends north from the Prince George region. A 70 km logging road connects the community with the Tsay Keh Dene village, whose people are closely related. Additionally there are a series of horse trails following the rocky mountain trench north, ending at the Alaska highway. These trails are not accessible by vehicle and thus is said to take around two weeks to traverse.
A bridge has been completed across the river that lies on the south side of the village.
The community has a small public airport known as Fort Ware Airport.
Communication
Telephone service was installed in the community by Northwestel in early 1986, connected by satellite to the long-distance network. Dial-up internet was provisioned circa 2005. There is no cellular service. Most air service and call traffic is exchanged southward to Mackenzie and Prince George.
Geography
The mountains which flank the western side of the Trench northwest from Fort Ware are the Omineca Mountains, vast subgroup of the Stikine Ranges. The nearby Muskwa-Kechika Management Area and Kwadacha Wilderness Provincial Park comprise a vast and rugged alpine region spanning the northern Rockies to the north and east of Fort Ware, which are for the most part even more inaccessible than Fort Ware, as are the Omineca Ranges.
See also
Fort Ware Airport (CAJ9)
Fort Ware Water Aerodrome (CAW6)
References
Unincorporated settlements in British Columbia
Fur trade
Hudson's Bay Company forts
Northern Interior of British Columbia
Populated places in the Peace River Regional District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwadacha |
James John Foster (September 13, 1905 – January 4, 1969) was a Scottish-Canadian ice hockey goaltender. He is best known for his role in leading the Great Britain men's national ice hockey team to its only gold medal, in ice hockey at the 1936 Winter Olympics. He was posthumously inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 2023.
Early life
Born in Glasgow, Foster emigrated to Winnipeg, Manitoba in 1912. Foster first rose to prominence as a hockey player in the Winnipeg Junior Hockey League in the early 1920s. With the Winnipeg Argonauts, and later the University of Manitoba, Foster earned a reputation as "the world's finest goaltender." His team won the Manitoba Junior Provincial Championship in 1925, and he was a two-time winner of the Manitoba Championship, first in 1927 with the Winnipeg Winnipegs and in 1930 with the Elmwood Millionaires. Around this time, he suffered a broken leg and had to briefly leave hockey. In 1931, he joined the Moncton Hawks of the Maritime Senior Hockey League, a team which he led to the Allan Cup finals in 1932. Foster went an astounding 417 minutes without allowing a goal. He also led the Hawks to victories in the Allan Cup in 1933 and 1934, and during his three seasons with the team, he missed only one game.
Career
Return to Britain
In 1935, along with the coach of the Moncton Hawks and Foster's longtime mentor, Percy Nicklin, Foster moved to London to play for the Richmond Hawks. He was selected to the All-Star team, and his new Hawks finished in a tie for first in the league. The Canadian Amateur Hockey Association suspended Foster and teammate Alexander Archer for "leaving the dominion without permission" to play in England. The International Ice Hockey Federation upheld the decision and the pair were only cleared to play in the Olympics when the Canadians waived the suspensions for the duration of the games.
1936 Olympic Games
In ice hockey at the 1936 Winter Olympics, Foster represented Great Britain in ice hockey. Foster, along with eight other British born players who had learned their hockey in Canada, a Canadian born British resident and two British natives, helped to lead Great Britain to its first and only Olympic gold medal in ice hockey, narrowly beating out Canada. In seven games, Foster allowed only three goals, recording four shutouts. Foster was allowed to play in the Olympics when Canadian Amateur Hockey Association president E. A. Gilroy chose not enforce a suspension on the eve of the Olympics as a gesture of sportsmanship towards Great Britain.
Later career
In the years following the 1936 Olympics, Foster continued to represent Great Britain in international competition, leading the nation to back-to-back European Championships in 1937 and 1938. After playing a season with the Harringay Greyhounds, Foster returned to Canada in 1940 to work in an aircraft factory. He later played for the Glace Bay Miners and the Quebec Aces. He was inducted into the British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame in 1950. As he once thought of entering the Church, he was nicknamed "The Parson".
Awards and achievements
Turnbull Cup (MJHL) Championship (1925)
Allan Cup Championships (1933 & 1934)
Inducted into the British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame in 1950
"Honoured Member" of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame
Inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 2023
References
External links
Jimmy Foster's biography at British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame
Jimmy Foster's biography at Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame
1905 births
1969 deaths
British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Elmwood Millionaires players
Harringay Greyhounds players
Ice hockey people from Winnipeg
Ice hockey players at the 1936 Winter Olympics
IIHF Hall of Fame inductees
Medalists at the 1936 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Olympic ice hockey players for Great Britain
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Scottish emigrants to Canada
Scottish ice hockey goaltenders
Scottish Olympic medallists
Sportspeople from Glasgow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Foster%20%28ice%20hockey%29 |
The list of ship commissionings in 2003 includes a chronological list of all ships commissioned in 2003.
See also
2003
Ship commissionings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ship%20commissionings%20in%202003 |
Lewis John Wynford Vaughan-Thomas (né Thomas) (15 August 1908 – 4 February 1987) was a Welsh newspaper journalist and radio and television broadcaster. In later life he took the name Vaughan-Thomas after his father.
Early life and education
Thomas was born in Swansea, in South Wales, the second son of Dr. David Vaughan Thomas, a Professor of Music, and Morfydd Lewis, the daughter of Daniel Lewis who was one of the leaders of the Rebecca Riots in Pontarddulais.
He attended the Bishop Gore School, Swansea, where the English master was the father of Dylan Thomas, who was just entering the school at the time that Vaughan-Thomas was leaving for Exeter College, Oxford. At Oxford he read modern history and gained a second class academic degree.
Career
BBC
In the mid-1930s, Vaughan-Thomas joined the BBC and, in 1937, gave the Welsh-language commentary on the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. This was the precursor to several English-language commentaries on state occasions he was to give after the Second World War. During the war, he established his name and reputation as one of the BBC's most distinguished war correspondents. His most memorable report was from an RAF Lancaster bomber during a real bombing raid over Nazi Berlin. Other notable reports were from the Battle of Anzio, the Burgundy vineyards, Lord Haw-Haw's broadcasting studio and the Belsen concentration camp.
In 1953, he was one of a team of BBC commentators on the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. He commentated on the funeral of his fellow wartime BBC correspondent Richard Dimbleby in 1965.
Harlech Television
In 1967, after leaving the BBC, Vaughan-Thomas was one of the founders of Harlech Television (HTV, now ITV Wales), being appointed director of programmes. As a frequent TV broadcaster himself throughout his early career with the BBC, he had adopted the required BBC accent of the time, but employed his more natural native Welsh accent to even better effect in his later career.
In 1985, Vaughan-Thomas notably presented the 13-part series The Dragon Has Two Tongues with Gwyn Alf Williams. The series saw lengthy and often passionate discussions on Welsh history, with the two presenters representing opposing points of view, Williams being a Marxist historian and Vaughan-Thomas being described by Geraint H. Jenkins as his "affable Whiggish co-presenter".
Writing
Vaughan-Thomas wrote numerous books, many on Wales and a favourite subject of his, the Welsh countryside.
His wartime overview and experiences, and his successful broadcasting career later, enabled him to view life and its vagaries with what he called "pointless optimism" — a perspective that served him.
His 1961 book Anzio was adapted as the 1968 Italian-American film Anzio, about the Battle of Anzio, the Allied seaborne assault on the Italian port of Anzio south of Rome during the Second World War.
Heritage
In May 1970, when president of the Council for the Protection of Rural Wales, Vaughan-Thomas officially opened the Pembrokeshire Coast Path in the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park at its southern end, at Amroth.
Private life
In 1946, Thomas married Charlotte Rowlands.
Honours
He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1974 Birthday Honours for services to Wales, and promoted Commander (CBE) in the 1986 Birthday Honours for services to Welsh culture.
He died in Fishguard, Pembrokeshire, on 4 February 1987, aged 78.
Memorial
A memorial was constructed after his death, completed and unveiled in 1990 at Cadair viewpoint, near Aberhosan (at ), in the form of a toposcope looking out over the rolling hills and mountains of Wales, with a depiction of Vaughan-Thomas pointing towards Snowdon, Wales' highest peak, which is just visible on a clear day.
Works
Anzio (1961)
Madly in All Directions (1967)
The Shell Guide to Wales (1969, with Alun Llewellyn)
Portrait of Gower (1976)
Great Little Trains Of Wales (1976)
Trust to Talk (1980)
Wynford Vaughan-Thomas's Wales (1981)
Princes of Wales (1982)
The Countryside Companion (1983)
Dalgety (1984)
Wales: a History (1985)
How I Liberated Burgundy: And Other Vinous Adventures (1985)
References
Further reading
– autobiography
External links
BBC Wales History
BBC Cymru
Thames Television Interview from 1972
Wynford Vaughan-Thomas Papers at the National Library of Wales
1908 births
1987 deaths
Welsh-language television presenters
Welsh-speaking journalists
British male journalists
Mass media people from Swansea
People educated at Bishop Gore School
Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford
Welsh journalists
Welsh radio presenters
Welsh television presenters
BBC newsreaders and journalists
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
20th-century British journalists
20th-century British male writers
20th-century Welsh writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynford%20Vaughan-Thomas |
Bathurst Inlet (Inuinnaqtun: Qingaut Kingaok, Inuktitut syllabics: ᕿᙵᐅᓐ), is a small Inuit community located in Bathurst Inlet in the Kitikmeot Region of Nunavut, Canada.
The Inuit name for the community is Kingaun (old orthography) or Qingaut (new orthography), meaning nose mountain, which refers to a hill close to the community. Thus, the people of the area are referred to as "Kingaunmiut" (miut - people of).
The traditional language of the area was Inuinnaqtun, and is written using the Latin alphabet rather than the syllabics of the Inuktitut writing system. Like Kugluktuk, Cambridge Bay and Umingmaktok syllabics are rarely seen and used mainly by the Government of Nunavut.
Bathurst Inlet is the traditional birthing grounds of a "key northern species", the large, migratory Bathurst herd of barren-ground caribou. Over millennia, the Inuit, First Nations and Métis depended on the Bathurst Inlet herd for survival.
History
The first Europeans known to have visited the area was during the first expedition of John Franklin in 1821. There was little outside contact until 1936 when both the Catholic Church and the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) arrived. Although, the Hudson's Bay Company abandoned the site in 1964 (for Umingmaktok) the Inuit decided to remain in the area and continue the traditional lifestyle.
During the early 1960s, the area was visited by Glen Warner, a sergeant with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Warner, along with his wife Trish, purchased both the mission house and the HBC post which they turned into the "Bathurst Inlet Lodge". It is operated today as a joint venture between the Warners and the Kapolaks, and is open during the short Arctic summer.
The lodge is a popular destination for tourists who wish to see a more traditional type Inuit lifestyle and wildlife such as foxes, seals, barren-ground caribou, Arctic char and muskox. Also in the area is the Wilberforce Falls, the highest waterfall above the Arctic Circle.
Like other communities in Nunavut, the only access is by aircraft. Although most tourists arrive from Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, it is possible to charter an aircraft from Cambridge Bay. The community has no local phone service and contact with the outside world is maintained by satellite phone.
Like its sister community, Umingmaktok, schooling is provided by flying the students to Cambridge Bay and returning them for Christmas and the summer.
Dr. L.H. Vashon, Dr. Rosalie Garcia, and Dr. Carl Smith visited Bathurst Inlet and the surrounding areas in 1993 to study the Casimir effect.
Demographics
In the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada, Bathurst Inlet had a population of 0 living in 0 of its 0 total private dwellings, no change from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Bathurst herd
Bathurst Inlet is the traditional birthing grounds of the migratory Bathurst herd of barren-ground caribou. The herd had experienced a rapid decline from 186,000 animals in 2003 to "approximately 16,000-22,000 animals" in 2015. The herd migrates from the birthing grounds to their winter grounds which extends from southern and central Northwest Territories (NWT). In some years, the herd winters as "far south as northern Saskatchewan." According to Environment and Natural Resources (ENR), "The Bathurst Herd are barren-ground caribou, a key northern species. They have shaped the cultural identity of First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples over millennia through mutual relationships built on respect." The Bathurst herd was the lifeblood of the Lutsel K'e Dene First Nation in the N.W.T., but by 2017, they faced "a complete ban on hunting from the Bathurst caribou herd."
Sabina gold and silver project
With hopes of more jobs and the guarantee of state-of-the-art protection for the Bathurst caribou, the Kitikmeot Inuit Association among others, have agreed to the gold mine proposal by Vancouver-based Sabina Gold and Silver in the final hearings. The mine will be open-pit and underground and will be located about south of Bathurst Inlet. Sabina's Matthew Pickard said, "Our objective is to have no impact on caribou herds as a result of this project." According to the CBC, the "proposed mine lies on the eastern fringe of the Bathurst caribou range and in the midst of the range of the Beverly/Ahiak herd, but does not significantly infringe on the calving or post-calving grounds of either herd."
Gallery
See also
Umingmuktogmiut, a geographically defined Copper Inuit band in the northern Canadian territory of Nunavut.
References
Further reading
Bathurst Caribou Management Planning Committee. A Management Plan for the Bathurst Caribou Herd. [N.W.T.]: Bathurst Caribou Management Planning Committee, 2005.
Bird, John Brian. Bathurst Inlet, Northwest Territories. [Ottawa]: Geographical Branch, Mines and Technical Surveys, 1961.
Cody, William J. New Plant Records from Bathurst Inlet, N.W.T. S.l: s.n, 1954.
Gunn, A., and Adrian D'Hont. Extent of Calving for the Bathurst and Ahiak Caribou Herds, June 2002. Yellowknife, NWT: Dept. of Resources, Wildlife & Economic Development, Govt. of the Northwest Territories, 2002.
Kerr, Daniel K. 1996. "Late Quaternary Sea Level History in the Paulatuk to Bathurst Inlet Area, Northwest Territories". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 33, no. 3: 389.
Kingsley, Michael. A Literature Survey of the Wildlife of Bathurst Inlet, Northwest Territories. Edmonton, Alta: Canadian Wildlife Service, 1979.
McEwen, Eoin H. 1957. "Birds Observed at Bathurst Inlet, Northwest Territories". Canadian Field-Naturalist. 71, no. 3: 109–115.
Relf, Carolyn Diane. Report on Lapidary Occurrences in the Bathurst Inlet Area, N.W.T. Yellowknife: NWT Geology Division - NAP, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, 1993.
Thorpe, N. L. 1997. "The Tuktu and Nogak Project: Inuit Knowledge About Caribou and Calving Areas in the Bathurst Inlet Region". Arctic. 50, no. 4: 381.
Thorpe, Natasha, Sandra Eyegetok, and Naikak Hakongak. Thunder on the Tundra Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit of the Bathurst Caribou. [Ikaluktuuthak, NU]: Tuktu and Nogak Project, 2001.
Zoltai, S. C., D. J. Karasiuk, and G. W. Scotter. A Natural Resource Survey of the Bathurst Inlet Area, Northwest Territories. Ottawa: Parks Canada, 1980.
External links
Government of Nunavut
Ghost towns in Nunavut
Hudson's Bay Company trading posts in Nunavut
Populated places in the Kitikmeot Region
Road-inaccessible communities of Nunavut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathurst%20Inlet%2C%20Nunavut |
WLEC (1450 AM) – branded as 1450 AM WLEC – is a commercial oldies/full service radio station licensed to Sandusky, Ohio. Owned by Fremont-based BAS Broadcasting, the station serves the Sandusky/Port Clinton/Lake Erie Islands market (collectively referred to as Vacationland and/or the Firelands), including Erie, Ottawa, and Huron counties.
WLEC is the local affiliate of Westwood One's America's Best Music, in addition to the Cleveland Guardians, the Cleveland Cavaliers, the NFL on Westwood One, and the Ohio State radio networks. The WLEC studios and transmitter are co-located in a Quonset hut east of Sandusky's downtown. In addition to a standard analog transmission, WLEC's programming simulcasts over low-power FM translator W228BN (93.5 FM), and is also available online.
In addition, WLEC is the home for weekly local high school football and basketball broadcasts.
History
WLEC began broadcasting December 7, 1947, as a Mutual affiliate on 1450 kHz with 250 watts of power (full-time). The licensee was Lake Erie Broadcasting Company. After signing on, WLEC became a charter affiliate of the Cleveland Indians Radio Network—which originated from WJW (850 AM) and WJW-FM (104.1) starting with the 1948 season—WLEC has remained an affiliate and is the longest-tenured affiliate in the network. WLEC also became an affiliate of the Standard Network, also originating from WJW-FM, at the end of 1948.
WLEC and WLEC-FM (the latter was established a year prior) were purchased by former Cleveland Mayor Ray T. Miller's Cleveland Broadcasting Incorporated in January 1960; Miller founded both WERE (1300 AM) and WERE-FM (98.5) in Cleveland, and also owned WERC (1260 AM) in Erie, Pennsylvania, later purchasing KFAC (1330 AM) and KFAC (92.3 FM) in Los Angeles.
After Ray T. Miller's death in 1966, Cleveland Broadcasting Incorporated was acquired by Atlantic States Industries (ASI) for a combined $9 million in May 1968. Due to ASI already owning five AM stations and one FM station, and because of an interim policy/proposed rule by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) that prohibited the purchase of an AM and FM station in the same market—the "one-to-a-customer" policy—the FCC ordered the divestiture of WERE-FM, along with WLEC and WLEC-FM, to a third party. While General Cinema Corporation purchased WERE-FM after a prior divestiture attempt failed, WLEC and WLEC-FM were initially sold to RadiOhio that December, but that sale was also dismissed.
Both WLEC and WLEC-FM were ultimately retained by the sellers and spun off to a limited partnership, Lake Erie Broadcasting. Cleveland Broadcasting president Richard H. Miller became WLEC's general manager, then purchased both stations outright in August 1971, under the Miller Broadcasting name.
In July 1986 the station was sold by Miller Broadcasting, headed by Richard H. Miller of Cleveland, to Erie Broadcasting Co., owned by Cleveland's Jim Embrescia. After a brief period in the hands of Signal One Communications from October 1987 to May 1990, it passed, along with WCPZ FM 102.7, to Erie Broadcasting II, Inc., a new company also headed by Embrescia. The format at the time was full-service adult contemporary.
On April 30, 1997, it was announced that Jacor Communications, Inc. agreed to buy WLEC and WCPZ from Erie Broadcasting II, Inc. for $7.65 million. The sale was approved and the license transferred on June 25. In May 1999, Clear Channel Communications completed its $6.5 billion purchase of Jacor and its 454 stations, including WLEC.
WLEC itself maintained a pop standards/beautiful music format dubbed "American Music Classics". This was a traditional leaning standards format playing artists like Frank Sinatra, Barbra Streisand, Nat King Cole, Neil Diamond, Ella Fitzgerald, Tony Bennett, Carpenters, Ames Brothers, and others. The station also mixed in small amounts of contemporary artists doing standards such as Rod Stewart, Michael Bublé, Diana Krall, and others. WLEC dropped standards and switched to Fox Sports Radio on September 8, 2006.
On November 16, 2006, WLEC, WCPZ and WMJK were formally announced for sale as part of Clear Channel's divestiture of almost 450 small and middle-market radio properties in the U.S. The cluster was sold on January 15, 2008, to Fremont, Ohio based BAS Broadcasting, and BAS took over all three stations on February 1. WLEC then sort of changed back to a standards format on March 3, 2008, using the more classic adult contemporary Timeless format of soft oldies from the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s from ABC Radio (later Citadel Media).
Following Citadel Media's ending the Timeless format in February 2010, WLEC adopted the "Lounge" format from Dial Global Local (formerly part of the Waitt Radio Networks umbrella of formats). This went on until June 2012, when the Lounge was discontinued; WLEC then went with Dial Global's America's Best Music format, which is similar to "The Lounge".
WLEC changed the music portion of its format from Adult Standards/Soft AC to Oldies in July 2020. Music programming now comes from Local Radio Networks' "Super Hits" service.
References
External links
FM translator
LEC
Oldies radio stations in the United States
Sandusky, Ohio
Radio stations established in 1947
1947 establishments in Ohio
Full service radio stations in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLEC |
Polyvision was the name given by the French film critic Émile Vuillermoz to a specialized widescreen film format devised exclusively for the filming and projection of Abel Gance's 1927 film Napoleon.
Polyvision involved the simultaneous projection of three reels of silent film arrayed in a horizontal row, making for a total aspect ratio of 4:1 (1.×3). Polyvision's extremely wide aspect ratio was the widest aspect ratio yet seen, even though it is technically just three images side by side. In 1955, the Walt Disney Company developed Circle-Vision 360° for use in Disneyland theme parks which used nine 4:3 35 mm projectors to show an image that completely surrounds the viewer.
This configuration is considered to be a similar precursor to Cinerama, which would debut a quarter of a century later; however, it is unlikely that Polyvision was a direct inspiration for later widescreen techniques, as the triptych sequence of Napoleon was cut from the film by its distributors after only a few screenings and was not seen again until Kevin Brownlow compiled his restorations from the 1970s onwards.
Description
Three film cameras were stacked vertically to shoot the widescreen compositions which would be viewed across all three sections. Gance also used the three strips to create triptych compositions of panels contrasting or simultaneous action, mirrored sides framing the center strip, and perceptual cross-cutting. In this respect, Polyvision can arguably be said to have inspired split screen compositions as well as in-eye edited experiments such as Mike Figgis's Timecode. Gance was unable to eliminate the problem of the two seams dividing the three panels of film as shown on screen, so he avoided the problem by putting three completely different shots together in some of the Polyvision scenes. When Gance viewed Cinerama many years later, he noticed that the widescreen image was still not seamless, that the problem was not entirely fixed.
Polyvision was only used for the final reel of Napoleon, to create a climactic finale. Filming the whole story in Polyvision was impractical as Gance wished for a number of innovative shots, each requiring greater flexibility than was allowed by three interlocked cameras. When the film was severely re-cut by the distributors very early on during exhibition, the new version only retained the center strip in order to allow projection in standard single-projector cinemas. Brownlow's restored version, first seen on 31 August 1979 at the Telluride Film Festival, in Telluride, Colorado, finishes with a flourish intended by Gance: it uses red and blue tinted film on the left and right panels to create le tricolore—the flag of Napoleon's triumphant army.
Difficulties in mounting a full screening of Napoleon with three simultaneous projectors mean that a true Polyvision presentation is rarely seen, with recent exhibitions of Napoleon using Polyvision having been in December 2004 and November 2013 at the Royal Festival Hall, in December 2009 at Cité de la Musique, and in March 2012 at the Paramount Theatre in Oakland, California.
Gance continued to tinker with the system with Parvo camera designer Andre Debrie for several decades afterward, and by 1956, it evolved into a system called Magirama very similar to the later Cinemiracle format. Magirama used three 35 mm film cameras at Academy format with the two side cameras shooting into mirrors; the projectors then used mirrors in an identical configuration in order to properly reverse the side images. This system was only used on a limited number of shots.
See also
List of film formats
References
Cinematic techniques
Motion picture film formats
Multi-screen film
Abel Gance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvision |
Cabo Blanco is a fishing village in northwestern Peru, 3 km northwest from El Alto, Talara, Piura. It was famous in the past among big-game fishermen and today is a noted surf break. The village takes its name from the light coloured nearby mountains.
In the 1950s and 1960s, fishermen traveled to Cabo Blanco to hunt big marlin. Ernest Hemingway stayed more than a month at the famous "Cabo Blanco Fishing Club" and caught a 700-pound marlin while filming the motion picture based on his novel, The Old Man and the Sea.
In 1952, model Patsy Pulitzer appeared in Sports Illustrated as one of the "World's Loveliest Sportswomen", after catching a 1,230-pound black marlin off Cabo Blanco, a then world-record fish for a woman. In 1953, Alfred Glassell Jr. caught the IGFA all tackle world record black marlin, weighing 1560 pounds.
In 1979, Peruvian surfer Gordo Barreda discovered the wave when he visited the village to check the surf in the area. The wave is a hollow powerful left and is reckoned the "Peruvian Pipeline", referring to the Banzai Pipeline in Hawaii. Swell from Hawaii does in fact go on to reach Peru; in the 1990s the best way to get a surf forecast was to phone Hawaii and whatever swell they had would arrive about 5 days later.
The wave breaks over sand and rock, with the sand building up through summer and being washed away progressively by winter swells. The wave inspires a kind of fanaticism among surfers. Although there are only about 20 locals, crowds of surfers are drawn to the wave from Lima (700 kilometres south), and from around the world. With modern swell forecasts and the internet, it's easy to know when swell is on the way, and the surfers once there all pack into a single tight takeoff zone, despite other waves elsewhere in the area.
A concrete pier was built for local fishermen a few years ago, replacing a wooden one which was between Cabo and Panic Point and was destroyed by the sea. The proposal had been to build it right through the takeoff zone of the Cabo wave, ruining the wave, but also being a difficult place to build. Sanity prevailed, and the pier was built about 150 metres north, but it still chops off the tail end of the ride.
Cabo Blanco was used as the location of the film Undertow (Contracorriente), directed by Javier Fuentes-León. The movie was released in 2010.
References
Without a Map: Northern Peru's dusty secrets article by Gonzalo Barandiaran at surfline.com
"BARRELS" Surf shortfilm by Vico Casquero -Shot at Cabo Blanco (Feb2013)
Cabo Blanco Magnifico at Paul Kennedy Photography (including pictures)
Cabo Blanco Tourist portal
"Cabo Blanco and its Marine Life" at PBS Nature
Ernest Hemingway at the Cabo Blanco Fishing Club
Populated places in the Piura Region
Surfing locations
Surfing locations in Peru | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabo%20Blanco%2C%20Peru |
Keith Scott (born 28 October 1953) is an Australian voice actor, comedian, impressionist and animation historian.
Career
At a young age, Scott was always enchanted by the mimics and impressionists on The Ed Sullivan Show. He began developing his ability to impersonate voices in high school, doing cartoon characters (the first of which being Mr. Jinks) and teacher's voices. In October 1972, just after leaving school, Scott was hired by William Hanna, the head of Hanna-Barbera, which had established a large animation studio in Sydney, Australia. He got the gig when he brought in some letters that he had received from Daws Butler (voice of Yogi Bear, Huckleberry Hound, etc.) in December 1970. Hanna gave him a letter of recommendation when he was retrenched from the H-B office, and his name was such a credible one that it got Scott an instant agent, and his voice-over career began. In 1974, Scott began doing either impersonations or original character voices in many anonymous radio and TV commercials, and was promoted at Sydney clubs as "the Voice of 1000 Commercials".
He also made many appearances on TV shows as a comic impressionist, including Hey Hey It's Saturday and The Midday Show, and has provided voices for various Australian animations, including Yoram Gross's Dot feature films, Blinky Bill (he also sang the original version of the theme song for the first season), Tabaluga, Skippy: Adventures in Bushtown and Flipper and Lopaka. In the case of Yoram Gross' productions, Scott began working for Gross in 1984 and usually provided all of the male character voices. Across Australia he can be heard on some fifty radio stations, skewering the reputations of media and political types in How Green Was My Cactus.
Scott became internationally famous for his expert "matching" of cartoon characters. In July 1990, he was appointed an official licensed voice of Warner Bros' Looney Tunes characters for Australia, following the death of Mel Blanc in 1989, and since then he did Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Tweety, Sylvester and the rest for countless animated TV commercials, live shows and promotions for Warner Bros. Movie World, Westfield, KFC etc. Scott had narrated a TV promotion for The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie in 1983, and met Blanc in May 1985, taping some impersonations for the Triple M network and trading blows with their voice impressions; he did Elmer Fudd and Jack Benny, while Blanc did Bugs and Sy the Mexican. He was also approved by Hanna-Barbera to do the voices of Fred Flintstone, Yogi Bear and others.
Scott was a long-time friend of Bill Scott (no relation) and Jay Ward (whom Scott had met in 1973), and is an expert on the history of Jay Ward Productions, authoring the book The Moose That Roared: The Story of Jay Ward, Bill Scott, a Flying Squirrel, and a Talking Moose (St. Martin's Press, 2000. ). He has also spent years studying the work of early voice actors, trying to identify performers who originally went uncredited in cartoons.
In 1991, a couple of years after Ward died in 1989, his daughter Tiffany took over his company and began revitalizing The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends characters. At that time Scott had made a tape of all the imitations of Bullwinkle J. Moose, Boris Badenov, Dudley Do-Right and a lot of the supporting characters in March of that year. Tiffany got a copy of the tape from June Foray (voice of Rocky the Flying Squirrel). Once Tiffany heard the tape, she realized that Scott had obviously studied it for years, so she and Ward's wife Ramona appointed him the official voices in 1992. Scott did the voice of the narrator in George of the Jungle and George of the Jungle 2, and provided the voices for Bullwinkle, Boris, Fearless Leader, The Narrator and the RBTV Announcer in the 2000 motion picture The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (for which he had been specially flown to the United States several times). Also in 2000, Scott was originally cast as the voice of Diesel 10 in Thomas and the Magic Railroad, but he was removed from the film afterwards because the US test audiences thought that Scott made Diesel 10 sound much too frightening for young children. However, his voice for Diesel 10 can still be heard in early UK and US trailers of the film. Apart from originally meant to be voicing Diesel 10, he also narrated the Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends toy merchandise commercials from Bluebird Toys in Australia in 1998.
Filmography
Film
Television
Shorts
Video games
Theme park attractions
Commercials
Radio
Discography
Live-action
Awards
Mo Awards
The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016. Keith Scott won three awards in that time.
(wins only)
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| 1978
| Keith Scott
| Johnny O'Keefe Encouragement Award
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| 2010
| Keith Scott
| Comedy Act of the Year
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| 2011
| Keith Scott
| Comedy Act of the Year
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References
External links
Official Home Page
1953 births
Living people
20th-century Australian comedians
20th-century Australian male actors
21st-century Australian comedians
21st-century Australian male actors
Australian impressionists (entertainers)
Australian male video game actors
Australian male voice actors
Blinky Bill
Historians of animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Scott%20%28voice%20actor%29 |
Spurr may refer to:
Spurr Township, Michigan
Mount Spurr, a volcano in Alaska
Spurr (crater), a lunar crater
People
Arthur Clinton Spurr, American lawyer
Josiah Edward Spurr, American geologist and explorer (eponym of the volcano and crater)
Laura Spurr, Tribal Chairwoman, Nottawaseppi Huron Band of the Potawatomi
Dr. Stephen Spurr, English public school headmaster
Tommy Spurr, English football player
Robert Spurr, rugby league footballer of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s
See also
Spur (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurr |
St. Charles Car Company, a railroad rolling stock manufacturing company located in St. Charles, Missouri, was founded in 1872 or 1873. In 1899 it merged with twelve other companies to form American Car and Foundry (ACF). The St. Charles plant became the main passenger car works. With a failing market for steel passenger cars, ACF phased out the St. Charles operation in 1959.
Its extant buildings are located in the Frenchtown Historic District.
See also
List of rolling stock manufacturers
References
External links
History of the company—ironhorse129
Historical pictures of the facility—Progressive St. Charles 1916
Historical pictures and sketches of the product—St. Charles Library District
Defunct rolling stock manufacturers of the United States
American Car and Foundry Company
St. Charles County, Missouri
Manufacturing companies established in 1873
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1899
1873 establishments in Missouri
1899 disestablishments in Missouri
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Missouri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Charles%20Car%20Company |
The Peloridiidae or moss bugs are a family of true bugs, comprising eighteen genera and thirty-four species. They are small, ranging in length from 2 to 4 mm, rarely seen, peculiarly lumpy, flattened bugs found in Patagonia (Argentina and Chile), New Zealand, eastern Australia, Lord Howe Island, and New Caledonia. Peloridiids are found amongst mosses and liverworts, commonly in association with southern beech forests. They have become known as moss bugs for their habit of feeding on mosses. Almost all Peloridiidae species are flightless, except one (Peloridium hammoniorum). Their present distribution suggests they have existed since before the breakup of Gondwana. They are the only living members of the suborder Coleorrhyncha, which first appeared in the Upper Permian, over 250 million years ago.
Evolution
Peloridiidae are the only extant family in the suborder Coleorrhyncha. Historically the Peloridiidae and their fossil kin were assigned to a variety of orders. In 1929 they were placed in the Homoptera, in 1962 they were placed in the Auchenorrhyncha, in 1963 they were placed in the Cicadomorpha, and in 1997 they were placed in Fulgoromorpha. However, essentially all sources since 1969 are in consensus that the Peloridiidae belong in Coleorrhyncha and that Coleorrhyncha is a sister group to the Heteroptera.
The question remains whether this affinity between the Coleorrhyncha and the Heteroptera necessitates the imposition of a suborder between them and the order Hemiptera. In 1995 Sorensen proposed the name Prosorrhyncha for such a suborder. (See the Heteroptera and Prosorrhyncha pages for a discussion).
The oldest members of Coleorrhyncha are known from the Upper Permian, over 250 million years ago, assigned to the family Progonocimicidae. It is likely that Progonocimicidae is paraphyletic, with other families of Coleorrhyncha derived from it. The closest relatives of Peloridiidae are the Hoploridiidae from the Early Cretaceous of Asia.
Genera
Craspedophysa Burckhardt, 2009
Hackeriella Evans, 1972
Hemiodoecellus Evans, 1959
Hemiodoecus China, 1924
Hemiowoodwardia Evans, 1972
Howeria Evans, 1959
Idophysa Burckhardt, 2009
Kuscheloides Evans, 1982
Oiophysa Drake & Salmon, 1950
Oiophysella Evans, 1982
Pantinia China, 1962
Peloridium Breddin, 1897
Peloridora China, 1955
Peltophysa Burckhardt, 2009
Rhacophysa Burckhardt, 2009
Xenophyes Bergroth, 1924
Xenophysella Evans, 1982
Notes
References
Other reading
Abstract
External links
Images of Peloridium hammoniorum http://homepage.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/Andre.Mursch/14.htm
Coleorrhyncha
Hemiptera families
Extant Permian first appearances | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloridiidae |
Louise Dahl-Wolfe (November 19, 1895 – December 11, 1989) was an American photographer. She is known primarily for her work for Harper's Bazaar, in association with fashion editor Diana Vreeland.
Background
Louise Emma Augusta Dahl was born November 19, 1895 in San Francisco, California to Norwegian immigrant parents; she was the youngest of three daughters. In 1914, she began her studies at the California School of Fine Arts (now the San Francisco Institute of Art), where she studied design and color with Rudolph Schaeffer, and painting with Frank Van Sloan. She took life drawing, anatomy, figure composition courses and other subjects over the next six years. After graduating, Dahl-Wolfe worked in designing electric signs and interiors. In 1921, Dahl-Wolfe met with photographer Anne Brigman, who inspired her to take up photography. Her first dark-room enlarger was a makeshift one she built herself, which used a tin can, an apple crate, and a part of a Ghirardelli chocolate box for a reflector. She studied design, decoration and architecture at Columbia University, New York in 1923. From 1927 to 1928, Dahl-Wolfe traveled with photographer Consuelo Kanaga, who furthered her interest in photography. Her first published photograph, titled Tennessee Mountain Woman, was published in Vanity Fair (U.S. magazine 1913–36). In 1928 she married the American sculptor Meyer Wolfe, who constructed the backgrounds of many of her photos. She shared Wolfe's interest in sculptural form and from the 1920s, her photographs demonstrate a concern with architecture, antiquity and negative space.
Career
Dahl-Wolfe was known for taking photographs outdoors, with natural light in distant locations from South America to Africa in what became known as "environmental" fashion photography. Compared to other photographers at the time who were using red undertones, Dahl-Wolfe opted for cooler hues and also corrected her own proofs, with one example of her pulling proofs repeatedly to change a sofa's color from green to a dark magenta.
She preferred portraiture to fashion photography. Notable portraits include: Mae West, Vivien Leigh, Cecil Beaton, Eudora Welty, W. H. Auden, Christopher Isherwood, Orson Welles, Carson McCullers, Edward Hopper, Colette and Josephine Baker. She is known for her role in the discovery of a teenage Lauren Bacall whom she photographed for the March 1943 cover of Harper's Bazaar. One of her favourite subjects was the model Mary Jane Russell, who is estimated to have appeared in about thirty percent of Dahl-Wolfe's photographs. She was a great influence on photographers Irving Penn and Richard Avedon. One of her assistants was fashion and celebrity photographer, Milton H. Greene.
From 1933 to 1960, Dahl-Wolfe operated a New York City photographic studio that was home to the freelance advertising and fashion work she made for stores including Bonwit Teller and Saks Fifth Avenue. From 1936 to 1958 Dahl-Wolfe was a staff fashion photographer at Harper’s Bazaar. She produced portrait and fashion photographs totaling 86 covers, 600 color pages and countless black-and-white shots. She worked with editor Carmel Snow, art director Alexey Brodovitch and fashion editor Diana Vreeland, and traveled widely. In 1950, she was selected for "America's Outstanding Woman Photographers" in the September issue of Foto. From 1958 until her retirement in 1960, Dahl-Wolfe worked as a freelance photographer for Vogue, Sports Illustrated, and other periodicals.
Dalhl-Wolfe lived many of her later years in Nashville, Tennessee. She died in New Jersey of pneumonia in 1989. The full archive of Dahl-Wolfe's work is located at the Center for Creative Photography (CCP) at the University of Arizona in Tucson, which also manages the copyright of her work.
In 1999, her work was the subject of a documentary film entitled Louise Dahl-Wolfe: Painting with Light. The film featured the only surviving modern footage of Dahl-Wolfe, including extensive interviews. It was written and directed by Tom Neff, edited by Barry Rubinow and produced by Neff and Madeline Bell.
Style
Among the celebrated fashion photographers of the 20th century, Louise Dahl-Wolfe was an innovator and influencer who significantly contributed to the fashion world. She was most widely known for her work with Harper’s Bazaar. Dahl-Wolfe was considered a pioneer of the 'female gaze' in the fashion industry. Dahl-Wolfe created the new image of American women during the world war II. They were strong and independent. Dahl-Wolfe often shot on location and outdoors, bringing her models out of the studio and to exotic locales such as Tunisia, Cuba and South America. Her models pose candidly, almost as if Dahl-Wolfe had just walked in on them. Dahl-Wolf innovatively used color in photography and mainly concerned with the qualities of natural lighting, composition, and balance. Her methodology in using natural sunlight and shooting outdoors became the industry standard even now.
World War II
When the Nazi occupation of Paris began on 14 June 1940, the Fashion Group in the city of New York promoted and protected the business of fashion, called a meeting to discuss the impact would have on American commerce. Having just recovered from the economic devastation of the Great Depression, the fashion manufactures being cut off from French designs. Some were hesitant to continue without the guideline of Europe, but many were decided to survive through the war by promoting a unique “American Look.” Louise Dahl-Wolfe was characterized by the "American Look," which set a beauty standard and trend in fashion.
“She is the most important woman, fashion photographer of the first half of the 20th century,” according to photographic expert Terrence Pepper and for Valerie Steele, the vitality and dynamism in Dahl-Wolfe’s work “were a big part of the rise of the American look.”
WHAT IS THIS? In 1943, President James Charles proclaimed the whole month of March as “Pride Month,” and the campaign raised $125 million war fund. This campaign demanded the most substantial amount of money in American history. Alongside with the tough circumstance, contemporary American women and professionals in the fashion industry, joined together to form a new style.
Selected works
Harper’s Bazaar cover, March 1943
Dahl-Wolfe dedicated to promoting patriotism in fashion in the World War II era. Her photography highlights the implications of World War II in the American fashion industry. The Harper’s Bazaar cover, March 1943, was one of the iconic photographs from Louise Dahl-Wolfe. The cover shows a young lady in front of the reception of American Red Cross Blood Donation clinic. She is styling chicly in an elegant navy suit, white blouse, black gloves, a cloche hat with long waves in her hair and holding a red bag with matching lipstick. The young woman looks either waiting to go inside to donate or about to leave the Red Cross blood donor room. The expression on her face is nonchalant with a suggestion that she does not attend the blood donation clinic regularly. Her eyes are empty. She may be disappointed or sad or helpless just as any other American woman knowing the reality is no one can escape. The audience can sense the uncertainty in the air of the time from her expression.
At the height of World War II, women had been left at home after their male counterparts were sent abroad to fight. The woman in the cover represented all American women who determined to do their part to contribute to the war. American women in World War II were no longer the delicate creature surrounded by flowers as seen in previous covers, but responsible individuals with the ability to do their bit of help. Harper’s Bazaar cover from March 1943, on the other hand, shows the power that women have gained in society. The cover is a mirror up to its audience, a reflection of the women, who had entered the workforce for the first time, who became wartime brides when they married their soldier, who take care family and just an occasional letter from a loved one to lament over. The model in the cover was 18-year-old Lauren Bacall, who was a successful actress in Hollywood. According to David Thomson, it was Diana Vreeland, who worked for both Harper’s Bazaar and Vogue, who discovered Lauren Bacall and placed her on the cover of Harper’s Bazaar.
References
Further reading
Eauclaire, Sally. "Louise Dahl-Wolfe: A Retrospective Exhibition" (National Museum of Women in the Arts; 1987)
Goldberg, Vicki; Richardson, Nan. Louise Dahl-Wolfe: A Retrospective (Harry N. Abrams; 2000)
Martin, Leslie A. (ed.) Louise Dahl-Wolfe (Abrams. 2000)
External links
Museum of Contemporary Photography Collection
Louise Dahl-Wolfe Profile at the National Museum of Women in the Arts
Louise Dahl-Wolfe: Painting with Light at the DOC: The Documentary Channel
Louise Dahl-Wolfe FindingAid at the Center for Creative Photography
Louise Dahl-Wolfe Images Online Center for Creative Photography (CCP) CCP at the University of Arizona has released a digital catalog of all Dahl-Wolfe's images.
Fashion photographers
American portrait photographers
1895 births
1989 deaths
American people of Norwegian descent
Artists from San Francisco
Photographers from California
Deaths from pneumonia in New Jersey
20th-century American photographers
20th-century American women photographers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise%20Dahl-Wolfe |
Joaquín Archivaldo Guzmán Loera (; born 4 April 1957), commonly known as "El Chapo" () and "JGL", is a Mexican former drug lord and a former leader within the Sinaloa Cartel, an international crime syndicate. He is considered to have been one of the most powerful drug traffickers in the world.
Guzmán was born in Sinaloa and raised in a poor farming family. He endured much physical abuse at the hands of his father, and he also entered the drug trade through his father, helping him grow marijuana for local dealers during his early adulthood. Guzmán began working with Héctor Luis Palma Salazar by the late 1970s, one of the nation's rising drug lords. He helped Salazar map routes to move drugs through Sinaloa and into the United States. He later supervised logistics for Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, one of the nation's leading kingpins in the mid 1980s, but Guzmán founded his own cartel in 1988 after Félix's arrest.
Guzmán oversaw operations whereby mass cocaine, methamphetamine, marijuana, and heroin were produced, smuggled into, and distributed throughout the United States and Europe, the world's largest users. He achieved this by pioneering the use of distribution cells and long-range tunnels near borders, which enabled him to export more drugs to the United States than any other trafficker in history. Guzmán's leadership of the cartel also brought immense wealth and power; Forbes ranked him as one of the most powerful people in the world between 2009 and 2013, while the Drug Enforcement Administration estimated that he matched the influence and wealth of Pablo Escobar.
Guzmán was first captured in 1993 in Guatemala and then was extradited and sentenced to 20 years in prison in Mexico for murder and drug trafficking. He bribed multiple prison guards and escaped from a federal maximum-security prison in 2001. His status as a fugitive resulted in an $8.8 million combined reward from Mexico and the U.S. for information leading to his capture, and he was arrested in Mexico in 2014. He escaped prior to formal sentencing in 2015, through a tunnel dug by associates into his jail cell. Mexican authorities recaptured him following a shoot-out in January 2016, and extradited him to the U.S. a year later. In 2019, he was found guilty of a number of criminal charges related to his leadership of the Sinaloa Cartel, was sentenced to life imprisonment, and incarcerated in ADX Florence, Colorado, United States.
Early life
Joaquín Archivaldo Guzmán Loera was born on 4 April 1957 into a poor family in the rural community of La Tuna, Badiraguato, Sinaloa, Mexico. His parents were Emilio Guzmán Bustillos and María Consuelo Loera Pérez. His paternal grandparents were Juan Guzmán and Otilia Bustillos, and his maternal grandparents were Ovidio Loera Cobret and Pomposa Pérez Uriarte. For many generations, his family lived at La Tuna. His father was officially a cattle rancher, as were most in the area where he grew up; according to some sources, however, he might also have been a gomero, an opium poppy farmer. He has 2 younger sisters named Armida and Bernarda and four younger brothers named Miguel Ángel, Aureliano, Arturo, and Emilio. He had three unnamed older brothers who reportedly died of natural causes when he was very young.
Few details are known about Guzmán's upbringing. As a child, he sold oranges and dropped out of school in third grade to work with his father and as a result is functionally illiterate. He was known for being a practical joker and enjoyed playing pranks on his friends and family when he was young. He was regularly beaten, and he sometimes fled to his maternal grandmother's house to escape such treatment. However, he stood up to his father to protect his younger siblings from being beaten. It is possible that Guzmán incurred his father's wrath for trying to stop him from beating them. His mother was his "foundation of emotional support". The nearest school to his home was about away, and he was taught by traveling teachers during his early years. The teachers stayed for a few months before moving to other areas. With few opportunities for employment in his hometown, he turned to the cultivation of opium poppy, a common practice among local residents. During harvest season, Guzmán and his brothers hiked the hills of Badiraguato to cut the bud of the poppy. Once the plant was stacked in kilos, his father sold the harvest to other suppliers in Culiacán and Guamúchil. He sold marijuana at commercial centers near the area while accompanied by Guzmán. His father spent most of the profits on liquor and women and often returned home with no money. Tired of his mismanagement, Guzmán cultivated his own marijuana plantation at age 15 with cousins Arturo, Alfredo, Carlos, and Héctor Beltrán Leyva, and he supported his family with his marijuana production.
When he was a teenager, his father kicked him out of the house, and he went to live with his grandfather. It was during his adolescence that Guzmán gained the nickname "El Chapo", Mexican slang for "shorty", for his stature and stocky physique. Most people in Badiraguato worked in the poppy fields of the Sierra Madre Occidental for most of their lives, but Guzmán left his hometown in search of greater opportunities through his uncle Pedro Avilés Pérez, one of the pioneers of Mexican drug trafficking. He left Badiraguato in his twenties and joined organized crime.
Early career
During the 1980s, the leading crime syndicate in Mexico was the Guadalajara Cartel, which was headed by Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo (alias "El Padrino" or "The Godfather"), Rafael Caro Quintero, Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo (alias "Don Neto"), Juan José Esparragoza Moreno (alias El Azul, "The Blue One") and others. In the 1970s, Guzmán first worked for the drug lord Héctor "El Güero" Palma by transporting drugs and overseeing their shipments from the Sierra Madre region to urban areas near the U.S.–Mexico border by aircraft. Since his initial steps in organized crime, Guzmán was ambitious and regularly pressed on his superiors to allow him to increase the share of narcotics that were smuggled across the border. He also favored a violent and serious approach when doing business; if any of his drug shipments were not on time, Guzmán would simply kill the smuggler himself by shooting him in the head. Those around him learned that cheating him or going with other competitors—even if they offered better prices—was unwise. The leaders of the Guadalajara Cartel liked Guzmán's business acumen, and in the early 1980s introduced him to Félix Gallardo, one of the major drug lords in Mexico at that time. Guzmán worked as a chauffeur for Félix Gallardo, before being put in charge of logistics, where Guzmán coordinated drug shipments from Colombia to Mexico by land, air, and sea. Palma ensured the deliveries arrived in the United States. Guzmán earned enough standing and began working for Félix Gallardo directly.
Throughout most of the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Mexican drug traffickers were also middlemen for the Colombian trafficking groups, and transported cocaine through the U.S.-Mexico border. Mexico, however, remained a secondary route for the Colombians, given that most of the drugs trafficked by their cartels were smuggled through the Caribbean and the Florida corridor. Félix Gallardo was the leading drug baron in Mexico and friend of Juan Ramón Matta-Ballesteros, but his operations were still limited by his counterparts in South America. In the mid-1980s, however, the U.S. government increased law enforcement surveillance and put pressure on the Medellín and Cali cartels by effectively reducing the drug trafficking operations in the Caribbean corridor. Realizing it was more profitable to hand over the operations to their Mexican counterparts, the Colombian cartels gave Félix Gallardo more control over their drug shipments. This power shift gave the Mexican organized crime groups more leverage over their Central American and South American counterparts. During the 1980s, however, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) was conducting undercover groundwork in Mexico, where several of its agents worked as informants.
One DEA agent, Enrique Camarena Salazar, was working as an informant and grew close to many top drug barons, including Félix Gallardo. In November 1984, the Mexican military—acting on the intelligence information provided by Camarena—raided a large marijuana plantation owned by the Guadalajara Cartel and known as "Rancho Búfalo". Angered by the suspected betrayal, Félix Gallardo and his men exacted revenge when they kidnapped, tortured, and killed Camarena in February 1985. The death of Camarena outraged Washington, and Mexico responded by carrying out a massive manhunt to arrest those involved in the incident. Guzmán took advantage of the internal crisis to gain ground within the cartel and take over more drug trafficking operations. In 1989, Félix Gallardo was arrested; while in prison and through a number of envoys, the drug lord called for a summit in Acapulco, Guerrero. In the conclave, Guzmán and others discussed the future of Mexico's drug trafficking and agreed to divide the territories previously owned by the Guadalajara Cartel. The Arellano Félix brothers formed the Tijuana Cartel, which controlled the Tijuana corridor and parts of Baja California; in Chihuahua state, a group controlled by Carrillo Fuentes family formed the Juárez Cartel; and the remaining faction left to Sinaloa and the Pacific Coast and formed the Sinaloa Cartel under the traffickers Ismael "El Mayo" Zambada, Palma, and Guzmán. Guzmán was specifically in charge of the drug corridors of Tecate, Baja California, and Mexicali and San Luis Río Colorado, two border crossings that connect the states of Sonora and Baja California with the U.S. states of Arizona and California.
When Félix Gallardo was arrested, Guzmán reportedly lived in Guadalajara, Jalisco for some time. One of his other centers of operation, however, was in the border city of Agua Prieta, Sonora, where he coordinated drug trafficking activities more closely. Guzmán had dozens of properties in various parts of the country. People he trusted purchased the properties for him and registered them under false names. Most of them were located in residential neighborhoods and served as stash houses for drugs, weapons, and cash. Guzmán also owned several ranches across Mexico, but most of them were located in the states of Sinaloa, Durango, Chihuahua, and Sonora, where locals working for the drug lord grew opium and marijuana. The first time Guzmán was detected by U.S. authorities for his involvement in organized crime was in 1987, when several protected witnesses testified in a U.S. court that Guzmán was in fact heading the Sinaloa Cartel. An indictment issued in the state of Arizona alleged that Guzmán had coordinated the shipment of of marijuana and about of cocaine from 19 October 1987 to 18 May 1990, and had received roughly US$1.5 million in drug proceeds that were shipped back to his home state. Another indictment alleged that Guzmán earned US$100,000 for trafficking of cocaine and an unspecified amount of marijuana in a period of three years. In the border areas between Tecate and San Luis Río Colorado, Guzmán ordered his men to traffic most of the drugs overland, but also through a few aircraft. By using the so-called piecemeal strategy, in which traffickers kept drug quantities relatively low, risks were reduced. Guzmán also pioneered the use of sophisticated tunnels to move drugs across the border and into the United States. Aside from pioneering the tunnels, Palma and Guzmán packed cocaine into chili pepper cans under the brand "La Comadre" before they were shipped to the U.S. by train. In return, the drug lords were paid through large suitcases filled with millions of dollars in cash. These suitcases were flown from the U.S. to Mexico City, where corrupt customs agents at the airport made sure the deliveries were not inspected. Large sums of that money were reportedly used as bribes for members of the Attorney General's Office.
Tijuana Cartel conflict: 1989–1993
When Félix Gallardo was arrested, the Tijuana corridor was handed over to the Arellano Félix brothers, Jesús Labra Áviles (alias "El Chuy"), and Javier Caro Payán (alias "El Doctor"), cousin of the former Guadalajara Cartel leader Rafael Caro Quintero. In fears of a coup, however, Caro Payán fled to Canada and was later arrested. Guzmán and the rest of the Sinaloa Cartel leaders consequently grew angry at the Arellano Félix clan about this. In 1989, Guzmán sent Armando López (alias "El Rayo"), one of his most trusted men, to speak with the Arellano Félix clan in Tijuana. Before he had a chance to speak face-to-face with them, López was killed by Ramón Arellano Félix. The corpse was disposed of in the outskirts of the city and the Tijuana Cartel ordered a hit on the remaining members of the López family to prevent future reprisals. That same year, the Arellano Félix brothers sent the Venezuelan drug trafficker Enrique Rafael Clavel Moreno to infiltrate Palma's family and seduce his wife Guadalupe Leija Serrano. After convincing her to withdraw US$7 million from one of Palma's bank accounts in San Diego, California, Clavel beheaded her and sent her head to Palma in a box. It was known as the first beheading linked to the drug trade in Mexico. Two weeks later, Clavel killed Palma's children, Héctor (aged 5) and Nataly (aged 4), by throwing them off a bridge in Venezuela. Palma retaliated by sending his men to kill Clavel while he was in prison. In 1991, Ramón killed another Sinaloa Cartel associate, Rigoberto Campos Salcido (alias "El Rigo"), and prompted bigger conflicts with Guzmán. In early 1992, a Tijuana Cartel-affiliated and San Diego-based gang known as Calle Treinta kidnapped six of Guzmán's men in Tijuana, tortured them to obtain information, and then shot them in the back of their heads. Their bodies were dumped on the outskirts of the city. Shortly after the attack, a car bomb exploded outside one of Guzmán's properties in Culiacán. No injuries were reported, but the drug lord became fully aware of the intended message.
Guzmán and Palma struck back against the Arellano Félix brothers (Tijuana Cartel) with nine killings on 3 September 1992 in Iguala; among the dead were lawyers and family members of Félix Gallardo, who was also believed to have orchestrated the attack against Palma's family. Mexico's Attorney General formed a special unit to look into the killings, but the investigation was called off after the unit found that Guzmán had paid off some of the top police officials in Mexico with $10 million, according to police reports and confessions of former police officers. In November 1992, gunmen of Arellano Félix attempted to kill Guzmán as he was traveling in a vehicle through the streets of Guadalajara. Ramón and at least four of his henchmen shot at the moving vehicle with AK-47 rifles, but the drug lord managed to escape unharmed. The attack forced Guzmán to leave Guadalajara and live under a false name under fears of future attacks. He and Palma, however, responded to the assassination attempt in a similar fashion; several days later, on 8 November 1992, a large number of Sinaloa Cartel men posing as policemen stormed the Christine discothèque in Puerto Vallarta, spotted Ramón, Francisco Javier Arellano Félix, David Barron Corona, and opened fire at them. The shooting lasted for at least eight minutes, and more than 1,000 rounds were fired by both Guzmán's and Arellano Félix's gunmen. Six people were killed in the shootout, but the Arellano Félix brothers were in the restroom when the raid started and reportedly escaped through an air-conditioning duct before leaving the scene in one of their vehicles. On 9 and 10 December 1992, four alleged associates of Félix Gallardo were killed. The antagonism between Guzmán's Sinaloa Cartel and the Arellano Félix clan left several more dead and was accompanied by more violent events in the states of Baja California, Sonora, Sinaloa, Durango, Jalisco, Guerrero, Michoacán and Oaxaca.
The war between both groups continued for six more months, yet none of their respective leaders was killed. In mid-1993, the Arellano Félix clan sent their top gunmen on a final mission to kill Guzmán in Guadalajara, where he moved around frequently to avoid any possible attacks. Having no success, the Tijuana Cartel hitmen decided to return to Baja California on 24 May 1993. As Francisco Javier was at the Guadalajara International Airport booking his flight to Tijuana, informant tips notified him that Guzmán was at the airport parking lot awaiting a flight to Puerto Vallarta. Having spotted the white Mercury Grand Marquis car where Guzmán was thought to be hiding, about 20 gunmen of the Tijuana Cartel descended from their vehicles and opened fire at around 4:10 p.m. However, the drug lord was inside a green Buick sedan a short distance from the target. Inside the Mercury Grand Marquis was the cardinal and archbishop of Guadalajara Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo, who died at the scene from fourteen gunshot wounds. Six other people, including the cardinal's chauffeur, were caught in the crossfire and killed. Amidst the shootout and confusion, Guzmán escaped and headed to one of his safe houses in Bugambilias, a neighborhood 20 minutes away from the airport.
Flight and first arrest 1993
The night the cardinal was killed, Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari flew to Guadalajara and condemned the attack, stating it was "a criminal act" that targeted innocent civilians, but he did not give any indications of the involvement of organized crime. The death of Cardinal Posadas Ocampo, a high-profile religious figure, outraged the Mexican public, the Catholic Church, and many politicians. The government responded by carrying out a massive manhunt to arrest the people involved in the shootout, and offered about US$5 million bounties for each of them. Pictures of Guzmán's face, previously unknown to the public, started to appear in newspapers and television across Mexico. Fearing his capture, Guzmán fled to Tonalá, Jalisco, where he reportedly owned a ranch. The drug lord then fled to Mexico City and stayed at a hotel for about ten days. He met with one of his associates in an unknown location and handed him US$200 million to provide for his family in case of his absence. He gave that same amount to another of his employees to make sure the Sinaloa Cartel ran its day-to-day activities smoothly in case he was gone for some time.
After obtaining a passport with the fake name of Jorge Ramos Pérez, Guzmán was transported to the southern state of Chiapas by one of his trusted associates before leaving the country and settling in Guatemala on 4 June 1993. His plan was to move across Guatemala with his girlfriend María del Rocío del Villar Becerra and several of his bodyguards and settle in El Salvador. During his travel, Mexican and Guatemalan authorities were tracking his movements. Guzmán paid a Guatemalan military official US$1.2 million to allow him to hide south of the Mexican border. The unnamed official, however, passed information about Guzmán's whereabouts to law enforcement. On 9 June 1993, Guzmán was arrested by the Guatemalan Army at a hotel near Tapachula, close to the Guatemala–Mexico border. He was extradited to Mexico two days later aboard a military airplane, where he was immediately taken to the Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1 (often referred to simply as "La Palma" or "Altiplano"), a maximum-security prison in Almoloya de Juárez, State of Mexico. He was sentenced to 20 years, nine months in prison on charges of drug trafficking, criminal association and bribery. Initially jailed at Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1, on 22 November 1995, he was transferred to another maximum security prison, Federal Center for Social Rehabilitation No. 2 (also known as "Puente Grande") in Jalisco, after being convicted of three crimes: possession of firearms, drug trafficking and the murder of Cardinal Ocampo (the charge would later be dismissed by another judge). He had been tried and sentenced inside the federal prison on the outskirts of Almoloya de Juárez, Mexico State.
While he was in prison, Guzmán's drug empire and cartel continued to operate unabated, run by his brother, Arturo Guzmán Loera, known as El Pollo, with Guzmán himself still considered a major international drug trafficker by Mexico and the U.S. even while he was behind bars. Associates brought him suitcases of cash to bribe prison workers and allow the drug lord to maintain his opulent lifestyle even in prison, with prison guards acting like his servants. He met his longtime mistress and later Sinaloa associate, former police officer Zulema Hernández, while in prison, where she was serving time for armed robbery. Hernández later controlled Sinaloa's expansion into Mexico City, but in 2008 her body was found in a trunk, carved with multiple Zs, signifying Los Zetas, Sinaloa's archrivals.
Drug empire
Guzmán's Sinaloa Cartel, at the time of his arrest, was the wealthiest and most powerful of Mexico's drug cartels. It smuggled multi-ton cocaine shipments from Colombia through Mexico to the United States by air, sea and road, and had distribution cells throughout the U.S. The organization has also been involved in the production, smuggling and distribution of Mexican methamphetamine, marijuana, and heroin from Southeast Asia.
When Palma was arrested by the Mexican Army on 23 June 1995, Guzmán took leadership of the cartel. Palma was later extradited to the United States, where he is in prison on charges of drug trafficking and conspiracy.
After Guzmán's prison escape nearly a decade after his initial arrest, he and close associate Ismael Zambada García became Mexico's undisputed top drug kingpins after the 2003 arrest of their rival Osiel Cárdenas of the Gulf Cartel. Until Guzmán's arrest in 2014, he was considered the "most powerful drug trafficker in the world" by the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Guzmán also had another close associate, his trusted friend Ignacio "Nacho" Coronel Villarreal.
A U.S. indictment states that from 2012, Guzmán and the Sinaloa Cartel bribed Juan Orlando Hernández with millions of dollars that helped him become President of Honduras in 2013. This influence helped the Cartel and its allies control and protect vital maritime and air transshipment destinations between the United States and South America.
His drug empire made Guzmán a billionaire, and he was ranked the 10th richest man in Mexico and 1,140th in the world in 2011, with a net worth of roughly US$1 billion. To assist his drug trafficking, the Sinaloa Cartel also built a shipping and transport empire. Guzmán has been referred to as the "biggest drug lord of all time", and the U.S. DEA considered him "the godfather of the drug world" and strongly estimates he surpassed the influence and reach of Pablo Escobar. In 2013, the Chicago Crime Commission named Guzmán "Public Enemy Number One" for the influence of his criminal network in Chicago (however, there is no evidence Guzmán has ever visited the city). The last person to receive such notoriety was Al Capone in 1930.
At the time of his 2014 arrest, Guzmán imported more drugs into the United States than anyone else. He took advantage of the power vacuum created by crackdowns on cartels in Colombia, gaining business and market share there as Colombia's own cartels were decimated. He took similar advantage of the situation when his rival cartels were brought down by an intense crackdown from the Mexican government, but the Sinaloa gang emerged largely unscathed.
Methamphetamine production
After the fall of the Amezcua brothers – founders of the Colima Cartel – in 1999 on methamphetamine trafficking charges, there was a demand for leadership throughout Mexico to coordinate methamphetamine shipments north. Guzmán saw an opportunity and seized it. Easily arranging precursor shipments, Guzmán and Ismael Zambada García ("El Mayo") made use of their previous contacts on Mexico's Pacific coast. Importantly, for the first time, the Colombians would not have to be paid – they simply joined methamphetamine with cocaine shipments. This fact meant no additional money was needed for airplanes, pilots, boats and bribes; they used the existing infrastructure to pipeline the new product.
Until this point, the Sinaloa Cartel had been a joint venture between Guzmán and Ismael Zambada García; the methamphetamine business would be Guzmán's alone. He cultivated his own ties to China, Thailand and India to import the necessary precursor chemicals. Throughout the mountains of the states of Sinaloa, Durango, Jalisco, Michoacán and Nayarit, Guzmán constructed large methamphetamine laboratories and rapidly expanded his organization.
His nomadic existence allowed him to nurture contacts throughout the country. He was now operating in 17 of the 31 Mexican states. With his business expanding, he placed his trusted friend Ignacio Coronel Villarreal in charge of methamphetamine production; this way Guzmán could continue being the boss of bosses. Coronel Villarreal proved so reliable in the Guzmán business that he became known as the "Crystal King".
First escape and second arrest
First escape: 2001
While still in prison in Mexico, Guzmán was indicted in San Diego on U.S. charges of money laundering and importing tons of cocaine into California, along with his Sinaloa attorney Humberto Loya-Castro, or Licenciado Perez ("Lawyer Perez"), who was charged with bribing Mexican officials on Sinaloa's behalf and making sure that any cartel members arrested were released from custody. After a ruling by the Supreme Court of Mexico made extradition between Mexico and the United States easier, Guzmán bribed guards to aid his escape. On 19 January 2001, Francisco "El Chito" Camberos Rivera, a prison guard, opened Guzmán's electronically operated cell door, and Guzmán got into a laundry cart that maintenance worker Javier Camberos rolled through several doors and eventually out the front door. He was then transported in the trunk of a car driven by Camberos out of the town. At a petrol station, Camberos went inside, but when he came back, Guzmán was gone on foot into the night. According to officials, 78 people have been implicated in his escape plan. Camberos is in prison for his assistance in the escape.
The police say Guzmán carefully masterminded his escape plan, wielding influence over almost everyone in the prison, including the facility's director, who is now in prison for aiding in the escape. One prison guard who came forward to report the situation at the prison disappeared 7 years later, and was presumed to have been killed on the orders of Guzmán. Guzmán allegedly had the prison guards on his payroll, smuggled contraband into the prison and received preferential treatment from the staff. In addition to the prison-employee accomplices, police in Jalisco were paid off to ensure he had at least 24 hours to get out of the state and stay ahead of the military manhunt. The story told to the guards being bribed not to search the laundry cart was that Guzmán was smuggling gold, ostensibly extracted from rock at the inmate workshop, out of the prison. The escape allegedly cost Guzmán $2.5 million.
Manhunt: 2001–2014
Mexican cartel wars
Since his 2001 escape from prison, Guzmán had wanted to control the Ciudad Juárez crossing points, which were in the hands of the Carrillo Fuentes family of the Juárez Cartel. Despite a high degree of mistrust between the two organizations, the Sinaloa and Juárez cartels had a working agreement at the time. Guzmán convened a meeting in Monterrey with Ismael Zambada García ("El Mayo"), Juan José Esparragoza Moreno ("El Azul") and Arturo Beltrán Leyva. In this meeting, they discussed killing Rodolfo Carrillo Fuentes, who was in charge of the Juárez Cartel at the time. On 11 September 2004, Rodolfo, his wife and two young children were visiting a Culiacán shopping mall. While leaving the mall, escorted by police commander Pedro Pérez López, the family was ambushed by members of Los Negros, assassins for the Sinaloa Cartel. Rodolfo and his wife were killed; the policeman survived.
The city was no longer controlled only by the Carrillo Fuentes family. Instead, the city found itself as the front line in the Mexican Drug War and would see homicides skyrocket as rival cartels fought for control. With this act, Guzmán was the first to break the nonaggression "pact" the major cartels had agreed to, setting in motion the fighting between cartels for drug routes that has claimed more than 60,000 lives since December 2006.
When Mexican President Felipe Calderón took office in December 2006, he announced a crackdown on cartels by the Mexican military to stem the increasing violence. After four years, the additional efforts had not slowed the flow of drugs or the killings tied to the drug war. Of the 53,000 arrests made as of 2010, only 1,000 involved associates of the Sinaloa Cartel, which led to suspicions that Calderón was intentionally allowing Sinaloa to win the drug war, a charge Calderón denied in advertisements in Mexican newspapers, pointing to his administration's killing of top Sinaloa deputy "Nacho" Coronel as evidence. Sinaloa's rival cartels saw their leaders killed and syndicates dismantled by the crackdown, but the Sinaloa gang was relatively unaffected and took over the rival gangs' territories, including the coveted Ciudad Juárez-El Paso corridor, in the wake of the power shifts.
Conflict with Beltrán Leyva Cartel
A Newsweek investigation alleges that one of Guzmán's techniques for maintaining his dominance among cartels included giving information to the DEA and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement that led to the arrests of his enemies in the Juárez Cartel, in addition to information that led to the arrests of some of the top Sinaloa leaders. The arrests were speculated by some to have been part of a deal Guzmán struck with Calderón and the DEA, in which he intentionally gave up some of his purported Sinaloa colleagues to U.S. agents in exchange for immunity from prosecution, while perpetuating the idea that the Calderón government was heavily pursuing his organization during the cartel crackdown.
This became a key factor influencing the break between the Sinaloa Cartel and the Beltrán Leyva brothers, five brothers who served as Guzmán's top lieutenants, primarily working for the cartel in the northern region of Sinaloa. Sinaloa lawyer Loya-Castro, who like Guzmán had been wanted on federal charges in the United States since 1993, voluntarily approached the DEA offering them information in 1998, eventually signing paperwork as a formal informant in 2005, and his U.S. indictment was thrown out in 2008. Loya-Castro's leaks to the DEA led to the dismantling of the Tijuana Cartel, as well as the Mexican Army's arrest of Guzmán's lieutenant and the top commander of the Beltrán Leyva organization, Alfredo Beltrán Leyva (also known as El Mochomo, or "Desert Ant"), in Culiacán in January 2008, with Guzmán believed to have given up El Mochomo for various reasons. Guzmán had expressed concerns with Alfredo Beltrán's lifestyle and high-profile actions for some time before his arrest. After El Mochomo's arrest, authorities said he was in charge of two hit squads, money laundering, transporting drugs and bribing officials.
That high-profile arrest was followed by the arrest of 11 Beltrán Leyva hit squad members in Mexico City, with police noting that the arrests were the first evidence that Sinaloa had expanded into the capital city. U.S. Ambassador to Mexico Tony Garza called the arrests a "significant victory" in the drug war. With Alfredo in custody, his brother Arturo Beltrán Leyva took over as the brothers' top commander, but he was killed in a shootout with Mexican marines the next year.
Whether Guzmán was responsible for Alfredo Beltrán's arrest is not known. However, the Beltrán Leyvas and their allies suspected he was behind it, and after Alfredo Beltrán's arrest, a formal "war" was declared. An attempt on the life of cartel head Zambada's son Vicente Zambada Niebla (El Vincentillo) was made only hours after the declaration. Dozens of killings followed in retaliation for that attempt. The Beltrán Leyva brothers ordered the assassination of Guzmán's son, Édgar Guzmán López, on 8 May 2008, in Culiacán, which brought massive retaliation from Guzmán. They were also in conflict over the allegiance of the Flores brothers, Margarito and Pedro, leaders of a major, highly lucrative cell in Chicago responsible for distributing over two tons of cocaine every month. The Mexican military claims that Guzmán and the Beltrán Leyva brothers were at odds over Guzmán's relationship with the Valencia brothers in Michoacán.
Following the killing of Guzmán's son Édgar, violence increased. From 8 May through the end of the month, over 116 people were murdered in Culiacán, 26 of them police officers. In June 2008, over 128 were killed; in July, 143 were slain. An additional deployment of 2,000 troops to the area failed to stop the turf war. The wave of violence spread to other cities such as Guamúchil, Guasave and Mazatlán.
However, the Beltrán Leyva brothers were involved in some double-dealing of their own. Arturo and Alfredo had met with leading members of Los Zetas in Cuernavaca, where they agreed to form an alliance to fill the power vacuum. They would not necessarily go after the main strongholds, such as the Sinaloa and Gulf Cartel; instead, they would seek control of southern states like Guerrero (where the Beltrán Leyvas already had a big stake), Oaxaca, Yucatán and Quintana Roo. They worked their way into the center of the country, where no single group had control. The Beltrán Leyva organization allied with the Gulf Cartel and its hit squad Los Zetas against Sinaloa.
The split was officially recognized by the U.S. government on 30 May 2008. On that day, it recognized the Beltrán Leyva brothers as leaders of their own cartel. President George W. Bush designated Marcos Arturo Beltrán Leyva and the Beltrán Leyva Organization as subject to sanction under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act ("Kingpin Act"), which prohibits people and corporations in the U.S. from conducting businesses with them and freezes their U.S. assets.
First manhunt
Guzmán was known among drug lords for his longevity and evasion of authorities, assisted by alleged bribes to federal, state and local Mexican officials. Despite the progress made in arresting others in the aftermath of Guzmán's escape, including a handful of his foremost logistics and security men, the huge military and federal police manhunt failed to capture Guzmán for years. In the years between his escape and capture, he was Mexico's most-wanted man. His elusiveness from law enforcement made him a near-legendary figure in Mexico's narcotics folklore; stories abounded that Guzmán sometimes strolled into restaurants, his bodyguards confiscating peoples' cellphones, he ate his meal, and then left after paying everyone's tab. Rumors circulated of Guzmán being seen in different parts of Mexico and abroad. For more than thirteen years, Mexican security forces coordinated many operations to re-arrest him, but their efforts were largely in vain as Guzmán appeared to be steps ahead from his captors.
Although his whereabouts were unknown, the authorities thought that he was likely hiding in the "Golden Triangle" (Spanish: Triángulo Dorado), an area that encompasses parts of Sinaloa, Durango, and Chihuahua in the Sierra Madre region. The region is a major producer of marijuana and opium poppies in Mexico, and its remoteness from the urban areas makes it an attractive territory for the production of synthetic drugs in clandestine laboratories and for its mountains that offer potential hideouts. Guzmán reportedly commanded a sophisticated security circle of at least 300 informants and gunmen resembling the manpower equivalent to those of a head of state. His inner circle would help him move around through several isolated ranches in the mountainous area to avoid capture. He usually escaped from law enforcement using armored cars, aircraft, and all-terrain vehicles, and was known to employ sophisticated communications gadgetry and counterespionage practices. Since many of these locations in the Golden Triangle are only accessible via single-track dirt roads, local residents easily detected the arrival of law enforcement or any outsiders. Their distrust towards non-residents and their aversion towards the government, alongside a combination of bribery and intimidation, helped keep the locals loyal to Guzmán and the Sinaloa Cartel in the area. According to law enforcement intelligence, attempting to have launched an attack to capture Guzmán by air would have had similar results; his security circle would have warned him of the presence of an aircraft 10 minutes away from Guzmán's location, giving him ample time to escape the scene and avoid arrest. In addition, his gunmen reportedly carried surface-to-air missiles that may bring down aircraft in the area.
Second arrest: 2014
Although Guzmán had hidden for long periods in remote areas of the Sierra Madre mountains without being captured, the arrested members of his security team told the military he had begun venturing out to Culiacán and the beach town of Mazatlán. A week before he was caught, Guzmán and Zambada were reported to have attended a family reunion in Sinaloa. On 16 February 2014, the Mexican military followed the bodyguards' tips to Guzmán's former wife's house, but they had trouble ramming the steel-reinforced front door, which allowed Guzmán to escape through a system of secret tunnels that connected six houses, eventually moving south to Mazatlán. He had planned to stay a few days in Mazatlán to see his twin baby daughters before retreating to the mountains.
On 22 February 2014, at around 6:40 AM, Mexican authorities arrested Guzmán at a hotel in a beachfront area in Mazatlán, following an operation by the Mexican Navy, with joint intelligence from the DEA and the U.S. Marshals Service. A few days before his capture, Mexican authorities had been raiding several properties owned by members of the Sinaloa Cartel who were close to Guzmán throughout the state of Sinaloa. The operation leading to his capture began at 3:45 AM, when ten pickup trucks of the Mexican Navy carrying over 65 Marines made their way to the resort area. Guzmán was hiding at the Miramar condominiums, located at #608 on Avenida del Mar. Mexican and U.S. federal agents had leads that the drug lord had been at that location for at least two days, and that he was staying on the condominium's fourth floor, in Room 401. When the Mexican authorities arrived at the location, they quickly subdued Carlos Manuel Hoo Ramírez, one of Guzmán's bodyguards, before quietly making their way to the fourth floor by the elevators and stairs. Once they were at Guzmán's front door, they broke into the apartment and stormed its two rooms. In one of the rooms was Guzmán, lying in bed with his wife (former beauty queen Emma Coronel Aispuro). Their two daughters were reported to have been at the condominium during the arrest. Guzmán tried to resist arrest physically, but he did not attempt to grab a rifle he had close to him. Amid the quarrel with the marines, the drug lord was hit four times. By 6:40 AM, he was arrested, taken to the ground floor, and walked to the condominium's parking lot, where the first photos of his capture were taken. His identity was confirmed through a fingerprint examination immediately following his capture. He was then flown to Mexico City for formal identification. According to the Mexican government, no shots were fired during the operation.
Guzmán was presented in front of cameras during a press conference at the Mexico City International Airport that afternoon, and then he was transferred to the Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1, a maximum-security prison in Almoloya de Juárez, State of Mexico, on a Federal Police Black Hawk helicopter. The helicopter was escorted by two Navy helicopters and one from the Mexican Air Force. Surveillance inside the penitentiary and surrounding areas was increased by a large contingent of law enforcement.
Reactions
Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto confirmed the arrest through Twitter and congratulated the Secretariat of National Defense (SEDENA), Secretariat of the Navy (SEMAR), Office of the General Prosecutor (PGR), the Federal Police, and the Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional (CISEN) for Guzmán's capture. In the United States, Attorney General Eric Holder said Guzmán had caused "death and destruction of millions of lives across the globe" and called the arrest "a landmark achievement, and a victory for the citizens of both Mexico and the United States". Colombia's President Juan Manuel Santos telephoned Peña Nieto and congratulated him for the arrest of Guzmán, highlighting its importance in the international efforts against drug trafficking. Colombia's Defense Minister, Juan Carlos Pinzón, congratulated Mexico on Guzmán's arrest and stated that his capture "contributes to eradicate this crime (drug trafficking) in the region". The Guatemalan President Otto Pérez Molina congratulated the Mexican government for the arrest. Costa Rica's President Laura Chinchilla congratulated the Mexican government through Twitter for the capture too. The French government extended its congratulations on 24 February and supported the Mexican security forces in their combat against organized crime. News of Guzmán's capture made it to the headlines of many media outlets across the U.S., Latin America, and Europe. On Twitter, Mexico and Guzmán's capture were trending topics throughout most of 22 February 2014.
Bob Nardoza, a spokesman for the U.S. attorney's office for the District Court for the Eastern District of New York, announced that U.S. authorities plan to seek the extradition of Guzmán for several cases pending against him in New York and other United States jurisdictions.
Charges and imprisonment
Guzmán was imprisoned at Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1, area #20, Hallway #1, on the same day of his capture on 22 February 2014. The area where he lived was highly restricted; the cells are without windows, inmates are not allowed to interact with each other, and they are not permitted to contact their family members. His cell was close to those of José Jorge Balderas (alias "El JJ"), former lieutenant of the Beltrán Leyva Cartel, and Jaime González Durán (alias "El Hummer"), a former leader of Los Zetas drug cartel. Miguel Ángel Guzmán Loera, one of his brothers, was in one of the other units. Guzmán was alone in his cell, and had one bed, one shower, and a single toilet. His lawyer was Óscar Quirarte. Guzmán was allowed to receive visits from members of his family every nine days from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. (if approved by a judge), and was granted by law the right to receive MXN$638 (about US$48) every month to buy products for personal hygiene. He lived under 23 hours of solitary confinement with one hour of outdoor exposure. He was only allowed to speak with people during his judicial hearings (the prison guards that secured his cell were not allowed to speak with him). Unlike the other inmates, Guzmán was prohibited from practicing sport or cultural activities. These conditions were court-approved and could only be changed if a federal judge decided to amend them.
On 24 February, the Mexican government formally charged Guzmán for drug trafficking, a process that slowed down his possible extradition to the U.S. The decision to initially file only one charge against him showed that the Mexican government was working on preparing more formal charges against Guzmán, and possibly including the charges he faced before his escape from prison in 2001. The kingpin also faces charges in at least seven U.S. jurisdictions, and U.S. officials filed for his extradition. Guzmán was initially granted an injunction preventing immediate extradition to the United States. On 25 February, a Mexican federal judge set the trial in motion for drug-related and organized crime charges, On 4 March 2014, a Mexican federal court issued a formal charge against Guzmán for his involvement in organized crime.
On 5 March 2014, a Mexico City federal court rejected Guzmán's injunction against extradition to the U.S. on the grounds that the U.S. officials had not formally requested his extradition from Mexico. The court said that if the U.S. files a request in the future, Guzmán can petition for another injunction. The court had until 9 April 2014 to issue a formal declaration of the injunction's rejection, and Guzmán's lawyers could appeal the court's decision in the meantime. The same day that the injunction was rejected, another federal court issued formal charges against Guzmán, totaling up to five different Mexican federal courts where he was wanted for drug trafficking and organized crime charges. The court explained that although Guzmán faces charges in several different courts, he cannot be sentenced for the same crime twice because that would violate Article 23 of the Constitution of Mexico.
On 17 April 2014, the Attorney General of Mexico, Jesús Murillo Karam, said that Mexico had no intention of extraditing Guzmán to the U.S. even if a formal request were to be presented. He said he wished to see Guzmán face charges in Mexico, and expressed his disagreement with how the U.S. cuts deals with extradited Mexican criminals by reducing their sentences (as in Vicente Zambada Niebla's case) in exchange for information.
On 16 July 2014, Guzmán reportedly helped organize a five-day hunger strike in the prison in cooperation with inmate and former drug lord Edgar Valdez Villarreal (alias "La Barbie"). Over 1,000 prisoners reportedly participated in the protest and complained of the prison's poor hygiene, food, and medical treatment. The Mexican government confirmed that the strike took place and that the prisoners' demands were satisfied, but denied that Guzmán or Valdez Villarreal were involved in it given their status as prisoners in solitary confinement.
On 25 September 2014, Guzmán and his former business partner Zambada were indicted by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York in Brooklyn. According to the court documents, both of them conspired to kill Mexican law enforcement officers, government officials, and members of the Mexican Armed Forces. Among the people killed under the alleged orders of Guzmán were Roberto Velasco Bravo (2008), the chief of Mexico's organized crime investigatory division; Rafael Ramírez Jaime (2008), the chief of the arrest division of the Attorney General's Office; Rodolfo Carrillo Fuentes (2004), former leader of the Juárez Cartel, among other criminals from the Tijuana, Los Zetas, Beltrán Leyva, and Juárez crime syndicates. The court alleged that Guzmán used professional assassins to carry out "hundreds of acts of violence, including murders, assaults, kidnappings, assassinations and acts of torture". In addition, it alleged that he oversaw a drug-trafficking empire that transported multi-ton shipments of narcotics from South America, through Central America and Mexico, and then to the U.S., and that his network was facilitated by corrupt law enforcement and public officials. It also alleged that Guzmán laundered more than US$14 billion in drug proceeds along with several other high-ranking drug lords.
On 11 November 2014, a federal court in Sinaloa granted Guzmán an injunction for weaponry charges after the judge determined that the arrest was not carried out the way the Mexican Navy reported it. According to law enforcement, the Navy apprehended Guzmán after they received an anonymous tip on an armed individual in the hotel where he was staying. However, no evidence of the anonymous tip was provided. The judge also determined that the investigations leading to his arrest were not presented in court. He determined that law enforcement's version of the arrest had several irregularities because the Navy did not have a raid warrant when they entered the premises and arrested Guzmán (when he was not the subject matter of the anonymous tip in the first place).
On 20 January 2015, Guzmán requested another injunction through his lawyer Andrés Granados Flores to prevent his extradition to the U.S. His defense argued that if he were to be extradited and judged in a foreign court, his constitutional rights expressed in Articles 1, 14, 16, 17, 18 and 20 of the Constitution of Mexico would be violated. The decision of his defense was made after Attorney General Murillo Karam said at a press conference that the U.S. was pushing to formally request his extradition. The PGR and Mexico's Secretariat of Foreign Affairs stated that Guzmán had a provisional arrest with extradition purposes from the U.S. government since 17 February 2001, but that the formal proceedings to officiate the extradition were not realized because investigators considered that the request was outdated and believed it would have been difficult to gather potential witnesses. Murillo Karam said that the Mexican government would process the request when they deemed it appropriate. He asked for a second injunction preventing his extradition on 26 January. Mexico City federal judge Fabricio Villegas asked federal authorities to confirm in 24 hours if there was a pending extradition request against Guzmán. In a press conference the following day, Murillo Karam said that he was expecting a request from Washington, but said that they would not extradite him until he faces charges and completes his sentences in Mexico. If all the charges are added up, Guzmán may receive a sentence between 300 and 400 years.
Second escape and third arrest
Second escape: 2015
On 11 July 2015, Guzmán escaped from Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1. Guzmán was last seen by security cameras at 20:52 hours near the shower area in his cell. The shower area was the only part of his cell that was not visible through the security camera. After the guards did not see him for twenty-five minutes on surveillance video, personnel went looking for him. When they reached his cell, Guzmán was gone. It was discovered he had escaped through a tunnel leading from the shower area to a house construction site away in a Santa Juanita neighborhood. The tunnel lay deep underground, and Guzmán used a ladder to climb to the bottom. The tunnel was tall and in width. It was equipped with artificial light, air ducts, and high-quality construction materials. In addition, a motorcycle was found in the tunnel, which authorities think was used to transport materials and possibly Guzmán himself.
Second manhunt: 2015–2016
The escape of Guzmán triggered a wide-range manhunt. According to Mexico's National Security Commissioner Monte Alejandro Rubido García, the manhunt was instituted immediately in the surrounding area by putting up several checkpoints and air searches by helicopter. The entire prison was put on lockdown and no one was allowed to enter or leave. The search was then extended to other federal entities: Mexico City, the State of Mexico, Morelos, Puebla, Guerrero, Michoacán, Querétaro, Hidalgo and Tlaxcala. However, most of the military officers involved in the search were sent to the State of Mexico. The Mexican government also issued an international warning to prevent Guzmán from escaping the country through airports, border checkpoints, or ports. Interpol and other security organizations were alerted to the possibility of him escaping into another country. Flights at the Toluca International Airport were cancelled, while soldiers occupied parts of Mexico City International Airport. Out of the 120 employees that were working at the prison that night, eighteen that worked in the area of Guzmán's cell were initially detained for questioning. By the afternoon, a total of 31 people had been called in for questioning. The director of the prison, Valentín Cárdenas Lerma, was among those detained.
When the news of the escape broke, President Peña Nieto was heading to a state visit in France along with several top officials from his cabinet and many others. The Secretary of the Interior Miguel Ángel Osorio Chong, who was already in France waiting for them, returned to Mexico after learning of Guzmán's prison break. Peña Nieto returned to Mexico on 17 July. In a press conference, Peña Nieto said he was shocked by Guzmán's escape, and promised that the government would carry out an intensive investigation to see if officials had collaborated in the prison break. In addition, he claimed that Guzmán's escape was an "affront" to the Mexican government, and that they would not spare any resources in trying to recapture him. Peña Nieto, however, was severely criticized for the incident, and media outlets pointed out that this incident was among the administration's most embarrassing episodes. Critics stated that Guzmán's escape highlighted the high levels of corruption within the government, and questioned the government's ability to combat the country's organized crime groups.
On 13 July 2015, Osorio Chong met with members of the cabinet that specialize in security and law enforcement intelligence to discuss the escape of Guzmán, and scheduled a press conference that day. The objective of the meeting and the conference was to analyze the actions the government employed to recapture him. Among them were Rubido García, Arely Gómez González, the Attorney General of Mexico and Eugenio Imaz Gispert, head of the Center for Research and National Security. At the press conference, the government placed a $60 million MXN bounty (approximately US$3.8 million) for information that leads to Guzmán's arrest.
A number of officials were indicted; of these, three were police officers employed within the Division of Intelligence, and another two were employed by CISEN.
Colombian assistance
Officials of the Mexican government appealed to three Colombian Police retired generals for assistance in the closure of issues relating to Guzmán, according to a report dated to 1 August 2015. Among them is Rosso José Serrano, a decorated officer and one of the masterminds behind the dismantling of the Cali Cartel and Medellín Cartel and Luis Enrique Montenegro, protagonist in the arrests of Miguel and Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela. They suggested particular Colombian strategies like creation of special search units ("Bloques de Búsqueda" or Search Blocs), specialized investigation and intelligence units, like DIJIN (Directorate of Criminal Investigation and Interpol) and DIPOL (Directorate of Police Intelligence) and new laws about money laundering and asset forfeiture. After the third capture of Guzmán, it was revealed that the Government of Colombia had sent a team of 12 officials to assist the Mexican authorities on tracking down Guzmán.
Kate del Castillo meeting
Mexican actress Kate del Castillo was first approached by Guzmán's lawyers in 2014, after having published an open letter to Guzmán in 2012 in which she expressed her sympathy and requested him to "traffic in love" instead of in drugs; Guzmán reached out again to del Castillo after his 2015 escape, and allegedly sought to cooperate with her in making a film about his life. American actor Sean Penn heard about the connection with Ms. del Castillo through a mutual acquaintance, and asked if he might come along to do an interview.
On 2 October, del Castillo and Penn visited Guzmán for seven hours at his hideout in the mountains, with Penn interviewing the fugitive for Rolling Stone magazine. Guzmán, who had never before acknowledged his drug trafficking to a journalist, told Penn he had a "fleet of narco-submarines, airplanes, trucks and boats" and that he supplied "more heroin, methamphetamine, cocaine and marijuana than anybody else in the world".
Guzmán had a close call in early October 2015, several days after the meeting with Penn and Kate del Castillo. An unnamed Mexican official confirmed that the meeting helped authorities locate Guzmán, with cell phone interceptions and information from American authorities directing Mexican Marines to a ranch near Tamazula, Durango, in the Sierra Madre mountains in western Mexico. The raid on the ranch was met with heavy gunfire and Guzmán was able to flee. The Attorney General of México declared that "El Chapo ran away through a gully and, although he was found by a helicopter, he was with two women and a girl and it was decided not to shoot". The two women were later revealed to be Guzmán's personal chefs, who had traveled with him to multiple safe houses. At one point, Guzmán reportedly carried a child on his arms "obscuring himself as a target".
Third arrest: 2016
According to the official report published by the Mexican Navy, citizens reported "armed people" in a house at the coastal city of Los Mochis in northern Sinaloa, which was then placed under surveillance for one month. Monitored communications indicated the home was being prepared for the arrival of "Grandma" or "Aunt", which authorities suspected was code for a high-priority potential target. After the gunmen returned to the house, placing a large order for tacos at a nearby restaurant and picking up the order in a white van after midnight, the residence was raided in the early hours of 8 January 2016, in Operation Black Swan, by 17 marines from the Mexican Navy's Special Forces with support from the Mexican Army and the Federal Police – but Guzmán and a lieutenant escaped through a secret tunnel, emerging 1.5 km away and stealing a vehicle at gunpoint.
A statewide alert was issued for the stolen vehicle, and the Federal Police located and intercepted it about 20 km south of Los Mochis near the town of Juan José Ríos. Guzmán attempted to bribe the officers with offers of cash, properties, and offers of jobs. When the officers refused, Guzmán told them "you are all going to die". The four police officers sent pictures of Guzmán to their superiors, who were tipped that 40 assassins were on their way to free Guzmán. To avoid this counter-attack by cartel members, the policemen were told to take their prisoners to a motel on the outskirts of town to wait for reinforcements, and later, hand over the prisoners to the marines. They were subsequently taken to Los Mochis airport for transport to Mexico City, where Guzmán was presented to the press at the Mexico City airport and then flown by a Navy helicopter to the same maximum-security prison from which he escaped in July 2015.
During the raid, five gunmen were killed, six others arrested, and one Marine was wounded. The Mexican Navy said that they found two armored cars, eight assault rifles, including two Barrett M82 sniper rifles, two M16 rifles with grenade launchers and a loaded rocket-propelled grenade launcher.
Reactions
Secretary of the Interior Miguel Ángel Osorio Chong was hosting a reunion with Mexico's ambassadors and consuls when he received a notice from the President on Guzmán's capture. He returned a few moments later with Secretary of National Defense Salvador Cienfuegos Zepeda, Secretary of Navy Vidal Francisco Soberón Sanz and Secretary of Foreign Affairs Claudia Ruiz Massieu. Osorio Chong then announced the capture to the diplomats by reading the President's tweet which resulted in applause and chants of Viva México, Viva el Presidente Peña and Viva las Fuerzas Armadas (Long live Mexico, Long live President Peña, Long live our Military Forces). This was followed by a spontaneous rendition of the National Anthem by the crowd.
Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos congratulated Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto for the capture of Guzmán. Santos stated that "Guzmán's capture is a success, a great blow against organized crime, and drug trafficking", adding that "finally, this individual (Guzmán), like all criminals, will find what he deserves in the eyes of justice, and we celebrate that the Mexican authorities have recaptured this criminal". Loretta Lynch, United States Attorney General, praised Mexican authorities "who have worked tirelessly in recent months to bring Guzmán to justice".
Arrest of Emma Coronel Aispuro
Emma Coronel Aispuro, 31, the wife of Joaquín Guzmán, was arrested at Dulles International Airport on 22 February 2021, accused of helping her husband run his cartel and plot his escape from prison in 2015. Coronel was charged with conspiracy to distribute cocaine, methamphetamine, heroin and marijuana in the U.S. She has not been charged with any crimes in Mexico, although her father, Inés Coronel Barreras, and her brother, Édgar Coronel, were arrested on drug charges and allegations of helping Guzman′s first prison escape. Inés Coronel was arrested in 2013 and sentenced to ten years, 3 months in prison in 2017. Édgar Coronel Aispuru was arrested in 2015 and is imprisoned in Aguaruto prison, Sinaloa.
In 2019 Emma Coronel launched a clothing line and appeared on U.S. reality television.
United States extradition and prosecution
Mexico formally launched a renewed process of extradition to the United States two days after Guzmán was recaptured on 8 January 2016 after his second prison escape. Guzmán's lawyers mounted "numerous and creative injunctions" to prevent extradition. Vicente Antonio Bermúdez Zacarías was a federal judge involved in Guzmán's extradition proceedings, and he was assassinated on 17 October 2016 while jogging near Mexico City.
Guzmán was wanted in Chicago, San Diego, New York City, New Hampshire, Miami, and Texas, in addition to having indictments in at least seven different U.S. federal courts. Charges in the United States include drug trafficking with intent to distribute, conspiracy association, organized crime against health, money laundering, homicide, illegal possession of firearms, kidnapping, and murder in Chicago, Miami, New York, and other cities. A critical requirement for extradition was that the U.S. must guarantee that they would not sentence Guzmán to death if he were found guilty of homicide charges.
On 19 January 2017, Guzmán was extradited to the U.S. to face the charges and turned over to the custody of HSI and DEA agents. He was housed at the maximum-security wing of the Metropolitan Correctional Center, New York located in Manhattan. He pled not guilty on 20 January to a 17-count indictment in the United States District Court in New York. U.S. District Judge Brian Cogan scheduled his trial for 5 November 2018, when jury selection began. According to the prosecutors, juror anonymity and an armed escort were necessary, even if Guzmán is in isolation, due to his history of having jurors and witnesses murdered. The judge agreed to keep jurors anonymous and to have Guzmán transported to and from the courthouse by U.S. Marshals and sequestered from the public while in the courthouse. Opening arguments began Tuesday 13 November, and closing arguments took place on 31 January 2019. Guzmán was found guilty of all counts on 12 February 2019, and was sentenced on 17 July 2019 to life in prison plus 30 years and ordered to forfeit more than $12.6 billion. He was imprisoned in ADX Florence, the most secure US supermax prison, under Federal Register Number 89914-053.
Personal and family criminal activities
Guzmán's family is heavily involved in drug trafficking. Several members of his family, including his brother, one of his sons, and a nephew were killed by Sinaloa's archrival cartels, Los Zetas and the Beltrán Leyva Organization.
In 1977, Guzmán married Alejandrina María Salazar Hernández in a small ceremony in the town of Jesús María, Sinaloa. The couple had four children: César, Ivan Archivaldo, and Alejandrina Gisselle. He set them up in a ranch home in Jesús María.
When he was 30 years old, El Chapo fell in love with a bank clerk, Estela Peña of Nayarit, whom he kidnapped and with whom he had sexual relations. They later married.
In the mid-1980s, Guzmán married once more, to Griselda López Pérez, with whom he had four more children: Édgar, Joaquín Jr., Ovidio, and Griselda Guadalupe.
Guzmán's sons followed him into the drug business, and his third wife, López Pérez, was arrested in 2010, in Culiacán.
In November 2007, Guzmán married an 18-year-old American beauty queen, Emma Coronel Aispuro, the daughter of one of his top deputies, Inés Coronel Barreras (a man), in Canelas, Durango. In August 2011, she gave birth to twin girls, Maria Joaquina and Emali Guadalupe, in Los Angeles County Hospital, in California. Emma Coronel Aispuro pleaded guilty on 6 June 2021, to charges in the U.S. and admitted that she helped her husband run his multibillion-dollar criminal empire.
On 1 May 2013, Guzmán's father-in-law, Inés Coronel Barreras, was captured by Mexican authorities in Agua Prieta, Sonora, with no gunfire exchanged. U.S. authorities believe Coronel Barreras was a "key operative" of the Sinaloa Cartel who grew and smuggled marijuana through the Arizona border area.
On 15 February 2005, Guzmán's son Iván Archivaldo, known as "El Chapito", was arrested in Guadalajara on money laundering charges. He was sentenced to five years in a federal prison but released in April 2008, after a Mexican federal judge, Jesús Guadalupe Luna, ruled that there was no proof his cash came from drugs other than that he was a drug lord's son. Luna and another judge were later suspended on suspicion of unspecified irregularities in their decisions, including Luna's decision to release "El Chapito".
Guzmán's son Édgar Guzmán López died after a 2008 ambush in a shopping center parking lot, in Culiacán, Sinaloa. Afterwards, police found more than 500 AK-47 bullet casings at the scene. Guzmán's brother Arturo, known as "El Pollo", was killed in prison in 2004.
Another of Guzmán's sons, Jesús Alfredo Guzmán Salazar, known as "El Gordo" ("The Fat One"), then 23 years old, was suspected of being a member of the cartel and was indicted on federal charges of drug trafficking in 2009 with Guzmán, by the U.S. District Court of Northern Illinois, which oversees Chicago. Authorities described Guzmán Salazar as a growing force within his father's organization and directly responsible for Sinaloa's drug trade between the U.S. and Mexico and for managing his billionaire father's growing list of properties. Guzmán Salazar and his mother, Guzmán's former wife María Alejandrina Salazar Hernández, were both described as key operatives in the Sinaloa Cartel and added to the U.S.'s financial sanction list under the Kingpin Act on 7 June 2012.
The U.S. Treasury Department described Salazar as Guzmán's wife, in its sanction against her, and described Guzmán as her husband. The month before, the U.S. Treasury Department had announced sanctions against Guzmán's sons Iván Guzmán Salazar and Ovidio Guzmán López under the Kingpin Act. Guzmán's second wife, Griselda López Pérez, was also sanctioned by the U.S. under the Kingpin Act and described as Guzmán's wife.
Jesús Guzmán Salazar was reported to have been detained by Mexican Marines in an early morning raid, in the western state of Jalisco on 21 June 2012. Months later, however, the Mexican Attorney General's Office announced the Marines had arrested the wrong man and that the man captured was actually Félix Beltrán León, who said he was a used-car dealer, not the drug lord's son. U.S. and Mexican authorities blamed each other for providing the inaccurate information that led to the arrest.
In 2012, Alejandrina Gisselle Guzmán Salazar, a 31-year-old pregnant physician and Mexican citizen from Guadalajara, was said to have claimed she was Guzmán's daughter as she crossed the U.S. border into San Diego. She was arrested on fraud charges for entering the country with a false visa. Unnamed officials said the woman was the daughter of María Alejandrina Salazar Hernández but did not appear to be a major figure in the cartel. She had planned to meet the father of her child in Los Angeles and give birth in the United States.
On the night of 17 June 2012, Obied Cano Zepeda, a nephew of Guzmán's, was gunned down by unknown assailants at his home in the state capital of Culiacán, while hosting a Father's Day celebration. The gunmen, who were reportedly carrying AK-47 rifles, also killed two other guests and left another seriously injured.
Obied was a brother of Luis Alberto Cano Zepeda (alias "El Blanco")'s, another nephew of Guzmán's who worked as a pilot drug transporter for the Sinaloa cartel. The latter was arrested by the Mexican military in August 2006. InSight Crime notes that Obied's murder may have been either a retaliation attack by Los Zetas, for Guzmán's incursions into their territory, or a brutal campaign heralding Los Zetas' presence in Sinaloa.
Even after Guzman's arrest, the Sinaloa Cartel remained the primary drug distributor (in 2018) in the U.S. among Mexican cartels, according to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration.
In popular culture
Literature
Martin Corona, the chief assassin for a rival cartel of Sinaloa's who mistakenly killed a priest when aiming at Guzmán, published a tell-all memoir titled Confessions of a Cartel Hit Man in 2017.
Music
Several Mexican narcocorridos (narco ballads) narrate the exploits of Guzmán and his organization. Additionally, some American artists have made songs with references to Guzmán, such as the rappers Uncle Murda, Skrillex, YG, Gucci Mane, and The Game.
Television
In 2017, Netflix and Univision began co-producing the series El Chapo about the life of Guzmán. The series premiered on Sunday, 23 April 2017 and was followed by a 20-minute Facebook Live after-show titled "El Chapo Ilimitado".
Guzmán is also portrayed by Alejandro Edda in the Netflix television series Narcos: Mexico.
See also
List of Mexico's 37 most-wanted drug lords
Footnotes
References
Works cited
External links
Joaquín Guzmán Loera's profile at Forbes
Joaquín Guzmán Loera's profile and wanted poster from the DEA
Joaquín Guzmán Loera's profile at the INTERPOL
Joaquín Guzmán Loera's profile at the Chicago Crime Commission
Joaquín Guzmán Loera's profile at the United States Department of State
1957 births
20th-century criminals
21st-century criminals
Escapees from Mexican detention
Fugitives
Inmates of ADX Florence
Inmates of the Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1
Law enforcement scandals
Living people
Mexican drug traffickers
Mexican escapees
Mexican crime bosses
Mexican money launderers
Mexican people imprisoned abroad
People extradited to Mexico
People extradited from Guatemala
People extradited from Mexico to the United States
People from Badiraguato
People from Badiraguato Municipality
People of the Mexican Drug War
People sanctioned under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act
Political scandals
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by the United States federal government
Sinaloa Cartel traffickers
Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn%20%22El%20Chapo%22%20Guzm%C3%A1n |
The term Most Outstanding Player may refer to:
The recipient of the CFL's Most Outstanding Player Award
The NCAA basketball tournament Most Outstanding Player award
The College World Series Most Outstanding Player in college baseball
The NCAA Division I Ice Hockey Tournament Most Outstanding Player in college ice hockey
The WCHA Most Outstanding Player in Tournament in college ice hockey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most%20Outstanding%20Player |
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