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Pallantium () was an ancient city near the Tiber river on the Italian peninsula. Roman mythology, as recounted in Virgil's Aeneid for example, states that the city was founded in Magna Graecia by Evander of Pallene and other ancient Greeks sometime previous to the Trojan War.
In addition, Dionysius of Halicarnassus writes that Romans say that the city was founded by Greeks from Pallantium of Arcadia, about sixty years before the Trojan war and the leader was Evander.
Solinus writes that the Arcadians were the founders of the city.
The myth of the city's origin was significant in ancient Roman mythology because Pallantium became one of the cities that was merged later into ancient Rome, thereby tying Rome's origins to the ancient Greek heroes. Other cities in the area were founded by various Italic tribes.
Virgil states that Evander named the city in honor of his ancestor, Pallas, although Pausanias as well as Dionysius of Halicarnassus say that Evander's birth city was Pallantium, and thus he named the new city after the one in Arcadia. Dionysius of Halicarnassus also mentions that some writers, including Polybius of Megalopolis, say that the town was named after Pallas, who was the son of Heracles and Lavinia, the daughter of Evander, and when he died his grandfather raised a tomb to him on the hill and called the place Pallantium, after him.
The origin of Rome and the composition of its people are worthy of remark. They
explain the particular character of its policy, and the exceptional part that fell to it
from the beginning in the midst of other cities. The Roman race was strangely mixed.
The principal element was Latin, and originally from Alba; but these Albans
themselves, according to traditions which no criticism authorizes us to reject, were
composed of two associated, but not confounded, populations. One was the
aboriginal race, real Latins. The other was of foreign origin, and was said to have
come from Troy with Aeneas, the priest-founder; it was, to all appearance, not
numerous, but was influential from the worship and the institutions which it had
brought with it.
These Albans, a mixture of two races, founded Rome on a spot where another city
had already been built — Pallantium, founded by the Greeks. Now, the population
of Pallantium remained in the new city, and the rites of the Greek worship were
preserved there. There was also, where the Capitol afterwards stood, a city which
was said to have been founded by Hercules, the families of which remained distinct
from the rest of the Roman population during the entire continuance of the
republic.
Thus at Rome all races were associated and mingled; there were Latins, Trojans,
and Greeks; there were, a little later, Sabines, and Etruscans.
Of the several hills, the Palatine was the Latin city, after having been the city of Evander.
The Capitoline, after having been the dwelling-place of the companions of Hercules,
became the home of the Sabines of Tatius. The Quirinal received its name from the
Sabine Quirites, or from the Sabine god Quirinus. The Coelian hill appears to
have been inhabited from the beginning by Etruscans. Rome did not seem to be a single city;
it appeared like a confederation of several cities, each one of which was attached by
its origin to another confederation. It was the centre where the Latins, Etruscans,
Sabellians, and Greeks met.
--Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges, The Ancient City, 311
References
External links
The Ancient City (pdf) at the McMaster Archive for the History of Economic Thought
Pre-Roman cities in Italy
Colonies of Magna Graecia
Former populated places in Italy
Greco-Roman relations in classical antiquity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallantium |
The cotillion (also cotillon or French country dance) is a social dance, popular in 18th-century Europe and North America. Originally for four couples in square formation, it was a courtly version of an English country dance, the forerunner of the quadrille and, in the United States, the square dance.
It was for some fifty years regarded as an ideal finale to a ball but was eclipsed in the early 19th century by the quadrille. It became so elaborate that it was sometimes presented as a concert dance performed by trained and rehearsed dancers. The later "German" cotillion included more couples as well as plays and games.
Names
The English word is a variation of the French (which does not have i in the last syllable). In English, it is pronounced // or //; but in French, it is // (without the // sound, despite the spelling).
The French word originally meant "petticoat (underskirt)" and is derived from Old French (‘cotte’) and the diminutive suffix .
There are two etymological theories as to how "underskirt" became a dance's name:
The dance "revealed the underskirt".
It is from the lyrics of a song that accompanied the dance: (‘My friend, when I dance, does my petticoat show? [or: does my petticoat move well?]’).
In 18th-century French, the dance was also known as , meaning "French country dance" or "French contradance".
History
The name cotillion appears to have been in use as a dance-name at the beginning of the 18th century but, though it was only ever identified as a sort of country dance, it is impossible to say of what it consisted at that early date.
As we first encounter it, it consists of a main "figure" that varied from dance to dance and was interspersed with "changes" – a number of different figures that broke out of the square formation, often decided spontaneously by the leading couple or by a caller or "conductor". Each of these was designed to fit a tune of eight or occasionally sixteen measures of 2/4 time. Participants exchanged partners within the formation network of the dance. "Changes" included the "Great Ring", a simple circle dance with which the dance often began, as well as smaller Ladies' and Gentlemen's rings, top and bottom and sides rings, and chains. Other changes included the , and . A complete dance composed of a prescribed order of these was called a "set".
The cotillion was introduced into England by 1766 and to the United States in about 1772. In England from that time onwards there are a large number of references stressing its universal popularity in the best and highest circles of society, and many teaching manuals were published to help recall the vast number of changes that were invented. There is a reference in Robert Burns's 1790 poem Tam o' Shanter to the "cotillion brent-new frae France" (brand new from France).
Dancing masters differed as to the exact way of doing these dances: some, recognising the affair as an English country dance, taught that the steps and jumps of these were appropriate, while others insisted upon French elegance, recommending the basic step of the gavotte or the minuet. In reality many participants simply walked through the figure and changes, seeing these as the dance and the exact steps as dispensable. On the other hand, some figures required high skill at social dancing and many performances took place at which the majority preferred to watch rather than dance.
The quadrille gained fame a few years later as a variety of cotillion that could be danced by only two couples. In London in 1786 Longman & Broderip's 6th book of Twenty Four New Cotillions brings together for the first time the most characteristic dance-figures of the quadrille: (‘trousers’), (‘summer’), (‘the beautiful hen’) and . However, while the cotillion kept all the dancers in almost perpetual motion, the quadrille often allowed rest to half of the participants while the other half danced.
In the 1790s, the cotillion was falling from favour, but it re-emerged in a new style in the early years of the next century, with fewer and fewer changes, making it barely distinguishable from the newly-emerging quadrille, which was introduced into English high society by Lady Jersey in 1816 and by 1820 had eclipsed the cotillion, though it was recognisably a very similar dance, particularly as it also began to be danced by four couples. References to the English cotillion dances persist here and there until the 1840s, but these were more games than fashionable dances, and were often danced to the waltz or the mazurka.
L. P. Hartley's 1931 ghost story The Cotillon is centred around a masked cotillion at a country house.
United States
In the United States, however, the opposite was true: quadrilles were termed cotillions until the 1840s, when it was realised that all the distinctive figures of the earlier dance had been taken up into the newer. The German cotillion was introduced to New York society at a costume ball with a Louis XV theme given by William Colford Schermerhorn in the early winter of 1854. Here, too, waltzes, mazurkas, fun, games and boisterous behaviour at private parties took on a more important role, and only some figures of the earlier dances survived. Finally the term cotillion was used to refer to the ball itself and the cotillion and quadrille became the square dance.
See also
Debutante ball
References
External links
Social dance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotillion |
"My Twin" is a 2006 single by the Swedish heavy metal band Katatonia. It was the first single off the band's seventh studio album, The Great Cold Distance. Charlie Granberg was in charge of directing the single's music video. The single charted at no. 9 on the Finnish music charts.
Track listing
Personnel
Katatonia
Jonas Renkse – vocals, guitar, keyboards, loops, programming, sound effects
Anders Nyström – guitar, keyboard, loops, programming, sound effects
Fredrick Norrman – guitar
Mattias Norrman – bass
Daniel Liljekvist – drums
Additional personnel
Jens Bogren – keyboards, loops, programming, sound effects
David Castillo – keyboards, loops, programming, sound effects
Peter Damin – drum tech, percussion
References
2006 singles
2006 songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Twin |
The Auchenorrhyncha suborder of the Hemiptera contains most of the familiar members of what was called the "Homoptera" – groups such as cicadas, leafhoppers, treehoppers, planthoppers, and spittlebugs. The aphids and scale insects are the other well-known "Homoptera", and they are in the suborder Sternorrhyncha.
Distributed worldwide, all members of this group are plant-feeders, and many are vectors of viral and fungal diseases of plants.
It is also common for Auchenorrhyncha species to produce either audible sounds or substrate vibrations as a form of communication. Such calls range from vibrations inaudible to humans, to the calls of many species of cicadas that can be heard for hundreds of metres, at least. In season, they produce the most characteristic and ubiquitous noise of the bush.
Etymology
The word "Auchenorrhyncha" is from the Greek αὐχήν, 'neck, throat' and ῥύγχος, 'snout'.
Classification
Debate and uncertainty as to whether the Auchenorrhyncha is a monophyletic group or not is ongoing; some authors, believing it was not, split it into two suborders, the Clypeorrhyncha (= Cicadomorpha) and the Archaeorrhyncha (= Fulgoromorpha). In the last 10 years, there has been evidence to support the monophyletic interpretation, and the most recent research indicates the Auchenorrhyncha are in fact a monophyletic lineage. A classification of the Auchenorrhyncha is:
Infraorder Cicadomorpha (Clypeorrhyncha, Clypeata)
Superfamily Cercopoidea (spittlebugs, froghoppers)
Aphrophoridae
Cercopidae
Clastopteridae
Epipygidae
Machaerotidae
Superfamily Cicadoidea (cicadas)
Cicadidae (Platypediidae, Plautillidae, Tettigadidae, Tibicinidae)
Tettigarctidae (hairy cicadas)
Superfamily Membracoidea (Cicadelloidea)
Aetalionidae (Biturritiidae)
Cicadellidae (Eurymelidae, Hylicidae, Ledridae, Ulopidae, leafhoppers)
Melizoderidae
Membracidae (Nicomiidae, treehoppers)
Myerslopiidae (Cicadellidae, in part)
Infraorder Fulgoromorpha (Archaeorrhyncha, planthoppers)
Superfamily Fulgoroidea
Acanaloniidae
Achilidae
Achilixiidae
Caliscelidae
Cixiidae
Delphacidae
Derbidae
Dictyopharidae
Eurybrachyidae
Flatidae
Fulgoridae (lanternflies)
Gengidae
Hypochthonellidae
Issidae
Kinnaridae
Lophopidae
Meenoplidae
Nogodinidae
Ricaniidae
Tettigometridae
Tropiduchidae
Notes
External links
World Auchenorrhyncha Database
Bibliography of the Auchenorrhyncha of Central Europe
DrMetcalf: a resource on cicadas, leafhoppers, planthoppers, spittlebugs, and treehoppers
Photographic Atlas of the Planthoppers and Leafhoppers of Germany
Photographs of the Auchenorrhyncha of North and South America
Hemiptera
Insect suborders
Permian insects
Cisuralian animals
Cisuralian animals of North America
Cisuralian first appearances
Extant Permian first appearances
Hemiptera of North America
Paleozoic insects of Asia
Paleozoic insects of North America | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auchenorrhyncha |
Steve Kramer is an American actor who has provided voices for English language versions of Japanese anime films, television series and video games. He has also done voice acting for various Power Rangers series in the past, with the best-known of those roles being the voice of Darkonda in Power Rangers in Space. His wife, Melora Harte, is a voice actress. Kramer has also been credited as Steve Kraemer, Steven Kramer, Drew Levi Thomas, Drew Lexi Thomas, and Drew Thomas. Kramer is usually cast in the role of wise old men. He is also a voice director and script writer, adapting many anime and video games.
Notable roles
Anime
3x3 Eyes – Frog Demon, Mama
The Adventures of Manxmouse – Mr. Pettin/Ethan/Truck Driver/Radio Announcer
Accel World – Match Maker
Aesop's Fables – The Grasshopper
Ah! My Goddess: The Movie – Various
Akira – Roy (Streamline dub), additional voices (Animaze dub)
Apocalypse Zero – Zenigata
Appleseed – Commander Lance
Arc the Lad – Chimera, Operative, Soldier
Argento Soma – FUNERAL Board
Around the World with Willy Fog – Constable Bully
Ayakashi Ayashi: Ayashi Divine Comedy – Yozo Torii
Babel II – Babel
Babel II: Beyond Infinity – Murai, Old Monk, UN Soldier
Bakuto Sengen Daigunder – Despector
Berserk: The Golden Age Arc – Lord Gennon
The Big O – Bonnie Frazier
Bleach – Shunsui Kyōraku, Barragan Luisenbarn
Bleach: Fade to Black – Shunsui Kyoraku
Bleach: Thousand-Year Blood War – Shunsui Kyoraku
Bleach: Hell Verse – Murakumo
Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo – Gechappi, Gasser's Neckbelt, Lead Battleship Special Forces Member, Lapalapa, General Lee Fishcake
Blue Dragon – Talta Village Elder
Button Nose – Benny, Bernie
Carried by the Wind: Tsukikage Ran – Benitsubaki Clansman, Official, Restaurant Owner, Scam Victim
Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion – Priest (Ep. 13)
Coppelion – Kunikida
Cowboy Bebop – Carlos, Huey, Otto, Whitney Matsumoto
Cowboy Bebop: The Movie – Carlos
Crimson Wolf – Shinoda, Genghis Khan, Assassin
Cyborg 009 – Cyborg 006 (Chang Changku)
Daigunder – Despector
Detatoko Princess – Fitness Brother, Mayor
Digimon Adventure – Vilemon
Digimon Adventure 02 – Starmon
Digimon Data Squad – Rocky, Vilemon
Digimon Tamers – Baihumon
Digimon Frontier – Cerberumon, Starmon 1, Meteormon 1
Digimon Fusion – Shurimon (Ep. 23–24), Wisemon (Season 2)
Dirty Pair: Project Eden – Wattsman (Streamline dub)
Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds – Pip Squeak
Doomed Megalopolis – Kuroda
Early Reins – Col. Spencer
Eureka 7 – Axel Thurston
éX-Driver – Businessman, Dad, Driver
Fake – Berkeley Rose, Ted
Fighting Spirit – Mr. Yasuda
Figure 17 – Isamu Kuroda
FLCL – Nanadaba Shigekuni, Train Announcer, Martians Baseball Player
Fushigi Yūgi – Mayo's Father (Eikoden), Seiryu Seiken
Freedom – Chimpster
Gad Guard – Attorney, Bartender, Gang Member 1, Man in Casino 1, Morro, Officer 1, Shopkeeper, Stallkeeper
Gate Keepers – Rescue Worker
Geneshaft – Chata, Ewers
Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex – Churnow,
Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex 2nd Gig – Chairman Tsutomo Tadokoro
Ghost Slayers Ayashi – Yozo Torii, Ryudo's Employee, Vassal
Great Pretender - Shougo Nakanoshima
Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics – Wolf (Little Red Riding Hood)
Gungrave – Randy
.hack//Legend of the Twilight – Hot Spring Granny
Heat Guy J – Mauro (2nd Voice "after the death of Anthony Mozdy")
Idol Project – Ivie
Immortal Grand Prix (microseries) – Dimmer
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure – Dario Brando
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond is Unbreakable – Yoshihiro Kira
Jungle de Ikou! – Ahem
Kaze no Yojimbo – Detective Saeki
Kiki's Delivery Service – Cop, Street Sweeper, additional voices (Streamline dub)
Kurokami: The Animation – Bernhardt
Kyo Kara Maoh! – Alford's Father, Bob, Heathcrife, Pirate, Shas, T-Zou
Last Exile – Claimh-Solais Crewman, Fuel Attendant #1, Vanship Union Operator #1
Leave it to Piyoko! – BGG Gang Member B, Horse, Robot
Lensman – Worsel
Lily C.A.T. – Dular
A Little Snow Fairy Sugar – Henry, Lancelot the Turtle, Luchino
Lu over the Wall - Grandfather
Lupin III: The Castle of Cagliostro – Goemon Ishikawa XIII (Streamline release)
Lupin III Part 1 - Lupin the Second
Magi: The Kingdom of Magic – Matal Mogamett
Mahoromatic: Something More Beautiful – Chocolate Chef, Delivery Man, Green Grocer, Management Leader/Oda Nobunaga, Street Thug 2
Maple Town – Wilde Wolf
MÄR: Märchen Awakens Romance – Gaira
March Comes In like a Lion - Shoichi Matsunaga
Mars Daybreak – EF Helmsman
The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya – Shamisen
Mirage of Blaze – Nue, Teacher, Shingen Takeda
Mobile Suit Gundam F91 – Bobulz, Gillet Krueger
Mobile Suit Gundam: The 08th MS Team – Terry Sanders Jr.
Mobile Suit Gundam: The Movie Trilogy – Tem Ray, Twaning
Monster – Dr. Heinemann
Mushrambo – Katris
My Neighbor Totoro – Old Farmer, Kanta's Father (Streamline dub)
Moribito: Guardian of the Spirit – Master Star Reader, Taga
The Secret of Blue Water – Hanson (Streamline dub)
Naruto – Third Hokage, Fish Seller
Naruto Shippuden – Third Hokage
Neo Tokyo – Driver
New Getter Robo – Tsuna Watanabe
New Gigantor – Inspector Ohtsuka
Nightwalker – Director
Ninja Cadets – Yukinobu
Nodame Cantabile – Hidemi Saku, Sebastiano Viera, Takehiko Miyoshi, Tatsumi Mine
Noein – Takuya Mayuzumi, Isuka, The Time Drifter
Noozles – Osgood
Nura: Rise of the Yokai Clan – Hebidayu, Professor Adashibara
Otogi Zoshi – Regent, Tetsu
Outlaw Star – Hadul
Overman King Gainer – Pelhar
Patlabor WXIII – Boat Captain, Detective, Engineer, Labor Technician, Police Officer, Security Guard, Yoshitake Misaki
Phoenix – Kadan, Officer, Tsume Otoko (Sun Chapter)
Pokémon: Hisuian Snow – Alec's father
Robotech – Angelo Dante
Rurouni Kenshin – Dr. Gensai, Police Officer (Ep. 33), Jirokichi Ebisu, Shakku Arai (Ep. 40), Shibumi
Sailor Moon – Wiseman (Viz Media dub)
Sailor Moon Crystal – Wiseman
Saint Tail – Little
Saiyuki Gunlock – Demon, Jiroshin, Priest, Servant
Saiyuki Reload – Demon, Jiroshin, Servant, Tech
Sakura Wars: The Movie – Musei Edogawa
Samurai Champloo – Kariya Kagetoki
Scrapped Princess – Old Man
S-CRY-ed – Ayu Dairen
Shinzo – Katris, Hyper Chiro, Panda
Sol Bianca: The Legacy – Manager
Space Pirate Captain Harlock – Crewmember, Bar Patron, Prime Minister, additional voices
Sword Gai: The Animation - Shogun
Tenchi Muyo! GXP – King Balta
Tenjho Tenge – Dougen Takayanagi
Transformers: Robots in Disguise – Cerebros, R.E.V.
Urda – Baltram
Vampire Hunter D – Dr. Fehring
When They Cry – Teppei Hojo, Tatsuyoshi Kasai
Wicked City – Jin
Wild Arms: Twilight Venom – Dr. Sabriskie
Witch Hunter Robin – Syndicate Gunman #3, Thug
Wolf's Rain – Moss
X – Scientist
Ys II: Castle in the Heavens – Feiya Rall
Non-anime roles
The Animated Alias: Tribunal – Rudolph Gaborno
Bling – Zang
Computer Warriors – Minus
Fly Me to the Moon – Leonid
Little Big Panda - Additional voices
The Happy Cricket – General
Iznogoud – Iznogoud and various
Jin Jin and the Panda Patrol – Dr. Maniac
Little Mouse on the Prairie – Grandpa, B.C.
The Little Polar Bear – Seagull #1
The Return of Dogtanian – Pip
Stitch & Ai – Additional voices
Walter Melon – Additional voices
Wisdom of the Gnomes – Holler
The Wuzzles – Additional voices
Live action roles
Adventures in Voice Acting – Himself
Babe: Pig in the City – Additional voices
Big Bad Beetleborgs – Mucant (voice)
CSI: NY – Administrative Judge
Dallas Dante's Cove – Kevin's Stepfather
Desperate Housewives – Detective Hewitt
Drake & Josh – Stan the Car Man
End of Days – Businessman
ER – Pediatric Surgeon
Everybody Hates Chris – Superintendent
Falcon Crest – FBI Agent 1
Gilmore Girls – Sam
The Golden Girls – Dr. Stephen Deutsch
Grosse Pointe – Director
Hallo Spencer – Poldi, Karl-Gustav
The Handler – Man
Hooperman House M.D. – Ken
Huff – Allen Meeks
Hunter – Duty Officer
Jake and the Fatman – Doctor
Just Can't Get Enough – Detective Martin
Looking for Comedy in the Muslim World – Sam Loman
Love Boat: The Next Wave – 1st Mate
Love Thy Neighbour – 3rd Guest
Malcolm in the Middle – Doctor
Masked Rider – Cyclopter (voice)
Mighty Morphin' Power Rangers – Gnarly Gnome, Slippery Shark, Saliguana, Robogoat, Hatchasaurus (2nd voice), Cyclopter (voices, uncredited)
The Naked Truth – Duchovny's Lawyer
The Oldest Rookie – Willard Haskell
One on One – Janitor
Onmyoji – Doson (voice)
Pacific Blue – Agent Hardy
Power Rangers Zeo – Wolfbane (voice, uncredited)
Power Rangers Turbo – Dreadfeather (voice, uncredited)
Power Rangers In Space – Darkonda, Darkliptor (voices)
Power Rangers Time Force – Electropede (voice)
Power Rangers Wild Force – Turbine Org (voice)
Roseanne – Roger's Father
Rusty: A Dog's Tale – Additional voices (voice)
The Story Lady – Salesperson
Ultraman: The Ultimate Hero – Dan
VR Troopers – Drillbot, Terminoid, Transgressor (voices)
The West Wing – Deputy Secretary
The Young and the Restless Zeiram – Murata (voice)
Zeiram 2 – Store Manager, Shop Keeper, Th (voices)
10-8: Officers on Duty – Gary Thorsen
24: Conspiracy – James Sutton
Foreign dubbing
Video game rolesAssassin's Creed – Additional voicesBaten Kaitos Origins – Dark BrotherBleach: Shattered Blade – Shunsui KyōrakuBleach: Soul Resurrección – Shunsui KyōrakuBlood and Magic – VoiceCitizens of Earth – Opposition LeaderDirge of Cerberus: Final Fantasy VII – Incidental CharactersFinal Fantasy XIII – Additional voicesGundam Side Story 0079: Rise From the Ashes – Visch Donahue, additional voicesLife Is Strange 2 – Additional VoicesLords of EverQuest – Additional voicesNaruto: Clash of Ninja Revolution – Third HokageNaruto: Rise of a Ninja – Third HokageNaruto to Boruto: Shinobi Striker - Third HokageNaruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Impact – Third HokageNaruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 2 – Third HokageNaruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 3 – Third HokageNaruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 4 – Third HokageNaruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm Generations – Third HokageNaruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm Revolution – Third HokageNaruto: The Broken Bond – Third HokageParaworld – Hermit, KleemanPhase Paradox - Lance FullerRobotech: Battlecry – SkarrdeThe Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim – Additional voicesSpace Channel 5 – JaguarStar Trek: Judgment Rites – Azrah, James Munro, Klingon Aide
Miscellaneous crew
Script adaptation
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Bakuto Sengen Daigunder Battle B-Daman Black Jack Bleach Bleach: The Hell Verse Blue Dragon' The Cockpit Daigunder Digimon Adventure Dinozaurs The Dog of Flanders Future Boy Conan (The Lost Intersound, Inc. pilot dub 1980s)
Gatchaman Geneshaft Gestalt Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics Honeybee Hutch Iron Man: Rise of Technovore K The Littl' Bits Maple Town Maya the Bee Metal Fighter Miku Mighty Morphin' Power Rangers Mon Colle Knights Monster Mushrambo Noozles Ox Tales The Return of Dogtanian Robotech Saban's Adventures of Peter Pan Saban's Adventures of Pinocchio Saban's Adventures of the Little Mermaid Sailor Moon S (Viz Media dub)
Samurai Pizza Cats Sandokan SD Gundam Force Shinzo Tenchi in Tokyo Tiger & Bunny Transformers: Robots in Disguise Tokyo Pig Vampire Princess Miyu VR Troopers Wild 7 Wowser YS-II ZeiramCasting director
Twilight of the CockroachesVoice director
Bleach: Fade to Black Blue Dragon The Cockpit Captain Harlock and the Queen of a Thousand Years Codename: Robotech Dinozaurs DNA Sights 999.9 Eagle Riders Gatchaman Honeybee Hutch Kyo Kara Maoh! Radiata Stories Requiem from the Darkness Robotech Robotech: Invasion Saint Tail – Director
Shinzo Speed Racer X The Wicked and the Damned: A Hundred Tales of Karma Tokyo Pig Transformers: Robots in DisguiseADR loop group
Codename: Robotech Coronado Fly Me to the Moon A Turtle's Tale 2: Sammy's Escape from Paradise Nice Guys Sleep Alone The Prince of Egypt Resurrecting the Champ When Time Expires''
References
External links
American male screenwriters
American male television actors
American male television writers
American male voice actors
American television writers
American casting directors
American voice directors
Living people
Male actors from Orange County, California
Robotech cast and crew
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Screenwriters from California
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Kramer%20%28actor%29 |
Sandra Jenkins (born July 20, 1961 in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta as Sandra Rippel) is a Canadian curler from Salmon Arm, British Columbia.
Jenkins was the alternate player for the Canadian women's team at the 2006 Winter Olympics skipped by Shannon Kleibrink. Sandra got to play in a few games as some of the members of the team had been ill.
Jenkins played second for Cathy Shaw at the 1982 and 1983 Scott Tournament of Hearts. The team lost in the final in 1983 to Penny LaRocque of Nova Scotia. In 1987 Jenkins was the third for Ken Ursuliak at the Canadian Mixed Curling Championship. Also in 1987 she was in the Olympic Trials playing for Marilyn Darte. She returned to the Scotts in 1989 as an alternate for Debbie Shermack.
In 1993 she joined up with Shannon Kleibrink as her third at that year's Scott Tournament of Hearts. She would not play with Kleibrink again until the 2005 Canadian Olympic Trials. In 2002 Jenkins was the lead for Ken Hunka at the Mixed.
Jenkins currently skips her own team.
External links
Sandra Jenkins on Real Champions
1961 births
Living people
Canadian women curlers
Curlers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Curlers from Alberta
Curlers from British Columbia
People from Salmon Arm
People from Fort Saskatchewan
Olympic bronze medalists for Canada
Olympic curlers for Canada
Olympic medalists in curling
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra%20Jenkins |
The photic sneeze reflex (also known as Autosomal Dominant Compelling Helio-Ophthalmic Outburst (ACHOO) syndrome) is an inherited and congenital autosomal dominant reflex condition that causes sneezing in response to numerous stimuli, such as looking at bright lights or periocular (surrounding the eyeball) injection. The condition affects 18–35% of the world's population, but its exact mechanism of action is not well understood.
Symptoms and signs
The photic sneeze reflex manifests itself in the form of uncontrollable sneezing in response to a stimulus which would not produce a sneeze in people without the trait. The sneezes generally occur in bursts of 1 to 10 sneezes, followed by a refractory period that can be as long as 24 hours.
Photic sneezing
A photic sneeze results from exposure to a bright light and is the most common manifestation of the photic sneeze reflex. This reflex seems to be caused by a change in light intensity rather than by a specific wavelength of light.
A survey conducted by the School of Optometry at the University of Alabama at Birmingham found that 67% of respondents who identified as photic sneezers were female and 94% were Caucasian. The study also found that photic sneezing was significantly more common in people with a deviated nasal septum.
Further studies have revealed this mechanism to be inherited.
Response to periocular injection
Even less well understood than photic sneezing is sneezing in response to periocular injection, a trait that appears to be inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. During surgeries in and around the eye, such as corneal transplant surgery, the patient often requires injection of a local anesthetic into the eye. In patients who show the photic sneeze reflex, an injection into the eye, such as that undergone in a retrobulbar or peribulbar block, can often elicit a sneeze from the patient. During these procedures, the patient may be sedated prior to the periocular injection. The patient begins to sneeze just as the needle is inserted into the eye, often resulting in the anesthesiologist having to remove the needle before injecting the local anesthetic.
Sneezing after eating
A condition called gustatory rhinitis can cause some individuals to sneeze after eating, particularly after the consumption of spicy foods. Stomach fullness is another example of a stimulus that can cause uncontrollable sneezing. Those who exhibit this symptom or disorder, called snatiation, undergo uncontrollable fits of 3–15 sneezes immediately after eating large meals that completely fill the stomach, regardless of the type of food eaten. Snatiation is not believed to be an allergic reaction of any kind.
Risks
Sneezing generally does not present any particular risks to the individual, and is usually more an annoyance than a risk of injury. The fits of sneezing brought about by the photic sneeze reflex can, however, have dangerous implications during certain scenarios and activities, such as operating a vehicle, or while undergoing operations (dental, optical) and having bright lights directed towards the patient's face.
Vehicle operation
A fit of sneezing while operating a vehicle can cause the operator to lose control of that vehicle, resulting in injury to the person, and damage to the vehicle and/or surroundings. In particular, photic sneezing poses a considerable risk to pilots, due to the frequent presence of bright sunlight and the precise reactions needed to successfully control the aircraft. For the pilot of a fighter aircraft, if an uncontrollable fit of sneezing were to occur during aerial combat, the pilot could be incapacitated when their situational awareness needs to be greatest. A plane landing on an aircraft carrier or shoreline also requires precise movements and quick reflexes. The reflection of the sun from surrounding water has a high probability of producing at least one photic sneeze for pilots who have the reflex. Any amount of sneezing while attempting to land could cause the pilot to lose control, potentially resulting in disaster.
Medical procedures
Uncontrollable fits of sneezing are common in patients under propofol sedation who undergo periocular or retrobulbar injection.
Pathophysiology
There is much debate about the true cause and mechanism of the sneezing fits brought about by the photic sneeze reflex. Sneezing occurs in response to irritation in the nasal cavity, which results in an afferent nerve fiber signal propagating through the ophthalmic and maxillary branches of the trigeminal nerve to the trigeminal nerve nuclei in the brainstem. The signal is interpreted in the trigeminal nerve nuclei, and an efferent nerve fiber signal goes to different parts of the body, such as mucous glands and the thoracic diaphragm, thus producing a sneeze. The most obvious difference between a normal sneeze and a photic sneeze is the stimulus: normal sneezes occur due to irritation in the nasal cavity, while the photic sneeze can result from a wide variety of stimuli. Some theories are below. There is also a genetic factor that increases the probability of photic sneeze reflex. The C allele on the rs10427255 SNP is particularly implicated in this although the mechanism is unknown by which this gene increases the probability of this response.
Optic-trigeminal summation
Stimulation of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve may enhance the irritability of the maxillary branch, resulting in an increased probability of sneezing. This is similar to the mechanism by which photophobia develops by persistent light exposure relaying signals through the optic nerve and trigeminal nerve to produce increased sensitivity in the ophthalmic branch. If this increased sensitivity occurred in the maxillary branch instead of the ophthalmic branch, a sneeze could result instead of photophobia.
Parasympathetic generalization
The parasympathetic nervous system has many neighboring fibers that respond to different stimuli. When one stimulus activates multiple nerve fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic generalization is occurring. There is a possibility that sensory input from the eyes could travel to the neurons in the cortex that interpret such signals, but neighboring neurons which are involved in sneezing are also activated, due to the generalization. This could lead to a sneeze in response to a stimulus other than nasal irritation.
Increased light sensitivity
When the trigeminal nerve is directly stimulated, there is the possibility that increased light sensitivity in the ocular nerve could result. An example of directly stimulating would be plucking an eyebrow or pulling hair. In many people who show the photic sneeze reflex, even this direct stimulation can lead to a photic sneeze which is why we find it easier to sneeze while looking at a bright light.
Propofol-induced inhibitory suppression
Uncontrollable sneezing during a periocular injection while sedated by propofol is likely caused by the drug. Propofol has been shown to temporarily suppress inhibitory neurons in the brainstem, which is also where the trigeminal nucleus – the "sneeze center" of the brain – lies. This chain of events leads to increased sensitivity to stimulation and reduced threshold for involuntary responses. In this hypersensitive state, the periocular injection stimulates the ophthalmic and/or maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve, which results in summation in the trigeminal nuclei. This summation can lead to a sneeze in the unconscious patient.
Corneal nerve prominence
A small-scale study comprising a Caucasian family from Spain done by Sevillano et al. in July 2016 revealed that prominent corneal nerves might be associated with the photic sneeze reflex.
Management
While this phenomenon is poorly understood, recent research has shown that antihistamines being used to treat rhinitis due to seasonal allergies may also reduce the occurrence of photic sneezes in people affected by both conditions.
Those affected by photic sneezing may find relief by shielding their eyes and/or faces with hats, scarves, and sunglasses, or by applying transverse pressure on the philtrum with their finger.
History
The photic sneeze effect is a genetic tendency to begin sneezing, sometimes many times consecutively (due to naso-ocular reflex), when suddenly exposed to bright light. This condition tends to occur more severely after one has emerged into the light after spending time in a dark environment. Although the syndrome is thought to affect about 18–35% of the human population, it is relatively harmless and not widely studied.
The photic sneeze effect has been documented for many centuries. The Greek philosopher Aristotle was one of the first to contemplate this strange phenomenon in 350 BCE, exploring why looking at the sun causes a person to sneeze in The Book of Problems: "Why does the heat of the sun provoke sneezing?" He hypothesized that the sun's heat caused sweating inside the nose, which triggered a sneeze in order to remove the moisture. In the 17th century, English philosopher Francis Bacon disproved Aristotle's hypothesis by facing the sun with his eyes closed, which did not elicit the ordinary sneeze response. Bacon therefore guessed that the eyes played a vital part in triggering photic sneezing. He assumed that looking at the sun's light made the eyes water, and then that moisture proceeded to seep into the nose and irritate it, causing a sneeze. Although plausible, scientists later determined this hypothesis to also be incorrect because sun-induced sneezing occurs too quickly after sunlight exposure; watering of the eyes is a slower process, so it could not play a vital part in triggering the reflex.
Today, scientific attention has mainly focused on a hypothesis proposed in 1964 by Henry Everett, who was the first to call light-induced sneezing "The Photic Sneeze Effect". In some places, this condition is also referred to as "pepper on the sun", due to the similar reaction experienced when inhaling pepper particles. Since the nervous system transmits signals at an extremely fast pace, Dr. Everett hypothesized that the syndrome was linked to the human nervous system, and was perhaps caused by the confusion of nerve signals. The genetic basis of photic sneezing still remains unclear, and single genes for this condition have not been found and studied. However, the condition often occurs within families, and it has been suggested that light-induced sneezing is a heritable, autosomal-dominant trait. A 2010 study demonstrated a correlation between photic sneezing and a single-nucleotide polymorphism on chromosome 2.
See also
Histamine
Nonallergic rhinitis
Sexually induced sneezing
Snatiation
References
External links
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man entry
Genetic disorders with OMIM but no gene
Sneeze
Trigeminal nerve
Parasympathetic nervous system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photic%20sneeze%20reflex |
Work People's College () was a radical labor college (a type of a folk high school governed by the worker's movement) established in Smithville (Duluth), then a suburb of Duluth, Minnesota, in 1907 by the Finnish Socialist Federation of the Socialist Party of America. School administrators and faculty were sympathetic to the syndicalist left wing of the Finnish labor movement and the institution came into the orbit of the Industrial Workers of the World during the 1914-1915 factional battle that split the Finnish Federation. The school ceased operation in 1941.
In 2012 the Twin Cities branch of the Industrial Workers of the World relaunched Work People's College on a limited basis as a summer training camp for the group's activists and organizers.
Institutional history
Forerunner
Finnish immigrants to the United States during the first years of the 20th Century tended to be a literate community, with 97% of those arriving between 1899 ad 1907 knowing how to read and write. Education was a valued part of Finnish immigrant life and the desire for institutions of higher learning in their own language extended across generational and ideological boundaries. As early as 1900 there were discussions about establishing a school that would provide a liberal alternative to Suomi College and Seminary of Hancock, Michigan.
Work People's College was preceded by a "folk" high school of the Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church of America that was founded in Minneapolis in September 1903. The school was launched with a view to teaching the Finnish language and Lutheran religion to its students. Finnish immigrants in this period constituted nearly 40 percent of the population of Northern Minnesota, with a goodly number of these working in the mining and timber industries or on the docks of Duluth, a major port on the southernmost tip of Lake Superior.
The Finnish Lutheran high school moved to Smithville, a rural area just southwest of Duluth, a few months after its establishment. It changed its name to the Finnish People's College and Theological Seminary in January 1904, a name change which reflected the institution's desire to serve both general educational and seminarian needs of the community. Money was raised to fund the school's purchase of a three story building through the sale of shares of stock. A board of directors controlled the operations of the institution, which included both anti-socialist clerics and pro-socialist lay members of the church. In an intense economic and political environment, marked by labor strikes and the emergence of the Finnish Socialist Federation among the immigrant community, these factions vied for control of the school.
The students of the Finnish People's College and Theological Seminary resisted the school's educational regime, which imposed mandatory prayer while forbidding discussion of social issues. This led to a strike of the student body in the Fall of 1904, with all but two students walking out of a mandatory prayer meeting in protest. The director of the school, E.W. Saranen, subsequently resigned his post as a result of the students' action.
Establishment
With enrollment tailing off, the board of directors initially considered closing the school but found financial rescue through the sale of stock in the institution at the rate of $1.00 per share. Frustrated by the lack of advanced secular education in their own language, the Finnish Socialist Federation (FSF) became actively involved buying stock at the behest of board member Alex Halonen. By the fall of 1907 majority control of the stock of the Finnish People's College was firmly ensconced in Socialist hands. The Socialists then made use of their majority ownership to assert control over the composition of the school's board of directors.
As a reflection of the institution's shift to secular labor education a new name was chosen for the institution — Työväen Opisto (Workers' College), most commonly albeit clumsily rendered into English as Work People's College. K.L. Haataja served as director and instructor. Leo Laukki assumed leadership in 1908. The new labor school was launched with just 8 students during the initial year, with the student body growing in the 1910-11 academic year at over 100 students. The class of 1912-13 was
136 students, of whom 33 were women. To this was added another group of students who participated in coursework through postal correspondence.
The Finnish Socialist Federation agreed to take on Work People's College as its own institution at the group's 1908 convention. For the next several years ever member of the Federation paid an additional tax of $1.00 per year for support of the school in addition to their regular payment of monthly dues. The 1912 convention of the FSF voted to reduce this subsidy to 50 cents per member per year, at the same time adding its opinion that the school's curriculum should be tailored to the needs of future socialist and trade union activists rather than to a general course of study. The school also charged a tuition of its students, which included room and board. Students in the 1912-13 academic year paid $20 per month for tuition, room, and board, an amount which was hiked to $22 for the 1913-14 term of study.
Work People's College taught its students a mandatory preparatory program including economics, politics, history, and "socialist program and tactics." Students could then continue with more specialized coursework, including courses in bookkeeping, basic mathematics, and the Finnish and English languages. Others continued on the academic path to become socialist orators and party functionaries, studying Marxist theoretical works in English and Finnish.
A severe ideological split divided the Finnish Socialist movement during the middle years of the 1910s, with one part of the FSF staying with the Socialist Party of America and another more radical offshoot casting its lot with the syndicalist Industrial Workers of the World. Work People's College was retained by the later faction.
Work People's College was a resident labor college, housing its students on-site. Other similar schools included Brookwood Labor College at Katonah, New York and Commonwealth College of Mena, Arkansas.
Termination
There were roughly 30 students during the final year of operation in 1940-41.
One building of the former Work People's College still stands at 402 S. 88th Ave. West in Duluth and houses eleven apartments.
Legacy
Beginning in the summer of 2012, the Twin Cities General Membership Branch of the Industrial Workers of the World in partnership with IWWs from around the country restarted the Work People's College, hosting a 5-day retreat bringing together nearly 100 rank and file organizers from around North America.
Notable faculty and alumni
Leo Laukki
Amelia Milka Sablich
Yrjö Sirola
Fred Thompson
August Wesley
Niilo Wälläri
See also
Highlander Folk School
Tie Vapauteen
Rand School of Social Science (1906)
Work People's College (1907)
Brookwood Labor College (1921)* New York Workers School (1923):
New Workers School (1929)
Jefferson School of Social Science (1944)
Highlander Research and Education Center (formerly Highlander Folk School) (1932)
Commonwealth College (Arkansas) (1923-1940)
Southern Appalachian Labor School (since 1977)
San Francisco Workers' School (1934)
California Labor School (formerly Tom Mooney Labor School) (1942)
Continuing education
Los Angeles People's Education Center
Citations and references
Cited sources and further reading
Richard J. Altenbaugh, Education for Struggle: The American Labor Colleges of the 1920s and 1930s. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1990.
Richard J. Altenbaugh, "Workers' Education as Counter Hegemony: The Educational Process at Work People's College, 1907-1941," Syracuse University.
E.E. Cummins, "Workers' Education in the United States," Social Forces, vol. 14, no. 4 (May 1936), pp. 597–605. In JSTOR
Gary Kaunonen, Challenge Accepted: A Finnish Immigrant Response to Industrial America in Michigan's Copper Country. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2010.
Peter Kivisto, Immigrant Socialists in the United States: The Case of Finns and the Left. Rutherford, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1984.
Auvo Kostiainen, "Work People's College: An American Immigrant Institution," Scandinavian Journal of History, vol. 5, issue 1-4 (1980), pp. 295–309.
Douglas Ollila, Jr., The Emergence of Radical Industrial Unionism in the Finnish Socialist Movement. Turku, Finland: Institute of General History Publication, 1975.
Douglas Ollila, Jr., "From Socialism to Industrial Unionism (IWW): Social Factors in the Emergence of Left-labor Radicalism Among Finnish Workers on the Mesabi, 1911-19," in Michael Karni, et al. (eds.), The Finnish Experience in the Western Great Lakes Region: New Perspectives. Turku, Finland: Institute for Migration, 1975.
Douglas Ollila, Jr., A Time of Glory: Finnish-American Radical Industrial Unionism, 1914-1917. Turku, Finland: Institute of History Publication, 1977.
Douglas Ollila, Jr., "The Work People's College: Immigrant Education for Adjustment and Solidarity," in Michael Karni and Douglas Ollila (eds.), For the Common Good. Superior, WI: Työmies Society, 1977.
Saku Pinta, "Educate, Organize, Emancipate!: The Work People’s College and The Industrial Workers of the World," in Robert H. Howarth (ed.), Anarchist Pedagogies: Collective Actions, Theories, and Critical Reflections on Education. Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2012.
External links
Finding aid for the Work People's College is available at the Immigration History Research Center Archives at the University of Minnesota.
Universities and colleges established in 1907
1941 disestablishments in Minnesota
Labor schools
Industrial Workers of the World in Minnesota
Education in Duluth, Minnesota
Finnish-American history
Finnish-American culture in Minnesota
1907 establishments in Minnesota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work%20People%27s%20College |
3pm was a New Zealand children's show hosted by Suzy Cato. It screened on the independent station TV3 in 1992, and featured an oversized pumpkin, games, interviews, viewers' mail and cartoons. The show was produced by the television company Kids' TV Ltd.
3PM is also an acronym for Product-Project-Portfolio Management, or alternatively Project-Program-Portfolio Management.
List of programmes
Cartoons
Dinosaucers
Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears
DuckTales
He-Man and the Masters of the Universe
The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh
Speed Racer
TaleSpin
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
The Transformers
Voltron: Defender of the Universe
Widget the World Watcher
Live-action
Double Dare
External links
References
New Zealand children's television series
1990s New Zealand television series
1992 New Zealand television series debuts
1992 New Zealand television series endings
Three (TV channel) original programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3pm |
The Landwasser Viaduct () is a single-track six-arched curved limestone railway viaduct. It spans the Landwasser between Schmitten and Filisur, in the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland.
Designed by Alexander Acatos, the Landwasser Viaduct was constructed between 1901 and 1902 by Müller & Zeerleder on behalf of the Rhaetian Railway, which both owns and operates it through to the present day. A signature structure of the World Heritage-listed Albula Railway, it is high, long; its southeastern abutment connects directly to the Landwasser Tunnel. During 2009, the Landwasser Viaduct underwent renovation work for the first time since its original construction.
Location
The Landwasser Viaduct, composed of dark limestone, forms part of the Albula Railway section between Tiefencastel and Filisur, and is at the mark from Thusis.
To passengers on trains approaching the viaduct from Tiefencastel and Alvaneu on the Albula Railway, the viaduct becomes visible from quite some distance away. The first major feature to be reached on that approach is the Schmittentobel Viaduct, which itself is of considerable size. Then, while crossing the curved Landwasser Viaduct, passengers can observe the front of the train heading into the Landwasser Tunnel. On the other side of the tunnel, the separate line from Davos Platz forms a junction with the Albula Railway just as both lines arrive in Filisur. Shortly before reaching that junction point, passengers on the Davos–Filisur line can experience a view of the viaduct from the northeast.
Technical details
One of the striking features of the Landwasser Viaduct is its highly pronounced curve, which has a radius of , the minimum used throughout the whole railway. It possesses a height of and a length of . The viaduct's masonry is approximately in volume and is jointed with dolomitic limestone. It comprises six arch spans, in width, resting on five high pillars; the arches themselves are flat.
The Landwasser Viaduct carries a single railway track, which has a gradient of 2 percent across the structure. The southeastern abutment of the Landwasser Viaduct is located on a high cliff, and at that point, the tracks lead directly into the long Landwasser Tunnel. The tunnel's entrance is positioned on a vertical rock wall, having been purposefully aligned with the viaduct. It was considered to be a challenging architectural feat of its era, and its construction employed several innovative techniques.
Construction of the Landwasser Viaduct commenced during 1901 and was completed during the following year. Designed by Alexander Acatos for the Rhaetian Railway, its construction was undertaken by Müller & Zeerleder. The viaduct's construction was performed without the use of scaffolding, instead employing two cranes. The limestone pillars were built up around a steel-reinforced core. During 2009, 106 years after its completion, the masonry and track trough of the viaduct were repaired for the very first time. To facilitate this renovation, modular scaffolding was temporarily erected around the Landwasser Viaduct.
In popular culture
The Landwasser Viaduct briefly appears as a bridge which was destroyed by Rasputin's minions in the 1997 animated film Anastasia. The portrayal was of a taller, 4-storey viaduct very similar to a Roman aqueduct but set in Poland. It also appears within the first couple of minutes of the film “A Cure for Wellness”. Since 2008, the cultural importance of the railway, and features such as Landwasser Viaduct, has been formally recognised by UNESCO, having been placed on a World Heritage list.
Gallery
See also
Albula Railway
Arch bridge
Bernina Express
Filisur (Rhaetian Railway station)
Glacier Express
Rhaetian Railway
Schmitten, Graubünden
Schmittentobel Viaduct
References
Citations
See the references in Landwasserviadukt (de Wikipedia)
Bibliography
Talbot, Frederick A. "Railway Wonders of the World." Books on Demand, 2012. .
Troyano, Leonardo Fernández. "Bridge Engineering: A Global Perspective." Thomas Telford, 2003. .
External links
Viaducts in Switzerland
Rhaetian Railway bridges
Monuments and memorials in Switzerland
World Heritage Sites in Switzerland
Buildings and structures in Graubünden
Bridges completed in 1902
1902 establishments in Switzerland
Bergün Filisur
Schmitten, Graubünden
20th-century architecture in Switzerland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landwasser%20Viaduct |
Sir Edmond Bell Of Castle Acre and Beaupre Hall, Norfolk. (bap 7 April 1562 – bur 22 December 1607). He was an MP of Aldeburgh, Justice of the Peace for Norfolk c. 1599, Knighted 1603.
Early life
He was baptised 7 April 1562, the first son and heir of Sir Robert Bell and Dorothie daughter of Edmonde Beaupre, Of Outwell/Upwell, Norfolk, and Catherine Bedingfield. He was probably educated at Pembroke College, Cambridge.
The first mention of Edmonde Bell, dates from 1567, where he is found recorded in his Grandfather's will, who bequeaths certain property to him, "books of law and Greek." It is likely that by age fifteen, Edmonde had been partially prepared and fashioned for a career in his family's profession, when he suffered the loss of his father from the terminal effects of what was then called "Jail Fever". Two years later, his mother married Sir John Peyton, a man whose military career was highly esteemed. Peyton, appears to have developed a closer relationship with Edmond's younger brother Robert,... who was groomed as a soldier and later become a captain of a company in the low countries. Around this time, Edmonde may have been busily engaged abroad in pursuit of his academic career at the university level.
Career
By 1583, it is known that he received his patrimony, which included extensive properties throughout Norfolk, and the manor of Castle Acre, where Edmonde dwelled and duly made his family seat. Perhaps this event is timed with his first marriage to Anne Osborne. By 1586, he became MP for Aldeburgh, where he was active in mercantile affairs, "investing heavily in privatering", specifically, the building of ships (gunboats) that incorporated advances in Naval Architecture. These investments did not prove lucrative, however, and perhaps were forfeited, in part as a consequence of the Spanish invasion of 1588, where Bells' Naval assets may have been sacrificed in service to the Crown. Following this period he is found tenaciously engaged as one of the commissioners entrusted with draining the fens, which eventually proved a success. He was knighted by King James I, on Friday 13 May 1603 together with ten others including, William Dethick, Garter King of Arms.
Marriages
Edmonde Bell married:
1. Anne daughter of Peter Osborne, (1521–1592), keeper of the privy purse to King Edward VI and Anne (d. 1615), daughter of Dr John Blythe, regis professor of physics at Cambridge, and niece of Sir John Cheke.
2. Muriel daughter of Sir Thomas Knyvett, of Ashwellthorpe, 4th Baron Berners and Muriel Parry (daughter of Sir Thomas Parry and Anne Reade). Muriel's sister was Lady Katherine Paston.
Descendants
Through the marriage of Anne daughter of Peter Osborne:
1. Sir Robert Bell b. 25 February 1587 m. Mary Chester
2. Phillip Bell b. 19 June 1590
3. Henry Bell b. 9 June 1591 d. 1615
4. Peter Bell b. Abt. 1594
5. Lady Francis Bell b. Abt 1594 d. 11 April 1627 m. Sir Heneage Finch, Speaker of the House of Commons;
(Ancestors of the House of Windsor)
6. Synolphus Bell b. 29 August 1596 d. 1636 m. Martha
7. Humphrey Bell b. 5 October 1597 d. Abt. 1654
8. Susan Bell b. 15 October 1598 m. Henry Coldwell
9. Jane Bell b. 1 October 1599 m. John Ramsay
10. Katherine Bell b. 9 October 1601 (2nd wife of) m. 1. Charles Trippe d. 12 JAN. 1623 2. James Hobart b. 23 June 1603 d. 16 July 1643, VIII son of Sir Henry Hobart Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas
Through the marriage to Elizabeth Inkpen
11 Richard Bell born 1605
Through the marriage of Muriel daughter of Thomas Knyvett:
12. Edmund Bell (b. 1606/7)
Sources
Hasler, P. W., HoP: House of Commons 1558-1603, Edmond Bell entry, HMSO 1981, p. 421
O'Donoghue, M.P.D., Report, Arms and ‘pe de gree's' of Bell [Sir Robert Bell], 15 August 2005 Coll Arm Ms, The Visitations of Norfolk, 1563, 1589, 1613, Bell. Beaupre., Harl 1552
Bell, R. R.L., Tudor Bell's Sound Out, Rolls- pb, 7 September 2006, 2nd revision 2008
1562 births
1607 deaths
People from King's Lynn and West Norfolk (district)
English MPs 1586–1587
17th-century English people
People from Outwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond%20Bell |
Modo (stylized in all lowercase) was a wireless device developed by Scout Electromedia, Utilizing pager networks, the device was designed to provide city-specific "lifestyle" content such as restaurant & bar reviews, movie listings, in addition to original curated content by Scout's developers.
Officially announced on August 28, 2000, targeting a "young hipster" urban demographic and a reported $20 million spent on marketing, the Modo was released in September 2000 in two US cities, New York and San Francisco, with plans to roll out in other major urban areas such as Los Angeles and Chicago.
After not receiving additional funding and the firing of one of its chief executives, Geoff Pitfield. Scout Electromedia was liquidated and the Modo, along with its wireless service, was discontinued in October 2000, just one month after its release and one day before its Los Angeles launch. It's mentioned as one of the most notorious dot-com bubble failed ventures.
History
After the company was funded, one of its venture backers, Flatiron, backed a similar company, Vindigo, which aimed to bring a broader range of information to the Palm Pilot platform. Because of Scout's focus on delivering mobile information to a young design-conscious audience that had no interest in using a traditional PDA, Vindigo was considered by the backers to be a complementary product offering. Scout Electromedia received an estimated 40 million to develop and market the Modo.
The industrial design was done by IDEO (which took an investment in the startup), while the device software was based on Pixo's operating system (the OS that later powered the Apple iPod). All of the electrical engineering, wireless and system development were done in-house by the company.
The Modo was advertised heavily in its target markets of Los Angeles, New York, Chicago and San Francisco, and was sold online via its website and in retailers such as DKNY and Virgin Megastores. The product was launched in the late summer of 2000 and made it to two of the four planned cities, but only shipped for one day in San Francisco. While the stock sold out, reviews of the device were mixed, while praising the device design and concept, criticisms arose due to its one-way service, its limited city availability and comparisons to competitors Vindigo and Palm.
On October 20, 2000, Geoff Pitfield, Scout Electromedia's CEO was fired, and on October 24, 2000, the company was shut down, stopping all developments and service on the Modo. Over time, it came out that the company's venture backers had left the company to die as many of them experienced their own financial problems due to the dot-com bubble (notably Idealab, Flatiron, and Chase Capital).
See also
Microsoft Kin – another short lived device marketed towards a young adult demographic
References
External links
Idealab's Bill Gross discussing Scout in BusinessWeek
Dennis Crowley's Modo Tribute Page
Modo preview video by Scout Electromedia (2000) on Vimeo
IDEO Case Study for Scout Electromedia
Pagers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modo%20%28wireless%20device%29 |
The Most Outstanding Player Award is annually awarded to the best player in the Canadian Football League. The two nominees for the award are the Terry Evanshen Trophy winner from the East Division, and the Jeff Nicklin Memorial Trophy winner from the West Division. The winner of the award is chosen by the Football Reporters of Canada.
The award was created in 1953 as the Schenley Award, named after Schenley Distillers Corporation, to honour the most outstanding player in Canadian Rugby Union, one of the forerunner leagues of the CFL; Schenley ended its sponsorship of the awards in 1988, and the awards have been unsponsored since. Broadcasters Ernie Calcutt, John Badham and Pierre Dufault were regular presenters of the Schenley Award.
CFL's Most Outstanding Player Award winners
2022 – Zach Collaros (QB), Winnipeg Blue Bombers
2021 – Zach Collaros (QB), Winnipeg Blue Bombers
2020 – Season cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic
2019 – Brandon Banks (WR), Hamilton Tiger-Cats
2018 – Bo Levi Mitchell (QB), Calgary Stampeders
2017 – Mike Reilly (QB), Edmonton Eskimos
2016 – Bo Levi Mitchell (QB), Calgary Stampeders
2015 - Henry Burris (QB), Ottawa RedBlacks
2014 – Solomon Elimimian (LB), BC Lions
2013 – Jon Cornish (RB), Calgary Stampeders
2012 – Chad Owens (WR/KR), Toronto Argonauts
2011 – Travis Lulay (QB), BC Lions
2010 – Henry Burris (QB), Calgary Stampeders
2009 – Anthony Calvillo (QB), Montreal Alouettes
2008 – Anthony Calvillo (QB), Montreal Alouettes
2007 – Kerry Joseph (QB), Saskatchewan Roughriders
2006 – Geroy Simon (SB), BC Lions
2005 – Damon Allen (QB), Toronto Argonauts
2004 – Casey Printers (QB), BC Lions
2003 – Anthony Calvillo (QB), Montreal Alouettes
2002 – Milt Stegall (SB), Winnipeg Blue Bombers
2001 – Khari Jones (QB), Winnipeg Blue Bombers
2000 – Dave Dickenson (QB), Calgary Stampeders
1999 – Danny McManus (QB), Hamilton Tiger-Cats
1998 – Mike Pringle (RB), Montreal Alouettes
1997 – Doug Flutie (QB), Toronto Argonauts
1996 – Doug Flutie (QB), Toronto Argonauts
1995 – Mike Pringle (RB), Baltimore Stallions
1994 – Doug Flutie (QB), Calgary Stampeders
1993 – Doug Flutie (QB), Calgary Stampeders
1992 – Doug Flutie (QB), Calgary Stampeders
1991 – Doug Flutie (QB), BC Lions
1990 – Mike "Pinball" Clemons (RB), Toronto Argonauts
1989 – Tracy Ham (QB), Edmonton Eskimos
1988 – David Williams (WR), BC Lions
1987 – Tom Clements (QB), Winnipeg Blue Bombers
1986 – James Murphy (WR), Winnipeg Blue Bombers
1985 – Mervyn Fernandez (WR), BC Lions
1984 – Willard Reaves (RB), Winnipeg Blue Bombers
1983 – Warren Moon (QB), Edmonton Eskimos
1982 – Condredge Holloway (QB), Toronto Argonauts
1981 – Dieter Brock (QB), Winnipeg Blue Bombers
1980 – Dieter Brock (QB), Winnipeg Blue Bombers
1979 – David Green (RB), Montreal Alouettes
1978 – Tony Gabriel (TE), Ottawa Rough Riders
1977 – Jimmy Edwards (RB), Hamilton Tiger-Cats
1976 – Ron Lancaster (QB), Saskatchewan Roughriders
1975 – Willie Burden (RB), Calgary Stampeders
1974 – Tom Wilkinson (QB), Edmonton Eskimos
1973 – George McGowan (WR), Edmonton Eskimos
1972 – Garney Henley (WR), Hamilton Tiger-Cats
1971 – Don Jonas (QB), Winnipeg Blue Bombers
1970 – Ron Lancaster (QB), Saskatchewan Roughriders
1969 – Russ Jackson (QB), Ottawa Rough Riders
1968 – Bill Symons (RB), Toronto Argonauts
1967 – Peter Liske (QB), Calgary Stampeders
1966 – Russ Jackson (QB), Ottawa Rough Riders
1965 – George Reed (RB), Saskatchewan Roughriders
1964 – Lovell Coleman (RB), Calgary Stampeders
1963 – Russ Jackson (QB), Ottawa Rough Riders
1962 – George Dixon (RB), Montreal Alouettes
1961 – Bernie Faloney (QB), Hamilton Tiger-Cats
1960 – Jackie Parker (QB), Edmonton Eskimos
1959 – Johnny Bright (RB), Edmonton Eskimos
1958 – Jackie Parker (QB), Edmonton Eskimos
1957 – Jackie Parker (RB), Edmonton Eskimos
1956 – Hal Patterson (DB/OE), Montreal Alouettes
1955 – Pat Abbruzzi (RB), Montreal Alouettes
1954 – Sam Etcheverry (QB), Montreal Alouettes
1953 – Billy Vessels (RB), Edmonton Eskimos
CFL's Most Outstanding Player Award - Runner Up
Note: Prior to 1973 the runner up for this award was not the Jeff Russel Memorial Trophy or Jeff Nicklin Memorial Trophy winners. Finalists were first announced in 1953 and during the first years there were multiple runners-up.
1972 – Mack Herron (RB), Winnipeg Blue Bombers
1971 – Leon McQuay (RB), Toronto Argonauts
1970 – Tommy Joe Coffey (WR), Hamilton Tiger-Cats
1969 – George Reed (RB), Saskatchewan Roughriders
1968 – George Reed (RB), Saskatchewan Roughriders
1967 – Tommy Joe Coffey (WR), Hamilton Tiger-Cats
1966 – Ron Lancaster (QB), Saskatchewan Roughriders
1965 – Garney Henley (DB), Hamilton Tiger-Cats
1964 – Dick Shatto (RB), Toronto Argonauts
1963 – Joe Kapp (QB), BC Lions
1962 – Tommy Joe Coffey (WR), Edmonton Eskimos
1961 – Jackie Parker (QB), Edmonton Eskimos
1960 – Cookie Gilchrist (RB), Toronto Argonauts
1959 – Bernie Faloney (QB), Hamilton Tiger-Cats
1958 – Dick Shatto (RB), Toronto Argonauts
1957 – Hal Patterson (DB/OE), Montreal Alouettes
1956 – Jackie Parker (QB), Edmonton Eskimos
1955 – Jackie Parker, Edmonton; Dick Shatto, Toronto; Ken Carpenter, Saskatchewan
1954 – Rollie Miles, Edmonton & Alex Webster, Montreal
1953 – Tex Coulter, Montreal; John Henry Johnson, Calgary, Gene Roberts, Ottawa
See also
Jeff Nicklin Memorial Trophy
Terry Evanshen Trophy
Jeff Russel Memorial Trophy
References
Canadian Football League trophies and awards
Most valuable player awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFL%27s%20Most%20Outstanding%20Player%20Award |
The first round of the New Orleans mayoral election of 2006 took place on April 22, 2006; a runoff between incumbent Mayor Ray Nagin and Louisiana Lieutenant Governor Mitch Landrieu took place on May 20, resulting in reelection for Mayor Nagin. The Mayor of New Orleans is the top official in New Orleans' mayor-council system of government.
Background
Elections in Louisiana, with the exception of presidential elections, follow a variation of the open primary system called the jungle primary. All candidates, including those running with a political party and independents, are listed on one ballot. Voters may vote for any candidate regardless of what party they are registered.
If no candidate wins a majority (50 percent plus one vote) in the first round, a second round (run-off) is then held between the top two candidates, who may be members of the same party. As this occurred, the runoff took place on May 20, 2006.
This election was previously scheduled to be held on 4 February 2006 (along with elections for other local offices, including City Council members) but was postponed due to the devastation in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina (see: Effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans), and the fact that large numbers of New Orleanians are displaced and still unable to return home. Since this election would determine who would lead the city during its rebuilding process, the election was widely seen as one of the most important elections in the history of New Orleans and it was watched nationally to a degree uncommon for most mayoral races.
Candidates
In the primary campaign, incumbent mayor Ray Nagin faced a record 21 challengers for his position. Many were political novices without significant financial backing. In addition to Nagin, two candidates in particular were considered by political pundits to be "major candidates" because of their name recognition and financing—Ron Forman and Mitch Landrieu. Others preferred not to distinguish between 'major' and 'minor' candidates, noting that, in the 2002 election, these same pundits considered Nagin a long-shot. The top-financed candidate in that election, two-term city councilman Troy Carter, came in fifth.
Candidates in descending order of votes received
Ray Nagin Incumbent mayor Ray Nagin sought re-election. Before Katrina, he was widely perceived as having a very high chance of re-election, but the new political climate left his level of support uncertain. Nagin faced strong criticism of his handling of Hurricane Katrina and its aftermath. Many middle- and upper-class white voters, who supported him in the 2002 election and were vital to his success in that contest, were alienated by his 'chocolate city' speech in January 2006, and very few white voters supported him this time. The elements of the business community that were such an important part of his support base in 2002 mainly supported other candidates, while Nagin's business-oriented plans for reconstruction in New Orleans have alienated many voters. Moreover, the city's black majority has been significantly reduced, and many in the city's black community were critical of Nagin even before the hurricane, citing amongst other issues the fact that he was known to have conservative politics and had supported Republican candidates in the past. Nagin campaigned on his experience as mayor and in defense of his record, arguing that New Orleans needs experienced leadership in a crisis situation. After being defeated in the primary, Rob Couhig, Virginia Boulet, and Tom Watson endorsed Nagin in the runoff.
Mitch Landrieu Louisiana Lieutenant Governor Mitch Landrieu, son of New Orleans's last white mayor Moon Landrieu and brother of Senator Mary Landrieu, announced his candidacy on February 21, after months of public speculation. Landrieu ran for mayor once before, in the 1994 election, but finished third and was defeated by Marc Morial. With the city's black majority much reduced after the hurricane, Landrieu was generally believed to have a stronger chance of victory this time around. Given that he and his family have long been known as supporters of civil rights, he was seen as having a better chance of attracting a significant African American vote than some other white candidates. While campaigning, Landrieu repeatedly criticized the rebuilding plan of Nagin's Bring New Orleans Back Commission, arguing that each neighborhood needs freedom to determine its own rebuilding process, and faulted Nagin for not doing more to pressure the federal government for information and funding. Landrieu was endorsed by The Gambit, New Orleans CityBusiness, and The Louisiana Weekly newspapers. After coming in third in the primary, Ron Forman endorsed Landrieu in the runoff.
Ron Forman Ron Forman has been president and CEO of the Audubon Nature Institute, which runs the Audubon Zoo and the Aquarium of the Americas, since 1977. Forman supported Nagin in his 2002 electoral campaign, but broke with him after Katrina as buzz began to build around Forman as a potential challenger to Nagin. After much speculation, he formally announced his candidacy on February 14. A former president of the Chamber of Commerce, he has a high profile in the city's business community and had strong support in the corporate world and among wealthy New Orleanians. He had a large campaign war-chest and raised $2.1 million as of April 14, more money than any other candidate. Forman proposed the creation of four deputy mayor posts, two white and two black, in an effort to promote better race relations. Forman was endorsed by the Times-Picayune newspaper.
Rob Couhig Republican lawyer and businessman Rob Couhig formerly owned the New Orleans Zephyrs, a minor league baseball team. His campaign platform included plans for a Rudy Giuliani-style crackdown on crime, selling off public hospitals, extensive bulldozing of blighted property, and a plan to retract the city's footprint by restricting rebuilding in the Lower Ninth Ward and New Orleans East. Couhig entered the race in mid-February by running the campaign's first television attack ads, mocking the leading candidates. In debates and public appearances, Couhig was one of the more combative candidates, regularly criticizing the front-runners.
Virginia Boulet Corporate lawyer Virginia Boulet began her campaign in early February due to her dissatisfaction with Nagin's recovery plans. She proposed financing the city budget through a bond issue, and instituting universal health insurance as a way to lure displaced residents back to the city. She repeatedly emphasized the need to rebuild the wetlands east and southeast of New Orleans in order to protect the city from hurricanes.
Tom Watson Pastor Tom Watson, an influential leader of the Greater New Orleans Coalition of Ministers, is active in programs to help youths in the city's poor neighborhoods. Watson has long been a critic of Nagin, and after declaring his candidacy on February 17 he became Nagin's first African American challenger. Watson focused his campaign on the return of the New Orleans diaspora still scattered around the country after Hurricane Katrina, a constituency he says other candidates have neglected. He also planned to address the racial and class divisions that impede the city's recovery and to reform the NOPD, which he characterizes as "corrupt and brutal." He also proposed a cap on rents, which have skyrocketed since Katrina.
Kimberly Williamson Butler Clerk of Criminal Court Kimberly Williamson Butler made a surprise announcement on March 3 of her mayoral candidacy on the courthouse steps to reporters—who were there to cover her surrendering herself on an arrest warrant for contempt of court.
Peggy Wilson Peggy Wilson was a city councilwoman from 1986 to 1998. One of only two Republicans running, she was a favorite of some old line conservatives. Wilson was also one of the few white candidates willing to discuss the city's changed racial demographics, openly stating that the shift in population after Katrina is part of the reason she decided to enter the race in November. She campaigned on a proposal to declare New Orleans a 'tax-free city', financed with a federal bond issue, and attracted controversy with her vocal plans to keep "gangbangers" and "welfare queens" from returning to New Orleans.
Johnny Adriani Johnny Adriani is a criminal defense paralegal who ran his campaign from his car after losing his home to flooding.
Manny "Chevrolet" Bruno Manny "Chevrolet" Bruno is an out-of-work actor who said he was running because "I need the job". He amused election watchers—in the current campaign and in his 2002 bid for mayor (under the slogan "A troubled man for troubled times") —with his deadpan, self-effacing humor. His campaign signs had a cartoon of a cocktail glass surrounded by the words "Good Cheap Fast" and the slogan "Troubled Now, More Than Ever".
James Arey WWNO radio personality James Arey was one of two candidates who expressed intent to run before Hurricane Katrina. Some saw Arey's candidacy as a platform to draw attention to the importance of the arts in New Orleans' culture and recovery. In 1998, Arey was a 5-time champion on the game show Jeopardy!, winning $42,802 and a new car.
Greta Gladney Greta Gladney, a Lower Ninth Ward activist, ran due to threats to neighborhoods, community-based programs, and public schools in the wake of Katrina. Gladney is a member of ACORN and the Frederick Douglass Community Coalition, and executive director of The Renaissance Project.
Marie Galatas Marie Galatas, a pastor and civil rights activist from the 7th Ward of New Orleans who founded the Grass Roots Organization for Women and who has hosted a number of radio and cable TV programs.
Leo Watermeier Former state Representative Leo Watermeier, a French Quarter activist, first announced his candidacy in 2004. He was one of only two candidates who had already announced their intentions to challenge Nagin's bid for reelection before Hurricane Katrina.
Shedrick White Shedrick White, a student at the Southern University at New Orleans who has worked on conflict resolution with public housing residents.
Sonja "Lady" DeDais Sonja "Lady" DeDais wanted to "take care of the city" and to develop a new evacuation plan without excessive military involvement. She was known for her flamboyant hats.
James Lemann James Lemann, a former aircraft mechanic and community activist, proposed increased use of solar power and development of a research institute to study meteorites.
F. Nick Bacque F. Nick Bacque, a real estate financial worker and medical student at Tulane University, tried to get youth involved in the city's reconstruction.
Elvin Brown Elvin Brown, the CEO of an elderly care facility, described himself as "the people's voice."
Mac Rahman Mac Rahman owner of an Asian-Creole restaurant in the Carrollton neighborhood, wanted to consolidate the city's assessors offices and to make the city's government as efficient as that of Jefferson Parish.
Norbert Rome Norbert Rome, a community activist, formerly of the Gert Town neighborhood.
Roderick Dean Roderick Dean proposed taking up offers of international aid to New Orleans, and seeking corporate sponsorship of Carnival.
Jimmie Thorns, Jr. Jimmie Thorns, Jr., a real estate appraiser and consultant who had served as chairman of the Black Economic Development Council and the Urban League. Thorns dropped out of the race on March 31 and endorsed Mitch Landrieu.
Issue of displaced voters
At the time of the election, at least two-thirds of the city's residents were still displaced, scattered across the country facing serious obstacles (such as severely damaged houses, neighborhoods without reliable utilities, and financial constraints) to returning. The state legislature passed legislation allowing for absentee voting in polling places in 10 parishes, but there was still concern about the difficulty displaced residents outside Louisiana may have faced in placing their votes. With the majority of the displaced residents staying outside Louisiana and outside the reach of local New Orleans media outlets, their ability to obtain information about the campaign remained open to question.
No reliable figures currently exist for the size and ethnic makeup of New Orleans's current population. It is widely recognized, however, that the current demographics of New Orleans are on average more white and more affluent than they were before Katrina. This made it very hard to predict the outcome of the election. This new demographic reality encouraged many candidates that might not have considered entering the race before the storm. New Orleans has not had a white mayor since 1978, but a large number of candidates - including every candidate considered to have a 'serious' chance of winning other than incumbent Nagin - were white.
On February 24, a federal judge rejected a lawsuit by the NAACP, ACORN, and the Grassroots Legal Network seeking to set up physical polling places in cities like Houston, Texas and Atlanta, Georgia, which have large numbers of displaced New Orleanians. An appeal in this case was likewise rejected on March 27.
On March 25, a study of change-of-address forms found that 80 percent of the city's registered voters either did not file for a change of address or have listed a new address within the greater New Orleans area. If accurate, these findings would indicate that with most voters still in the area, absentee voters would not be as significant a factor in the election as previously believed. The NAACP and other civil rights groups disputed these findings, arguing that they do not take into account people who are dispersed but have not filled out change-of-address paperwork.
On April 1, thousands of civil rights demonstrators marched across the Crescent City Connection calling for satellite voting locations to be set up outside the state to give displaced New Orleanians the same voting rights as those who have returned to the city. The march - the largest New Orleans has seen in several years - was organized by Jesse Jackson and the Rainbow/PUSH Coalition, and prominent speakers included Bill Cosby, former mayor Marc Morial, Al Sharpton, U.S. Rep. Bill Jefferson, and Mayor Ray Nagin.
Satellite voting stations opened on April 10 in nine parishes in order to allow displaced New Orleans residents to cast votes. ACORN organized buses to transport out-of-state displaced voters to these stations, which remained open until April 15. A total of 10,585 votes were cast at these satellite polls in the five allotted days.
Campaign timeline
Primary
December, January, and February saw intense speculation among political observers as to who would emerge as Nagin's main rival in the upcoming campaign. It was expected that either Ron Forman or Mitch Landrieu would run with the support of much of the city's business and political communities. After months of private discussion and negotiation, both candidates decided to run; an unexpected development which had the potential to split the support of voters opposed to Nagin.
On January 24, Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco ended months of public debate and legal wrangling by signing Secretary of State Al Ater's plan to reschedule the primary election for April 22 and the runoff for May 20.
Ron Forman officially declared his candidacy on February 14 at the Audubon Tea Room in front of a crowd of business leaders and other supporters.
On February 22, Mitch Landrieu made his long-anticipated official campaign announcement, with players in the city's hospitality and tourism industry and powerful real estate developer Pres Kabacoff featured prominently among his supporters.
On February 23, Nagin held a public reconciliation with Bishop Paul Morton, a prominent black pastor who publicly criticized Nagin in 2004 for failing to provide enough city contracts to black-owned businesses, and had called Nagin "a white man in black skin."
On February 24, the first public poll of the election was released. Conducted between January 26 and February 13, the poll showed Mitch Landrieu leading with 35% of the vote and Ray Nagin trailing with 25%. Ron Forman received 9% and Peggy Wilson stood at 7%. However, only residents who had returned to the city were polled; without the input of absentee voters, the pollster acknowledged that the results could not be considered representative.
March 2 saw the release of the election's second poll, conducted by CNN, USA Today, and Gallup. 19% of those polled said they would definitely vote for Ray Nagin, while 44% said they would definitely not vote for him.
Mitch Landrieu received 18% definite support, while 29% would definitely not vote for him. Ron Forman stood with 12% of those polled certain to vote for him, and 35% unwilling to consider voting for him. Peggy Wilson received the definite support of 7%, and 62% would not vote for her. 4% would definitely vote for Tom Watson, while 63% would not vote for him. Other candidates were not mentioned in the poll, and only voters currently living within the city were polled.
March 3 was the deadline for mayoral candidates to file their qualification papers. In addition to the expected candidates, a large number of newly announced candidates emerged. The most notable surprise announcement was that of Clerk of Criminal Court Kimberly Williamson Butler, who emerged from a week of hiding from an arrest warrant for contempt of court in order to announce her candidacy for mayor. A record number of 23 candidates have declared their intention to challenge Nagin.
On March 4 Nagin appeared before an audience of New Orleans evacuees at an event organized by the NAACP, where he made the statement that "there was all this talk about this being an opportunity to change New Orleans forever and maybe everybody shouldn't come back, and maybe this is an opportunity to kind of change New Orleans and go back to what it used to be. I have 23 candidates running for mayor and very few of them look like us. There's a potential to be a major change in the political structure of New Orleans." Some perceived these comments to be a divisive follow-up to his "Chocolate City" remarks, while others point out that the fact that Nagin is the only major African-American candidate in a field of 23 is a sign of the demographic shift in a city that was over two-thirds black before Katrina.
Newly announced candidate Kimberly Williamson Butler, the Clerk of Criminal Court, was jailed for contempt of court on March 6 after a court appearance in which she refused to admit guilt and instead criticized the judges.
The first mayoral debate of the campaign was held on March 7 at Loyola University. The debate was attended by Ray Nagin and 8 of his challengers: James Arey, Virginia Boulet, Rob Couhig, Ron Forman, Mitch Landrieu, Leo Watermeier, Tom Watson, and Peggy Wilson. Kimberly Williamson Butler was invited, but could not attend due to her jail sentence. The candidates discussed levees and hurricane evacuation plans, housing and redevelopment of neighborhoods, the role of the state and federal government in the rebuilding of the city, and the issue of race in a city with drastically altered demographics. The two main challengers, Forman and Landrieu, were perceived as largely playing safe, while other candidates, particularly Couhig and Wilson, were more combative. Ray Nagin focused on defending his record and emphasizing the need for experienced leadership in a time of crisis.
State campaign finance reports were released on March 25 showing candidates' finances as of March 13. The major candidates had amassed campaign funds several times greater than those raised in recent elections, making this mayoral election the city's most expensive in history. Incumbent mayor Nagin had the most well-financed campaign, with $1,182,776 available; Ron Forman followed closely with a $1,002,692 war chest. Mitch Landrieu had the third largest campaign fund, at $547,003. Rob Couhig had raised a significant amount - $131,535 - but had already spent it.
The second mayoral debate was held on March 27. Only the perceived front-runners - Nagin, Forman, Landrieu, Watson, Wilson, Boulet, and Couhig - were invited. Discussion was focused on housing restoration, fiscal management, flood protection, and crime. The second debate was more combative than the first, with the three leading candidates facing strong criticism from the others.
A new poll released on April 7 reinforced the common perception that the election is shaping up to be a three-way race. Landrieu and Nagin appeared to be in a dead heat, with the lieutenant governor leading with 27% over the incumbent mayor's 26%. Forman remained in third place with 16%, but he appeared to be rapidly closing the gap between himself and the front-runners when compared with previous polls. Like previous polls, these latest numbers only included current residents of New Orleans; without taking displaced voters into account, their accuracy remained questionable.
In the final days of the primary campaign, a wave of negative campaign ads emerged. The clash began on April 7 with Forman accusing Landrieu of supporting tax increases; Landrieu countered with criticisms of Forman's handling of public money and of his high salary at the Audubon Institute. Forman continued his attacks by accusing Landrieu of being soft on crime. These attacks have been interpreted as efforts by Landrieu and Forman to position themselves to win a slot in the runoff against Nagin. Meanwhile, Wilson accused both Landrieu and Forman of being 'liberal Democrats' and of being complicit in the corruption of former mayor Marc Morial. Couhig, Watson, and Forman battled over the support of conservative and Republican voters; Forman urged voters not to waste their votes on minor candidates, while Couhig stepped up his attacks on Forman, painting him as a liberal no different from Landrieu or Nagin.
As of April 14, the Forman campaign had raised the most money, with over $2.1 million in his campaign chest. Landrieu had raised just under $2 million, while Nagin had raised $1.46 million. Couhig had raised $395,000, Boulet had amassed $268,000, Wilson had $101,000 and Watson $85,000.
On April 17, the major candidates—Boulet, Couhig, Forman, Landrieu, Nagin, Watson, and Wilson—appeared on a nationally televised debate co-hosted by Chris Matthews and New Orleans newsanchor Norman Robinson. The debate was televised nationally over MSNBC, an exceedingly rare occurrence for a local mayoral campaign; this was done because of many New Orleans voters still living elsewhere in the aftermath of Katrina and due to national interest.
On 22 April preliminary results showed Nagin with 38% of the vote, with 41,489 votes, and Landrieu with 29% and 31,499. On May 20, a runoff election between Nagin and Landrieu took place. Forman with 17% and 18,734 votes conceded defeat; Couhig came in fourth with 10% and 10,287 votes.
Runoff
In the runoff campaign, few substantive policy differences emerged between Landrieu and Nagin. Instead, the main issues in the runoff campaign were differences in personality and governing styles.
Alongside stressing his accomplishments in bringing jobs to New Orleans before the storm, Nagin's campaign emphasized the decisive role the mayor played in the aftermath of Katrina and the importance of the relationships he has built with state and federal leaders. The incumbent also stressed the risk of "experimenting" with a new mayor at the start of another hurricane season. Nagin criticized Landrieu's "old-style politics" and implied that he had ties to past politicians like Marc Morial.
Landrieu emphasized his record in the state legislature and as Lieutenant Governor, and his ability to build consensus among a broad range of political players. For their part, the Landrieu campaign criticized Nagin's go-it-alone governing style as alienating to New Orleans's potential allies, and his frequent gaffes as embarrassing to the city. Landrieu said he would restore credibility to city government and jump-start a lethargic rebuilding process: a major Landrieu slogan was "What was OK before Katrina isn't OK after Katrina." Landrieu ads featured shots of the city's abandoned flooded cars and blamed Nagin for his lack of leadership.
In the runoff, Landrieu received endorsements from third-place primary finisher Ron Forman, as well as the city's police and fire organizations and District Attorney Eddie Jordan. Nagin was endorsed by Rob Couhig, who appeared in Nagin ads praising the mayor's pro-business credentials. Other Nagin endorsements included defeated candidates Virginia Boulet and Tom Watson (who vehemently criticized Nagin in the primary), as well as congressman Bill Jefferson and state senator Cleo Fields.
The runoff campaign was also affected by the May 9 release of the first major book about Katrina: historian Douglas Brinkley's The Great Deluge. The book offers a scathing portrayal of Nagin's performance in the week after Katrina, describing him as a man on the verge of breakdown, hiding in the Hyatt hotel and refusing to emerge to take decisive action. Nagin described the book as a "political satire" that twisted the facts, and criticized the timing of its release as politically motivated.
Opinion polls
As polls were largely based on New Orleanians still reachable by their pre-Katrina telephone numbers, pollsters admitted they were subject to an unusually large margin of error, and declined to speculate exactly how large that margin of error was.
Primary
X = This candidate was not included in this poll
Runoff
Results
Mayoral primary, April 22
As the top two vote-getters, Nagin and Landrieu entered the runoff election held on May 20. All 442 precincts were reported in the official results.
Nagin won 289 of the city's 442 precincts; overwhelmingly in sections of the city which have a black majority. This is a marked difference from Nagin's 2002 showings, when the bulk of his support came from white precincts. In 2006, Nagin received only 6% of the white vote.
Landrieu won 87 precincts, primarily in Uptown, Mid-City, the French Quarter, the Faubourg Marigny, and Bywater neighborhoods. He attracted 24% of black votes and 30% of white votes.
The two front runners did better at attracting voters from outside of their own race than any of the other candidates.
Forman won 57 precincts, almost exclusively in the wealthiest and whitest sections of the city: the university section of Uptown, Lakeview, the Garden District, and the lower coast of Algiers. He received more support from white voters than any other candidate, but got only 4% support from black voters.
Couhig won only 6 precincts, in the Lakeview, Lake Vista, and lower coast of Algiers. Many observers speculated that Couhig served to split the conservative vote and prevented Forman from making the runoff, while others pointed out that even if Couhig's and Forman's votes were combined the total is still almost 2500 short of the amount which would have been required to beat Landrieu.
The very poor showing of Peggy Wilson surprised some of her supporters. She finished behind candidates with much less local name recognition who spent far less on their campaigns. Formerly a well-known and powerful figure on the city council, some saw Wilson's failure to get significant voter support as the end of her career in local politics.
Mayoral Runoff, May 20
With unofficial results showing 53% of the vote for Nagin, Landrieu conceded defeat shortly before 10:30 pm on election night. Nagin gave an acceptance speech shortly thereafter, at about 10:35 pm. Nagin won by the slimmest margin for an incumbent facing re-election since the mayoral election of 1965, in which mayor Victor Schiro's handling of Hurricane Betsy also affected his poor showing. Nagin also won with a dramatic shift in the racial breakdown of his voter base; in this election he received the support of about 80% of black voters and 20% of white voters, a reversal of his support base in the 2002 election.
Post election analysis
Some outside observers were shocked that Nagin defeated Landrieu, assuming that the embattled and controversial incumbent would not be able to muster the votes required to keep his position. Due to the high percentage of black voter support for Nagin, there were some accusations of racialized 'bloc voting.' Others noted that Landrieu's support was also lopsided in favor of white voters, although he received a significant minority of African American voters. The racial breakdown of votes was roughly equal for the two candidates; each won roughly 80% of the votes of the members of their own race, and 20% of the votes from the other race.
Nagin's chief campaign strategist Jim Carvin attributed Nagin's victory to a number of factors, including competition between Forman and Landrieu for the anti-Nagin vote in the primary, the lack of a well-funded and well-known black challenger, and Landrieu's unwillingness to make strong attacks on Nagin. Taking these factors into account, Carvin and the Nagin campaign took a strategy of building a biracial coalition consisting of the large majority of black voters plus enough white conservatives to bring the mayor over 50%. A main Nagin campaign theme, centered around the slogan "Re-elect our mayor: Re-unite our city," was supplemented with targeted ads touting Nagin's pro-business and conservative credentials and criticizing Mitch Landrieu as a career politician and member of a powerful political family. His criticism of Landrieu as a representative of "old politics" was able to appeal to both white voters wary of a potential return to patronage politics and to black voters unwilling to return to the days of white political domination of a majority-black city.
Some analysts attributed Nagin's victory to a black turnout which was much larger than expected, mobilized by worries about the threat of a white political takeover and anger over what they perceived as an effort to disenfranchise dispersed voters who were unable to return to the city to vote. One political commentator made links between the mobilization of support for Nagin and the Civil Rights Movement, and noted the contrast between the 2006 election and previous perceptions of Nagin as the "white candidate."
The strong white conservative and Republican Party turnout for Nagin, however, may have been the factor that tipped the balance. Defeated primary candidate Rob Couhig led the Republican rally behind Nagin. The Nagin campaign sent out flyers to heavily white Republican neighborhoods quoting some local black leaders calling him "Ray Reagan", a reference to Ronald Reagan intended to be insulting, but which was seen more sympathetically among Republicans.
Other factors cited by some were the fond memory of Nagin's famous "get off your asses" radio interview during the worst days after Katrina, and what some saw as Landrieu's cautiously dispassionate campaigning style which some found uninspiring. In particular, Landrieu was criticized for not focusing on Nagin's shortcomings in the post-Katrina recovery, and in not sufficiently differentiating his policy proposals from Nagin's.
In New Orleans politics, incumbency is a large advantage; an incumbent mayor has not been defeated in an election since deLesseps Morrison beat sitting mayor Robert Maestri in the election of 1946. In contrast to the mayoral election, the simultaneous City Council election results were strongly anti-incumbent, with three established well-known Council members losing to newcomers promising reform.
See also
2006 New Orleans city council election
References
External links
Candidates' Web sites
Johnny Adriani
James Arey
Nick Bacque
Virginia Boulet
Kimberly Williamson Butler
Rob Couhig
Ron Forman
Mitch Landrieu
Ray Nagin
Mac Rahman
Leo Watermeier
Tom Watson
Shedrick White
Peggy Wilson
Election resources
Times-Picayune election center
League of Women Voters Election Guide
2006
New Orleans
2006 Louisiana elections | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20New%20Orleans%20mayoral%20election |
Joy to Great Caesar was a Royalist and anti-Catholic political song written by Thomas D'Urfey during the reign of Charles II of England.
D'Urfey, a Tory by sympathies, set his own lyrics to the tune of Farinel's Ground by Michel Farinelli, in which he criticized Catholic political designs and praised the King. D'Urfey's friend Joseph Addison later claimed that the success of the song so damaged the political prospects of the Whigs that they never recovered during the reign of Charles II, and that by using the music of the Catholic composer Farinelli for his anti-Catholic lyrics, D'Urfey had turned a considerable part of the Pope's music against himself. Macaulay described the song as "a loyal ode, which had lately been written by Durfey, and which, though like all Durfey's writings, utterly contemptible, was, at that time, almost as popular as Lillibullero became a few years later." He also recorded that the song was sung in a triumphal march by the newly elected members and "a long train of knights and squires," after an unpopular and controversial Tory electoral victory in Cheshire in 1685.
Notes
References
Thomas Babington Macaulay, History of England, Vol. I, Chapter IV
The Percy Anecdotes (1820): Tom D'Urfey
British songs
17th-century songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy%20to%20Great%20Caesar |
The California Scholarship Federation (CSF), started in 1921 by Charles F. Seymour, seeks to recognize students living in the state of California who possess high standards in academics.
Members of the California Scholarship Federation are eligible for a variety of tuition scholarships available at universities across the state and in select colleges nationwide. Regional subcommittees nominate several members as Life Members based upon character, leadership abilities and volunteer service. Fifty of these students receive $2,000 each, and five (one from each region of California) are awarded an additional $3000 toward their college tuition.
Approximately one thousand chapters are located in various secondary schools across the state. The organization continues to promote the education of academically motivated students, encouraging them to get involved in their communities through volunteer service.
CSF also has a subdivision called the California Junior Scholarship Federation which awards scholarships to middle school students.
Notable alumni
David Hadley
David J. Wineland
References
External links
California Scholarship Federation
CSF Facebook page
High school honor societies
Education in California
Organizations established in 1921
1921 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20Scholarship%20Federation |
Ze'ev Lev (25 April 1922 – 3 October 2004) (; born William Low), was an Israeli physicist, Torah scholar, and founder of the Jerusalem College of Technology. After being educated in Europe, Canada and the U.S., and having lost his parents and sister in the Holocaust, he became one of Israel's leading scientists and educators.
Early years
Lev was born in Vienna to a Chassidic family. In 1934, his family moved to Berlin. At the age of 16, he was able to leave Germany in order to study at the Gateshead Yeshiva in England, thereby avoiding the fate of all other members of his immediate family.
Having decided to enter the academic world rather than become a rabbi like his grandfather, he obtained a scholarship to Queen's University in Ontario, Canada and graduated with honors. He then received his master's degree and doctorate at Columbia University in New York City, where he studied with Nobel Prize laureate Isidor Isaac Rabi.
With his wife, Dvora Lederer, he moved to Israel in 1950, adopting his grandfather's name, Ze'ev, and changing his last name to Lev. This name, like the Germanic version Low, indicated he was a descendant of the tribe of Levi.
Work in Israel
Lev took a position as a lecturer in paramagnetic resonance at Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He became a worldwide expert in this field, and his research led to the development of microwave and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices.
Later in the 1960s, Lev decided there was a need for a college in Jerusalem that combined scientific study with the study of the Torah. Despite initial resistance from many rabbis and educators, the institution he started with about a dozen students in 1969 grew to have an enrollment of more than 2,000, becoming one of Israel's four accredited engineering schools.
Lev led the development of the Jerusalem College of Technology for ten years, and afterwards continued to do research and academic work. His scientific articles covered subjects including atomic physics and shock waves, and he also wrote about science in relation to the Torah.
Awards
In 1962, at the age of 40, Lev was awarded the Israel Prize, in exact sciences.
Legacy
The Jerusalem College of Technology has developed special programs for high school students, members of the Israel Defense Forces, ultra-Orthodox women, and members of the Ethiopian immigrant community. Many of its alumni have joined Israeli high-tech firms.
Lev had five children, and after the death of his first wife, he married Sarah Katzburg, who herself was the mother of four children. In his later years he also devoted himself to compiling a family tree of the Lev family. It started with his great-grandfather's life in Poland during the early 19th century and has grown to include approximately 1,000 descendants.
One of his sons, Nahum, became a high-ranking officer in the elite Sayeret Matkal unit, and the first religious officer in that unit. He led the commando operation to assassinate Khalil al-Wazir in Tunis in 1988. Nahum Lev died in a traffic accident in August 2000.
See also
List of Israel Prize recipients
References
Further reading
Low, W. Genealogy of Family Low, English version.
Siegel-Itzhovich, Judy. His Heart Was in the Future. Jerusalem Post, October 31, 2004.
1922 births
2004 deaths
Israeli physicists
Israel Prize in exact science recipients who were physicists
Israel Prize in exact science recipients
Academic staff of Jerusalem College of Technology
Austrian Jews
Austrian emigrants to Germany
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom
British expatriates in Canada
British expatriates in the United States
British emigrants to Israel
Israeli people of Austrian-Jewish descent
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
Columbia University alumni
Academic staff of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Jewish physicists
20th-century Israeli physicists
Burials at Har HaMenuchot | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ze%CA%BCev%20Lev |
David Mackenzie Donald Mills (born 31 May 1944) is a British corporate lawyer who specialises in international work for Italian companies. He was accused of money-laundering and alleged tax fraud involving Silvio Berlusconi; he was convicted in first instance and on appeal, but the conviction was quashed by the Supreme Court of Cassation.
He is the widower of Labour Party politician Tessa Jowell following her death in May 2018. They were married in 1979 and separated in 2006, but had effectively reunited by 2012.
Background and career
According to The Independent, Mills's father Kenneth Mills was a senior spy. At the end of the Second World War Kenneth Mills was running MI5's operations from Gibraltar. Later, he was transferred to Jamaica and—according to a family legend—personally foiled an attempted revolution in Cuba.
David Mills is a former barrister who became a commercial solicitor in the 1980s. He is a former Labour member of Camden London Borough Council, and like others involved in the London Labour Party of the 1980s is close to the Blairite group of politicians and left-leaning celebrities, to which his second wife Tessa Jowell belongs. He founded the niche private client law firm Mackenzie Mills, which merged with Withers Worldwide in October 1995.
Berlusconi and "Jowellgate"
Mills acted in the early 1990s for Italian businessman and sometime Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. This became the cause of controversy and of allegations. Mills was involved in setting up a large number of offshore trusts for the "B Operation" as he termed Fininvest, Berlusconi's operations. Mills was investigated in Italy on allegations of money laundering and tax fraud; on 10 March 2006, prosecutors in Milan asked a judge to order Mills and Berlusconi to stand trial on corruption charges. Prosecutors submitted 15,000 pages of documents to the preliminary hearing judge who was to determine whether the case should go to full trial.
In February 2004, Mills had met his accountant Bob Drennan, a partner in the firm Rawlinson & Hunter, setting out the circumstances under which he had received a large amount of money from the "B people" as a gift, and admitting that he had "turned some very tricky corners, to put it mildly" which "had kept Mr B out of a great deal of trouble that I would have landed him in if I had said all I knew". He had set the pertinent facts out in a letter, which he handed to Drennan, apparently unaware that accountants are not protected by legal professional privilege and hence are obliged to report suspected illegal activity by their clients.
He admitted this story to Italian prosecutors, but later retracted it and claimed that the money came from someone else. One source cited was Diego Attanasio, a shipping magnate and another Italian client of Mills. Attanasio denies this story. Questions were also asked about a woman living on a council estate in the East End of London, who is recorded as a director or company secretary of 19 companies that Mills established on behalf of his Italian clients.
In March 2006, after his wife Jowell claimed that Mills had not told her until four years after the event that he had been given £340,000 for his work for Silvio Berlusconi, the couple "agreed to a period of separation". The separation had effectively ended by September 2012.
On 17 February 2009, an Italian court sentenced David Mills to four years and six months in jail for accepting a bribe from Silvio Berlusconi to give false evidence on his behalf in corruption trials in 1997 and 1998.
Appeal
His defence counsel said that he would appeal, claiming that the sentence went "against the logic and dynamic of the evidence presented". Jowell said "although we are separated I have never doubted his innocence".
On 27 October 2009, the Italian Appeal Court upheld his conviction and his sentence of 4½ years' imprisonment. He confirmed that he would initiate a second and final appeal to the Cassation Court.
On 25 February 2010, the Italian Cassation Court (the second and last court of appeal under Italian law) ruled a sentence of not guilty because the statute of limitations had expired.
Claim that he had lied to the Inland Revenue
In evidence given by videolink from London to a Milanese court in December 2011, Mills stated that his previous claim that Berlusconi had bribed him to the extent of $600,000 had been a lie prompted by the need to "provide to the Inland Revenue a story which explained why I had treated the money as a gift and not as income" and that the money had in reality been a stipend paid to him by Italian shipbuilder Diego Attanasio. He further stated that "Mr Berlusconi is entirely innocent in this case and had absolutely nothing to do with the 600,000 dollars which is the subject of the case. I wish to apologise to him for all the trouble that I've caused."
Ecclestone
Mills was also involved when Formula One Racing secured a derogation from European limits on tobacco advertising after Bernie Ecclestone contributed more than one million pounds to the Labour Party during the 1997 UK general election.
Trading with Iran
In 2003, it was revealed that Mills was involved in an unsuccessful deal for Iranian airline Mahan Air to buy a fleet of BAe 146 aircraft from British Aerospace. He commented that the sale did not go through and that he was not granted any preferential treatment. However, Foreign Office Minister Baroness Symons gave advice to Mills on the political climate surrounding the project.
It was subsequently disclosed that as a consequence of these dealings, Jowell had been excluded from Cabinet papers and talks on Iran since 2003.
Personal life
Mills has three children from his first marriage, including the journalist Eleanor Mills, editorial director of The Sunday Times.
Mills and Jowell have a son and daughter. In 2009, the couple owned houses in Warwickshire and in Kentish Town in north London. Jowell died on 12 May 2018, aged 70.
David Mills's brother John Mills is chairman of JML (John Mills Limited) and was formerly a Labour councillor in Camden. John Mills is one of the largest donors to the Labour Party, and was married to Dame Barbara Mills QC, Director of Public Prosecutions from 1992 to 1998, until her death in 2011.
References
External links
Focus: The minister and the £350,000 gift, The Times, 26 February 2006
David Mills's statement from his lawyer, The Times, 4 March 2006
Charges laid against Mills and Berlusconi, The Times, 10 March 2006
1944 births
Living people
Alumni of University College, Oxford
English solicitors
Spouses of life peers
Labour Party (UK) councillors
Councillors in the London Borough of Camden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Mills%20%28solicitor%29 |
The Euroformula Open Championship (formerly the Spanish Formula Three Championship, European F3 Open Championship) is a junior formula racing series based in Spain. It was one of six national and international Formula Three championships in Europe and Scandinavia that together used to form an important part of the established "career ladder" below Formula One. The championship's first season was held in 2001. In 2006, it was branded as the Spanish F3 Championship by Toyota, in deference to its sole engine supplier. In 2020, the championship ceased to be a F3-championship and will share its specifications with Japan's Super Formula Lights based on the previous-generation Formula Three standards, primarily with a choice of engines.
Profile
The Spanish Formula Three Championship was formed during Spain's recent growth period in motor racing that began with the Euro Open Movistar by Nissan, which eventually became the World Series by Renault when the two companies' motor racing programs were reorganised. The new championship replaced the previously existing Super Formula Toyota, a one-make series with performance similar to F3.
The European F3 Open championship has become successful by actively taking measures to control budget requirements. This provides a more achievable option for drivers who lack the major sponsorship portfolio that is required by leading Euroseries teams, and would otherwise have to look elsewhere for their next step up the career ladder.
With Renault's backing, the World Series has developed into a championship from which drivers can reach Formula One, and three major Spanish teams are established in GP2. This has fostered new opportunities for the graduates of Spanish F3, which has, in turn, made the championship itself a success.
In recent years the Championship has become much less centred in Spain, with races across Europe, and has successfully attracted famous non-Spanish teams to take part. The first was the British outfit Team West-Tec who went on to win two Driver's Championship titles in their first three seasons, and which were followed a year later by Italy's RP Motorsport who have won races each year since joining.
The championship was renamed to Euroformula Open Championship for 2014, after the FIA restricted the use of the Formula Three name to championships that do not follow the current engine regulations.
Sub-divisions
Like British Formula Three, the series incorporates a second championship class for chassis specifications from the previous generation. The Copa was created in 2005, and provides an opportunity for drivers without competitive budgets, who would otherwise be left unable to progress from cheaper formulae. The name is derived from the chassis specification that all Copa entrants must use: the Dallara F308.
Equipment
The Euroformula Open Championship has used chassis from Italian constructor Dallara. During the first seasons, the Dallara F300 was used. The Dallara F305 debuted in 2005, the Dallara F308 in 2008, and the Dallara F312 in 2012. The secondary class was dropped during the 2014 season due to lack of entries. The current chassis is the Dallara 320, which debuted in 2020.
Originally, the European F3 Open Championship had a single engine supplier. From 2010 to 2018, the series used Toyota's F3 engine upgraded by the Spanish tuner Piedrafita Sport. In 2019, the series also allowed Mercedes-Benz and Volkswagen engines, and the Toyota engines were dropped after the first round of the season.
F1 tests
The exclusive use of the Toyota engine prompted Toyota to offer a Formula One test to each year's champion. The first driver to benefit from this was 2004 champion Borja García, who later graduated to GP2.
Venues
Between 2001 and 2005, the Spanish F3 Championship had seven rounds, each with two races. Exceptions to this included the Valencia round in 2002 and the Jerez round in 2003, each of which had only one race, and Albacete, which held a single-race event in addition to its regular two-race event in 2005.
In every season from its inception until 2007, the championship made a regular visit to Estoril in Portugal. The 2006 season, which was expanded to eight rounds, included the championship's first visit to Magny-Cours in France.
Since 2008 many circuits from further afield have been added to the schedule including visits to Magny Cours, Donington Park and Brands Hatch with major European motorsport venues including Spa, Monza, Silverstone and Hungaroring hosting rounds of the 2014 season as the series expands further into Europe.
From 2001, the circuits used in the Euroformula Open Championship are listed as:
Bold denotes a circuit will be used in the 2023 season.
Points system
Champions
Spanish Formula Three
Drivers
Teams
Junior Cup
Trofeo Ibérico
Copa de España de F3
European F3 Open
Drivers
Teams
Copa F306/300
Euroformula Open
Drivers
Teams
Rookies
Spanish F3 Drivers
Spanish F3 Teams
Notes
References
External links
Euruformula Open Official Website
Speedsport on Spanish F3
Formula3.cc
European F3 Open Championship at forix.com
2001 establishments in Spain
Recurring sporting events established in 2001
Formula Three series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroformula%20Open%20Championship |
Marshal Walton Royal Jr. (December 5, 1912 – May 8, 1995) was an American jazz alto saxophonist and clarinetist best known for his work with Count Basie, with whose band he played for nearly twenty years.
Early life and education
Marshal Royal Jr. was born into a musical family in Sapulpa, Oklahoma.
Career
Royal's first professional gig was with Lawrence Brown's band at Danceland in Los Angeles, and he soon had a regular gig at the Apex, working for Curtis Mosby in Mosby's Blue Blowers, a 10-piece band. He then began an eight-year (1931–1939) stint with the Les Hite orchestra at Sebastian's Cotton Club, which was near the MGM studios in Los Angeles. He spent 1940 to 1942 with Lionel Hampton, until the war interrupted his career.
With his brother, Ernie, he served in the U.S. Navy in the 45-piece regimental band that was attached to the Navy's preflight training school for pilots at St. Mary's College in Moraga, California. The band played for bond rallies, regimental reviews, at football games, and in concerts for the cadets and the community. Two swing bands were organized from the larger regimental band, and they played for smokers and dances at USOs and officers clubs. Royal was leader of the Bombardiers, one of those bands, which also included his brother, Ernie, Jackie Kelson (later known as Jackie Kelso), Buddy Collette, Jerome Richardson, and Vernon Alley.
When he left Basie in 1970, Royal settled permanently in Los Angeles, continuing to play and record, working with Bill Berry's big band, Frank Capp and Nat Pierce, Earl Hines, and Duke Ellington. Royal recorded as a soloist with Dave Frishberg in 1977, and with Warren Vache in 1978. He co-led a band with Snooky Young in the 1970s and 1980s, recording with it in 1978.
Marshal died in Culver City, California on May 8, 1995, aged 82.
Discography
1960: Gordon Jenkins Presents (Everest)
1978: First Chair (Concord Jazz)
1978: Snooky and Marshal's Album with Snooky Young
1980: Royal Blue (Concord Jazz)
As sideman
With Count Basie
The Count! (Clef, 1952 [1955])
Basie Jazz (Clef, 1952 [1954])
Dance Session (Clef, 1953)
Dance Session Album #2 (Clef, 1954)
Basie (Clef, 1954)
Count Basie Swings, Joe Williams Sings (Clef, 1955) with Joe Williams
April in Paris (Verve, 1956)
The Greatest!! Count Basie Plays, Joe Williams Sings Standards with Joe Williams
Metronome All-Stars 1956 (Clef, 1956) with Ella Fitzgerald and Joe Williams
Hall of Fame (Verve, 1956 [1959])
Basie in London (Verve, 1956)
One O'Clock Jump (Verve, 1957) with Joe Williams and Ella Fitzgerald
Count Basie at Newport (Verve, 1957)
The Atomic Mr. Basie (Roulette, 1957) aka Basie and E=MC2
Basie Plays Hefti (Roulette, 1958)
Sing Along with Basie (Roulette, 1958) - with Joe Williams and Lambert, Hendricks & Ross
Basie One More Time (Roulette, 1959)
Breakfast Dance and Barbecue (Roulette, 1959)
Everyday I Have the Blues (Roulette, 1959) - with Joe Williams
Dance Along with Basie (Roulette, 1959)
Not Now, I'll Tell You When (Roulette, 1960)
The Count Basie Story (Roulette, 1960)
Kansas City Suite (Roulette, 1960)
Back with Basie (Roulette, 1962)
Basie in Sweden (Roulette, 1962)
On My Way & Shoutin' Again! (Verve, 1962)
Sinatra - Basie (Reprise Records FS 1008 ,1963)
This Time by Basie! (Reprise, 1963)
More Hits of the 50's and 60's (Verve, 1963)
Pop Goes the Basie (Reprise, 1965)
Basie Meets Bond (United Artists, 1966)
Live at the Sands (Before Frank) (Reprise, 1966 [1998])
Sinatra at the Sands (Reprise, 1966) with Frank Sinatra
Basie's Beatle Bag (Verve, 1966)
Broadway Basie's...Way (Command, 1966)
Hollywood...Basie's Way (Command, 1967)
Basie's Beat (Verve, 1967)
Basie's in the Bag (Brunswick, 1967)
The Happiest Millionaire (Coliseum, 1967)
Half a Sixpence (Dot, 1967)
The Board of Directors (Dot, 1967) with The Mills Brothers
Manufacturers of Soul (Brunswick, 1968) with Jackie Wilson
The Board of Directors Annual Report (Dot, 1968) with The Mills Brothers
Basie Straight Ahead (Dot, 1968)
How About This (Paramount, 1968) with Kay Starr
Standing Ovation (Dot, 1969)
Basic Basie (MPS, 1969)
Basie on the Beatles (Happy Tiger, 1969)
With Kenny BurrellHeritage (AudioSource, 1980)
With Clifford Coulter
Do It Now! (Impulse!, 1971)
With Coleman HawkinsThe Saxophone Section (World Wide, 1958)
With Monk MontgomeryMonk Montgomery in Africa...Live! (Chisa, 1975)
With Joe Newman Joe Newman with Woodwinds (Roulette, 1958)
Notes
References
Further reading
Review of Jazz Survivor
External links
Interview of Marshal Royal, Center for Oral History Research, UCLA Library Special Collections, University of California, Los Angeles.
Recorded Telephone Interview of Frank Foster — alumnus of the Basie band recalls how Marshal Royal would read Jet'' magazine on his stand while he performed
1912 births
1995 deaths
20th-century American musicians
American jazz clarinetists
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Count Basie Orchestra members
Jazz alto saxophonists
Jazz musicians from Los Angeles
20th-century saxophonists
The Capp-Pierce Juggernaut members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal%20Royal |
"Big Brother" is a song written by David Bowie in 1973 and intended for his never-produced musical based on George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four. In 1974 it was released on the album Diamond Dogs. It segued into the final track on the record, "Chant of the Ever Circling Skeletal Family".
Background
"Big Brother" was recorded on 14-15 January 1974, among the last songs recorded during the Diamond Dogs sessions.
Lyrically, the song reflects the ending of Nineteen Eighty-Four, where Winston Smith's brainwashing is complete, and he loves Big Brother. This was described by Bowie biographer David Buckley as "a frightening paean to the Super God", while Nicholas Pegg considered that Bowie was showing how "the glamour of dictatorships is balanced with the banality".
The opening trumpet line, played on a Chamberlin, has been compared to Miles Davis' Sketches of Spain. The melody in the chorus was echoed in Bowie's own "Shining Star (Makin' My Love)" from Never Let Me Down (1987).
Live versions
Bowie performed the song on two separate tours; first a live version (which included "Chant of the Ever Circling Skeletal Family") from the first leg of the Diamond Dogs Tour was released on David Live, and another live recording from the second leg of the same tour was released in 2017 on Cracked Actor (Live Los Angeles '74). "Big Brother" was also performed during Bowie's 1987 Glass Spider Tour, a live version from which appears on the two-CD concert released on the Special Edition of Glass Spider (2007); the performance was not included on the live video release.
Other releases
The song appeared in the Sound + Vision box set in 1989 and was remastered as part of the box set Who Can I Be Now? (1974–1976) (2016).
Notes
David Bowie songs
1973 songs
Songs about fictional male characters
Music based on Nineteen Eighty-Four
Songs written by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by David Bowie | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Brother%20%28David%20Bowie%20song%29 |
Robert Kennon Hargrove (1829–1905) was an American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, elected in 1882.
Biography
Robert Kennon Hargrove was born on September 17, 1829, in Pickens County, Alabama. He was converted to Christianity at the age of eleven. He graduated from the University of Alabama in 1852.
He was a professor of Pure Mathematics at his alma mater, the University of Alabama, from 1853 to 1857. He entered the traveling ministry of the Alabama Annual Conference in 1857.
Prior to his election to the episcopacy, he served as a pastor and a presiding elder. He was President of the Centenary Institute in Summerfield, Alabama, 1865–67, and of Tennessee Female College in the 1870s. He was a member of the Cape May Commission in 1876. He was the first to urge a bond scheme, which saved the Publishing House of the M.E. Church, South. He originated the Women's Department of Church Extension (for the purpose of securing parsonages in the M.E. Church, South). He was also a member of the Commission that in 1878 established fraternal relations between the M.E. Church and the M.E. Church, South, an important step toward reunification in 1939.
He was not a member of the General Conference (1882) where he was elected bishop.
He died on August 4, 1905, in Nashville, Tennessee, and was buried there in Mount Olivet Cemetery.
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
References
Leete, Frederick DeLand, Methodist Bishops. Nashville, The Methodist Publishing House, 1948.
Further reading
Leah Lipton. "The Boston Artists' Association, 1841–1851." American Art Journal, Vol. 15, No. 4 (Autumn, 1983), pp. 45–57.
External links
Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South
Hargrove, Robert Kennon
Converts to Christianity
Hargrove, Robert Kennon
Hargrove, Robert Kennon
University of Alabama alumni
University of Alabama faculty
American Methodist bishops
Burials at Mount Olivet Cemetery (Nashville)
19th-century American clergy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Kennon%20Hargrove |
Assumption College Catholic High School is a Catholic secondary school in Windsor, Ontario. The school was originally established as a private preparatory school by Assumption College, now Assumption University, but it is now a publicly-funded separate school under the jurisdiction of the Windsor-Essex Catholic District School Board. It offers the International Baccalaureate Diploma Program and Specialist High School Majors Programs in addition to the Ontario Secondary School Diploma.
History
"Assumption College" was founded by the Basilian Fathers in 1857 as common school, High School and College. Assumption College formally became Assumption College of the University of Western Ontario (1920-1953) and then Assumption University of Windsor in 1956, Assumption University in 1964 and is now affiliated with the University of Windsor.
The original 3-storey school housed the "common school," high school and college, residing together on the same grounds and in buildings owned by the Basilians. Mr. Theodule Girardot (at the school until 1871) is credited with maintaining the continuity of the school throughout its birthing pains. In its early years the school accommodated private boarders and day school attendees, male students only.
George McMahon, Sr. notes in his history, "Assumption [around the turn of the 20th century] continued to be tasked to provide four different programs: a preparatory school for grades five to eight; a commercial course for those boys preparing for a life in business; a three-year academic course or high school and a four years Arts course with College level courses."
In their Academic Year 1932-33 booklet, the High School is referred to as the "High School Department," and includes a history for the school, lists of faculty and "officers," admission, expenses and fees, lists of courses for all three programs, names of students, etc. The booklet also notes that since "the affiliation of the College Department with the University of Western Ontario in 1920, the High School has become a separate unit. An academic course of four years preparing boys for college, a commercial course leading to positions in the business world, and one year preparatory course, are offered."
The Assumption High School Reporter, the student newspaper for Assumption High School began publication in 1937. The January 26, 1945 issue reports on the expansions that will benefit the High School: a new auditorium, plus "all the buildings now standing will be turned over entirely to High School use."
In the 1940s and early 50s the High School is stated to have resided in Dillon Hall (the latter still in existence on the property of the University of Windsor). The High School moved to its current location in 1957, a photo from c. 1957 and a postcard from c. 1965 shows the High School in two different incarnations at the 1100 Huron Road location. The Assumption College High School Chapel is listed on the Municipal Register but is not designated.
In 1971, with the merging of St. Mary's Academy, the High School became a co-educational secondary school within the Windsor-Essex Catholic District School Board.
In 2011, one of the school's former teachers, Father William Hodgson Marshall, pled guilty to sexually abusing students while teaching at Assumption. He had also been able to teach at Holy Names High School in Windsor, plus other Catholic High Schools in Toronto and Sudbury, where he sexually abused students between 1952 and 1986 as well.
Current status
Assumption offers a range of secondary programs including the IB Diploma Programme, as well as Co-op, OYAP, MOYAP , SHSM Hospitality and Tourism and SHSM Aviation and Aerospace. Assumption's student population has decreased significantly since the early/mid-1990s. Today the school has a current population of approximately 650 students. This secondary school is now among the smallest in the Windsor-Essex County Area.
The principal is Dwayne Brunet.
References
External links
Southwestern Ontario Digital Archive Contains other calendars for more details on changes through the years to the college and high school
See also
Windsor-Essex Catholic District School Board
Windsor-Essex Catholic District School Board
High schools in Windsor, Ontario
International Baccalaureate schools in Ontario
Catholic secondary schools in Ontario
Basilian schools | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption%20College%20School |
The Jerusalem College of Technology - Lev Academic Center (JCT; ) is a private college in Israel, recognized by the Council for Higher Education, which specializes in providing high-level science and technology education to the Jewish community. More than 2,000 of JCT's 4,700 students are ultra-Orthodox, and the remainder of the students are from diverse segments of Israeli society including Ethiopian-Israelis, national religious and international students.
JCT's main campus ("Lev") is situated in the Givat Mordechai neighborhood of Jerusalem. Other branches are located in the Givat Shaul neighborhood ("Tal Campus") of Jerusalem and Ramat Gan ("Lustig Campus"). JCT offers bachelor's degrees and master's degrees in several fields of study combined with intensive Jewish studies.
History
The college, founded in 1969 by Professor Josef Haim Yakopow and Professor Ze'ev Lev, specializes in high-tech engineering, industrial management and life and health sciences. JCT is particularly known for its electro-optics faculty. The institution is fully accredited by the Council for Higher Education in Israel, the main authority overseeing Israel's academic institutions. Some 5,000 students are currently enrolled in JCT, with a faculty of over 500 professors, instructors and researchers. JCT's goal to bring higher education to under-served communities is most evident in their Program for Students from the Ethiopian Community and Haredi Integration programs.
JCT has separate campuses for men and women in order to allow the Orthodox and Haredi communities, who comprise the majority of its student body and insist on gender-separated classes, to study comfortably.
The college trains 20 percent of Israel's women engineers. One out of every five Israeli women studying for a BSc in computer science and/or software engineering does so at JCT, and 53 percent of the school's computer science students are women—18 percent higher than any other Israeli university.
Branches
The Jerusalem College of Technology comprises the following campuses:
Lev Campus - academic studies combined with yeshiva studies for men. This campus also includes the Naveh program for Haredi men.
Tal Campus - academic studies combined with midrasha (religious) studies for women. This campus also includes the Tvuna program for Haredi and Hassidic women.
Lustig Campus - founded in 1999 and geared toward Haredi women.
Degrees awarded
Bachelor of Science
Electronic Engineering
Applied Physics/Electro-Optical Engineering
Applied Physics/Medical Engineering
Software Engineering
Communication Systems Engineering
Computer science
Bioinformatics
Industrial Engineering and Marketing
Nursing (BSN)
Bachelor of Arts
Accounting & Information systems
Business Administration
Masters Degree
(M.B.A.) - Business Administration
(M.Sc) - Telecommunications Systems Engineering
(M.Sc) - Physics/Electro-Optical Engineering
(MSN) - Nursing
Special Programs
The Reuven Surkis Program for Students from The Ethiopian Community
JCT was the pioneer among Israel's leading institutions of higher education in advancing the integration of Ethiopian immigrants. The Reuven Surkis Program for Students from The Ethiopian Community consists of a preparatory year program (Mechina) and a full degree program; most of the students studying in the full degree program participated first in the preparatory year program. The Reuven Surkis Program has produced 158 graduates.
Haredi Integration Program
The Center for Advancement of Haredim at JCT encourages Haredi men and women to pursue academic careers and consists, much like the program for the Ethiopian community of a preparatory year program (Mechina) and a full degree program. The Haredi Integration program has graduated thousands. There are currently more than 2,000 Haredi men and women studying towards degrees at JCT. According to Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics, about 50 percent of Haredi men in the country were employed by the end of 2017. JCT's Haredi graduates have attained an 89-percent employment rate, including 77 percent that are employed in their field of choice. Among the 1,000 Israeli Haredim who studied computer science in 2017, two-thirds of them studied at JCT.
International Program
The International Program in English at JCT is a three-year-long program with majors in Computer Science (Full-Time BSC), and Business Administration (Part-Time BA).
Cyber Elite
JCT's Cyber Elite program provides training to graduates in software engineering and computer science, while simultaneously placing them in cyber departments of multinational, aerospace and defense companies, and in cyber startups. This opens up the cyber field to the Haredi community and to others who previously experience difficulty attaining cyber positions because they were not represented in cyber units within the Israel Defense Forces.
Nursing program
JCT's BSN (bachelor's of nursing) program in nursing accounts for 20 percent of all nursing students in Israel. The college's Nursing Department was awarded (2018) the Israeli Ministry of Health's National Prize for Excellence, ranking first among 24 departments nationwide in all measured criteria.
Israel's First Master's Program in Health Informatics
JCT's Nursing Department is launching Israel's first master's degree program in the growing field of Health Informatics, which focuses on managing and analyzing data to support the best clinical decisions and treatment for patients. Health informatics utilizes the study and application of clinical information and computer science to design and deploy effective technologies that support the delivery of health care services and improve information management.
JCT's health informatics program is open to registered nurses with a bachelor's degree and was developed with the assistance of the University of Toronto's Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, in addition to the support of the Canadian Friends of JCT. The certificate program that ran this year as a prelude to opening the MSc programt completed its studies in April (2018), just as Israel's Council for Higher Education approved the Master of Health Informatics degree for the 2018-2019 academic year. The partnership between JCT and U of T was facilitated by Professor Judith Shamian, past president of the International Council of Nurses and a member of JCT's board of trustees.
See also
Education in Israel
List of universities and colleges in Israel
Science and technology in Israel
References
Colleges in Israel
Universities and colleges in Jerusalem
Educational institutions established in 1969
Judaism and science
1969 establishments in Israel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem%20College%20of%20Technology |
Shepard's Citations is a citator used in United States legal research that provides a list of all the authorities citing a particular case, statute, or other legal authority. The verb Shepardizing (sometimes written lower-case) refers to the process of consulting Shepard's to see if a case has been overturned, reaffirmed, questioned, or cited by later cases. Prior to the development of electronic citators like Westlaw's KeyCite during the 1990s, Shepard's was the only legal citation service that attempted to provide comprehensive coverage of U.S. law.
History
The name derives from a legal service begun by Frank Shepard (1848–1900) in 1873, when Shepard began publishing these lists in a series of books indexed to different jurisdictions. Initially, the product was called Shepard's Adhesive Annotations. The citations were printed on gummed, perforated sheets, which could be divided and pasted onto pages of case law. Known as "stickers", these were literally torn to bits and stuck to pertinent margins of case reporters.
By the early 20th century, the Frank Shepard Company was binding the citations into maroon volumes with Shepard's Citations stamped in gold on their spines, much like the ones still found on library shelves.
Under the leadership of William Guthrie Packard, the company endured the Great Depression and continued to grow. It moved to Colorado Springs in 1948; in 1951, it adopted the name Shepard's Citations, Inc. In 1966, Shepard's Citations was acquired by McGraw Hill.
In 1996, Shepard's was purchased by Times Mirror and Reed Elsevier (owner of LexisNexis since 1994). In 1998, LexisNexis bought full ownership of Shepard's. After this acquisition, LexisNexis engaged in a "multi-million-dollar Citations Redesign (CR) project" that "redesigned the way we process case law and citations".
Decline of print usage
In March 1999, LexisNexis released an online version, named Shepard's Citation Service. While print versions of Shepard's remain in use, their use is declining. Although learning to Shepardize in print was once a rite of passage for all first-year law students, the Shepard's Citations booklets in hardcopy format are cryptic compared to the online version, because of the need to cram as much information about as many cases in as little space as possible.
Shepard's in paper format consists of long tables of citations (with full case titles omitted) preceded by one or two-letter codes indicating their relationship to the case being Shepardized. Before computer-assisted legal research became widely available, generations of lawyers (and law clerks and assistants) had to manually locate the Shepard's entry for a case, decipher all the cryptic abbreviations, then manually retrieve all the cases that were marked by Shepard's as criticizing or overruling a particular case, to determine whether the later cases had directly overruled that particular case on the specific holding of interest to one's client. In many jurisdictions in the U.S., it is still possible to cite a case as good law even though it has been overruled, as long as it was overruled on another holding and not the specific holding for which it is being cited.
In 2004, market research by LexisNexis indicated that most attorneys and librarians conduct the majority of their research online, but "that there are a number of experienced attorneys, principally in smaller firms, who still prefer print and who are extremely unlikely to change their ways".
The American textbook Fundamentals of Legal Research formerly included a lengthy illustrated explanation of how to use Shepard's in print, but in the 10th edition released in 2015, that section was replaced with a brief explanation that such "detail is unnecessary for the many researchers who have access to one or more online citators". It was followed by a recommendation that researchers without access to an online citator should telephone or email LexisNexis directly for assistance.
Online
LexisNexis and Lexis Advance database users can Shepardize most citations online; cases are displayed with a text link to Shepardize the case and usually also have an icon indicating the status of the case as citable authority. Either the text link or the icon, when clicked or activated, will bring up a full Shepard's report for the case.
The Shepard's report indicates exactly how later cases cited the case being Shepardized with plain English phrases like "followed by" or "overruled" rather than by using the old abbreviations. Additionally, the report shows the full case title (that is, the names of the plaintiff and defendant) and full citation for each of the later cases. This is important because lawyers can usually distinguish criminal from civil cases by looking at the title. Criminal cases (with the exception of habeas corpus cases) are always titled U.S. v. [defendant], People v. [defendant], or State v. [defendant]. Often, a criminal case may cite a civil case for a point of law which a civil litigator does not care about, and vice versa.
Finally, the online report has the convenience of allowing the user to simply click on the hyperlink for any listed case to retrieve it almost instantly (if it is within the user's access plan), whereas users of Shepard's print version had to dash through long law library aisles to retrieve heavy legal reporter volumes, one for each case (and then someone had to put all those volumes back).
While most citations can be Shepardized online, there are some sources that are only Shepardizable in the print Shepard's Citations volumes. Most significant among these are the uncodified United States Statutes at Large, which are treated in the print publication Shepard's Federal Statute Citations but are not Shepardizable online. There are other more specialized sources not as widely used as the Statutes at Large that are included in print Shepard's Citations publications, but not included in the online service.
Influences upon Science Citation Index and Google
In 1960, Eugene Garfield developed Science Citation Index (SCI), which he later expressly acknowledged was heavily influenced in several ways by Shepard's Citations. SCI indexes scientific journal articles, and shows what other articles they have been cited by. SCI also counts the number of citations each article gets, thus forming a citation index of the most-cited articles and journals. In turn, SCI inspired several other scientists to research the possibility of developing superior citation indexes. Examples are the eigenvalue-based method developed by Gabriel Pinski and Francis Narin in 1976 and the PageRank link analysis algorithm using the similar idea created by Sergei Brin and Larry Page, which became the heart of the Google search engine.
References
Further reading
External links
Illustration of how to use the index from the University of Delaware library
Legal citators
RELX | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepard%27s%20Citations |
Randall Terry Shepard (born December 24, 1946) is a former Chief Justice of the Indiana Supreme Court.
Early life and education
Randall Terry Shepard was born in Lafayette in 1946, but spent most of his formative years in Evansville, Indiana. Shepard is a seventh generation Hoosier. He is an Eagle Scout and has received the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award. He graduated from Princeton University in 1969 and from the Yale Law School in 1972, and earned a Master of Laws degree from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1995.
Career
Shepard served as executive assistant to Mayor Russell Lloyd of Evansville. In 1979, he was the Republican Party's nominee for mayor himself. He was later a special assistant to the Under Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation. He was judge of the Vanderburgh County Superior Court from 1980 to 1985. He was appointed the ninety-ninth justice of the Indiana Supreme Court by Governor Robert D. Orr in 1985. He was chosen to become the chief justice of Indiana in March 1987, then the youngest state chief justice. Chief Justice Shepard was a chairperson of Indiana's State Student Assistance Commission and a trustee of the National Trust for Historic Preservation for eleven years. He has also served as chair of the ABA Appellate Judges Conference and of the Section of Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar. He is currently the honorary chair and a member of the executive committee of the Indiana Landmarks. Shepard served as President of the National Conference of Chief Justices in 2005 and 2006.
In 2006, Shepard was appointed by Chief Justice John Roberts to be on the U.S. Judicial Conference Advisory Committee on Civil Rules, which the U.S. Supreme Court uses to form changes to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
In September 2005 Shepard was chosen by the Indiana Judicial Nominating Commission and reappointed by Governor Mitch Daniels to the Supreme Court. On November 4, 2008 the public voted to keep Shepard on the court in a statewide retention election.
In July 2007, Shepard and former Governor Joe Kernan were appointed by Daniels to co-chair the Indiana Commission on Local Government Reform.
As a justice, he has authored more than 900 majority opinions. He has also published more than 65 law review articles.
Shepard retired March 23, 2012. Indiana Governor Mitch Daniels appointed Mark Massa to take Shepard's seat on the Court.
Personal life
Shepard is married to Amy MacDonell and has one daughter, Martha, born in 1995. He occasionally teaches law at New York University and Yale Law School.
See also
List of justices of the Indiana Supreme Court
References
External links
1946 births
Living people
People from Lafayette, Indiana
People from Evansville, Indiana
Chief Justices of the Indiana Supreme Court
Princeton University alumni
Yale Law School alumni
University of Virginia School of Law alumni
Indiana Republicans | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall%20T.%20Shepard |
Avelino Gomez (1928 – June 21, 1980) was a Cuban-born Hall of Fame jockey in American and Canadian thoroughbred horse racing.
Born in Havana, Gomez began a career as a jockey at the urging of a family member. He won his first race in Mexico City and later moved to the United States, where he built a reputation as a very capable rider, gaining considerable attention after winning six races during one racecard at Ascot Park in Akron, Ohio. He eventually began riding at Woodbine Racetrack in Toronto, Ontario, where he made his home and became a dominant force in racing for more than twenty years.
Canada's top jockey on seven occasions, in 1966 Gomez became the first jockey in Canadian racing history to win 300 races in a single season. His 318 wins that year were tops in North America. His win percentage of .32 for the 1966 season was the highest ever for a North American champion, a record that still stands. He was a four-time winner of Canada's most prestigious race, the Queen's Plate, and the winner of the 1977 Sovereign Award for Outstanding Jockey.
In 1978, Gomez was recognized with the Sovereign Award of Merit for his lifetime contribution to the sport. He was elected to the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame in 1977, the U.S. National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1982, the Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 1990, and the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 1997.
Gomez died of complications after a three-horse accident during the running of the Canadian Oaks in 1980. He had won 4,081 races with a 24% winning percentage.
The Avelino Gomez Memorial Award is given annually to the person, Canadian-born, Canadian-raised, or a regular rider in the country for more than five years, who has made significant contributions to the sport. A life-size statue of Gomez can be seen at Woodbine Racetrack.
References
External links
Avelino Gomez at the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame
Avelino Gomez at the United States National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame
1928 births
1980 deaths
Accidental deaths in Ontario
Animal sportspeople from Ontario
Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame inductees
Cuban emigrants to Canada
Cuban jockeys
Jockeys who died while racing
Sportspeople from Havana
Sovereign Award winners
Sport deaths in Canada
United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees
Cuban expatriates in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avelino%20Gomez |
HMS Poseidon (P99) was a designed and built by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering in Barrow-in-Furness, England for the Royal Navy, launched on 22 August 1929. She spent most of her short career assigned to the Yellow Sea region, based at the Royal Navy's Weihai naval base in mainland China. In 1931, the submarine sank after a collision with the steamship Yuta north of Weihai. The submarine was later secretly salvaged by the Chinese in 1972.
Service history
At about 12:12 on 9 June 1931, while exercising on the surface with the submarine tender north of the vessels' base at Weihai, and despite excellent visibility, Poseidon collided with the Chinese merchant vessel SS Yuta.
Thirty-one of the submarine's crew managed to scramble into the water before the submarine sank to the seabed below within a few minutes. The aircraft carrier , heavy cruiser and sister submarine led the rescue operations. Poseidon was equipped with Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus which had come into service two years earlier. This was a closed circuit underwater breathing system which provided the wearer with a supply of pure oxygen and a canvas drogue to slow the rate of ascent. Despite the submarine not being equipped with specialised escape compartments or flooding valves, eight of the crew managed to leave the forward end of the boat, although two failed to reach the surface and one died later. Twenty-one crew died in total.
A consequence of the successful escape of part of the crew was to change Admiralty policy from advising crews to wait for the arrival of assistance to attempting to escape from the submarine as soon as possible. This policy was announced in the House of Commons in March 1934.
Salvage
The secret salvaging of the submarine in 1972 by China's then newly formed underwater recovery units was described in 2002 in an article in the popular Chinese magazine Modern Ships ().
This was not known about in the West until the researcher and journalist Steven Schwankert discovered that article with a Google web search and later read it in a Hong Kong library.
In the former British naval cemetery on the island of Liugong, gravestones, bearing clearly legible names, dates and epitaphs of the lost sailors were found in haphazard stacks by historians looking into the sinking of HMS Poseidon and its salvage by the Chinese. The British government asked the Chinese government for an explanation. Results of this research are told in Schwankert's book Poseidon: China's Secret Salvage of Britain's Lost Submarine and the documentary film The Poseidon Project.
See also
Project Azorian – US CIA's secret Soviet submarine salvage project (1974)
References
External links
Parthian-class submarines
Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
1929 ships
British submarine accidents
Maritime incidents in 1931
Shipwrecks in the Yellow Sea
Submarines sunk in collisions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Poseidon |
The Hilton Moscow Leningradskaya () is one of Moscow's Seven Sisters, skyscrapers built in the early 1950s in the Stalinist neoclassical style. Stalinist neoclassical architecture mixes the Russian neoclassical style with the style of American skyscrapers of the 1930s. A main element of Stalinist neoclassicism is its use of socialist realism art. The hotel, completed in 1954, was designed to be the finest luxury hotel in Moscow.
The staircase features one of the longest lighting fixtures in the world—it was once in The Guinness Book of Records. The halls and corridors of the hotel's upper floors are panelled in dark cherry wood.
The hotel includes a restaurant, bar, lounge, spa and beauty salon, fitness centre with swimming pool, bureau de change, gift shop, meeting rooms, grand ballroom, and business center. The tower of the Hilton Moscow Leningradskaya Hotel dominates Komsomolskaya Square, with its three railway stations (the Leningradsky, Yaroslavsky and Kazansky) located nearby, along with a main ring road of downtown Moscow.
The hotel joined the Hilton Hotels chain in 2008 after completing a restoration and renovation.
Architectural and design features
In the 1930s, a new architectural style began to take shape in the Soviet Union, later called the "Stalinist". One of the characteristic features directly dictated by the Soviet government were borrowings from the culture of previous epochs. This position of the authorities was not a recommendation, but a must: "serious shortcomings in the mastering [by architects] of the cultural heritage of the past show little attention to the national heritage, to the Russian architectural classics, to national and folk art". This attitude led to the appearance of the Leningradskaya Hotel project, which was implemented.
The influence of medieval Russian architecture was more evident in the exterior design of the building than in other Stalinist skyscrapers. Contemporaries noted that the white-red-gold colouring of the walls "recalls the favourite colours of ancient Russian architecture", the central section is stylistically close to the Kremlin towers. The main entrance is designed in the form of a terem porch. It is decorated with multi-cornered cornices, fanciful pediments, hanging weights and pinnacles. The ribs and emblem of the octagonal spire, the rosettes between the pylons and the orbs on the obelisks are covered in gold.
The stylistic borrowings in the interiors of the hotel are even more significant. Elements of decoration were copied from samples of pre-Petrine palaces and churches. The lift hall, decorated with golden smalt and Shoksha porphyry, is made in the form of an altar niche. The chandeliers in the halls and on the staircases are stylised as paniculars. Motifs from Russian history were used in the decoration of the interiors: on the ground floor, two round medallions are placed above the stairwells. One of them symbolises the Russian victory at the Kulikovo Field, the other the victory at the Battle of the Ice.
References
External links
All Hotels citation
Hotels built in the Soviet Union
Hotels in Moscow
Moscow
Hotel buildings completed in 1954
Hotels established in 1954
Stalinist architecture
Seven Sisters (Moscow)
Cultural heritage monuments of regional significance in Moscow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton%20Moscow%20Leningradskaya |
Jane Symons (born 1959) is an Australian media consultant, journalist and author based in London. She has written for a wide range of newspapers and magazines, and she is a vice chair of the Medical Journalists' Association and the public-patient information lead for the Covidence-UK longitudinal study. Her book, How to Have a Baby and Still Live in the Real World, has been published in countries including the UK, USA and Russia.
Career
Symons edited the health pages of The Sun from 2004 to 2009, during which time she led a successful campaign for the breast cancer drug trastuzumab (sold as Herceptin) to be made available on Britain's National Health Service for women in early stages of the HER2 form of the disease. By highlighting delays in the implementation of Britain's national bowel cancer screening, she also forced the British government to meet its own deadlines on the tests.
Symons was praised in the British Medical Journal, where Professor David Colquhoun of the Department of Pharmacology, at University College London wrote that "It isn’t often that a Murdoch tabloid produces a better account of a medical problem than anything the Department of Health’s chief scientific advisor can muster."
A frequent critic of unproven therapies she has debunked homeopathy. In 2005, she was instrumental in exposing Mrs Gillian McKeith's lack of credible medical qualifications in an article headlined "Dr? No' which prompted a claim for damages which Mrs McKeith subsequently withdrew. Symons has also been mentioned in Parliament in relation to her efforts to expose serious problems within the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority and to raise awareness of hepatitis C.
Symons set up her own consultancy in 2009. She provides media training, advice and strategy to clients in the health, pharmaceutical and PR sector and is often invited to speak on health and the media or contribute to expert panels. She has also worked with a number of charities and edited the MS Lottery of Care report to mark the 60th anniversary of the Multiple Sclerosis Society.
Symons is also a co-investigator of the Covidence-UK longitudinal study investigating the lifestyle factors which might influence the risk of contracting Covid-19, disease severity and vaccine efficacy.
She continues to write on health issues and has contributed to many of Britain's national newspapers, including The Times, Daily Mail, the Daily Mirror, the Daily Express and Sunday Express. Previous roles include health editor of Woman's Own magazine and chief sub-editor of The Daily Telegraph Saturday magazine.
She is vice chair and website editor of the Medical Journalists' Association and a member of the Guild of Health Writers.
Personal life
Symons has a daughter called Lydia (b.1995.)
Awards
Symons received Cancer Research UK's "National Communicator" Flame of Hope Award in 2007.
She was short-listed for Health Editor of the Year in the Medical Journalists' Association's Awards in 2009.
Books
How to Have a Baby and Still Live in the Real World (2003, US edition; 2004, UK and Swedish editions, 2009 Russian edition). ()
Pregnancy: The Best for You and Your Baby (Netherlands 2002, also published in France and the Czech Republic)
Reader's Digest A to Z of Family Health (Contributor)
Symons' work has been translated into Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, Spanish, Swedish and Russian.
Family
Symons is the younger sister of Australian TV personality and musician Red Symons.
References
Australian journalists
English journalists
Living people
Australian people of English descent
1959 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Symons |
Simon Taylor was a barque built in 1824 on the River Thames that transported assisted migrants to Western Australia.
On completion, Simon Taylor was registered to S. Taylor. Between 1829 and 1837, Simon Taylor made a number of voyages to Jamaica; a voyage to Mauritius in 1833 is also recorded. Records indicate that the ship's captain in 1830 was a Mr. Christie. In 1837 ownership of Simon Taylor was transferred to R. Taylor, and over the next two years she was restored. Once restored, she was transferred to Thomson and Co. In 1840 she made a voyage under a Captain whose name is recorded as Mr. Slater. From 1841 the Captain was Thomas Brown.
From 1841 to 1846, Simon Taylor made a number of voyages to Bombay, India.
In the early 1840s, John Hutt, Governor of Western Australia, sent £3500 to the Land and Emigration Commission in Britain to provide assisted passage for migrants to bolster the workforce in the new colony.
Simon Taylor departed from London on 30 April 1842 and docked at Fremantle, Western Australia on 20 August. (Lloyd's Register listed her as bound for Bombay however). Two hundred and forty-two passengers disembarked, of which 219 were assisted migrants to Western Australia, and a further 18 were Parkhurst apprentices – these were juvenile criminals from the Isle of Wight who were transported to Western Australia but pardoned on arrival on the condition that they take up an apprenticeship with a local settler. The Parkhurst apprentices were arguably the first convicts transported to Western Australia, although the colony would not become an official penal colony until 1850.
From 1847 to 1849 Simon Taylor made a number of voyages to Calcutta.
Fate
On 7 June 1849 she was returning from Jamaica when she was driven ashore on shingles off the south coast of England, and broke up. There are no further records of the ship after that date.
See also
List of convict ship voyages to Western Australia
References
Convict ships to Western Australia
Ships built by the Blackwall Yard
1824 ships
Age of Sail merchant ships of England
Migrant ships to Australia
Maritime incidents in June 1849 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20Taylor%20%28ship%29 |
Berlin Ostbahnhof (German for Berlin East railway station) is a main line railway station in Berlin, Germany. It is located in the Friedrichshain quarter, now part of Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg borough, and has undergone several name changes in its history. It was known as Berlin Hauptbahnhof from 1987 to 1998, a name now applied to Berlin's new central station at the former Lehrter station. Alongside Berlin Zoologischer Garten station it was one of the city's two main stations; however, it has declined in significance since the opening of the new Hauptbahnhof on 26 May 2006, and many mainline trains have been re-routed on the North–South mainline through the new Tiergarten tunnel, bypassing Ostbahnhof.
History
Early history
The station opened on 23 October 1842 as Frankfurter Bahnhof, the terminus of an railway line to Frankfurt (Oder) via Fürstenwalde (Spree). In 1845 the previously independent Berlin–Frankfurt railway merged into the Niederschlesisch-Märkische-Eisenbahngesellschaft (Lower Silesian-Markish Railway Company, NME), aiming at the extension of the line from Frankfurt to Breslau. After the NME lines were taken over by the Prussian state in 1852, the station was renamed Schlesischer Bahnhof (Silesian Station).
In 1867, the Old Ostbahnhof (also called Küstriner Bahnhof), the terminus of the Prussian Eastern Railway line was opened, located slightly north of the present Ostbahnhof station. In 1882 the Old Ostbahnhof was again abandoned and Schlesischer Bahnhof was rebuilt on the present site when construction began on the Berlin Stadtbahn, an elevated railway through the Berlin city center built to link the city's major stations. The Stadtbahn was completed in 1886; two of the four tracks later came to form one of the main routes of the Berlin S-Bahn suburban railway.
As the terminus of both the Silesian and the Eastern Railway line, Schlesischer Bahnhof quickly developed to Berlin's "Gate to the East". Until World War I, trains ran from the German capital via Königsberg to Saint Petersburg (Nord Express) and to Moscow as well as to Vienna, Budapest, and Constantinople via Breslau and Kattowitz. During the Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire, numerous Jewish refugees arrived here to travel on to the emigration harbors in Hamburg and Bremerhaven.
World War II and GDR
The station was severely damaged by strategic bombing during World War II and had to be completely rebuilt by the East German railway, the Deutsche Reichsbahn. In 1950 it was renamed Berlin Ostbahnhof, as upon the implementation of the Oder–Neisse line, the former Silesia province was now largely a part of Poland, and its German population expelled. Memories of the German history of Silesia were repressed by the German Democratic Republic. Following the division of Germany, the station was, together with Berlin-Lichtenberg, one of two major railway stations in East Berlin. The Berlin Wall ran only away from the station; today that part is the East Side Gallery, the longest remaining fragment of the wall. Express trains ran from Ostbahnhof to Leipzig, Halle, and Dresden. The station was again served by international trains like the Vindobona to Vienna.
In 1987 the postwar building was demolished and the station began to be rebuilt as East Berlin's main station, grandly renamed Berlin Hauptbahnhof (Berlin Central Station). The plan called for a hotel and a large reception area for arriving Soviet bloc dignitaries. However, only part of the work was complete by the time of German reunification in 1990. A partially built staircase to the underground car park from this period in front of the station remains (in 2006) unfinished and fenced off. A partly constructed hotel was demolished in the early 1990s.
Recent years
The name Hauptbahnhof remained long after the division of Berlin ended, until 1998, when the station was re-renamed Berlin Ostbahnhof, restoring the 1950-1987 name. One year later, work began to demolish the station and rebuild it once again, which was completed in 2002. Little remains of the 1980s structure except for an administrative block, some façade elements, and parts of the platform structure.
Characteristics
The station has 11 tracks and 9 platforms. 5 platforms are used for main line and 4 for S-Bahn. 2 tracks are through tracks.
Train services
The station is served by the following service(s):
Long distance
Regional services
In popular culture
The Ostbahnhof was featured in the 2004 movie The Bourne Supremacy. In the film, Jason Bourne (Matt Damon) is seen parking his car here, entering the station and leaving a bag in a locker, and tracking down Pamela Landy (Joan Allen).
See also
East Side Gallery
Maria am Ostbahnhof
Deutsche Bahn
Sibirjak
S-Bahn Berlin
B.V.G.
Berlin Wriezener Bahnhof
References
External links
Berlin Ostbahnhof information on the website of Deutsche Bahn
Railway stations in Berlin
Buildings and structures in Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg
Berlin S-Bahn stations
Railway stations in Germany opened in 1842
1842 establishments in Prussia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin%20Ostbahnhof |
Ignacio Gabari is a professional racecar driver. Gabari made his Porsche Supercup debut in 2005, competing in one race of the series. Gabari has also had success at lower levels of motorsport.
References
Spanish Champion Hyundai Coupe V6
Spanish Champion Legend Car
Spanish racing drivers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Sportspeople from Madrid
21st-century Spanish people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio%20Gabari |
Sergio Barreda Costa (30 April 1951 – 25 April 2002), known as Gordo Barreda, was a Peruvian surfer and surfboard shaper. He was a four-time Peruvian national champion (1968, 1969, 1970 and 1974), competed internationally, and was one of Peru's first shapers.
Barreda spent his whole life in the Miraflores District of Lima, learning to surf at Club Makaha. His mother Sonia supported his surfing from an early age. A story is told of the school director telling her that Sergio, aged 13, was being distracted and he had to study or surf, not both, and she replied "Sergio will surf."
As a shaper he made boards under the "GB" logo. His surf shop, which started in the garage of his home and with the help of his wife Eva, was the first in the country. He also put together a team of young surfers who competed under his GB logo, a number of whom followed in his footsteps to be Peruvian national champions.
In 1979 he discovered the now well-known break of Cabo Blanco in northern Peru.
In 2002 he suffered a heart attack surfing Cerro Azul, and had surgery for it a few days later in Miraflores, but died of a further post-operative heart attack, aged 50. His ashes were spread at sea.
A 2.2 meter statue was unveiled in his honor at Makaha beach in 2020.
References
External links
Peruvian Surf Legend Gordo Barreda: 1952 - 2002 by Jose A. Schiaffino (curator of the Kon-Tiki Surfboards Museum), and translated into English by Hal Waller, in SURF magazine
"Without a Map: Northern Peru's dusty secrets", article by Gonzalo Barandiaran at surfline.com
1951 births
2002 deaths
Peruvian surfers
Sportspeople from Lima | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio%20Barreda |
Barry Lubin (born July 3, 1952) is an American circus performer best known for his Grandma character. His Grandma character was a headline act at the Big Apple Circus in New York City for 25 seasons from 1982 until his 2012 retirement and relocation to Sweden. Lubin's return to the Big Apple Circus in late 2017 was cut short in January 2018 when he admitted to having pressured an underaged, sixteen-year-old circus performer to pose for pornographic pictures in 2004.
Early life
Lubin was born on July 3, 1952, in Atlantic City, New Jersey, to Edythe Weinberg Lubin, a homemaker, and George Simon Lubin, an audiovisual engineer. He grew up in nearby Ventnor City, where he was known in school as a "class clown". He graduated from Atlantic City High School and went on to college, intending to establish a career as a television director, based on some of his high school experiences with TV technology.
Career
In 1974, Lubin auditioned at Boston Garden for the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus's Clown College. The next year, Lubin created the Grandma character at the circus's winter quarters in Florida. The character was designed with an iconic white wig, baggy red dress, and a pearl necklace.
After he left Ringling Bros., Lubin partnered with Dick Monday in 1980 to do stand-up comedy. Their acts included A Couple Guys Who Gotta Do a Show and Pass The Popcorn.
In 1982, Lubin joined the Big Apple Circus, where his Grandma character became the star of the show. In addition to performing, he became the show's Director of Clowning and Production Consultant in 2001.
In 1998, Lubin briefly retired to spend more time with his daughters, but he returned by November 2001. In 2008, Lubin interrupted his time with the circus to undergo chemotherapy for thyroid cancer. This incident was documented in the 2010 PBS documentary Circus, which focused on the Big Apple Circus. By the time Lubin retired from the Big Apple Circus in January 2012, the Grandma character had been seen by more than nine million customers over her 25 seasons with the show.
After retiring in January 2012, Lubin moved to Europe, where he continued to perform. He was a star performer at a winter circus festival in Aachen, Germany, and also taught physical comedy in a Semester at Sea program for students from the University of Virginia. In 2013, he returned his Grandma act to the United States for a three-day show at the Westchester County Center in White Plains, New York as part of a tour with the Royal Hanneford Circus. Lubin also performed in shows in China, Russia, Sweden and Antarctica while living in Europe.
Following the sale of Big Apple Circus after its bankruptcy, it hired Lubin to headline its 40th anniversary show beginning in Fall 2017. The news prompted a former aerialist to contact the new management on January 19, 2018, about an incident involving Lubin in 2004 when she was 16 years old. Her previous attempt to alert the circus in 2012 had no results because Lubin was not with the circus at that time. She said that Lubin had offered her a role with the circus if she modeled for his personal photography business. She went to Lubin's trailer for two photo sessions during which he successfully pressured her into allowing him to take photos of her genitals. Afterwards, Lubin paid her $200 and secured her some freelance work with the circus. Following the accusations, Lubin was immediately placed on leave by the circus and he chose to resign the same day. On January 23, 2018, Lubin released a statement that said the allegations were true, acknowledged that his actions were wrong, and apologized for them.
Recognition
In 2002, Lubin was inducted into the International Clown Hall of Fame and the Sarasota Ring of Fame in 2012, the highest honor in American Circus. In 1999, he was the fifth person to receive the Legend of the Parade Award of Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, where he appeared over 15 times. In 2007, he received the Lou Jacobs Lifetime Achievement Award from ClownAlley.
He has performed twice (1977 and 2008) at the International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo, as well as at the International Circus Festivals in Budapest, in Izhevsk and Moscow, Russia. In addition, Lubin is one of only two American clowns to appear at the Wintercirckus of Circus Krone in Munich.
Personal life
Lubin has two daughters, Danielle and Emily, with his first wife, Roberta, a former performer for Big Apple. In 2008, Lubin underwent chemotherapy for thyroid cancer. Upon his retirement from the Big Apple Circus in 2012, he moved to Stockholm, Sweden with his companion, Ann Hageus, a chiropractor he met in 1990 when she worked for the same circus.
References
External links
Barry Lubin's personal website
Barry Lubin on Circopedia
1952 births
Living people
American clowns
Atlantic City High School alumni
Emerson College alumni
People from Atlantic City, New Jersey
People from Garwood, New Jersey
People from Ventnor City, New Jersey
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20Lubin |
Walt Whitman High School is a four-year public secondary school located at 301 West Hills Road, in Huntington Station, New York. It is South Huntington Union Free School District's only high school, serving students in Huntington Station, South Huntington, Melville, and West Hills. The school typically has around 2,000 students in grades 9–12.
Notable alumni
Michael Campbell of the punk rock band Latterman
Adam Ferrara, actor, comedian
Jimmy Haslip, founder and bass player of the jazz fusion group "The Yellowjackets" graduated in 1970.
Bruce Kapler, former sax player on the Late Show with David Letterman graduated in 1971.
Jesse Zook Mann, Emmy Award-winning television and film director graduated in 1998
Neal Marlens, creator of the sitcoms The Wonder Years, Growing Pains and Ellen.
Laura Pergolizzi, pop/rock singer and songwriter
Tim Stearns, professor at Stanford University, graduated in 1979
Genevievette Walker-Lightfoot, attorney
Athletes
Dan Calichman, MLS player
Gerry Cooney, boxer
Tom Gugliotta, NBA player
James "Jimmy" Jerkens, Thoroughbred horse racing trainer, graduated 1977
Myles Jones, professional lacrosse player
A. J. Preller, MLB executive
Sports
Walt Whitman High School host varsity teams in badminton, baseball, basketball, bowling, cheerleading, cross country, fencing, football, field hockey, kickline, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track and field, volleyball and wrestling.
In 1964 and 1966, Walt Whitman High School hosted the 2nd and 4th annual NYSPHSAA state wrestling tournaments. The event didn't return to Long Island again until Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum hosted it in 2006. They won the State Championship for soccer in 2015.
Athletic Championships
Football 1974 Suffolk County Conference AAA Champions defeating Huntington 32-30 in final, Rutger's Cup Champions (awarded)
Football 1984 Suffolk County Division 1 Champions defeating Sachem 17–24 in final (This was as far as the team could have gone in those two seasons. The Long Island HS Football championships were not instituted until several years later.)
Baseball 1975, 1976 Long Island Champions
Cross Country 1975 New York State Champion
Cross Country 2008 Section XI Suffolk County Champions (Class AA)
Wrestling 1965 League I Champions
Wrestling 1983 League 1A Champions
Wrestling 2011–2012 League 2 Champions
Girls Varsity Basketball Team League Champs 2013
WWHS Boys Varsity Soccer Team won Suffolk County CLASS A Soccer Champion
WWHS Boys Varsity Soccer Team 2015-2016 New York State Champions
WWHS Marching Band 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2021 New York State Champions
WWHS Indoor Color Guard, 2017 and 2018 National Champions
Women's Soccer 1985,1986 and 1992 New York State Champions
Tennis 2011 unseeded Brandon Stone wins Suffolk County title 5-7, 7-6(5), 7-5 over Jeremy Dubin of South Hampton.
References
External links
The Ultimate Walt Whitman High School Alumni Directory (not affiliated with Walt Whitman High School)
WWHS Main Page
Public high schools in New York (state)
Huntington, New York
Schools in Suffolk County, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt%20Whitman%20High%20School%20%28New%20York%29 |
Michel Heydens is a Belgian racecar driver who is best known for his 2004 part-season with the Perspective-Porsche team of Le Mans Endurance Series.
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Belgian racing drivers
European Le Mans Series drivers
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Belgian people
24 Hours of Spa drivers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel%20Heydens |
Commander USA's Groovie Movies is an American movie showcase series that ran weekend afternoons on the USA Network.
The show premiered January 5, 1985 and ran through 1989. It was hosted by Jim Hendricks as "Commander USA" (Soaring super hero! Legion of Decency - Retired), a wacky but slightly seedy blue-collar comic book superhero who occasionally displayed powers such as "microwave vision" (usually to prepare a mid-movie meal of fish or eggs).
Overview
The show originally ran double features of horror and science fiction movies on Saturday afternoons, then later a single feature on Sunday afternoons. Later movies on the show tended to be Mexican wrestling films or heavily edited violent films from Japan.
The Commander's show originated from a secret headquarters located under a New Jersey shopping mall. The Commander was almost always enthusiastic about the films he showed, whether it was a "gem" like Inframan, Blood Beast Horror, or any other number of Grade-Z celluloid oddities. The Commander was often joined on the program by either his agent (Barry Kluger) or "Lefty", a hand puppet created by drawing a face on his right hand with cigar ash. Over the course of a show, Lefty's face would inevitably get smeared or washed off, but the Commander would always redraw it with his unlit cigar.
In 1988, Eclectic Publishing published Commander USA's World of Horror, a 32-page magazine which was intended to be published bi-monthly, but only one issue was ever released.
In all, more than 200 episodes were produced.
Movies shown
The Abominable Snowman of the Himalayas
The Alligator People
Animal Crackers
Alone in the Dark
An American Werewolf in London
The Aztec Mummy
Bedlam
Beginning of the End
Black Carrion
The Black Cat
Blood and Roses
Bloodbath at the House of Death
The Blood Beast Terror
The Blood of Nostradamus
Blood Song
The Bloody Vampire
The Brainiac
The Brood
The Brute Man
Bug
Captain Kronos, Vampire Hunter
Cat People
Cave of the Living Dead
The Children
Child's Play
C.H.U.D.
The Contraption
The Corvini Inheritance
Countess Dracula
The Crawling Eye
The Creature Wasn't Nice
Cry Wolf
The Curse of Frankenstein
Curse of Nostradamas
Curse of the Aztec Mummy
The Curse of the Cat People
The Curse of the Crying Woman
Curse of the Doll People
Curse of the Vampire
Dance of the Dwarfs
Dark Forces
The Day Mars Invaded Earth
The Death Kiss
’’The Death of Bruce Lee’’
Demonoid
The Devil Bat
The Devil Bat's Daughter
The Devil's Gift
The Devil's Nightmare
Doctor of Doom
Dracula
Exorcism at Midnight
The Final Terror
The Flying Serpent
Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell
Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed
Fräulein Doktor
Friday the 13th
Friday the 13th Part 2
Friday the 13th Part III
Gamera vs. Barugon
Genii of Darkness
God Told Me To
The Hearse
Hercules in New York
The Hills Have Eyes Part II
Horror of the Blood Monsters
Horror of the Zombies
Horror Planet a.k.a. Inseminoid
House of Psychotic Women
House of the Long Shadows
House of 1,000 Dolls
The House Where Evil Dwells
I Married a Monster from Outer Space
I Walked with a Zombie
Inframan
In Search of Dracula
Invasion of the Vampires
Island Claws
Island Monster
It's Alive
J. D.'s Revenge
Kingdom of the Spiders
Land of the Minotaur
Las Vegas Weekend
Laserblast
The Late Nancy Irving
Let's Scare Jessica to Death
Little Mad Guy
The Little Shop of Horrors
The Living Coffin
The Living Head
The Loch Ness Horror
Mako, The Jaws of Death
The Man and the Monster
The Man and the Snake
The Man With the Synthetic Brain
Mark of the Devil
Mark of the Vampire
Mausoleum
The Monster Demolisher
Monster in the Closet
My Bloody Valentine
Night of the Creeps
Pandemonium (film)
Panic
The Pied Piper
A Polish Vampire in Burbank
The Possession of Joel Delaney
Princess of the Nile
The Premonition
Psychophobia
The Psychotronic Man
One Dark Night
Q, the Winged Serpent
Rabid
The Robot vs. The Aztec Mummy
Samson vs. the Vampire Woman
Samson in the Wax Museum
Satanik
Savage Sisters
Scared to Death
Shanghai Massacre
Simon, King of the Witches
The Space Children
Stranglehold
Student Bodies
Swamp of the Lost Monster
Tales That Witness Madness
Taste the Blood of Dracula
The Terror
They Still Call Me Bruce
Three in the Attic
Trick or Treats
Toxic Zombies
Undersea Kingdom
The Unseen
Up in the Cellar
The Vampire
The Vampire Bat
Vampire Circus
The Vampire's Coffin
What?
What's Up, Tiger Lily?
The Witchmaker
The Witch's Mirror
The Woman Who Came Back
Women in Chains
World of the Vampires
Zorro's Black Whip
References
External links
American television shows featuring puppetry
American horror comedy television series
Horror movie television series
1980s American comic science fiction television series
1980s American variety television series
Midnight movie television series
1985 American television series debuts
1989 American television series endings
USA Network original programming
English-language television shows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander%20USA%27s%20Groovie%20Movies |
Steve Wisniewski (born April 7, 1967), nicknamed "the Wiz", is an American former professional football guard who played for 13 seasons in the National Football League (NFL) with the Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders, and later served as the team's assistant offensive line coach. He played college football for the Penn State Nittany Lions and was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the second round of the 1989 NFL Draft, but his playing rights were traded to the Raiders during the same draft.
Early years
Wisniewski was standout guard at Penn State University. He was a key contributor on the Nittany Lions national championship team in 1986. He capped his senior season by playing in the Hula Bowl and the Japan Bowl.
He earned a Bachelor of Science in marketing in 1989.
Professional career
Wisniewski was selected in the second round (#29 overall) of the 1989 NFL Draft by the Dallas Cowboys. He was immediately traded to the Los Angeles Raiders along with a sixth round pick (#140-Jeff Francis), in exchange for a second round choice (#39-Daryl Johnston), a third round choice (#68-Rhondy Weston) and a fifth round choice (#119-Willis Crockett).
He would play all of his 13 seasons in the league with the Raiders. "Wiz" became the standout Guard of the 1990s and made the Pro Bowl 8 times in his career tying him at the time of his retirement with Art Shell, Howie Long, and Tim Brown (Who would later surpass him) for most by a Raider. He was also named to the NFL 1990s All-Decade Team and was a first team All-Pro twice. He missed only 2 regular season starts in his 13-year career due to injury.
On January 27, 2011, it was announced that Wisniewski would be returning to the Oakland Raiders as an assistant offensive line coach under new head coach Hue Jackson, new offensive coordinator Al Saunders and new offensive line coach Bob Wylie. He was thrilled by saying "I'm back to my first love, the Oakland Raiders and working with the Offensive Line. I’m a Raider for life. I can help in technique, help in mindset and attitude and really push these young men to develop and to be the heartbeat of the team." Wisniewski said via the Raiders website. He also said in a statement that "I’m thrilled to be working in the building again for the Silver and Black and helping to shape the future of the offensive line." He and Wylie replaced Chris Morgan and Jim Michalczik, who were not retained for the 2011 season.
Following the death of Raiders owner Al Davis in October 2011, Jackson's firing the following January and the hirings of new general manager Reggie McKenzie and new head coach Dennis Allen, Wisniewski, one of the few coaches retained by the new regime, was slated to assist under new offensive line coach Frank Pollack. However, right before the start of training camp in July 2012, it was announced that Wisniewski had resigned for "personal reasons" but would remain with the club as an ambassador.
Personal life
Wisniewski lives in Austin, Texas and maintains an association with the Raiders. He spent one year at Stanford University, helping coach the offensive line on a team that reached the Orange Bowl Wisniewski is a born-again Christian and currently volunteers at The Well Christian Community Church in Dublin, California, the church founded by fellow ex-Raider, Napoleon Kaufman. In 2004, Wisniewski was inducted into the National Polish American Sports Hall of Fame.
His brother, Leo, was a three-time letterman for the Penn State football team (1979–1981). Wisniewski's nephew (Leo's son), Stefen, was a guard/center on the Penn State team & had a standout career there. The Oakland Raiders picked him 48th pick in the 2011 NFL Draft, and on April 18, 2015, he signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars. He played with the Philadelphia Eagles and Kansas City Chiefs and started at left guard for both teams as they went on to win Super Bowl LII and Super Bowl LIV.
References
External links
Steve Wisniewski Raiders Coach biography
Where Are They now?: Steve Wisniewski raidersonline.com
Steve Wisniewski testimony tothenextlevel.org
Old-school Wiz is part of Raiders history, Jon Gruden column on www.nfl.com
Nasty Boys: Football's Felonious 15, cnnsi.com, 1997
1967 births
Living people
People from Rutland (city), Vermont
Penn State Nittany Lions football players
Oakland Raiders players
Los Angeles Raiders players
American football offensive linemen
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American people of Polish descent
Oakland Raiders coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Wisniewski |
Paul Shapiro (born July 3, 1979) is an American animal welfare writer who authored the 2018 book Clean Meat: How Growing Meat Without Animals Will Revolutionize Dinner and the World. He's also the CEO and cofounder of The Better Meat Co. and the host of the Business for Good Podcast. He has delivered five TEDx talks relating to sustainable food and animal welfare. Prior to publishing Clean Meat, he was known for being an animal protection advocate, both as the founder of Animal Outlook (formerly Compassion Over Killing) and a Vice President at the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS).
Personal life
Shapiro is married to Toni Okamoto, author of The Super Easy Vegan Slow Cooker Cookbook, Plant-Based on a Budget, Plant-Based on a Budget: Quick and Easy, and The Friendly Vegan. The two reside in Sacramento, Calif. with their adopted pit bull Eddie.
TEDx Talks
Shapiro is a TEDx speaker, giving talks on a number of topics, including:
TEDx SouthLakeTahoe in 2017: Clean Meat: The Clean Energy of Food
TEDx Mid-Atlantic in 2018: What Will Future Generations Think of Our Treatment of Animals?
TEDx SunValley in 2017: We Are Better than How We Treat Animals
TEDx University of Baltimore in 2018: Are We Doing More to Protect Aliens than Life on Earth?
TEDx Boston in 2023: Harnessing Fungi to Create a Climate of Change in the Meat World
Clean Meat
Shapiro's book Clean Meat: How Growing Meat Without Animals Will Revolutionize Dinner and the World, published in 2018 is the first book to explore the work of start-ups that are growing animal products without the use of animals. It was named as Washington Post bestseller in the week of January 7, 2018. It was widely reviewed.
A copy of Clean Meat is the first book to be bound in lab-grown leather. The book, bound in “clean” leather grown by biotech start-up Geltor, was auctioned off on eBay on January 22, 2018 for $12,790.
The Better Meat Co.
Shapiro co-founded The Better Meat Co. in early 2018 and serves as its CEO. The company's goal is to help meat producers improve sustainability by blending in the start-up's plant-based proteins in their ground meat products.
In 2019. Perdue partnered with The Better Meat Co. and started using The Better Meat Co.’s plant-based formula in its blended line of chicken tenders, nuggets, and patties called Perdue Chicken Plus.
In 2021, Hormel Foods Corporation announced a partnership with The Better Meat Co. in which the food company will develop alternative meat products using the start-up's fermented mycoproteins.
In 2023, Maple Leaf Foods announced a similar partnership with The Better Meat Co. relating to its mycoprotein ingredient.
Business for Good Podcast
Shapiro co-founded the Business for Good Podcast with his partner Toni Okamoto in 2018. The two co-hosted the first season. Shapiro is the sole host of the podcast’s second, third, fourth and fifth seasons. The show features companies and investors with a social mission to help solve problems such as pollution, food waste, unhealthy eating, animal cruelty, and more.
In 2023, the Sacramento Business Journal named Shapiro one the “most admired CEOs” in the region.
Work with Compassion Over Killing
When he was thirteen years old, Shapiro stopped eating meat as a result of learning about the methods of meat production. About one month later, he stopped eating eggs and dairy.
While a high school student at Georgetown Day School in 1995, Shapiro founded the animal advocacy organization Compassion Over Killing, and served as an undercover investigator and its campaigns director until 2005. Compassion Over Killing became well known for its investigative work exposing conditions for farm animals on factory farms, at livestock auctions, and at slaughter plants.
Shapiro helped spearhead the campaign to end the use of the "Animal Care Certified" logo on egg cartons in the United States. In that case, the egg industry was labeling eggs from hens confined in battery cages as "Animal Care Certified." After Better Business Bureau rulings, federal petitions, investigations at "Animal Care Certified" egg facilities leading to media exposés, and other efforts, in September 2005, the Federal Trade Commission announced that the logo would be removed from egg cartons nationwide.
Shapiro received a B.A. from George Washington University in 2001, where he majored in peace studies and minored in religion. He taught peace studies at a public high school in Washington, D.C. He was profiled in a 2003 Washington Post Style section article entitled "Animal Pragmatism: Compassion Over Killing Wants to Make the Anti-Meat Message a Little More Palatable".
In 2020, Compassion Over Killing changed its name to Animal Outlook.
Work with the Humane Society of the United States
From 2005 through 2016, Shapiro led many of HSUS's efforts to protect farm animals, including serving as Vice President of the organization's Farm Animal Protection campaign, including efforts to convince retailers, food service providers, and universities to end their use of eggs from battery-caged birds, pork from gestation-stalled pigs, and to expand their vegan options. Additionally, the Farm Animal Protection campaign played a significant role in helping enact Proposition 2 in California, a 2008 ballot initiative that phases out veal crates, battery cages, and gestation crates in the nation's largest agricultural state. The campaign was also central in Proposition 204, a successful 2006 Arizona ballot initiative that phases out gestation crates and veal crates, as well as Question 3, a 2016 similar Massachusetts ballot initiative. It has also helped pass laws to phase out gestation crates and other agricultural confinement practices in numerous other states.
Sexual Harassment allegations
In September 2016, several female employees at HSUS filed a complaint with HSUS human resources representatives over a pattern of inappropriate sexual behaviour they had witnessed over the preceding six years. They alleged that Shapiro had asked them to have sex and made offensive sexual jokes in the office. A month later Shapiro moved to a different department to "advance HSUS' broader agenda." It was reported that Shapiro left HSUS for unrelated reasons in 2018. Shapiro has stated that "I sometimes acted inappropriately, for which I'm deeply sorry. I engaged in sophomoric and unprofessional behaviour. I should have known better and sincerely regret my thoughtlessness and poor decisions."
Selected publications
Moral Agency in Other Animals (2006)
Defining Agricultural Animal Welfare: Varying Viewpoints and Approaches (with Bernard E. Rollin, Donald M. Broom, David Fraser, Gail C. Golab, Charles Arnot, 2011).
Clean Meat: How Growing Meat Without Animals Will Revolutionize Dinner and the World (2018)
See also
Cultured meat
Food technology
References
External links
Clean Meat official website
1979 births
21st-century American non-fiction writers
Living people
American animal welfare scholars
American animal welfare workers
American veganism activists
George Washington University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Shapiro%20%28author%29 |
Christian Szymczak (born March 4, 1974) is an American racecar driver who competed in the Barber Dodge Pro Series in 2001 and 2002, finishing 11th and 8th in points in his two years, respectively.
In 2013 Christian won the SCCA Pro Racing Playboy Mazda MX-5 Cup championship. In 2021, he and co-driver Kenny Murillo won the Silver Cup championship of the GT4 America Series.
Complete motorsports results
American Open-Wheel racing results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest race lap)
Barber Dodge Pro Series
References
1974 births
Living people
American racing drivers
Barber Pro Series drivers
Michelin Pilot Challenge drivers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Szymczak |
SS John Barry was a 7,200-ton American Liberty ship in World War II. The ship was built at one of the Kaiser Shipyards in Portland, Oregon, and launched on 23 November 1941. Operated by Lykes Brothers Steamship Company under charter with the Maritime Commission and War Shipping Administration. The John Barry was torpedoed and sunk in the Arabian Sea at position in 1944.
Sinking
The ship left its convoy under radio silence to go on a mission to Dhahran in Saudi Arabia when it was torpedoed off the coast of Oman by the German submarine on 28 August 1944. Two crewmen were killed in the sinking and the survivors were rescued the next day. The SS John Barry was carrying a cargo of 3 million American-minted Saudi one-riyal silver coins as an American payment associated with ARAMCO. The reason for this shipment (one of several during the war) was that Saudi Arabia did not use paper money at the time and this led to a war-time shortage of currency with which to pay workers building new oil refineries and other US facilities at newly founded Dhahran.
Because the exact nature of the cargo was a secret, rumors spread that the SS John Barry carried a vast shipment of 26 million US$ (1944 value) worth of silver bullion to India as well as the smaller cargo of coins. After the recovery effort of this purported treasure failed (see below), it was discovered that all silver shipments to India were accounted for and a new destination for the silver bullion was theorized, the Soviet Union.
Recovery
The ship had sunk to 8,500 feet below the sea surface, far beyond the reaches of most undersea recovery methods. Forty-five years later, however, Skeikh Ahmed Farid al Aulaqi was granted salvage rights. Retired U.S. Navy Captain Brian Shoemaker, former General Counsel of the Navy, Hugh O'Neill, attorney H. McGuire "Mac" Riley of Howrey & Simon in Washington, D.C., and Jay Fiondella, owner of "Chez Jay", a celebrity-renowned seafood dive in Santa Monica, California, successfully bid for the salvage rights from the U.S. Government. In order to raise the money to retrieve the John Barry they formed a partnership called "The John Barry Group".
Contractors from Houston, Texas, were initially involved in the search, and their efforts were later augmented by the Toulon-based Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER). In October 1994, a modified drilling ship (Drillship was the FlexLD, formerly Sedco 445 and later Peregrin VII and now Deepwater Navigator), carrying a 50-ton video-equipped grab designed by IFREMER, sailed to the location of the John Barry. By early November, much of the ship had been excavated, revealing vintage U.S. Army trucks, tanks, and military equipment. Soon after, the first sign of silver was seen (though initially the video feed was clouded by the ship's oil sticking to the camera lens). Over the next five days, the grab brought up 1.3 million Saudi riyals weighing 17 tons and showered them onto the drill-ship's deck. The purported Indian/Soviet silver was nowhere to be found, although the salvagers were unable to access all the locations they suspected the silver might rest. While some plans have surfaced to relaunch the recovery effort, none have come to fruition.
References
External links
Roosevelt's Secret Treasure Ship
The 1944 Silver Saudi Riyal Coins
Further reading
Beasant, John (1995). Stalin's Silver, Bloomsbury
1941 ships
John Barry
Ships sunk by German submarines in World War II
World War II shipwrecks in the Arabian Sea
Maritime incidents in August 1944
Ships built in Portland, Oregon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20John%20Barry |
Abductor digiti minimi (or Abductor digiti quinti) may refer to:
Abductor digiti minimi muscle of hand
Abductor digiti minimi muscle of foot | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abductor%20digiti%20minimi |
Lehman McGrath Keen III (born July 22, 1983) is an American racecar driver born in Dublin, Georgia, who competes in the United SportsCar Championship. He most recently drove the No. 22 Alex Job Racing WeatherTech Porsche 911 GT America in the United SportsCar Championship GTD class with co-driver Cooper MacNeil.
2004
Keen moved into the Rolex Sports Car Series in 2004. He captured two podiums in the three races that he entered with the Autometrics Motorsports Super Grand Sport SGS class Porsche. His best finishes of the season were third-place finishes at Virginia International Raceway and Barber Motorsports Park.
2005
Keen ran the entire Rolex Sports Car Series schedule in 2005 and scored his first professional win at the Six Hours of Watkins Glen at Watkins Glen International Raceway. He drove for Autometrics once again in 2005. He started the season with a sixth-place finish at the Rolex 24 at Daytona and ended the year in fifth place in Rolex Sports Car Series points along with co-driver Cory Friedman. His Autometrics Motorsports team finished third for the season in team points. He had one win at the Six Hours of Watkins Glen and 11 top-10 finishes. Keen also raced in the GT2 class of the American Le Mans Series, driving the No. 79 J3 Porsche GT3 RSR in the Petit Le Mans at Road Atlanta, where he finished sixth.
2006
Keen drove the Shoes for Crews No. 80 Porsche 997 GT3 Cup car with David Murry for series defending champion Synergy Racing for the 2006 season. He had a podium finish in Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez Mexico City and another at Infineon Raceway. Overall, he finished sixth in Rolex GT points for the seasons. His best finish of the season was second at Mexico City.
2007
Keen began a three-year stint driving the #85 Porsche GT3 GT3 with Farnbacher-Loles, sponsored by Shoes for Crews and Recaro. During the 2007 Rolex 24 hours at Daytona, Keen was one of four drivers to drive the number 85 car. The car led the GT class for the first 22.5 hours - however, they failed to finish the race due to engine failure. At the second race of the year in Mexico City, Keen finished second with co-driver Dominic Farnbacher. An injury at Mid Ohio Sportscar Course cut his season short but he returned for the final race of the season at Salt Lake City. There he won the pole and finished with a second place podium. He finished 24th in Rolex GT points on 2007. Keen also competed in time attack racing when he piloted GSC's Unlimited Class Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution and Modified class Toyota Supra in the Redline Time Attack Series. He also drove in the Car & Driver One Lap of America competition, driving GSC's Modified Class Toyota Supra.
2008
Keen continued his stint with Farnbacher-Loles in the Grand-Am Rolex Series where he finished ninth in GT points, with one win (in the rain) at the [Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course. He had five top five finishes and one pole.
2009
Keen captured three pole positions and four wins on his way to his first Grand American Rolex GT Championship. His co-driver Dirk Werner and he clinched the championship with 359 points each. They both finished the season with seven podiums (4 wins, 1 second and 2 third). He won a season high four races: New Jersey, Mid Ohio, Daytona & Watkins Glen - including three in succession. Leh also scored three poles.
2010
Keen got a full-time drive with #41 Mazda RX-8 for Dempsey Racing in the Rolex Sports Car Series and took the team's Mazda to their first and only win ever with co-driver James Gue at Watkins Glen International Raceway. He also drove a Porsche for Alex Job Racing at the 12 Hours of Sebring in the American LeMans Series. At Sebring, he scored a pole, the ten fastest race laps and a victory. Keen also raced in Europe for Farnbacher Racing in a Ferrari 430. He scored a class win and second overall at the 24 Hours of Nurburgring in Germany and a second place overall in the GT PRO class at the 24 Hours of LeMans in France.
2011
Keen changed teams again in the Grand American Rolex GT Series but this time he was driving the famous #59 Porsche 911 GT3 for Brumos Racing from Jacksonville, Florida with co-driver Andrew Davis (racing driver). The pairing took their first win together at the 2011 Six Hours of Watkins Glen and scored their second win of the season at Laguna Seca Raceway in California. Keen, Davis and Brumos Racing went on to win the 2011 Grand Am Rolex GT Championship for 2011. The championship came in the first year of Brumos' return to its historic GT roots. Keen also drove in the American LeMans Series where his teammate was Bill Sweedler. Keen and teammate Sweedler ran a flawless race during the inaugural Baltimore Grand Prix and maintained a second-place position throughout the race. The drivers and team scored multiple podiums for the Alex Job Race team including a second place finish at the final race of the season - Petit LeMans. The 2011 Rolex Series GT champion with Andrew Davis for Brumos Racing was Keen's second championship in three years. Keen also drove for Farnbacher Racing in Europe at the 24 Hours of LeMans in France.
2012
For 2012, Keen returned with Brumos Racing with co-driver Andrew Davis (racing driver) in the team's famous No. 59 Porsche 911 GT3 in the Rolex GT Sports Car Series. Keen was also signed by Alex Job Racing with a full ride with teammate Cooper MacNeil in the WeatherTech Porsche in the American LeMans Series. During the 12 Hours of Sebring, Keen and his teammates led a strong battle throughout the race. He encountered minor hiccups and climbed one spot to a second-place finish. At Long Beach, California, Keen had a consistent podium battle - Lost the lead halfway through on pit stop and never regained the top position. Keen won pole at Lime Rock Park and Co-driver Cooper MacNeil started the Porsche and kept the team in the top three before handing the car to Leh who, despite several on-track run ins, brings the car home in first place. Leh qualified car in third at Canadian Tire Motorsport Park. Cooper MacNeil starts the car and has an excellent run, handing the car over to Keen in the GTC lead. Keen dices with the #66 Porsche and the No. 11 Porsche before finishing second. Keen and Cooper struggle with brake issues early at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course and finish a respectable fourth. Cooper started car in second at Baltimore and hands off to Keen still running second. Keen led briefly, but finished second. Cooper and Keen ran in top three for duration of Virginia International Raceway (VIR) race, leading multiple times. Keen took the lead on final lap when #11 JDX car must pit for fuel. The win sealed GTC driver championship for Cooper and team championship for Alex Job Racing with one race remaining in the season. Keen's third championship in four years. In the Rolex Sports Car Series, Keen and Andrew finished eighth in GT points with four third-place finishes, including podiums at the Rolex 24 At Daytona and Indianapolis Motor Speedway.
2016
After the Canadian Tire Motorsports Park round of the 2016 IMSA WeatherTech Series schedule, Leh was released by Alex Job Racing, and replaced with Porsche Junior driver Sven Mueller. Team owner Alex Job cited off track circumstances as the reason for Keen's departure. At the time of dismissal, Keen sat 8th in driver standings, tied with co-driver Cooper MacNeil.
Indoor speed world record
In February 2021, Keen broke the Guinness World Records for the fastest speed achieved by a vehicle indoors by hitting 102.65mph/165.20kmh inside the New Orleans Convention Center in Louisiana, USA in a Porsche Taycan Turbo S. The record was last set in February 2013 by Mikko Hirvonen driving a Crosskart Speed Car XTRM inside the Helsinki Expo Centre in Helsinki, Finland by hitting 86.99mph/140kmh. Keen's record was broken in July 2023 by Jake Hughes driving a modified version of the Formula E Gen 3 electric formula race car called the GENBETA, hitting 135.9mph/218.71kmh inside the ExCeL Centre in London, England.
Racing record
24 Hours of Le Mans results
References
External links
Leh Keen at IMSA.com
http://www.driverdb.com/drivers/leh-keen/
1983 births
Rolex Sports Car Series drivers
Living people
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
American Le Mans Series drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
People from Dublin, Georgia
Racing drivers from Georgia (U.S. state)
WeatherTech SportsCar Championship drivers
Michelin Pilot Challenge drivers
Porsche Carrera Cup North America drivers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leh%20Keen |
David K. Israel (born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is a composer, author, screenwriter, director and producer. In high school, he studied composition with jazz artist Pat Martino and the two musicians went on to co-write and record an album of songs together in 1987. In 1991, he was hired by The Estate of Leonard Bernstein to help edit and publish the late composer’s works. Mr. Israel worked on definitive editions of West Side Story, Mass, On the Town, and Wonderful Town. During these years he also worked as a professional composer fulfilling commissions by such groups as The American Symphony Orchestra, Twyla Tharp Dance, and The Paul Taylor Dance Company.
Mr. Israel has most recently been commissioned by New York City Ballet to compose the score for a new ballet with choreographer Silas Farley. The still untitled work is set to premiere at the 50th anniversary of the Stravinsky Festival at Lincoln Center in 2022.
On November 23, 2015, it was announced that Mr. Israel is writing a film about choreographer George Balanchine.
On September 14, 2017, it was announced that Mr. Israel is co-writing a TV series with director R.J. Cutler about the impeachment of President Clinton. To be produced by Fremantle Studios, the series has been ordered to series by History Channel.
Mr. Israel has also set up a TV drama series about Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart with director Adam Shankman. Global Road will produce, according to an article published in Variety in October, 2019.
Mr. Israel's first novel, Behind Everyman was published by Random House (Ballantine 2005). His writing has also appeared in The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, and mental_floss magazine, among others. He has written and worked for JPL/NASA and is a frequent writer for the NPR show "Ask Me Another."
References
External links
David Israel - Official website
David Israel, Random House - Random House
Living people
1967 births
American male composers
21st-century American composers
21st-century American male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20K.%20Israel |
Sonia Eloise Pottinger OD ( Durrant; 21 June 1931 – 3 November 2010) was a Jamaican reggae record producer. An icon in the music business, Sonia Pottinger was the first female Jamaican record producer and produced artists from the mid-1960s until the mid-1980s.
Biography
Sonia Durrant was born in Leith Hall, Saint Thomas Parish, Jamaica. She moved to Kingston as a child, and attended St George's girls school. She trained as a secretary and followed an accountancy course before marrying accountant Lindon O. Pottinger. The couple set up several businesses in Kingston, including a bicycle shop and a bakery. In 1961 Lindon Pottinger opened a small recording studio – the first in Jamaica to be owned by a black person - to produce recordings by local acts. He set up several record labels including Gaydisc and SEP (Sonia's initials), and recorded acts including the Maytals, Derrick Harriott, Lord Tanamo, and teenager Millie Small.
In 1964, Lindon Pottinger sold his recording equipment to Duke Reid and shortly afterwards the Pottingers separated. Sonia decided to continue producing records. She opened her Tip Top Records Shop in 1965 and started to record musicians in 1966. The first single she issued was "Every Night" by Joe White & Chuck. Other artists recorded during this period included Roland Alphonso. Throughout the rock steady and early reggae eras, she became prolific with hits by The Ethiopians ("The Whip"), Delano Stewart, The Melodians ("Swing And Dine"), Ken Boothe, Alton Ellis and Toots & the Maytals, released on her Gay Feet, Tip Top, Rainbow, and High Note labels. In the early 1970s her work was less prolific, but in 1974 she bought the Treasure Isle label from long-time friend Duke Reid shortly before his death. Her rights to the label's recordings were challenged by the Jamaica Recording and Publishing Studio Limited (the company created by Reid's rival Clement "Coxsone" Dodd), Reid's son Anthony and his company Treasure Isle Records International Limited, and Edward "Bunny" Lee, but the case was decided in her favour in 2009.
In the 1970s, she produced albums by Bob Andy, Marcia Griffiths, Culture, U Roy and Big Youth. Her most well known production is Culture's Harder Than The Rest album, released in 1978. In the dancehall era she produced Archie & Lynn's "Rat in the Centre". She retired from the music business in 1985.
Sonia Pottinger died at her home in Kingston on 3 November 2010, after suffering for some time with Alzheimer's disease. A thanksgiving service in her honour was held on 19 November 2010, attended by Minister of Culture Olivia 'Babsy' Grange and major figures from the Jamaican music industry including Judy Mowatt, Alvin Ranglin, Donovan Germain, and Tommy Cowan.
Partial discography
Various Artists – Dancing Down Orange Street (High Note, 1969)
Various Artists – Musical Feast (Heartbeat Records, 1991)
Various Artists – The Reggae Train (More Great Hits From The High Note Label) (Heartbeat, 1996)
Various Artists – Put on Your Best Dress: Sonia Pottinger's Rock Steady 1967–1968
Various Artists – Queen Patsy & Stranger Cole (Fabulous Songs of Miss Sonia Pottinger Vol.1) (Rock A Shacka, 2007)
Culture – Harder Than The Rest (High Note, 1978)
Culture – Culture in Dub (High Note / Heartbeat, 1978)
Culture – Cumbolo (High Note, 1979)
Culture – International Herb (High Note, 1979)
Culture – Trod On (High Note / Heartbeat, 1993)
Culture – Production Something (High Note / Heartbeat, 1998)
Various Artists – Old Hits of the Past (High Note)
Joe White & Chuck Josephs – Every Night (Gay Feet)
Joe White & Chuck Josephs – My Love For You (Gay Feet)
The Hippy Boys – Dr No Go (High Note)
Various Artists – Time To Remember (High Note)
Phyllis Dillon – One Life To Live (Treasure Isle)
Bob Andy – Lots of Love And I (High Note)
Sonia Spence – In The Dark (High Note & Sky Note)
Claudell Clarke – How Great Is Our God (Glory)
Otis Wright – Sacred Songs (High Note, 1969)
Otis Wright – Soul Stirring Gospel (Glory)
Otis Wright – Man of Galilee (Glory)
Various Artists – Chorus Time (Glory)
Various Artists – Hottest Hits Vol.1 (Treasure Isle). Compiled and produced by Sonia Pottinger
Various Artists – Hottest Hits Vol.2 (Treasure Isle). Compiled and produced by Mrs Sonia Pottinger
Various Artists – Treasure Dub Vol.1. Mixed by Errol Brown. Produced by Sonia Pottinger
Various Artists – Treasure Dub Vol.2. Mixed by Errol Brown. Produced by Sonia Pottinger
Justin Hinds & the Dominoes – From Jamaica with Reggae. Produced by Sonia Pottinger
References
Jamaican record producers
1931 births
2010 deaths
People from Saint Thomas Parish, Jamaica | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia%20Pottinger |
Frank Benjamin Foster III (September 23, 1928 – July 26, 2011) was an American tenor and soprano saxophonist, flautist, arranger, and composer. Foster collaborated frequently with Count Basie and worked as a bandleader from the early 1950s. In 1998, Howard University awarded Frank Foster with the Benny Golson Jazz Master Award.
Early life and education
Foster was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, and educated at Wilberforce University. In 1949, he moved to Detroit, Michigan, where he joined the local jazz scene, playing with musicians such as Wardell Gray.
Career
Drafted into the U.S. Army in 1951, Foster served in Korea with the 7th Infantry Division where he fought alongside (although unknowingly) future collaborator Shawn ‘Thunder’ Wallace. Upon finishing his military service in 1953 he joined Count Basie's big band. Foster contributed both arrangements and original compositions to Count Basie's band including the standard "Shiny Stockings", and other popular songs such as "Down for the Count", "Blues Backstage", "Back to the Apple", "Discommotion", and "Blues in Hoss' Flat", as well as arrangements for the entire Easin' It album.
From 1970 to 1972 (and on occasional later dates) he played with Elvin Jones, and in 1972 and 1975 with the Thad Jones–Mel Lewis big band. Foster was an Artist in Residence at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston in 1971. That same year, he also started teaching for the New York City Public School System in District 5, Harlem, as part of a team of six professional musicians assigned to the Federal Government's Title I Program: Cultural Enrichment Through Music, Dance, and Song. From 1972 to 1976, Foster was full-time Assistant Professor in the Black Studies Program at the State University of New York at Buffalo (SUNY).
Foster also formed and lead several groups, most notably Living Color and The Loud Minority. He co-led a quintet with Frank Wess in 1983, and toured Europe as a member of Jimmy Smith's quintet in 1985.
In June 1986, Foster succeeded Thad Jones as leader of the Count Basie Orchestra. While leading the Basie Orchestra, Foster received two Grammy Awards: first for his big-band arrangement of the Diane Schuur composition "Deedles' Blues" (Best Arrangement Accompanying a Vocal, Jazz category, 1987), and second for his arrangement of guitarist/vocalist George Benson's composition "Basie's Bag" (Best Big Band Instrumental, Jazz category, 1988).
After leaving the band in 1995, Foster resumed his leadership of three musical groups: The Non-Electric Company (a jazz quartet/quintet), Swing Plus (a 12-piece band), and The Loud Minority Big Band (an 18-piece concert jazz orchestra), each of which he had organized years prior to assuming leadership of the Basie unit in 1986.
Frank Foster suffered a stroke in 2001, that impaired his left side to the extent that he could no longer play the saxophone. After continuing to lead the Loud Minority on limited engagements for much of the 2000s, he turned his leadership responsibilities for the band over to Cecil Bridgewater, a prominent New York City jazz musician. Until his death Foster continued composing and arranging at his home in Chesapeake, Virginia, where he resided with his wife and personal manager of nearly 45 years, Cecilia Foster. He died of kidney failure on July 26, 2011.
Awards and commissions
Foster received two Grammy Awards: the first, for his big band arrangement of the Diane Schuur composition "Deedles' Blues" (Best Arrangement Accompanying a Vocal, 1987), and the second for his arrangement of guitarist/vocalist George Benson's composition "Basie's Bag" (Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Big Band, 1990). He also received two Grammy nominations: for his big band arrangement of Charles Trenet's composition "Beyond the Sea", and for an album with his fellow Basie alumnus Frank Wess entitled Frankly Speaking (Concord Jazz, 1985).
He composed and orchestrated material for The Carnegie Hall Jazz Ensemble, The Detroit Civic Symphony Orchestra, The Ithaca College Jazz Ensemble, The Jazzmobile Corporation of New York City, the Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra, The Malaysia Symphony Orchestra, The Metropole Orchestra of Hilversum, the Netherlands, and The Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra. In 1983 Dizzy Gillespie personally commissioned Frank Foster to orchestrate one of the jazz icon's compositions, "Con Alma", for a scheduled performance and recording with The London Philharmonic Orchestra directed by Robert Farnon.
In 1987, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by Central State University in Wilberforce.
In 2002, the National Endowment for the Arts presented Foster with its NEA Jazz Masters Award, the highest honor in jazz.
Foster was commissioned by The Harpers Ferry Historical Association of West Virginia to compose a jazz suite of ten to fifteen minutes' duration in connection with the Niagara Movement, relating to John Brown's famous raid on Harpers Ferry. The suite was performed by the Count Basie Orchestra at Harpers Ferry as part of the three-day Niagara Movement celebration in August 2006.
Jazz at Lincoln Center commissioned Foster to compose and arrange music for the Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra, directed by Wynton Marsalis, for performances on March 13–15, 2008, with "A Man and a Woman" as the theme. Foster wrote the words, music, and orchestrations for "I Love You (Based on Your Availability)" and "Romance Without Substance Is a Nuisance", both performed by vocalists Dennis Rowland and Marlena Shaw.
On March 20, 2009, the Chicago Jazz Ensemble, directed by Jon Faddis, performed a three-part suite by Foster titled "Chi-Town Is My Town and My Town's No Shy Town" at the Harris Theater in Chicago.
In 2009, Foster selected The Jazz Archive at Duke University to be the home for his numerous compositions, arrangements, and personal papers.
Humanitarian causes
Foster became a great supporter of The Jazz Foundation of America in their mission to save the homes and the lives of America's elderly jazz and blues musicians including musicians who survived Hurricane Katrina. After receiving help from the Jazz Foundation, he supported the cause by performing in their Annual Benefit Concert "A Great Night in Harlem" in 2008.
He donated his gold-plated tenor sax to be auctioned by the Jazz Foundation of America, the proceeds of which went to support the foundation's non-profit programs, especially working gigs and educational programs for victims of hurricane Katrina in New Orleans and the Gulf Coast.
Discography
As leader
1953: Here Comes Frank Foster: Frank Foster Quintet with Benny Powell (Blue Note)
1955: Hope Meets Foster (Prestige) with Elmo Hope
1956: No 'Count (Savoy)
1963: Basie Is Our Boss (Argo)
1965: Fearless Frank Foster (Prestige)
1966: Soul Outing! (Prestige)
1968: Manhattan Fever (Blue Note)
1974: The Loud Minority (Mainstream)
1976: Here and Now (Catalyst)
1977: Shiny Stockings (Denon)
1978: Twelve Shades of Black (Leo)
1979: Non-Electric Company (EPM Musique)
1982: The House That Love Built (SteepleChase)
1983: Two for the Blues (Pablo) with Frank Wess
1984: Frankly Speaking (Concord Jazz) with Frank Wess
1985: Generations (Muse) with Pepper Adams
1992: The Count Basie Orchestra Directed by Frank Foster Live at El Morocco (Telarc)
1995: A Fresh Taste of Thad Jones and Frank Foster (Hänssler Classics)
1996: Leo Rising (Arabesque)
1998: Swing (live) (Challenge)
2002: Live at Feuerwache Mannheim (Bassic)
2003: We Do It Diff'rent (live) (Mapleshade)
2004: Settin' the Pace (GJazz)
2005: Endless Fingers (Arabesque)
2007: Well Water (Piadrum)
As arranger
1961: "Little Man (You've Had a Busy Day)" – Sarah Vaughan with the Count Basie Orchestra - Count Basie/Sarah Vaughan (Roulette)
1965: Sarah Vaughan – ¡Viva! Vaughan (Mercury)
1984: "Mack the Knife" – Frank Sinatra – L.A. Is My Lady (Qwest/Warner Bros.)
1984: "After You've Gone" – Frank Sinatra – L.A. Is My Lady (Qwest/Warner Bros.)
1985: "Beyond the Sea" – George Benson – 20/20
1987: Diane Schuur and the Count Basie Orchestra – Diane Schuur & the Count Basie Orchestra (GRP)
1990: George Benson featuring the Count Basie Orchestra – Big Boss Band
As sideman
With Pepper Adams
The Adams Effect (Uptown, 1985 [1988])
With Lorez Alexandria
Early in the Morning (Argo, 1960)
With Count Basie
Count Basie and the Kansas City 7 (Impulse 1962)
With Count Basie Orchestra
Dance Session (Clef, 1953)
Dance Session Album #2 (Clef, 1954)
Basie (Clef, 1954)
Count Basie Swings, Joe Williams Sings (Clef, 1955) with Joe Williams
April in Paris (Verve, 1956)
The Greatest!! Count Basie Plays, Joe Williams Sings Standards with Joe Williams
Metronome All-Stars 1956 (Clef, 1956) with Ella Fitzgerald and Joe Williams
Hall of Fame (Verve, 1956 [1959])
Basie in London (Verve, 1956)
One O'Clock Jump (1957)
Count Basie at Newport (Verve, 1957)
The Atomic Mr. Basie (Roulette, 1957) aka Basie and E=MC2
Sing Along with Basie (Roulette, 1958) with Joe Williams and Lambert, Hendricks & Ross
Breakfast Dance and Barbecue (Roulette, 1959)
Everyday I Have the Blues (Roulette, 1959) with Joe Williams
Dance Along with Basie (Roulette, 1959)
Not Now, I'll Tell You When (Roulette, 1960)
The Count Basie Story (Roulette, 1960)
Kansas City Suite (Roulette, 1960)
The Legend (Roulette, 1961)
Back with Basie (Roulette, 1962)
On My Way & Shoutin' Again! (Verve, 1962)
This Time by Basie! (Reprise, 1963)
More Hits of the 50's and 60's (Verve, 1963)
The Board of Directors (Dot, 1967) with The Mills Brothers
With George Benson
Body Talk (CTI, 1973)
Big Boss Band (Warner Bros., 1990)
With Kenny Burrell
Kenny Burrell Volume 2 (Blue Note, 1956)
Swingin' (Blue Note, 1956 [rel. 1980])
With Donald Byrd
Byrd's Word (Savoy, 1955)
All Day Long (Prestige, 1957)
Fancy Free (Blue Note, 1970)
Electric Byrd (Blue Note, 1970)
Kofi (Blue Note, 1971)
With Earl Coleman
Manhattan Serenade (1968)
With Matthew Gee
Jazz by Gee (Riverside, 1956)
With Bennie Green and Gene Ammons
The Swingin'est (VeeJay 1958)
With Coleman Hawkins
The Saxophone Section (World Wide, 1958)
With Eddie Higgins
Eddie Higgins (Vee-Jay, 1961)
With Elmo Hope
Trio and Quintet (Blue Note, 1954)
Homecoming! (Riverside, 1961)
With Milt Jackson
Plenty, Plenty Soul (Atlantic, 1957)
With Illinois Jacquet
The Soul Explosion (Prestige, 1969)
With Elvin Jones
Elvin! (Riverside, 1961–62)
Heavy Sounds with Richard Davis (Impulse!, 1967)
Coalition (Blue Note, 1970)
Genesis (Blue Note, 1971)
Merry-Go-Round (Blue Note, 1971)
At This Point in Time (Blue Note, 1973)
New Agenda (Vanguard, 1975)
The Main Force (Vanguard, 1976)
Time Capsule (Vanguard, 1977)
Elvin Jones Music Machine (Mark Levison, 1978)
Live in Japan 1978: Dear John C. (Trio (Japan), 1978)
Elvin Jones Jazz Machine Live in Japan Vol. 2 (Trio (Japan), 1978)
Live at the Village Vanguard Volume One (Landmark, 1984With Jimmy McGriffWith Quincy Jones Golden Boy (Mercury, 1964)With Thad Jones'''Mad Thad (Period, 1956)
With Ronnie Mathews
Roots, Branches & Dances (Bee Hive, 1978)
With Jimmy McGriff
The Big Band (Solid State, 1966)
With Thelonious Monk
Monk (Prestige 1954)
With Joe Newman
The Count's Men (Jazztone, 1955)
I Feel Like a Newman (Storyville, 1956)
Good 'n' Groovy (Prestige Swingville, 1961)
With Horace Parlan
Frank-ly Speaking (SteepleChase 1977)
With Duke Pearson
Introducing Duke Pearson's Big Band (Blue Note 1967)
Now Hear This (Blue Note 1968)
It Could Only Happen with You (Blue Note 1970)
With Hilton Ruiz
Excition (SteepleChase, 1977)
Steppin' Into Beauty (SteepleChase, 1977 [1982])
With Woody Shaw
The Woody Shaw Concert Ensemble at the Berliner Jazztage (Muse, 1976)
With Mickey Tucker
Mister Mysterious (Muse, 1978)
With Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson
Clean Head's Back in Town (Bethlehem, 1957)
With George Wallington
Showcase (Blue Note 1954)
With Cedar Walton
Mobius (RCA, 1975)
With Julius Watkins
Julius Watkins Sextet (Blue Note, 1954)
With Frank Wess
North, South, East....Wess (Savoy 1956)
Surprise, Surprise (Chiaroscuro, 1996)
See also
List of jazz arrangers
References
External links
Frank Foster bio-documentary "Shiny Stockings"
Frank Foster Papers Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Duke University
Foster's Entry in All About Jazz
Interview with Foster
Smithsonian Institution Oral History Interview with Frank Foster (1998)
1928 births
2011 deaths
Musicians from Cincinnati
Big band bandleaders
Big band saxophonists
American jazz flautists
Swing saxophonists
Bebop saxophonists
Hard bop saxophonists
Progressive big band bandleaders
American music arrangers
Grammy Award winners
Wilberforce University alumni
Count Basie Orchestra members
Savoy Records artists
Challenge Records artists
Blue Note Records artists
SteepleChase Records artists
Mainstream Records artists
Deaths from kidney failure
Progressive big band musicians
Mapleshade Records artists
Jazz musicians from Detroit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Foster%20%28jazz%20musician%29 |
The Eurovision Young Dancers 2005 was the eleventh edition of the Eurovision Young Dancers, held at the National Theatre in Warsaw, Poland on 24 June 2005. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster Telewizja Polska (TVP), dancers from ten countries participated in the televised final. A total of thirteen countries took part in the competition. For this contest, a week of dance master classes replaced the semi-final round in order to select the finalists. , , and decided not to participate.
The non-qualified countries were , and . Milou Nuyens of Netherlands won the contest, with host country Poland and Belgium placing second and third respectively. The next edition would eventually be held in , following cancellations in 2007 and 2009.
Location
National Theatre, Warsaw in Poland was the host venue for the 2005 edition of the Eurovision Young Dancers.
It was founded in 1765, during the Polish Enlightenment, by that country's last monarch, Stanisław August Poniatowski. The theatre shares the Grand Theatre complex at the Theatre Square in Warsaw with another national venue, the Poland's National Opera.
Format
The format consists of dancers who are non-professional and between the ages of 16–21, competing in a performance of dance routines of their choice, which they have prepared in advance of the competition. All the acts then take part in a choreographed group dance during 'Young Dancers Week'.
Jury members of a professional aspect and representing the elements of ballet, contemporary, and modern dancing styles, score each of the competing individual and group dance routines. The overall winner upon completion of the final dances is chosen by the professional jury members.
Ocelot - Acrobatic Dance Theatre performed as the interval act.
Results
Preliminary round
The semi-final round was replaced by a week of dance master classes. Florence Clerc, Irek Mukhamedow, Christopher Bruce and Piotr Nardelli were the dance teachers selected to work with the participants and choose the 10 finalists. The following countries failed to qualify.
Final
Awards were given to the top three countries. The table below highlights these using gold, silver, and bronze. The placing results of the remaining participants is unknown and never made public by the European Broadcasting Union.
Choreography: Mateusz Polit
Jury members
The jury members consisted of the following:
– Maya Plisetskaya (Honorary Head of the Jury)
– Irek Mukhamedov (President of the Jury)
– Krzysztof Pastor
/ –
– Jorma Uotinen
– Emil Wesolowski
Broadcasting
The 2005 Young Dancers competition was broadcast in at least 13 countries.
See also
Eurovision Song Contest 2005
Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005
References
External links
Eurovision Young Dancers by year
2005 in Poland
June 2005 events in Europe
Events in Warsaw | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision%20Young%20Dancers%202005 |
Mohammad Daoud Oudeh (), commonly known by his nom de guerre Abu Daoud or Abu Dawud () (1937 – 3 July 2010) was a Palestinian terrorist, teacher and lawyer known as the planner, architect and mastermind of the Munich massacre. He served in a number of commanding functions in Fatah's armed units in Lebanon and Jordan.
Biography
Oudeh was born in Silwan, East Jerusalem, in 1937. He was a teacher by training. He taught physics and mathematics in Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Then he worked at the justice ministry of Kuwait and studied law. He lived in Jerusalem until the 1967 Six-Day War, when he was displaced after Israel captured the eastern portion of the city. He resettled in Jordan, where he joined the PLO.
In 1970, Abu Daoud was one of the founders of Fatah. He received military training from the North Korean military. From 1971 he was leader of the Black September, a Fatah offshoot created to avenge the September 1970 expulsion of the Fedayeen Movement from Jordan and carry out international operations. The group gained international notoriety for its role in the Munich massacre at the 1972 Munich Olympics, in which a number of athletes on the Israeli team were taken hostage by Black September. Eleven Israeli athletes and a German policeman were killed by the end of the multi-day stand-off. Documents uncovered in 2012 show that logistical help and support were supplied by two German neo-Nazis, Wolfgang Abramowski and Willi Pohl. The connection was made through Udo Albrecht, a neo-Nazi who set up a right-wing German group (Volksbefreiungs-Front Deutschland) and provided assistance to the Palestinians in return for training facilities in Jordan.
After the Black September attack, Oudeh lived in Eastern Europe and Lebanon. He resumed his activities with Fatah and the PLO in close collaboration with Abu Iyad and other officials. He led armed units in Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War. In January 1977, Oudeh was intercepted by French police in Paris while travelling from Beirut under an assumed name, and was arrested despite protests from the PLO, Iraq and Libya, who claimed that because Oudeh was travelling to a PLO comrade's funeral he should receive diplomatic immunity. The French government refused a West German extradition request on the grounds that forms had not been filled in properly and put him on a plane to Algeria before Germany could submit another request. Oudeh fled to Eastern Europe, then to Lebanon until the 1975 Lebanese Civil War broke out, then back to Jordan.
On 1 August 1981, Oudeh was shot five times from a distance of around two meters (6') in the coffee shop of the Victoria Inter-Continental Hotel in Warsaw, but he survived the attack, chasing his would-be assassin down to the front entrance of the hotel before collapsing. Oudeh claimed the attempted assassination was carried out by a Palestinian double agent recruited by the Mossad, and claimed the would-be assassin was executed by the PLO ten years later.
After the 1993 Oslo Accords, he moved to Ramallah in the West Bank. Following a trip to Jordan and the publication of his memoirs, Oudeh was banned from returning to Ramallah. He settled with his family in Syria, the only country that would take him. He lived on a pension provided by the Palestinian Authority and gave interviews to Aljazeera and other Arab and international media outlets about his life, the Munich events, and Palestinian politics. Oudeh was allowed safe passage through Israel in 1996, so he could attend a PLO meeting in the Gaza Strip to rescind an article in the PLO charter calling for Israel's eradication.
Munich massacre
As a commander of Black September, Abu Daoud was the mastermind behind the Munich massacre. He planned the operation in July 1972, briefed the execution cell on the specifics of the operation, and accompanied the members of the execution cell to the Olympic Village by taxi on the night/early morning of the attack. It was on the evening of 4 September 1972, the day before the operation commenced in the early morning of 5 September 1972, that Abu Daoud briefed the assassination squad and issued final instructions over dinner in a restaurant at the Munich railway station.
In 2006, Abu Daoud gave several personal interviews after the release of the Steven Spielberg film Munich revived discussions of the massacre. Abu Daoud remained unrepentant regarding his role in the Munich attacks, stating on Germany's Spiegel TV, "I regret nothing. You can only dream that I would apologise." In an Associated Press interview, he justified the operation by claiming it was a strategic success, declaring: "Before Munich, we were simply terrorists. After Munich, at least people started asking who are these terrorists? What do they want? Before Munich, nobody had the slightest idea about Palestine."
Published works
He published his autobiography Palestine: From Jerusalem to Munich in French in 1999. It was later published in English as Memoirs of a Palestinian Terrorist, also titled Palestine-A History of the Resistance Movement, by the Sole Survivor of Black September by Arcade Publishing in hard-cover format. The book is a first hand account of the rise of the Palestinian resistance movement from its inception to the attack at the 1972 Munich Olympics. Regarding the book and his subsequently being barred from returning to the West Bank, "The Israeli decision to bar my return is linked to an event which happened 27 years ago, the Munich operation, which we considered a legitimate struggle against the enemy we (the PLO) were fighting."
In 1999, the Palestinian Prize for Culture was granted to Abu Daoud for his book Palestine: From Jerusalem to Munich, in which he describes how he planned and executed the Munich operation. As part of the prize, Abu Daoud was awarded 10,000 French francs.
Death
On 3 July 2010, Daoud died of kidney failure at Al-Andalus Hospital in Damascus, Syria. After a funeral service in the Al Wasim Mosque in Yarmouk with his coffin draped in the Palestinian flag, he was buried in the Martyrs Cemetery of the Yarmouk Palestinian refugee camp on the southern outskirts of Damascus. He was survived by his wife, five daughters and a son. His daughter Hana Oudeh, in the eulogy, said her father was "a great loving and sincere man whose dream was to go back to Palestine." Representatives of various Palestinian groups, including Fatah and Islamic Jihad, attended the funeral. Shortly before his death, Oudeh said in a statement to Israelis, "Today, I cannot fight you any more, but my grandson will and his grandsons too."
In a condolence letter to Abu Daoud's family following his death, the chairman of the Palestinian Authority, Mahmoud Abbas, wrote: "He is missed. He was one of the leading figures of Fatah and spent his life in resistance and sincere work as well as physical sacrifice for his people's just causes."
References
External links
Mastermind of Munich Massacre to Receive the Palestine Prize
"Thirty years after he helped plan the terror strike, Abu Daoud remains in hiding – and unrepentant". Sports Illustrated. 20 August 2002.
1937 births
2010 deaths
20th-century Muslims
21st-century Muslims
Anti-Zionism in the Arab world
Deaths from kidney failure
Extrajudicial killings
Fatah military commanders
Members of the Black September Organization
Munich massacre
Palestinian mass murderers
Palestinian Muslims
People from Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Daoud |
Boron arsenide (or Arsenic boride) is a chemical compound involving boron and arsenic, usually with a chemical formula BAs. Other boron arsenide compounds are known, such as the subarsenide . Chemical synthesis of cubic BAs is very challenging and its single crystal forms usually have defects.
Properties
BAs is a cubic (sphalerite) semiconductor in the III-V family with a lattice constant of 0.4777 nm and an indirect band gap of 1.82 eV. Cubic BAs is reported to decompose to the subarsenide B12As2 at temperatures above 920 °C. Boron arsenide has a melting point of 2076 °C. The thermal conductivity of BAs is very high: around 1300 W/(m·K) at 300 K.
The basic physical properties of cubic BAs have been experimentally measured: Band gap (1.82 eV), optical refractive index (3.29 at wavelength 657 nm), elastic modulus (326 GPa), shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, thermal expansion coefficient (3.85×10−6/K), and heat capacity. It can be alloyed with gallium arsenide to produce ternary and quaternary semiconductors.
BAs has high electron and hole mobility, >1000 cm2/V/second, unlike silicon which has high electron mobility, but low hole mobility.
In 2023, a study in journal Nature reported that subjected to high high pressure BAs decrease its thermal conductivity contrary to the typical increase seen in most materials.
Boron subarsenide
Boron arsenide also occurs as subarsenides, including the icosahedral boride . It belongs to Rm space group with a rhombohedral structure based on clusters of boron atoms and two-atom As–As chains. It is a wide-bandgap semiconductor (3.47 eV) with the extraordinary ability to "self-heal" radiation damage. This form can be grown on substrates such as silicon carbide. Another use for solar cell fabrication was proposed, but it is not currently used for this purpose.
Applications
Boron arsenide is most attractive for use in electronics thermal management. Experimental integration with gallium nitride transistors to form GaN-BAs heterostructures has been demonstrated and shows better performance than the best GaN HEMT devices on silicon carbide or diamond substrates. Manufacturing BAs composites was developed as highly conducting and flexible thermal interfaces.
First-principles calculations have predicted that the thermal conductivity of cubic BAs is remarkably high, over 2,200 W/(m·K) at room temperature, which is comparable to that of diamond and graphite. Subsequent measurements yielded a value of only 190 W/(m·K) due to the high density of defects. More recent first-principles calculations incorporating four-phonon scattering predict a thermal conductivity of 1400 W/(m·K). Later, defect-free boron arsenide crystals have been experimentally realized and measured with an ultrahigh thermal conductivity of 1300 W/(m·K), consistent with theory predictions. Crystals with small density of defects have shown thermal conductivity of 900–1000 W/(m·K).
The cubic-shaped boron arsenide has been discovered to be better at conducting heat and electricity than silicon, as well as reportedly better than silicon at conducting both electrons and its positively charged counterpart, the "electron-hole."
References
External links
2020 paper by Malica and Dal Corso - Temperature dependent elastic constants and thermodynamic properties of BAs: An ab initio investigation
Matweb data
High ambipolar mobility in cubic boron arsenide, Science
Boron compounds
Arsenides
III-V compounds
III-V semiconductors
Zincblende crystal structure
B | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron%20arsenide |
WWF The Music, Volume 2 is the second compilation album by the World Wrestling Federation (now known as the World Wrestling Entertainment, or WWE) on November 18, 1997. It primarily features contemporary theme songs of wrestlers on the roster at the time.
Track listing
Hits of the World Wrestling Federation: We Gotta Wrestle
Earlier in 1997, a similar album was released outside the United States titled Hits of the World Wrestling Federation: We Gotta Wrestle. The album, which included a Sunny poster and a sticker sheet, was missing two tracks from Volume 2, Ken Shamrock and Dude Love's themes, but added Jake "The Snake" Roberts' and Faarooq's themes which were not included on Volume 2. It also differed in six tracks:
track 2 (Marc Mero & Sable - "Wild Cat") this is the first theme and is on "Volume 2", the "We Gotta Wrestle" version is shorter at 2:51, "We Gotta Wrestle" version was re-released on Volume 2
track 3 (Ahmed Johnson - "Pearl River Rip") length is shorter at 2:45 vs. Volume 2 at 3:15; the theme debuted on "Volume 2"
track 9 (Faarooq - " We Are The Nation") includes rapping by PG-13; this is the first version the second version is on "We Gotta Wrestle" version and included an early instrumental of the theme in early 1997
track 11 (Rocky Maivia - "Destiny") was The Rock's first theme, his second theme is "Blue Chipper" from WWE: Uncaged VIII and is on We Gotta Wrestle as a bonus track, while his third is on Volume 2;
track 12 (Flash Funk - Can't Get Enough) does not have the Volume 2 version's starting quote; On "We Gotta Wrestle" Version it is a dance track
track 13 (Sunny - "I Know You Want Me") does not feature the extra quotes of the Volume 2 version, the actual theme debuted at Survivor Series 1996
track 14 (Shawn Michaels - "Bad Attitude") is a new song, used for advertising in 1997.
Tracks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 10 are the same as on WWF The Music, Volume 2.
Track listing
The Undertaker - "Darkside" (3:52)
Stone Cold Steve Austin - "Hell Frozen Over" (2:57)
Ahmed Johnson - "Pearl River Rip" (2:45)
Marc Mero & Sable - "Wild Cat" (2:51)
Jake "The Snake" Roberts - "Snake" (2:44)
Bret Hart - "You Start the Fire" (3:10)
Vader - "Mastodon" (3:09)
Mankind - "Ode to Freud" (3:02)
Faarooq - "Nation of Domination" (3:01)
Sycho Sid - "Snap" (3:18)
Rocky Maivia - "Destiny" (2:36)
Flash Funk - "Can't Get Enough" (3:20)
Sunny - "I Know You Want Me" (2:46)
Shawn Michaels - "Bad Attitude" (2:44)
See also
Music in professional wrestling
References
WWE albums
1997 compilation albums
E1 Music compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWF%20The%20Music%2C%20Volume%202 |
A dog behaviourist is a person who works in modifying or changing behaviour in dogs. They can be experienced dog handlers, who have developed their experience over many years of hands-on experience, or have formal training up to degree level. Some have backgrounds in veterinary science, animal science, zoology, sociology, biology, or animal behaviour, and have applied their experience and knowledge to the interaction between humans and dogs. Professional certification may be offered through either industry associations or local educational institutions. There is however no compulsion for behaviourists to be a member of a professional body nor to take formal training.
Overview
While any person who works to modify a dog's behaviour might be considered a dog behaviourist in the broadest sense of the term, an animal behaviourist, is a title given only to individuals who have obtained relevant professional qualifications. The professional fields and course of study for dog behaviourists include, but are not limited to animal science, zoology, sociology, biology, psychology, ethology, and veterinary science. People with these credentials usually refer to themselves as Clinical Animal Behaviourists, Applied Animal Behaviourists (PhD) or Veterinary behaviourists (veterinary degree). If they limit their practice to a particular species, they might refer to themselves as a dog/cat/bird behaviourist.
While there are many dog trainers who work with behavioural issues, there are relatively few qualified dog behaviourists. For the majority of the general public, the cost of the services of a dog behaviourist usually reflects both the supply/demand inequity, as well as the level of training they have obtained.
Some behaviourists can be identified in the U.S. by the post-nominals "CAAB", indicating that they are a Certified Applied Animal behaviourist (which requires a Ph.D. or veterinary degree), or, "DACVB", indicating that they are a diplomate of the American College of Veterinary behaviour (which requires a veterinary degree). In the UK veterinary and non-veterinary behaviourists certified by an ABTC Practitioner organisation may use the postnominals “CCAB” or “ABTC-CAB”, or wider in Europe Veterinary Specialists in Behavioural Medicine use “DipECAWBM(BM)”.
Discipline
Behaviourism is the theory or doctrine that human or animal psychology can be accurately studied only through the examination and analysis of objectively observable and quantifiable behavioural events, in contrast with subjective mental states. A dog practitioner using a behavioural approach or psychobiological approach, regardless of title, typically works one-on-one with a dog and its owner. This may be carried out in the dog's home, the practitioner's office or the place where the dog is showing behavioural problems or a variety of these locations for different sessions during the treatment time. By observing the dog in his/her environment and skillfully interviewing the owner, the behaviourist creates a working hypothesis on what is motivating, and thus sustaining, the behaviour. Office bound behaviourists may be disadvantaged when it comes to assessing behavioural modification, as the dog may act very differently in different locations and interviewing owners, no matter how thorough, may not provide enough details. After establishing a motivating cause, the practitioner will develop a step-wise, goal-based plan to alter the behaviour in stages, continue their work with the pet owner to guide and make changes in the plan as the goals are met (or not) and conclude with a final write up of the case and its outcome.
The methods and tools of the behaviourist will depend on several factors including the dog's temperament, the behaviourist's personal philosophy on training, the behaviourist's experience, and the behavioural problems being addressed. At one end of the spectrum, some behaviourists attempt to train dogs, refraining from the use of aversive or coercive methods (and the tools associated with them, such as choke, prong/pinch or electric shock collars, kicking, hitting, poking, staring, shaking, or rolling), choosing instead to rely on reward-based methods. Dog behaviourists and dog trainers with a knowledge of how to approach training in a behavioural way usually do not offer guaranteed results.
Other behaviourists believe that the use of verbal corrections, head collars, correction collars, or electric collars are necessary or useful when treating particular dogs or particular behavioural problems. The general philosophy in use is to avoid methods that could cause confusion, fear, pain and anything other than mild stressors. Dog trainers who use these techniques may or may not be utilising a behavioural approach and may or may not have an understanding of the science behind behaviour modification. Dog behaviourists who lack professional credentials are generally dog trainers who have developed their expertise for working with problem dogs over many years of hands-on experience. They may or may not have studied behaviour formally in college or any dog training school.
The differences between a dog behavioural problem and a dog training problem may be difficult for some dog owners to understand, due to the lack of a formal definition. At the same time, the dog training techniques utilised by dog trainers and behaviourists may often compete when considering which practitioner is better qualified to meet the dog's or owner's needs. The disciplines of dog trainers who follow a behavioural approach, informed by the study of the science of behaviour modification, can sometimes be juxtaposed against dog trainers who present themselves as experts at solving behavioural problems. The discussion and assessment, for some, may be more about appropriate methods and tools, rather than use of the term behaviourist.
Professional associations
In order to assist dog owners and trainers understand and utilise this behavioural training or become certified in the practice, professional associations dedicated to the development of behavioural dog training offer tools to further their development. Different associations have different standards, goals, and requirements for membership. Board-certified veterinary behaviourists are required to pass a credentialing application and exam to be recognised as board-certified in the view of the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), or similar in other parts of the world, including the Animal Behaviour and Training Council in the UK, European Board of Veterinary Specliaists (EBVS) and the Australian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists (ANZCVS). Behaviourists may work and study towards formal accreditation with one of the many colleges providing training. Some associations might require accreditation to join, while others may require a declaration of intent for continuing personal development. Accreditation, may also be offered through local colleges and educational institutions.
See also
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
John Broadus Watson
References
External links
Dog-related professions and professionals
Ethology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog%20behaviourist |
Randall Cornell McDaniel (born December 19, 1964) is an American former professional football guard who played in the National Football League (NFL), primarily with the Minnesota Vikings and two seasons with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2009.
Early career
McDaniel played high school football and ran track at Agua Fria High School in Avondale, Arizona, then played college football at Arizona State University, where he participated in the school's first ever Rose Bowl appearance in 1987. In recognition of his Rose Bowl accomplishments, McDaniel was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame in 2018. He was joined by fellow Sun Devil Curley Culp on August 3, 2013, as the only Pro Football Hall of Fame members to be born in the state of Arizona.
Professional career
Also a standout athlete, McDaniel still holds the fastest 100-meter dash time ever among offensive linemen in the NFL at 10.64 seconds, setting this record as a high school senior in a state meet, electronically timed. He recorded a PR of 50.04 seconds in the 400-meter dash. In the throwing events, he got top-throws of 16.76 meters in the shot put and 47.42 meters in the discus. He also benched 435, inclined 380, dead lifted 660, and squatted 650 in competition. In addition, he was timed at 4.6 seconds in the 40-yard dash and had a one step vertical leap of 37 inches at just 9% body fat.
He began his professional career being drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the first round of the 1988 NFL Draft. He started every Vikings regular-season game from 1990 to 1999, as well as a record 11 consecutive Pro Bowls. He is widely recognized as one of the greatest and most versatile offensive linemen ever to play the game. He started in 12 consecutive Pro Bowls (1989–2000), tied with Champ Bailey and Will Shields for the most Pro Bowls played. He also started 202 consecutive games in his career. During his time with the Minnesota Vikings, he occasionally would play fullback in short-yardage and goal-line situations.
He was released on February 10, 2000, as part of a salary-cap move. He eventually signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on a three-year, $6M contract. He played two seasons there before retiring. On February 27, 2002, he signed a one-day contract to retire with Vikings. When he played for Tampa Bay, in 2000, he became the oldest player in the NFL to score his first touchdown reception at 36 years, 282 days old.
Legacy
During the 2006 season, McDaniel was inducted into the Minnesota Vikings "Ring of Honor".
McDaniel was inducted into the National Football Foundation College Hall of Fame in 2008. McDaniel was also inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame on January 31, 2009. McDaniel's bust, sculpted by Scott Myers, was unveiled at the Enshrinement Ceremony on August 8, 2009.
A multi-use sports center was built in Randall's hometown of Avondale in 2010 and was named in his honor (Randall McDaniel Sports Complex).
After 13 years of volunteering in schools, McDaniel said that he had been working in public schools since retirement.
Minnesota Wild defenseman Dakota Mermis is his nephew.
References
1964 births
Living people
People from Avondale, Arizona
Players of American football from Maricopa County, Arizona
American football offensive guards
Arizona State Sun Devils football players
All-American college football players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Minnesota Vikings players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall%20McDaniel |
Renato Federico Alfredo Mastropietro (born 29 September 1945 in Milan) is a former professional racecar driver. He drove in the FIA GT Championship from 1997 to 2000 making 10 starts over those years. He also drove a Porsche 911 to a 9th place overall finish (2nd in GT2) in the 1994 24 Hours of Le Mans.
External links
Profile on 24h-en-piste.com
1945 births
Racing drivers from Milan
Living people
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
20th-century Italian people
Italian racing drivers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato%20Mastropietro |
Bradley Scott Jones (born 19 March 1982) is an Australian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He was a member of the Middlesbrough team for over a decade often playing on loan at a succession of lower league clubs: Stockport County, Rotherham United, Blackpool and Sheffield Wednesday. He also had a brief loan spell in Ireland with Shelbourne. In August 2010, he made a £2.3 million move to Liverpool where he spent four seasons, mostly in a back-up role. Jones then had two short stints, his final in England at Bradford City and then in the Netherlands at NEC, before joining Feyenoord on a one-year deal in August 2016. On 22 May 2017, he signed for another two years at Feyenoord following their title win in the Dutch Eredivisie.
Club career
Early career
Jones was born in Armadale, a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, to English parents. A childhood Liverpool fan, he attended John Curtin Senior High School, graduating in 1998. Jones signed for Bayswater City SC in Western Australia.
Middlesbrough
He was then signed by Middlesbrough, playing in their youth system, and signed a professional contract on 26 March 1999. He made his first team debut in the FA Cup third round against Notts County in 2004 and later that season won a League Cup winners medal.
He had loan spells at several clubs; in the 2001–02 season he played four games for Irish club side Shelbourne. He made his professional and League of Ireland debut on 5 October against local rivals Bohemians at Dalymount Park and conceded 4 goals in a 6–4 victory one of which was direct from his own goal kick. His second appearance for the club came one week later in a 3–1 home victory against Monaghan United. Later he had loan spells at Stockport County and Blackpool. In the 2005–06 season, playing for Middlesbrough, Jones saved a Ruud van Nistelrooy penalty which left the match against Manchester United level at 0–0.
In August 2006, Jones was loaned out to Sheffield Wednesday for three months. He made an up-and-down start to his loan spell, making some vital saves as well as conceding penalties in successive games against Plymouth Argyle and Leeds United. On 21 October, his own fans turned on him and attacked him by throwing coins and other missiles during the home game against Queens Park Rangers.
With mentor Mark Schwarzer moving to Fulham, Jones became first choice goalkeeper at Middlesbrough. He picked up an injury in the second game of the 2008–09 season and subsequently missed the next two games. Jones regained his place in the Middlesbrough first team in January 2009 and remained first choice as Middlesbrough were relegated from the Premier League. Another pre-season injury saw him miss the start of the season but he regained his place after new signing Danny Coyne conceded five goals against West Bromwich Albion. He remained in the Boro side for the rest of the season, although they failed to gain promotion from the Championship.
Liverpool
On 17 August 2010, Jones joined Liverpool in a deal worth £2,300,000. He qualified as a "home-grown" player under the new Premier League rules. On 19 August, Jones watched Liverpool's UEFA Europa League play-off 1st leg tie at Anfield from the directors' box, along with captain Steven Gerrard, Emiliano Insúa, Alberto Aquilani and Dirk Kuyt. He was handed the number 1 shirt after goalkeeper Diego Cavalieri left the club on 23 August, ahead of Liverpool's clash with Manchester City. Jones made his unofficial debut in Jamie Carragher's testimonial against an Everton XI and impressed with a string of saves. Jones made his debut for Liverpool in the League Cup 3rd Round tie against Northampton Town on 23 September 2010. The game ended 2–2 after extra time before Liverpool lost on penalties. A couple of weeks later, Jones injured his shoulder in training and was out for up to a month. Reserve goalkeeper Martin Hansen took his place on the bench until Jones was back fit, as Liverpool's other backup goalkeeper Péter Gulácsi was on loan at nearby club Tranmere Rovers. He made his second start for the club on 15 December 2010, in a Europa League game against Utrecht, getting his first clean sheet for the Reds. Unfortunately for Jones, this was to be his last game of the 2010–11 season.
Derby County (loan)
At the end of March, Jones joined Derby County on loan for the remainder of the 2010–11 season. Jones made his debut in a 4–1 loss to Cardiff City, and went on to concede 16 goals in his seven games at Derby, including another four against Burnley (2–4) and three against Norwich City (2–3). He came in for criticism from Derby manager Nigel Clough after his mistake let Bristol City take an early lead in Derby's final home game of the season, in a match the club eventually lost 2–0. It turned out to be Jones' last Derby game. He was an unused substitute in Derby's 2–1 defeat at Reading on the last day of the Championship season before returning to Liverpool, after being replaced by academy goalkeeper Ross Atkins.
Return to Liverpool
His first Premier League match for Liverpool came on 10 April 2012, in a 3–2 away win against Blackburn Rovers. Jones came off the bench in the 26th minute after second choice goalkeeper Doni had been sent off for fouling Junior Hoilett in the penalty area. Jones saved the resulting penalty, taken by Yakubu and celebrated by pointing towards the sky in dedication to his late son, Luca. Liverpool went on to win the game 2–3 with an injury time winner from Andy Carroll. He played in the FA Cup semi-final against Everton at Wembley, due to the suspension of Doni and first choice goalkeeper Pepe Reina; Liverpool went on to win the game 2–1 thanks to goals from Luis Suárez and Andy Carroll. Jones therefore made history as the first Liverpool player to make his first four appearances for the club in four different competitions.
Jones made his first appearance of the 2012–13 season in a UEFA Europa League qualifier against Gomel on 2 August; Liverpool won the game 1–0. His second appearance came on 20 September in a 5–2 win against Young Boys in the Europa League group stage. Jones also helped Liverpool progress in the League Cup in a 2–1 win against West Brom on 26 September.
His first Premier League start came on 20 October, against Reading, which Liverpool won 1–0. On 25 October, Jones played his third Europa League game against Anzhi Makhachkala, keeping yet another clean sheet as Liverpool won 1–0. Three days later he played in Liverpool's 2–2 draw at Goodison Park. On 31 October, Liverpool played Swansea City in the League Cup which Liverpool lost 3–1.
Jones continued to start in goal for Liverpool after their 1–1 draw with Newcastle United on 4 November. Liverpool played against Anzhi on 8 November in a Europa League group stage match and lost 1–0 after a 46th minute chip goal from Lacina Traore. November seemed to be Jones' month after another start on 11 November against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge. The game ended in a 1–1 draw thanks to Jones making a good save from a Fernando Torres header.
Due to his excellent performances Jones was rewarded and signed a new contract with Liverpool on 21 December 2012.
Jones would then go on to keep another clean sheet this time in a 5–0 win over Norwich in the Premier League. He would then play in an FA Cup match v League one side Oldham, Jones was at fault for at least one of the goals conceded as Liverpool crashed out 3–2. He would then go on to play two more times in the 2012/2013 season, The first was a 3–1 defeat against Southampton, Jones also made a string of good saves in that game including a one on one v Rickie Lambert, His other game was a 3–2 victory over Tottenham making a string of good saves in particular a free kick from Gareth Bale.
Overall, Jones played 15 times in the 2012–13 season conceding 21 goals and keeping four clean sheets in his most productive season yet for Liverpool. During the 2013–14 season, Brad Jones did not make any appearance for Liverpool in the Premier League. But he was the number-one goalkeeper for the FA Cup and played two games before losing to Arsenal in the fifth round.
On 14 December 2014, Jones was chosen in the starting 11 against Manchester United instead of the regular goalkeeper Simon Mignolet, who had been under-performing since the start of the season. Jones put in a mixed performance in a 3–0 loss, with some analysts criticising him for going to ground too early for two of the goals.
On 10 June 2015, Jones was released by Liverpool.
Bradford City
On 17 August 2015, Jones signed for Bradford City on a one-year deal following his release from Liverpool. Jones played his first game for Bradford in a 2–2 draw with Sheffield United. On 27 October 2015, Bradford City confirmed that he was released by mutual consent.
NEC
On 5 January 2016 Jones joined Dutch club NEC on a 6-month deal.
After a strong season with 17 appearances for the club and 4 clean sheets, despite NEC wanting to retain Jones, on 3 June 2016 he left the club in favour of other offers.
Feyenoord
On 7 July 2016, Jones joined Eredivisie side Feyenoord on a one-year deal. He made his debut on 7 August 2016, keeping a clean-sheet in Feyenoord's 5–0 win over FC Groningen. In February 2017, Jones kept his 14th clean sheet of the season, in the process becoming the first Feyenoord goalkeeper to achieve the milestone since Ed de Goey twenty years earlier. Despite the return of regular goalkeeper Kenneth Vermeer, Jones' good form saw him retain the starting position for the remainder of the 2016–17 season. Feyenoord went on to win the 2016–17 Eredivisie, with Jones keeping 17 clean sheets in the club's first title in 18 years. On 22 May 2017, Feyenoord announced that Jones had signed a new contract, signing on for two additional years at the Rotterdam-based club.
On 22 April 2018 he played as Feyenoord won the 2017/18 KNVB Cup final 3–0 against AZ Alkmaar.
Al-Nassr
On 1 August 2018, Jones joined Saudi Professional League side Al-Nassr on an initial two-year deal. Jones left Al-Nassr when his contract expired in July 2021. During his time with Al-Nassr, he was part of the side that won the Saudi Pro League title in 2019.
Return to Australia
On 5 August 2021, it was announced that Jones would return to his hometown of Perth signing for Perth Glory on a two-year contract.
On 24 May 2023, Jones officially announced his retirement from football.
International career
Having played for the Australia national under-20 football team and the under-23 side at the 2004 Summer Olympics, Jones felt disappointed to be overlooked for the 2006 FIFA World Cup squad and considered switching his international allegiance to England or France, the latter being possible as his wife was French. The following year, Jones received his first senior international call up for Australia on 5 February 2007 to replace Mark Schwarzer in a friendly match.
He made his first senior international start on 2 June 2007 against Uruguay. He was at fault for Australia losing that match after dropping a routine catch allowing Alvaro Recoba to score an easy goal. He was part of Australia's début campaign in the 2007 AFC Asian Cup, but he did not feature in any of their matches. Additionally, he was selected as one of the three goalkeepers in Australia's final 23-man squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, but he left the squad to return to his family following news of his son being diagnosed with leukemia and he did not return to the tournament.
While Ange Postecoglou was coaching Australia, Jones made only one appearance, playing half of a friendly match against Ecuador which Australia lost 3–4. Jones wasn't called-up after that by Postecoglou, despite being in form during three seasons playing in the Eredivise, surprising many including goalkeeper Mark Schwarzer. After Postecoglou's quitting, his replacement, Bert van Marwijk, has revealed to be interested in calling-up Jones back to the national squad. In May 2018, he was named in Australia's preliminary 26 man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia. Jones was named to the 23-man squad on 2 June.
Personal life
Jones' six-year-old son, from a previous relationship, died on 18 November 2011 after a year-long battle with leukaemia. Liverpool's players and staff wore black armbands as a mark of respect in their subsequent 2–1 victory over Chelsea; his old teammates at Middlesbrough also wore armbands as a mark of respect.
Jones married his long-term partner, former model Dani Rose Jones, at Peckforton Castle, Cheshire, in July 2015. They have three children, two sons born in 2012 and 2019, and a daughter born in 2014.
Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
Middlesbrough
Football League Cup: 2003–04
Blackpool
Football League Trophy: 2003–04
Liverpool
Football League Cup: 2011–12
Feyenoord
Eredivisie: 2016–17
KNVB Cup: 2017–18
Johan Cruyff Shield: 2017
Al-Nassr
Saudi Professional League: 2018–19
Saudi Super Cup: 2019, 2020
Individual
Saudi Professional League Goalkeeper of the Month: September 2019, October 2019
References
External links
LFC History Profile
1982 births
Living people
Men's association football goalkeepers
Australia men's international soccer players
Australian expatriate men's soccer players
Australian people of English descent
Australian men's soccer players
Derby County F.C. players
Expatriate men's association footballers in the Republic of Ireland
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
2004 OFC Nations Cup players
Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
League of Ireland players
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Shelbourne F.C. players
Stockport County F.C. players
Rotherham United F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Liverpool F.C. players
Bradford City A.F.C. players
NEC Nijmegen players
Feyenoord players
Al Nassr FC players
Perth Glory FC players
Olympic soccer players for Australia
People educated at John Curtin College of the Arts
Soccer players from Perth, Western Australia
Premier League players
English Football League players
Eredivisie players
2007 AFC Asian Cup players
2011 AFC Asian Cup players
Australian expatriate sportspeople in England
Australian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Australian expatriate sportspeople in Ireland
2018 FIFA World Cup players
Saudi Pro League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Saudi Arabia
Australian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad%20Jones%20%28soccer%29 |
Taarof or Tarof (, ) is a Persian word which refers to an Iranian form of civility or art of etiquette that emphasizes both deference and social rank.
Taarof is a ritual politeness that levels the playing field and promotes equality in a hierarchical culture. Taarof between friends, or a host and guest, emphasizes the value of friendship as a priority to everything else in the world. Another understanding is that taarof is a way of managing social relations with decorous manners. It could be used as a basis for mutual goodwill (positively) or as "a social or political weapon that confuses the recipient and puts him at a disadvantage" (negatively). Those who are intimately familiar with Iranian culture seem to agree that taarof is one of the most fundamental things to understand about Iranian culture.
According to Middle East scholar William O. Beeman, "Taarof is an extraordinarily difficult concept encompassing a broad complex of behaviors which mark and underscore differences in social status." For example, in Iranian culture, whoever walks through a doorway first gets a form of status, but the person who makes the other go through the door first also gains status by having made the other person do it through their show of grace and deference. When it comes to matters of rank, "one defers to superiors (tribute), and confers on inferiors (favor), presses honor on equals (neither tribute nor favor) or accepts the honor from a proper source, and thereby "wins". Status is relative for individuals in different interactions, according to Beeman, and rights and obligations shift constantly with changes in social environments.
In social situations
In the rules of hospitality, taarof requires a host to offer anything a guest might want, and a guest is equally obliged to refuse it. This ritual may repeat itself several times (usually three times) before the host and guest finally determine whether the host's offer and the guest's refusal are genuine, or simply a show of politeness. If one is invited to any house for food, then one will be expected to eat seconds and thirds. However, taarof demands that one cannot go ahead and help oneself to more food after the first helping is finished. Good manners dictate that one must first pretend to be full, and tell the host how excellent the food was, and that it would be impossible to eat any more. The host is then expected to say one should not do taarof ("taa'rof nakon" - similar to "don't be polite!") for which the appropriate response would be to say "no" two or three times and then pretend to cave in to the host's insistence and pile on the food. Done any other way, one can come across as either starving or simply a bit uncouth.
Another example of taarof is inviting strangers or distant relatives for dinner with the expectation that they will recognize the offer as "merely taarof" and decline.
Another form of taarof is that when one gets invited to an Iranian home for food, it is highly appreciated if the guest helps the host in setting the table or with cleaning afterward. However, taarof can also force one into performing a task that one does not want to perform. For instance, if one friend offers a ride to another friend only to be polite, he may be forced to oblige if the friend agrees to take the ride. However, if one is going by the rules of taarof, one would refuse the offer many times before actually accepting and there would be a chance for the offer to be taken back.
Taarof often works in the opposite way. For example, an object, person, or offer may be refused when it is actually wanted. For instance, young Iranian ladies may never express their interest to someone, but they will still expect the person of interest to remain consistent in expressing their love. That also applies to objects (especially food), which are offered to individuals as a favor or donation. Taarof dictates for individuals refuse the favour or donation, no matter how badly it is needed. The refusing individual expects the object (or the favour) to be given anyway. However, the closer two people get in a relationship, the less taarof appears in their behavior towards one another.
In negotiations
The prevalence of taarof often gives rise to distinctly Iranian styles of negotiation. For example, a worker negotiating a salary might begin with a eulogy of the employer, followed by a lengthy bargaining session consisting entirely of indirect polite language in which both parties are expected to understand the implied topic of discussion. Likewise, a shopkeeper may initially refuse to quote a price for an item and to suggest that it is worthless ("ghaabel nadaareh"). Taarof obliges the customer to insist on paying, typically three times, before a shopkeeper finally quotes a price and real negotiation can begin.
That can often put tourists who are unfamiliar with taarof in difficult situations: for example, if a cab driver refuses to take payment, and a tourists accepts the "gift" at face value. When taxi drivers say that there is nothing to pay they do not mean it. They are actually saying that they have enjoyed talking with the rider and wish to express their thanks." By stating there is no charge, the taxi driver is playing the role of a good host. That behaviour comes from Iran's ancient heritage in which guests were always welcomed and looked after.
Social status
The rules of taarof work differently depending on a person's social status. According to Beeman, there are few societies that take the obligations of status as seriously as Iranian society. A superior person is expected to treat an inferior person in patterns of mutual exchange as follows: doing something for another, providing material goods for another, and/or encouraging someone else to do (or provide) something. On the other hand, an inferior person is expected to provide services, provide tribute (to the superior), or petition others to do (or provide) something. Finally, if the interaction is between people of equal status, then exchanges are done without regard to status and are absolute. The ideal case of equal status is between two individuals involved in an intimate relationship, where the needs of others are anticipated and provided for without thought of service, tribute, favor, or reward.
The positive aspect of taarof encourages proper behavior toward others, particularly guests, polite language, propriety, gift giving, compliments, and showing regard to those who are truly deserving. According to Beeman, at its best, taarof is a form of selflessness and humility. However, taarof can be negative if it is used insincerely to control others, or if a superior person is shielded or protected from criticism due to deference.
History
Some political theorists have argued that during the period of serfdom, taarof regulated diplomatic discourse at princely courts. It involved a sharp curbing of one's behaviour, speech and action to make people, honour, and prestige calculable as instruments for political advancement.
According to D. M. Rejali, for the feudal elite, the ornamentation of speech symbolises prestige. With the advent of capitalism and its scientific paradigm, communication became more precise, and the formality of taarof became a hindrance in the pursuit for rapid capital accumulation.
In the West
An example of similar behaviour that is sometimes found in Western culture is the question of who pays a restaurant bill. That can be an awkward situation in which those at the table reach for their wallets. It is often resolved by social status; the bill is paid by the diner with the highest income, the most legitimate reason, or the most power. Still, all diners make a show of insisting on paying. In Southern Italy, a custom similar to taarof exists (fare i complimenti) and that is part of table manners.
Another example occurs if a Western individual is not familiar with taarof in Iranian culture. When an Iranian individual is offering taarof, it is to first view it as a sincere offer with the hope of decline up to four or five times. If the individual offers more than five times, it can be concluded that the individual is not doing taarof, and the opposite side should respectfully thank that individual and accept the offer with gratitude.
See also
High-context and low-context cultures
Qahr and ashti
References
Further reading
Yaqubi, M. (2022). Revisited interpretation of Ta’ārof Towards a model of analysing meta-implicatures of Persian offers in Iranian films
https://benjamins.com/catalog/resla.19017.yaq
Yaqubi, M. & Abdul Rahman, W.R.E. (2021). Qābeli nadāre (It is not worthy of you): Anything except offer of money is expected in English subtitles
https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/ttmc.00078.yaq
Yaqubi, M. (2020). Subtitling of ostensible speech acts (OSAs): Towards proposing a guideline
https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/resla.18033.yaq
Yaqubi, M. (2018). On Subtitling of Ta’ārof Apologies
http://ttlt.azad.ac.ir/article_541285_483bb587f87ed0f1c8d7bf8233d13a8b.pdf
External links
The New York Times, Iranian 101: A Lesson for Americans; The Fine Art of Hiding What You Mean to Say, by Michael Slackman
The Atlantic, Talk Like an Iranian, by Christopher de Bellaigue, 25 August 2012
This American Life: Oh, You Shouldn't Have - Act Three, 31 March 2011
Society of Iran
Iranian culture
Iranian traditions
Iranian folklore
Iran
Persian words and phrases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taarof |
The Sumukan Limited v Commonwealth Secretariat case was first heard in February 2005 before the internal, administrative tribunal of the Commonwealth Secretariat [CSAT] and on 20 February 2006 an appeal was heard in the Commercial Court of England and Wales before Mr Justice Colman.
Overview
In this lawsuit, the Commonwealth Secretariat is being sued in the UK courts by a British dot com company that claims that the Secretariat has expropriated the company's auction and online tender software.
The Commonwealth Secretariat has in the past relied on its diplomatic immunity to avoid the UK courts (see Mohsin v Commonwealth Secretariat), but since April 2005, a new act, the International Organisations Act 2005 has been passed granting it full immunity in the UK. However the Sumukan case commenced before this came into force.
Case
Sumukan Limited, a London-based dot-com start-up, sued the Commonwealth for expropriating the ownership of its e-commerce software. The British company said it was asked to demonstrate its software to an African government [the government of Namibia] as part of a Commonwealth aid program. The company said it was told that if the government liked the product they would subsequently license it in a three-year deal. It signed a very short consulting agreement for the demonstration for £15,000. The parties fell out because the Secretariat changed internal staff and the new programme office, questioned his predecessor's actions and refused to pay travel expenses and fees for the consulting. Approximately two years later, the Secretariat additionally began to claim ownership of the website developed by the company as well as the software toolkit which Sumukan had used to create its demonstration to the Namibian and South African governments. Sumukan's barrister, Rhodri Thompson QC of Matrix Chambers described the situation thus at the hearing of 20 February 2006: 'Imagine that you have engaged a painter to paint your house. When he has finished painting your house, you decide you own his brushes and ladder'. Sumukan values its software toolkit as worth over several hundreds of thousands of pounds.
Unfortunately for the dotcom company, the diplomatic immunity granted to the Secretariat under the Commonwealth Secretariat Act 1965 meant there was no initial access to the UK courts.
The company was forced to take the matter to an internal tribunal set up by the Commonwealth, all of whose jurists were appointed by the London-born Commonwealth Secretary General Don McKinnon. In February 2005, the three-person panel of Commonwealth jurists found the Commonwealth Secretariat owned all the software used in the demonstration, a decision that UK lawyers have described as 'absurd'.
On 20 February 2006, Sumukan's appeal on a point of law relating to ownership of the software was heard in the UK commercial courts. Justice Colman found that the Commonwealth Secretariat internal tribunal's judgment was indeed open to serious doubt as claimed by the dotcom company. It was also agreed that the matter was one of general public importance. Nevertheless, Justice Colman found that because the Secretariat's internal rules stated that there was no right of appeal from its tribunal [a fact that the company was not aware of when it entered into the consulting agreement], consequently the company was excluded from bringing the matter up in the UK courts. He gave permission to appeal on this point.
Sumukan had argued that the internal rules of the Commonwealth Secretariat, which prevented appeal to the UK courts, combined with the Commonwealth Secretariat Act which granted immunity to the Commonwealth Secretariat was a violation of their Article 6 rights under the European Human Rights Act, namely the right to an independent and impartial court. Sumukan has also claimed that their European Human Rights Act Article 1 Right to the peaceful enjoyment of their property has been violated by the Commonwealth Secretariat.
It was also Justice Colman's view that he did not have substantive jurisdiction [again due to the immunity of the Commonwealth Secretariat] to make any ruling on the substantive points of the case. However he went on to say that the judgment of the Commonwealth Secretariat Arbitral Tribunal was 'open to serious doubt'.
The company also argued that Commonwealth Secretariat Arbitral Tribunal exhibits serious irregularities and is not compliant with the requirements of article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which ensures the right to an independent and impartial tribunal.
Result of Court of Appeal: Failure to comply with proper procedure in appointing an arbitrator rendered the appointment invalid and the award a nullity.
References
External links
"Power to hear appeal on whether exclusion agreement valid", Times Online
Sumukan Ltd v Commonwealth Secretariat [2007] EWHC 188 (Comm) (14 February 2007)
Commonwealth Secretariat
English case law
2005 in United Kingdom case law
2006 in United Kingdom case law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumukan%20Ltd%20v%20Commonwealth%20Secretariat |
Georgendorf may refer to the following locations:
Český Jiřetín, a village in the Czech Republic
Juršinci, a village in Slovenia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgendorf |
Lourenço Beirão da Veiga (born 7 September 1979) is a Portuguese auto racing driver.
Career
He competed in the 2002 Formula Renault 2000 Eurocup season. In 2008 he competed in the SEAT León Eurocup. A win in race six at his home circuit in Estoril, saw him rewarded with entry into one round of the World Touring Car Championship with the SUNRED Engineering team at Brands Hatch.
His first major title came in 2009, winning the Spanish GT Championship along with fellow Portuguese driver Ricardo Bravo.
Racing record
Complete WTCC results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
References
External links
Lourenço Beirão da Veiga at AvM website
1979 births
Living people
Portuguese racing drivers
Italian Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
Formula Renault Eurocup drivers
Euroformula Open Championship drivers
World Touring Car Championship drivers
SEAT León Eurocup drivers
Blancpain Endurance Series drivers
International GT Open drivers
24 Hours of Spa drivers
Racing Engineering drivers
Cram Competition drivers
Teo Martín Motorsport drivers
NASCAR drivers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o%20da%20Veiga |
Tando Adam (; ) is a city in Sindh, Pakistan. It was formerly under Nawab Shah district (now known as Shaheed Benazir Abad District) until 1955 and later became part of Sanghar District. It is the 57th largest city in Pakistan, Tando Adam was founded by Mir Adam Khan Mari, which is called "cantonment" for "Tando" in Balochi. Tando Adam is known for its industries and its agriculture; crops raised nearby include sugar-cane, wheat, cotton, bananas, and mangoes. It is the most populous city of Sanghar District with a population of 152,025 according to the 2017 census.
There is also new housing scheme expended the city towards. Like Satellite town, Lake city Tandoadam, Green city, hilltop and many others housing schemes expended the Tandoadam.
Overview
Tando Adam has number of ancient sites, including mosques and Hindu temples. The shrine of the poet Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai is located from Tando Adam.
Now Tando Adam has a medical college namely;'Suleman Roshan Medical College' at Hyderabad Road near Suleman Roshan Hospital and also has a water park at green city near Hyderabad road.both are created by senator Imamuddin Shouqeen ,
Economic activity
The town has many emerging and established industries with Ismail jee considered the trade hub of the district. Tando Adam has the biggest power loom industry in Pakistan. There is also a pharmaceutical industry known as AHSONS DRUG company also numerous fruit juice, paper products, cotton ginning and cottage industries also contribute to the national exchequer. Tando Adam is an economic center for Sanghar District. Its labour mostly came from Bangla road, Joharabad (formerly known as Jatia Para). There are more than 20 cotton ginning factories. The telecommunication industry also plays a vital role in the economic life of Tando Adam. Different oil extracting companies have set up in shahdadpur road and sanghar road of Tando Adam becoming a major source of employment for local people. It also attract many foreigners, such as Chinese and Korean to work in these oil fields.
Cuisine
Tando Adam is full of bazaars, mosques, shrines and plenty of places to eat. Notable dishes of the city include sajji special dessert
barfi (known as "maawa"), Badayoon Peraa of Hafiz Sweets and lassi of Mastana are specialties known for their unique taste around the country.
Education
Tando Adam is home to many public and private educational institutions. Public institutions include New Ali Garh Government College, Government Girls Degree College, Sir Syed Government High School, Government Shah Abdul Latif High School and Government Fatimah Jinnah Girls High School. Private educational institutions include but not limited to Progenitor high school, Al-Saeed Islamic Public School, Sir Syed Children Academy High School, Sayara Khanum High School and The City Higher Secondary School, Zindagi Foundation School . The Educators, Smart School, The Noble Education system and Bahria Foundation School and college have also joined this league in the last years. The major business areas are linked with Muhammad Ali (M.A) Jinnah road. Muhammadi Chowk is the transit hub for proceeding to Hyderabad via the national highway and to Tando Allahyar.
Population
According to census of 2017 the population of Tando Adam Khan is 457,919. In 1951, there were only 21,260 residents; by 2012, the population had increased to 223,261. The area of the city is it means Tando Adam Protruding Total 3,954 acre.
the population of Muslims is 93% Muslim, 6% Hindu, and 1% Christian. While In Ethnicity 40% are Sindhi, 30% are Mohajir,12% are Brohi/Baloch, 10% are Punjabi, 4% are Pashtun, and 2% are Gujarati/Godhry Waly and 2% other ethnicity. Urdu speaking people, Punjabi & Gujarati/Godhry Waly arrived in the area following the 1947 partition of British India into India and Pakistan. The official language of the city is Sindhi; other languages spoken include Urdu, Siraiki, Balochi, Brahvi Language, Pashto, Punjabi, Gujarati/Ghodhry Wali, and Marwari, Sindhi is a medium of communication.
References
http://admissions.usindh.edu.pk/grad.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20060217220529/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_mother_tongue.pdf
Populated places in Sindh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tando%20Adam%20Khan |
The Wackiest Ship in the Army is an American comedy drama adventure television series that aired for one season on NBC between September 19, 1965, and April 17, 1966. Produced by Harry Ackerman and Herbert Hirschman, the series was loosely based on the 1960 film starring Jack Lemmon and Ricky Nelson, which itself was a fictionalized account of a real wartime vessel.
Although often referred to as a comedy series, the show violated three unwritten rules that unofficially defined TV situation comedies at the time: It was an hour in length (almost all comedy series were only a half-hour, and the few attempts at hour sitcoms were unsuccessful), it had no laugh track, and characters were sometimes killed in it.
Synopsis
The series is set in the Pacific theater of World War II and centers on the crew of the USS Kiwi, a leaky, wooden, twin-masted schooner whose mission is to carry out covert missions behind Japanese lines. Her old-fashioned, noncombatant appearance works in her favor, and she sails under false colors (the Swiss flag) when in enemy waters. The Kiwi is jointly commanded by United States Army Major Simon Butcher (Jack Warden), who is in charge of shore operations, and United States Navy Lieutenant (junior grade) Richard "Rip" Riddle (Gary Collins), who is in command of the vessel at sea. The crew consists of:
Mike Kellin: Chief Petty Officer Willie Miller (also in the 1960 film, and listed in the series opening credits)
Mark Slade: Radioman Patrick Hollis
Fred Smoot: Machinist Mate Seymour Trivers
Rudy Solari: Gunner's Mate Sherman Nagurski
Don Penny: Pharmacist Mate Charles Tyler, ship's cook
Notable guest stars
Guest stars included:
James Hong: Agaki (three episodes)
Jill Ireland
Robert Loggia
Harry Morgan
Chips Rafferty (also in the 1960 film)
George Takei
Jack Soo
Production notes
The theme music and scoring were by Nelson Riddle.
Ship
The USS Kiwi was based on the real-life , a 40-year-old schooner (or scow) that the Government of New Zealand transferred to the United States Navy during World War II. The United States returned her to New Zealand in 1944. The Echo was broken up in 2015 due to her poor material conditioning following her use as a bar which had closed in 2013.
In other media
A paperback novelisation based on the series, by Lee Bergman, was released in 1965.
Broadcast history
The Wackiest Ship in the Army premiered on NBC on September 19, 1965. It lasted a single season, and the last of its 29 original episodes aired on April 17, 1966. Prime-time reruns of The Wackiest Ship in the Army followed in its regular time slot on NBC until September 4, 1966. The show aired at 10:00 p.m. on Sunday throughout its run.
Episode list
SOURCES Schenectady Gazette, September 18, 1965, p. 11.Schenectady Gazette, September 25, 1965, p. 20.Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1965): S01E03 – Goldbrickers, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 10 November 2021Schenectady Gazette, October 30, 1965, p. 17.Schenectady Gazette, November 6, 1965, p. 19.Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1965): S01E09 – Vive La Kiwi, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 10 November 2021Schenectady Gazette, November 27, 1965, p. 19.Schenectady Gazette, December 4, 1965, p. 13.Schenectady Gazette, December 11, 1965, p. 9.Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1965): S01E14 – I’m Dreaming of a Wide Isthmus, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 10 November 2021
References
External links
1965 American television series debuts
1966 American television series endings
1960s American comedy-drama television series
English-language television shows
NBC original programming
Military comedy television series
Military humor in film
American military television series
Nautical television series
Live action television shows based on films
Television series by Sony Pictures Television
World War II television comedy series
Television shows set in Oceania
Television series by Screen Gems
Television series about the United States Navy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wackiest%20Ship%20in%20the%20Army%20%28TV%20series%29 |
Isma is a genus of butterflies.
ISMA may refer to:
The Ikatan Muslimin Malaysia (ISMA), a Malaysian NGO
The International Securities Market Association
The International Supermodified Association, a sanctioning body in modified racing
The Internet Streaming Media Alliance
Esmaël Gonçalves, also known as Isma, Bissau-Guinean professional footballer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISMA |
Charles Camoin (; 23 September 1879 – 20 May 1965) was a French expressionist landscape painter associated with the Fauves.
Born in Marseille, France, Camoin met Henri Matisse in Gustave Moreau's class at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. Matisse and his friends (including Camoin, Henri Manguin, Albert Marquet, Georges Rouault, André Derain and Maurice de Vlaminck) formed the original group of artists labeled the Fauves (meaning "the wild beasts") for their wild, expressionist-like use of color. Camoin always remained close to Matisse. He painted a portrait of Matisse, which is in the permanent collection of the Pompidou Museum in Paris.
Charles Camoin's works have been widely shown in France and are in such major collections as the Musée d'Art Moderne de la ville de Paris in addition to the Centre Georges Pompidou and many of the French regional museums. In 1955, he was awarded the Prix du Président de la République at the Biennale of Menton. He died in Paris on 20 May 1965.
External links
Charles Camoin Bio – Findlay Galleries
Camoin's Cats
Charles Camoin on ArtNet
Notes
1879 births
1965 deaths
Artists from Marseille
Fauvism
19th-century French painters
French male painters
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
19th-century French male artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Camoin |
Bullard-Havens Technical High School, or Bullard-Havens Tech, is a technical high school, part of the Connecticut Technical Education and Career System. Located at the east end of Bridgeport, it serves the region of southwestern Connecticut. The school attracts students from all over the state due to its extensive Career and Technical Education programs and rigorous academics. Each student has the opportunity to participate in athletics, activities and Work-Based Learning programs.
Technologies
In addition to a complete academic program leading to a high school diploma, students attending Bullard-Havens Tech receive training in one of the following trades and technologies:
Automotive Technology
Culinary Arts
Carpentry
Criminal Justice and Protective Services
Electrical
Graphic Design
Hairdressing and Cosmetology
Health Technology
Masonry
Information Technology
Plumbing and Heating
Precision Machining Technology
Architecture
References
Education in Bridgeport, Connecticut
Schools in Fairfield County, Connecticut
Educational institutions established in 1936
Public high schools in Connecticut
1936 establishments in Connecticut
Educational institutions accredited by the Council on Occupational Education | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullard-Havens%20Technical%20High%20School |
WWF Full Metal: The Album is the first compilation album released by WWE (then known as the World Wrestling Federation, or WWF) in October 1995 by Edel Music. It features a selection of theme tunes of wrestlers on the roster at the time, and is considered to be Volume 1 of the WWE: The Music series. The album was reissued outside North America as WWF Champions: The Album – Full Metal Edition on September 24, 1996.
The album was named after the European WWF Full Metal Tour in October 1995, and commercials in Germany for the album were aired featuring Diesel and Razor Ramon.
Critical reception
Steve Huey awarded WWF Full Metal: The Album three stars out of five, calling it "the perfect supplement for hardcore fans."
Track listing
All songs were composed and performed by Jim Johnston (except as indicated via italics).
"We're All Together Now" (performed by the WWF Superstars & Slam Jam)
"Thorn in Your Eye" (performed by the WWF Superstars & Slam Jam)
"Diesel Blues" (Diesel)
"The Lyin' King" (King Mabel)
"1-2-3" (1-2-3 Kid)
"Goldust" (Goldust)
"Smokin' " (The Smoking Gunns)
"Psycho Dance" (Psycho Sid)
"The Bad Guy" (Razor Ramon)
"Hart Attack" (Bret Hart) (Jimmy Hart/John J. Maguire/Jim Johnston)
"Angel" (Hakushi)
"Graveyard Symphony" (The Undertaker)
"Sexy Boy" (Shawn Michaels) (Jimmy Hart/John J. Maguire)
"With My Baby Tonight" (Jeff Jarrett)
"With My Baby Tonight" was actually performed by Brian James, who wrestled in the WWF at the time as "The Roadie" (and later as "The Road Dogg" Jesse James). Jeff Jarrett lip-synched the song for his performance at In Your House 2: The Lumberjacks.
Slam Jam members
Vocals: Jon Oliva (Savatage/Trans-Siberian Orchestra) (on "We're All Together Now")
Vocals: Michel Begeame and Olli Schneider (Such A Surge) (on "Thorn in Your Eye")
Guitar: Scott Ian (Anthrax)
Guitar: Kenny Hickey (Type O Negative)
Bass: Gary Meskil (Crumbsuckers/Pro Pain)
Drums: Tim Mallare (Overkill)
See also
Music in professional wrestling
References
WWE albums
Edel Music albums
1995 compilation albums
1995 soundtrack albums
Rock compilation albums
Rock soundtracks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWF%20Full%20Metal%3A%20The%20Album |
Dianne Mary Holum (born May 19, 1951) is a retired American speed skater.
In 1966, Holum became the youngest person to compete in the world speed skating championships. Next year she won bronze at the World Allround Championships. At the age of 16, Holum earned a silver medal in the 500 meter race at the 1968 Winter Olympics, finishing in a three way tie for second place. Holum added a bronze medal in the 1000 meter event.
At the 1972 Winter Olympics, Holum won a gold medal in the 1500 meter event, setting an Olympic record in the process. After finishing sixth in the 1000 meter race, Holum ended her Olympic career by winning a silver medal on the 3000 meters.
After winning bronze once more at the World Allround Championships later that same year, Holum retired from speed skating, only 20 years old. The following year, she began her career as a coach, helping put a 14-year-old Eric Heiden on the road to the 1980 Winter Olympics, where he won five gold medals. She also coached Eric's sister Beth Heiden. At the 1976 Olympics, she became the first female coach to a female speed skater.
For her achievements as a speed skater, Holum was inducted in the National Speedskating Hall of Fame in 1986. For her achievements as a coach, Holum was inducted in the International Women's Sports Hall of Fame in 1996. She also coached her daughter Kirstin Holum, who was Junior World Allround Champion in 1997 and participated in the 1998 Winter Olympics.
References
External links
Dianne Holum at SkateResults.com
Olympic Speed Skating Medalists with Wisconsin Ties. Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved on 2007-08-30.
1951 births
Living people
American female speed skaters
Olympic coaches for the United States
Speed skaters at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 1972 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1972 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in speed skating
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in speed skating
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in speed skating
Speed skaters from Chicago
World Allround Speed Skating Championships medalists
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianne%20Holum |
Astorga is a municipality in the state of Paraná in Brazil. It was founded in 1951. As of 2020, the estimated population was 26,209 inhabitants.
References
Populated places established in 1951
Municipalities in Paraná | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astorga%2C%20Paran%C3%A1 |
Come Find Yourself is the debut studio album by the American band Fun Lovin' Criminals. It was released on February 20, 1996 by Chrysalis Records.
Critical reception
Track listing
All tracks written by Fun Lovin' Criminals, except where noted.
"The Fun Lovin' Criminal" – 3:13
"Passive/Aggressive" – 3:33
"The Grave and the Constant" – 4:47
"Scooby Snacks" – 3:05
"Smoke 'Em" – 4:46
"Bombin' the L" – 3:51
"I Can't Get with That" – 4:25
"King of New York" – 3:47
"We Have All the Time in the World" (John Barry, Hal David) – 3:41
"Bear Hug" – 3:28
"Come Find Yourself" – 4:20
"Crime and Punishment" – 3:20
"Methadonia" – 4:06
"I Can't Get with That (Schmoove Version)" (bonus track) – 5:34
"Coney Island Girl" (bonus track) – 1:28
Personnel
Huey Morgan – vocals (all), guitar (all but 10)
Brian Leiser – bass (1–4, 6, 12, 15), keyboard (3, 7–9, 11, 13–14), trumpet (1, 3, 5, 8-9, 11, 13–14), harmonica (1, 6, 10, 13, 15)
Steve Borgovini – drums (all), percussion (10, 14)
Fun Lovin' Criminals – production
Tim Latham – engineering
Tsukasa Tobiishi – cover photography
Charts
Certifications
References
External links
1996 debut albums
Fun Lovin' Criminals albums
Chrysalis Records albums
Concept albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come%20Find%20Yourself |
A lagometer is a display of network latency on an Internet connection and of rendering by the client. Lagometers are commonly found in computer games or IRC where timing plays a large role. Quake and derived games commonly have them.
Advanced lagometer consists of two lines bottom and top. The bottom line advances one pixel per each snapshot received from server (by default they are being sent at 20 snapshots per second rate), while the top one advances one pixel per each frame that is rendered by client. Thus, if the machine framerate was 20 per second, both lines top and bottom would run at the same speed.
Bottom bars correspond to delay before sending a snapshot by a server and receiving it by a client (so called "ping"). The shorter the bar, the smaller the ping was. Red bars mean that the frame has not arrived on time, yellow ones - that the snapshot was suppressed to stay under the rate limit.
Top bars can be drawn in blue or in yellow. While server snapshots are usually received at lower rate as the client framerate, the software interpolates position and movements until it gets an update from a server, when it adjusts own state accordingly.
The height of upper bars is proportional to the interpolated time between snapshots received (so as long as they come regularly, it stays below the "zero line" and is drawn in blue), or - if snapshots stop to arrive on time - is extrapolated after the last snapshot expected (then bars cross the "zero line" and are drawn in yellow).
If those bars stay yellow for too long, client is forced to interpolate its frames beyond the "reasonable level" and finally, when the snapshot arrives, the prediction turns out to hardly correspond to the server-side version, which results in a jerky, non continuous movement of scenery (obviously lowering the quality of gameplay).
Some games that use a "lagometer" will simply remove a player from the game if their lag is too high.
In the game Minecraft, the lagometer is displayed on the debug screen, as a line graph that will go up when lag spikes.
Use the following console commands for the following games:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Game
! Console Key
! Command To Turn On
! Command To Turn Off
! Notes
|-
| Call of Duty
| Tilde (~)
| cg_lagometer 1
| cg_lagometer 0
| Use 'seta % #' prior the command to make the command permanently.
|-
| Call of Duty: United Offensive
| Tilde (~)
| cg_lagometer 1
| cg_lagometer 0
| Use 'seta % #' prior the command to make the command permanently.
|-
| Call of Duty 2
| Tilde (~)
| /cg_drawLagometer "1"
| /cg_drawLagometer "0"
| Use 'seta % #' prior the command to make the command permanently.
|-
| Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare
| Tilde (~)
| /cg_drawLagometer "1"
| /cg_drawLagometer "0"
| Use 'seta % #' prior the command to make the command permanently.
|-
| Call of Duty: World at War
| Tilde (~)
| /cg_drawLagometer "1"
| /cg_drawLagometer "0"
| Use 'seta % #' prior the command to make the command permanently.
|-
| Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2
| N/A
| /drawLagometer "1"
| /drawLagometer "0"
| In game console is not available.
Use config file (config_mp.cfg) to change default values.
Use 'seta % #' prior the command to make the command permanently.
|-
| Call of Duty: Black Ops
| Tilde (~)
| /drawLagometer "1"
| /drawLagometer "0"
| Use 'seta % #' prior the command to make the command permanently.
|-
| Quake III Arena
| Tilde (~)
| /cg_lagometer 1
| /cg_lagometer 0
|-
| Quake Live
| Tilde (~)
| /cg_lagometer 1
| /cg_lagometer 0
| cg_lagometer 2 to display the client ping estimation too
|-
| Tremulous
| Tilde (~)
| /seta cg_lagometer 1
| /seta cg_lagometer 0
|-
| Star Trek: Elite Force II
| Tilde (~)
| cg_lagometer 1
| cg_lagometer 0
|-
| Star Wars: Jedi Knight
| Tilde (~)
| /cg_lagometer 1
| /cg_lagometer 0
|-
| Source engine games
| Tilde (~)
| net_graph 1
| net_graph 0
| net_graph 2 or net_graph 3 for increased detail
|-
| Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory
| Tilde (~)
| /cg_lagometer 1
| /cg_lagometer 0
|-
| Medal of Honor: Spearhead
| Tilde (~)
| cg_lagometer 1
| cg_lagometer 0
|-
| Return To Castle Wolfenstein
| Tilde (~)
| /cg_lagometer 1
| /cg_lagometer 0
|-
| Minecraft
| N/A
| F3
| F3
|In game console is not available.
The lagometer can be visible either by pressing Shift + F3, which toggles visibility, or through the use of mods such as OptiFine.
|-
| Supreme Commander: Forged Alliance (Forever)
| N/A
| F11
| F11
|
|-
|Roblox
|N/A
|Shift+F5
|Shift+F5
|
Game terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagometer |
The Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (MRD), , was a political alliance in Pakistan founded in 1981 by the political parties opposing the military government of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, the sixth president of Pakistan. Headed by Benazir Bhutto of the Pakistan People's Party, its objective was the end of martial law and restoration of the democracy.
Formed in February 1981, the alliance was noted for its left-wing populism orientation and had Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), Awami National Party (ANP), Pakistan Muslim League (Khwaja Khairuddin group), Pakistan Democratic Party, Tehreek-e-Istiqlal, Awami Tehreek, Jamiat-e-Ulema-e-Islam, and Mazdoor Kisan Party. The alliance was rooted in rural areas of Sindh Province and remained mostly nonviolent, was strongest among supporters of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP). Though it launched one of the most massive nonviolent movements in South Asia since the time of Gandhi, failure to expand beyond its southern stronghold combined with effective repression from the military led to its demise a year and half later. The alliance dissolved within a week after the death of Zia which marked its way for general elections, outlined the return of Pakistan Peoples Party in national power.
Formation
In the 1970s, the events leading to the success of right-wing alliance, PNA, toppled and overthrow the government of left-oriented PPP. At the time of death of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, nearly 3,000 PPP activists and supporters were jailed, many of whom remained imprisoned for the next decade. President General Zia-ul-Haq was particularly unpopular in the Sindh Province, where support for the PPP remained relatively strong. In 1979, President General Zia-ul-Haq announced the implementation of Islamization program and pressed his ultraconservatism policies in the country. Following the invasive Russian invasion of Afghanistan, President Zia exercised more repressive policies to curb the communist influence in the country, whilst escalating the insurgency in Pashtun-domaniated Khyber province in Western Pakistan. In response, the former rivals, ANP and CPP, decided to oppose President Zia's actions in the country, ultimately the left-wing sphere formed an alliance with the PPP which was the most influential of all left-wing parties.
In 1980, PPP persuasively reached out to left-wing organizations in the country and started its political function after calling for the end of the military regime of President Zia-ul-Haq. Negotiations between PPP leaders and the political parties that had formed the Pakistan National Alliance in 1977 started in October 1980. They led to the formation of the MRD on 6 February 1981, at 70 Clifton, the Bhuttos' family house in Karachi. The alliance was dissolved on 24 August 1988. The alliance launched a struggle against the regime of Zia ul-Haq: in the first weeks, 1999 people were arrested, 189 killed and 126 injured.
The movement is generally thought of as two separate outburst, one in August and September 1983, and one in 1986. It was particularly strong in rural Sindh, where it was fueled by people's resentment against the state, and it finally took 3 army divisions and helicopters to bring the uprising down.
Military force and repression was used against agitators and the movement was crushed. Despite its set backs, the MRD was significant for mounting a political pressure on President Zia to hold the elections. Convinced that party-based elections would not bring the "positive results" he had been talking of, he decided to hold non-party elections in 1985. But before doing so, he secured his election as president through a referendum.
In 1984, Benazir Bhutto and the MRD notably boycotted the 1984 presidential referendum, following making another call for boycotting the 1985 general elections, to be held under President Zia-ul-Haq. Successfully boycotting the 1984 referendum and 1985 election, proved to be a serious miscalculation despite confident of enjoying huge popular support. Contrary to MRD's expectations, the voters turned to these polls were in large numbers. The MRD soon realized that it had miscalculated badly, that it should have fought the elections on Zia’s terms.
The PML, JeI, and MQM were the only parties which contested in the election, while the MRD boycotted the election. To a greater extent, the MRD's was hailing from Sindh where the left-wing orientation was much stronger than any other provinces of the country. The Communist Party, with the support from USSR, began its political operations in Sindh and ultimately calling for civil disobedience against the military regime. In response, the communist party leader, Jam Saqi, was brought to a secret trial in Sindh High Court, later directed to military courts. The MRD had united the left-wing mass of the country and the most prominent leaders of the MRD were: Nusrat Bhutto, her daughter Benazir Bhutto, Rasool Bux Palijo, Abdul Wali Khan, Jam Saqi, Syed Muhammad Kaswar Gardezi among others. Thousands of the activists were jailed across the country especially in Sindh.
MRD Composition
Reception
Controversy regarding the Foreign support
The foreign policy historian of Pakistan noted that MRD's one of the two leading parties, ANP and CPP, had gained popular and financial support from the Soviet Union in the 1980s. Holding a press conference in 1983, President Zia-ul-Haq portrayed the MRD as an Indian-backed conspiracy to destabilize Pakistan was without merit, but gained credence among some Pakistanis when Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi endorsed the movement in an address to the lower house of the Indian parliament.
Despite charges to the contrary, the MRD in Sindh was not attempting to secede from Pakistan but instead was focused on the restoration of the constitution. President Zia’s interior secretary, Roedad Khan, later wrote that the regime was able to manipulate this perception to their advantage and prevent the MRD from gaining greater appeal on a nationwide level.
Aftermath of USSR Collapse
In 1980, PPP persuasively reached out to left-wing organizations in the country and started its political function after calling for the end of military regime of President Zia-ul-Haq. Negotiations between PPP leaders and the political parties that had formed the Pakistan National Alliance in 1977 started in October 1980. They led to the formation of the MRD on 6 February 1981, at 70 Clifton, the Bhuttos' family house in Karachi. The alliance was dissolved on 24 August 1988. The alliance launched a struggle against the regime of Zia ul-Haq: in the first weeks, 1999 people were arrested, 189 killed and 126 injured.
The movement is generally thought of as two separate outburst, one in August and September 1983, and one in 1986. It was particularly strong in rural Sindh, where it was fueled by people's resentment against the state, and it finally took 3 army divisions and helicopters to bring the uprising down.
References
Links
MRD Movement
1980s in Pakistan
Awami National Party
Communist Party of Pakistan
Defunct political party alliances in Pakistan
Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)
Military government of Pakistan (1977–1988)
Pakistan People's Party
Pakistan–Soviet Union relations
Pakistani democracy movements
Political repression in Pakistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement%20for%20the%20Restoration%20of%20Democracy |
100% Colombian is the second studio album released by the band Fun Lovin' Criminals. It was released on November 17, 1998.
Track listing
On MD release (Chrysalis 7243 4 97056 8 5) track 14 exists as hidden track ("Atlantic Cab" - "hidden-in-hidden" track), but mentioned into booklet (not on cover or MD case).
Personnel
Huey Morgan - vocals (all but 14), guitar (all but 13)
Brian Leiser - keyboard (1-3, 5, 9, 11, 13, 15), bass (4, 6, 8, 10, 12-14), trumpet (2, 5, 7, 9-11)
Steve Borgovini - drums (all)
Stuart Matthewman - saxophone (1)
BB King - guitar (13)
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
1998 albums
Fun Lovin' Criminals albums
Virgin Records albums
Chrysalis Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100%25%20Colombian |
The Neelum River, or Kishanganga River, is a river in the Kashmir region of Pakistan and India. It originates in Ganderbal district of Jammu and Kashmir in India, flows through the Neelam Valley in Pakistan's Azad Kashmir, where parts of its course fall along the Line of Control, before merging with the Jhelum River near the city of Muzaffarabad.
Name of the river
The river has traditionally been known as the Kishanganga River () and is still known as such in India; after the partition of India in 1947, the river was renamed the Neelum River () in Pakistan in 1956.
Basin
Shardadesh is a name for the drainage basin of the Kishanganga River.
Course
The Kishanganga River originates from Krishansar Lake in the vicinity of Sonamarg in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, and runs northwards to Badoab village in Tulail Valley where it meets a tributary from the Dras side. Then it runs westwards, parallel to the Kashmir Line of Control. It is fed by many glacial tributary streams on its way. It enters Pakistani self-governing territory of Azad Kashmir in the Gurez sector of the Line of Control. Then it again runs west, parallel to the Line of Control, passing by Sharada. After Sharda, it bends to a southwesterly direction and runs along the Line of Control near Tithwal. Then it bends northwest again, making a wide arc to join the Jhelum River in Muzaffarabad. Recently the Go Gurez campaign has been launched to make people aware of the area.
Valleys
The Kishanganga River is 245 kilometres long. It covers 50 kilometers in the Indian-administered Kashmir where it flows through the Tulail Valley and then Gurez Valley. It covers the remaining 195 kilometres in Pakistan-administered Kashmir and flows through the. From its origin it flows through the Neelam Valley.
The Neelum Valley is a Himalayan gorge in the Kashmir region, along which the Neelum River flows. This green and fertile valley is 250 km in length and stretches its way from Muzaffarabad all the way to Athmuqam and beyond to Taobutt. It is one of the most attractive tourists places, like Swat and Chitral, but due to poor road system is yet veiled to the outside world. This area was badly affected by the 2005 earthquake and was cut off from the outside world as the roads and paths were filled with rubble. Now construction of an international standard road is in progress. There are two entrances for Neelum valley, one Neelum Road by Muzaffarabad and the other by Kaghan the Jalkhad Road. Generally Neelum valley starts just after Muzaffarabad but in political division the area from Muzaffarabad to Chelhana is named Kotla valley. District Neelum starts from Chelhana and goes up to Taobutt.
Ecology
Revival of fish species
There are different kinds of fish found in abundance in the Neelum River. As the river almost entirely runs across the Line of Control, being the main cause for Kashmir conflict there is a feeling of uncertainty among the inhabitants, many of them have emigrated to safer places, which has left the river banks scarcely populous and kept the river in perfect conditions for growth of fish. The most famous among the different variety of fish found in Neelum River are:
Brown trout (Salmo trutta)
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Snow trout (Schizothorax plagiostomus)
Shuddgurn
Anyour
Dams
Kishanganga dam in India
In the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, the construction work on the 330 MW Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant project has started, after being defunct for eighteen years. Recently, the project was awarded to Hindustan Construction Company (HCC) with a timeline of seven years. The 330 MW Kishanganga hydro-electric power project involves damming of the Kishanganga River and the proposed 37 metre reservoir will submerge some parts of the Gurez valley. The water of Kishen Ganga River will be diverted through a 24 kilometre tunnel dug through the mountains to Bandipore where it will join the Wular Lake and then Jhelum River.
Neelum–Jhelum dam in Pakistan
Similarly, Pakistan is constructing the 969 MW Neelum–Jhelum Hydropower Plant; the country has placed the project in the hands of a Chinese consortium. Pakistan claims that the Indian dam project will violate the Indus Waters Treaty and has pursued formal arbitration proceedings against India over the matter.
Religious significance
Krishansar Lake and Sharada Peeth are important religious site for Hindus, who undertake the annual pilgrimage to these sites along the Kishanganga River. In the ancient times it was among the prominent centre of learning in the subcontinent in part with Nalanda and Taxila. Sharada script the - native script for the Kashmiri language is named in the honor of main deity of Sharada Peeth. Sharada Peeth is one of the most venerated site for the Kashmiri Pandits. Sharada Peeth temple was damaged in the 2005 Kashmir earthquake. the Supreme Court of Pakistan ordered the Government to conserve the Sharada Peeth temple and the govt to identify and restore temples and gurudwaras. The "Save Sharada Committee" of concerned Hindus has been demanding the opening of special corridor from India to Sharada Peeth in Pakistan-administered Kashmir for the visits of Hindu pilgrims from India.
See also
Karen Village
References
External links
The course of the Neelum River plotted on OpenStreetMap: part 1, part 2, part 3, part 4, part 5, part 6
Neelum Valley.zoomshare
Neelum Valley Official
Rivers of Azad Kashmir
Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir
Indus basin
International rivers of Asia
Rivers of Pakistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelum%20River |
Mikak ( – October 1, 1795), also known as Micock, Mycock, or Mecock, was born in Labrador, Canada and died at Nain, Newfoundland and Labrador. She was one of several Inuit to travel to Europe in the 18th century and return to North America, although many Inuit who had travelled to Europe subsequently died from diseases, especially smallpox, before returning.
Mikak, daughter of Inuk chief Nerkingoak, was very influential in creating friendly relationships between traders from Europe and native Labradoreans. She was one of the first Inuit to appear in recorded history.
First European contacts
In 1764 Jens Haven, a Moravian man of Danish ancestry, had recently returned to England from a mission trip to Greenland. While in Greenland, Haven was in constant contact with many Inuit in the area, and through them he learned to speak Inuktitut. In 1752, Jens Haven discovered that a missionary by the name of Dr. Johann Christian Erhardt had been murdered by a band of Inuit while trying to make contact with them on the coast of Labrador. The event of Dr. Erhardt's death was the catalyst behind Haven's decision to go to Labrador and preach the gospel to them, who he considered heathens in need of the salvation of Christ. After returning to Europe, Haven then received permission from the Moravian Brethren to go on a mission trip to Labrador in order to establish contact with the Labrador Inuit. After arriving on the British base of Chateau Bay on Belle Isle, the missionaries began their work preaching to the Inuit encampments that surrounded the area. One night while Haven was preaching, a bad storm began to roll in, stranding him and missionary Christian Larsen Drachardt, and forcing them to seek refuge for the night in the tent of an angakkuq (Inuit spiritual leader). Also present in the tent was a young woman by the name of Mikak, who was seen as a legend and heroine.
Mikak came in contact with the two Moravian missionaries Jens Haven and Christian Drachart (sometimes spelled Drachardt) in 1765.
Mikak embraced the Europeans from the start and memorized a prayer that Drachart had taught her. In 1767 she encountered the Europeans yet again but this time she and others were taken prisoner by Francis Lucas of the Royal Navy and his men of Fort York trading post in Chateau Bay, Labrador.
Capture/Fishing Station Raids
In 1767 there was a raid at a fishing station that was owned by a man named Nicholas Darby. After a brief battle, Darby retreated and the Inuit stole several boats. Following the incident, a group of men from Fort York pursued the group, eventually killing the men and taking the women and children as prisoners. This would be Mikak's second contact with the Europeans, as she and her son had been with the group who attacked the fishing station. The prisoners were brought to Chateau Bay, where they were held over the winter. It was during this time as a prisoner that she began conversing with the second in command of the Garrison, Francis Lucas. He helped her learn English, which she picked up quickly, and in turn Lucas had Mikak teach him some words in Inuktitut, most likely for the purpose of easing future trade agreements between him and the Inuit.
Travel to England
In 1768, Palliser ordered Francis Lucas to bring Mikak, her son Tutuak, and another older boy by the name of Karpik to be taken to England, where she learned to speak and write English fluently. The intention was to Show them how advanced and amazing European society was, with the hopes that upon their return they would be much more receptive and hospitable towards Europeans during trade agreements. While in England, Mikak met many members of the aristocracy and the royal family. The aristocrats of England treated her as a curiosity but were taken by her beauty and charm. John Russell painted her portrait while she wore extravagant dresses and jewelry given to her by Augusta, Dowager Princess of Wales. The portrait was exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts, London but has since been moved to the Ethnological Institute at Göttingen University, Germany. Mikak grew very fond of the princess during her visit to England and they continued some type of a relationship for many years after Mikak's return to Labrador, sometimes even sending each other gifts. In 1769, partly because of Mikak insisting that the Moravians would be welcome in Labrador, the Moravians were given a land grant to establish a mission settlement in Labrador. Shortly after the Moravians were given the land grant, Mikak boards a boat and returns to Labrador with her son Tutuac, while Karpik stayed in England under the care of the Moravians.
Return
Mikak and her son returned to Labrador in 1769 on a ship with Francis Lucas while Karpik stayed in England with the Moravians. Unfortunately Karpik died of smallpox shortly after Mikak and Tutuac left for Labrador. Mikak did not learn about Karpik's death until a year later. After her return, Mikak told her people stories of Europe and all of the wonderful things that happen there. The stories of the advanced technology available in England and large cities with stone buildings filled the Inuit with curiosity. She was a driving factor behind Inuit allowing the Moravians to establish a permanent settlement nearby. It was in 1770, a year after Mikak's return home, that the Moravians would finally arrive in Labrador to establish their mission settlement. Upon their arrival, they were greeted by Mikak who was wearing the dress that the Princess of Wales had previously given her as a show of diplomacy. With her during this meeting was her new husband Tuglavina, who she had married sometime during the previous year. The encounter went well, but the Moravians were skeptical and asked to be given proof that they would not be robbed or murdered by the Inuit during their stay in Labrador. Mikak was insulted, and maintained her position that the Moravians were welcome and would not be harmed. When the Moravians made a comment about the Inuit killing and stealing from the Europeans, Mikak replied by saying that the Europeans were known to kill and steal as well.
Establishment of Nain
Mikak and Tuglavina agreed to guide the Moravians and help them find a good place to establish a settlement. During this trip, they made many stops to preach to the Inuit. Mikak organized all of these encounters and without her, the Moravians would not have been accepted nearly to the extent that they were. On August 4 of 1771, the Moravians were preparing to head back to England for the winter. Mikak gave them 5 fox pelts to bring to friends of hers in England. Two of the furs were for Augusta, the Dowager Princess of Wales, and two were for Governor Hugh Palliser. Haven agreed to take Mikak's gifts and deliver them for her. Tuglavina then helped guide the Moravians into open water before returning to Mikak, which he was anxious to do as he was worried that one of the other men from his camp might run off with her. In 1771 a group of 14 Moravians returned to Labrador permanently. They decided to build their settlement in a different location than the one that they had decided on a year prior because the original location would have put them further away from both reliable food sources and the Inuit camps. The Moravians at this time still relied on Mikak to help them maintain relationships with the Inuit. Before long the Moravians decided on a location for their mission. They then started building, and before long, they founded the town of Nain, Labrador. During the building of Nain, the relationship between Mikak and the Moravians became strained, partly because of her new husband Tuglavina and his rambunctious spirit.
Return to Traditional Ways
After Mikak's falling out with the Moravians, her and her husband Tuglavina returned to living a traditional Inuit life. During the warmer months of the summer, they would travel in-land to Hunt migrating reindeer, then during the winter they would make their way to the coast in order to hunt seals, birds and whales. Traditional settlement patterns of the Inuit changed very much during this time period because the Inuit were attracted to the hunting grounds, but many of them also wanted to stay close to the mission in order to trade and be preached to by the Moravians. This was actually done intentionally by Hugh Palliser. Hugh Palliser was the Governor of Newfoundland at the time and he was in charge of ensuring that the fisheries on the southern coast became profitable. Originally, the fisheries were not turning a profit because of interference and stealing by the Inuit in the area. Palliser had the idea to establish the mission settlement in-land, with the hopes of drawing the Inuit further away from the fisheries on the coast. This was a mutually beneficial situation for Palliser and the Moravians because the fisheries began to turn a profit and the Moravians were given a land grant in order to preach to, and convert the Inuit. Up until 1773 Mikak had maintained some type of civil relationship with the Moravians. In 1773 She returns to the Moravians and begins to tell them about how she had been mistreated by Tuglavina. Apparently her husband had stolen another man named Pualo's wife and ran off with her. This made the Moravians upset as it went against everything that they had taught him, and they held Mikak equally responsible for Tuglavina's actions. It is not entirely known why, but Mikak falls out of favour with the Moravians. Tuglavina however, managed to maintain a decent relationship with the Moravians. Mikak had become a candidate for baptism at the same time as Tuglavina, but she did not manage to be baptized until much later than him, despite returning to Nain several times with hopes of being baptized.
Separation From Tuglavina
In 1774 Mikak returned to Nain with Tuglavina and her new son (not Tutuac). It is unclear if her second son is Tuglavina's child or not. Upon their return to Nain, both Tuglavina and Mikak wished to be converted to Christianity. Despite wishing to become Christian, Tuglavina left Mikak once again for the wife of a man named Pualo in 1774, and then again in 1775. Despite the Moravians deciding after each incident that they would have nothing more to do with Tuglavina, he would always return and the Moravians would accept him with somewhat open arms. After Mikak had been abandoned by Tuglavina three times, she decided she had had enough and formed a partnership with Pualo, the man whose wife had been stolen by Tuglavina. For the next several years Mikak and Pualo visited Nain occasionally, sometimes in the company of Tuglavina and the new family he had started. They lived a traditional lifestyle during these years, and lived off the land by hunting caribou during the warm months and hunting seals during the colder months.
Baptism of Mikak’s Family/Sled Rescue
The next time we hear from Mikak is during the winter of 1779–1780. Mikak and the other families who she was with decided not to relocate for the winter because they had managed to build up a good supply of meat that could have lasted them the winter. unfortunately, wolves got in to their supply of food and the Inuit were left stranded with very little rations left to survive on. In late January an Inuk arrived at Nain and told them about the stranded families. The Moravians sent out two sleds to retrieve the families in the beginning of February, 1780. The following winter, Mikak and Pualo were determined to go to their normal hunting grounds, but were convinced by the Moravians to stay instead. Mikak stayed with the hopes that her entire family would be baptized as Christians. Pualo, as well as both of Mikak's sons, were baptized as Christians during that winter. For some reason that goes unexplained, Mikak is not baptized during that winter and is refused baptism once again. By February of the same year, Mikak and her family had decided to move away from Nain. this decision was most likely inspired by the Moravians refusal to baptize Mikak once again.
Trading Trips to the South
After leaving Nain, Mikak decided to distance herself even further from the Moravians. She was a part of a group of Inuit who went south to trade with the Europeans in Chateau Bay. This was a direct act of defiance to the Moravians. The Moravians strongly discouraged the Inuit from going south, partly because they did not want to lose trade opportunities, but also because exposure to the Europeans could be dangerous for the Inuit as they had no immunity to European diseases like Smallpox. Mikak and her family returned to Nain briefly a year later. Upon arriving, Pualo asked the Moravians if they would baptize Mikak. Pualo told them that he believed it would help them during trade negotiations while in the south. This offended the Moravians, who were very clear about their feelings on the Inuit travelling south for trade. They rejected his request outright and Mikak and her family Promptly left Nain once again. In the summer of 1783 Mikak and her family left for chateau bay with a group of 180 Inuit against the wishes of the Moravians. Many Inuit died during this trip, either from diseases acquired while trading, infection or murder. Mikak's second husband Pualo was one of the men that died during this time period, most likely from some type of infection.
Final Years/Death
Not much was recorded about Mikak's Final years. It is widely assumed that she spent most of the last years of her life continuing to travel south to trade near Chateau Bay. Mikak returned to Nain one last time in late September 1795 and was in very poor health. Barely able to speak, she expressed her desire to be baptised as a Christian before her death. The Moravians finally agreed to baptise Mikak. On the first day of October, 1795, Mikak died while under the care of the Moravian missionaries in Nain, Labrador and was buried at the Nain cemetery.
References
Notes
External links
Them Days Labrador Heritage
Labrador Mission 100 years
Famous Canadian Women
Nain
Inuit from Newfoundland and Labrador
1740s births
1795 deaths
People from Labrador
Newfoundland Colony people
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikak |
Flexor retinaculum may be:
Flexor retinaculum of the hand ()
Flexor retinaculum of foot () | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexor%20retinaculum |
In laptop computing, the XJACK is a type of extendable connector or antenna for a type II PC card, designed by the Megahertz subsidiary of 3Com. When not in use, the XJACK retracts into the PC card for storage.
The XJACK was originally used in modem and network cards, to attach a standard RJ11 or 8P8C plug directly to the PC card. They do not require a separate dongle, which could be lost or misplaced, and do not need to be removed from the laptop when travelling. An alternative approach is to use larger type III cards with a regular modular connector socket, but this approach requires more space.
Wi-Fi PC cards for accessing wireless networks have an external portion containing the antenna for improved reception (as compared with inside the laptop), but this portion of the card may be accidentally damaged while moving the laptop. 3Com manufactured wireless cards with retractable antenna portions, also under the XJACK name. Other companies have since manufactured wireless cards with retractable antennas.
References
Computer connectors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XJACK |
Billboard Year-End charts are cumulative rankings of entries in Billboard magazine charts in the United States in any given chart year. Several hundred Year-End charts are now published by Billboard, the most important of which are the single or album charts based on Hot 100 and Billboard 200 respectively.
Billboard's "chart year" runs from the first Billboard "week" of December to the final week in November, but because the Billboard week is dated in advance of publication, the last calendar week for which sales are counted is usually the third week in November. This altered calendar allows for Billboard to calculate year-end charts and release them in time for its final print issue in the last week of December.
Due to this methodology, albums at the peak of their popularity at the time of the November/December chart-year cutoff many times end up ranked lower than one would expect on a year-end tally, yet are ranked on the following year's chart as well, as their cumulative points are split between the two chart years.
History
Various listings, such as top radio tunes, popular songs on jukebox, top artists, and best-selling sheet music of the year, had been published for a number of years. Best-selling records of the year based on Billboards Music Popularity Charts was also published for 1942. A chart covering the year 1945 based on "Honor Roll of Hits", where the same song by different artists were amalgamated into one, was published.
In January 1947, Billboard release its first annual charts for the year 1946, initially called "Annual Music Record Poll", which included records charts where songs by different artists were listed separately. In the early years, the annual charts for a particular year were dated in January the following year. Starting in 1952, the release date was moved earlier to December the same year to provide disk jockeys with listings for their end-of-year programming. The chart year therefore also shifted, for example, the year of 1952 covered the first week of the year until the December 20 issue and the charts published dated December 27, while the 1953 year-end charts were dated December 19. The published dates have fluctuated, but Billboard's chart year now runs from the first Billboard "week" of December to the final week of November.
Methodology
Prior to incorporating chart data from Nielsen SoundScan (from 1991), year-end charts were calculated by an inverse-point system based solely on a title's performance (for example a single appearing on the Billboard Hot 100 would be given one point for a week spent at position 100, two points for a week spent at position ninety-nine, and so forth, up to 100 points for each week spent at number one). Other factors including the total weeks a song spent on the chart and at its peak position were calculated into its year-end total. The same method was used for albums based on the Billboard 200, and songs appearing on the other charts (e.g. Hot Country Singles).
After Billboard began obtaining sales and airplay information from Nielsen SoundScan and Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems, the year-end charts are now calculated by a very straightforward cumulative total of yearlong sales (or sales and airplay) points. This gives a more accurate picture of any given year's most popular titles, as an entry that hypothetically spent nine weeks at number one in the spring could possibly have earned fewer cumulative points than one spending six weeks at number three in January.
Exceptions appeared to be in the 1980s as songs with chart runs were as high as they were as if they were in the chart for a whole year. Two examples are "Desire" by U2 and "How Can I Fall?" by Breathe (both in 1988), which both peaked at number 3 in November and December, respectively. "Desire" came in at number 56 in the 1988 year-end, then "How Can I Fall?" would take the number 27 spot in 1989, despite "Desire" appearing in only nine issues of the chart in the 1988 charting year, and "How Can I Fall?" having appeared in five in 1989. ("He's So Shy" had 14 in the 1980 charting year and in 12 in that of 1981, but appeared in neither year-end.)
Songs are also not always placed as high in the Decade-End and All Time charts as they were in the Year-End. In the Decade-End, an example is in the 2008 year end which showed "No Air" by Jordin Sparks and Chris Brown and "I Kissed a Girl" by Katy Perry at numbers six and 14 respectively, but only "I Kissed a Girl" was in the decade-end of the two, at number 66. And another example is from the 1979 year end where "My Sharona" by The Knack is the number one song of 1979, but lower than "Hot Stuff" by Donna Summer in the all time chart. ("My Sharona" is number 95, "Hot Stuff" at No. 87 and number seven in the 1979 year-end.)
George Michael, the Beatles, Elton John (under Dionne & Friends for the song "That's What Friends Are For") and Elvis Presley are the only four artists to have ever achieved two year-end number-ones. The Beatles, Usher and Justin Bieber are the only three artists to hold the top-two positions of the Year-End Hot 100.
Billboard Number One Awards (1971–1989)
Prior to the inauguration of the Billboard Music Awards in 1990, the magazine had the "Number One Awards" to honor the top-performing artists in each of the year-end chart categories. The first Billboard Number One Awards presentation was hosted by Gary Owens in August 1972 at Franco's La Taverna Restaurant, Los Angeles, where trophies were presented to artists who topped the 1971 year-end charts.
Billboard year-end number ones
Pop
Singles: Best Sellers in Stores ('40s-1958), Billboard Hot 100 (1958-present)
Albums: Best-Selling Popular Albums (1955–1956), Best-Selling Pop Albums (1956–1957), Best-Selling Pop LPs (1957–1959), Top LPs (1963–1972), Top LPs & Tapes (1972–1984), Top 200 Albums (1984), Top Pop Albums (1985–1991), The Billboard 200 Top Albums (1991–1992), Billboard 200 (1992-present), Top Artists (1981-present)
Between 1959 and 1963 the chart was divided in a stereo chart and a mono chart and were named Best-Selling Stereophonic LPs and Best-Selling Monophonic LPs (1959–1960), Stereo Action Charts and Mono Action Charts (1960–1961), Action Albums—Stereophonic and Action Albums—Monophonic (1961) and Top LPs—Stereo and Top LPs—Monaural (1961–1963).
R&B / Soul / Hip-hop
Singles: Hot Soul Singles, Hot Black Singles, Hot R&B Singles, Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks, Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Note: Billboard did not publish a singles chart for R&B songs from late 1963 through early 1965.)
Albums: Top Soul Albums, Top Black Albums, Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums
Country
Singles: Hot Country Singles, Hot Country Singles & Tracks, Hot Country Songs
Albums: Top Country Albums
See also
List of best-selling albums by year in the United States
References
Sources
Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955–2002 ()
Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Albums, 6th edition, ()
Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboards online archive services and print editions of the magazine.
External links
Billboard Year-End charts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard%20Year-End |
The Antarctic Conservation Act, enacted in 1978 by the 95th United States Congress (), and amended by , is a United States federal law that addresses the issue of environmental conservation on the continent of Antarctica. The Departments of the Treasury, Interior and Commerce are responsible for the Act's enforcement.
The Act can be found in .
Purpose
Until the 1960s, few rules existed regarding activities in Antarctica. Fishing, whaling and sealing were uncontrolled, and various species were threatened with extinction. Tourists and research stations littered and polluted. In 1961 the Antarctic Treaty was established to protect the continent, and establishes major restrictions and responsibilities on visitors and uses.
As part of its responsibilities as a signatory to the Antarctic Treaty, the United States passed the Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978 to establish rules for all U.S. citizens, U.S. corporations, and certain persons who participate in U.S. government expeditions visiting or operating in Antarctica, as well as U.S. citizens who handle certain Antarctic animals and plants, and other persons handling Antarctic animals and plants while in the U.S.
The act makes it:
“(…) unlawful, unless authorized by permit, to:
take native mammals or birds
enter specially designated areas
introduce nonindigenous species to Antarctica
use or discharge designated pollutants
discharge wastes
import certain antarctic items into the United States”
See also
Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora
References
External links
Summary from Federal Wildlife Laws Handbook
Antarctic Conservation Act National Science Foundation
1978 in American law
1978 in international relations
United States federal environmental legislation
Antarctica agreements
Environment of Antarctica
1978 in the environment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic%20Conservation%20Act |
Scalphunter may refer to:
Scalphunter (DC Comics), a DC Comics hero of the Wild West
Scalphunter (Marvel Comics), a Marvel Comics supervillain who is a member of the Marauders
The Scalphunters, a 1968 American Western film
See also
Scalp (disambiguation)
Scalping (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalphunter |
FashionTelevision, also known as FT, is a Canadian-produced special interest show focusing on fashion. The show, created by Jay Levine in 1985, was last hosted by Jeanne Beker. Production of the broadcast ended on April 11, 2012.
The program was originally a local production of CITY-TV Toronto, the original Citytv station. Its popularity there led it to eventually be carried across Canada on various channels owned by CHUM Limited, the station's owner, later spawning its own specialty cable channel, Fashion Television. The show was also broadcast in syndication for many years on VH1, E! and sister network style in the United States, and it continues to air in many parts of Europe, making Beker a very recognizable person in the fashion world.
The show's theme song was "Obsession" by the group Animotion.
CTV's parent company, CTVglobemedia, bought out CHUM in June 2007. CityTV, which remained the nominal producer of the show throughout its history, was sold to Rogers Communications; however, because CTVglobemedia kept the spin-off channel, it was also entitled to the rights to the show itself. FT'''s terrestrial broadcasts moved from Citytv to the CTV network in January 2008.
On April 11, 2012, host Jeanne Beker broke the news on Twitter by saying "This dream is over: After 27 glorious years, FT'' production ceased today."
External links
Official website
Online Video Content
FT Podcasts
Citytv original programming
CTV Television Network original programming
CTV 2 original programming
E! original programming
Entertainment news shows in Canada
Fashion-themed television series
Fashion journalism
1985 Canadian television series debuts
2012 Canadian television series endings
English-language television shows
1980s Canadian television news shows
1990s Canadian television news shows
2000s Canadian television news shows
2010s Canadian television news shows
Television series by Bell Media | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FashionTelevision |
Springfield Hospital Center is a regional psychiatric hospital located in Sykesville, Maryland, United States. It first opened in 1896.
William Patterson, a founder of the B&O railroad, built Springfield as a summer home and slave plantation on 3,000 acres. The estate was later purchased by Frank Brown who would become the Governor of Maryland. While serving as governor, he sold the estate to the State of Maryland for a mental hospital.
It is operated by the Maryland Department of Health through the Mental Hygiene Administration. The historic core of the hospital was added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Warfield Complex, Hubner, and T Buildings in 2000.
See also
Henryton State Hospital
References
External links
Springfield Hospital Center website
train enthusiast website of Springfield spur
Psychiatric hospitals in Maryland
Hospitals established in 1896
Buildings and structures in Carroll County, Maryland
Sykesville, Maryland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield%20Hospital%20Center |
Sampiero Corso (, born Sampiero da Bastelica; 1498 – 17 January 1567) was a Corsican soldier, father of the Marshal of France Alphonse d'Ornano.
Early career
Born in Bastelica as a common man (although his mother was of the lower nobility), he became a condottiero mercenary at age 14, serving Giovanni de' Medici, then Pope Clement VII, and, in 1530, Ippolito de' Medici.
As of 1535, Sampiero's career was tied to the French House of Valois. He fought successfully for King Francis I, alongside the Chevalier de Bayard, in the Italian Wars; in 1547, he acquired the rank of colonel of the mercenary Corsican troops, and, in accordance with usage, became known by his moniker (indicative of his place of origin). The renown ensured his large fortune, and he married the noblewoman Vannina d'Ornano (he was 49, she was just 15).
First Corsican expedition
Sampiero's expertise became most important as France tried to gain the advantage over Habsburg Spain by occupying the strategically located Corsica (also striking the Republic of Genoa, Spain's ally and overlord of the island). Henry II appointed Sampiero leader of a military expedition in the area.
With French and Ottoman support, he landed on the shores of Corsica in 1553, and managed to summon a revolt against the Genoese, defeating the troops of Andrea Doria on several occasions. However, the French became preoccupied by the ties established between the new English Queen Mary Tudor and Emperor Charles V. Sampiero was recalled in 1555, and a five-year armistice was signed the next year between France and Genoa, in Vaucelles. Genoa reoccupied Calvi and Bastia, but the rest of the island remained French - under the rule of Giordano Orsini (Jourdan des Ursins, a member of the Orsini family).
After the French defeat in the battle of St. Quentin of the Habsburg-Valois War (1557), and with the Peace of Cateau Cambrésis (1559), Corsica was relinquished to Genoa. Although the French negotiators had attempted to keep hold of the island, it was returned to ensure possession of Calais, Metz, Toul, and Verdun.
Later life
Sampiero Corso became governor of Aix-en-Provence in 1560, then was appointed French envoy to the Porte. While in Istanbul, he left his wife and children in the mansion he owned in Marseille; the young woman was corrupted by a Genoese spy who had become tutor of their children, Michelangelo Ombrone, and sold off Sampiero's assets before embarking for Genoa. Sampiero was warned, and had the vessel intercepted. He judged his wife on the spot, found her guilty and gave her three days to prepare for her fate. On the day of her execution, she asked to be strangled by Sampiero rather than fall victim to an executioner. A modern legend holds this to have been partial inspiration for William Shakespeare's Othello.
Backed by Catherine de' Medici, Sampiero returned to Corsica in 1564, leading a group of Corsicans and Gascon mercenaries. Although initially victorious in several skirmishes, he was soon left without French support, as well as faced with the indifference of the population and the suspicion of the Corsican nobility (dominant families fled to Genoa). The Ornano family placed 2,000 ducats on his head, while Genoa offered 4,000.
He was ambushed and decapitated by rival Corsican mercenaries - a group which included three of his wife's cousins. His head was exposed in Ajaccio.
In culture
The Corsican condottiero is the main character in the opera Sampiero Corso by Marseilles-born Henri Tomasi, who was of Corsican descent.
Further reading
1498 births
1567 deaths
People from Corse-du-Sud
Corsican nationalists
16th-century condottieri
Military leaders of the Italian Wars
Assassinated French politicians
Deaths by decapitation
Murder in 1567
16th-century assassinated politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampiero%20Corso |
All electronic devices and circuitry generate excess heat and thus require thermal management to improve reliability and prevent premature failure. The amount of heat output is equal to the power input, if there are no other energy interactions. There are several techniques for cooling including various styles of heat sinks, thermoelectric coolers, forced air systems and fans, heat pipes, and others. In cases of extreme low environmental temperatures, it may actually be necessary to heat the electronic components to achieve satisfactory operation.
Overview
Thermal resistance of devices
This is usually quoted as the thermal resistance from junction to case of the semiconductor device. The units are °C/W. For example, a heatsink rated at 10 °C/W will get 10 °C hotter than the surrounding air when it dissipates 1 Watt of heat. Thus, a heatsink with a low °C/W value is more efficient than a heatsink with a high °C/W value.
Given two semiconductor devices in the same package, a lower junction to ambient resistance (RθJ-C) indicates a more efficient device. However, when comparing two devices with different die-free package thermal resistances (Ex. DirectFET MT vs wirebond 5x6mm PQFN), their junction to ambient or junction to case resistance values may not correlate directly to their comparative efficiencies. Different semiconductor packages may have different die orientations, different copper(or other metal) mass surrounding the die, different die attach mechanics, and different molding thickness, all of which could yield significantly different junction to case or junction to ambient resistance values, and could thus obscure overall efficiency numbers.
Thermal time constants
A heatsink's thermal mass can be considered as a capacitor (storing heat instead of charge) and the thermal resistance as an electrical resistance (giving a measure of how fast stored heat can be dissipated). Together, these two components form a thermal RC circuit with an associated time constant given by the product of R and C. This quantity can be used to calculate the dynamic heat dissipation capability of a device, in an analogous way to the electrical case.
Thermal interface material
A thermal interface material or mastic (aka TIM) is used to fill the gaps between thermal transfer surfaces, such as between microprocessors and heatsinks, in order to increase thermal transfer efficiency.
It has a higher thermal conductivity value in Z-direction than xy-direction.
Applications
Personal computers
Due to recent technological developments and public interest, the retail heat sink market has reached an all-time high. In the early 2000s, CPUs were produced that emitted more and more heat than earlier, escalating requirements for quality cooling systems.
Overclocking has always meant greater cooling needs, and the inherently hotter chips meant more concerns for the enthusiast. Efficient heat sinks are vital to overclocked computer systems because the higher a microprocessor's cooling rate, the faster the computer can operate without instability; generally, faster operation leads to higher performance. Many companies now compete to offer the best heat sink for PC overclocking enthusiasts. Prominent aftermarket heat sink manufacturers include: Aero Cool, Foxconn, Thermalright, Thermaltake, Swiftech, and Zalman.
Soldering
Temporary heat sinks were sometimes used while soldering circuit boards, preventing excessive heat from damaging sensitive nearby electronics. In the simplest case, this means partially gripping a component using a heavy metal crocodile clip or similar clamp. Modern semiconductor devices, which are designed to be assembled by reflow soldering, can usually tolerate soldering temperatures without damage. On the other hand, electrical components such as magnetic reed switches can malfunction if exposed to higher powered soldering irons, so this practice is still very much in use.
Batteries
In the battery used for electric vehicles, Nominal battery performance is usually specified for working temperatures somewhere in the +20 °C to +30 °C range; however, the actual performance can deviate substantially from this if the battery is operated at higher or, in particular, lower temperatures, so some electric cars have heating and cooling for their batteries.
Methodologies
Heat sinks
Heat sinks are widely used in electronics and have become essential to modern microelectronics. In common use, it is a metal object brought into contact with an electronic component's hot surface—though in most cases, a thin thermal interface material mediates between the two surfaces. Microprocessors and power handling semiconductors are examples of electronics that need a heat sink to reduce their temperature through increased thermal mass and heat dissipation (primarily by conduction and convection and to a lesser extent by radiation). Heat sinks have become almost essential to modern integrated circuits like microprocessors, DSPs, GPUs, and more.
A heat sink usually consists of a metal structure with one or more flat surfaces to ensure good thermal contact with the components to be cooled, and an array of comb or fin like protrusions to increase the surface contact with the air, and thus the rate of heat dissipation.
A heat sink is sometimes used in conjunction with a fan to increase the rate of airflow over the heat sink. This maintains a larger temperature gradient by replacing warmed air faster than convection would. This is known as a forced air system.
Cold plate
Placing a conductive thick metal plate, referred to as a cold plate, as a heat transfer interface between a heat source and a cold flowing fluid (or any other heat sink) may improve the cooling performance. In such arrangement, the heat source is cooled under the thick plate instead of being cooled in direct contact with the cooling fluid. It is shown that the thick plate can significantly improve the heat transfer between the heat source and the cooling fluid by way of conducting the heat current in an optimal manner. The two most attractive advantages of this method are that no additional pumping power and no extra heat transfer surface area, that is quite different from fins (extended surfaces).
Principle
Heat sinks function by efficiently transferring thermal energy ("heat") from an object at high temperature to a second object at a lower temperature with a much greater heat capacity. This rapid transfer of thermal energy quickly brings the first object into thermal equilibrium with the second, lowering the temperature of the first object, fulfilling the heat sink's role as a cooling device. Efficient function of a heat sink relies on rapid transfer of thermal energy from the first object to the heat sink, and the heat sink to the second object.
The most common design of a heat sink is a metal device with many fins. The high thermal conductivity of the metal combined with its large surface area result in the rapid transfer of thermal energy to the surrounding, cooler, air. This cools the heat sink and whatever it is in direct thermal contact with. Use of fluids (for example coolants in refrigeration) and thermal interface material (in cooling electronic devices) ensures good transfer of thermal energy to the heat sink. Similarly, a fan may improve the transfer of thermal energy from the heat sink to the air.
Construction and materials
A heat sink usually consists of a base with one or more flat surfaces and an array of comb or fin-like protrusions to increase the heat sink's surface area contacting the air, and thus increasing the heat dissipation rate. While a heat sink is a static object, a fan often aids a heat sink by providing increased airflow over the heat sink—thus maintaining a larger temperature gradient by replacing the warmed air more quickly than passive convection achieves alone—this is known as a forced-air system.
Ideally, heat sinks are made from a good thermal conductor such as silver, gold, copper, or aluminum alloy. Copper and aluminum are among the most-frequently used materials for this purpose within electronic devices. Copper (401 W/(m·K) at 300 K) is significantly more expensive than aluminum (237 W/(m·K) at 300 K) but is also roughly twice as efficient as a thermal conductor. Aluminum has the significant advantage that it can be easily formed by extrusion, thus making complex cross-sections possible. Aluminum is also much lighter than copper, offering less mechanical stress on delicate electronic components. Some heat sinks made from aluminum have a copper core as a trade off. The heat sink's contact surface (the base) must be flat and smooth to ensure the best thermal contact with the object needing cooling. Frequently a thermally conductive grease is used to ensure optimal thermal contact; such compounds often contain colloidal silver. Further, a clamping mechanism, screws, or thermal adhesive hold the heat sink tightly onto the component, but specifically without pressure that would crush the component.
Performance
Heat sink performance (including free convection, forced convection, liquid cooled, and any combination thereof) is a function of material, geometry, and overall surface heat transfer coefficient. Generally, forced convection heat sink thermal performance is improved by increasing the thermal conductivity of the heat sink materials, increasing the surface area (usually by adding extended surfaces, such as fins or foam metal) and by increasing the overall area heat transfer coefficient (usually by increase fluid velocity, such as adding fans, pumps, etc.).
Online heat sink calculators from companies such as Novel Concepts, Inc. and at www.heatsinkcalculator.com can accurately estimate forced and natural convection heat sink performance. For more complex heat sink geometries, or heat sinks with multiple materials or multiple fluids, computation fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis is recommended (see graphics on this page).
Convective air cooling
This term describes device cooling by the convection currents of the warm air being allowed to escape the confines of the component to be replaced by cooler air. Since warm air normally rises, this method usually requires venting at the top or sides of the casing to be effective.
Forced air cooling
If there is more air being forced into a system than being pumped out (due to an imbalance in the number of fans), this is referred to as a 'positive' airflow, as the pressure inside the unit is higher than outside.
A balanced or neutral airflow is the most efficient, although a slightly positive airflow can result in less dust build up if filtered properly
Heat pipes
A heat pipe is a heat transfer device that uses evaporation and condensation of a two-phase "working fluid" or coolant to transport large quantities of heat with a very small difference in temperature between the hot and cold interfaces. A typical heat pipe consists of sealed hollow tube made of a thermoconductive metal such as copper or aluminium, and a wick to return the working fluid from the evaporator to the condenser. The pipe contains both saturated liquid and vapor of a working fluid (such as water, methanol or ammonia), all other gases being excluded. The most common heat pipe for electronics thermal management has a copper envelope and wick, with water as the working fluid. Copper/methanol is used if the heat pipe needs to operate below the freezing point of water, and aluminum/ammonia heat pipes are used for electronics cooling in space.
The advantage of heat pipes is their great efficiency in transferring heat. The thermal conductivity of heat pipes can be as high as 100,000 W/m K, in contrast to copper, which has a thermal conductivity of around 400 W/m K.
Peltier cooling plates
Peltier cooling plates take advantage of the Peltier effect to create a heat flux between the junction of two different conductors of electricity by applying an electric current. This effect is commonly used for cooling electronic components and small instruments. In practice, many such junctions may be arranged in series to increase the effect to the amount of heating or cooling required.
There are no moving parts, so a Peltier plate is maintenance free. It has a relatively low efficiency, so thermoelectric cooling is generally used for electronic devices, such as infra-red sensors, that need to operate at temperatures below ambient. For cooling these devices, the solid state nature of the Peltier plates outweighs their poor efficiency. Thermoelectric junctions are typically around 10% as efficient as the ideal Carnot cycle refrigerator, compared with 40% achieved by conventional compression cycle systems.
Synthetic jet air cooling
A synthetic jet is produced by a continual flow of vortices that are formed by alternating brief ejection and suction of air across an opening such that the net mass flux is zero. A unique feature of these jets is that they are formed entirely from the working fluid of the flow system in which they are deployed can produce a net momentum to the flow of a system without net mass injection to the system.
Synthetic jet air movers have no moving parts and are thus maintenance free. Due to the high heat transfer coefficients, high reliability but lower overall flow rates, Synthetic jet air movers are usually used at the chip level and not at the system level for cooling. However depending on the size and complexity of the systems they can be used for both at times.
Electrostatic fluid acceleration
An electrostatic fluid accelerator (EFA) is a device which pumps a fluid such as air without any moving parts. Instead of using rotating blades, as in a conventional fan, an EFA uses an electric field to propel electrically charged air molecules. Because air molecules are normally neutrally charged, the EFA has to create some charged molecules, or ions, first. Thus there are three basic steps in the fluid acceleration process: ionize air molecules, use those ions to push many more neutral molecules in a desired direction, and then recapture and neutralize the ions to eliminate any net charge.
The basic principle has been understood for some time but only in recent years have seen developments in the design and manufacture of EFA devices that may allow them to find practical and economical applications, such as in micro-cooling of electronics components.
Recent developments
More recently, high thermal conductivity materials such as synthetic diamond and boron arsenide cooling sinks are being researched to provide better cooling. Boron arsenide has been reported with high thermal conductivity and high thermal boundary conductance with gallium nitride transistors and thus better performance than diamond and silicon carbide cooling technologies. Also, some heat sinks are constructed of multiple materials with desirable characteristics, such as phase change materials, which can store a great deal of energy due to their heat of fusion.
Thermal simulation of electronics
Thermal simulations give engineers a visual representation of the temperature and airflow inside the equipment. Thermal simulations enable engineers to design the cooling system; to optimise a design to reduce power consumption, weight and cost; and to verify the thermal design to ensure there are no issues when the equipment is built. Most thermal simulation software uses Computational fluid dynamics techniques to predict temperature and airflow of an electronics system.
Design
Thermal simulation is often required to determine how to effectively cool components within design constraints. Simulation enables the design and verification of the thermal design of the equipment at a very early stage and throughout the design of the electronic and mechanical parts. Designing with thermal properties in mind from the start reduces the risk of last minute design changes to fix thermal issues.
Using thermal simulation as part of the design process enables the creation of an optimal and innovative product design that performs to specification and meets customers' reliability requirements.
Optimise
It is easy to design a cooling system for almost any equipment if there is unlimited space, power and budget. However, the majority of equipment will have a rigid specification that leaves a limited margin for error. There is a constant pressure to reduce power requirements, system weight and cost parts, without compromising performance or reliability. Thermal simulation allows experimentation with optimisation, such as modifying heatsink geometry or reducing fan speeds in a virtual environment, which is faster, cheaper and safer than physical experiment and measurement.
Verify
Traditionally, the first time the thermal design of the equipment is verified is after a prototype has been built. The device is powered up, perhaps inside an environmental chamber, and temperatures of the critical parts of the system are measured using sensors such as thermocouples. If any problems are discovered, the project is delayed while a solution is sought. A change to the design of a PCB or enclosure part may be required to fix the issue, which will take time and cost a significant amount of money. If thermal simulation is used as part of the design process of the equipment, thermal design issue will be identified before a prototype is built. Fixing an issue at the design stage is both quicker and cheaper than modifying the design after a prototype is created.
Software
There are a wide range of software tools that are designed for thermal simulation of electronics include 6SigmaET, Ansys' IcePak and Mentor Graphics' FloTHERM.
Telecommunications environments
Thermal management measures must be taken to accommodate high heat release equipment in telecommunications rooms. Generic supplemental/spot cooling techniques, as well as turnkey cooling solutions developed by equipment manufacturers are viable solutions. Such solutions could allow very high heat release equipment to be housed in a central office that has a heat density at or near the cooling capacity available from the central air handler.
According to Telcordia GR-3028, Thermal Management in Telecommunications Central Offices, the most common way of cooling modern telecommunications equipment internally is by utilizing multiple high-speed fans to create forced convection cooling. Although direct and indirect liquid cooling may be introduced in the future, the current design of new electronic equipment is geared towards maintaining air as the cooling medium.
A well-developed "holistic" approach is required to understand current and future thermal management problems. Space cooling on one hand, and equipment cooling on the other, cannot be viewed as two isolated parts of the overall thermal challenge. The main purpose of an equipment facility's air-distribution system is to distribute conditioned air in such a way that the electronic equipment is cooled effectively. The overall cooling efficiency depends on how the air distribution system moves air through the equipment room, how the equipment moves air through the equipment frames, and how these airflows interact with one another. High heat-dissipation levels rely heavily on a seamless integration of equipment-cooling and room-cooling designs.
The existing environmental solutions in telecommunications facilities have inherent limitations. For example, most mature central offices have limited space available for large air duct installations that are required for cooling high heat density equipment rooms. Furthermore, steep temperature gradients develop quickly should a cooling outage occur; this has been well documented through computer modeling and direct measurements and observations. Although environmental backup systems may be in place, there are situations when they will not help. In a recent case, telecommunications equipment in a major central office was overheated, and critical services were interrupted by a complete cooling shut down initiated by a false smoke alarm.
A major obstacle for effective thermal management is the way heat-release data is currently reported. Suppliers generally specify the maximum (nameplate) heat release from the equipment. In reality, equipment configuration and traffic diversity will result in significantly lower heat release numbers.
Equipment cooling classes
As stated in GR-3028, most equipment environments maintain cool front (maintenance) aisles and hot rear (wiring) aisles, where cool supply air is delivered to the front aisles and hot air is removed from the rear aisles. This scheme provides multiple benefits, including effective equipment cooling and high thermal efficiency.
In the traditional room cooling class utilized by the majority of service providers, equipment cooling would benefit from air intake and exhaust locations that help move air from the front aisle to the rear aisle. The traditional front-bottom to top-rear pattern, however, has been replaced in some equipment with other airflow patterns that may not ensure adequate equipment cooling in high heat density areas.
A classification of equipment (shelves and cabinets) into Equipment-Cooling (EC) classes serves the purpose of classifying the equipment with regard to the cooling air intake and hot air exhaust locations, i.e., the equipment airflow schemes or protocols.
The EC-Class syntax provides a flexible and important “common language.” It is used for developing Heat-Release Targets (HRTs), which are important for network reliability, equipment and space planning, and infrastructure capacity planning. HRTs take into account physical limitations of the environment and environmental baseline criteria, including the supply airflow capacity, air diffusion into the equipment space, and air-distribution/equipment interactions. In addition to being used for developing the HRTs, the EC Classification can be used to show compliance on product sheets, provide internal design specifications, or specify requirements in purchase orders.
The Room-Cooling classification (RC-Class) refers to the way the overall equipment space
is air-conditioned (cooled). The main purpose of RC-Classes is to provide a logical classification and description of legacy and non-legacy room-cooling schemes or protocols in the central office environment. In addition to being used for developing HRTs, the RC-classification can be used in internal central office design specifications or in purchase orders.
Supplemental-Cooling classes (SC-Class) provide a classification of supplemental cooling techniques. Service providers use supplemental/spot-cooling solutions to supplement the
cooling capacity (e.g., to treat occurrences of “hot spots”) provided by the general
room-cooling protocol as expressed by the RC-Class.
Economic impact
Energy consumption by telecommunications equipment currently accounts for a high percentage of the total energy consumed in central offices. Most of this energy is subsequently released as heat to the surrounding equipment space. Since most of the remaining central office energy use goes to cool the equipment room, the economic impact of making the electronic equipment energy-efficient would be considerable for companies that use and operate telecommunications equipment. It would reduce capital costs for support systems, and improve thermal conditions in the equipment room.
See also
Heat generation in integrated circuits
Thermal resistance in electronics
Thermal management of high-power LEDs
Thermal design power
Heat pipe
Computer cooling
Radiator
Active cooling
References
Further reading
External links
Computer hardware cooling
Electronic design
de:Kühlkörper
es:Disipador
fr:Radiateur#.C3.89changeur solide.2Fair
it:Dissipatore (elettronica)
he:צלעות קירור
lt:Radiatorius (elektronikoje)
nl:Koelvin
ja:ヒートシンク
pl:Radiator
pt:Dissipador
ru:Кулер
sk:Chladič (elektronika) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20management%20%28electronics%29 |
Chrysostomos (golden-mouthed) was a common epithet for orators. Chrysostomos or Chrysostom may refer to:
Dio Chrysostom (40–120), Greco-Roman philosopher
John Chrysostom (347–407), bishop of Constantinople and Christian church father and saint
Chrysostomos of Smyrna (1867–1922), Greek Orthodox bishop of Smyrna (1910–1914, 1919–1922) and saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church
Chrysostomos of Zakynthos (1890–1958), Greek Orthodox bishop of Zakynthos during the Second World War
Chrysostomos I of Messinia (1906–1961), Greek Orthodox bishop of Messinia during the Second World War
Archbishop Chrysostomos I of Athens (1868–1938), Archbishop of Athens (1923–1938)
Archbishop Chrysostomos II of Athens (1880–1968), Archbishop of Athens (1962–1967)
Archbishop Chrysostomos I of Cyprus (1927–2007), Archbishop of the Cypriot Orthodox Church (1977–2006)
Archbishop Chrysostomos II of Cyprus (1941–2022), Archbishop of the Cypriot Orthodox Church (2006–2022)
Chrysostomos, a town on Icaria, Greece
People with the name
Jan Chryzostom Pasek (1636–1701), Polish nobleman and writer
Ján Chryzostom Korec (1924–2015), Slovak Jesuit priest and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
Yoohanon Mar Chrysostom (born 1944), Catholic Bishop of the Eparchy of Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India
See also
Chrysostome (disambiguation)
Chrysostomus (disambiguation)
Crisostomo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysostomos |
Browndale may refer to any of the following communities:
Canada
Brownsdale, Newfoundland and Labrador, a small fishing village on the Trinity Bay side of the northern tip of the Bay de Verde Peninsula, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
United States
Brownsdale, Florida an unincorporated community in Santa Rosa County, Florida
Brownsdale, Minnesota, a city in Mower County, Minnesota
Brownsdale, an unincorporated community in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
Brownsdale, an unincorporated community in Butler County, Pennsylvania
Brownsdale, an unincorporated community in Wayne County, Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsdale |
The giant slalom is conducted in two runs, with emphasis on manoeuvering rather than speed as the gates are fairly close together – but not as close as in slalom. The giant slalom also promotes endurance, with the primary difference between it and the slalom competition being the length of the course - the difference in level in giant slalom is 300 to 450 metres, while in slalom it is between 180 and 220 metres. This also leads to the gates being further apart in giant slalom. The men's giant slalom took place on 20 February.
Stephan Eberharter won the 2002 giant slalom gold, but he had since retired . The 2005 World Champion, Hermann Maier had skied ahead of the Olympics, however, and was fourth in the giant slalom World Cup – which was headed by Maier's compatriot Benjamin Raich.
Results
Complete results from the men's giant slalom event at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
References
External links
Official Olympic Report
Giant slalom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine%20skiing%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20giant%20slalom |
Hampstead School is a large comprehensive school in the London Borough of Camden, England. The school building is one of the oldest in the borough. It has about 1,300 students between the ages of 11 and 19 attending the Lower School (Year 7 through to Year 11) and the Sixth Form College (Year 12 and Year 13).
The current head teacher of Hampstead School is Matt Sadler, when Jacque Szemalikowski resigns in 2020.
History
The main building on Westbere Road was originally the site of Haberdashers' Aske's Hampstead School having relocated from its Hoxton premises in January 1903 and before moving again to its current location in Elstree to become Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School. Hampstead School was founded as a secondary modern in 1961 and incorporated Harben Secondary Modern School in Netherwood Street, Kilburn, before becoming a comprehensive. The old school's Latin motto Is est emendo; tendo quod macula iocus notitia (to correct faults, give direction and impart knowledge) can still be seen on the face of the main building.
Academic standards
The school was awarded a 'gold star' accolade by Ofsted in 2001, which placed it within the top 6% of schools in the country. This was despite half of its 1,275 pupils speaking English as a second language and 10 per cent being refugees. Compared with similar schools, Hampstead was rated well above average for exam results and given an 'A' grade.
Some aspects of the school's performance according to Ofsted dipped after the 2005 inspection. In particular, attendance and GCSE results fell sharply in 2006. However, according to Ofsted this dip was corrected by 2008.
GCSE students sitting their examinations in 2010 achieved the school's highest Key Stage 4 results to date, surpassing the record set by the 2009 cohort.
The 2012 Ofsted report graded the school as 'good' for both achievement of pupils and quality of teaching.
Sixth Form
The school's approach means that students enter the sixth form with below average standards. Most go on to university when they leave.
The Hampstead Trash
In 2013 the head teacher reported to the police a student who had set up a website critical of the school.
Debating
The school's Debating Society meets every Friday and includes students from all year groups.
In 2005, 21 students from the school were the first team from a comprehensive school to win the cup for the Best Delegation at the Model United Nations (MUN) Forum held in Belfast. The conference was attended by around 250 delegates from over 20 schools in England, Canada, Burkina Faso, and America. The forum provides participants with the opportunity to debate issues of international concern. The students from Hampstead School also received several awards for outstanding individual performances.
In 2017 the school sent two teams to compete at the biennial MUN competition at Woodhouse College in Barnet. One of their teams, representing North Korea, won the award of Best Delegation at the conference.
Notable teachers
In the 1998 New Year's Honours List, Tamsyn Imison, then headteacher, was appointed a DBE. The citation stated that Imison had introduced initiatives to improve standards and ensured the best were spread to local schools.
Notable former pupils
Magdalen Berns, vlogger
Neil Brockdorff, Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Oxford
Maya Jane Coles, musician
Alex Bogdanovic, tennis player
Pablo Bronstein, artist
Doc Brown (Ben Bailey Smith), actor, rapper, brother of Zadie Smith
Jon Carroll, chair of Berkshire Music Trust
Aslam Choudry, former Mayor of The London Borough of Brent
Rowenna Davis, journalist
Sadie Frost, actress
Bruno Heller, TV producer (Gotham (TV series), Rome (TV series))
Tobias Hill, novelist and poet
Jasper Joffe, artist
Adam Kidron, music producer
Anita Klein, printmaker
Deborah Levy, novelist, poet and playwright
Andrew McIntosh, Baron McIntosh of Haringey, politician
Zia Haider Rahman, author
Justin Rowlatt, BBC presenter and reporter.
Zadie Smith, novelist
Mark Stein (footballer)
Helen Storey, professor, artist and designer
Aryan Tajbakhsh, footballer
Amelia Toomey, Girli, singer, songwriter and rapper
Jamie Waylett, Vincent Crabbe in the Harry Potter films
Rachel Yankey, Arsenal, Notts County and England football player.
Media references
In August 2023, Channel 4 commissioned "Accused: The Hampstead Paedophile Hoax from Story Films" to tell the story of how a number of parents and teachers at a Hampstead School were accused of being part of a Satanic paedophile ring. The resulting allegations were found to be baseless but the conspiracy theory led to death threats, harassment and abuse.
References
External links
Hampstead School official website
The Hampstead Trash - Critical blog opposed by the school administration
Secondary schools in the London Borough of Camden
Educational institutions established in 1862
1862 establishments in England
Schools in Hampstead
Community schools in the London Borough of Camden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead%20School |
Multangular can refer to one of two bones:
The Trapezoid (lesser multangular)
The Trapezium (greater multangular)
See also
The Multangular Tower, a Roman tower in York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multangular |
Prague, the capital and largest city of the German-occupied Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, was bombed several times by the Allies during World War II. The first Allied aircraft to fly over Prague was a single bomber of the French Air Force in April 1940, but it dropped propaganda leaflets, not bombs. The first bombing mission was flown by the Royal Air Force (RAF) in October 1941. Prague was then bombed three times by the United States Army Air Forces between the fall of 1944 and spring of 1945. During the Prague uprising of 5–9 May 1945, the Luftwaffe made use of bombers against the rebels.
The bombing of Prague cost 1,200 lives. Ten surviving high-quality reconnaissance photographs allow a detailed assessment of the damage caused by the raids. The first two USAAF raids were accidental. The raids were used for anti-American propaganda purposes, both by the Nazis and the subsequent Communist regime in Czechoslovakia.
5 October 1941
On 5 October 1941, air raid sirens went off in Prague between 1:16 and 3:15 in the morning. RAF bombers dropped about four firebombs over the city.
15 November 1944
At noon on 15 November 1944, an estimated twelve bombs were dropped by two aircraft of unknown origin (probably American) on the municipal power plant (about 300 metres west of Holešovice metro station). The facilities were undamaged. Four bombs exploded in front of an outhouse, however, injuring fifteen employees. In nearby homes, people standing by windows were said to have been killed by splinters. About three bombs fell into the coal stockpile of the power plant and were later defused.
The November bombing was probably unintentional. An attack on ČKD factories in Vysočany and Libeň was planned for October 30, but never took place.
14 February 1945
Raid
On 14 February 1945, the US Army Air Forces carried out an air raid over Prague. According to American pilots, it was the result of a navigation mistake: at the same time, a massive bombing of Dresden was under way, 120 km north-west from Prague.
Forty B-17 Flying Fortresses of the Eighth Army Air Force dropped about 152 tons of bombs on many populated areas of Prague. The carpet-bombing hit Vyšehrad, Zlíchov, Karlovo náměstí, Nusle, Vinohrady, Vršovice and Pankrác. The bombing resulted in the deaths of 701 people and the wounding of 1,184. About one hundred houses and historical sites were totally destroyed and another two hundred were heavily damaged. All the casualties were civilians and not one of the city's factories, which might have been of use to the Wehrmacht, were damaged.
Many homes and national sites were destroyed, for example the Emmaus Monastery, and Vinohrady Synagogue. Some of Prague's famous modern buildings, such as the Dancing House or the Emauzy church, were constructed where bombs had destroyed previously existing buildings.
One of the pilots of the lead group, Lt. Andrew Andrako flying B-17 serial number 43-38652 V, "Stinker Jr." was of Czech descent.
Controversy
The American pilots have voiced their regret many times. The history of the 398th Bombardment Group based at RAF Nuthampstead, which carried out the raid, indicates the attack was an accident. The radar navigational equipment on the aircraft was not functioning correctly and high winds en route produced a dead reckoning navigational error of some 70 miles. This caused the formation to arrive over the supposed "target", which was believed to be Dresden, at the time bombing commenced. Prague was mostly obscured by broken clouds, with occasional glimpses of the Vltava river. Additionally, Prague and Dresden looked similar from the air, with rivers running through both cities. The bombing was carried out as a "blind attack" using radar.
After the war, the Americans were billed for some of the damages sustained by the historical buildings. The raid was used for anti-American propaganda purposes, both by the Nazis and the subsequent Communist regime in Czechoslovakia.
25 March 1945
The only targeted attack on Prague was also the last and largest. It took place on Palm Sunday, 25 March 1945 and involved 650 bombers launched in Italy with fighter escorts. The attack was aimed at the ČKD factories in eastern Prague (mainly Vysočany) and the military airfields of Kbely, Letňany and Čakovice.
Sunday was chosen for the attack, according to the USAAF, to minimize human casualties in the factories. The weather was ideal. The attack took place in twelve waves of about 50 aircraft between 11:48 a.m. and 1:02 p.m. The Lockheed P-38 Lightning escort fighters shot down an Me 262 that crashed near Prague Zoo. The attack left 235 dead and 417 injured, as well as 90 buildings destroyed and 1,360 badly damaged.
Notes
External links
Radio Prague: The bombing of Prague - was it a mistake?
Looking back at the bombing of Prague
World War II strategic bombing conducted by the United States
Military history of Prague
1945 in Czechoslovakia
Conflicts in 1945
Prague
Czechoslovakia–United States relations
1940s in Prague
February 1945 events in Europe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing%20of%20Prague |
Mushtaq Gazdar () (1940 – 15 November 2000) was a Pakistani cinematographer, who scripted, directed and produced around 190 short feature films, documentary films and newsreels on subjects including poverty-stricken women, especially those abused, bought and sold in open flesh markets as well as helpless children.
Early life and career
Mushtaq Gazdar was born in 1940 in Karachi. He did his MSc. degree in physics from the University of Karachi. He held diplomas in film-making technique from London and Tokyo, and founded his own production house in Karachi. He also worked as Production Assistant with the UK-based TV film mini-series, the Emmy Award winner Traffik (1989).
He was a founding member of the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan. He also wrote articles on social issues for newspapers. Mushtaq Gazdar personally had politically progressive ideology and associated with people like Faiz Ahmed Faiz, Sibte Hassan and Dorab Patel.
He also wrote a voluminous book Pakistani Cinema: 1947-1997, a historical and critical study of Pakistan's film industry, published in 1997 to commemorate Pakistan's 50th anniversary. Before he suddenly died on 15 November 2000, he was elected the honorary secretary of the Pakistan Arts Council, Karachi.
Family
Mushtaq Gazdar was married to Saeeda Gazdar, a short story writer and a poet, and they had a son and a daughter. His daughter, Aisha Gazdar, worked with her father and became a short documentary film maker in Pakistan in 2010.
Books
Pakistan Cinema (1947-1997) by Mushtaq Gazdar (published in 1997, Oxford University Press)
Awards and recognition
Pride of Performance Award by the President of Pakistan in 1990
Won 2 Nigar Awards for his short documentary films
References
1940 births
2000 deaths
Pakistani cinematographers
Film directors from Karachi
Muhajir people
University of Karachi alumni
Recipients of the Pride of Performance
Nigar Award winners
Pakistani documentary film directors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushtaq%20Gazdar |
The James Bay Road (), officially the Route Billy-Diamond Highway, is a remote wilderness highway winding its way through the Canadian Shield in northwestern Quebec and reaches into the James Bay region. It starts in Matagami as an extension of Route 109 and ends at Radisson. The road is fully paved, well maintained, and plowed during the winter. It was originally constructed to carry loads of 300 tons, and has mostly gentle curves and hills with wide shoulders. The road is maintained by the Eeyou Istchee James Bay Regional Government (formerly by the municipality of Baie-James). Connecting to other routes such as the Trans-Taiga Road and the Route du Nord, the highway draws tourists interested in reaching the remote wilderness surrounding James Bay, part of Hudson Bay.
On November 10, 2020, the James Bay Road was renamed in honour of Billy Diamond, former Grand Chief of the Grand Council of the Crees and chief Cree negotiator of the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement.
There is currently a proposal supported by the region's Cree communities to build a gravel extension some further north to the twin communities on the Great Whale River - the Cree village of Whapmagoostui and the northern (primarily Inuit) village of Kuujjuarapik, in the Nunavik region.
History
The James Bay Road was conceived as an access road for the hydroelectric projects developed in the James Bay region in the 1970s and onwards. Construction began in 1971 and was completed in October, 1974. Gravel branch routes have since been built from the highway, including four roads west to Cree villages on or near James Bay (the one to Chisasibi is paved for most of the way). The Trans-Taiga Road () was built and reached Caniapiscau in 1979. The long Route du Nord (North Road), which also is not a numbered route, connects from km 275 (measured from Matagami) southeast to near Chibougamau, Quebec.
Description
There are no services and development along the full length of the James Bay Road, except for a full-service station at from Matagami. The station at Km 381 is operational 24 hours per day, 7 days per week, and is complete with cafeteria and rudimentary lodging.
In view of the remote nature of this road, there is a registration office along the side of the road for travellers to register just a few kilometers north from Matagami. It is staffed 24 hours per day, 7 days per week. This office also serves as a tourist office for all communities along or off the James Bay Road.
As further safety provisions, there are six roadside emergency telephones which connect with staff in the registration office.
Waypoints
Image gallery
See also
List of Quebec provincial highways
References
External links
James Bay Road unofficial website
Article on proposed extension to Great Whale
Roads in Nord-du-Québec
James Bay Project | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Bay%20Road |
Čierne Kľačany () is a village and municipality in Zlaté Moravce District of the Nitra Region, of Slovakia. It is best known for the archeological find of the Pyxis of Čierne Kľačany.
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1209.
Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 190 metres and covers an area of 10.977 km². It has a population of about 1,120 people.
Ethnicity
The population is roughly 99% Slovak.
Facilities
The village has a small public library and football pitch.
Genealogical resources
The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Nitra, Slovakia"
Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1716-1896 (parish B)
See also
List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia
References
External links
Official homepage
Surnames of living people in Cierne Klacany
Villages and municipalities in Zlaté Moravce District
Archaeological sites in Slovakia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cierne%20K%C4%BEa%C4%8Dany |
"Odour of Chrysanthemums" is a short story by D. H. Lawrence. It was written in the autumn of 1909 and after revision, was published in The English Review in July 1911. Lawrence later included this tale in his collection entitled The Prussian Officer and Other Stories, which Duckworth, his London publisher, bought out on 26 November 1914. An American edition was produced by B W Huebsch in 1916. Lawrence later adapted the story into the play The Widowing of Mrs. Holroyd.
Plot
The story concerns Elizabeth Bates, a coal miner's wife. She has two children and is pregnant with a third. She angrily waits for her alcoholic husband to come home from the mine, but suspects that he is at the pub getting drunk. Elizabeth's neighbour runs to the pub, but her husband is nowhere to be found; it is later revealed that he died in an accident in the coal mine earlier that day. His fellow workmen return with his body, and as Elizabeth and her mother-in-law prepare him for burial, Elizabeth reflects on her husband and feels that they never really knew each other at all.
Narration
Film
In 2002 the story was adapted into a short film by Mark Partridge. The film won first prize at the Milan Film Festival.
Standard edition
The Prussian Officer and Other Stories (1914), edited by John Worthen, Cambridge University Press, 1983,
External links
Cushman, Keith (2010): Critical materials: 'Odour of Chrysanthemums'., within the portal: "Odour of Chrysanthemums". A text in process. of the University of Nottingham.
The University of Nottingham (2008): Portal to "Odour of Chrysanthemums". A text in process., writing on the text by scholars of the University of Nottingham.
1911 short stories
Short stories by D. H. Lawrence
Works originally published in The English Review
Short stories adapted into films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odour%20of%20Chrysanthemums |
The eXtreme Minimal Kernel (XMK) is a real-time operating system (RTOS) that is designed for minimal RAM/ROM use. It achieves this goal, though it is almost entirely written in the C programming language. As a consequence it can be easily ported to any 8-, 16-, or 32-bit microcontroller.
XMK comes as two independent packages: the XMK Scheduler that contains the core kernel, everything necessary to run a multithreaded embedded application, and the Application Programming Layer (APL) that provides higher level functions atop the XMK Scheduler API.
The XMK distribution contains no standard libraries such as libc that should be part of the development tools for target systems.
External links
XMK: eXtreme Minimal Kernel project home page (broken link)
Windows Evolution Over Timeline
Real-time operating systems
Embedded operating systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMK%20%28operating%20system%29 |
Sarah Barrand (born 2 November 1985) is an English actress known for her role as Shannon Donnelly-Lawson in Footballers Wives and its ITV2 spin-off, Footballers' Wives: Extra Time. Barrand grew up in Southport, Merseyside.
She has played other roles on dramas such as Casualty, and in the films Stag Night, Caught in the Act, and The Kid. Sarah presented a two-part documentary for ITV, Date with the Dalai, with Footballers Wives co-star, Zöe Lucker. In addition to acting and presenting, Sarah is a voice over artist for numerous television, video games and radio broadcasts.
The MTV GB2B Cup was presented by Sarah, and she is a Celebrity Ambassador for WellChild.
She is a supporter of Liverpool F.C.
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
People from Southport
English television actresses
People educated at King George V College
Actresses from Merseyside
21st-century English actresses
English voice actresses
English radio actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Barrand |
The Vithkuqi alphabet, also called Büthakukye or Beitha Kukju after the appellation applied to it by German Albanologist Johann Georg von Hahn, was an alphabetic script invented for writing the Albanian language between 1825 and 1845 by Albanian scholar Naum Veqilharxhi.
History
Though the alphabet is sometimes erroneously claimed to be named after its inventor, as in Carl Faulmann's Das Buch der Schrift, the script's name is derived from Vithkuq, a village in the Korçë region where Veqilharxhi was born.
The alphabet never took hold because of its inventor's premature death and because of the prohibitive costs of cutting new type for the invented characters; nevertheless, a number of documents using the alphabet were published in the late 19th century. The alphabet was eventually overwhelmed by the Greek, Arabic and Latin scripts it had been designed to supplant, the latter becoming the official one in 1909. Other original alphabets used for Albanian were the Elbasan alphabet and the Todhri alphabet of the 18th century. These similarly failed to see prolonged widespread usage.
Description
The Vithkuqi alphabet was specifically designed to be as religiously neutral as possible, avoiding the duplication of Greek, Latin, or Arabic characters. It had a near-perfect correspondence between letters and phonemes, but lacked characters for modern Albanian "gj", "rr", "xh", and "zh". Additionally, modern "b" and "h" were each represented by two characters- the lesser-used characters in each pair are transliterated as "bb" and "hh" below.
Typeface
The books by Veqilharxhi were lithographed in Bucharest by George Venrich, as was recently discovered. Though the alphabet was lithographed, in 1847 it was also cut for typographic use in Vienna, by the Austrian philologists and punchcutter Alois Auer. It was first used for a type specimen called by the Imperial Printing Press (k.k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei) in Vienna, under the direction of Auer. The same type was also used by Carl Faulmann in a different book a few years later. It is the first typeface to be cut for an original Albanian alphabet.
Unicode
Vithkuqi was added to the Unicode Standard in September 2021 with the release of version 14.0.
The Unicode block for Vithkuqi is U+10570–U+105BF:
See also
Albanian alphabet
Elbasan alphabet
Todhri alphabet
Vellara alphabet
References
Sources
Diringer, David. (1949). The Alphabet.
Десницкая, Агния Васильевна. (1968). Албанский язык и его диалекты. Leningrad: Nauka.
Десницкая, Агния Васильевна. (1987). Албанская литература и албанский язык. Leningrad: Nauka.
Elsie, Robert. (1995). The Elbasan Gospel Manuscript (Anonimi i Elbasanit), 1761, and the struggle for an original Albanian alphabet.
Faulmann, Karl. (1880). Das Buch der Schrift.
Skendi, Stavro. 1960. The history of the Albanian alphabet: a case of complex cultural and political development. Südost-Forschungen: Internationale Zeitschrift für Geschichte, Kultur und Landeskunde Südosteuropas 19:263-284.
Trix, Frances. 1997. Alphabet conflict in the Balkans: Albanian and the congress of Monastir. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 128:1-23.
Veqilharxhi, Naum. (1845). Evëtori Shqip Fort i Shkurtër.
Albanian scripts
Alphabets
Obsolete writing systems
Constructed scripts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vithkuqi%20alphabet |
The UAAP badminton championships are badminton tournaments on the Philippines for university teams.
Results
Streaks
UP owns the longest streak for most number of consecutive titles in the Women's Division at six. NU also currently holds six straight titles in the Men's Division.
UP also won "double crown" (winning both Men's and Women's) for four consecutive years (1997–2000). Ateneo have two double crowns in 2003–2004 and 2013–2014, while FEU achieved the feat in the 2006–2007 Season.
Number of championships by school
References
http://tiraue.wordpress.com/2010/08/20/uaap-season-73-badminton-tournament/
http://badmintonequipment.info/site/badminton-uaap/
Badminton
Badminton in the Philippines
Badminton tournaments in the Philippines
Sports competitions in the Philippines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAAP%20badminton%20championships |
The Technological Institute, more commonly known as "Tech", is a landmark building at Northwestern University built from 1940 to 1942.
It is the main building for students and faculty in the Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science. The school of engineering itself was called the Technological Institute before a major gift from the Robert R. McCormick Foundation gave it the present name.
History
The construction of the building became possible after Walter Patton Murphy, a wealthy inventor of railroad equipment, donated $6.735 million on March 20, 1939.
Murphy wanted the Institute to offer a new kind of “cooperative education” model for engineering, with academic courses and practical application in industrial settings closely integrated.
Construction
To make room for the new building, the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity house and the Dearborn Observatory were moved, and the original Patten Gymnasium was demolished. Ground was broken for the new building on April 1, 1940 and the building was dedicated on June 15–16, 1942. The building was designed by the architectural firm of Holabird & Root in the shape of two letter E's, placed back to back and joined by a central structure. Each of the six departments at the time occupied one wing. When it was built it was the largest building on Northwestern's Evanston campus. After the construction of Tech was completed in December 1942, Northwestern received an additional bequest of $28 million from Murphy's estate to provide for an engineering school "second to none".
New wings and neighboring buildings
In 1961, construction began on two new wings, which were added to the eastern ends of the building, along with additions to the library and physics wing. The expansion, dedicated in October, 1963, was prompted by a $3.4 million contract awarded by the Advanced Research Agency of the Department of Defense. In 1973, a new entrance terrace was dedicated. By the end of the 1980s, the building was again in need of repair. After a $30 million grant from the McCormick Foundation in 1989, the school was renamed in honor of Robert R. McCormick.
In 1999, a ten-year, $125 million renovation of the Technological institute was completed. This renovation, undertaken by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, included extensive reconstruction of the interior of the original 1940 structure, replacing the mechanical, plumbing, and electrical systems, and reconfiguring the laboratory and research space.
Additional buildings have been constructed around the original Technological Institute, connected together by pedestrian bridges to create what has been called the "Technological Campus". Among them are the Seeley G. Mudd Library for Science and Engineering opened in 1977, the Center for Catalysis and Surface Science in 1986, and Cook Hall in 1989. More recent additions to the "Technological Campus" include Hogan Hall, the Pancoe Life Sciences Pavilion, the Center for Nanofabrication, and the Ford Motor Company Engineering Design Center.
References
External links
The history of the Technological Institute from 1939 to 1969
Northwestern University campus
1942 establishments in Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern%20Technological%20Institute |
Fingal Bay is the easternmost suburb of the Port Stephens local government area in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia. The only population centre is the township of the same name, which itself is named after the adjacent, small, semi-circular bay. At the 2021 census, the population of the town was 1,635.
Except for the township, most of Fingal Bay is included in the Tomaree National Park, which includes forested areas, coastal scrubland, beaches and most of the Fingal headland. The suburb does not include the bay itself.
Fingal Bay
Fingal Bay is about across at its widest point and from the mouth to the beach. The northeastern head of the bay is the Point Stephens headland, which is connected to the mainland via Fingal Spit, a sand spit about long. Waters to the northeast of the spit are known as "Fly Roads". Crossing between the mainland and the headland along the spit is considered dangerous. According to a sign on the beach, people have died crossing the spit, which is covered by breaking waves at high tide. The south-western head of the bay is Fingal Head, which is located southeast of the town. Between the two heads, the mouth is over wide. The bay includes a sandy beach about long.
History
The bay was originally known as "False Bay", because it could be mistaken for the entrance to Port Stephens. The name "Fingal Bay" appeared on an 1845 map prepared by Captain Phillip Parker King.
Heritage listings
Fingal Bay has a number of heritage-listed sites, including Point Stephens Light on Point Stephens, or Fingal Island.
Tourism campaign
Fingal Spit was a location for the 2006 "So where the bloody hell are you?" advertising campaign filmed for Tourism Australia and appears at the end of the advertisement.
Headland and Point Stephens
The irregularly shaped headland, which is sometimes mistakenly called "Fingal Island", covers an area of approximately , most of which is part of the Tomaree National Park, and reaches in height. Point Stephens was connected to the mainland prior to the "Maitland gale" in 1891. The southeasternmost point of the headland was named "Point Stephens" by Captain Cook when he passed on 11 May 1770, honouring Sir Philip Stephens who was Secretary to the Admiralty. Stephens was a personal friend of Cook and had recommended him for command of the voyage. It seems Cook's initial choice had actually been Point Keppel (named after Augustus Keppel, a Lords Commissioner of the Admiralty), but instead he used Keppel later when he named Keppel Bay. The name first appeared on chart 1070, prepared by Captain Phillip Parker King in 1845.
Lighthouse
As early as 1857, the need for a lighthouse on Point Stephens was identified, due to the proximity to the entrance of Port Stephens, and the dangers of the local coastline to ships. A high stone lighthouse was subsequently constructed in 1862. In 1973 the lighthouse keeper was replaced by automated system powered by solar. The light is above mean sea level and has a range of .
Transport
Port Stephens Coaches operate local services to Newcastle as well as an express service to Sydney.
Notes
References
External links
Coastal Explorer Pacific Touring Route Sydney to Brisbane, Cartoscope, 4th edition, 2004
Bays of New South Wales
Headlands of New South Wales
Suburbs of Port Stephens Council
Towns in the Hunter Region
Beaches of New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingal%20Bay |
A parade lap, also known as a pace lap, formation lap or warm-up lap, is a lap before a motorsport race begins, in which the drivers go around the track at a slow speed (usually between ), and, in some cases, behind the safety car.
Purpose
The lap is to ensure that track conditions are safe, and that there are no dangerous problems with the cars (including the safety car) or the circuit. The parade lap either leads to a rolling start, standing start, or back to the grid. Short circuits (such as the Brands Hatch Indy circuit layout) often have two of these laps. Overtaking is usually permitted on these laps in motorcycle racing, but not in car racing.
The lap also allows the cars to warm up their tyres, which is crucial in order to be competitive during the race. Drivers will often attempt to warm up the tyres more quickly during the lap, by steering slowly from side to side, and may sometimes also warm their brakes.
Usage
In Formula One, the official title is formation lap. Any car which fails to leave the grid before the last qualifier has moved away is required to start from either the pit lane or the back of the grid. In MotoGP and the Superbike World Championship, it is known as the warm-up lap.
In NASCAR, the parade lap is referenced as a pace lap, and safety car speed is the same as the pit lane speed limit.
Incidents
1999 Indianapolis 500, a collision on the formation lap eliminated three cars.
1996 French Grand Prix the Ferrari of pole position qualifier Michael Schumacher stopped with an engine fault.
1991 San Marino Grand Prix, Alain Prost and Gerhard Berger both went off the track in wet conditions; Berger re-joined and retook his grid position, but Prost stalled and was immediately out of the race.
1998 Japanese Grand Touring Championship at Fuji Speedway, the Ferrari driven by Tetsuya Ota aquaplaned while braking during the parade lap and collided with another car, with both vehicles exploding into a fireball on impact.
2009 Valencian MotoGP, Ducati rider Casey Stoner crashed at the second turn of the Circuit Ricardo Tormo and missed the race.
References
Motorsport terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parade%20lap |
is an underground metro station on the Sendai Subway Nanboku Line in Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan
Lines
Hirose-dōri Station is on the Sendai Subway Nanboku Line and is located 7.9 rail kilometers from the terminus of the line at .
Station layout
Hirose-dōri Station is an underground station with a single island platform serving two tracks.
Platforms
History
Hirose-dōri Station opened on 15 July 1987. Operations were suspended from 11 March 2011 to 29 April 2012 due to damage sustained by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2015, the station was used by an average of 10,672 passengers daily.
Surrounding area
Clis Road Shopping District
Sendai City Hirose Post Office
Sendai City Gas Bureau Showroom
Tohoku Electric Power headquarters
FM Sendai Head office
In addition, the area around the station is a commercial district, with many restaurants and shopping opportunities.
References
External links
Railway stations in Miyagi Prefecture
Sendai Subway Namboku Line
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirose-d%C5%8Dri%20Station |
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