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Shreekrishna Kirtana Kabya () is a pastoral Vaishnava drama in verse composed by Boru Chandidas. It is considered to be one of the most significant works after Charyapada in the history of Bengali literature.These verses are believed to be written in the pre-Chaitanya era of the later half of 14th century CE.
History of publication
In 1909, Basanta Ranjan Roy Bidvatballava retrieved the punthi (manuscript) of Sri Krishna Kirtana from a shelf in the cowshed of Debendranath Mukhopadhyay, a resident of Kankilya Village, Bankura. Since the punthi was found shorn of its pages including the opening and ending ones, its original name could not be ascertained. A slip inside the punthi reveals that it was initially preserved in the royal library of Bishnupur under the name of Sri Krishna Sandarva. However, the punthi, edited and rechristened as Shreekrishna Kirtana by Bidvatballava, was published by Vangiya Sahitya Parishad in 1916.
Origin
The Sri Krishna Kirtana of Boru Chandidas was deeply influenced by the Vishnu Purana, the popular folk-literature of the period and the Gitagovindam by Jaydeva.The influence of other Puranas like the Padma Purana and the Brahma Vaivarta Purana and the Vaishnava scriptures is also substantial. There is a strong affinity of popular folk literature of the time in the style of the verse.
Contents
Sri Krishna Kirtana consists of 418 Bengali padas (verses) and 133 (total 161, 28 shlokas are repeated twice) Sanskrit shlokas, which were also probably composed by the poet. Among these 418 verses, 409 verses have the name of the author in them. The extant work is divided into 13 khandas (sections), namely, Janma (birth), Tamvula (piper betel which was considered as a token of love in that time), Dana (tax-collection), Nauka (boat), Bhara (burden), Vrindavana, Yamuna, Bana (arrow), Vamshi (flute) and Radha Viraha (estrangement of Radha) (the last khanda is not named by the poet). Yamuna khanda is further divided into three sub-sections. The first sub-section is Kaliya Damana khanda (coercion of Kaliya, the snake-demon section), and the third sub-section is Hara khanda (necklace section). The name of the second sub-section has not been found in the manuscript, but its subject matter is Radha's vastraharana (stealing Radha's robes). Bhara Khanda consists of a sub-section, named Chatra khanda (umbrella section). Three characters, Krishna, Radha and Badayi, the messenger interrelate the plot of the play. Dialogues and counter-dialogues in payar and tripadi meters have added to the dramatic quality of Sri Krishna Kirtana.
Story
Shrikrsnakirtan is a lyrical composition involving Radha and Krishna; its storyline is not based on the Bhagavata Purana, but the popular erotic folk-songs, known as the dhamalis. However, Baru Chandidas managed to add substantial originality, making it a masterpiece of medieval Bengali literature. It in the yearning of Radha, captures much of the social conditions of the day.
Notes
External links
Bengali-language literature
Vaishnavism
Music of Bengal
Indian styles of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreekrishna%20Kirtana |
The Potsdam City Palace () is a building in Potsdam, Germany, located on the Old Market Square, next to the St. Nicholas' Church (Nikolaikirche). It was the second official residence (the winter residence) of the margraves and electors of Brandenburg, later kings in Prussia, kings of Prussia and German emperors.
Heavily damaged in World War II and later dismantled by the East German communist regime, the partial reconstruction, with historic facades and a modern interior, was completed in late 2013. The building has since served to house the parliament of the federal state of Brandenburg.
History
The Baroque palace was constructed on the site of an earlier fortification from 1662 to 1669 under Prince-Elector Friedrich Wilhelm, and was rebuilt from 1744 to 1752 by Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff under Friedrich II, who performed additional interior decoration. It stood as one of the most important examples of Frederician Rococo.
During an Allied bombing attack on 14 April 1945 the City Palace was bombed and burned out, although 83 per cent of the building structure survived. However, the ruling communist party (official name: Socialist Unity Party of Germany, SED) demolished the ruin in 1960 for ideological reasons. The formerly cohesive Old Market lost its face. The only portion of the palace left standing was the stables, which today houses the Potsdam Museum of Film.
In 1991 construction of a modern theatre, which had been initially planned under the GDR, began on the site of the City Palace. However, the project stalled. Although some steel framework was erected, it was subsequently torn down.
Reconstruction
After the fall of the Berlin Wall, the ruling Party of Democratic Socialism (the former East German communist SED) twice rejected initiatives to reconstruct the Palace. However, in 1996 strong encouragement was provided by the "Potsdam Project" run by the Summer Academy for Young Architects of the Prince of Wales's London Institute of Architecture. The Project recommended reinstatement of the historical footprint of the Palace via a partial reconstruction.
A Berlin lawyer and real estate entrepreneur, Michael Schöne, who bought and renovated old buildings, was troubled by the wasteland of the site, believing that Potsdam would never work until its core was restored. In 1996 he initiated the first attempt at reconstruction, with the launch of a fund. The vision was that the new palace would be home to galleries, museums and cafes or upstairs apartments and offices. However, opposition from various Potsdam cliques defeated the project and the collected monies were returned to the donors.
However, shortly afterwards the PDS politician Birgit Müller, then chairman of the City Council, agreed to support the reconstruction of the main portal of the Palace, the Fortuna Gate. It was a small window in time, as the PDS would soon officially oppose reconstruction. The SPD under Matthias Platzeck also supported Schöne. In 1996 the City Castle Association was established, with Schöne as chairman. Large donations by the television presenter Günther Jauch and the Federal Association of the German Cement Industry, led by Jürgen Lose, made the rebuilding of the Fortuna Gate possible. It was completed in October 2002. The structure was seen as the bait to encourage rebuilding of the Palace itself, which was still opposed to by the political Left.
In a dramatic night vote, in 2000 the Potsdam City Council voted for reconstruction, but this had real no support at the state level, and at the time there was a recession. When the economy improved, in May 2005 there was agreement that the parliament would relocate from its GDR building to a new parliament building in the external forms of the historic palace. Despite this, the reconstruction still had strong opponents. Rainer Speer of the SPD, then finance minister, repeatedly tried to stop the project.
In 2007 a referendum was held to decide three building options for the remainder of the site. The Left Party was stunned when almost 50 percent of voters turned out (far more than for elections for the European parliament), and voted decisively for reconstruction of the Palace. "It's not what we wanted", the Left Party's parliamentary leader Hans-Jürgen Scharfenberg stated following the vote, "But we'll respect people's decisions".
An architectural competition was launched. The initial plan was for only the principal northern facade to be an historical reconstruction, with the wings and interior modern, and the City Palace Association feared "cost optimised architecture" would dispense with many of the historical elements. Two days before the final meeting of the jury competition, the Prime Minister received a call from software mogul Hasso Plattner offering a donation of €20 million to enable the entire historic facade to be reconstructed – at the time, the largest donation ever gifted in Germany by an individual. Plattner later provided a further large donation to enable the roof to be clad in the original copper. The Palace was completed in late 2013. The interior, which is modern, houses the parliament of the federal state of Brandenburg.
On one of the walls of the Palace there is an inscription "Ceci n'est pas un château" ("This is not a palace"), an allusion to René Magritte's painting The Treachery of Images – "Ceci n'est pas une pipe".
Gallery
See also
List of Baroque residences
References
Bibliography
External links
'Das Potsdamer Stadtschloss in Gefahr' (1949), historical short movie about Potsdam city palace warning against its demolition.
Houses completed in 1669
Houses completed in 1752
Royal residences in Brandenburg
Palaces in Brandenburg
Demolished buildings and structures in Germany
Baroque architecture in Potsdam
Rebuilt buildings and structures in Potsdam
Buildings and structures in Germany destroyed during World War II
1669 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
German Landtag buildings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City%20Palace%2C%20Potsdam |
Lanark Grammar School is a secondary school in Lanark, Scotland. It was founded in 1183, and celebrated its octocentenary in 1983, including a visit by The Princess Anne. The school draws its pupils from the town of Lanark and many villages in the local area, including Douglas, Carstairs and Braehead.
The Head Teacher is Jeff Warden, who took over in January 2022 following Mark Sherry who served 17 years in post.
The school has 6 houses: Lockhart, Jerviswood, Wallace, Hyndford, Braxfield and Clyde, pupils are sorted into these by tutor group upon the first day of term. There are around 100 teachers (FTE) and around 1100 students.
History
Lanark Grammar School has a long history, being nearly 830 years old, making it one of the oldest schools in Scotland. Over the years, it has been housed in many buildings.
Parish Church (1183 – 15th century)
The town's Parish Church was used as the first school house. Until 1893, Lanark Grammar was a fee-paying school and until 1884 it was for boys only. From its beginnings in the Parish Church, the school would usually have only two teachers at a time until 1884. The only recorded exception to this was in the 1770s when Robert Thomson is reported to have a second assistant.
Bloomgate Building (15th century - 1650)
The Bloomgate building was the first building specifically erected for use as Lanark Grammar School. It was built in the 15th century and stood on the site of what is now the Clydesdale Hotel.
Lanark Horsemarket (1841–1884)
For a short spell in the 19th century, the Lanark Horsemarket was the home of Lanark Grammar. There are few records available related to this site.
Hyndford Road Building (August 1884 - December 2003)
The Hyndford Road building was opened in August 1884. This building was large enough to accommodate both girls and boys, and Lanark Grammar School became a co-educational facility. On 18 February 1888, the school "went up in flames" and was closed. Students were displaced to temporary accommodation while the school was rebuilt. Work was complete by the end of the summer holidays. During reconstruction, the school was expanded with room for ninety pupils of primary school age. The building was in use up until December 2003.
Albany Drive Building (September 1914 - December 2009)
The Albany Drive building was opened on Wednesday 16 September 1914. It was in use for just over 95 years when it was closed on 22 December 2009.
Modular Village (August 2007 - December 2009)
During this period a modular village structure was constructed using portacabins around the recently condemned old science building that was deemed unsafe after it was discovered that it contained asbestos.
Kirklands Road Building (January 2010 - present)
This school was built by South Lanarkshire Council under their School Modernisation initiative. Many schools, including Robert Owen Memorial Primary School and Carluke High School have already been rebuilt as part of this programme. Prior to the project, many school buildings were becoming unsafe and others had been built when class sizes were much larger. Once complete, all schools in the area will have a similar design and will have facilities of the same standard.
The Lanark Grammar Project was completed between August and December 2009, and pupils and staff moved to the new building in January 2010 in order to minimise disruption as resources could be moved and unpacked during the holiday period. Staff returned to the building on Tuesday 5 January 2010. Pupils returned shortly thereafter.
Lanark Grammar now also contains an ASN wing in which pupils who have special teaching requirements can be educated. This has allowed for the integration of Lanark Grammar School with the pupils and staff of Craighead and Victoria Park, two special needs secondary schools.
Notable former pupils
Jenny Coutts, first female provost of Kirkintilloch
Robert McQueen, Lord Braxfield (18th Century) – a Lord Justice Clerk and expert in feudal law.
William Smellie (18th century) – a famous obstetrician, often referred to as "the father of British midwifery".
General William Roy (18th century) – contributor to the Ordnance Survey project
John Glaister (19th century) – forensic scientist
Colin McRae - World Rally Champion
HMIe inspections
In 2004 Lanark Grammar School was inspected by HMIe and received mostly positive criticism. Its key strengths included:
Staff were committed to the school and its pupils.
The relations between teachers and pupils were good.
There was a wide range of extra-curricular activities.
Children with special education needs were integrated with the other pupils.
The quality of support for learning.
The senior managers, staff and pupils were involved in the school's self-evaluation process.
See also
List of the oldest schools in the United Kingdom
List of the oldest schools in the world
References
External links
School website
Lanark Grammar School's page on Scottish Schools Online
Lanark
Secondary schools in South Lanarkshire
Educational institutions established in the 12th century
1183 establishments in Scotland
Grammar schools in Scotland
Listed schools in Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanark%20Grammar%20School |
De La Salle College is a co-educational (from 2023 onwards) state secondary school in Churchtown, Dublin 14, in Ireland. It is a non-fee paying school which has educational facilities to cater for about 500 pupils. The school was officially opened in 1952 and moved to its present location in 1957. Since then, the college was extended in 1986 and 1997 to cater for the increase in the number of pupils. De La Salle College Churchtown is a member of Le Cheile Schools Trust.
The Brothers of De La Salle are the trustees of the college and it is under the control of a board of management. Siobhán Foster is the principal. There are approximately 35 teachers.
Sports
De La Salle College Churchtown won the Leinster Senior Schools Rugby Cup in 1983 and 1985.
Notable alumni
Dermot Keely, Former football player and manager. Former teacher
Paul O’Donnell, Irish Athletics International
John Kavanagh, UFC Coach
John Carney, musician and director of the Oscar-winning film Once
Damien Duff, footballer with the Ireland national team (retired) and Chelsea in the Premier League
Brian Stynes, Gaelic footballer
Jim Stynes, Australian rules footballer
Tom Vaughan-Lawlor, Actor Love/Hate
Brian Jennings, RTÉ Newsreader
Des Fitzgerald, Ireland rugby international, Father of Luke Fitzgerald.
Niyi Adeolokun, former Connacht rugby player
References
External links
Official website
"Pupils had to resit English and maths after theft 40 years ago"
Alaa Ciymeh
Secondary schools in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown
Dublin
1952 establishments in Ireland
Educational institutions established in 1952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20La%20Salle%20College%20Churchtown |
National Lawyers' Congress (NLC) is the body representing the lawyers practising before the various courts of India on behalf of Democratic Indira Congress (Karunakaran) (DIC).
History
National Lawyers’ Congress (NLC) was formed as a front organisation of DIC(K). Its first State convention was held in Cochin on 28 May 2005.
NLC organized special reception for the Nava Kerala Yatra under the leadership of the DIC(K) president Sri. K. Muraleedharan on 20 December 2005 at Jos Junction and garlanded the President with currency worth Rs. 41500/- as a special contribution for the DIC(K) building fund for Priyadarsini Bhavan.
The function was attended by a large number of lawyers from Kerala High Court, Ernakulam District Court, North ParavurAdditional District Court and the courts in Aluva, Perumbavoor, Kochi, Muvattupuzha, Kolencheri and Kothamangalam along with lawyers' groups in Family Court, MACT, Tax, CBI, CAT, Consumer, Ombudsman, Human Rights etc.
External links
national-lawyers-congress.org
Legal organisations based in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Lawyers%27%20Congress |
Peter Heathfield (2 March 1929 – 4 May 2010) was a British trade unionist who was general secretary of the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) between 1984 and 1992, including the period of the miners' strike of 1984/85.
He was born in Somercotes, near Alfreton in Derbyshire, moving to Chesterfield with his family as a child. After leaving school he worked in a colliery drawing office, before starting underground work at the Williamthorpe coal mine. He became active in the North Derbyshire region of the NUM, and the local Labour Party, and attended education courses at Sheffield University's extramural department. He also became a local councillor in Chesterfield, and unsuccessfully sought nomination as a Labour candidate in the 1964 General Election for Ilkeston.
In 1966, he was elected to a full-time post in the NUM, rising to become vice-president of the Derbyshire NUM in 1970 and Derbyshire area secretary in 1973. Although tipped to become national president of the NUM in 1981, he stood aside to support the younger Arthur Scargill as the left-wing candidate.
In January 1984, he was elected general secretary of the NUM, taking over the post in March, five days before the strike began. He backed Scargill's handling throughout the dispute, retiring from the position of general secretary in 1992.
Personal life
He was married to Betty Heathfield, but they separated in 1989 and later divorced. He remarried in 2001.
Death
Peter Heathfield died in 2010, aged 81. He was survived by his second wife and his four children from his first marriage.
References
1929 births
2010 deaths
Councillors in Derbyshire
English miners
General Secretaries of the National Union of Mineworkers (Great Britain)
Labour Party (UK) councillors
People from Chesterfield, Derbyshire
People from Somercotes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Heathfield |
Roberto Pacini (born 1967 in Florence, Italy) is an Italian director, author and theatre and film producer.
Biography
He lives and works in Rome. In 1987, he attended the Bottega Teatrale di Firenze (Florentine Theatre School) directed by Vittorio Gassman. In 1993, he was awarded a degree in Drama and Performing Arts at the Silvio D'Amico National Academy of Dramatic Art, the most important Italian performing arts institute for theatre directors and actors.
Theatre
He made his debut as director in 1994 and since 1996 he has been a theatre playwright and director. The range of his performances belongs to the so-called Word Theatre; he developed its qualities creating drama compositions that already determine interpretation key and the work on the Text and on the Actors is essential.
In years, he carries out in his own working method and style, visionary and grotesque, and his research gives unusual reading of classic works (Anton Chekhov, Kafka, Pirandello, Shakespeare) and contemporary authors. Performances, usually located in spaces not appointed to theatre presentations, go beyond the realism dimension and they offer fantastic suggestions, irrational, with strong expressionistic tints. Original soundtracks – by musicians and bands – are always composed for every show.
Among the significant titles: La Locanda Hauser (Hauser Inn) (1995), from Maupassant's tales, L'Ospedale dei Mentecatti (Hospital for the Insane People) (1996), from A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by Joyce, and The Night just before the Forests (2000) by Bernard-Marie Koltès, the first time on national stages in an unabridged edition. By Koltès, he also realized the first Italian version of Heritage (2002).
In 2003, he has been nominated Artistic Director of CTD theatre company of Rome and produced Classic Works (Aeschylus, Shakespeare, Herman Melville) and Italian and International New Writing Works. He has founded and directed Cadmo & Armonia theatre company (1994) and afterwards Il Teatro di Puck (Puck's Theatre) (1998).
Film
Since 2001, he has been also a movie author and producer. In 35 mm and 16 mm production, he cooperated in Italian feature film productions and International co productions, as Producer, Executive Producer and Consulting Producer.
Personal projects (Dv, Betacam), produced by Cinepuck, are influenced by his theatrical origins and then they gain surreal and metaphysical dimension, even thanks to old format Super 8 experimentations. In 2001 he produced and directed his first short film Dal Diario di un Aiuto Contabile (The Diary of an Assistant Bookkeeper), a man and his daily war at work, from Chekhov 's classic tales, presented at Arcipelago International Festival of Short Film and New Images. Among Super 8 works, Mr Filipponi (2009), the true story of a poet who misses his poems, and Balloon (2010), a man lost in his thought.
Sunlight (2006), institutional spot celebrating the 50th anniversary of Treaty of Rome (Prix Europa 2006, Berlin), Being Fed Up (2007), spot against discrimination to women for public service broadcasting, produced by Unesco (Paris), For Instance (2009), for the World Food Programme fighting hunger worldwide.
In 2010, he produced and directed Dreams & Colors, visionary documentary about Piazza Navona in Rome, and Gaussian Copula Function based on Felix Salmon's article published by Wired about the disaster of Wall Street (2008). In 2012, The Man Wearing a Hood, a tribute to Rod Serling and The Twilight Zone, and The Empty Chair, for the United Nations Population Fund, music by Moby.
In 2017 FPM, about some Italian Life imprisonment convicted persons, and in 2018 The Enthusiasm of a Child, the story of "a remained young at heart 75 years old man who his face lightens, like a boy, when he speaks about his recycled bricks” for Circular Economy Stories, an Ecodom project sponsored by Banca Popolare Etica (the most important Italian Ethical banking institution) among others.
About the Brexit, he produces Not a Good Idea (2019) for Brexit Feelings International project and 13 years later on the occasion of the 2019 European Parliament election, music by Nine Inch Nails, the 2006 Sunlight extended version.
Creative Commons
Licensed under the Creative Commons, he produced and directed The Briefcase (2011), about the World Financial crisis of 2007–2010, Animals/Man (2011), a new spot for Public Service Broadcasting, Time (2013) against Death Penalty worldwide, The Diary of an Assistant Bookkeeper (2012–2013), a mini-web series from the original tale by Anton Chekhov, English version of his first short film with new footage, a new editing and music by Nine Inch Nails, and Shapes (2013) on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of Bombing of Rome in World War II.
In 2015, direction of Exit an experimental video work presented as "The old and the new, on leaving", music by Chris Zabriskie, American artist he too inspired by Creative Commons and the open source movement. In 2019 he produced Sintuit, "a 2064 television advertisement" but, in fact, a present-day video about the Global warming and in 2020 The Mall, a COVID-19 pandemic experience: “What IF?”.
Late works
Among his late works, His Choice (2022) and Or Other (2020), originally produced for the World Health Organization HealthForAll Film Festival, and in 2021 The Dusk "most set in the Twilight, the time period between astronomical sunset and dusk”.
Selected works
At the Night Cafè (1993)
Hauser Inn (1994–1997)
Chekhov from Chekhov (1995)
Hospital for the Insane People (1996)
Mr Agenore and Mr Bordon (1997)
The Night just before the Forests (1999)
The Alchemist of Mantua (2000)
The Winter's Tale (2000)
From an Under Accountant diary (2001)
Sunlight (2006)
Being Fed Up (2007)
Mr Filipponi (2009)
Dreams & Colors (2010)
The Briefcase (2011)
The Empty Chair (2012)
Time (2013)
Shapes (2013)
Exit (2015)
FPM (2017)
The Enthusiasm of a Child (2018)
13 Years later (2019)
The Mall (2020)
The Dusk (2021)
His Choice (2022)
See also
Bernard-Marie Koltès
William Shakespeare
Anton Chekhov
Guy de Maupassant
James Joyce
Edgar Allan Poe
Herman Melville
Creative Commons
References
External links
Cinepuck Rome film production
TheForinstance channel Ethics & Human Rights
1967 births
Italian theatre directors
Italian film directors
Living people
Accademia Nazionale di Arte Drammatica Silvio D'Amico alumni
Creative Commons-licensed authors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto%20Pacini |
In chaos theory, the correlation integral is the mean probability that the states at two different times are close:
where is the number of considered states , is a threshold distance, a norm (e.g. Euclidean norm) and the Heaviside step function. If only a time series is available, the phase space can be reconstructed by using a time delay embedding (see Takens' theorem):
where is the time series, the embedding dimension and the time delay.
The correlation integral is used to estimate the correlation dimension.
An estimator of the correlation integral is the correlation sum:
See also
Recurrence quantification analysis
References
(LINK)
Chaos theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation%20integral |
Mount Jerai (), formerly Kedah Peak, is a mountain in Kedah, Malaysia with the height of . Within Kedah itself, the mountain stands at the border of Kuala Muda and Yan districts.
Mount Jerai is known as the Hausberg of the town of Sungai Petani, the district capital of Kuala Muda.
Geology
Mount Jerai is a 1,217- metre tall inselberg located near the coast of the Strait of Malacca, and is part of an eponymous geological formation that correlates with the Machinchang Formation in the island of Langkawi. The Jerai Formation is originally a sedimentary formation composed of fully metamorphosed sandstone and shale, and it consists of argillite, arenite and porphyry facies.
Insular origins
There is an information board on top of the mountain stating that it used to be an island called Pulai Serai before the sea levels receded letting it form a mountain. This is probably supported by I Ching's record of Pu Lou Shi (Pulau Sri), a country located west of Sribogha.
Tourism
The summit of Jerai has been developed into a hill resort, and from there tourists can get to enjoy a wide angle view of the surrounding areas, including Penang Island and the rice fields of Yan District.
Gallery
See also
List of mountains in Malaysia
Geography of Malaysia
References
Kuala Muda District
Landforms of Kedah
Jerai
Yan District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Jerai |
A discography of Corpus Hermeticum (record label).
HERMES 001 A Handful of Dust Concord LP
HERMES 002 A Handful of Dust The Philosophick Mercury CD +
HERMES 003 A Handful of Dust The Eighthness Of Adam Qadmon cassette
HERMES 004 A Handful of Dust The Seventhness lathe cut 7-inch
HERMES 005 A Handful of Dust Musica Humana CD +
HERMES 006 A Handful of Dust Three Dances In Honour Of Sabbatai Sevi, The Apostate Messiah lathe cut 7-inch EP
HERMES 007 Kim Pieters / Bruce Russell / Peter Stapleton Last Glass CD
HERMES 008 Michael Morley "Radiation" / Bruce Russell "Four Letters" lathe cut 7-inch
HERMES 009 A Handful of Dust From A Soundtrack To The Anabase Of St. John Pierce cassette
HERMES 010 A Handful of Dust Authority Over All Signs Of The Earth lathe cut 7-inch
HERMES 011 Thurston Moore with Tom Surgal Klangfarbenmelodie..And The Colorist Strikes Primitiv CD
HERMES 012 Doramaar Copula CD
HERMES 013 A Handful of Dust Now Gods, Stand Up for Bastards CD +
HERMES 014 Various Le Jazz Non CD
HERMES 015 The Dead C "Metalheart" lathe cut 7-inch
HERMES 016 Dust / Omit Deformed CD
HERMES 017 Flying Saucer Attack F.S.A. CD (also HERMES 018)
HERMES 019 The Shadow Ring Wax-Work Echoes CD
HERMES 020 A Handful of Dust Topology Of A Phantom City cassette
HERMES 021 Surface Of The Earth Surface Of The Earth CD
HERMES 022 Alan Licht The Evan Dando Of Noise CD +
HERMES 023 K-Group K-Group CD
HERMES 024 Omit Quad triple CD (also HERMES 025 & 026)
HERMES 027 Sandoz Lab Technicians Let Me Lose My Mind Gracefully CD
HERMES 028 Kjetil D. Brandsdal Freedom - Waaoh Waaaoh CD
HERMES 029 A Handful of Dust Urban Psychogeography, Vol II: Jerusalem, Street of Graves CD
HERMES 030 Omit Interior Desolation CD
HERMES 031 Matt De Gennaro & Alastair Galbraith Wire Music CD
HERMES 032 RST Warm Planes CD
HERMES 033 Lovely Midget Lovely Midget CD
HERMES 034 / Jérôme Noetinger / Mathieu Werchowski L.Marchetti/J.Noetinger/M.Werchowski CD
HERMES 035 Bruce Russell Painting the Passports Brown CD
HERMES 036 Tetuzi Akiyama / Taku Sugimoto / Bo Wiget Hokou CD
HERMES 037 Birchville Cat Motel We Count These Prayers CD
HERMES 038 Pascal Battus / Eric Cordier / Jean Luc Guionnet Pheromon: Disparture CD
HERMES 039 Greg Malcolm Homesick for Nowhere CD
HERMES 040 Tetuzi Akiyama / Toshimaru Nakamura / Bruce Russell International Domestic CD
HERMES 041 Ralf Wehowsky / Bruce Russell Sights CD
+ these items are packaged with Logopandocy: The Journal of Vain Erudition
Logopandocy: The Journal of Vain Erudition
Logopandocy is an occasional journal, published by the Ekskubalauron Press and edited by Bruce Russell. Issues were distributed with Corpus Hermeticum releases. Vol. 1 No.4 included Logopandocy's first letter to the editor, written by Alan Licht. Most of the Logopandocy texts, along with related material, were compiled in Bruce Russell's book Left-handed blows: writing on sound, 1993–2009 published by Clouds in 2010.
See also
Corpus Hermeticum (record label)
Xpressway record label, also founded by Bruce Russell
Discogs entry on Corpus Hermeticum
References
New Zealand record labels
Alternative rock record labels
Dunedin Sound
Discographies of New Zealand record labels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus%20Hermeticum%20discography |
Kevin Hill (born 6 March 1976 in Exeter) is a former professional footballer, who is currently employed as the manager of Exmouth Town. He primarily played in midfield, but also featured in defence, up front and as a goalkeeper.
Career
Hill was born in Exeter and was playing for non-league side Torrington, and working in a local supermarket, when Kevin Hodges signed him for Torquay United in August 1997. He made his league debut on 9 August 1997 in a 2–1 defeat away to Macclesfield Town, Macclesfield's first game as a league side after promotion from the Conference.
He quickly became a regular in the side and remained so under a number of different managers. In the 2000–01 season, he was Torquay's leading goalscorer, including a crucial goal in the last game of the season away to Barnet, which saw Barnet relegated to the Conference and Torquay surviving. The circle was turned when he was a regular in the 2003–04 promotion winning side under Leroy Rosenior. In February 2006 he played his 400th game for Torquay against Bury in a 0–0 draw.
Hill was awarded a testimonial in 2007, culminating in a match with local rivals Plymouth Argyle at Plainmoor and his loyalty to the club led to him being sent a letter by FIFA president Sepp Blatter. He struggled to establish himself under new manager Paul Buckle and in February 2008 was linked with a loan move to Dorchester Town, but chose to stay with Torquay.
On 5 May 2008, Hill made his record equalling 473rd appearance for Torquay United in a play-off semi final defeat (1–4 on the day 3–5 on aggregate) at home to local rivals Exeter City. He marked the occasion by scoring Torquay's goal. He beat the appearance record, previously held by Dennis Lewis, on 10 May 2008 by coming on as a late substitute for Tim Sills in the FA Trophy final between Torquay and Ebbsfleet United, a game which Ebbsfleet won 1–0, thanks to a goal from former Torquay forward Chris McPhee.
On 17 June 2008, Hill signed for Conference South side Dorchester Town, on a two-year deal.
On 8 September 2010, it was confirmed Hill signed for Tiverton Town who beat interest from Weymouth to land the 34-year-old midfielder.
On 27 July 2013 Hill signed for Exmouth as player/coach.
On 23 February 2022, Hill made a one-off appearance for Tiverton following a major injury crisis for the club and played in their 4-1 defeat away to Chesham United
All time playing career
Includes Play-Off Matches
References
External links
1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Exeter
English men's footballers
Torquay United F.C. players
Dorchester Town F.C. players
Tiverton Town F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Men's association football midfielders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Hill%20%28footballer%29 |
De La Salle College was an independent Roman Catholic comprehensive single-sex secondary day school for boys, located in Ashfield, an inner-western suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Established in 1916 by the De La Salle Brothers and Vincentian Fathers, the college caters to students in Year 7 to Year 12 from the inner-west Parishes of the Archdiocese of Sydney. The college is under the patronage of the Archbishop of Sydney, Anthony Fisher. De La Salle College is one of 18 Lasallian Schools in Australia, and in the 1970s became the first Catholic high school in Australia to have a lay headmaster.
On 8 June 2022, it was announced that the college would amalgamate with adjacent girls' high school, Bethlehem College, and St Vincent’s Primary School, due to increasing demand for co-educational schools in inner Sydney. From 2023, the new school was known as St Vincent's College and from 2027, after a five year transition period, it will become a fully K-12 co-educational school precinct.
The school is affiliated with the Catholic Secondary Schools Association NSW/ACT, and the Metropolitan Catholic Colleges Sports Association (MCC).
In education, the college was fully accredited in 2018 to run the Newman Selective Gifted Education Program (the Gifted and Talented program), which caters towards the significant learning needs of capable students. The program is currently being facilitated in a number of the Catholic Primary and Secondary Schools within Sydney Catholic Schools. The school also uses Inquiry-Based Learning approach, focusing mainly on the Solution Fluency framework. They offer a number of co-curricular activities and experiences, including immersions to Lasallian schools overseas. The school follows the NSW Syllabus and Australian Curriculum.
History
The foundation stone for the school was laid on 10 December 1916. Upon completion a year later, the school consisted of just three classrooms, and was located behind a boarding house that was to become a monastery for the six De La Salle brothers who were given the task of educating Catholic boys of the Ashfield parish.
Despite the effects of the Great Depression, enrolments continued to increase, with 300 on the role in 1931. Through the efforts of Father Macken, a provincial of the Vincentian Fathers, the college established a separate primary school in 1934. Further, a "tech" was established in 1937 for boys who would not be going on to university or office jobs. The two-stream system of "pros" and "techs" continued until 1955.
Lay staff were employed in 1956 as the number of brothers had declined. The 1960s saw further change with the Wyndham scheme introduced in 1962 necessitating the addition of new subjects to the curriculum, and thus requiring more specialist rooms. With support from the parish and the Old Boys' Union, the principal of the time, Br Peter, began to expand the college. The main building of the college opened in 1966 during the celebration of its Golden Jubilee.
In 1972, Peter Donnan became the first lay principal of the school, thus making the school the first Catholic high school in Australia administered by a lay principal. The college's primary section closed in 1988.
In 2008, five new science laboratories were completed and an air-conditioned multi-purpose hall with seating for up to 1500 and a full theatrical lighting and sound system was added. The college hall hosted the World Youth Day 2008 Journey of the Cross and Icon (JCI) in Sydney.
In 2013, the college began implementing its student laptop program where all students could have their own personal device, now called Bring Your Own Designated Device (BYODD).
Principals
The following individuals have served as College Principal or any precedent title since the College's opening in 1917. The current principal is Paul Forrester.
Co-curriculum
Sport
De La Salle College is a member of the Metropolitan Catholic Colleges Sports Association (MCC), and competes in a range of sports including athletics, cricket, cross country, basketball, golf, rugby league, soccer, squash, swimming, tennis, touch football and volleyball.
Through MCC, the college competes against schools such as Christian Brothers' High School, Lewisham, LaSalle Catholic College, Bankstown, Marcellin College Randwick, Marist College Kogarah, Champagnat Catholic College Pagewood, Holy Cross College Ryde and Marist Catholic College North Shore. Sport has traditionally been an important part of college life, notwithstanding the school's own limited sporting facilities.
The college also has a number of elite sporting pathways for students who excel at particular sports and wish to play or compete at a professional level.
Other co-curricular activities
Since 2015, the college has offered students in Years 9-12 the ability to complete the Duke of Edinburgh (or Duke of Ed). The program is offered through the school and students from Lasallian brother & sister schools around the world frequently join participants in their hikes.
The college also excels in debating and public speaking, through the Catholic Schools Debating Association (CSDA) and other public speaking competitions.
In music, the college offers in-school instrumental & vocal tuition and also participates in the Australian A Capella Awards (AUSACA). The school also has a college choir and band. In creative arts, the college offers chances to enter national and international art competitions.
Other co-curricular activities at the college include current affairs & social justice club, science club, photography club, the Tournament of Minds competition and coding club.
The college also offers opportunities to take part in different competitions in the performing and creative arts.
Notable alumni
Mike Bailey – TV weatherman and radio presenter for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (also attended De La Salle Bankstown)
Paul Bevan – AFL player for Sydney Swans
Colin Brooks – politician, Member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly for Bundoora
Nathaniel Buzolic – actor, known for his role as Kol Mikaelson on the CW show The Vampire Diaries and its spin-off The Originals.
Tony Costa — Archibald Prize winning artist
Pat Drummond – singer song-writer
Robbie Farah – rugby league player for the Wests Tigers and South Sydney Rabbitohs, and a representative for New South Wales rugby league team
Warren Fellows – Convicted drug runner and associate of Neddy Smith
Michael Maher – former politician, variously Member for Drummoyne and Member for Lowe
Paul Pantano – actor
Gerard Price — cricket player and Cricket NSW cricket manager
Michael Rowland – TV news presenter
John Sidoti – politician, Member for Drummoyne (2011–2023)
Salvatore Coco – Actor
Paul Whelan – former NSW politician
Justice Philip Woodward – former Judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales
See also
List of Catholic schools in New South Wales
Lasallian educational institutions
Catholic education in Australia
References
External links
Former De La Salle College Ashfield website
De La Salle College Ashfield newsletter
Lasallian Schools (Australia)
Educational institutions established in 1916
Educational institutions disestablished in 2022
Catholic secondary schools in Sydney
Defunct secondary schools in Sydney
Boys' schools in New South Wales
Defunct boys' schools in Australia
Defunct Catholic schools in Australia
Metropolitan Catholic Colleges Sports Association
1916 establishments in Australia
2022 disestablishments in Australia
Ashfield
Ashfield, New South Wales
Inner West | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20La%20Salle%20College%20Ashfield |
Nicolas Auguste Pomel (20 September 1821 – 2 August 1898) was a French geologist, paleontologist and botanist. He worked as a mines engineer in Algeria and became a specialist in north African vertebrate fossils. He was Senator of Algeria for Oran from 1876 to 1882.
Life
Nicolas-Auguste Pomel was born in Issoire, Puy-de-Dôme, on 20 September 1821.
He studied at the Lycée de Clermont and earned his Licence ès sciences.
He was conscripted into the army when he was prepared to enter the École des mines.
He became a civil engineer after being released.
After the coup d'état of 2 December 1851 his Republican beliefs earned him deportation.
He became a Garde des mines in Oran in 1866, and was promoted to the 1st class in 1872.
From 1876 to 1882 he was member of the Senate (Oran division).
In 1882 he was tasked with geological mapping of Algeria. He died in Dra-el-Mizan.
Pomel was also a prolific botanist, naming and describing many plant species and some genera as well. The genus Pomelia (Durando ex Pomel) from the family Apiaceae is named in his honor.
Published works
He was the author of nearly 100 publications on North Africa; his works include Sur les Alcyonaires fossiles Miocenes de l'Algerie (1868) and Des races indigènes de l'Algérie et du rôle que leur reservent leurs aptitudes (1871). Other written efforts by Pomel are:
Catalogue méthodique et descriptif des vertébrés fossiles, 1853 – Catalog and description of vertebrate fossils.
Classification méthodique et genera des échinides vivants et fossiles, 1883 – Classification of living and fossil Echinidae.
Contributions a la classification méthodique des Crucifères, 1883 – Contributions to the methodical classification of Cruciferae.
Une mission scientifique en Tunisie en 1877, 1884 – A scientific mission to Tunisia in 1877.
Paléontologie ou description des animaux fossiles de l'Algérie, 1885–87 – Paleontology; a description of animal fossils from Algeria.
Description stratigraphique générale de l'Algérie, 1889 – General stratigraphic description of Algeria.
Caméliens et Cervidés, 1893 – Camelids and cervids.
Les Rhinocéros quaternaire, 1895 – Quaternary rhinoceros.
Les éléphants quaternaires, 1895 – Quaternary elephants.
Singe et homme, 1896 – Monkeys and humans.
References
Sources
1821 births
1898 deaths
19th-century French botanists
French geologists
French paleontologists
People from Issoire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste%20Pomel |
Orbivirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family Reoviridae and subfamily Sedoreovirinae. Unlike other reoviruses, orbiviruses are arboviruses. They can infect and replicate within a wide range of arthropod and vertebrate hosts. Orbiviruses are named after their characteristic doughnut-shaped capsomers (orbis in Latin means ring).
Many orbiviruses are transmitted by ticks or haematophagus insect vectors (Culicoides, mosquitoes and sand flies) and have a wide host range that includes cattle, goats and sheep, wild ruminants, equids, camelids, marsupials, sloths, bats, birds, large canine and feline carnivores, and humans.
The three economically most important orbiviruses are Bluetongue virus, African horse sickness virus, and Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, all of which are transmitted by Culicoides species. The genus contains 22 species and at least 130 different serotypes.
History
In 1719, African horse sickness virus (AHSV) caused the first major recorded orbivirus epidemic, killing 1,500 animals. The most historically significant outbreak of orbivirus occurred in 1854–1855, when AHSV infected 70,000 horses. AHSV was discovered to be a virus in 1900 and bluetongue disease followed shortly thereafter in 1905. Outbreaks have occurred sporadically in the 20th and 21st centuries.
Virology
Structure
The virons are nonenveloped particles that are 70–80 nm in diameter. The virus particles are spherical in appearance and have icosahedral symmetry. An outer and an inner capsid layer surround the genome, and have T=13 and T=2 symmetry, respectively. The viron is constructed of two concentric protein shells, the subcore layer which contain 120 copies/particle of the VP3 and the core-surface layer composed of 780 copies/particle of the VP7. VP1, VP4, and VP6 are minor enzymatic proteins that are packaged along with the 10 genome segments within the central space of the virus core. The orbivirus outer-capsid layer is composed of two additional structural proteins (VP2 and VP5) which mediate cell-attachment and penetration during initiation of infection. The outer-capsid proteins are more variable than the core proteins and most of the non-structural proteins and the specificity of their reactions with neutralising antibodies determines the virus serotype.
Genome
These viruses have double-stranded RNA genomes, so are classified as Class III viruses. Their genome is linear and is segmented into 10 segments of various lengths. One copy of each gene segment is packaged per virion. In most cases, each gene segment encodes a single open reading frame (ORF). The genome encodes seven major structural proteins (VP1–VP7) and three major nonstructural proteins (NS1–NS3). Exceptions to the one gene–one protein rule are segment 9 (Seg-9) and segment 10 (Seg-10), both of which encode two nearly identical proteins initiated from in-phase AUG codons close together near the upstream termini (VP6 and VP6a encoded by Seg-9: NS3 and NS3a encoded by Seg-10).
An ORF spans almost the entire length of genome segment 9 and encodes VP6 (the viral helicase). A second ORF (OrfX) is also present on this segment and encodes a fourth nonstructural protein (NS4), which was predicted from sequence analysis of various orbiviruses including segment 9 of Great Island virus which contained a long NS4 ORF (around 21kDa). The existence of NS4 was experimentally confirmed in both insect-borne and tick-borne orbiviruses in 2011.
NS1 is the most abundant protein in bluetongue virus infected cells. It forms tubules that may be involved in translocation of progeny virus particles to the cell membrane. NS2 is phosphorylated by cellular kinases and is an important matrix protein of the granular viral inclusion bodies that form within the cytoplasm of infected cells. These viral inclusion bodies act as the centres of viral replication. The membrane glycoproteins NS3 and NS3a are expressed in large numbers in insect cells, but not in mammalian cells. They are involved in the release of progeny virus particles from infected cells and may be involved in determination of both vector competence and virulence.
Life cycle
Many orbiviruses preferentially infect vascular endothelial cells. Orbiviruses enter the host cell by endocytosis and the outer capsid is subsequently removed. The whole cycle of viral replication takes place within the cytoplasm of the host cell. Transcription of the viral genome into mRNA occurs within the core particle and mRNA is translated into proteins using the host cell ribosomes. Viral proteins are synthesized 2–14 days after initial infection. New virons self-assemble within the cytoplasm and are then released from the host cell by budding. During the budding process, they transiently acquire a lipid envelope which can be detected for a short period of time following their release, but this is subsequently lost.
Pathogenesis
Orbiviruses primarily cause diseases in animals. The different Orbivirus species have different host specificities. Orbiviruses are vector-borne pathogens transmitted between vertebrate hosts by vectors such as mosquitoes, midges, gnats, sandflies, and ticks. Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an Orbivirus that causes bluetongue disease in sheep, cattle, goats, and wild ungulates. BTV has been in the forefront of molecular studies for last three decades and now represents one of the best understood viruses at the molecular and structural levels. Other species of orbiviruses are responsible for other diseases of animals such as African horse sickness and equine encephalosis virus.
Taxonomy
Species
The genus Orbivirus contains the following species:
African horse sickness virus
Bluetongue virus
Changuinola virus
Chenuda virus
Chobar Gorge virus
Corriparta virus
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus
Equine encephalosis virus
Eubenangee virus
Great Island virus
Above Maiden virus
Ieri virus
Lebombo virus
Orungo virus
Palyam virus
Peruvian horse sickness virus
St Croix River virus
Umatilla virus
Wad Medani virus
Wallal virus
Warrego virus
Wongorr virus
Yunnan orbivirus
Serogroups
The genus is divided into several (at least 14) serogroups. The serogroups are divided in some cases into subgroups. A number of member viruses have yet to be assigned to a serogroup. The serogroups are differentiated on the basis of a fourfold or greater difference in antibody based tests. These tests include ELISAs and complement fixation tests.
Vector groups
Member viruses are transmitted by midges (Culicoides), mosquitoes, and ticks. The viruses transmitted by a particular type of vector are generally related both genetically and serologically.
See also
Animal viruses
References
External links
Medscape: Orbivirus, on: emedicine.com
Peter Mertens et al.: Draft of the orbivirus genus description for the ICTV Seventh Report, via Web Archive
Mertens, (2001) Orbiviruses and Bluetongue virus. In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester. www.els.net
Viralzone: Orbivirus
ICTV
Orbiviruses
Animal viral diseases
Virus genera
Mammal diseases
Bird diseases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbivirus |
RAAF Base Rathmines is a heritage-listed former RAAF Second World War seaplane base and now used as community venues, sports venues and a visitor attraction at Dorrington Road, Rathmines, City of Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia. It was in use as an RAAF base from 1939 to 1961. It is also known as Rathmines Park, former RAAF Seaplane Base, Flying Boat Base, Rathmines Aerodrome and Catalina Base. The property is owned by Australian Christadelphian Bible School, Disability Life Enrichment, Don Geddes Nursing Home and Lake Macquarie City Council. The remains of the former air base was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 25 November 2005.
RAAF Base Rathmines was established in 1939 and was the RAAF's main flying boat base during the Second World War and the early 1950s. During the war, aircraft based at Rathmines conducted anti-submarine patrols along the Australian east coast and the base was home to the RAAF's main seaplane training units. In addition, detachments from squadrons based at Rathmines flew numerous offensive mine laying missions into Japanese-held territory (due to Rathmines' distance from the front line, these aircraft staged through bases in Northern Australia when travelling to and from their targets). Rathmines was also the RAAF Maritime Section's main training base.
History
The Awabakal were the first peoples of Lake Macquarie. Awaba is the Aboriginal name for the region and Ninkinbah was the Aboriginal name for Lake Macquarie. There are several sites within Rathmines Park that demonstrate Aboriginal use of the area and provide local Aboriginal people with a tangible link to past land use practices.
Early European settlement around Rathmines took place in the 1840s with the name of Rathmines derived from the Hely family that came from a town named Rathmines, located near Dublin, Ireland. The Hely family built a homestead and farmed a significant portion of the land that now makes up Rathmines Park.
The Rathmines site on the shores of Lake Macquarie was identified as a possible place for a flying boat base in 1936, when the Director of Duties, RAAF HQ Victoria Barracks, Melbourne, gave instructions to investigate and recommend a site for a flying boat base in the Newcastle region. A ground and water survey of the bay and inlet was undertaken, and while the Rathmines site was the second recommendation, it was considered as the most likely site, and was chosen to be the site.
During July 1938, No 5 Squadron from RAAF Base Richmond was sent to investigate landing areas and sites around the Lake Macquarie area for the establishment of the Rathmines Base and the eventual move of the squadron. On 1 January 1939, the No 5 Squadron was renamed No 9 (Fleet Cooperation) Squadron. Further surveys of the area were made in August 1939 and, in September, camp was set up, and arrangements were made to rent local cottages as living quarters. The base became operational when the No 9 Squadron transferred from RAAF Point Cook, Victoria, to Rathmines, with Seagull flying boats. Catalina flying boats arrived at the base in February 1941 and, by September 1943, the base comprised 14 Catalinas, two Seagulls, a Dornier and a Dolphin. During training, many personnel brought their families to live in the towns and villages near the Rathmines Base which influenced the establishment of other services such a school and post office.
Rathmines was an important base for the Catalina flying boats and their squadrons, which played a significant role in Australia's RAAF defensive operations during the Second World War. The RAAF operated 168 between 1941 and 1950, flown by four front line squadrons, two communications units and three air-sea rescue flights during the war. The Catalina flying boats were the only aircraft to see service with the RAAF for the total wartime operations against Japan.
Catalina operations included reconnaissance bombing, mine laying, supplying troops, coast watches and air-sea rescue missions. RAAF Catalinas were famous for their precision laying of mines in enemy water ways and harbours. The Catalina flying boat was one of the durable and effective aircraft of the war, due to their range, endurance and good load carrying capacity. Consequently, they were used by almost all the Allied services including the Royal Air Force and RAAF. Although it was one of the slowest combat aircraft of the war, it outsold all the newer, faster and better-equipped replacements of other manufacturers. Flying boats such as the Catalina placed a special demand on training air crews who not only learnt to fly the aircraft but needed to learn manoeuvres in sea conditions which was usually associated with naval operations. The famous Black Cats were used on covert night operations mine laying just about every enemy port in the South West Pacific Area, operations extending as far as the Chinese coast. During these operations, 322 aircrew were lost.
Catalinas and air crews from Rathmines were involved in the defence of Australia in war events such as the Battle of the Coral Sea. In 1942, a Japanese taskforce bound for Port Moresby was located and followed by Catalina aircraft. The extensive duration of the Catalina enabled the aircraft to remain in contact with the Japanese force and call in the navy. Reports transmitted from the aircraft allowed American and Australian navies to intercept the Japanese force, resulting in the Battle of the Coral Sea. Flying boats from Rathmines were a part of this battle, which ended with the Japanese forced to withdraw from Australian waters, effectively ending the immediate threat of a Japanese invasion of the Australian mainland.
The base was also involved with the mining of Manila Harbour, which involved 24 RAAF Catalinas, eight of which were from No 11 Squadron aircraft which originated from Rathmines.
The Rathmines Base was an important flying boat crew training facility for the war. The base housed the Operational Training Unit for Catalina aircrew. During the 1940s, crews for No.s 9, 10, 11 Squadrons trained at Rathmines, with a total of over 200 Catalina air crews trained at the base. The base also provided a Flying Boat Repair Depot and a Marine Section Repair Depot. New flying boats were made in the US, and were then converted at Rathmines for operational duties.
The base reached its peak strength of almost 3,000 officers and other ranks in 1944–45, and was the largest flying boat base in Australia.
Many wartime heroes served at Rathmines including squadron commanders Group Captain Attire Wearne DSO DFC, Air Commodore W. Keith Bolitho DFC DFC (US), Wing Commander Dick Atkinson DSO DFC, Wing Commander Gordon Stilling DFC, Squadron Leader Lin Hurt DFC and Wing Commander G.U. "Scottie" Allan.
After the RAAF retired its flying boats in 1952 RAAF Base Rathmines was used as a ground-training base for, among others, officers, senior non-commissioned officers, physical training instructors, national servicemen and recruits until being closed in 1960/61. When the base closed, a large hangar, complete with electrically operated doors and used for servicing seaplanes, was pulled down and half of the very high building shipped to RAAF Base Richmond to house the RAAF's then-new C-130 Hercules aircraft.
Flying units based at RAAF Rathmines at different times included:
No. 9 Squadron
No. 11 Squadron
No. 20 Squadron
No. 40 Squadron
No. 41 Squadron
No. 43 Squadron
No. 107 Squadron
No. 3 Operational Training Unit
Seaplane Training Flight
Search and Rescue Wing
Description
The Rathmines RAAF Base is on the western shore of Lake Macquarie. The design and construction of the base at the beginning of the Second War resulted in a geometric layout of structures over the site which reflect its use for military purposes.
When the base closed in 1956, there were more than 230 buildings and structures on site. In 1997, ten remained:
The officers mess, adapted for use as the Rathmines Bowling Clubhouse
Part of the north-east hangar, adapted for use as the Christadelphian School
The inflammable liquids store, adapted for use as the Scout Hall
Substation No.2, now empty and not in regular use
The airmen's ablution building, adapted for use as Rathmines Catamaran Clubhouse
The picture theatre and gymnasium building, adapted for use as Rathmines Community Hall
The central boiler house, now stripped and used as a store
The emergency power house, now stripped and used as a store
The sergeants mess, adapted for use as Westlakes Music Centre
The base hospital and facilities, now owned and operated by Disability Life Enrichment Ltd and incorporating the Catalina Conference Centre.
In 1997, the former picture theatre and gymnasium was the most intact of all the surviving structures and had the most original fabric. It was one of the base's largest, most important buildings. The cinema hall is the largest in volume with a stage flanked by dressing rooms at the north-east end. Beyond is the former gymnasium, though it has been altered and subdivided.
Other structures also on the site in 1997, many altered or adapted, include:
A concrete stormwater channel
The bomb and fuel wharf, partly rebuilt
Part of the Marine Section timber wharf, now rebuilt as the "F" wharf
The jetty and slipway complex at Styles Point
The concrete apron area
The bitumen hardstanding
The parade ground
The first septic tank installation
The second septic tank installation
In 1997, there were also many remains of structures on site, including:
The pump house and duty pilots tower
The general stores building
The celestial trainer
The aircraft stores
The motor transport building
The parade ground saluting base
The central ironing room and laundry
A remnant of the south boundary fence
The battery room
The western hangars
Condition
In 1997, there was a significant amount of remaining physical evidence from the war time use of the Rathmines Base. The elements which remained varied in condition. Some have been largely altered and adapted for new uses, and some are in disrepair.
There are two Aboriginal Artifact Scatters (one scatter and one isolated find) and a midden recorded within the area.
Modifications and dates
Following sale in 1962, several structures were leased: picture theatre and gymnasium for Rathmines Community Hall; flammable liquids store for Scout Hall; airmen's ablution block for Sailing Club; officers' mess for Rathmines Bowling Club; sergeants' hall for Westlake Music Centre. The base hospital was sold to private interests and the workshops to a Bible School. Many buildings were also sold and removed.
The Catalina Memorial was constructed on the site in 1972.
Heritage listing
The Rathmines RAAF seaplane base played a pivotal role in the defence of Australia in World War II. It was the largest seaplane base in the Southern Hemisphere and was the longest serving during the war effort. It is the most intact example of an RAAF WWII seaplane base in Australia.
Rathmines RAAF Base is significant as a flying boat base used for the defence of Australia in World War II. During WWII, it was a major boat base in NSW, and was the largest boat base in Australia. It is understood to be the only flying boat base in NSW with a significant amount of physical fabric remaining.
The Rathmines RAAF Base is important through its use as a base for the seaplanes used in WWII, particularly the Catalina flying boat, which had the ability to land and take off in calm water, and had great endurance over long distances. The Catalina was one of the most successful flying boats produced and its qualities made the aircraft important in the defense of Australia during WWII.
The Rathmines RAAF base is significant as it was a centre for training, housing the Operational Training Unit for Catalina crew and providing training to over 200 Catalina crews during the war. The Base was also important as a repair centre for the flying boats and was the location of a Flying Boat Repair Depot.
The Rathmines RAAF Base is significant through its association with specific WWII events. The Base's flying boats were involved with the mining of Manilla Harbour, and played an important part in the Battle of the Coral Sea.
The Base has continuing social significance to WWII service personnel, and to the community of Lake Macquarie, who recognise the site's history and continue to use the site, creating an evolving landscape which retains significant elements of the RAAF Base.
It had a dramatic impact on the housing and road development within the area
Rathmines Park, former RAAF Seaplane Base was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 25 November 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.
The Rathmines RAAF seaplane base is of state significance played a pivotal role in the defence of Australia in World War II and is therefore of great importance in the pattern of NSW's cultural history.
The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.
The Rathmines RAAF Seaplane Base is of State and Local significance for its strong and special associations with service personnel that served at the Base during and after World War II.
The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.
The surviving buildings and remnant structures are of state significance for the ability to demonstrate the large scale, configuration and function of the RAAF seaplane base as a military establishment. The remnant fabric coupled with open clearings and sitting along on the banks of Lake Macquarie demonstrates the important relationship between the seaplanes and the water. It is an aesthetically distinctive landscape which has landmark qualities. The Rathmines RAAF Base has significant association with technical innovations and capabilities of the Catalina flying boats that made significant contributions to the defence of Australia during WWII.
The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The Rathmines RAAF Base is held in high esteem by the local community, ex-service personnel and Catalina aviator enthusiasts. The site is of significance to the Awabakal Peoples of the local area.
The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
Remnant above ground and sub-surface fabric may have state significance for their potential to yield further information as a source of physical evidence to interpret the range of operations of a large defence seaplane base during WWII. The scale of the surviving evidence makes it an important benchmark for such sites. The site also contains two Aboriginal Artifact Scatter sites and a midden area that has potential to yield further cultural information about the Awabakal Peoples of the area.
The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
The Rathmines RAAF Base was the major WWII boat base in NSW, and is the only known example in NSW with surviving fabric.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.
The Rathmines RAAF Base is rare and of state significance as a major WWII seaplane base in NSW, and is the only known example in NSW of its type.
See also
Lake Boga Flying Boat Base
References
Bibliography
Attribution
External links
Rathmines
Rathmines
Rathmines
Seaplane bases
Military establishments in the Hunter Region
Former military installations in New South Wales
New South Wales State Heritage Register | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAAF%20Base%20Rathmines |
(Jesus, my joy), 227, is a motet by Johann Sebastian Bach. The longest and most musically complex of Bach's motets, it is set in eleven movements for up to five voices. It is named after the Lutheran hymn "" with words by Johann Franck, first published in 1653. The motet contains the six stanzas of the hymn in its odd-numbered movements. The hymn tune by Johann Crüger appears in all of these movements in different styles of chorale settings. The text of the motet's even-numbered movements is taken from the eighth chapter of the Epistle to the Romans, a passage that influenced key Lutheran teachings. The hymn, written in the first person with a focus on an emotional bond with Jesus, forms a contrasting expansion of the doctrinal biblical text. Bach set both texts alternating with and complementing each other, in a structure of symmetries on different layers.
Bach's treatment of Crüger's melody ranges from four-part chorale harmonisations that begin and end the work, to a chorale fantasia and a free setting that quotes only motifs of the hymn tune. Four biblical verses are set in the style of a motet, two for five voices and two for three voices. The central movement is a five-part fugue. Bach used word painting to intensify the theological meaning of both hymn and Epistle texts.
is one of few works by Bach for five vocal parts. The dating of the work is uncertain. It was supposed to have been written for a specific funeral in Leipzig in July 1723, a few months after Bach had moved there, as a scholar proposed in 1912. Since the 1990s, musicologists have come to doubt this, because the order of that funeral was found and shows no reference to music by Bach. At least one of the eleven movements seems to have been composed before Bach's tenure in Leipzig. The Bach scholar Christoph Wolff suggested that Bach may have composed and compiled the motet for the education of his choir in both composition techniques and theology. Chorale settings from the motet are included in the Dietel manuscript from around 1735, providing a latest dating of the work.
Unique in its complex symmetrical structure juxtaposing hymn and biblical texts, and with movements featuring a variety of styles and vocal textures, the motet has been regarded as one of Bach's greatest achievements in the genre. In 1927, it became the first of his motets to be recorded. The work has often been performed and recorded with a range of approaches, from unaccompanied singing to historically informed performances taking into account that in Bach's time it was customary to support the voices by basso continuo and instruments doubling the vocal lines (colla parte).
History
Background
In late 17th-century Protestant Thuringia, members of the Bach family from the generations before Johann Sebastian Bach wrote motets, of which several are preserved in the (ABA). In this context, motets are choral compositions, mostly with a number of independent voices exceeding that of a standard SATB choir, and with German text from the Luther Bible and Lutheran hymns, sometimes in combination. When a hymn was used, usually its chorale tune was integrated into the composition. Instrumental accompaniment was often limited to basso continuo and/or instruments playing . By the time Bach started to compose his motets in the 1710s or 1720s along the principles of these older compositions, the genre was already regarded as antiquated. According to Philipp Spitta, Bach's 19th-century biographer, Johann Michael Bach's motet , ABA I, 10, which contains a setting of the "" chorale, may have been on Johann Sebastian's mind when he composed his motet named after the chorale, in E minor like his relative's.
In Bach's time, the Lutheran liturgical calendar of the place where he lived indicated the occasions for which music was required in church services. The bulk of the composer's sacred music, including most of his church cantatas, was written for such occasions. His other church music, such as sacred cantatas for weddings and funerals, and most of his motets, was not tied to the liturgical calendar. Around 15 extant compositions came to be recognised as Bach motets by musicologists at some time. Jesu, meine Freude is one of only five core works (BWV 225–229) which have always been considered to be Bach motets.
In eleven movements, is the longest and most musically complex of Bach's motets. It is scored for up to five vocal parts, which is rare among his works. Most of his vocal church music is to be performed with a four-part SATB choir, while most of his other motets are for double SATB choir. Exceptional compositions with five-part movements can be found in the Magnificat, written in 1723 at the beginning of Bach's tenure in Leipzig, and the Mass in B minor, compiled towards the end of his life. Like for most of his other motets, no continuo or other instrumental accompaniment has survived for BWV 227, but it is surmised there was one in Bach's time.
Epistle text and chorale
The text of is compiled from two sources: a 1653 hymn of the same name with words by Johann Franck, and Bible verses from Paul's Epistle to the Romans, 8:1–2 and 9–11. In the motet, the six hymn stanzas form the odd movement numbers, while the even numbers each take one verse from the Epistle as their text. The hymn is written in the first person and deals with a believer's bond to Jesus who is addressed as a helper in physical and spiritual distress, and therefore a reason for joy. The singer realizes the world as vanity, and prefers to leave it. Franck used stark images such as "old dragon" and "death's jaw" to express the believer's enemies. The hymn adds a layer of individuality and emotions to Biblical teaching. When Catherine Winkworth translated the hymn into English in 1869, she rendered it as "Jesu, priceless treasure".
As a key teaching of the Lutheran faith, the Biblical text reflects on the contrast of living "in the flesh" or "according to the Spirit". The hymn's first line is also the last line of its final stanza, framing the poetry of the whole work.
Johann Crüger's chorale melody for the hymn, Zahn 8032, was first published in his hymnal Praxis pietatis melica of 1653; several variants of the hymn tune were published in other hymnals over the ensuing decades. The tune is in bar form (AAB). While the first version had dance elements of an Allemande, the version of the 1682 Neu Leipziger Gesangbuch, the hymnal used in Leipzig then, it is in common time. the melody is built from one motif, the beginning descent of a fifth (catabasis), with the word "Jesu" as the high note, which is immediately inverted (). In the Leipzig version, the melody of the first line is identical to that of the last line. The hymn tune appears in the odd-numbered movements of the motet, completely in the Leipzig version for most stanzas, but paraphrased for the third stanza, and in a slightly different older version in the fifth stanza.
Time of origin
Most of Bach's motets are difficult to date and is no exception. Spitta assigned the motets that he knew, including , to Bach's Leipzig years, 1723 to 1750. In 1912, Bernhard Friedrich Richter, a church musician in Leipzig, wrote that was likely written in Bach's first year as Thomaskantor in Leipzig; he concluded that it was written for the funeral of Johanna Maria Kees, the wife of the Leipzig postmaster, on 18 July 1723, because a scripture reading of verse 11 from the Epistle passage set in the motet's tenth movement was documented for the funeral. Daniel R. Melamed, a musicologist from Cambridge University, wrote in his 1995 book that this was no conclusive evidence for a motet performance on the occasion, but the date has still been "nearly universally accepted". The order of that particular service was found in 1982, mentioning neither a motet nor even the chorale. Possibly the idea of combining hymn and epistle text dates back to the funeral.
Friedrich Smend was the first musicologist to analyse the motet's symmetrical structure, a feature which can also be found in Bach's St John Passion of 1724 and St Matthew Passion of 1727, which led Smend to suggest that the work was composed in the 1720s. Melamed thought that the motet was likely in part compiled from music Bach had composed before his Leipzig period. He based that view on the four-part settings of the chorale movements 1, 7 and 11 (unusual for a five-part work), and on the older version of the chorale melody used as the cantus firmus in the ninth movement. The latter suggests an origin of this movement in Bach's Weimar period (1708 to 1717), or even earlier. John Eliot Gardiner, who conducted the Bach Cantata Pilgrimage, noted that the motet, compiled partly from earlier compositions, is comparable in that respect to the Credo from Bach's Mass in B minor, and both are coherent in performance.
Christoph Wolff, a Bach scholar, suggested in 2002 that the motet may have been intended for the education of the Thomanerchor rather than for a funeral. He assumed the same intended use for the motet Singet dem Herrn ein neues Lied, BWV 225. According to Bach scholar Richard D. P. Jones, several movements of show a style too advanced to have been written in 1723. He assumed in his 2013 book that the final arrangement of the work likely happened in the late 1720s, when two motets which can be dated with greater certainty were also written: and the funeral motet Der Geist hilft unser Schwachheit auf, BWV 226. The Dietel manuscript, written around 1735, contains three chorales extracted from the motet; the composition of the motet is supposed to have been completed before that time.
Structure and scoring
is structured in eleven movements, with text alternating between a chorale stanza and a passage from the Epistle. Bach scored it for a choir of up to five voices (SSATB: one or two soprano parts (S or SS), alto (A), tenor (T) and B for bass). The number of voices in the movements varies from three to five. Only the alto sings in all movements. The motet was possibly meant to be accompanied by instruments playing , with instruments doubling the vocal lines in the practice of Bach's time, but no parts for them survived.
Table of the structure
The music is arranged in different layers of symmetry around the sixth movement. The first and last movements have the same four-part setting of two different hymn stanzas. The second and penultimate movements use the same themes in fugal writing. The third and fifth movements, both five-part chorale settings, mirror the seventh and ninth movements, both four-part chorale settings. In great variety of chorale settings, the fifth movement is a free setting of the chorale stanza which quotes only motifs from the tune, and the ninth movement is a chorale fantasia, with the cantus firmus in the alto. The fourth and eighth movements are both trios, the fourth for the three highest voices, the other for the three lowest voices. The central movement (Romans 8:9) is a five-part fugue.
In the following table, each movement number is followed by the beginning of the text (incipit) and its translation into English, its text source naming the stanza in Franck's hymn or the verse(s) in Paul's Epistle, its voices, its key, its time signature, and its form. For the form, corresponding movements within the symmetry are shown at the same level of indentation.
Movements
1
The motet begins with a four-part setting of the first stanza of the hymn "" ("Jesus, my joy" or "Jesus, Source of gladness"). The first movement is in E minor, like most other movements related to the hymn. The text, in the first person, speaks of longing for Jesus. Jones noted that the tenor part is particularly expressive. The last movement, the chorale's sixth stanza, has the same music, creating a frame that encloses the whole work:
2
The second movement begins the excerpts from Romans 8, setting verse 1, "" (There is therefore now no condemnation to them which are in Christ Jesus). The difference between living in the flesh and the spirit is an aspect that is repeated throughout the motet. The movement is also in E minor, but for five voices.
The beginning of the text is rendered in "rhetorical" homophony: Bach accented the word "nichts" (nothing), repeating it twice, with long rests and echo dynamics. Jones noted that dramatic word painting of this kind was in the tradition of 17th-century motets, such as by Johann Christoph and Johann Michael Bach.
3
The third movement is a five-part setting of the second stanza of the hymn, "" (Under your protection). While the first soprano provides the chorale melody, the lower voices supply vivid lines expressing the text.
4
The fourth movement sets the second verse from Romans 8, "" (For the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus hath made me free from the law of sin and death.). The thought is set for the two sopranos and alto, beginning in G major. The sopranos move in "beatific" parallel thirds in the opening when singing of "life in Christ Jesus".
5
The fifth movement is a setting of the third stanza of the hymn, "" (Despite the old dragon). The defiant opposition, also to death, fear and the rage of the world, is expressed in a free composition. The soprano melody paraphrases the hymn tune by quoting short motifs from the chorale. The movement is in the bar form as the original melody. Five voices take part in a dramatic illustration as they depict defiance by standing firmly and singing, often in powerful unison. Gardiner compared the movement referring to the medieval image of the old dragon, to paintings by Cranach and Grünewald. The rhetoric style is similar to the beginning of the second movement. Gardiner noted that the firm stance against opposition could depict Martin Luther's attitude and also the composer's own stance, and summarises:
6
The central sixth movement sets verse 9 from Romans 8, "" (But ye are not in the flesh, but in the Spirit). Again beginning in G major, the tenor starts with a fugue theme that stresses the word "geistlich" (of the Spirit) by a long melisma in the fast notes, while the opposite "fleischlich" is a long note stretched over the bar-line. The alto enters during the melisma. All five voices participate in a lively fugue, the only one within the motet. It is a double fugue, with a first theme for the first line, another for the second, "" (since the Spirit of God lives otherwise in you), before both of them are combined in various ways, parallel and in stretti. By contrast, the third line of verse 9, "" (Any one who does not have the spirit of Christ does not belong to him) is set in a homophonic adagio: "not of Christ".
7
The seventh movement is a four-part setting of the fourth stanza of the hymn, "" (Away with all treasures). While the soprano sings the chorale melody, the lower voices intensify the gesture; "weg" (away) is repeated several times in fast succession. Throughout the movement, the lower voices intensify the expressiveness of the text.
8
The eighth movement sets verse 10 from Romans 8, "" (And if Christ be in you, the body is dead because of sin). As in the fourth movement, it is set as a trio, this time for alto, tenor and bass, beginning in C major. Parallel thirds in the upper voices resemble those in the fourth movement.
9
The ninth movement is a setting of the fifth stanza of the hymn, "" (Good night, existence that cherishes the world). For the rejection of everything earthly, Bach composed a chorale fantasia, with the cantus firmus in the alto voice and repetition of "Gute Nacht" in the two sopranos and the tenor. Jones pointed out that the absence of a bass may depict that "the world" lacks a firm foundation in Christ. The chorale melody used in the movement is slightly different from the one in the other settings within the motet, a version which Bach used mostly in his earlier time in Weimar and before. For Gardiner, the "sublime" music suggests the style of Bach's Weimar period. Jones, however, found that the "bewitchingly lyrical setting" matched compositions from the mid-1720s in Leipzig, comparing the music to the Sarabande from the Partita No. 3, BWV 827.
10
The tenth movement sets verse 11 from Romans 8, "" (But if the Spirit of him that raised up Jesus from the dead dwell in you). In symmetry, the music recalls that of the second movement.
11
The motet ends with the same four-part setting as the first movement, with the last stanza of the hymn as lyrics, "" (Flee, you mournful spirits). The final line repeats the beginning on the same melody: "" (You stay with me even in sorrow, / Jesus, my joy).
Reception, performances and publication
is unique in Bach's work in its complex symmetrical structure, which juxtaposes hymn and Bible text. Bach's vivid setting of the contrasting texts results in music of an unusually dramatic range. Wolff summarised:
Performers of have to decide if they will use a boys' choir (as Bach had in mind) or a mixed choir, a small vocal ensemble or a larger choir, and if instruments should accompany the voices, a continuo group or also instruments playing .
18th and 19th centuries
As with most of Bach's motets, there is no extant autograph of . The motet's SATB chorales were copied in several 18th-century manuscripts collecting chorale harmonisations by Bach. The earliest extant copy of such chorale collections, the Dietel manuscript, also contains a SATB version of the motet's five-part third movement: Dietel's copy omitted the second soprano part of the movement. Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach retained two chorales, based on the motet's first and seventh movements, in the third volume of Breitkopf's 1780s edition of Bach's four-part chorales.
After Bach's death, the motets, unlike much of his other music, were kept continuously in the repertoire of the Thomanerchor. A choral version of the entire motet, that is without any indication of instrumental accompaniment, was first published in 1803 in the second volume of Breitkopf & Härtel's first edition of six motets by (or at least, attributed to) Bach. was included in the first complete edition of the composer's works, the (BGA); together with other motets it was edited by Franz Wüllner and was published in 1892 for volume 39 of the project.
20th and 21st centuries
In the 1920s, the large Bach Choir in London performed Bach's works conducted by Ralph Vaughan Williams, while Charles Kennedy Scott performed with his Bach Cantata Club in chamber formation, which prompted a reviewer to write: "It would be absurd to forbid Bach's Motets to big choirs, but this performance left no doubt that the listener gets the truth of the music from voices few and picked." Scott and the Bach Cantata Club made the first recording of , which was the first of any motet by Bach, in 1927, sung in English. The optimum size of the choir in this work continues to be discussed to this day, for example in reviews of Philippe Herreweghe's one voice per part recordings of 1985 and 2010. has been recorded more than 60 times, mostly in combination with other motets by Bach. Sets with a recording of BWV 227 alongside other Bach motets include:
Philippe Herreweghe with the Collegium Vocale Gent and La Chapelle Royale (recorded November 1985, released 1986)
Harry Christophers with the Sixteen, 1989
Masaaki Suzuki with the Bach Collegium Japan, using instruments playing , 2009
Herreweghe, second set recorded in 2010
Gardiner, whose second recording of the motets with the Monteverdi Choir in 2011 received a Gramophone Award in 2013 in the category Baroque Vocal.
The New Bach Edition (Neue Bach-Ausgabe, NBA) published the motet in 1965, edited by Konrad Ameln, with critical commentary published in 1967. In 1995, Bärenreiter published the vocal parts of the six motets BWV 225–230 from the NBA in one volume, with a preface by Klaus Hofmann. The motets were published by Carus-Verlag in 1975, edited by Günter Graulich, and published again in 2003, edited by Uwe Wolf, as part of the Stuttgarter Bach-Ausgaben, a complete edition of Bach's vocal works. Modern editions of the motet may supply a reconstructed instrumental accompaniment, such as a continuo realisation, and/or a singable translation of the lyrics, as for instance in Carus's 2003 publication of the motet.
Notes and references
Notes
References
Cited sources
Bach Digital
Books
Preface in English and German.
Vol. I – Vol. II – Vol. III.
Vol. IV.
Journals
Online sources
External links
Motets by Johann Sebastian Bach
Christian funeral music
Compositions in E minor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesu%2C%20meine%20Freude%2C%20BWV%20227 |
John Benjamin Clark Watkins (3 December 1902 – 12 October 1964) was a Canadian diplomat and scholar who served as Canadian ambassador to the Soviet Union from 1954 to 1956. Describing Watkins as "sophisticated, erudite and fluent in Russian", Michael Dobbs of The Washington Post wrote that he was the "perfect ambassador" to Moscow. He is credited with organizing a historic meeting between Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and Canadian External Affairs Minister Lester B. Pearson.
Early life
Born in Norval, Ontario, Watkins was the first child of John Watkins and Jane Clark. He had two sisters, Elizabeth and Isabel.
Watkins studied French, German, and Latin at the University of Toronto, and earned a master's degree by 1927. In a trip to Europe in the late 1920s, he was a guide and companion to Heywood Hale Broun in France, Holland, and Denmark. He left Europe for the United States in 1930, where he attended Columbia University and joined the staff of the American-Scandinavian Foundation in New York City. After Columbia, Watkins attended Cornell University in 1942 and earned a PhD there in 1944; his thesis was about the Danish writer Gustav Wied. During World War II, he returned to Canada to teach at Queen's University at Kingston, then Guelph Agricultural College. Watkins became an associate professor of English at the University of Manitoba in 1944. In 1946, Watkins translated the complete works of Honore de Balzac into English.
Upon an invitation by Humphrey Hume Wrong, Watkins reluctantly agreed to take the Canadian Foreign Service Examination. He was offered a position as a foreign service officer and left the University of Manitoba to join the Department of External Affairs (DEA). Watkins rapidly advanced from first secretary of the European Division to head of section to chargé d'affaires in Moscow.
Diplomatic career
First post in the Soviet Union: chargé d'affaires
On 1 September 1948, Watkins officially replaced John Wendell Holmes as the chargé d'affaires ad interim. He knew some Russian prior to arriving in Moscow, and set himself apart from other Western diplomats in the city by becoming fluent in the language. There, Watkins befriended George Costakis, the long-time head of personnel at the Canadian embassy and collector of Soviet art. While Stalin led the Soviet Union, there was limited opportunity for foreign diplomats like Watkins to travel and interact with Soviet society. Near the end of his post in Moscow, Watkins began to develop health issuesheart and circulatory weaknesses that were not diagnosed at his medical examination upon entering the DEAthat would affect him for the remainder of his life. The DEA announced in January 1951 that he was to return to Ottawa on sick leave, and he was replaced by Robert Ford.
Norway
By the end of 1951, Watkins was appointed to serve a diplomatic post in Oslo, Norway. Canadian government records list him as envoy to Iceland and Norway from the summer of 1952 to 1954. In February 1954, it was reported that Chester Ronning would replace Watkins as the minister to Norway.
Second post in the Soviet Union: ambassador
After the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953, Georgy Malenkov expressed a willingness to resolve issues of conflict between the East and the West, and there was an apparent easing of tensions within Canada–Soviet Union relations when Dmitri Chuvakhin was appointed Soviet ambassador to Canada. In response, Watkins was officially made Canada's first peacetime ambassador to the Soviet Union on 1 January 1954. Watkins found that the Soviet Union was more open under the leadership of First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev, and he had a fondness for befriending Soviet officials and was able to develop a large number of contacts. To his detriment, this would prove costly and allow him to become a target of Soviet espionage.
In the fourth quarter of 1954, Watkins met a young man named Kamahl in a Muslim area of one of the southern republics of the Soviet Union and invited him back to his hotel room. The hotel staff likely observed the pair entering Watkins' room. A few months later, Watkins received a postcard from Kamahl who stated he would be visiting Moscow. Watkins entertained Kamahl in Moscow, and the two men engaged in a brief romantic affair consummated in the younger man's hotel room. As he did with every other encounter, Watkins dutifully reported to Quebec his encounters with Kamahl and described him as a young man who had doubts about the Soviet system. The only thing he failed to report was the homosexual aspect of their relationship. Unbeknownst to Watkins, Kamahl's visit was staged by the KGB and the two men were photographed together in Kamahl's room. The KGB sought to exploit Watkins' indiscretion not by blackmailing him, but rather by manipulating him to become an agent of influence by enveloping him in a "debt of gratitude". In contrast to his first post in Moscow, he found himself enjoying access to top officials within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and invitations to social events that other Western Bloc ambassadors could not get. All of this was planned by the KGB.
In April 1955, Watkins met then befriended "Aloysha", who introduced himself as Alexei Mikhailovich Gorbunov, a historian and consultant to the Soviet foreign ministry. Watkins also described him as his best Soviet informant. Watkins also met Anatoly Nitkin, who introduced himself as a professor of history at the Moscow Academy of History. Watkins did not know that "Aloysha" was actually KGB officer Oleg Mikhailovich Gribanovthe second-highest-ranking official within the Second Directorate and the mastermind of the entrapment operation against Watkins involving Kamahland Nitkin was Anatoly Gorsky, a KGB official senior to Gribanov and a former handler of Kim Philby. The three spent much time together, including a weekend at "Aloysha's" dacha in the Crimea in June. "Aloysha" would soon play an important role in Secretary of State for External Affairs Lester Pearson's visit to the Soviet Union.
After a meeting in San Francisco that same month, Pearson was invited by Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov to visit the Soviet Union. Pearson had expressed his interest in visiting the USSR to Watkins the previous November, and it is likely that Watkins had relayed that to Soviet officials with whom he had established close contact. Watkins reported in July that "Aloysha" had close contacts with Molotov, Khrushchev, and Nikolai Bulganin, and by August he was Watkins' main informant on the Soviet's views of the visit pending with Pearson. In planning the meeting, Pearson advised Watkins not to show the Soviets too much enthusiasm for their interest in a trade agreement. The official Canadian delegation included Pearson, Holmes, Watkins, George Ignatieff, Mitchell Sharp, and Raymond Crépault; Pearson's wife, Maryon, and journalists René Lévesque and Richard J. Needham accompanied them. On 5 October 1955, Molotov led the Soviet dignitaries in meeting the Canadians arriving at the Moscow airport. What has been described as the most memorable event of the trip is a drinking party that occurred when Pearson, Watkins, Ignatieff, and Crépault visited Khrushchev and Nikolai Bulganin at the Yusupov Palace in Yalta on 11 October. "Aloysha"/Gribanov also attended the party and was understood by the other Canadians to be Watkins' friend; Ignatieff apparently believed him to be a MVD official. It is at this party that Khrushchev was alleged by a KGB defector Yuri Nosenko to have taunted Watkins about his homosexuality during a toast. In his memoirs, Pearson noted that Watkins looked "less and less happy" as the evening progressed; however, Ignatieff, who understood Russian, denied that he heard the remark and Watkins' account of the meeting expressed no concerns.
Watson's writings show that he held a view of the Soviet Union was that more trustful and generous than that of Pearson or Ignatieff. He continued to meet with "Aloysha" and wrote the DEA to explain his importance to Khrushchev; Watkins even suggested that "Aloysha" wrote parts of the Soviet leader's speeches at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Pearson remained unconvinced about Soviet aims and told the House of Commons in January 1956 that "not a single basic objective of Soviet policy was changed". In February, Watkins sent Pearson a lengthy dispatch reiterating a meeting in which "Aloysha" voiced the Soviet's displeasure with Pearson over his continued skepticism of Soviet intentions. Pearson fired back: "My visit did not reassure me in regard to the peaceful aims of that policy, but certainly did convince me that the people themselves, whatever might be the views of their rulers, did sincerely desire peace. You might tell your friend Aloysha one day that if he wants to convince me of the pacific intentions of his Politburo friends, he should explain why they find it necessary to have 400 modern submarines." Watkins was recalled from the Soviet Union shortly afterwards.
More than a year after his affair with Kamahl and just before he was to return to Ottawa, Watkins was invited by "Aloysha" to his office. The Soviet official acted troubled and stated he had gained custody of the KGB material compromising to Watkins, but would do what he could to prevent the KGB from exploiting him. Watkins, understanding that his career depended upon the goodwill of the Soviets, had skilfully been placed into "Aloysha's" debt. Following through on the plan to get the ambassador to become an agent of influence steering Canadian policy away from the United States and towards the Soviet Union, "Aloysha" implied that Watkins could return the favour when he returned to Ottawa.
On 3 April 1956, Watkins was recalled to Ottawa to become assistant under-secretary of state for External Affairs. David Chalmer Reece, a former colleague of Watkins in the Canadian diplomatic corps who had also been one of his students at the University of Manitoba, recalled that Watkins "seemed much the same in Ottawa, gentle and charming, but a little melancholy and bothered by ill health".
Denmark
Watkins officially became the Canadian ambassador to Denmark on 30 August 1958. Having developed diabetes, his health continued to decline and he spent Christmas 1959 hospitalized in Copenhagen with a continuous nosebleed. Unwell and taking heart medications regularly, Watkins again returned to Ottawa in 1960 where he was an assistant undersecretary with External Affairs. After lengthy medical leaves, Watkins officially retired from the Department of External Affairs on 25 July 1963.
Retirement
In retirement, Watkins prepared his move to France by donating his valuable collection of Russian and Scandinavian books to various Canadian universities. His collection of paintings by Pablo Picasso and Russian avant-garde artists, including Marc Chagall, were distributed to friends for safe-keeping. Watkins retired to Paris, where he lived at the Hôtel Lenox on the Left Bank. He was a frequent dinner guest of the Canadian ambassador to France, Jules Léger, and his wife Gabrielle, and Basil Rakoczi was among the many unknown artists he befriended. After entertaining his cousins in Paris and a road trip around Europe in May 1964, Watkins suffered a heart attack that summer. In September, he moved to an apartment in Montparnasse.
Soviet defections, Operation Rock Bottom and death
In April 1962, two British officers from MI5 and MI6 who had assisted the United States Central Intelligence Agency in the debriefing of Soviet defector Anatoliy Golitsyn travelled to Ottawa to update the Security Service. The two officers reported that Golitsyn had brought with him a collection of leads into operations that the Soviet Second Directorate had directed against the Canadian Embassy, including an operation to blackmail a gay Canadian ambassador who had been caught in a sex trap. Golitsyn could only narrow the time frame to the 1950s and was unable to identify the ambassador or whether he had been swayed or controlled by the trap. In an effort to identify the unnamed ambassador, the Canadian Security Service launched Operation Rock Bottom. Security Service officers Charles Sweeny and Leslie James Bennettconsidered to be the RCMP's counterespionage guruwanted to question Golitsyn for further details but were told they had to wait in line behind the Americans, British, French, Germans, and Dutch. While waiting for their turn, Sweeny and Bennett attempted to match up clues by scouring almost 500 files at External Affairs. In August 1962, they finally had their opportunity to question Golitsyn at a safehouse in Washington, D.C., but were unable to discover any new leads. The investigation initially focused on David Johnson, the Canadian ambassador to the Soviet Union from 1956 to 1960, who resigned his position after a previous investigation forced him to admit his homosexuality. Although Johnson had been an ambassador in the 1950s, other details from Golitsyn's leads did not match up. Additional review suggested that the unidentified ambassador could be Watkins, but the investigation stalled with no firm evidence against either him or Johnson.
In September 1963 in London, Soviet writer Yuri Krotkov defected to the West. Krotkov revealed that he had cooperated with the KGB years earlier in a seduction/compromise operation against Maurice Dejean, the French ambassador to the USSR, and his wife, and stated he had learned of a similar entrapment operation against a homosexual Canadian ambassador. Like Golitsyn, Krotkov said he did not know the ambassador's name, but he confirmed that the diplomat had fallen into the trap and the timeline he presented seemed to overlap with Watkins' post in Moscow. Although their suspicions had been pushed in the direction of Watkins, the Security Service felt they did not have enough evidence to interrogate the former ambassador. In February 1964, Yuri Nosenko, a KGB captain who had served in the Second Directorate, defected while in Geneva and in debriefing with the CIA identified the Canadian ambassador as Watkins. Given that the CIA suspected that Nosenko was a KGB plant sent to undermine Golitsyn, the information was not passed on to the Security Service until August 1964. The Canadians were not allowed to interview Nosenko. At this juncture, the Security Service had gone through Watkins' dispatches looking for evidence that he had attempted to influence Canadian policy in favour of the Soviets but were so overwhelmed by the vast number of files that they were unable to find any firm evidence. The RCMP determined that they would need to go to Paris and directly approach Watkins.
Bennett was the obvious choice to lead the investigation, and William Higgitt selected corporal Harry Brandes over veterans Lloyd Libke and Murray Sexsmith as the interrogator to back him up. The two members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police's Soviet counterespionage unit flew to Paris where they immediately met with Ambassador Jules Léger at the Canadian Embassy to brief him on the reason for their trip and the allegations against Watkins. Watkins was a friend of Léger and was frequently invited to the embassy and Léger's home, so the two investigators hoped Léger could help them get Watkins to cooperate. Léger was skeptical of the allegations and initially reluctant to assist the investigators in approaching Watkins. He cautioned Bennett and Brandes that Watkins' had a recent heart attack and was not well. Understanding that Bennett and Brandes could approach Watkins without his help, Léger eventually agreed to assist the following day. That evening at an already scheduled dinner party at the embassy, Léger led the frail-looking Watkins into his office where he was introduced to Bennett and Brandes, the purpose of their visit from Canada described to him as a matter of national importance. Watkins, reportedly understanding the purpose of their visit even before it was explained to him, agreed to help. Watkins was told by Bennett that he could consult with Léger or anyone else, but he declined, stating that the ambassador would be hurt by the details.
Watkins was picked up at his apartment the following morning and taken to a CIA safehouse where he admitted to having a liaison with someone apparently under KGB control and failing to report it. He denied that he was blackmailed or did anything in conflict with Canadian interests. Bennett told Watkins that they preferred not to question him in France, and that the Canadian government would pay for him to travel to Ottawa. Watkins declined for fear inadvertently running into old friends there, but he did agree to Bennett's suggestion of going to London, where the debriefing continued at an MI5 safehouse. In London, Watkins met with John Wendell Holmes, his close friend and confidant who preceded him as chargé d'affaires in Moscow, and told him that he was being investigated as a possible security risk. After a week, Bennett and Brandes convinced Watkins to allow them to move the questioning to Montreal. There, the interrogation continued at the Holiday Inn Chateaubriand on Côte-de-Liesse Road. Each day, more details emerged as Watkins' revealed the story of his homosexuality, meeting Kamahl, and the Soviet's attempt to pressure him. After verifying Watkins' statements with the lengthy dispatches he had written in Moscow nearly ten years earlier, Bennett and Brandes were convinced that the former ambassador had been truthful and that the KGB attempt to blackmail him had failed.
On the evening of 12 October 1964, the interrogation was essentially finished when Watkins, while reminiscing about his diplomatic career, suffered a heart attack and died instantly. After feeling no pulse and attempting chest compressions, Bennett and Brandes telephoned for help. Two police officers from Saint-Laurent, Quebec, Remy Martin and Pierre Lemire, and two ambulance attendants responded to their call. Gus Begalki, the RCMP Security Service's senior non-commissioned officer, then convinced the Saint-Laurent police chief to keep the matter quiet out of concern that publicity regarding Watkins' death might allow the KGB to take countermeasures for the intelligence the Security Service had acquired regarding their operating methods.
Coroner Marcel Trahan ruled that Watkins had an "unforeseeable" death due to heart attack, and his report stated that Watkins died in the company of "friends" awaiting a flight to England. The report listed Brandes as the only witness and said he should be considered "a friend of the deceased". Brandes was not identified as a member of the RCMP and Bennett's name was not mentioned.
Watkins' death certificate was signed by pathologist Iona Kerner. Kerner only externally examined the body and observed no unusual markings, and an investigative report stated "coronary thrombosis in an unexpected, sudden, and accidental death". No autopsy was performed.
Investigation of death
In 1980, the circumstances of Watkins' death started to become public when David Martin's Wilderness of Mirrors revealed that the KGB, using a honey trap, had targeted Watkins for blackmail because of his homosexuality. Chapman Pincher's March 1981 book Their Trade is Treachery was reported to have caused a "sensation in the press" with the claim that Watkins died while being questioned in a Montreal hotel room. In April 1981, for the second edition of S – Portrait of a Spy, Ian Adams found that the Quebec coroner who had signed Watkins' death certificate in 1964 had not realized he was a former ambassador nor was he aware of the true circumstances of his death. Additional details of Watkins' entrapment emerged in John Sawatsky's two-part series published in June 1981.
In September 1981, Quebec Minister of Justice Marc-André Bédard ordered an inquest into the death of Watkins. Solicitor General Robert Kaplan criticized the inquest as "unnecessary and a witch hunt", but said he would cooperate with the investigation. A few weeks prior, Dery stated that he wanted to interview Bennett and that he was considering plans to take the inquest to Australia, where the former Mountie had retired, or bring him to the inquest in Canada.
21 witnesses testified at the inquest, including many police officers whose testimony was often contradictory. Martin, one of the constables who responded to the Chateaubriand Holiday Inn, said that he received the impression from a telephone call made by Lemire that Watkins' body was taken to the morgue over the objections of Bennett and Brandes; however, Lemire, his partner, said the only telephone calls he made were to verify the identities of Bennett and Brandes. The person to whom Lemire's call was allegedly made was also found not to have been on duty that night. Written testimony from Watkins' only known living relatives stated that his health had declined in the six months prior to his death.
On 22 December 1981, Brandes, then chief superintendent of the RCMP, also testified that Watkins' health was failing, so they let him dictate the pace of the questioning. He said that the former diplomat was not held against his will, and that he voluntarily cooperated with the investigation. Bennett stated that he and Bennett were in constant contact with Watkins, including visits to the theatre, watching television, and going for walks together, and that the interrogations typically occurred once each day for about three hours. He testified that on the day Watkins died, he was questioned for four hours in a session focused on recapping information about events already obtained from him. Bennett stated that Watkins was reminiscing about his time in the diplomatic corps when he suddenly collapsed and died. Although he had known Watkins for only a month, Brandes stood by his statement that appeared in the coroner's report that noted he was his friend. He testified: "We spent a great deal of time together under very close relations and, yes, I considered him a friend." Brandes testified that he and Bennett sought to avoid publicity of the former ambassador's death "for the protection of operational national matters that had international ramifications" and only asked the police investigators to avoid making his death a cause célèbre. Brandes had not mentioned that he was an RCMP officer and said that had not thought it was important to notify Montreal authorities that Watkins was a former diplomat.
Kerner, the pathologist, said she would have "most certainly" conducted an autopsy had she known that Watkins was a former diplomat having died in the presence of RCMP officers. After a two-week recess in the proceedings, John Wendell Holmes testified that he initially "took it as a joke of some sort" when Watkins told him in London that he was being investigated by the RCMP as a security risk. Holmes stated that Watkins behaved as someone "who felt he didn't have much longer to live, because of his heart attack", but believed him to be on good terms with those interrogating him. Alex Capon, a physician called to see Watkins a few days prior to his death, told the inquest: "It came as no surprise to me to learn of his death." During a break in the interrogation, Capon had advised Watkins to enter the hospital immediately; however, Watkins refused. In May 1982, Bennett was interviewed in Australia by two Quebec Police Force officers. On 23 June 1982, the inquest concluded when Dery ruled that Watkins died from natural causes unrelated to intensive police questioning. The RCMP was completely exonerated in the role of Watkins' death.
Legacy
Endowed by Watkins' estate, two awards are bestowed by the Canada Council for the Arts in his name: the J.B.C. Watkins Award for Architecture and J.B.C. Watkins Award for Music and Theatre.
In his 1999 book Agent of Influence, Adams suggested that the CIA had schemed to destroy Pearson, who had become prime minister, and had tried to get Watkins to implicate him. In 2002, the book was made into a television movie with the same title, starring Christopher Plummer. It was released in 2003 and distributed by the Movie Network Encore in 2018.
Watkins and his friend, fellow diplomat Herbert Norman, were the inspiration for "Harry Raymond", the central character in Timothy Findley play The Stillborn Lover (1993).
See also
Agent of influence
Sexpionage
Note
References
General
Adams, Ian. Agent of Influence: A True Story Toronto: General, 1999.
Specific
1902 births
1964 deaths
Ambassadors of Canada to Denmark
Ambassadors of Canada to the Soviet Union
Deaths from coronary thrombosis
Deaths in police custody in Canada
Gay diplomats
Espionage scandals and incidents
Cornell University alumni
Academic staff of the University of Manitoba
University of Toronto alumni
20th-century Canadian LGBT people
Canadian gay men | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Watkins%20%28diplomat%29 |
John Watkins may refer to:
Politicians
John Watkins (mayor) (died 1812), mayor of New Orleans
John D. Watkins (1828–1895), American politician in Louisiana
John T. Watkins (1854–1925), American politician, U.S. Representative from Louisiana
John Watkins (Virginia politician, born 1947), Virginia state senator
John Watkins (Australian politician) (born 1955), in New South Wales
John A. Watkins (politician) (1898–1973), politician from the U.S. state of Indiana
John B. Watkins (1855–1931), politician in the Virginia Senate
John Lloyd Vaughan Watkins, Welsh politician
Sportsmen
John Watkins (baseball) (1857–1924), American pre-Negro leagues baseball catcher and manager
John Watkins (South African cricketer) (1923–2021), South African cricketer
John Watkins (Australian cricketer) (born 1943), Australian cricketer
John Watkins (rugby union) (born 1945), English rugby union player
Others
John Watkins (architect) (1834–1902), architect in Utah
John W. N. Watkins (1924–1999), English philosopher
John Watkins (diplomat) (1902–1964), Canadian diplomat and ambassador
John Watkins (photographer) (1823–1874), English portrait photographer
John Watkins (writer) (fl. 1792–1831), English writer known as a biographer
John A. Watkins (admiral), United States Navy admiral
John G. Watkins (1913–2012), American psychologist
J. Elfreth Watkins (1852–1903), curator at the United States National Museum
John M. Watkins, founder of Watkins Books
J. S. Watkins (John Samuel Watkins, 1866–1942), Australian art teacher
See also
Jack Watkins (1893–1974), Australian rugby league footballer
Jonathan Watkins (born 1957), English curator
Watkins v. United States, U.S. Supreme Court decision (1957) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Watkins |
Stillington is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Stillington and Whitton, in the Stockton-on-Tees district, in the ceremonial county of Durham, England, northwest of Stockton-on-Tees.
Governance
Stillington is under the jurisdiction of Stockton-On-Tees Borough Council and is represented by Councillor Andrew Stephenson, who sits on the Council as member for the Western Parishes, which incorporates the neighbouring villages of Redmarshall, Carlton, Elton and Longnewton, amongst others. Stillington is within the Stockton North parliamentary constituency, currently represented by Alex Cunningham MP.
Stillington was for centuries governed as part of County Durham and along with its neighbouring villages formed the sub-division of the Stockton Rural District under the administration of Durham County Council. Following the Local Government Act 1972, which instituted wholesale changes to England's historic county system, the Rural District was transferred into the borough of Stockton-on-Tees and placed under the authority of the newly created County of Cleveland in 1974. In 1993 the Banham Commission recommended the abolition of County Cleveland, with the River Tees being re-established as the boundary between the ceremonial counties of Durham and Yorkshire. The changes came into effect on 1 April 1996. Stillington remains in the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees but for ceremonial purposes is under the remit of the Lord Lieutenant of Durham and considered to be a part of ceremonial County Durham, although the village is still served by the emergency services of the former county of Cleveland, namely Cleveland Police and Cleveland Fire Brigade.
Civil parish
Stillington was formerly a township in the parish of Redmarshall, from 1866 Stillington was a civil parish in its own right, on 1 April 1983 the parish was abolished and merged with Whitton and Mordon. In 1961 the parish had a population of 162.
Economy
In 1866 Samuel Boston founded the Carlton Iron works after which 111 houses were built (prior to which there were only three) and Stillington was known as the village of Carlton Iron Works.
In 1932 the original blast furnace was demolished but the company still exists and operates in Stillington under the name of Metabrasive.
Stillington has a significant number of companies operating in the village given its size including Darchem Engineering (part of Esterline), Clarkes of Stillington (steel plates) and Bodycote Heat Treatments.
There also exists a number of smaller nonindustrial businesses and facilities including Park Lane Shop and Post Office, Park Lane GP surgery, Stillington Workingmans club, The Royal Pub, a hairdressers and Cuthys Autos, a Car/Van / Motorbike repair garage.
Nature Reserve
Near the church in Stillington, there is a renovated piece of land, that used to be a slag heap, and later a waste dump. In 2004 it was turned into Stillington Forest Park and designated a Local Nature Reserve. It has two main ponds, one of which contains species of freshwater fish which is a popular angling spot. There is a wooded area towards the top of the hill, which has a pathway leading through it, and is a wildlife hotspot. The landscape is mainly grassland, with patches of woodland.
Wind Farm
In September 2010 a planning application for four wind turbines with a maximum height of 125m situated 1 km west of Stillington was submitted by Banks Group. In December 2011 this application was granted.
Transport
In 1833 the Clarence Railway was opened passing through Stillington and was used by the iron companies to transport their products as well as for passenger services. A station was built at Stillington in 1838 but it was demolished in 1965 following a fire. The Clarence Railway eventually became part of the London and North Eastern Railway and still exists today.
The village was linked to Stockton-on-Tees and Middlesbrough via the hourly X8 bus service which was operated by Stagecarriage, which provided the village with a direct link to University Hospital of North Tees, Stockton railway station, Stockton town centre, Teesside Park and Middlesbrough. However this was withdrawn in July 2019 when Stagecarriage ceased trading. One of the village's previous service was provided by Arriva North East, with certain journeys continuing onto Middlesbrough via Stockton. This service was withdrawn in June 2014. Following the withdrawal of all Leven Valley services on 20 March 2015 route 84 was taken on by Stagecarriage. The village's current services are provided by Stagecoach with their 'Tees Flex' Demand Responsive Transport service. This allows residents to book a bus through a smartphone app or by calling a phone number. This started in early 2020 and is on a three year trial basis from the Tees Valley Combined Authority. This also allows residents to have a wider choice of destinations as the service runs to where the passenger selects on the app. Previously a bus service running to Darlington passed through the village, but this service was withdrawn in late 2012 following the cessation of subsidies provided by Durham County Council.
Education
As of 2011 William Cassidi Church of England Aided Primary School had 204 pupils, aged 3–11. In 2008 Ofsted judged the school to be good and this rating was maintained in the 2011 interim inspection.
Religious sites
The parish church of St John the Divine was built in 1880.
References
External links
Stillington & Whitton Village Website
Stillington & Whitton Parish Council
William Cassidi Primary School
Stockton on Tees in the Tees Valley
Villages in County Durham
Borough of Stockton-on-Tees
Places in the Tees Valley
Local Nature Reserves in County Durham
Former civil parishes in County Durham | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillington%2C%20County%20Durham |
Semantic MediaWiki (SMW) is an extension to MediaWiki that allows for annotating semantic data within wiki pages, thus turning a wiki that incorporates the extension into a semantic wiki. Data that has been encoded can be used in semantic searches, used for aggregation of pages, displayed in formats like maps, calendars and graphs, and exported to the outside world via formats like RDF and CSV.
Authors
Semantic MediaWiki was initially created by Markus Krötzsch, Denny Vrandečić and Max Völkel, and was first released in 2005. Its development was initially funded by the EU-funded FP6 project SEKT (CORDIS site), and was later supported in part by Institute AIFB of the University of Karlsruhe (later renamed the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology). Currently James Hong Kong is the lead developer , while the other core developer is Jeroen De Dauw.
Basic syntax
Every semantic annotation within SMW is a "property" connecting the page on which it resides to some other piece of data, either another page or a data value of some type, using triples of the form "subject, predicate, object".
As an example, a page about Germany could have, encoded within it, the fact its capital city is Berlin. On the page "Germany", the syntax would be:
... the capital city is [[Has capital::Berlin]] ...
which is semantically equivalent to the statement "Germany" "Has capital" "Berlin". In this example the "Germany" page is the subject, "Has capital" is the predicate, and "Berlin" is the object that the semantic link is pointing to.
However, the much more common way of storing data within Semantic MediaWiki is via MediaWiki templates which themselves contain the necessary SMW markup. For this example, the "Germany" page could contain a call to a template called "Country", that looked like this:
{{Country
...
| Capital = Berlin
...
}}
The "Country" template would handle storing whatever the value of the parameter "Capital" is, using the property "Has capital". The template would also handle the display of the data. Semantic MediaWiki developers have estimated that 99% of SMW data is stored in this way.
Semantic MediaWiki also has its own inline querying tools. For instance, if pages about countries stored additional information like population data, a query could be added to a page that displays a list of all countries with a population greater than 50 million, along with their capital city; and Germany would appear in such a list, with Berlin alongside it.
Usage
Semantic MediaWiki is in use on over 1,600 public active wikis around the world, in addition to an unknown number of private wikis. Notable public wikis that use SMW include the Metacafe wiki, Web Platform, SNPedia, SKYbrary, Metavid, Familypedia, OpenEI, the Libreplanet wiki, the Free Software Directory and translatewiki.net.
Organizations that use SMW internally include Pfizer, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, NATO, U.S. Department of Defense, and the International Atomic Energy Agency.
SMW has notably gained traction in the health care domain for collaboratively creating bio-medical terminologies and ontologies. Examples are LexWiki, which is jointly run by the Mayo Clinic, National Cancer Institute, World Health Organization and Stanford University; and Neuroscience Information Framework's NeuroLex.
Semantic MediaWiki used to be supported on the now-defunct wiki farm Referata, by default. Wikia has previously activated Semantic MediaWiki on user request, but has stopped doing so since upgrading to version 1.19 of MediaWiki; Wikia sites, such as Familypedia, that had started using it are able to continue.
Semantic MediaWiki and Wikidata
Some members of the academic community began urging the use of SMW on Wikipedia since it was first proposed. In a 2006 paper, Max Völkel et al. wrote that in spite of Wikipedia's utility, "its contents are barely machine-interpretable. Structural knowledge, e.g. about how concepts are interrelated, can neither be formally stated nor automatically processed. Also the wealth of numerical data is only available as plain text and thus can not be processed by its actual meaning."
The Wikimedia community began adding semantic microformat markup to Wikipedia in 2007. In 2010, Wikimedia Foundation Deputy Director Erik Möller stated that Wikimedia was interested in adding semantic capabilities to Wikipedia, but that they were unsure whether Semantic MediaWiki was the right solution, since it was unclear whether it could be used without negatively affecting Wikipedia's performance.
In April 2012, the Wikimedia Foundation project Wikidata began, which provides a massive shared database for use in articles of every language in Wikipedia, and other Wikimedia projects. Its content is also freely available to anyone else. Wikidata supplants the potential use of Semantic MediaWiki on Wikipedia, its software uses Wikibase.
Spinoff extensions
A variety of open-source MediaWiki extensions exist that use the data structure provided by Semantic MediaWiki. Among the most notable are:
Page Forms - enables user-created forms for adding and editing pages that use semantic data
Semantic Result Formats - provides a large number of display formats for semantic data, including charts, graphs, calendars and mathematical functions
Semantic Drilldown - provides a faceted browser interface for viewing the semantic data in a wiki
Maps - displays geographic semantic data using various mapping services
Community
The official gathering for Semantic MediaWiki developers and users is SMWCon, which has been held twice a year since 2010, in various cities in the United States and Europe. The largest such event, in October 2013 in Berlin, had around 90 attendees. The first virtual SMWCon 2020 attracted 234 attendees.
See also
DBpedia
Freebase
OntoWiki
SMW+
References
Further reading
Software could add meaning to 'wiki' links, Matthew Sparkes, New Scientist, June 7, 2006
Markus Krötzsch, Denny Vrandecic, Max Völkel, Heiko Haller, Rudi Studer: Semantic Wikipedia. Journal of Web Semantics 5/2007, December 2007.
Struktur fürs Wiki, Rolf Strathewerd, Linux-Magazin, July 2009
Smart, P. R.; Braines, D.; Bao, J.; Mott, D.; Huynh, T. D.; Shadbolt, N.: Supporting Distributed Coalition Planning with Semantic Wiki Technology . In: 4th Annual Conference of the International Technology Alliance (ACITA'10).
Krabina, Bernhard: The Vienna History Wiki - a Collaborative Knowledge Platform for the City of Vienna. Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Open Collaboration (OpenSym 2015). ACM, 2015.
External links
Semantic wiki software
MediaWiki extensions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic%20MediaWiki |
Max Steineke was a prominent American petroleum geologist. He was chief geologist at California-Arabian Standard Oil Co. (CASOC) from 1936 until 1950 (by which time CASOC had become Aramco). His efforts, and persistence through repeated setbacks, led to the first discovery of oil in commercial quantities in Saudi Arabia, which took place at the well known as "Dammam No. 7" in March 1938. He graduated from Stanford University in 1921 with an AB degree in geology. Steineke died in 1952.
Early life
Steineke spent his early years on a homestead near Brookings, Oregon, one of nine children of German immigrants. At the age of twelve,
he left home for nearby Crescent City, California, where he found employment at a lumber mill. A school teacher with whom he boarded
took an interest in him, and encouraged his further education.
In 1917 he entered Stanford University (at that time no entrance examination was required). He graduated in 1921 with an AB in geology. In the years between graduation and the beginning of his work in Saudi Arabia, he explored for oil in California, Alaska, Canada, Colombia, and New Zealand.
Discovery of Oil in Saudi Arabia
On May 29, 1933, an oil concession agreement was signed between Saudi Arabia and Standard Oil of California (SoCal), and on November 8, SoCal formed a subsidiary, the California-Arabian Standard Oil Company (CASOC) to manage the concession. The geological formation known as "Dammam Dome" was the first target of exploration, initially investigated by Schuyler B. Henry and J.W. Hoover in 1933. The first of a series of test wells was drilled
into the formation in 1935.
Steineke had arrived for the first time in Saudi Arabia in 1934, and was appointed chief geologist of CASOC in 1936.
In 1937 he made a round trip of geological reconnaissance across the Saudi Arabian peninsula with a small party of other geologists.
Meanwhile, a series of test wells had been drilled at Dammam. Through 1936 none of the wells had demonstrated the presence of oil in commercial quantities. In December 1936, a "deep test", No. 7, was begun at the urging of Steineke, who wished to test the deeper porous limestone "Arab Zone" underlying impervious anhydrite. All through 1937, No. 7 experienced a series of expensive accidents and delays, and SoCal management became increasingly impatient. The Arabian venture was costing a lot of money, and so far there wasn't much encouragement.
In early 1938, Steineke was called back to San Francisco. SoCal had reportedly decided to "pull the plug" on Saudi Arabian exploration. Steineke, now the chief geologist of the venture, convinced his managers to at least wait for the results from Dammam #7, which was still drilling at a slow pace. During the first week of March 1938, at a depth of 1440 meters, Dammam No. 7 started producing at commercial quantities, reaching more than 3000 barrels per day by the end of the month.
The success at No. 7 quickly led to further positive results, and by 1940, the Dammam field was producing more than 12,000 barrels per day.
Steineke had found clues to oil at a site 30 miles from Dammam, where, in November 1940, the first well flowed at nearly 10,000 barrels per day. What Steineke had discovered was the huge Abqaiq field, and King Abdulaziz named Well No. 7 the Prosperity Well.
Steineke developed the structural drilling technique, a method of drilling shallow holes in order to discover and map the underlying rock formations. It was widely used in later exploration for oil in Saudi Arabia, and cited when he received
the Powers Award of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists: "The methods he [Steineke] developed in the area probably resulted in the
discovery of greater reserves than any other geologist." The method was instrumental
in the discovery of the most productive oil field ever found: Ghawar.
Steineke continued to work in Saudi Arabia during World War II. During that period CASOC's role was to produce oil for the allies, and protect the oil fields from enemy occupation. He continued as Aramco's chief geologist until 1950, when his health began to deteriorate.
Steineke died in Los Altos, California, in April, 1952, at age 54.
Awards and honors
The Sidney Powers Memorial Award, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1951.
The Bedouin trackers led by , renamed a Um Ruqaibah jebel as Usba Steineke, Finger of Steineke. As Thomas Barger wrote, "...Max was much the same as Khamis...Figuratively as well as literally, they both seemed to know where they were and where they were going next."
Steineke Hall, a guest house in the Saudi Aramco Residential Camp in Dhahran, was named in honor of Max Steineke.
Max Steineke Endowed Professorship in the School of Earth Sciences at Stanford University.
See also
Thomas Barger
Saudi Arabian oil
References
1898 births
1952 deaths
20th-century American geologists
Saudi Aramco
Stanford University alumni
Explorers of Arabia
American expatriates in Saudi Arabia
People from Curry County, Oregon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Steineke |
Iwan Pylypiw or Ivan Pylypow (, September 28, 1859 – October 10, 1936) and Vasyl Eleniak were the first Ukrainian immigrants to Canada in 1891–93.
Pylypow was born in the village of Nebyliv in Kalush county (povit) in Austrian Galicia (today Kalush Raion, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast). He was a peasant logging contractor, and after falling on hard times considered finding a better life abroad, like many other Galicians of the time. Pylypiv had heard about free lands in Canada from German neighbours, and after corresponding with former classmate Johan Krebs, who had initially settled near Medicine Hat, North-West Territories, he set off for Canada with his friends Eleniak and Tyt Ziniak in the fall of 1891.
Ziniak was turned back at the Austrian–German border, but Pylypiv and Eleniak traveled via Halifax, Nova Scotia to Winnipeg, Manitoba, where they met several ethnic German loggers who had worked for Pylypow. They visited the loggers' homesteads near Langenburg, North-West Territories, and went as far west as Calgary. Unimpressed with the land near the railway, they went back to Manitoba, where a visit to a Mennonite settlement at Gretna convinced Pylypiv that Canada was a viable destination. Eleniak, out of money, stayed to work for the winter, while Pylypow returned to Galicia for their families before settling in Canada permanently.
When he arrived back in Austria-Hungary his account of vast, unsettled lands prompted both excitement and skepticism. When some learned that Pylypiv expected to receive a commission from a Hamburg steamship company and accused him of swindling, he was arrested for sedition, soliciting emigration, and fraud. After awaiting trial for three months in jail, on May 12, 1892, he was sentenced to another month. Although Pylypow's efforts at promotion were doused, his arrest and trial had generated publicity, and seven families led by Anton Paish and Mykola Tychkovsky set off for the Canadian Prairies. A few stopped to work briefly with Eleniak in Gretna, and then continued on to meet the rest in the District of Alberta. With the help of Krebs, the families found homesteads east of the Galician German settlement of Josephburg, northeast of Edmonton.
Pylypiv and his family finally caught up with the group in 1893, settling at Edna-Star, then in the District of Alberta, east of Fort Saskatchewan, where he farmed and became very active in the co-operative movement. He died a wealthy man in 1936 at the age of 77 years.
The last farmhouse he lived in, the third one he built in the Edna-Star area, is now a part of the Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village, located east of Edmonton, Alberta. The "Pylypow Industrial" subdivision of Edmonton, and Pylypow Lake in Saskatchewan are also named after him.
See also
Ukrainian Canadians
Joseph Oleskiw, another early promoter of Ukrainian emigration to Canada
References
Martynowych, Orest (1991). Ukrainians in Canada: The formative period, 1891–1924, pp. 60–61. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. .
Nay, Marshall A. (1997). Trailblazers of Ukrainian emigration to Canada: Wasyl Eleniak and Ivan Pylypow, Brightest Pebble. .
External links
Seeds in Their Pockets: Real-time borshch and chichky at the Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village by Marilynn McAra
Pylypow's story at Alberta: Home, Home on the Plains
Pylypow house at the Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village Guided Tour
Historic Gardens Bloom Again at Ukrainian Village at Alberta Heritage
Wasyl Eleniak at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
Wasyl Eleniak at the Alberta Heritage Alphabet
1859 births
1936 deaths
Ukrainian emigrants to Canada
Settlers of Canada
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to Canada
Farmers from Alberta
Ukrainian diaspora in Canada
Ukrainian Austro-Hungarians
People from Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan%20Pylypow |
Zubov's method is a technique for computing the basin of attraction for a set of ordinary differential equations (a dynamical system). The domain of attraction is the set , where is the solution to a partial differential equation known as the Zubov equation. Zubov's method can be used in a number of ways.
Statement
Zubov's theorem states that:
If is an ordinary differential equation in with , a set containing 0 in its interior is the domain of attraction of zero if and only if there exist continuous functions such that:
, for , on
for every there exist such that , if
for or
If f is continuously differentiable, then the differential equation has at most one continuously differentiable solution satisfying .
References
Ordinary differential equations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubov%27s%20method |
A Coronation Mass is a Eucharistic celebration, in which a special liturgical act, the coronation of an image of Mary, is performed.
The coronation of an image of Mary is an act of devotion to her. It expresses the belief that Mary as mother of the Son of God has queenly dignity in the new order of the kingdom of God. At the same time it is the confession of their effective presence in an image of grace. In depictions of Mary together with her divine Son, the Christ child is always, and first of all, also crowned. Such coronations, often such of images which are believed miraculous, are practised in the liturgical tradition of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Churches in communion with the Roman Catholic Church, as well as in the tradition of the Eastern Orthodox Church.
History
The custom of depicting the Blessed Virgin Mary adorned with a crown became common both in the East and in the West since the Council of Ephesus in 431. Christian artists often "portrayed Mary as Queen and Empress seated upon a royal throne adorned with royal insignia, crowned with the royal diadem and surrounded by the host of angels and saints in heaven, and ruling not only over nature and its powers but also over the machinations of Satan."
The custom of placing precious crowns on statues of the Virgin Mary stems from popular devotion, was practised by pious religious and laymen, and has spread increasingly since the end of the 16th century. It is related to the offering of an ex voto.
As this custom became more and more widespread, in the 17th century a separate Ritus servandus in coronatione imaginis Beatae Mariae Virginis emerged, which was incorporated into the Roman Pontifical in the 19th century.
The popes, "favoring such types of popular devotion", often crowned, either by own hand or through representatives, images of the Mother of God which were already outstanding by reason of public veneration.
In the present, the diocesan bishops decide in agreement with the local congregation whether an image should be solemnly crowned. The coronation of particularly venerated images of supra-regional importance is the responsibility of the pope. He or a cleric on his behest celebrates the coronation, usually in a Holy Mass or in a Marian vespers of the Liturgy of the Hours. The coronation can be even renewed, for example on the occasion of an anniversary.
References
See also
Coronation Mass (Mozart)
Catholic liturgical rites | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation%20Mass |
NIVR is a four-letter abbreviation with multiple meanings, as described below:
Netherlands Agency for Aerospace Programmes
Network Interactive Voice Response, see Interactive voice response
Neuron Interactive Virtual Reality, see Virtual reality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIVR |
Kalmar Airport , branded as Kalmar Öland Airport, is an airport in southeastern Sweden. The airport is located only some 5 kilometers west of downtown Kalmar. The airfield was originally the home of the Kalmar Wing (F 12). It is owned and operated by Kalmar Municipality.
Airlines and destinations
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Kalmar Airport:
Statistics
See also
Transport in Sweden
List of the largest airports in the Nordic countries
External links
Kalmar Airport official site
References
Airports in Sweden
Buildings and structures in Kalmar County
Kalmar
International airports in Sweden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar%20Airport |
Whinney Hill is a village within the borough of Stockton-on-Tees and the ceremonial county of County Durham, England. Whinney Hill lies west of Stockton-on-Tees.
References
Villages in County Durham
Borough of Stockton-on-Tees
Places in the Tees Valley | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whinney%20Hill%2C%20County%20Durham |
Serena Maneesh (or Serena-Maneesh) is the debut album by Serena Maneesh. The album was partly recorded in Steve Albini's respected Electrical Audio Recordings studio in Chicago as well as in various facilities in New York City and Oslo. Contributors to the album include Sufjan Stevens, Martin Bisi (who worked with Sonic Youth and Iggy Pop) and co-producer Daniel Smith of Danielson Famile.
The album yielded two singles: "Drain Cosmetics" in June 2006, and "Sapphire Eyes" in October 2006. "Beehiver II" is an alternative version of the song "Beehiver," first released on the band's 2002 EP Fixxations. An alternate version of "Sapphire Eyes," subtitled Serena-Maneesh Refix, was released as a digital single, as a B-side on the "Drain Cosmetics" single, and on the split single with American band Blood on the Wall.
Reception
Critical reception to the album was positive. Pitchfork Media graded the album 8.6 out of 10 and rated the album as one of the Top 50 Albums of 2005. Norway's national newspaper Dagbladet rated it Norwegian Album of the Year, and Allmusic awarded the album 4 stars out of 5.
Track listing
All tracks written by Emil Nikolaisen.
"Drain Cosmetics" – 3:41
"Selina's Melodie Fountain" – 5:39
"Un-Deux" – 1:56
"Candlelighted" – 6:36
"Beehiver II" – 4:44
"Her Name Is Suicide" – 3:44
"Sapphire Eyes" – 7:09
"Don't Come Down Here" – 7:20
"Chorale Lick" – 3:16
"Simplicity" – 1:56
"Your Blood in Mine" – 12:09
Vinyl-only bonus tracks
"Untitled #1"
"Untitled #2"
Personnel
Emil Nikolaisen: vocals, guitar, bass, samples, organ, vibes, drums, piano, harmonium, mellotron, mandolin
Anders Møller: percussion
David Wallumrød: organ
Anders Salomon Lidal: flute, analog synth
Sondre Tristan Midttun: guitar
Lina Holmström: vocals
Eivind Schou: violin
Hilma Nikolaisen: vocals
Håvard Krogedal: cello, organ
Harald Frøland: guitar
Sufjan Stevens: flute, marimba
Inge Svege: harmonica
Hilde Bialach: cello
Samuel Durling: Indian vibes
Dag Stiberg: sax
Daniel Smith: backing vocals
Asle Eikrem: tamburin
Production
Christian Engfelt: mixing
Marius Bodin: mixing
Morten Lund: mastering
Ingar Hunskaar: pre-mastering
Tommy Akerholdt: drums, co-arranger
Björn Engelmann: mastering
Martin Bisi: samples, mixing
Espen Høydalsvik: percussion, engineer
Greg Norman: sound engineer
Release history
External links
Serena Maneesh@HoneyMilk Artist page (domestic label)
Serena Maneesh website
References
2005 debut albums
Serena-Maneesh albums
Albums produced by Emil Nikolaisen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena%20Maneesh%20%28album%29 |
Copybook may refer to:
Copybook (calligraphy), a book containing examples of calligraphic script
Copybook (comics), a self-published and self-made work by fans or original fiction published using a copy machine
Copybook (education), a book used in education that contains examples of handwriting and blank space for learners to imitate
Copybooks, files that are mentioned in include directives in many programming languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copybook |
Bimodality is the simultaneous use of two distinct pitch collections. It is more general than bitonality since the "scales" involved need not be traditional scales; if diatonic collections are involved, their pitch centers need not be the familiar major and minor-scale tonics. One example is the opening (mm. 1–14) of Béla Bartók's "Boating" from Mikrokosmos (no. 125, vol. 5). Here, the right hand uses pitches of the pentatonic scale on E and the left hand uses those of the diatonic hexachord on C, perhaps suggesting G dorian or G mixolydian.
Bartók also uses the white-key and black-key collections (diatonic scale and its pentatonic complement) in no.6 of the Eight Improvisations, with the pentatonic as foreground, and in mm. 50–51 of the third movement of his Fourth Quartet, with the diatonic as foreground .
Paul Wilson argues against analyzing Bartók's "Diminished Fifth" (Mikrokosmos vol. 4, no. 101) and "Harvest Song" (no. 33 of the Forty-Four Duos for two violins) as bitonal since in both "the larger octatonic collection embraces and supports both supposed tonalities" . Here, the octatonic collection is partitioned into two four-note segments (4-10 or 0235) of the natural minor scales a tritone apart.
Sources
Musical techniques | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimodality |
BQMS may refer to:
Battalion Quartermaster Sergeant, a rank in the Irish Defence Forces, also used in the United States during World War I
Battery Quartermaster Sergeant, a staff sergeant appointment in the Royal Artillery (UK), Royal Canadian Artillery and Irish Army; also used in the United States from 1861 through World War I | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BQMS |
SQMS may refer to:
Squadron Quartermaster Sergeant, a staff sergeant appointment in traditionally mounted regiments and corps of the British Army
Staff Quartermaster Sergeant, a warrant officer class 2 appointment in the Royal Army Service Corps, Royal Corps of Transport and Royal Logistic Corps | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQMS |
Stanley is a small town approximately from Beechworth in Victoria noted for its apple and nut farms. At the , Stanley had a population of 324.
The town was formerly known as Snake Gully and Nine Mile Creek. Many parts of this rural community have the remains of gold diggings from the Victorian gold rush of the mid-1800s.
Gold rush era
The district has an important historic gold mining past and produced some colourful people during that heyday. Among them was John Scarlett (1824-?), a Scottish miner. Scarlett was involved in all things associated with writing to the newspapers, calling meetings and voicing his opinions. Originally a dry miner, he advocated rights for this type of operator, then on acquiring access to water he became an advocate for wet miners to the exclusion of the dry operators. He stood for mining board elections and then Victorian parliament in 1859. He appears in two historical works of the district: Woods, Beechworth and more so in O'Brien, Shenanigans. Scarlett eventually became the Secretary for the local roads board. No known photo of him exists. In her book, Carole Woods termed Scarlett the "Nine Mile Warrior". O'Brien's work with the local 1850s papers uncovered an advertisement against Scarlett and much doggerel verse: a local paper christened Scarlett a "water squatter".
During the gold era, the Stanley region comprised a higher proportion of miners from Scotland, in comparison to other localities in the surrounding area (O'Brien). The gold mining carried out in the district involved (wet) sluicing operations.
Like many goldfields in northeastern Victoria there was a Chinese presence at Stanley.
Stanley today
The town centre includes the Old Store Cafe (Closed), Stanley Pub, Primary School (currently not used as a school), CFA Fire Shed, Uniting Church, Recreational Reserve, Town Hall and Athenaeum (library). A store was built by Syd Mathieson (circa 1852). The Post Office was officially recognised and opened on 1 October 1857 as Nine Mile Creek and was renamed Stanley the next year, but ceased trading in 2010. Stanley Primary School closed in 2012.
There remain only two of the original buildings in Stanley, they being the store and powder magazine at the rear and the old police lock-up on Collins Road.
The Indigo Shire planning scheme notes that the lack of a reticulated sewerage system in Stanley has contributed towards water pollution in the area, and resolves that the area is "unsuitable for further un-sewered urban development". It accordingly resolves to "restrict future development until such time as a reticulated sewerage system is developed."
References
Craig. G.F. The Chinese Miners at Stanley, Beechworth, 1987,
O'Brien, Antony. Shenanigans on the Ovens Goldfields: the 1859 Election, Artillery Publishing, Hartwell, 2005.
Williams, David. Gold and Granite Grandeur: Living History of Beechworth, Stanley and Eldorado, 1994. (fine sketches of several pioneer Stanley buildings and surrounds)
Woods Carole. Beechworth: A Titan's Field, Hargreen, North Melbourne, 1985.
Towns in Victoria (state)
Shire of Indigo
Mining towns in Victoria (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley%2C%20Victoria |
Adam Brown may refer to:
Politics
Adam M. Brown (1826–1901), American politician
Adam Brown (Canadian politician) (1826–1926), Canadian politician and merchant
Adam Brown (Illinois politician) (born 1986), Republican member of the Illinois General Assembly
Sports
Adam Brown (ice hockey) (1920–1960), Canadian ice hockey player
Adam Brown (rugby union) (born 1987), Welsh rugby player
Adam Brown (swimmer) (born 1989), British freestyle swimmer
Adam Brown (footballer) (born 1995), Scottish footballer for St. Mirren
Other
Adam Brown (actor) (born 1980), English actor, comedian and pantomime performer
Adam Brown (music educator) (born 1981), American music educator
Adam Brown (shipwright), American shipbuilder
J. Adam Brown (born 1983), Canadian actor
See also
Adam Brown Crosby (1856–1921), Canadian politician
Adam Brown Littlepage (1859–1921), American lawyer and politician
Adam Browne (born 1963), Australian speculative fiction writer
Sir Adam Browne, 2nd Baronet (c. 1626–1690), English politician | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Brown |
The UCI ProTour Eindhoven Team Time Trial was an annual road bicycle race held in Eindhoven, Netherlands. It was approximately . Each team had six riders. In 2006, team size expanded to eight.
Conceived as part of the UCI ProTour in 2005, it was open to the 20 ProTour teams and 5 wildcard teams selected by the organisers. It was held immediately after the Ster Elektro Toer, a four-day race on the UCI Europe Tour.
In early 2008 Eindhoven ended involvement in the event. The UCI said it would be replaced by another to be decided. In 2012, the men's team time trial was introduced at the UCI Road World Championships.
Winners
References
External links
Official Website
UCI ProTour races
Cycle races in the Netherlands
Recurring sporting events established in 2005
2005 establishments in the Netherlands
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2007
Defunct cycling races in the Netherlands
2007 disestablishments in the Netherlands
Cycling in Eindhoven | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eindhoven%20Team%20Time%20Trial |
High Leven is a village of Ingleby Barwick in North Yorkshire, England. It is in the borough of Stockton-on-Tees, on top of the River Leven's dell. It has a public house called The Fox Covert (previously Half Moon Inn) and a co-operative food store, open every day 05:00 to 24:00, with an ATM and petrol station.
Administration
Administratively, this village is in the borough of Stockton-on-Tees, made a unitary authority in 1996, before which High Leven was in the county of Cleveland, a creation of the Local Government Act 1972 which abolished the Stokesley Rural District in the North Riding of Yorkshire.
High Leven, which is part of the Ingleby Barwick South ward has three local councilors sitting on Stockton borough council all of whom are members of Ingleby Barwick Independent Society.
Geography
The village is located to the east of Yarm at the top of Leven Bank.
See also
Low Leven - neighbouring hamlet at the bottom of Leven Bank
Ben Houchen, Baron Houchen of High Leven
References
External links
Villages in North Yorkshire
Borough of Stockton-on-Tees
Places in the Tees Valley | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20Leven |
Der Oderturm is a 24-storey, office skyscraper in Frankfurt (Oder), Germany, built between 1968 and 1976 when the city was part of East Germany. It is arguably the tallest office building in Brandenburg, with a mobile telephony mast. Its roof is less than that of the Stern-Plaza in Potsdam, built in 1998. The hall containing Tropical Islands and the steam generator at Schwarze Pumpe power station are taller structures, though they lack occupied floors.
Background
The tower was designed by a collective under architects Hans Tulke and Paul Teichmann and built in part by Free German Youth (FDJ) work brigades; construction lasted nearly eight years. It was planned as an office building, but when it opened it housed a 274-bed dormitory for workers in the Frankfurt semiconductor plant, as well as a 160-bed Jugendtourist-Hotel, similar to a youth hostel, but geared towards organised meetings such as the Whitsuntide meetings of the FDJ with its Polish counterpart, the ZSMP, of which the 1977 meeting, not long after the opening of the hotel, was the most significant.
After German reunification, the building underwent refurbishing from 1992 to 1994, following the plans of architect Monika Krebs, when it opened as the Oderturm.
See also
Jen-Tower
City-Hochhaus Leipzig
Park Inn Berlin
Fernsehturm
Kulturfinger
References
Further reading
Architekturführer DDR: Bezirk Frankfurt (Oder). First edition, 1984. Ingrid Halbach, Matthias Rambow, Horst Büttner, Peter Rätzel. VEB Verlag für Bauwesen, Berlin.
External links
Turm24 cafe homepage (in German)
Article about the Oderturm (in German)
Buildings and structures in Frankfurt (Oder)
Residential skyscrapers in Germany
Skyscraper hotels in Germany
Office buildings completed in 1976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oderturm |
BBC History of World War II (1989–2005) is a 30-hour, 12-disc collection of 10 BBC television films about World War II. The films include documentaries, docudramas, and "dramatized documentaries" (inter-cutting of historical footage with dramatic recreations).
The films
1. The Nazis: A Warning from History (1997, 6 Episodes, 290 minutes, 4:3 Full screen, 2 Discs)
Documentary on the reasons behind the rise and fall of the Nazis and of Nazi Germany.
2. The Road to War: Great Britain, Italy, Japan, USA (1989, 2 Episodes, 190 minutes, 4:3 Fullscreen, 1 Disc)
Documentary on how Germany, Britain, France, Canada, Italy, the Soviet Union, Japan and the USA entered the war. Narrator is Charles Wheeler.
3. Dunkirk (2004, 3 Episodes, 176 minutes, 16:9 Anamorphic, 1 Disc)
Docudrama on the evacuation from Dunkirk.
4. War of the Century: When Hitler Fought Stalin (1999, 4 Episodes, 190 minutes, 4:3 Fullscreen, 1 Disc)
Documentary on the Russo-German War.
5. Battle of the Atlantic (2002, 3 Episodes, 146 minutes, 16:9 Anamorphic, 1 Disc)
Documentary on the U-boats and the Atlantic convoys.
6. Horror in the East: Japan and the Atrocities of World War II (2000, 2 Episodes, 98 minutes, 4:3 Fullscreen, 1 Disc)
Documentary on the Japanese Army's atrocities in the Asia-Pacific war and why the Japanese fought to the death. Supplements on the Indian Army and the Burma War.
7. Battlefields (2001, 4 Episodes, 194 minutes, 16:9 Anamorphic, 1 Disc)
Documentary on El Alamein, Monte Cassino, the Battle of Arnhem and RAF Bomber Command [Episode Name: "Bomber"] on the firebombing of German cities. Presenter is Prof. Richard Holmes.
8. D-Day 6.6.1944 (2004, 2 Episodes, 90 minutes, 16:9 Anamorphic, 1 Disc)
Docudrama on the events surrounding D-Day.
9. D-Day to Berlin (2004, 3 Episodes, 150 minutes, 16:9 Anamorphic, 1 Disc)
Docudrama on the breakout from Normandy, Operation Market Garden, the Battle of the Bulge and the German surrender. Presenter is Sean Bean.
10. Auschwitz: The Nazis and the 'Final Solution' (2005, 6 Episodes, 300 minutes, 16:9 Anamorphic, 2 Discs)
"Dramatized documentary" on the Nazis' conceptualisation and implementation of the Final Solution.
See also
Hiroshima (2005), another "dramatized documentary" marketed as part of the BBC History of World War II
World War II Behind Closed Doors: Stalin, the Nazis and the West (2008), another BBC "dramatized documentary"
The World at War, a 1970s series by Thames Television
References
Documentary television series about World War II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC%20History%20of%20World%20War%20II |
Maltby is a village and civil parish in the borough of Stockton-on-Tees and ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England. It is located to the east of the A19. The population of the civil parish taken at the 2011 census was 293.
Amenities
Maltby has a number of local amenities serving the village including a small methodist chapel and a cricket club, and 'Chadwicks' a 19th-century public house, which was originally called the Half Moon Inn, and The Pathfinders.
Ingleby Manor development
Since 2015 Maltby has expanded significantly due to the construction of 350 homes on the parish's western edge, adjacent to Maltby cricket ground. The development includes Maltby's secondary school.
Education
Ingleby Manor
Ingleby Manor Free School is an academy and sixth form operated by Delta Academies Trust. Ingleby Manor Free School was established in 2014, with an initial intake of approximately 80 year 7 pupils. It initially operated from a converted warehouse, before relocating to a new purpose-built site in 2016.
Administration
The village is part of the Stockton South parliamentary constituency, represented since the 2019 general election by Matt Vickers of the Conservative Party. The constituency was previously represented by Labour MP Paul Williams (2017-2019), James Wharton (Conservative, 2010–2017), and before that by Dari Taylor (Labour, 1997–2010).
Locally it has its own parish council, and is represented on Stockton Council as part of the Ingleby Barwick East ward, along with neighbouring Hilton village and its parish.
References
External links
Villages in North Yorkshire
Civil parishes in North Yorkshire
Borough of Stockton-on-Tees
Places in the Tees Valley | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltby%2C%20North%20Yorkshire |
Cambridge University primate experiments came to public attention in 2002 after the publication that year of material from a ten-month undercover investigation in 1998 by the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV). The experiments were being conducted on
marmosets, and included the removal of parts of their brains intended to simulate the symptoms of stroke or Parkinson's disease. Some of the research was theoretical, aimed at advancing knowledge of the brain, while some of it was applied.
BUAV said the investigation revealed examples of animal abuse indicating that animals were inadequately protected by the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. After a review by the government's chief inspector of animals ruled against BUAV's argument that the project licences should not have been granted, BUAV applied to the High Court for a judicial review. The review ruled against BUAV on three of the four grounds, but on the remaining ground it found the Home Office had underestimated the suffering of the marmosets by categorising the experiments as "moderate," rather than "substantial." The Home Office announced a review of its procedures for categorising animal suffering.
Nature of the research
As of October 2002, Cambridge University had three project licences, issued by the Home Office under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, permitting the controlled use of one New World non-human primate species, the common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus. The licence authorised the use of animals bred specifically for research use at breeding establishments in the UK in experiments to study brain function in relation to human disorders. According to the chief inspector of animals, the experimental protocols involved "the training and testing of animals using a range of behavioural and cognitive tasks; then disrupting normal brain function by chemical or physical lesions; the subsequent administration of experimental treatments intended to minimise the functional defects or repair the damage caused; and further testing to evaluate brain function." The animals were killed at the end of the experiments, most of them for tissue analysis.
Scientists using marmosets at Cambridge have published their work in peer reviewed journals. This includes discoveries relating to the role of the prefrontal cortex in behaviour, understanding learning and memory, modelling Parkinson's disease, and the role of the amygdala in conditioned reinforcement.
Allegations of cruelty
According to the British government's inspector of animals and the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, in some experimental protocols, the monkeys were trained to perform certain behavioural and cognitive tasks, then were made to repeat them after minimally invasive surgery to switch off a small area of the brain, to assess how this had affected their functioning.
For example, some of the monkeys suffered from a damaged arm after the experiments. They were then tethered in a way that forced them to use that arm to retrieve food or water. To encourage use of the limb, the monkeys were deprived of food or water for 22 out of every 24 hours for up to two and a half years. The monkeys were usually given an extra feed on Friday afternoons, but some researchers allegedly deprived the monkeys of this too, so that they could keep them hungry for further tests on the Monday.
During training for these tasks prior to brain surgery, BUAV claims that researchers were given instructions such as:
Chase monkey into test box
Keep "miserable" or "angry" marmosets in test apparatus
Bang on the shutter, bang on the window
Punish bad habits such as grooming by making a loud bang every time he does something wrong
Lower the shutter ... if necessary onto their fingers
Use food restrictions to make the marmosets more amenable to "shaping"
One effect of the brain damage was that the monkeys would engage in stereotypical rotating movements. BUAV reported that one test for Parkinson's disease involved shutting them in a small Perspex box for up to one hour at a time to see how often they would rotate, and injecting them with amphetamine to make them rotate faster. BUAV says the monkeys were often "clearly distressed and bewildered; they could be seen crying out, twisting frantically, retching or desperately trying to escape."
BUAV also says their investigator discovered monkeys who had had the tops of their scalps sawn off to have strokes induced, and who were then left unattended for 15 hours overnight without veterinary attention, because Cambridge staff worked nine to five. Three full-time animal care staff were employed to look after 400 animals, according to a British government review, with the research scientists themselves responsible for the welfare of animals undergoing experimental procedures.
A film produced by BUAV shows a monkey regaining muscle tone during surgery, an indication that the animal was insufficiently anaesthetised. The BUAV report suggested there was a delay of some minutes before more anaesthetic was given.
Response to the allegations
The British government's chief inspector of animals conducted a review and published a report in October 2002. It concluded the veterinary input at Cambridge was "exemplary"; the facility "seems adequately staffed"; and the animals afforded "appropriate standards of accommodation and care." The caging system was "no longer state of the art" but complied with Home Office provisions; and the marmoset colony was "generally healthy."The inspector noted four instances of non-compliance with the licence: in two experiments, the surgical procedure was at variance with the project licence; on one occasion, the water restriction schedule was at variance; on one occasion, the licence holder did not inform the department that the severity limit of an experiment had been exceeded; there were minor technical irregularities on reports of how the animals were used.
The reviewers consulted two experts in veterinary anaesthesia to investigate the consequences of a monkey regaining muscle tone during surgery. They advised that "unless purposeful or voluntary movements had accompanied the return of muscle tone then ... the anaesthetic agents should have been sufficient to block awareness of pain.
Cambridge University welcomed the report as "confirmation that there was no evidence to support the allegations made by the BUAV."
The BUAV was invited to give evidence to the inquiry, but declined. Nor did it make available the unedited video footage from its film. After publication of the report, the group said it was "utterly appalled and deeply angered by the Home Office's complete dismissal of overwhelming evidence of animal suffering" and that "the government's claim that it was correct to categorise as moderate suffering experiments where monkeys had the top of their skull sawn off and part of their brain sucked out is ludicrous in the extreme."
Judicial review
As a result of the information obtained during their investigation and in light of the subsequent review, BUAV applied to the UK's High Court for permission to seek a judicial review of the legality of the Home Office's interpretation of the Cambridge case, and the wider implementation of vivisection legislation.
Mr Justice Burnton rejected four grounds for review directly related to the Cambridge case, but granted permission to seek judicial review on two wider grounds: whether death was an effect to be weighed in cost-benefit analysis and whether guidelines on restricting food and water should be a code of practice under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act. At the Court of Appeal, Lord Justice Keene allowed the review to proceed on two more counts that had originally been refused, on the grounds of public interest. These relate to the question of whether the Home Office underestimated the suffering of the Cambridge marmosets when setting severity limits and whether out-of-hours care and veterinary cover is required by law.
The 2007 review found in favour of the Home Office on three of the grounds. On the issue of suffering, the court found that the Home Secretary had unlawfully categorised the experiments as "moderate", rather than "substantial". The Home Office, given leave to appeal the decision, which it did successfully in April 2008 with the Home Office awarded costs.
See also
Non-human primate experiments
References
Animal testing in the United Kingdom
Anti-vivisection movement
Animal testing on non-human primates
Cruelty to animals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge%20University%20primates |
Enid Georgiana Stamp Taylor (12 June 1904 – 13 January 1946) was an English actress. Her childhood home was 17, Percy Avenue, in Whitley Bay, Northumberland, in what is now Tyne and Wear.
Taylor first became known when she won a beauty pageant at a young age and this led to parts in musical comedies on stage, including The Cabaret Girl (1922), in which she was billed as simply "Enid Taylor". She progressed to film, appearing in Alfred Hitchcock's Easy Virtue (1928), Queen of Hearts (1934), and The Wicked Lady (1945).
The Stamp part of her name was included as a middle name; it was her grandmother's maiden name. Taylor married Sidney Colton and they had a daughter called Robin Anne who was born in 1933. Her marriage to Colton was dissolved in 1936. On 9 January 1946 she fell in the bathroom of her Park Lane flat and suffered a fractured skull. She was unconscious for three days; she woke briefly following two operations at St George's Hospital in Wimbledon to remove a blood clot to her brain, but died on the 13 January, two months after the release of her penultimate film, The Wicked Lady.
Partial filmography
Land of Hope and Glory (1927) - Jane
Easy Virtue (1928) - Sarah
A Little Bit of Fluff (1928) - Susie West
Yellow Stockings (1928) - Nellie Jackson
Cocktails (1928) - Betty
The Broken Melody (1929) - Gloria
Meet My Sister (1933) - Lulu Marsoc
A Political Party (1934) - Elvira Whitman
Gay Love (1934) - Marie Hopkins
Virginia's Husband (1934) - June Haslett
The Feathered Serpent (1934) - Ella Crewe
Radio Pirates (1935) (also known as 'Big Ben Calling') - Enid
So You Won't Talk (1935) - Pauline
Mr. What's-His-Name? (1935) - Corinne Henfield
Jimmy Boy (1935) - The Star
While Parents Sleep (1935) - Lady Cattering
Two Hearts in Harmony (1935) - Sheila
Queen of Hearts (1936) - Yvonne
Blind Man's Bluff (1936) - Sylvia Fairfax
House Broken (1936) - Cousin Carrie
Keep Your Seats, Please (1936) - Madame Louise
Take a Chance (1937) - Cicely Burton
Action for Slander (1937) - Jenny
Underneath the Arches (1937) - Dolores
Feather Your Nest (1937) - Daphne Randall
O-Kay for Sound (1937) - Jill Smith - Secretary
Talking Feet (1937) - Sylvia Shirley
Stepping Toes (1938) - Mrs. Warrington
Climbing High (1938) - Winnie
Old Iron (1938) - Eileen Penshaw
Blondes for Danger (1938) - Valerie
The Lambeth Walk (1939) - Jacqueline
The Girl Who Forgot (1940) - Caroline Tonbridge
Spring Meeting (1941) - Tiny Fox-Collier
The Farmer's Wife (1941) - Mary Hearne
South American George (1941) - Frances Martinique
Hatter's Castle (1942) - Nancy
Alibi (1942) - Dany
Candlelight in Algeria (1944) - Maritza
The Wicked Lady (1945) - Lady Kingsclere
Caravan (1946) - Bertha (final film role)
References
External links
1904 births
1946 deaths
English film actresses
English silent film actresses
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in England
20th-century English actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enid%20Stamp%20Taylor |
The second inversion of a chord is the voicing of a triad, seventh chord, or ninth chord in which the fifth of the chord is the bass note. In this inversion, the bass note and the root of the chord are a fourth apart which traditionally qualifies as a dissonance. There is therefore a tendency for movement and resolution. In notation form, it is referred to with a c following the chord position (For e.g., Ic. Vc or IVc). In figured bass, a second-inversion triad is a chord (as in I), while a second-inversion seventh chord is a chord.
Note that any voicing above the bass is allowed. A second inversion chord must have the fifth chord factor in the bass, but it may have any arrangement of the root and third above that, including doubled notes, compound intervals, and omission (G-C-E, G-C-E-G', G-E-G-C'-E', etc.)
Examples
In the second inversion of a C-major triad, the bass is G — the fifth of the triad — with the root and third stacked above it, forming the intervals of a fourth and a sixth above the inverted bass of G, respectively.
In the second inversion of a G dominant seventh chord, the bass note is D, the fifth of the seventh chord.
Types
There are four types of second-inversion chords: cadential, passing, auxiliary, and bass arpeggiation.
Cadential
Cadential second-inversion chords are typically used in the authentic cadence I-V-I, or one of its variation, like I-V-I. In this form, the chord is sometimes referred to as a cadential chord. The chord preceding I is most often a chord that would introduce V as a weak to strong progression, for example, making -II-V into II-I-V or making IV-V into IV-I-V.
The cadential can be analyzed in two ways: the first labels it as a second-inversion chord, while the second treats it instead as part of a horizontal progression involving voice leading above a stationary bass.
In the first designation, the cadential chord features the progression: -V-I. Most older harmony textbooks use this label, and it can be traced back to the early 19th century.
In the second designation, this chord is not considered an inversion of a tonic triad but as a dissonance resolving to a consonant dominant harmony. This is notated as -I, in which the is not the inversion of the V chord but a double appoggiatura on the V that resolves down by step to (that is, -V). This function is very similar to the resolution of a 4–3 suspension. Several modern textbooks prefer this conception of the cadential , which can also be traced back to the early 19th century.
Passing
In a progression with a passing second-inversion chord, the bass passes between two tones a third apart (usually of the same harmonic function). When moving from I to I, the passing chord V is placed between them – though some prefer VII to V – creating stepwise motion in the bass (scale degrees – – ). It can also be used in the reverse direction: I-V-I. The important point is that the V chord functions as a passing chord between the two more stable chords. It occurs on the weaker beat between these two chords. The upper voices usually move in step (or remain stationary) in this progression.
Auxiliary (or pedal)
In a progression with an auxiliary (or pedal) second-inversion chord, the IV chord functions as the harmonization of a neighbor note in the progression, I-IV-I. In this progression, the third and fifth rise a step each and then fall back, creating a harmonization for the scale degrees – – in the top voice.
Bass arpeggiation
In this progression, the bass arpeggiates the root, third, and fifth of the chord. This is just a florid movement but since the fifth is present in the bass, it is referred to as a bass arpeggiation flavour of the second inversion.
See also
Root position
First inversion
Third inversion
Fourth inversion
References
Further reading
Walter Piston, Harmony
Aldwell and Schachter, Harmony and Voice Leading, 3rd Edition
Harmony
Voicing (music)
Chords
Chord factors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20inversion |
Lockyer is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland.
The district consists primarily of Gatton and Laidley Shires and northern parts of Beaudesert Shire. It includes the major town of Gatton and a number of smaller centres including Laidley, Helidon and Withcott. The eastern parts of the district are part of the outer southern suburbs of Ipswich and Brisbane in the area of Greenmount.
The district is bounded on the west by Toowoomba North, and Toowoomba South. On the southwest and south by Condamine, Southern Downs and Beaudesert. To the north and northwest by Nanango. To the northeast, where it passes south of Ipswich and Brisbane, it is bounded by Ipswich West, Ipswich, Moggill. To the east it shares a boundary with the seat of Logan.
The electorate has been represented by Jim McDonald since the 2017 election. Pauline Hanson came within just 114 votes of being elected at the 2015 election with a 49.78 percent two-candidate vote.
Hanson's subsequent election to the Senate in 2016 precluded her from running in Lockyer again in 2017.
Members for Lockyer
1 William Drayton Armstrong alternately listed his party alignment as Liberal, Opposition, and Ministeralist (twice). The parliamentary members' register does not list dates for these changes.
Election results
References
External links
Lockyer
Lockyer Valley Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Lockyer |
Downbelow Station is a science fiction novel by American writer C. J. Cherryh, published in 1981 by DAW Books. It won the Hugo Award in 1982, was shortlisted for a Locus Award that same year, and was named by Locus magazine as one of the top 50 science fiction novels of all time in 1987.
The book is set in Cherryh's Alliance–Union universe during the Company Wars period, specifically late 2352 and early 2353. The book details events centering on a space station in orbit around Pell's World (also known as "Downbelow") in the Tau Ceti star system. The station serves as the transit point for ships moving between the Earth and Union sectors of the galaxy.
The working title of the book was The Company War, but Cherryh's editor at DAW, Donald A. Wollheim, believed that the moniker lacked commercial appeal, so Downbelow Station was selected as the title for publication. It was the first novel edited by current DAW president Elizabeth Wollheim, who worked alongside her father.
Plot
Space is explored not by short-sighted governments but by the Earth Company, a private corporation which becomes enormously wealthy and powerful as a result. Nine star systems are found to lack planets suitable for colonization, so space stations are built in orbit instead, stepping stones for further exploration. Then, Pell's World is found to be not only habitable, but already populated by the gentle, sentient (if technologically backward) Hisa. Pell Station is built. The planet is nicknamed "Downbelow" by the stationers, who also start to call their home "Downbelow Station".
When Earth's out-of-touch policies cause it to begin losing control of its more distant stations and worlds, it builds a fleet of fifty military carriers, the Earth Company Fleet, to enforce its will. This leads to the prolonged Company War with the breakaway Union, based at Cyteen, another habitable world. Caught in between are the stationers and the merchanters who crew the freighters that maintain interstellar trade.
Set in the final days of the war, Downbelow Station opens with Earth Company Captain Signy Mallory and her warship, Norway, escorting a ragtag fleet fleeing from Russell's and Mariner Stations to Pell. Similar convoys arrive from other stations destroyed or lost to Union, leading to an enormous crisis. The flood of unexpected refugees strains station resources. Angelo Konstantin, Stationmaster of Pell, and his two sons, Damon and Emilio, struggle to cope with the situation. Fearing Union infiltrators and saboteurs, Pell dumps all the refugees in a Quarantine Zone, causing massive dislocations of Pell's own citizens.
While conferring with Pell's administrators, Mallory encounters a delegation from the Earth Company, led by Segust Ayres, Second Secretary of Earth's Security Council. Offended by her brusque, arrogant manner, Ayres declines her offer of transportation to the front and charters a freighter instead. Unbeknownst to Mallory, Ayres' mission is to open peace negotiations with Union.
Mallory also drops off a Union prisoner of war, Josh Talley, whom she had rescued from a brutal interrogation by panicked security forces at Russell's. However, on the voyage to Pell, her sexual exploitation of him had been only marginally less abusive. Faced with indefinite confinement on Pell, Talley requests Adjustment, the wiping of much of his memory, in return for his freedom. When questioned by Damon Konstantin, he requests Adjustment to escape the indefinite imprisonment, so Konstantin reluctantly gives his permission. Upon later review of his file, Damon learns that Talley had already undergone the treatment once before at Russell's. Still feeling guilty for agreeing, he and his wife Elene Quen befriend the post-Adjustment Talley, an act of kindness that will have monumental, unforeseen consequences.
Jon Lukas, Angelo Konstantin's brother-in-law and only rival for power, is worried about the course of the war. The Fleet has received little or no support from an indifferent Earth and is gradually losing a war of attrition. He secretly contacts Union, offering to hand Pell over. Union responds by smuggling in a secret agent named Jessad.
Meanwhile, the last ten surviving Company Fleet ships under the command of Conrad Mazian gather for the most critical operation of the war. All of Mazian's recent strategic maneuvers and raids have been leading up to this point. If they can take out Viking Station in one coordinated strike before their enemy's growing numerical superiority can overwhelm them, there would be a wide, barren region between Earth and Union space, one which would make further conflict vastly more costly for Union.
Seb Azov, the Union military commander, has no choice but to gather his forces at Viking to await Mazian's anticipated attack. However, he has an ace up his sleeve. He has pressured Ayres into recording a message ordering Mazian to break off while peace is being negotiated. When Mazian strikes, Ayres' broadcast order does indeed force him to abort and the Fleet retreats to Pell in confusion.
Mazian meets with his captains and gives them the choice of accepting a peace treaty that essentially concedes victory to Union as per Ayres' broadcast or rebelling against Earth and continuing to fight that is his preference. They all remain loyal to their leader. One of Mazian's first acts is to place Pell under martial law.
The Fleet is now forced to defend Downbelow Station, its only reliable base and supply source. Union forces attack and destroy two ships out on patrol. While Union suffers casualties as well, it can replace its losses, unlike Mazian. Counting one carrier lost earlier in the debacle at Viking, he has just seven ships left.
Under cover of the panic on the station caused by the battle in space, Lukas makes his move, killing and supplanting his hated rival, Angelo Konstantin. To escape rioting refugees, Elene Quen is forced to board Finity's End, one of the most respected merchanter ships. The freighters flee the battle zone, but Quen convinces most of them to band together, for safety and to maximize their leverage whatever happens. Damon survives his uncle's assassination attempt and links up with Talley. Together, they manage to hide from Lukas; in fact, Talley discovers he is surprisingly good at it.
Eventually, they are contacted by Jessad, and Talley finds out why. He and Jessad are the same kind: azi, artificially bred and, in Jessad and Talley's case, trained especially for espionage and sabotage. They are discovered by Fleet marines; Jessad is killed, while Konstantin and Talley are captured and taken to Mallory.
She receives orders from Mazian to quietly dispose of Konstantin. Lukas does the Fleet's bidding with far fewer scruples, so Konstantin is superfluous, even dangerous. Mazian is preparing to disable and abandon Downbelow Station. He has another goal in mind: to take over Earth itself in a surprise coup d'etat. The wrecking of Pell would create a firebreak with Union, playing the role he had originally intended for Viking.
Mallory has different ideas. Mazian has gone too far for her to stomach. She abruptly undocks from Pell and deserts. Mallory finds the Union forces and persuades Azov to unleash them against her former comrades. Talley is instrumental in convincing Azov of Mallory's truthfulness.
Mazian cannot afford a costly fight, so the Fleet sets off for Earth prematurely. Azov needs to pursue him, but is unwilling to leave Norway intact behind him. The tense standoff is broken by a timely arrival; Quen returns with the united merchanter fleet and claims Pell for the newborn Merchanter's Alliance, with Norway as its militia. Without the authority to deal with this new development and unwilling to fight the merchanters, Azov leaves to deal with Mazian.
The end of the Company War is at last in sight, much to the relief of the Konstantins, the merchanters, and the residents of Downbelow Station.
Characters
Earth Company personnel
Signy Mallory, female, captain of the Earth Company Ship ECS5 Norway and the third most senior captain in the Earth Company Fleet
Conrad Mazian, male, flamboyant, brilliant commander of the Earth Company Fleet
Segust Ayres, male, Second Secretary of the Earth Company Security Council
Pell stationers
Angelo Konstantin, male, Stationmaster of Pell Station, husband of Alicia Lukas Konstantin
Alicia Lukas Konstantin, married to Angelo Konstantin, sister of Jon Lukas, bedridden and dependent on technology for survival
Damon Konstantin, son of Angelo and Alicia; head of Legal Affairs
Elene Quen, female, a former merchanter, married to Damon Konstantin
Emilio Konstantin, son of Angelo and Alicia
Jon Lukas, male, head of the Lukas family, rivals of the Konstantins
Union personnel
Joshua Talley, male, a prisoner of war who ends up at Pell
Jessad, male, a secret agent
Seb Azov, male, Union military commander
Hisa (natives of Pell, also known as 'Downers')
Satin, female, mate of Bluetooth, asks for work assignment on Pell Station
Bluetooth, male, follows Satin to Pell Station
Lily, female, attendant to Alicia Konstantin
Others
Vassily Kressich, male, refugee from Mariner Station
The Company War board game
The Company War is a board game based on Downbelow Station. It was published by Mayfair Games in 1983.
Reception
Dave Langford reviewed Downbelow Station for White Dwarf #45, and stated that "Cherryh can do better than this-though others have done it far worse."
Awards
1982: Hugo Award for Best Novel: winner
1982: Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel: shortlist nominee
1987: Locus Award, All-Time Best SF Novel: position 41
1998: Locus Award, All-Time Best SF Novel before 1990: position 25
Song
The filk song "Signy Mallory" by Mercedes Lackey and Leslie Fish won the 2005 Pegasus Award for Best Space Opera Song.
Publication information
:
: UK hardcover edition
Italian: 1st Italian edition
: UK paperback edition
French:
Japanese:
Spanish: 1st Spanish edition
Hungarian:
Italian: 2nd Italian edition
German: German edition
Czech: Czech edition
Polish: Polish edition
Russian: Russian edition
Romanian: Rumanian edition
:
Korean: Korean edition (Published in two volumes)
See also
Mazianni
References
Further reading
External links
Downbelow Station at Worlds Without End
Board Game Geek, The Company War
1981 American novels
1981 science fiction novels
Alliance–Union universe
Novels about extraterrestrial life
Novels set on fictional planets
Fictional space stations
Hugo Award for Best Novel-winning works
Military science fiction novels
Novels set in the future
Science fiction novels by C. J. Cherryh
DAW Books books
Fiction set around Tau Ceti | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downbelow%20Station |
Burning Shed is an independent record label established in April 2001 by musicians Tim Bowness, Pete Morgan and Peter Chilvers.
The label was envisaged as an artistically focused, online extension of labels such as 4AD, Factory, ECM, DGM and Mute.
Burning Shed hosts the official online shops for Porcupine Tree, Andy Partridge, King Crimson, DGMLive, Thomas Dolby, Bill Bruford, Jethro Tull, Lo-Fi Resistance, No-Man, OSI, Medium (Jansen, Barbieri and Karn), 21st Century Schizoid Band, Rothko, Roger Eno, Hugh Hopper, Stewart/Gaskin and Hatfield and the North and others.
Since March 2008, Burning Shed has been the official online distributor for Peaceville Records and the post-progressive imprint Kscope (both Snapper Music divisions).
See also
List of record labels
References
External links
Burning Shed Records
Peaceville Records at Burning Shed
Noisebox site
British independent record labels
Record labels established in 2001
Progressive rock record labels
Ambient music record labels
Electronic music record labels
Alternative rock record labels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning%20Shed |
Der bewegte Mann (international title: The Most Desired Man, U.S. title: Maybe ... Maybe Not) is a 1994 German comedy film directed by Sönke Wortmann and starring Til Schweiger, Rufus Beck, Joachim Król and Katja Riemann.
The film developed from the comics "Der bewegte Mann" and "Pretty Baby" by Ralf König.
Plot
After she caught him cheating on her on a public toilet, Axel (played by Til Schweiger) has just been dumped by his girlfriend Doro (Katja Riemann), and needs to find a new place to live. He meets Walter a.k.a. Waltraud (Rufus Beck), a transvestite who participated in a heterosexual men's group to provide a gay man's perspective. Walter talks Axel into joining him and some friends at a gay party afterwards, and tries to convince Axel to move in with him. At the party, Axel decides instead to move in with Walter's best friend, Norbert (Joachim Król), whose boyfriend has just left him. Later, at Axel and Doro's apartment, Norbert tries to seduce Axel while they browse old photos. Just when Norbert has shed all his clothes, Doro shows up at the door, and Axel hastily hides Norbert. Doro explains to Axel that she's expecting his child and wants to give their relationship a second chance. She is not amused to discover a naked man in the wardrobe, but Axel manages to convince her that nothing has happened. Excited about fatherhood and eager to return to Doro, Axel forgets about his new friendship with Norbert.
But soon Axel discovers a downside to the pregnancy: he finds that he is extremely adverse to having sex with a pregnant woman, due to an irrational fear of hurting the child. Despite his engagement to her, he decides to stray when he encounters Elke, a former girlfriend. They are trying to find a place to have sex when Axel bumps into Norbert again. At first Norbert is angry with him for having left without a word, but Axel claims it's only because Doro was upset. Axel convinces Norbert to lend his apartment for the tryst with Elke. A few days later at Norbert's apartment, Elke gives Axel a mind-altering drug, and leaves him sitting naked on a table. Meanwhile, Doro has learned that Axel went to Norbert's apartment, and she thinks that Axel is going to have sex with Norbert. She confronts Norbert at his apartment and upon entering, she sees Axel naked and unable to speak and starts to go into labor. In the bathroom Norbert finds Elke and Norbert's not-so-gay boyfriend playing in the tub. As Norbert drives her to the hospital, he attempts to explain everything on the way. Doro forgives Norbert and they become friends, but her relationship with Axel is in question.
Cast
Reception
The film opened on 188 screens on 6 October 1994 and was number one at the German box office. It sold 1 million tickets in its first three weeks generating a gross of $10.3 million. It remained in the top 10 for 24 weeks and went on to become the highest-grossing German film with admissions of over 6 million and a gross of over 60 million Deutsche Mark ($43 million). It was the most popular German film of 1994 with almost 4 million admissions and also in 1995 with over 2 million admissions. It was also a success in Switzerland and Finland.
The film was awarded the Golden Shell for best film at the German Film Awards and also won awards for best director (Wortmann) and best actor (Krol).
See also
List of German language films
List of lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender-related films
References
External links
1994 films
1994 comedy films
1994 LGBT-related films
Films based on German comics
Films directed by Sönke Wortmann
Films set in Germany
Films shot in Cologne
Films set in Cologne
Gay-related films
German comedy films
1990s German-language films
German LGBT-related films
Films produced by Bernd Eichinger
Live-action films based on comics
Films adapted into television shows
LGBT-related comedy films
1990s German films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der%20bewegte%20Mann |
People for Legal and Non-Sectarian Schools (PLANS) is an organization based in California in the United States which campaigns against the public funding of Waldorf methods charter schools alleging they violate the United States Constitution's separation of church and state. The group claims independent Waldorf schools and public Waldorf methods charter schools teach anthroposophical content, that this content is religious in nature, and that the schools disguise the anthroposophical content from the public. PLANS filed federal suit in 1998 against two California public school districts, Sacramento City Unified School District and Twin Ridges Elementary School District, to halt the Waldorf methods educational programs implemented in two of their schools. The case was ultimately dismissed on its merits in 2012.
The group was founded in 1995 and became a California non-profit corporation in 1997. Its founding officers, president Debra Snell and secretary Dan Dugan are former Waldorf school parents. The organization numbered less than 50 members when the lawsuit was brought.
Mission statement
The group describes its mission as to
"Provide parents, teachers, and school boards with views of Waldorf education from outside the cult of Rudolf Steiner."
"Expose the illegality of public funding for Waldorf school programs in the US."
"Litigate against schools violating the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment in the US."
PLANS lawsuit
In February 1998, PLANS filed suit against two California public school districts, Sacramento City Unified School District and Twin Ridges Elementary School District, operating Waldorf-methods schools; one operating a Waldorf-based charter school and the other operating a Waldorf-based magnet school. In the complaint, PLANS argued that it was "informed and believes that a primary purpose and primary effect of said operation of Waldorf schools is to advance religion, including the religious doctrines of Anthroposophy", and as such were acting in violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution and Article IX of the California Constitution.
In response to PLANS' 1999 Motion for Summary Judgement, the Court ruled against their contention that the primary purpose of the program in those schools was to advance religion, finding that the two school districts targeted have a secular, non-religious purpose for implementing Waldorf teaching methods in their schools, but allowed the case to proceed on the second question, whether a primary effect of the programs may be the unintended consequence of endorsing any religion to an extent that violates the Constitution.
Case dismissed on its merits
The trial was scheduled on September 12, 2005, and was expected to run for 16 days. The presiding judge determined two issues to be decided in the trial. The first issue was to determine if anthroposophy is a religion for Establishment Clause purposes - the defendants contended it was not. The second issue, which required first an affirmative ruling that anthroposophy is a religion for Establishment Clause purposes, would decide whether the public schools in those two districts were promoting anthroposophy to an extent that violated the U.S. Constitution.
The trial convened as scheduled, but ended in 30 minutes after PLANS failed in their legal burden to present an offer of proof (proffer) of evidence sufficient to prove anthroposophy was a religion. PLANS' attorney told the court PLANS could not meet its burden, and that as a result of earlier evidentiary rulings before the court, it could furnish no witnesses at trial to testify anthroposophy was a religion. PLANS did attempt to introduce one piece of documentary evidence on the religion issue. Arguments were heard, but no evidence was presented during the trial. The court ruled that PLANS failed its evidentiary burden of proof, and ordered the case be dismissed on the merits.
Decision is appealed
PLANS filed a notice of appeal of the decision in November, 2005. The appeal claims that the earlier rulings preventing PLANS from calling two defense expert witnesses for their own case-in-chief left them no witnesses able to give evidence that anthroposophy was a religion. The earlier rulings resulted from pretrial motions submitted six months prior to trial. The two witnesses PLANS wished to call were first disclosed by the defendants as witnesses against PLANS in the case. PLANS argues in the appeal that an automatic disclosure rule cited by the judge, though in effect at the time of trial in 2005, was not in effect in 1998 when the case was filed, and claims the witnesses were fully disclosed under the applicable rules.
Case again dismissed on its merits
In November 2010, the judge in the case dismissed it on its merits a second time. With the exception of one item, the Bylaws of the Anthroposophical Society, all of the plaintiff's evidence was either withdrawn before trial or excluded at trial as inadmissible hearsay. The plaintiff called one percipient witness, not friendly to their cause, and no expert witnesses. In his ruling, the judge cited the plaintiff's attempts to elicit from a percipient witness testimony only allowable from an expert witness, and their "complete failure to present percipient testimony relevant to the essential issues in the case" as already sufficient basis for an adverse judgment. He added, however, that aside from the plaintiff's effective failure to present a viable case, "the evidence suggests that anthroposophy is a method of learning which is available to anyone regardless of their religious or philosophical persuasion. Stated another way, anthroposophy is more akin to a methodology or approach to learning as opposed to a religious doctrine or organized set of beliefs." The judge concluded by giving a detailed analysis on the basis of a number of determining factors why anthroposophy should not be judged a religion for Establishment Clause purposes.
Case history
After its first ruling in 1999, the U.S. District Court—Eastern District of California has issued key rulings on the case in 2001, 2004 and 2005:
In 2001, the Court dismissed the case. A legal precedent set earlier in a similar case in New York, though not related to Waldorf education, led the Court to find that PLANS lacked grounds to claim taxpayer standing in the case. After an appeal by PLANS, the US 9th Circuit Appellate Court in February 2003 reversed the decision on taxpayer standing by the lower court, allowing the case to proceed towards trial.
In May 2004, PLANS filed a motion for summary judgment, or, in the alternative, summary adjudication, requesting that the Court rule that anthroposophy is a religion, based on material presented by PLANS. But the Court did not accept these arguments, and on 15 November 2004 denied the motion, stating that "triable issues of material fact exist as to whether Anthroposophy is a religion". The Court also provided a new opportunity for both sides to declare witnesses and evidence, with a deadline of January 2005 for disclosure of these.
In April 2005, the Court issued an order outlining the trial issues and the evidentiary and procedural guidelines for the trial, scheduled for September 12, 2005. The court separated the issues, stating that it would be first necessary to try the question of whether anthroposophy was a religion, and secondly, whether anthroposophy was present in the schools. The order denied PLANS eleven witnesses, for failure by its attorney to make timely disclosure to Defendants, and 105 of PLANS' exhibits, as a result of discovery sanctions.
In June, 2009, PLANS' lawyer for the case tendered his "resignation with disciplinary charges pending" from the California Bar; previous disciplinary charges in 2007 and 2008 had cited willful violations of the professional code.
In August, 2010 the second trial is set to begin in federal court in Sacramento.
In November, 2010 the ruling on the second trial was published, with a finding against the plaintiff (PLANS) and for the defendants. An appeal was planned with the support of the Pacific Justice Institute.
In 2012, PLANS' appeal was heard by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit. The Court affirmed the 2010 ruling and the case was dismissed on its merits.
History of the public activity of the group
PLANS secretary Dan Dugan delivered prepared presentations to various organizations and PLANS distributed packets of prepared print materials to school boards which were at the time considering adopting Waldorf methods in their districts. Dugan also established a webpage for the organization and moderated a public email discussion list, devoted to topics on the Waldorf curriculum, anthroposophy, and to discussion related to the Waldorf schools.
In February 1996, Dugan delivered a slide presentation to the school board in Twin Ridges Elementary School District. The district had been operating a Waldorf-methods charter school for two years. In response to Dugan's presentations, a local committee formed, headed by Baptist pastor, James Morton, and members of the committee argued both in public meetings and through the local media outlets that the school's teachings were in conflict with the US constitution's provision regarding the separation of church and state. Morton soon joined PLANS and took a place on its governing board.
PLANS contacted the California Attorney General in March 1997, arguing for an investigation into Waldorf Methods public schools statewide, urging the officer to act immediately to end the funding of all such schools.
In April 1997, Dugan delivered arguments against the public funding of Waldorf methods education to a board meeting of the Yuba County Office of Education in Marysville, California. The county operated two schools for juvenile offenders which were both engaged in an experimental project to develop a nationally-replicable Waldorf-based educational model. Shortly after this meeting, PLANS set up a picket line at one of the Yuba County Waldorf-based schools. One of the school's teachers joined the PLANS campaign and became Vice-President of their governing board.
In spring 1996, PLANS made its first contact with the Sacramento Unified School District to urge district officials there to discontinue their planned Waldorf methods magnet school program. Conversion to the new program was funded in its first two years by a $491,000 federal grant, much of it used to begin training the school's faculty in the Waldorf approach. The magnet program proceeded as planned, and Waldorf methods were adopted at the beginning of the 1996/97 school year at Oak Ridge Elementary School. A parent survey conducted in the following spring indicated parents were mostly satisfied with this new teaching program. Attendance improved and none of the enrolled students applied for transfer during the district's "open enrollment" period. But 11 of the 26 teachers requested transfers from Oak Ridge School - half for personal reasons, and the rest objecting to the Waldorf teacher training or to its educational philosophy.
On April 30, 1997, PLANS officials distributed leaflets entitled, "Save Oak Ridge School From the Steiner Cult".
Parents formed a local committee called "Concerned Citizens for Oak Ridge School". In May, news media reported that controversial statements had been made by parents during an Oak Ridge meeting, accusing the school of teaching the students about witchcraft, human sacrifices, and religious altars, and charging that the children were being initiated into a cult.
Soon after, PLANS held protests in front of the school, and picketers waved flags and anti-Waldorf signs, some demanding the termination of two staff members in the school.
In a newspaper interview in May, Dugan commented on the independent Waldorf school in Davis: "They believe that there are spirits behind everything. I know there are people who would call that evil. (They) would consider anthroposophy a satanic religion." Dugan, described the educators as "misguided", not "evil".
In the summer of 1997, district officials voted unanimously to continue the Waldorf-methods magnet program, but to relocate it to another campus, John Morse Elementary. PLANS sought legal assistance and found lawyer Scott Kendall, an attorney affiliated with the Christian evangelical legal organization, the Pacific Justice Institute (PJI). The PJI applied for a grant on behalf of PLANS, seeking to raise funds from the evangelical Alliance Defense Fund (ADF) to initiate PLANS' legal suit against public school districts operating Waldorf methods schools. The PJI application alleged the Sacramento school engaged in "Wicca"-based practices, religious proselytizing and coercion, and that a third of the parents had kept their children home from school in protest. A video copy of a local televised news report about the controversy accompanied the application.
ADF awarded a $15,000 grant in February 1998, and immediately after, PLANS filed suit against Sacramento City Unified School District and Twin Ridges Elementary School District, demanding a permanent injunction against the implementation of the Waldorf-methods curriculum in the schools, as well as full reimbursement for all legal costs. PLANS entered into a signed agreement with the Concerned Citizens for Oak Ridge School, promising the organization that in exchange for their efforts assisting PLANS in the lawsuit, PLANS would share one-fifth of any proceeds awarded in the event of a favorable judgement and "cost multiplier" fines imposed.
In December 2000 PLANS hired a private detective to attend a voluntary Winter's Solstice celebration for kindergarten through third-graders that took place in the evening in a privately rented meeting hall. The detective videotaped the ceremony. PLANS played the tape in a presentation to a school board in Chico, California, as evidence that Waldorf teaching methods are religious.
In ongoing challenges against the Waldorf methods public schools in other districts, PLANS pointedly referenced their pending lawsuit, warning that other districts too would face expensive legal challenges if they allowed Waldorf based methods in any of their schools.<ref>John Michael, "Critic of Waldorf education method urges Chico school board to reject the Blue Oak Charter School", Chico Enterprise-Record, Dec 7, 2000</ref> PLANS' challenges against Waldorf methods charter schools in the Chico Unified and Ross Valley school districts resulted in the denial of pending charter school proposals there.Ross Valley School District board minutes dated Oct 1, 2002 and Oct 28, 2003 However, the proponents of those charters soon reapplied in alternative districts nearby and both charters were accepted: the Blue Oaks Charter School, opened September 2001 under Chico's Butte County Office of Education, and the Waldorf-Inspired School of Lagunitas, opened September 2004 in the Lagunitas School District. Sacramento Unified, Twin Ridges Elementary, and Yuba County districts also continue to operate their Waldorf methods programs. Today, there are 19 public schools in California that have adopted the Waldorf methods."Waldorf style school stirs controversy", Marin Independent Journal, Aug 2003
Criticism of PLANS
The Oak Ridge School in Sacramento became the target of threats and accusations that its teachers led children through witchcraft and sorcery practices in the classroom. While neither of these accusations could be attributed to PLANS, school officials accused PLANS of playing to public prejudices and paranoia, and arousing anxieties in the community by presenting a distorted view of their teachings to the parents of the school, most of whom weren't English proficient. Local picketers who joined the PLANS protest against Oak Ridge credited the PLANS leaflets as the initial source of their concerns, and the town's newspaper concurred, pointing to data from the school which indicated that since introducing Waldorf methods there had been positive impacts on absenteeism, voluntary re-enrollment, as well as overall parent satisfaction as measured shortly before PLANS' appearance at the school. The paper's editor accused PLANS of alarming parents with claims for which there was no evidence, including the suggestion that Waldorf methods were disguised witchcraft teachings.
Public school officials in California's Marysville, Twin Ridges, Novato and Butte schools criticized PLANS as well; a principal in the Yuba County District, which was the target of PLANS' protests over their two Waldorf methods schools, expressed outrage over "the lies, the distortion of facts" when questioned by a reporter. In reference to the PLANS lawsuit, the Nevada County superintendent of schools characterized it as "despicable" to have to redirect moneys from teachers and curriculum to pay legal costs, and insisted there was no merit to PLANS' accusations. The accuracy and expertise of PLANS officials also came under attack during lawsuit witness hearings. Six of the PLANS board directors and advisors sought to testify as expert witnesses in the case, but each was eliminated due to their lack of expertise on the subjects of anthroposophy and Waldorf education: three were eliminated by the court judge, and the other three subsequently withdrawn voluntarily by PLANS' attorney, Kendall. After reviewing key sections of the deposition testimony taken of PLANS' most vocal spokesperson, Dugan, the judge expressed "grave doubts about any reliance upon his opinions about anything that has to do with any intellectual endeavor, including anthroposophy" before ruling that Dugan would not be allowed to give testimony in the trial.
When PLANS succeeded in convincing board members in Ross Valley and Chico school districts to vote against proposed Waldorf methods charters there, both proposals were welcomed by other school districts nearby, allowing the new schools to go forward.,Ivan Gale, "Lagunitas approves Waldorf school", Point Reyes Light, Mar 25, 2004 Local news commentators in one of the targeted communities castigated their local school district for caving to PLANS' threat of a lawsuit, and showcased the episode as one of the most notably "boneheaded or downright wrong things" of the past year.
The Anthroposophical Society in America (ASA), which is the legal representative of anthroposophy in the United States, has challenged PLANS over PLANS' characterizations of anthroposophy, as well as PLANS' suggestion that the anthroposophical movement has a direct interest or involvement in the growth of Waldorf teaching methods in the public schools. These were two claims PLANS made in its May 28, 2004, "Motion for Summary Judgement". Though not a direct party to the case, the ASA petitioned the court's permission to respond to this trial motion as a friend of the court. The court granted ASA's petition and, in July 2004, the organization submitted an 18-page legal brief to the court challenging PLANS' assertions.
Argumentation by Waldorf methods charter schools and PLANS
Advocates of public Waldorf education claim that Waldorf methods (charter) schools should be able to receive public funding. PLANS claims that although Waldorf representatives often state that a public "Waldorf methods" program has been structured so as not to violate the U.S. Constitution, these schools nevertheless have religious underpinnings. Private Waldorf schools celebrate religious festivals and observe religious holidays, for instance. PLANS asserts that in public Waldorf methods schools these activities are not always avoided and are sometimes simply renamed. PLANS alleges that morning verses recited in the public school in which children thank the sun for its warmth are actually prayers, and claim that the sun is a metaphor Steiner used to refer to Christ. In public Waldorf methods schools in the U.S., "God" has been removed from the verse and replaced with "the Sun" to avoid violation of the U.S. Constitution. PLANS claims this is a cosmetic and not a substantive change.
PLANS also claims that not only private, but also public, Waldorf methods schools are anthroposophical institutions. According to PLANS, public Waldorf teachers are required in most cases to take Waldorf teacher training in which they are asked to read works almost exclusively by Rudolf Steiner, the founder of Waldorf education, the focus of which are Steiner's tenets of anthroposophy.
The two Waldorf methods public schools PLANS brought to court presented numerous witnesses and introduced documents which contradicted this claim. The judge ruled that PLANS could not introduce evidence taken in the context of the private and independent Waldorf schools to argue their case against the public Waldorf-methods schools. The court ruled that private schools are separate entities, and insisted evidence be limited to policies and practices in effect within the litigated public school districts. The two schools furnished statements and documents in this case showing that the teachers in their Waldorf methods schools were held to the same state mandated training and credential requirements as the teachers in other public schools in those districts. In response to a demand to prepare a complete list of all Waldorf-related documents and reading materials related to training or instruction in Waldorf teaching methods, neither school district identified a single text written by Rudolf Steiner. Betty Staley, the Rudolf Steiner College staff member who developed the public teacher training program, testified the college's 1993-1994 Teacher Training Booklists did not apply to the public teacher training program, and that only one of the texts from the lists, Steiner's Philosophy of Freedom, was used by the program.
In their trial case, PLANS did not repeat their claim that these or other texts by Steiner were required in the public Waldorf-methods teacher training. However, they did claim that the schools "provide[d] books for its teachers that are filled with Anthroposophical doctrine", and that teachers were "hire[d] because of their Anthroposophical training." According to Staley's testimony, references to spirituality were eliminated from the public Waldorf teachers’ training materials to meet state standards. One teacher who had participated in this program before adopting Waldorf methods in her teaching in the Oak Ridge, and later John Morse schools, reported that Steiner’s philosophy was alluded to in her training and that teachers who wanted to learn more could pay for their own classes, but that most of her colleagues from Morse did not pursue any anthroposophical training in the course of becoming public Waldorf methods teachers.
PLANS claims the basis of anthroposophy is esoteric Christianity. In court documents, PLANS argued that Rudolf Steiner considered himself a Christian and that he considered anthroposophy to be a Christian form of theosophy and Rosicrucianism. PLANS argued that Steiner himself described anthroposophy as a training to access skills of psychic awareness latent in each human being, and argued that the discipline "spiritual science" is not a true science nor philosophy, but a theology. PLANS acknowledged that Steiner's supporters frequently concede the spiritual foundations of anthroposophy and Waldorf education, but claimed they make a false distinction between spiritual and religious''. PLANS considered anthroposophy to be part of a New Age religious movement, characterized by its seekers' rejection of orthodoxy and creedal forms of religious expression in favor of a more eclectic and individualized path of spiritual-psychological transformation, a process which PLANS claimed to be generally acknowledged as "religious experience".
PLANS wanted the court to agree that Waldorf methods schools lead students through New Age rituals and interpret them as religious practices. It also wanted the court to agree that in the schools, anthroposophy permeates every subject, and that the underlying theory of the education is based on theology, not philosophy. In order to do this, PLANS first needed to convince the court that anthroposophy was a religion. This attempt was unsuccessful, and PLANS seeks to reverse the decision in appeals court.
Waldorf educators and public Waldorf methods education
Some supporters of Waldorf education have suggested that Waldorf education does not belong in government schools. Eugene Schwartz is a prominent teacher and author who has stated that he agreed with Dugan that Waldorf education could not properly be separated from anthroposophy. In Schwartz's view, although Waldorf education is not sectarian, the children are intended to have inwardly religious experiences. In his speech he exemplified this with the way the origin and history of the Jews is taught in grade three in independent Waldorf schools. Schwartz was fired from his position at a teaching college shortly after the speech, and in a later interview, claimed there were many other Waldorf teachers who agreed with him but were afraid to speak out. In Schwartz's opinion, Waldorf education has the goal of making "everything sacramental", and that "willing, feeling, and thinking" are "soul forces" which are intentionally brought to every aspect of the education. Schwartz objected to educators who would reject the movement's religious aspect to suit the requirements of public education. In the interview, Schwartz lamented the fact that, in his view, public Waldorf methods schools are watered-down imitations of authentic Waldorf education.
Schwartz has since become an active promoter of Waldorf education in charter and public schools.
References
External links
PLANS web site
Schooled in spirituality Article about Waldorf methods schools and PLANS litigation, Sacramento News and Review, February 3, 2005.
Alternative education organizations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLANS%20%28non-profit%29 |
Northern Cross may refer to:
Northern Cross (asterism), an asterism in the constellation Cygnus
Northern Cross (pilgrimage), an annual pilgrimage in northern England and the England-Scotland border
Northern Cross, the section of the M50 motorway (Ireland), from Junctions 1 to 6, built in the late 1990s
Northern Cross Railroad, first railroad in Illinois
Northern Cross Radio Telescope at the Medicina Radio Observatory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20Cross |
Tina Harris is a Maryland-born singer best known for being a member of Sweetbox.
Career
Early life
Tina Harris was born in Baltimore, Maryland, and due to her military father being stationed there, the whole family moved to Frankfurt, West Germany, when she was four and grew up there.
Tina Harris's start in the music industry came when her cousin, rapper Turbo B of the music group Snap! chose Harris's sister Jackie to mime on the videoclip and on promotional appearances to the female parts of their hit "The Power". Later, Tina Harris and her other sister Angel became dancers on Snap!'s tour and in videoclips, first appearing in the videoclip for "Ooops Up".
In 1991, the three Harris sisters left Snap! and formed the pop-rap group B.O.Y. (an acronym for Because Of You), which was active for two years. Sister Angel left in 1992 after the release of the second single and Tina and Jackie carried on as a duo for two more singles.
After meeting singer Liza da Costa, Harris and her sister Jackie formed a Eurodance trio with her called Security for about two years in 1993–1995. Afterwards, Harris lent vocals to a few Eurodance records in the mid-90s.
Sweetbox
In 1997, Harris was contacted by Sweetbox producer Roberto "Geo" Rosan to record vocals for the group's next single "I'll Die For You". While the single was not a big hit, it landed the group a record deal with RCA records. Rosan decided to settle with Harris a lead vocalist of the group and the group's next single, co-written by Harris, "Everything's Gonna Be Alright", released in late 1997 in Germany and in 1998 in the rest of the world, went immediately into the top of the charts.
This track, which fuses urban music and hip-hop with Johann Sebastian Bach's Air (from Orchestral Suite No. 3, claimed Top Ten Chart positions in England, Ireland, Sweden, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, Norway, Finland, Spain, Colombia, Lebanon, Israel, Italy and France. In Germany (#12), Denmark (#13) and the Netherlands the title reached the Top 20 and in the US the Single was among the Top 40 on the Billboard Charts. The track also stayed for 8 weeks in the Top 10 of the World Radio Charts (which is compiled of 150 radio stations in 40 countries).
The first album of the band released in 1998 was called "Sweetbox" in Europe and Asia and "Everything's Gonna Be Alright" in North America. In Japan the album reached double platinum and triple gold status and Sweetbox was awarded 2 Japanese Grammies in the categories "Best International Artist" and "Best Song of the Year". The album was released in 47 countries and sold in total nearly 3 million copies and Harris toured with Britney Spears and NSYNC.
After Sweetbox
After spending two and a half years promoting the record all over the world, Harris tried to renegotiate the very prohibitive contract she had unknowingly signed for the group's second album. Instead of relenting, the record label and Rosan decided to replace her with a new vocalist, Jade Villalon.
The contract prevented her from releasing music for 8 years, although in 2003 Harris released her debut solo album "Love Makes The World Go Round", thanks to Sony Music Japan, which managed to license her recording specifically for the Japanese market. When the contract was terminated, Harris released the album around the world digitally in 2007, retitling it "Sunshine" and adding the title track and a new version of "Everything's Gonna Be Alright" as new songs.
In January 2016, Harris released her second solo album "Free To Love".
Love Makes the World Go Round
Harris released her only solo album entitled Love Makes the World Go Round on May 26, 2003.
Track listing:
Intro – "Love Makes the World Go Round"
"Ooh Baby"
"Crush on You"
"Who's That Guy"
"I Feel You Feel Me"
"Apartment 424"
"Falling 4 U"
"Do You Love Me"
"Can I Be Your Sunshine"
"My First Love"
"On My Mind" (featuring Kevin Tyson)
"Love Makes the World Go Round"
"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me"
"I'll Do 4 U" (featuring Kevin Tyson)
"Still-N-Love" (featuring Damon Elliott)
"I Tried"
"Outro" – Lullaby for JKJ
"Ooh Baby" (Royal Philharmonic Orchestra Mix)
"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me" (Classic Mix)
"Who's That Guy" (Raw Flava Mix)
References
Living people
Singers from Maryland
African-American women singers
American contemporary R&B singers
American women rappers
African-American women rappers
Sweetbox members
1975 births
American hip hop singers
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American women musicians
American expatriates in West Germany
21st-century women rappers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina%20Harris |
The Royal Australian Air Force currently maintains three bare bases in remote areas of Northern Australia. These bases were developed in the 1980s and 1990s in line with the Defence of Australia Policy to enhance the RAAF's ability to conduct combat operations from the Australian mainland. As front line bases, the bare bases are well-provisioned with bunkers and other defensive facilities and have the capability to support the RAAF's combat aircraft during wartime.
During peacetime the bare bases are maintained by a small caretaker staff drawn from No. 322 Expeditionary Combat Support Squadron. Flying and support units are not permanently stationed at bare bases. The bases are occasionally activated during exercises with flying and support units deploying from other RAAF bases to staff the base for the duration of the exercise.
In December 2008 RAAF Learmonth was rapidly activated to support border protection patrols conducted by Lockheed AP-3C Orions. During this period more than 200 personnel were stationed at the base.
The RAAF maintains caches of catering equipment, bedding and defence stores at each of the bare bases so that they can be rapidly activated. The size of these caches was reduced by 25 percent in 2012, and the RAAF's newspaper Air Force stated that the service was considering storing all the supplies at a central location in the future. In October 2013 it was reported that the caches were in the process of being centralised. Once the process is complete supplies will be flown or driven to the bases when they are activated.
The three bare bases are:
RAAF Base Scherger near Weipa, Queensland
RAAF Base Curtin near Derby, Western Australia
RAAF Base Learmonth near Exmouth, Western Australia
RAAF Tindal near Katherine, Northern Territory, was maintained as a bare base for a number of years before being upgraded in 1988 to a permanent operational base for No. 75 Squadron's F/A-18s.
References
Further reading
Bare bases
Military installations in Western Australia
Military buildings and structures in Queensland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAAF%20bare%20bases |
Standard Car 4x2, or Car Armoured Light Standard, better known as the Beaverette, was a British improvised armoured car produced during the Second World War.
History
The first version of the vehicle was built in 1940 by Standard Motor Company at the instigation of Lord Beaverbrook, then Minister of Aircraft Production (hence the name Beaverette). It was based on commercial car chassis, on which a simple riveted armoured hull was mounted. The 11mm of steel was backed by 3 inch thick oak planks. The hull was open at the top and at the rear. The armament consisted of a Bren light machine gun, which could be fired through a slot in the casemate armour. Subsequent versions received all-around protection and a machine gun turret - an enclosed one with a Bren MG or an open-topped one with twin Vickers machine guns. Some vehicles also carried Boys anti-tank rifles. Some also had a No. 11 or No. 19 radio set. Production was stopped in 1942. About 2,800 units were delivered.
Describing the vehicle in 1941, a correspondent for The Light Car magazine reported "touching the 60-mark []" while following one along a road. Restricted vision meant the Beaverette driver had to rely on an observer to relay information about other road traffic and also to consider situations well in advance, for example, when making a turn, the driver had to base his steering on "observations made something like ten yards [] back".
The Beaverette was extensively used by the Home Guard (United Kingdom), British Army and RAF Regiment for home defence service and training. The vehicle is said to have suffered from excessive weight and to have been hard to handle.
Variants
Mk I - original version.
Mk II - had all-around armour and the radiator grill was moved from a vertical position to a horizontal one.
Mk III Beaverbug - had a shortened chassis, a redesigned hull without curved front wings, top armour and a machine gun turret. A Mk III was used by the RAF Regiment in the capture of a Focke-Wulf Fw 190 and destruction of another when they landed at RAF West Malling in April 1943.
Mk IV - glacis armour was redesigned to improve visibility.
A similar vehicle, known as Beaverette (NZ), was produced in New Zealand Railways Department Hutt Workshops. The car used a Ford 3/4 or 1-ton truck chassis and plate salvaged from the merchant ships Port Bowen and Mokoia for armour. They had a crew of four; 208 units were built.
Survivors
A Mark III Beaverette is displayed at the Imperial War Museum Duxford.
In 2018, the Tank Museum acquired a Mark III for restoration
A Mark III is in the Cobbaton Combat Collection, a private collection of military vehicles in Umberleigh, Devon in the United Kingdom
A Mark IV Beaverette is displayed at the Museum Bevrijding Vleugels in the Netherlands.
A Mark IV Beaverette is preserved at The Curragh Military Museum in Ireland.
MM Park museum in La Wantzenau in France also has a Mk IV on display.
References
Citations
Bibliography
George Forty - World War Two Armoured Fighting Vehicles and Self-Propelled Artillery, Osprey Publishing 1996, .
I. Moschanskiy - Armored vehicles of the Great Britain 1939-1945 part 2, Modelist-Konstruktor, Bronekollektsiya 1999-02 (И. Мощанский - Бронетанковая техника Великобритании 1939-1945 часть 2, Моделист-Конструктор, Бронеколлекция 1999-02).
External links
Beaverette Virtual Museum
World War II armoured cars
World War II armoured fighting vehicles of the United Kingdom
Beaverette
Armoured cars of the United Kingdom
Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944
Improvised armoured fighting vehicles
Improvised combat vehicles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20Beaverette |
Jag ångrar ingenting is the tenth studio album from Swedish pop singer Lena Philipsson, released in 2005. Introduced with the singles "Unga pojkar och äldre män" and "Han jobbar i affär", the album was released on October 26. On the Swedish Albums Chart, it debuted at number three, repeating that position at the next week and rising up to number two during the third. The album was certified in Platinum (60,000 copies) on December 13, 2005.
Track listing
"Jag ångrar ingenting"
"Unga pojkar & äldre män"
"Han jobbar i affär"
"Dom bjuder på champagne"
"Jag sover hellre ensam"
"Du ringer bara när du är full"
"Det ringer på min dörr"
"Den högste"
"Någon annanstans"
"Du kan få mig när du vill"
Singles from the album
2005 – "Unga pojkar & äldre män", No. 4
2005 – "Han jobbar i affär", No. 9
2006 – "Jag ångrar ingenting"
2006 – "Det ringer på min dörr"
References
http://www.hitlistan.se
External links
"Jag ångrar ingenting" at the Swedish album chart
2005 albums
Lena Philipsson albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jag%20%C3%A5ngrar%20ingenting |
The PowerBook 3400c is a laptop computer in the PowerBook line manufactured by Apple Computer from February to November 1997. It was briefly the fastest laptop in the world. Using the PowerPC 603e processor running at speeds of up to 240 MHz, this PowerBook was the first to feature a PCI architecture, EDO memory, and a 64-bit wide, 40 MHz internal bus. It was also the first PowerBook to feature a PC card slot capable of being used as a zoomed video port. Like all Apple laptops since the PowerBook 500 series, it featured a built-in trackpad as the pointing device.
Specifications
The PowerBook 3400c series was issued in three different models, distinguished primarily by their processor speed. The base model ran at 180 MHz, and the two higher end models ran at 200 MHz and 240 MHz. Thus, the different models were referred to as the 3400c/180, 3400c/200, and 3400c/240. The 3400c/180 model was usually sold with only a built-in modem and a floppy drive; all 3400c/200 and 3400c/240 machines came with a built-in modem/Ethernet combination port and hot-swappable 1.4 MB floppy disk and CD drives. The only other difference between them was the capacity of the hard drive, ranging from 1.3 to 3.0 GB depending on the model.
Names
Prior to the PowerBook 3400c series, the names of PowerBooks reflected (among other things) the type of screen they had installed. For example, the PowerBook 1400cs had a passive matrix screen, and the 1400c an active matrix screen. Because all PowerBook 3400c computers came with the same 16-bit color, active matrix screen, the "c" designation at the end of the PowerBook 3400c name was somewhat superfluous, and is often dropped, even by Apple itself, for example in the user's manual. The internal code name used for the PowerBook 3400c during development was "Hooper", named so after the dog of one of the product design engineers.
Industrial design
In terms of industrial design, the PowerBook 3400c owed much to the earlier PowerBook 5300 series. There were some key changes made, however, including the larger LCD screen; a wider removable drive bay allowing the use of CD readers; and a curved display housing that allowed for the inclusion of a second set of loudspeakers.
The first generation of G3 PowerBooks retained the same external appearance as the PowerBook 3400c.
CardBus compatibility
Like the PowerBook 5300 series, the 3400s came with a pair of PC card slots, but whereas those on the 5300s were strictly 16-bit device compatible, those on the 3400s were, at least in theory, compatible with 32-bit CardBus cards being based around the 32-bit Texas Instruments PCI1130 PC card controller. In reality, the PC card slots were designed to physically accept only 16-bit cards, though many users have managed to get a variety of CardBus cards to work with them. Using CardBus cards allows 3400 Series PowerBooks to be used with, for example, USB devices like printers and FireWire devices such as iPods.
Technical specifications
Timeline
Notes
References
External links
Low End Mac: PowerBook 3400c
Classic Macs at MyMac.com: PowerBook 3400
Apple Technical Specifications: PowerBook
3400c/180
3400c/200
3400c/240
PowerBook 3400c Digital Picture Frame
3400c
PowerPC Macintosh computers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerBook%203400c |
Lord Gowrie may refer to:
Grey Ruthven, 2nd Earl of Gowrie (1939-2021), British politician
Alexander Hore-Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie (1872–1955), British soldier, longest-serving Governor-General of Australia
John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie (c. 1570–1600), Scottish nobleman
James Ruthven, 2nd Earl of Gowrie (1575–1588), Scottish nobleman, Earl of Gowrie
William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie (c. 1540–1584), Scottish nobleman
See also
Earl of Gowrie | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%20Gowrie |
Muladí (, , pl. ; , , pl. ; , or , , pl. or ; , trans. , pl. , or , ) were the native population of the Iberian Peninsula who adopted Islam after the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century. The demarcation of muladíes from the population of Arab and Berber extraction was relevant in the first centuries of Islamic rule, however, by the 10th century, they diluted into the bulk of the society of al-Andalus. In Sicily, Muslims of local descent or of mixed Arab, and Sicilian origin were also sometimes referred to as . They were also called ('Islamized'). In broader usage, the word is used to describe Arabs of mixed parentage, especially those not living in their ancestral homelands.
Etymology
The Spanish, Portuguese and Catalan words , or are derived from the Arabic . The basic meaning of is 'a person of mixed ancestry', especially a descendant of one Arab and one non-Arab parent, who grew up under the influence of an Arabic society and were educated within the Islamic culture. is the Spanish form of the term , referring to Arabic-speaking Muslims of Hispanic origin who showed the same behaviour patterns as rebels of Arab and Berber origin who had rebelled against Arab rule, such as during the Great Berber Revolt of 739/740–743 AD.
is derived from (), which means 'descendant, offspring, scion, son'. referred to the offspring of Muslim men and foreign, non-Muslim women. The term is sometimes used in Arabic to this day to describe the children of Muslim fathers and foreign mothers.
According to Dozy, means "anyone who, without being of Muslim origin, is born among the Muslims and has been raised as an Arab". The word, according to him, does not necessarily imply Arab ancestry, either paternal or maternal.
According to the dictionary of the Real Academia Española, means "Christian who, during the domination of the Arabs in Spain, converted to Islam and lived among the Muslims", while Bernards and Nawas say the plural form of the word seems to be restricted to al-Andalus, almost exclusively to the areas of Mérida, Granada, Seville and Jaén. has been offered as one of the possible etymological origins of the still-current Spanish and Portuguese term mulato, denoting a person of African (black) and European (white) ancestry; however, the dictionary of the Real Academia Española and several authorities trace (and from it, English mulatto) to Spanish 'mule', from Latin .
History
In Islamic history designates in a broader sense non-Arab Muslims or the descendants of converts. In the Muslim-ruled parts of the Iberian Peninsula, parts of the indigenous until-then Christian population (basically a mixture of the pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, ancient Romans, Visigoths and Suebi) converted to Islam in the 8th and 9th centuries. In the 10th century a massive conversion of Christians took place, so that muladies comprised the majority of the population of Al-Andalus by the century's end. However, the majority of Muwallads had converted to Islam early, but retained many pre-Islamic customs and characteristics.
Conversion to Islam was encouraged by the Umayyad caliphs and Emirs of Córdoba but it was not directly forced. Many Christians converted to Islam to avoid the jizya tax which they were subjected to as dhimmis. Conversion to Islam also opened up new horizons to the native Christians, alleviated their social position, ensured better living conditions, and broadened their scope for more technically skilled and advanced work.
Some christians who converted to Islam became Mawali, or clients attached to an Arab tribe, and as such, were thoroughly Islamized, adopting the Arabic dress code, customs, and language.
The Muwallads were also called ('Islamized'), and (, plural: ), in reference to the society from which they sprang. They later were denominated Aljamiados because of their non Arabic-tongue, that is, the Mozarabic languages.
Through the cultural Arabization of muladies and their increasing inter-marriage with some Berbers and Arabs present in Iberia, the distinctions between the different Muslim groups became increasingly blurred in the 11th and 12th centuries. The populations mixed with such rapidity that it was soon impossible to distinguish ethnically the elements of foreign origin from the natives. Thus they merged into a more homogeneous group of Andalusi Arabs, generally also called Moors.
The Muwallads primarily spoke Andalusian Arabic, along with a wide variety of Iberian Romance languages. Andalusian Arabic was a mixture of Iberian languages and Classical Arabic, though derived especially from Latin. This local dialect of Arabic was also spoken by the Berbers and Arabs from the 9th century onwards.
In the process of acculturation, Muwallads may well have adopted an agnatic model of descent, but without abandoning the bilaterality of late Roman kinship. According to Abu Jafar ibn Harun of Trujillo a vast but silent majority of Muladi Muslims thrived, especially in the Extremadura region of Spain.
Among the Muwalladun were the free-born, the enfranchised, and the enslaved. A significant part of the Muwalladun was formed by freed slaves. These were the Saqaliba, or Slavs who became an important social group in Al-Andalus during the 10th and 11th centuries. Upon adopting the ethnic name of their patrons, the emancipated slaves gradually forgot their own ethnic origin. The Muslim slaves were the Saqaliba, led by Ali ibn Yusuf, who profited from the progressive crumbling of the Umayyad Caliphate's superstructure to gain control over the province of Denia. The Saqaliba managed to free themselves and gain dominion over the taifa, which extended its reach as far as the Balearic Islands, and their capital, Madina Mayurqa (now Palma de Majorca).
The intermarriage of foreign Muslims with native Christians made many Muwallads heedless of their Iberian origin. As a result, their descendants and many descendants of Christian converts forgot the descent of their ancestors and assumed forged Arab genealogies. However, there were a few who were proud of their Roman and Visigothic origins. These included the Banu Angelino and Banu Sabarico of Seville, Banu Qasi of Aragon, Banu l' Longo and Banu Qabturno. Several Muwallad nobles also used the name , ('the Goth'), and some may have been actual descendants from the family of the Visigothic King of Hispania, Wittiza.
The conversion of the native Christians to Islam did not mean the total erasure of previous beliefs and social practises. There is some evidence of a limited cultural borrowing from the Christians by the Muwalladun and other Muslims in Al-Andalus. For instance, the Muslims' adoption of the Christian solar calendar and holidays was an exclusively Andalusí phenomenon. In Al-Andalus, the Islamic lunar calendar was supplemented by the local solar calendar, which was more useful for agricultural and navigational purposes. Like the local Mozarabs (Iberian Christians under Muslim rule in the Al-Andalus who remained unconverted to Islam), the Muslims of Al-Andalus were notoriously heavy drinkers. The Muslims also celebrated traditional Christian holidays, sometimes with the sponsorship of their leaders, despite the fact that such fraternisation was generally opposed by the Ulema. The Muslims also hedged their religious devotions through the use of Roman Catholic sacraments.
Many Muwallads held key posts in the departments of civil administration, justice, and the armed forces. Amrus ibn Yusuf, a Muwallad who was originally from Huesca, was appointed governor of Toledo by Hakam I in 797. Towards the end of the 11th century, the Muwalladun held distinctive posts in the judicial departments. The Caliph of Córdoba, Abd ar-Rahman III, once bestowed the post of chief qadi of Córdoba on a Christian convert, whose parents were still Christian, and the Fuqaha found much difficulty in dissuading him. The secretary of the Córdoban emir, Abd Allah, was a Muwallad. The commander of the Córdoban force in the battle of Alhandega against the Zamorans in 938 was a neo-Muslim Slavic general named Najdah. The 10th century Muwallad historian Ibn al-Qūṭiyya was descended directly on the maternal side from the Visigothic King Wittiza.
In about 889 a ship carrying twenty Berber Muwallad adventurers from Pechina near Almería established a fortress in Fraxinet, on the Gulf of Saint-Tropez in Provence. They spoke both Latin (Mozarabic?) and Arabic.
Several Muwalladun became rich and powerful magnates by means of trade, agriculture, and political activity. The Muwallads of the town the Christians called Elvira (nowadays Granada), after the former Iberian name Ilbira, had become so powerful during the reign of Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi that they rose under a chieftain called Nabil and successfully drove the Moors out of the city. The Banu Qasi dynasty which ruled the upper Ebro valley in the 9th and 10th centuries, became strong enough to break free from the control of the Umayyad dynasty of Córdoba and turn from a semi-autonomous governorship to an independent taifa.
The Muwalladun were the mainstay of the economic framework of the country. Together with the Mozarabs they constituted the productive classes which were craftsmen and small tradesmen in the towns, and farmers and labourers in the rural countryside. However, they were inferior to the Arabs and Berbers in social status. Prominent positions in government and society were usually not available to individuals of Muladi descent. In spite of the Islamic doctrine of equality and brotherhood of Muslims, the Muwalladun were often looked down upon with the utmost contempt by the Arab and Berber aristocrats and were usually pejoratively referred to as "the sons of slaves".
The Muwallads, in turn, in spite of their profession of faith, despised the Arabs whom they viewed as colonialists and foreign intruders. This mutual feeling of hatred and suspicion provoked frequent revolts and led the Muwallads to support the Abbasid political agents, the preachers of Shu'ubiyya (a non-Arab movement), and subversive activities against the Umayyad rule in Iberia. The Shu'ubiyyah of Al-Andalus were active like the Arabs in promoting Arab-Islamic culture and language and claimed their integration with the Arab ethnic groups. The Shu'ubiyyah movement demanded equality of power, wealth and status for non-Arab Berbers and the Muwalladun from the Arabs. Some judges of Huesca upheld the cause of the Muwalladun in the beginning of the 10th century, and a literary epistle of the middle of the 11th century repeated arguments of Eastern Shu'ubite writers.
In Al-Andalus, the large numbers of Christians adopting Islam prompted concern among the authorities about the weakening of the tax base and further inflamed resentment towards the Muwallads.
The Muwallads were in almost constant revolt against the Arab and Berber immigrants who had carved out large estates for themselves, farmed by Christian serfs or slaves. The most famous of these revolts were led by a Muwallad rebel named Umar ibn Hafsun in the region of Málaga and Ronda. Ibn Hafsun ruled over several mountain valleys for nearly forty years, having the castle Bobastro as his residence. He rallied disaffected muwallads and mozárabs to his cause. Ibn Hafsun eventually renounced Islam with his sons and became a Christian, taking the name Samuel and proclaimed himself not only the leader of the Christian nationalist movement, but also the champion at the same time of a regular crusade against Islam. However, his conversion soon cost him the support of most of his Muwallad supporters who had no intention of ever becoming Christians, and led to the gradual erosion of his power.
There were also other Muwallad revolts throughout Al-Andalus. In the Elvira region, for instance, discord sprang up between the Muwallads and Moors, the latter being led by Sawar ibn Hamdub, and the poet, Sa'ad ibn Judi, both of whom fluctuated between insurrection against Abd'Allah and submission to him. In Seville, the second largest city after Córdoba, there was a vicious feud between the two Arab aristocratic families, Banu Hajjaj and Banu Khaldun, and two Muwallad noble families, Banu Angelino and Banu Sabarico, which finally left Ibrahim ibn Hajjaj as the ruler of an independent city-state.
In 805, the Muwallads of Córdoba, incited by certain theologians, revolted against the Umayyads under Hakim I, but the uprising was suppressed. In 814, there was a second revolt of Muwallads in Corboba, and this time the revolt was put down with the utmost severity, and resulted in the expulsion of 9,500 Muwallads from Córdoba, with over 1,500 going to Alexandria and 8,000 to Fez. In 858, there was a Muwallad revolt in Mérida, led by Ibn Marwan. The Muwallads complained of the taxation of their lands as if they were still Christian. The revolt's outcome was the defeat of Ibn Marwan. Mérida was subdued, but the centre of revolt soon moved to Badajoz.
The Muwallads were sometimes assisted by the local Mozarab population, and occasionally by the Christian powers in their revolts. For instance, when the Muwalladun of Toledo revolted, aided by the large Mozarabic population of the city, Ordoño I of Asturias, promptly responded to their appeal for help, but the Emir's forces were routed by the Toledans and Asturians on the Guadacelete in 854.
Many minor rebels from among the Muladi leadership took possession of various sites, their descendants eventually becoming semi-independent Emirs. These included:
Ubayd Allah ibn Umayya ibn Shaliya in Shumantan (present-day Somontin in the region of Jaén),
Saʿid ibn Mastanna in Baghu (Priego),
Khayr ibn Shakir in Shudhar (Jodar),
Saʿid ibn Hudhayl in al-Muntliyun (Monleon near Jaén),
Daysam ibn Ishaq in Murcia and Lurqa (Lorca),
ʿAbd al-Malik ibn ʿAbd-al Jamal in Beja and Mirtula (Mértola) in Portugal,
Bakr ibn Yahya in Shantamariyyat al-Gharb (the present-day city of Faro in Algarve, Southern Portugal).
Muhammad ibn ʿUmar ibn Khattab ibn Angelino, of Seville rebelled against Abd ar-Rahman III
On the western frontier of Al-Andalus, the Muwalladun and Berber families divided control of the region containing Mérida, Badajoz, and their environs.
Notable Muladi
Abu Hafs
Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali
Abu Taur of Huesca
Al-Tutili
Al-Udri
Ibn-Rushd (Averroes)
Al-Qurtubi
Amrus ibn Yusuf
Ibn al-Qūṭiyya
Ibn al-Yayyab
Ibn at-Tafiz
Ibn Ammar
Ibn Faradi
Ibn Gharsiya
Ibn Hazm
Ibn Marwan
Ibn Quzman
Muhammad al-Tawil of Huesca
Musa ibn Musa al-Qasawi
See also
Moors
Umar ibn Hafsun
Mozarabs, local population who remained Christians as dhimmis.
Banu Qasi, a Muladi family descending from a Visigothic lord Cassius who became the independent rulers of their own taifa.
Mudéjars, Muslims living under Christian rulers.
Moriscos, former Muslims who converted to Catholicism.
Wulayti
Footnotes
References
Thomas F. Glick: Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages
S. M. Imamuddin, Muslim Spain 711–1492 A.D.: A Sociological Study, BRILL (1981), .
Harvey, L. P. Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614: 1500 to 1614 . University of Chicago Press, 2005.
Salma Khadra Jayyusi, Manuela Marín. The Legacy of Muslim Spain. BRILL, 1992.
Muwallads
Medieval ethnic groups of Europe
People from al-Andalus by ethnicity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulad%C3%AD |
Creativity refers to the invention or origination of any new thing (a product, solution, artwork, literary work, joke, etc.) that has value.
Creativity may also refer to:
Creativity (magazine)
Creativity (process philosophy)
Creativity (religion), a white-separatist organization
Creativity Alliance
Creativity Movement
Creativity, Action, Service, an educational programme
Creativity techniques
Creative Technology, a computer products manufacturer
"Creativity" (Don't Hug Me I'm Scared), an episode of Don't Hug Me I'm Scared | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativity%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Magny-Cours () is a commune in the Nièvre department in central France.
It is the home of the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours, a famous motor racing circuit (whose name is often abbreviated to 'Magny-Cours'). It formerly hosted the Formula One French Grand Prix.
Magny-Cours also hosts the Conservatoire de la monoplace française.
See also
Communes of the Nièvre department
References
External links
Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours
Communes of Nièvre | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magny-Cours |
Emmanuelle Haïm (; born 11 May 1962) is a French harpsichordist and conductor with a particular interest in early music and Baroque music.
Early life, student and assistant years
Haïm was born and grew up in Paris, and was raised Catholic although her father is Jewish. Her musical education began early, after her father's purchase of a grand piano, and a visit to her family by Zoltán Kocsis when she was age 8. She was also interested in dance as a child, but was diagnosed with a curved spine at age 10, and wore a body corset for 10 years.
Haïm spent 13 years studying at the Conservatoire Supérieur de Musique et de Danse in Paris, where she studied organ with André Isoir. She came to focus on the harpsichord, which she studied with Kenneth Gilbert and Christophe Rousset, and was awarded five first prizes at the Conservatoire. William Christie invited her to work with his ensemble Les Arts Florissants, as a continuo player and musical assistant. On Christie's recommendation, she later worked as a coach and assistant to Simon Rattle, as well as a guest artist with Rattle.
Conducting career
After several years, Haïm left Les Arts Florissants to become a conductor. In 2000, she formed her own baroque era ensemble, "Le Concert d'Astrée", with which she has conducted and toured regularly.
Haïm's 2001 conducting debut with Glyndebourne Touring Opera, in a production of Handel's Rodelina, brought her to wider artistic notice. She returned to Glyndebourne in 2006 to conduct their production of Giulio Cesare. Her first conducting appearance at The Proms was in July 2008. Her US conducting debut was in 2003, with Chicago Opera Theater. On 2 November 2007 she became the first woman to conduct at the Lyric Opera of Chicago, conducting Giulio Cesare. Her first US conducting appearance with a symphony orchestra was in November 2011, in Los Angeles.
Haïm has been married and divorced. She is the mother of a daughter, Louise, from her relationship with oboist Laurent Decker.
Recording career
Haïm has a recording contract with Virgin Classics. Her collaborators have included Natalie Dessay, Ian Bostridge, Rolando Villazón, Philippe Jaroussky, Susan Graham, Sara Mingardo and Laurent Naouri.
Discography (extract)
Handel, Arcadian Duets with Natalie Dessay, Laura Claycomb, Véronique Gens et al. (2002, Virgin Classics)
Purcell, Dido and Aenas with Susan Graham, Ian Bostridge et al. (2003, Virgin Classics)
Monteverdi, L'Orfeo with Ian Bostridge, Natalie Dessay, Véronique Gens et al. (2004, Virgin Classics)
Handel, Delirio with Natalie Dessay (2005, Virgin Classics)
Monteverdi, Il Combatimento Di Tancredi I Clorinda with Rolando Villazón et al. (2006, Virgin Classics)
Handel, Il Trionfo del tempo e del disinganno with Natalie Dessay, Ann Hallenberg et al. (2007, Virgin Classics)
Lamenti with Rolando Villazón, Natalie Dessay, Véronique Gens, Joyce DiDonato et al. (2008, Virgin Classics)
Bach, Cantatas with Natalie Dessay (2008, Virgin Classics)
Handel, Cleopatra with Natalie Dessay (2011, Virgin Classics)
Une fête baroque with Natalie Dessay, Ann Hallenberg, Philippe Jaroussky, Rolando Villazón et al. (2012, Virgin Classics)
Awards and recognition
Emmanuelle Haïm became a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 2009, and is a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. In 2007, she was granted honorary membership of the Royal Academy of Music, London. In 2017, she was appointed Officier of the Ordre national du Mérite. She received the insignia on 19 June 2018.
References
External links
Emmanuelle Haïm (Conductor, Harpsichord) on Bach Cantatas Website
Emmanuelle Haïm on Askonas Holt
Emmanuelle Haïm on IMG Artists (archived)
Emmanuelle Haïm on Warner Classics
Emmanuelle Haïm on France Musique
Joel Kasow, "Emmanuelle Haim: Beauty and the Baroque". CultureKiosque, 6 June 2007
Mark Swed, "Music review: Emmanuelle Haim makes her L.A. Phil debut". Los Angeles Times, 18 November 2011.
Laurence Vittes, "Getting Off on Handel With Emmanuelle Haim and LA Phil". The Huffington Post, 21 November 2011.
1962 births
Living people
Musicians from Paris
French performers of early music
Women performers of early music
French harpsichordists
French women conductors (music)
French people of Jewish descent
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Officers of the Ordre national du Mérite
20th-century French women musicians
21st-century French women musicians
21st-century French conductors (music)
Erato Records artists
20th-century French conductors (music) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuelle%20Ha%C3%AFm |
Dovenby Hall is a country house in of land at Dovenby, about north-west of Cockermouth, Cumbria, England. It is a Grade II listed building.
History
The oldest part of the estate is a 13th-century peel tower. The main house was built for Sir Thomas Lamplugh in the 16th century and, after the house came into the ownership of the Dykes family in about 1800, it was remodelled for the Ballentine-Dykes family in the early 19th century.
Joseph Dykes Ballantine Dykes was High Sheriff of Cumberland for 1807-08 and resided in the house. His eldest son Fretcheville Lawson Ballantine-Dykes served as Member of Parliament for Cockermouth from 1832 to 1836. The property passed down to Frecheville Hubert Ballantine-Dykes, an Army officer and High Sheriff for 1923–24.
A family member was Chairman of the Maryport and Carlisle Railway in the 1840s. A private station named was provided for the family's use. It closed and the line was lifted in 1935.
The house was acquired by the local authorities from Colonel Ballantine-Dykes for use as a mental hospital in 1930. Following the closure of the hospital, it was bought by Malcolm Wilson, a former rally driver, in January 1998 and, after a major refurbishment, then became home to his M-Sport's World Rally Championship team, which was in partnership with Ford's official team for many years.
See also
The Dykes family
References
Sources
Country houses in Cumbria
Peel towers in Cumbria
Grade II listed buildings in Cumbria
Bridekirk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovenby%20Hall |
Saint Mary's College C.S.Sp. (Congregatio Sancti Spiritus) is a voluntary boys' primary and secondary school run by the Congregation of the Holy Spirit and located in Rathmines, Dublin, Ireland. The school was founded in 1890, closed in 1916, and then reopened in 1926 (from 1917 until 1926 the St. Mary's operated as a House of Philosophy for the Spiritans, before it moved to Blackrock.). The school colours are blue and white.
Notable past pupils
Arts and media
Vincent Dowling – Irish-American director
Frank Fitzgibbon - editor of The Sunday Times Irish edition
Larry Gogan – broadcaster
Ulick O'Connor — writer, historian and critic
Conor McKenna – Irish comedian, member of Foil Arms and Hog
Diyu Daniel Wu - lead actor in Yu Ming is Ainm Dom
Law
Peter Charleton — Judge of the Supreme Court of Ireland
Nicholas Kearns – Former President of the High Court of Ireland
Tom O'Higgins – Former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
Brian O'Moore — Judge of the High Court
Politics
Kevin Barry (briefly) – Irish republican (executed in 1920)
Eoin Ryan – former MEP for Dublin
Sports
Paul Dean – Former Irish and Lions rugby player
Gareth Delany — Irish cricketer
Denis Hickie – Former Leinster, Irish and Lions rugby player
Shane Jennings – Former Leinster, Leicester tigers, barbarians and Irish rugby player
Kieran Lewis – Former leinster, Munster and irish Rugby player
Darragh MacAnthony – Chairman of Peterborough United FC
Ronan McCormack – Former Leinster and UCD Rugby player
Jack McGrath – Leinster, Ulster, Irish and lions Rugby player
Rodney O'Donnell – Former Leinster, Irish and Lions rugby player
Johnny Sexton – Leinster, racing 92, Irish and Lions rugby player
Tony Ward – Former Irish and Lions rugby player and League of Ireland footballer. Only person to win in Rugby & FAI Championships
Darragh Fanning — Former Leinster and Connaught Rugby player
Declan Fanning — Former Leinster Rugby Player
Sean Lynch – Former Leinster, Irish & BILs rugby player
Other
Peter Boylan — Former Master of the National Maternity Hospital
Frs. Tom and Ernest Farrell – Founders of the Catholic Boy Scouts of Ireland in 1927
Fergal Keane - news correspondent and author
Thomas Lynch (psychiatrist) – first professor of psychiatry at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
David O'Sullivan — Former Ambassador of the European Union to the United States of America
John Mark Redmond – cardiothoracic surgeon and businessperson
Notable staff
Éamon de Valera – Taoiseach and former president, taught at St. Mary's for a short time in 1915 as a mathematics professor
Sister schools
The following schools were also founded by the Holy Ghost Fathers in Ireland:
Blackrock College
Rockwell College
St. Michael's College
Templeogue College
St. Mary's College Rugby Club
Saint Mary's College C.S.Sp. is directly associated with the St. Mary's College Rugby Club located in Templeogue. The club has been home to some of Leinster and Ireland's greatest rugby players.
References
External links
Educational institutions established in 1890
Spiritan schools
Private schools in the Republic of Ireland
Catholic secondary schools in the Republic of Ireland
Boys' schools in the Republic of Ireland
Secondary schools in Dublin (city)
Catholic primary schools in the Republic of Ireland
Primary schools in Dublin (city)
1890 establishments in Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Mary%27s%20College%2C%20Dublin |
"Station to Station" is a song by English musician David Bowie. It was released in January 1976 as the title track and opener of his tenth studio album Station to Station, as well as on a promotional 7-inch single in France the same month. Co-produced by Bowie and Harry Maslin, it was written and recorded at Cherokee Studios in Los Angeles between September and November 1975. At over 10 minutes in length, it is Bowie's longest studio recording. Opening with a train-like noise, the song's first half is a slow march, built around an atonal guitar riff, while the second half takes the form of a prog-disco suite in a different key and tempo than the first. It has been characterised as art rock and is influenced by the German electronic bands Kraftwerk and Tangerine Dream.
Lyrically, the song introduces Bowie's sinister persona the Thin White Duke, who became the mouthpiece for Station to Station and, throughout 1976, often the embodiment of Bowie himself. During the recording, Bowie was heavily dependent on drugs such as cocaine, which is referenced directly throughout. "Station to Station" also makes references to the Kabbalah, occultism, gnosticism, paranoia and other fixations that affected Bowie's mind at the time. The opening sound effect is a red herring meant to represent the Stations of the Cross, along with a juncture connecting two different stages of his career; it combined the funk and soul of his previous album Young Americans with the experimental sound he would explore on his "Berlin Trilogy".
"Station to Station" has received acclaim from music critics and biographers, who have praised the performance of the band and Bowie himself. Retrospectively, it has been named one of Bowie's greatest songs and, like its parent album, is seen as the indicator of where his career was heading at the time. He performed the track throughout the 1976 Isolar Tour, often in character as the Thin White Duke, and continued to perform it on different tours throughout his career. It was remastered, along with its parent album, as part of the box set Who Can I Be Now? (1974–1976) in 2016.
Composition
"Station to Station" was recorded at Cherokee Studios in Los Angeles between September and November 1975. According to Emily Barker of NME, Bowie "starved his body of all nutrients (besides milk, red peppers, and cocaine)" during the song's recording. Bowie would recall later that he could not remember recording the album at all, saying "I have only flashes of making it." Author David Buckley states that Bowie's only memory of the sessions was "standing with [lead guitarist] Earl Slick in the studio and asking him to play a Chuck Berry riff in the same key throughout the opening of 'Station to Station'."
At over 10 minutes in length, "Station to Station" is Bowie's longest studio recording. Structurally, the song builds from a droning, guitar-driven introductory portion that mimics a train building up speed. Following the train noise, the band begins to enter, with percussion and keyboards playing chords in and out of key. What follows is, according to Peter Doggett, a "slow, hypnotic instrumental march", led by an atonal guitar riff played by Bowie and Slick with syncopated accents across three bars in and one in . The march lasts for more than three minutes before Bowie begins his vocals. After several verses, at the five-minute mark, a thud of drums signals a change of tempo and key and the band erupts into what Alan Light of Rolling Stone calls a "celebratory groove", which lasts for the rest of the track. Doggett likens the section to a progressive rock suite by the 1970s bands Genesis and Jethro Tull. Like the album, the entire song encompasses art rock.
The train sound effect was created by Slick using flangers and delay effects. The noise pans from right to left across the stereo channels before fading out using feedback, which Doggett likens to "disappearing into a tunnel". According to Nicholas Pegg, the effect "acknowledges" the influence of the 1974 album Autobahn by the German electronic band Kraftwerk, which begins with a car starting up and driving across the stereo speakers. Pegg believes another influence is from Edgar Froese of the German electronic band Tangerine Dream, whom Bowie befriended during his "Berlin" years (1977–1979); Froese's 1975 album Epsilon in Malaysian Pale also begins with a train sound effect. However, he notes that the train is a red herring in that it expresses what Bowie later called "the album's 'wayward spiritual search'". More specifically, it reinstates the "travelling metaphor" of earlier compositions: "the stations recall the 'new surroundings' of "Rock 'n' Roll with Me" [from Diamond Dogs], and the "mountains on mountains" reprise the questing motifs of "Wild Eyed Boy from Freecloud" [from David Bowie (1969)] and The Man Who Sold the World." Bowie would later state, "the 'Station to Station' track itself is very much concerned with the Stations of the Cross", the series of 14 images depicting Christ's path to his crucifixion, each symbolising a stopping-point for prayer. Stuart Berman of Pitchfork supports this, saying: "the title track's momentous prog-disco suite [...] charts a course from spiritual void toward ecstatic religious reawakening." It has been also described as "Kraut-disco" by Rolling Stone.
Another possible influence is guitarist Jimmy Page of the English rock band Led Zeppelin. Page was a session musician on Bowie's earliest recordings and had been an occasional acquaintance ever since. During the same time Bowie became dependent on cocaine, Page had become dependent on heroin, which Pegg considered "even more fearful" than Bowie's addiction. Led Zeppelin's Physical Graffiti was released in February 1975, months ahead of the Station to Station sessions. Pegg writes: "It's possible to discern in ["Station to Station"] a distinct flavour of the groove, tempo and sense of building tension created by the famous rising riff of Physical Graffiti's standout track 'Kashmir'", an epic track that evokes a "troubled spiritual journey" through its music and lyrics.
Lyrics
"Station to Station" introduces Bowie's persona the Thin White Duke, a sinister figure who became the mouthpiece for Station to Station and, often throughout 1976, for Bowie himself. The persona was noticeably darker than Bowie's previous characters, being described as "a mad aristocrat", an "amoral zombie", and "an emotionless Aryan superman". For Bowie himself, the Duke was "a nasty character indeed". The lyrics themselves contain very cryptic messages and direct references, including to the 13th century Jewish mystical system known as the Kabbalah and gnosticism. Bowie would later claim in 1997: "All the references within ["Station to Station"] have to do with the Kabbalah." Doggett believes the main themes of the track are magic, the arts of legendary musicians, both real and fictitious, the Kabbalah's mythical account of progress from Kether to Malkuth, love and cocaine. Doggett further argues: "just as [the Hunky Dory track] "Quicksand" offered a catalogue of avenues open to the inquisitive imagination of David Bowie circa 1971, so "Station to Station" present a more confused medley of the themes that were haunting his nightmares in the final weeks of 1975."
The Duke introduces himself by saying "the return of the Thin White Duke/throwing darts in lovers' eyes." Darts, or arrows, are interpreted to be a symbol of direction revealing the dynamic of the True Will. Doggett argues that aside from the Thin White Duke, another duke was at the heart of the action: Prospero, the Duke of Milan and protagonist of William Shakespeare's play The Tempest. He writes that Prospero, like the Thin White Duke, is a "master of magic", who can control elements while "lost in my [magic] circle", as well as cast spells over "lovers' eyes" (mirroring throwing darts), as Prospero does with his daughter Miranda and her lover Ferdinand over the course of the play. Fixation with the English occultist Aleister Crowley is evident in such phrases as "white stains", the name of a book of poetry by Crowley, who was previously mentioned by Bowie on "Quicksand". Once the song changes into the prog-disco section, the lyrics become brighter. Punctuated by the refrain "It's too late", Bowie enters a landscape of "mountains and sunbirds". Themes in this section include drug use, as presented in the lyrics "It's not the side effects of the cocaine/I'm thinking that it must be love", which he sings in a joyous tone. Light writes that other themes present on the track are "paranoia and odd fixations" that were present in Bowie's mind at the time. At different points Bowie declares "the European canon is here", which Doggett believes is a "pretentious way" of summarising Bowie's interest in Kraftwerk and Brechtian theatre; he also notes the word 'canon' could be interpreted "at a stretch" as the word 'cannon'.
Release and reception
"Station to Station" was released as the opening title track to Bowie's tenth studio album of the same name on 23 January 1976. The song was also released as a promotional single, with the catalogue number 42549 A, in January 1976 in France by RCA Records, with a shortened duration of 3:40 and "TVC 15" as the B-side. The single version begins at the central section of the song with the drums just prior to the "once there were mountains..." lyric. The single edit appears on the 2010 Deluxe Edition of Station to Station and on Re:Call 2, as part of the 2016 box set Who Can I Be Now? (1974–1976). The full track was remastered, along with its parent album, and released on the same box set.
The song has been acclaimed by music critics, who have praised the performance of the band and Bowie himself. Nicholas Pegg described it as "Scintillatingly performed and gorgeously produced, it represents one of the high watermarks in his studio work." He further praises Bowie's vocal performance and Earl Slick's guitar contributions. Dave Thompson of AllMusic calls the guitar work "fabulous" and makes the argument that the track could be the most "evocative" song Bowie ever wrote. Doggett writes that what saves the track from "utter obscurity" and his audience from "alienation" was the music itself. Alex Needham of The Guardian, in a review declaring Station to Station his favorite album, calls the track "monumental", adding that "Bowie blasts away his immediate Philly soul past and speeds into a more experimental future over 10 totally exhilarating minutes". Needham also found it impressive that the song did not "overshadow" the rest of the album, which he believes shows "how much Bowie was on fire". In a review of the live album Glastonbury 2000 in 2018, Sean T. Collins of Pitchfork calls the track a "teutonic-occult behemoth" and a highlight of the album. He felt the main section's "off-kilter groove" and the "barreling braukeller climax" were made for performing live. He continued, "hearing Bowie croon Kabbalistic jargon like 'one magical movement from Kether to Malkuth' to [a] massive crowd serves as a helpful reminder that he remained, even then, one of the weirdest people ever to achieve festival-headlining success". In 2018, the writers of NME listed "Station to Station" as Bowie's 24th greatest song. In a list of Bowie's 50 greatest songs, Alexis Petridis of The Guardian ranked the song third, calling the shift into its second section as "possibly the single most thrilling moment in his entire catalogue." In 2021, Rolling Stone ranked it number 400 in their updated list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.
Legacy
Buckley describes "Station to Station" as heralding "a new era of experimentalism" for Bowie. Along with the rest of the album, the song presented the new direction Bowie was taking in his career, from the funk and soul of Young Americans to the experimental sound of his "Berlin Trilogy". In 2001, Bowie said, "As far as the music goes, Low and its siblings were a direct follow-on from the title track [of Station to Station]. It's often struck me that there will usually be one track on any given album of mine, which will be a fair indicator of the intent of the following album."
Needham from The Guardian similarly writes that with the lyrics "the European cannon is here", Bowie fully announces what was to come. Doggett writes: "Here was Bowie's first nod of recognition to the so-called motorik sound of Krautrock, as the ominous, Wagnerian strains of the early segments of the song were succeeded by the propulsive dance rhythms of the finale. Only a churl would have worried that the theme of this cathartic moment was that it was too – suggesting that the spiritual journey might be only just beginning."
Live versions
"Station to Station" was the opening number throughout the 1976 Isolar Tour. A performance from this tour was included on the live album Live Nassau Coliseum '76, which was released as part of the 2010 Deluxe Edition of Station to Station, in the 2016 box set Who Can I Be Now? (1974–1976), and as a standalone album in 2017. The song was subsequently performed on the Stage (1978), Serious Moonlight (1983), Sound+Vision (1990), Summer 2000, and A Reality (2003–2004) tours. Performances from the Stage Tour have been released on Stage (1978) and Welcome to the Blackout (2018). The Stage version was also featured in the Uli Edel film Christiane F. (1981), where Bowie, lip-synching to his 1978 recording, made an appearance as himself performing the song at a concert. An edit of this version was released on the film's soundtrack. A performance from the Serious Moonlight Tour was included on the live album Serious Moonlight (Live '83), which was part of the 2018 box set Loving the Alien (1983–1988) and released as a standalone album in 2019. Bowie's performance of the song at the Glastonbury Festival in June 2000 was released in 2018 on Glastonbury 2000.
Track listing
All songs written by David Bowie.
7" French promotional single
"Station to Station" – 3:40
"TVC 15" – 4:40
Personnel
Personnel per Rolling Stone and David Buckley.
David Bowie – lead vocals, acoustic guitar, production
Earl Slick – lead guitar
Carlos Alomar – rhythm guitar
George Murray – bass
Roy Bittan – piano, organ
Dennis Davis – drums
Warren Peace – percussion, backing vocals
Harry Maslin – melodica, production
References
Sources
British disco songs
British progressive rock songs
David Bowie songs
1976 songs
Songs written by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by David Bowie | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station%20to%20Station%20%28song%29 |
The "Type K", number 801 was a diesel locomotive which was allocated to Córas Iompair Éireann (CIÉ) following the disbanding of the Great Northern Railway Board (GNRB) in 1958.
History
The single locomotive of this class was acquired by the GNRB in December 1954 and became their number 800.
It was built by German builders Maschinenbau Kiel (MaK), who built over one hundred of these Type 800 D locomotives between 1953 and 1965. It was delivered free of charge for trials and unloaded at North Wall, Dublin on 14 December 1954. The locomotive closely followed German practice being fitted with an MaK diesel engine, feeding power to the rails through a Voith torque converter. The locomotive shared many similarities with the less powerful Deutsche Bundesbahn class V65, it had a "D" (8-coupled) wheel arrangement and was controlled from an off-centre cab.
The locomotive underwent trials on both goods and passenger trains over various parts of the GNRB system and on some of the Ulster Transport Authority's former Northern Counties Committee lines. Following the trials, it was purchased by the GNRB for the sum of £29,500.
Following the dissolution of the Board in 1958 it was allocated to CIÉ and renumbered K801. Trials between Dublin and Kildare and on Dublin–Bray passenger trains followed before K801 was transferred to Cork, where it worked mainly on the Cobh and Youghal lines. K801 was stopped on 7 September 1967, but reinstated over seven years later on a date variously reported as 30 September or 1 October 1974. After reinstatement, K801 worked in the Drogheda area but was stopped again shortly thereafter, on 1 November.
It was withdrawn in 1976 and acquired by the Galway Metal Company as a static power source, being partially scrapped around 1995. The remains of this unique loco were cut up in February 1999.
Livery details
GNRB: Dark blue with a cream stripe and red wheels
CIÉ: Green with an eau de nil stripe, and later black with a white stripe.
Model
The K Class model is based on the DB (Deutsche Bahn) V65. This is available from ROCO in HO scale. Steve Johnson’s site has more detail, .
References
External links
Photo
Iarnród Éireann locomotives
D locomotives
MaK locomotives
Diesel locomotives of Ireland
5 ft 3 in gauge locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1954
Scrapped locomotives
Individual locomotives of Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIE%20801%20Class |
A standing order (or a standing instruction) is an instruction a bank account holder ("the payer") gives to their bank to pay a set amount at regular intervals to another's ("the payee's") account. The instruction is sometimes known as a banker's order.
They are typically used to pay rent, mortgage or any other fixed regular payments. Because the amounts paid are fixed, a standing order is not usually suitable for paying variable bills such as credit cards or gas and electricity bills.
Standing orders are available in the banking systems of a number of countries, including Germany, Bulgaria, the United Kingdom, Barbados, Ireland, India, Netherlands, Russia, Pakistan, Malaysia, Ukraine, Sri Lanka and presumably many others. In the United States, and other countries where cheques are more popular than bank transfers, a similar service is available, in which the bank automatically mails a cheque to the specified payee. In Canada, the Interac network holds a monopoly on inter-bank transfers and has banned any type of automated (recurring or pre-scheduled) transfer between banks directly (though in practice this restriction does not apply to those with corporate accounts).
Country differences
Canada
The Canadian inter-bank network, Interac, holds a monopoly on bank-to-bank transfers for individual customers in Canada. It has banned standing / banker's orders, along with direct debit and any type of recurring payments between bank accounts. Instead, it permits transfer of funds only via its own “Interac e-Transfer”, an electronic transfer system similar to a cheque, which may be sent manually to a recipient's email or phone number.
As of 2022, one Canadian bank (CIBC) has attempted to work within the system by facilitating automated (recurring or pre-scheduled) e-Transfers. It remains the only bank to attempt any degree of challenge to Interac's system. That said, exceptions are typically made for corporate clients, who are permitted to bypass the Interac scheme in exchange for substantially higher fees.
Germany
A standing order (Dauerauftrag) can run for a set number of payments, a set period of time, or until cancelled.
The Netherlands
Standing orders (periodieke overschrijvingen) are available for a set period of time or until cancelled, to any recipient in the SEPA. They should not be confused with doorlopende machtigingen (periodic direct debits).
Japan
A standing order (口座自動振替) runs until cancelled. They can be cancelled at the account holder's request.
New Zealand
Commonly known as "Automatic Payment" and can be set up via a bank teller at a branch of the bank, or via the internet banking service of most major banks.
South Korea
A standing order (납부자자동이체) runs until cancelled. They can be cancelled at the account holder's request. The bank charges fees (average 3000KRW) per transfer.
Spain
With most Spanish banks a standing order (transferencia periódica) can be set up to run for a set period of time, for a number of occurrences or indefinitely. They can be cancelled at any time at the account holder's request. There are typically no fees for such transactions.
Switzerland
In Switzerland standing orders are available for a set period of time or until cancelled. They can be made to any recipient in the SEPA space.
UK
A standing order can be set up to run for a set period of time, or indefinitely, and can be cancelled at the account holder's request. Standing orders are standardized by the trade body UK Payments Administration. In 2008 a number of banks began to introduce Faster Payments as the method of transfer for standing orders when available, in place of the slower BACS system; with this method payments reach the receiving account the same day, rather than after a delay of three days or more.
Difference from direct debit
Standing orders are distinct from direct debits; both are methods of setting up repeated transfers of money from one account to another, but they operate in different ways. The fundamental difference is that standing orders send payments arranged by the payer, while direct debits are specified and collected by the payee.
A standing order can be set up and modified only by the payer, and is for amounts specified by the payer to be paid at specified times (usually a fixed amount at a specified interval examples). The amount can be paid into any bank account, which need not belong to an organisation vetted by the payer's bank.
A direct debit requires the payer authorize the payee take a direct debit for any amount at any time, or to instruct the bank to honour direct debit requests from a specified payee. The payee has full control over the payments. They can vary the amount and frequency of payments without further authorisation from the customer (subject to providing the customer with the required advance notice). The payer has no direct control over these payments, but can cancel the direct debit at any time, with no reason required, and require the return of disputed payments. It is not possible to authorise an individual to take direct debits; only organisations that have a contract with the payer's bank, or have been vetted by it, can do this.
See also
Overdraft
References
Payment systems
Banking | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing%20order%20%28banking%29 |
Longford is a town in the Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia. According to the 2006 census, Longford and the surrounding area had a population of 929.
It was named Longford because of the long ford across the rivers to get into Sale.
It is located at the junction of the South Gippsland Highway and the Longford-Rosedale Road, next to the Latrobe River. A new bridge over the floodprone Latrobe River was completed in 2006, replacing the historic swinging bridge. The road approach to the Sale Swing Bridge was prone to flooding, cutting the road to Sale, Victoria.
In September 1998, a large explosion at an Esso-operated oil and natural gas processing plant was responsible for an almost complete shutdown of Victoria's natural gas supply for weeks thereafter. At 12:25pm on 25 September 1998, the weld on GP905 cracked and the exchanger failed catastrophically, instantly killing two people. A Royal Commission subsequently found that Esso breached health and safety rules, and was responsible for the explosion.
References
3. Glimpses of Longford by Deanna Gunning (2010)
Towns in Victoria (state)
Shire of Wellington | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longford%2C%20Victoria |
An outbreak of the H5N1 virus in India in 2006 negatively affected the people living in the area, as the poultry industry was their main source of income at the time. Soon after many birds were reported dead in the village of Navapur, in the Nandurbar district of Maharashtra, the government intervened, first confirming the presence of the bird flu and then destroying numerous birds to control the spread of the virus. Residents felt the government overreacted, believing the government had wrongly attributed the reason for the bird deaths; had unnecessarily disrupted their main source of income; and did not compensate them properly for the government's destruction of the birds. Residents also believed that the media caused unnecessary panic over the incident. The government denied any over-reaction to the flu outbreak and stated that they had enough Tamiflu vaccine to protect the Indian population.
Initial reaction
The first reports of bird flu in India came from the village of Navapur in the Nandurbar district of Maharashtra on 19 February 2006. Villagers reported many bird deaths in the village. Maharashtra State Animal Husbandry Ministry authorities rushed to the spot. Lab analysis proved that the poultry was indeed affected with the H5N1 virus.
Government response
Soon after the presence of the virus was confirmed culling operations began. 253,000 birds and 587,000 eggs were destroyed within five days. Villagers who were exhibiting flu-like symptoms were quarantined and kept under observation. Blood samples from 150 persons were sent to the National Institute of Virology, Pune, for analysis. Movement of people into the area was strictly regulated and passenger trains were instructed not to halt at Navapur. Governments of states which border Maharashtra banned the import of poultry from the latter. Some other state governments such as those of Tamil Nadu and Jammu and Kashmir also introduced similar restrictions. The government of India asked pharmaceutical companies such as Cipla to manufacture anti-flu medication. The Government also started stockpiling Tamiflu. The Indian Army was set on alert to aid in evacuation operations and drug-distribution measures.
Grievances of locals
The poultry industry is the main source of income for the people of Nawapur who claimed the Government is overreacting. According to them, the cause of the bird deaths was in fact the seasonal Ranikhet disease and not bird-flu. They alleged that the compensation guaranteed to them by the government after culling had not been handed to them. They also said the media created an unnecessary clamour over the incident.
Economic impact
Prices of chicken products across India plummeted resulting in a steep rise in the prices of mutton and fish. The poultry industry was expected to lose hundreds of millions of rupees because of this. Airlines including Air India, Jet Airways, Indian Airlines and Kingfisher Airlines took chicken off their in-flight menus.
Official response
Both the state and central governments denied any overreaction. The centre said it had enough supplies of Tamiflu and that there was no cause for worry.
See also
2008 bird flu outbreak in West Bengal
References
Disease outbreaks in India
2006 disease outbreaks
Avian influenza
2006 disasters in India
Manmohan Singh administration
Poultry industry in India
Influenza outbreaks
Epidemics in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20H5N1%20outbreak%20in%20India |
Ludwigsfelde is a town in the north of the district Teltow-Fläming in Brandenburg.
Geography
Location
The town is located south of Berlin in the district Teltow-Fläming on the plateau of Teltow. In earlier times, it was part of the district Zossen.
Parts of the town
Since 1997/2003 the following villages are part of the city:
Ahrensdorf
Genshagen (with Genshagen Palace)
Gröben
Groß Schulzendorf
Jütchendorf
Kerzendorf
Löwenbruch
Mietgendorf
Schiaß
Siethen
Wietstock
Demography
History
The first settlement in the main town took place at 1750 under Frederick II of Prussia; several villages already existed in the 13th century (Gröben 1170). Ludwigsfelde has been classified as a town since 1965.
Culture and places of interest
Sport
Ludwigsfelde is one of the sister towns of football club, Hertha BSC Berlin. The Ludwigsfelder Football Club played in the Brandenburgliga in 2017/2018. The Ludwigsfelder Handball Club played in the Oberliga Ostsee-Spree in 2017/18.
There are also German champions in cycle ball and model gliding.
On 7 August 2005, a marathon was run during the European Speed Skating Championships.
Economy and infrastructure
In 1936 Daimler-Benz Motoren GmbH was founded with a new factory at Genshagen / Ludwigsfelde. The factory made Daimler-Benz DB 600 series aircraft engines until 1945, when the USAAF bombed the plant and then what plant had survived the bombing was removed and taken to the Soviet Union as war reparations. In 1952 the factory was refounded as the VEB Industriewerke Ludwigsfelde, which made various products including heavy machinery and Multicar small trade vehicles. For a brief period the plant made Pirna jet engines for the ill-fated Dresden 152 airliner. For more than a decade, 1954–65, it made IWL motor scooters, including the SR 59 Berlin (1956–59).
In 1965 the plant was enlarged and converted to build IFA trucks. When completed, the new production complex was the largest in the DDR. From 1965 the plant built IFA W50 five-tonne trucks, and from 1988 it made the larger L60 six-tonne trucks as well. Production collapsed after the DDR adopted the Deutsche Mark in July 1990. Daimler-Benz took a minority share in the plant in 1991 and complete ownership in 1994. In the 1990s the factory made T2 and Vario vans, and then at the end of the decade DaimlerChrysler modernised the plant to produce the Mercedes-Benz Vaneo. Since 2006 the plant has made Mercedes Sprinter vans and major components for Volkswagen Crafter vans.
A lithium-ion battery factory was announced in 2019, operational by 2021, and eventually delivering batteries equivalent to 10,000 cars per year.
References
External links
Localities in Teltow-Fläming
Teltow (region) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwigsfelde |
The Railway Preservation Society of Ireland (RPSI) is a railway preservation group founded in 1964 and operating throughout Ireland. Mainline steam train railtours are operated from Dublin, while short train rides are operated up and down the platform at Whitehead, County Antrim, and as of 2023, the group sometimes operates mainline trains in Northern Ireland using hired-in NIR diesel trains from Belfast. The RPSI has bases in Dublin and Whitehead, with the latter having a museum. The society owns heritage wagons, carriages, steam engines, diesel locomotives and metal-bodied carriages suitable for mainline use.
Bases
The society has developed several bases over time, with Whitehead joined by Sallins, then Mullingar, and also Inchicore and Connolly in Dublin. As of 2019, three locations are in operation: Whitehead, Inchicore and Connolly.
Current operations
Whitehead site and museum
Whitehead, near Belfast, has a long history as an excursion station, and the RPSI developed a working steam and engineering depot there. This was added to by the development of a museum.
The Whitehead Railway Museum opened without ceremony in early 2017, after a 5-year project to expand the site from a depot to include a rebuilt Whitehouse Excursion station and the museum. The total cost was £3.1m from various funding sources. The museum received 10,000 visitors in 2017, its first year, and 15,000 in 2018. The museum hosts five galleries and it is possible for visitors to see various heritage steam and diesel locomotives and observe work on railway carriage restoration. Guides from the society are present.
Inchicore, Dublin
The RPSI has arrangements for storage of stock at Inchicore Works with maintenance also being carried out there.
Connolly shed
In 2015 the RPSI gained an arrangement with Iarnród Éireann to lease the locomotive shed just to the north of for the maintenance and storage of mainline diesel locomotives.
Historic operations
Mullingar
The RPSI moved into the loco shed at Mullingar in 1974 and based steam locos 184 and 186 there. Carriages were also restored there. The base has since become derelict, with funding instead being channeled to Whitehead, including a board decision not to spend money on the green carriages based at Mullingar. Generating Van 3173 was the last vehicle to be overhauled.
Sallins
Prior to Mullingar, Sallins Goods Shed was used as a base.
Whitehead and Belfast
The Society used to operate mainline steam trains from Whitehead and Belfast. Since 2023, these have ceased, as Northern Irish Railways are no longer training staff as steam drivers. This leaves Whitehead focused on short steam train rides up and down the platform there.
Rolling stock
Steam locomotives
The Society possesses 9 steam locomotives (plus one more operated by them but owned by the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum), typically only a small number will be operational at any time:
Passenger tender locomotives
The RPSI has three Great Northern Railway of Ireland 's within its fleet. No. 131, a Q class, was built in 1901. The others are S class no. 171 Slieve Gullion and V class No. 85 Merlin, although the latter is owned by the Ulster Folk & Transport Museum and is on loan. These locomotives are suitable for longer distance main line work, but are speed restricted if they need to run tender-first in the event they cannot be turned.
Mixed large tank locomotive
The RPSI's Northern Counties Committee (NCC) , WT class No. 4 holds significant records. It worked the last steam passenger train on Northern Ireland Railways, and with No. 53 operated the last stone goods train on 22 October 1970. Acquired by the RPSI in June 1971 it then went on to work over most of the remaining Irish railway network.
They also own a SLNCR Lough class.
Goods tender locomotives
The Society possesses three goods tender locomotives all of which are suitable for slower speed passenger workings. Two of these are from the 101 (J15) class, of which over 100 were built between 1866 and 1903 and which lasted until the end of the steam era on CIÉ in 1963. The RPSI possesses two examples of these simple, reliable and robust engines, No. 184 with a saturated boiler and round-shaped firebox, and No. 186 with a superheated boiler and squarer Belpaire firebox. No. 461, a DSER 15 and 16 Class heavy goods locomotive, is the only Dublin and South Eastern Railway example that has been preserved.
Shunting locomotives
Shunting locomotives are useful and economical for shunting and short passenger work within Whitehead yard. These include the .3 'R.H. Smyth', affectionally known as Harvey, which has also been used to pull ballast hoppers for NIR. There is also No3BG "Guinness", a Hudswell Clarke engine presented by Guinness to the Society in 1965.
Diesel and other locomotives
The RPSI has indicated it has a strategy to create a mainline heritage diesel fleet. It has acquired four 65t General Motors Bo-Bos; CIE 121 Class number 134 and CIE 141 Class numbers 141, 142 and 175.
The RPSI used to own two NIR 101 Class Hunslet diesels Numbered 101 and 102. They scrapped 101 and 102 was transferred to the Ulster Folk & Transport Museum.
The RPSI also has some small diesel shunters, including a Ruston from Carlow sugar factory, a planet diesel from Irish Shell and a unilok diesel from the UTA.
Carriages and other stock
In the 2000s, with more rail stringent regulations, the RPSI was forced to acquire rakes of metal bodied carriages for mainline railtours.
Freight wagons and other stock
Whitehead has a collection of historic wagons, including a GNR brakevan named Ivan, restored by their award-winning Youth team, a Guinness van and NCC handcrane and a GSWR ballast hopper and an oil tanker from Irish Shell.
Operations
Railtours
The main work of the society is in securing and maintaining steam rolling stock, with a view to running rail tours and Mulligan, in "One Hundred and Fifty Years of Irish Railways" noted that the RPSI did "sterling work" in the area of organising of such rail tours around the island, following the end of steam as a regular means of service provision on UTA and CIÉ lines.
Films
The RPSI has been able to assist in the provision of suitable rolling stock for train-related scenes in films made on the island of Ireland. The shooting of The First Great Train Robbery in 1978 was an early significant involvement in film making by the RPSI.
Publication
Five Foot Three is the RPSI's membership magazine. It is published annually
Incidents
On 7 November 2014, an RPSI train chartered by Web Summit blocked a level crossing in Midleton for over 25 minutes. The operation was referred to the Commission for Railway Regulation. The resulting investigation found that the Society had knowingly run a train that was too long for the station's platform and that it would block a level crossing, yet senior IR management overrode their internal safety department by allowing the train to run.
On 7 July 2019, a serious incident occurred at Gorey when No.85 ran out of water and the fusible plug melted in the firebox. The Civil Defense had to cool down the boiler with hoses while the crew were evacuated from the cab and a rescue diesel summoned from Dublin.
See also
List of heritage railways in Northern Ireland
List of heritage railways in the Republic of Ireland
Irish Steam Preservation Society
Irish Traction Group
References
Footnotes
Notes
Sources
Primary sources
External links
RPSI website
Engineering preservation societies
Railway societies
All-Ireland organisations
Museums in County Antrim
Railway museums in Northern Ireland
Railway companies of Ireland
Railway companies of the Republic of Ireland
1964 establishments in Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway%20Preservation%20Society%20of%20Ireland |
The Borough of Hartlepool is a unitary authority area in ceremonial County Durham, England. The borough's largest town is Hartlepool.
It borders the County Durham district as well as the boroughs of Redcar and Cleveland and Stockton-on-Tees. The local authority is Hartlepool Borough Council, a member of the Tees Valley Combined Authority.
In 2003 it had a resident population of 90,161, increasing to 92,028 at the 2011 Census. It is made up of 17 council wards and the Hartlepool constituency has been coterminous with the council area since the 1983 parliamentary redistribution.
History
After several unification efforts starting in 1902, the county borough of Hartlepool was formed in 1967 by the merger of the original borough of Hartlepool (the "Headland") with the county borough of West Hartlepool further south on Tees Bay, together with the parish of Seaton Carew to provide coastal land for industrial development.
The borough was reformed and enlarged on 1 April 1974, by the merger of the previous county borough of Hartlepool, along with the parishes of Brierton, Claxton, Dalton Piercy, Elwick, Elwick Hall, Greatham, Hart and Newton Bewley, from the Stockton Rural District, all of which had been part of the administrative county of Durham. The enlarged borough was transferred at the same time from County Durham to the new non-metropolitan county of Cleveland.
Cleveland was abolished in 1996 after a review by the Banham Commission, with the four boroughs of Stockton-on-Tees, Hartlepool, Redcar & Cleveland and Middlesbrough becoming unitary authorities. For ceremonial purposes Hartlepool returned to County Durham, however it continues to share certain local services with the other former Cleveland boroughs, including the Cleveland Police and Cleveland Fire Brigade.
In May 2021, four parish councils of the villages of Elwick, Hart, Dalton Piercy and Greatham all issued individual votes of no confidence in Hartlepool Borough Council, and expressed their desire to re-join County Durham.
Council
Since 2 May 2013 the council has used the leader and committee hybrid model of executive arrangements. The executive function of Hartlepool Borough Council was controlled by a directly elected mayor of Hartlepool from 2002 to 2013. On 9 May 2019, The former Labour Council leader Christopher Akers-Belcher and two fellow party members, defected to the Socialist Labour Party following the Labour Party's defeat in the recent local elections. On 13 September 2019, ten independent councillors defected to the Brexit Party. The Conservative councillors then formed a pact with the Brexit Party councillors to become the largest group on the council.
In March 2021, four parish councils of the villages of Elwick, Hart, Dalton Piercy and Greatham all issued individual votes of no confidence in Hartlepool Borough Council due to a planning application being passed that they disagreed with, and hoped to use the issue to influence the outcome of the Local Elections.
Elected mayor
Between 2002 and 2013, Hartlepool was one of a small number of councils in the United Kingdom to have a directly elected mayor. This followed a referendum held in the borough in October 2001, and the first mayoral election was held in May 2002. The election became famous for being won by the mascot of Hartlepool United F.C., 'H'Angus the Monkey', with a majority of approximately 500 over the second-placed Labour Party candidate. The man inside the monkey costume, Stuart Drummond, served as mayor as an independent, being re-elected in 2005 with a majority of over 10,000 and again in 2009 with a second round majority of 844.
In November 2012 Hartlepool voted in a referendum to abolish the directly elected mayor and return to having the council leader model used by most English councils. 7,366 voted against the directly elected mayor system, while 5,177 voted to retain it, on a turnout of 18%.
Settlements
Settlements in the borough include:
Demography
Ethnicity
Economy
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Hartlepool and Stockton-on-Tees at current basic prices published (pp. 240–253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.
Notes
References
External links
Hartlepool Borough Council
1974 establishments in England
Local government in County Durham
Unitary authority districts of England
Places in the Tees Valley
Local government districts of North East England
Boroughs in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough%20of%20Hartlepool |
The Associated Gospel Churches, commonly known as AGC, is a Canadian evangelical Christian denomination. It is affiliated with the Evangelical Fellowship of Canada. The national headquarters are located in Burlington, Ontario, Canada.
History
The Associated Gospel Churches can trace its origins to the 1890s, when the AGC began a group of independent churches, in Ontario, Canada, that was joined together by a charter under the leadership of Dr. P. W. Philpott. In 1922, the group was named the Christian Workers' Church of Canada. To differentiate itself from similarly named, but theological differing groups, the denomination was renamed Associated Gospel Churches in 1925. It was federally incorporated March 18, 1925.
The AGC began its first expansion outside of Ontario in 1940, when a group of churches based in Western Canada sought to affiliate themselves with AGC. This group of churches eventually became what is now known as AGC West Region.
In 1944, the AGC began expanding its English language ministries into the Canadian province of Quebec, and began its first French language ministries in 1972.
In 2023, it had 142 churches.
Leadership
In June 2018, a vote was taken at the AGC National Conference in Niagara Falls, Ontario, with a 99 per cent approval for Bill Allan to become the association's fifth full-time President.
Previous Presidents:
Bill Fietje (2008-2018)
Bud Penner (2000-2008)
Don Hamilton (1989-1998)
Bill Sifft (1981-1989)
AGC leadership
Bill Allan - President of AGC
Tom Lambshead - AGC East Regional Director
Rob Cochrane - AGC West Regional Director
Del Gibbons - AGC Quebec Regional Director
Lorne Meisner - AGC West Associate Regional Director
John Garner - AGC East Associate Regional Director
Paul Brittain - National Coordinator of Doctrine & Credentials
References
External links
Associated Gospel Churches - Official website
Evangelicalism in Canada
Evangelical denominations in North America | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated%20Gospel%20Churches%20of%20Canada |
Héctor Eduardo Chumpitaz Gonzáles (; born 12 April 1943, in Cañete) is a former footballer from Peru. He was voted one of the greatest defenders of all time, among the 30 best defenders in football history, and included within the 100 best players in the history of the World Cup by FIFA in 2018. He is also a member of the Historic Ideal Team of Copa América by CONMEBOL. In addition, he is the seventh highest-scoring South American defender in football history, with 65 official goals.
Considered by FIFA as one of the best South American defenders of all time, Chumpitaz is also one of the greatest exponents in the history of Peruvian football. He spent most of his career at Universitario de Deportes and Sporting Cristal. He currently has a football school named as him, where he is dedicated to training minors.
Chumpitaz was regarded one of the best defenders in the world during the late 1960s and early 1970s, and is widely considered one of the four best South American defenders of all time along with Elías Figueroa, José Nasazzi, and Daniel Passarella. With great defensive skills, excellent reading of the game, possession and distribution of the ball and an imposing leader role, he became one of the most legendary figures of Universitario de Deportes, a club with which he won five titles in the Peruvian League and was a finalist in the Copa Libertadores in 1972.
In addition to having won three other national titles with Sporting Cristal, Chumpitaz is remembered for having been captain of the American team that played a friendly match against the stars of Europe, among them were Giacinto Facchetti, Eusébio da Silva Ferreira, Johan Cruyff —who was the captain of Europe, among other figures. It was there that he was given the nickname "El Capitán de America" ("America's Captain").
At the national team level, for almost fifteen years Chumpitaz was the captain and great defensive bulwark of the Peru national football team that won the Copa América 1975 and reached the quarterfinals in the FIFA World Cup of Mexico 1970 and Argentina 1978.
Chumpitaz is considered one of the greatest South American defenders of all-time and was named to the list of best World Cup players of all time by Terra.com in 2006. He was elected the 35th best South American footballer of the 20th century in a poll by the IFFHS in 2000.
Career
At the age of 19, Chumpitaz joined a second division team in Peru, the Unidad Vecinal. Chumpitaz became a first division player in 1964, when he was signed by Deportivo Municipal, a team where he stayed until 1965.
During 1966, Chumpitaz began playing for Universitario de Deportes, where he was part of the team that won five Peruvian league championships (1966, 1967, 1969, 1971 and 1974).
Chumpitaz captained the Universitario de Deportes side to a runner-up in the Copa Libertadores 1972, losing 2–1 to Independiente of the Argentina in the final.
In 1973, All-Star teams from the American and European continents played against each other in Barcelona, Spain. Football greats such as Johan Cruyff and Franz Beckenbauer participated in that game. Chumpitaz was selected captain of the American continent's team, thus earning the nickname "America's Captain". The game finished 4–4 and in Penalty kicks, America won 7–6.
The following year, Chumpitaz was signed for the first time by an international club, Club Atlas of Mexico.
In 1977, Chumpitaz went on to play for Sporting Cristal, a team he would play with until 1984. He won three Peruvian league championships (1979, 1980 and 1983) with the team.
Chumpitaz became the national soccer top scoring defender of Peruvian Primera División, with 65 goals in 456 matches.
International career
On April 3, 1965, Chumpitaz played his debut game with the Peru national football team when Peru lost to Paraguay, 1–0, in Lima. On May 16, 1965, Chumpitaz played his debut World Cup qualifier game where Peru beat Venezuela, 1–0, in Lima. His debut international game came that same year as Peru and Venezuela held a rematch in Caracas, with Peru defeating the Venezuelans, 6–3.
Chumpitaz secured his first World Cup action when Peru national football team, winning 1–0 in Lima, and soon tied with Argentina, 2–2, on August 31, 1969, in Buenos Aires. Chumpitaz played his first World Cup game on June 2, 1970, when the Peru defeated Bulgaria, 3–2, in León, Mexico. Although Peru advanced to the quarterfinals of that World Cup, they were eliminated by Brazil on June 14 in Guadalajara, by a score of 4–2.
Chumpitaz played for Peru's national team in the Brazil Independence Cup, held between June 18 and 25, 1972, in Manaus, Brazil. He helped his team to the championship game with a 1–0 victory over Venezuela, but Peru lost in its group's final game to Yugoslavia, 2–1.
In 1975, Chumpitaz played for the national team that won the Copa America held in Colombia.
Chumpitaz returned to the World Cup in 1978, when Peru played for the FIFA's most heralded championship in Argentina. Peru played six games in that World Cup, winning two of them. Peru were eliminated after losing to hosts Argentina, 6–0. Chumpitaz was substituted 10 minutes into the second half of a game repeatedly mired in allegations of match-fixing to allow Argentina to qualify for the final at the expense of Brazil. Chumpitaz for his part said there was no reason for his substitution. This would turn out to be Chumpitaz's last World Cup participation; he retired from the Peru national football team after the team qualified for the 1982 World Cup, held in Spain. Chumpitaz played a total of 105 games with the national team.
International goals
Honours
Universitario de Deportes
Peruvian League
Winner (5): 1966, 1967, 1969, 1971, 1974
Runner-up (1): 1972
Copa Libertadores
Runner-up (1): 1972
Sporting Cristal
Peruvian League
Winner (3): 1979, 1980, 1983
Runner-up (1): 1977
National team
Copa América
Winner (1): 1975
Individual awards
1969 Best Defender CONMEBOL
1971 Best Defender CONMEBOL
1973 All Stars CONMEBOL: Captain
2000 World Soccer's: The 100 Greatest Footballers of All Time
2004 South American – Player of the Century: Ranking Nº 35
2007 Midfield Dynamo's 10 Heroes of the Copa América
2007 Copa America All-Star team, all-time
2008 All Stars CONMEBOL in the last 50 years
2008 Defender all-time scoring: Ranking Nº 32
Copa América Historical Dream Team: 2011
Career statistics
Current life
Despite retiring, Chumpitaz continued being a public figure, and, on December 3, 2004, he was found guilty and sentenced to four years of suspended sentence (probation), for allegedly accepting US$30,000 from presidential advisor and right-hand man Vladimiro Montesinos, supposedly after joining former minister Juan Carlos Hurtado in latter's quest to become mayor of Lima in 1998, during Alberto Fujimori's presidency. After the appeals process, on April 8, 2005, the Supreme Court of Peru nullified the sentence against Chumpitaz.
See also
List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps
References
External links
arkivperu.com, in Spanish
cooperativa.cl, in Spanish
rsssf.com
terra.com
1944 births
Living people
People from Lima Region
Men's association football defenders
Peruvian men's footballers
Peru men's international footballers
Deportivo Municipal footballers
Club Universitario de Deportes footballers
Atlas F.C. footballers
Sporting Cristal footballers
Peruvian football managers
Sporting Cristal managers
Deportivo Municipal managers
Peruvian Primera División players
Liga MX players
1970 FIFA World Cup players
1975 Copa América players
1978 FIFA World Cup players
FIFA Men's Century Club
Peruvian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Peruvian expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
Copa América-winning players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor%20Chumpitaz |
Robert Reese Parrish (January 4, 1916December 4, 1995) was an American film director, editor and former child actor. He won an Academy Award for Best Film Editing for his work on Body and Soul (1947).
Life and career
Born in Columbus, Georgia, Parrish was the son of Coca-Cola salesman Gordon R. Parrish and actress Laura Virginia ( Reese) Parrish. The Parrish siblings, including Beverly and Helen, entered into acting in the 1920s when the family moved to Los Angeles.
Acting
Parrish made his debut film appearance in the Our Gang short Olympic Games (1927). He then appeared in the classic Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (1927); Yale vs. Harvard (1928), another Our Gang short; Mother Machree (1928) and Four Sons (1928) from John Ford; Speedy (1928) with Harold Lloyd; Riley the Cop (1928) for Ford; The Iron Mask (1929) with Douglas Fairbanks; The Divine Lady (1929); The Racketeer (1929); Anna Christie (1930) with Greta Garbo; the anti-war film All Quiet on the Western Front (1930); The Big Trail (1930) with John Wayne; Up the River (1930) for Ford; The Right to Love (1930) with Ruth Chatterton; Charles Chaplin's City Lights (1931); Scandal Sheet (1931); I Take This Woman (1931); Forbidden (1932) for Frank Capra; The Miracle Man (1932); and Scandal for Sale (1932).
Parrish was in This Day and Age (1932) for Cecil B. de Mille; Doctor Bull (1933), Judge Priest (1934), The Whole Town's Talking (1935), and The Informer (1935) for Ford; The Crusades (1935) for de Mille; Steamboat Round the Bend (1935) and The Prisoner of Shark Island (1936) for Ford; Shipmates Forever (1936); One in a Million (1936) and Thin Ice (1937) with Sonia Henie; History Is Made at Night (1937) for Frank Borzage; Thrill of a Lifetime (1938); Having Wonderful Time (1938); Mr. Doodle Kicks Off (1938); and Dramatic School (1938).
Editor
John Ford encouraged Parrish to work behind the scenes and put him on as an editing apprentice on The Informer. He later hired Parrish as assistant editor for Mary of Scotland (1936). He worked on Ford films behind the scenes in editing and sound capacities, including Stagecoach (1939), Young Mr Lincoln (1939), Drums Along the Mohawk (1939), The Grapes of Wrath (1940), The Long Voyage Home (1940) and Tobacco Road (1941).
Both Ford and Parrish served in the U.S. Navy during World War II, and together they also produced a number of documentary and training films, including The Battle of Midway (1942), How to Operate Behind Enemy Lines (1943), German Industrial Manpower, and December 7th: The Movie (1943). Parrish also worked as editor on George Stevens' That Justice Be Done (1945), and The Nazi Plan (1945).
When Parrish got out of the navy, he helped edit Robert Rossen's boxing drama Body and Soul (1947). In 1947, Parrish shared the Academy Award, with co-nominee Francis Lyon, for his work on the film.
Parrish went on to edit A Double Life (1947) for George Cukor, No Minor Vices (1948) for Lewis Milestone, and Caught (1949) for Max Ophüls.
Parrish's second Academy Award nomination, shared with Al Clark, was for the political drama directed by Rossen, All the King's Men (1949). In the first versions done by Al Clark, the film was poorly received by preview audiences and studio executives. Parrish discovered that a "montage approach" was much more successful, with arbitrary cuts made a set time before and after each important action. In addition to the editing nomination for Clark and Parrish, the film won the Best Picture Award outright and was a popular success.
He also edited No Sad Songs for Me (1950) and A Woman of Distinction (1950), as well as the documentary Of Men and Music (1951).
Directing
Parrish made his directorial debut with the revenge drama Cry Danger (1951). Parrish followed it with The Mob (1951); and The San Francisco Story (1952), with Joel McCrea.
Parrish replaced Phil Karlson on Assignment: Paris (1952) and did some uncredited work on The Lusty Men (1952). He directed My Pal Gus (1952) and Rough Shoot (1953).
The Purple Plain (1954) was nominated for the Award for Best British Film at the 8th British Academy Film Awards. Parrish followed it with Lucy Gallant (1955), Fire Down Below (1957), Saddle the Wind (1958), and The Wonderful Country (1959).
He did an episode of Johnny Staccato, "The Poet's Touch", and did several episodes of The Twilight Zone, "One for the Angels", "A Stop at Willoughby" and "The Mighty Casey".
Parrish returned to features with In the French Style (1963). He followed it with Up from the Beach (1965) and The Bobo (1967) with Peter Sellers. He directed some of Sellers' scenes in the James Bond parody Casino Royale (1967), he is credited among its five directors.
Parrish also directed Duffy (1968), Doppelgänger (1969), A Town Called Bastard (1971) and The Marseille Contract (1974).
His final film, co-directed by Bertrand Tavernier, was Mississippi Blues (1983).
He had an acting role in the film, Blue Bayou (1990).
Memoirs
Summing up Parrish's career, Allen Grant Richards commented that "Other than his excellent editing work and early directing, Parrish may be most remembered as storyteller from his two books of Hollywood memoirs."
Film hitorian Kevin Brownlow wrote of Parrish's first memoir, Growing Up In Hollywood (1976), "His stories about these pictures were marvellous in themselves, and he often came at them sideways, so not only the punchline but the situation took you by surprise. We all entreated him to write them down and in 1976 he did so, producing one of the most enchanting – and hilarious – books about the picture business ever written [...] [Growing Up In Hollywood] ought to be reprinted in this centenary [birth] year."
The sequel, Hollywood Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1988), followed.
Selected filmography
Director
The Mob (1951)
Cry Danger (1951)
Remember That Face (1951)
Assignment – Paris! (1952)
My Pal Gus (1952)
Rough Shoot (1953)
The Purple Plain (1954)
Lucy Gallant (1955)
Fire Down Below (1957)
Saddle the Wind (1958)
The Wonderful Country (1959)
In the French Style (1963)
Up from the Beach (1965)
Casino Royale (1967)
The Bobo (1967)
Duffy (1968)
Doppelgänger (1969)
A Town Called Bastard (1971)
The Marseille Contract (1974)
Editor
The Battle of Midway (1942)
How to Operate Behind Enemy Lines (1943)
German Industrial Manpower (1943)
December 7th (film) (1943)
That Justice Be Done (1945)
The Nazi Plan (1945)
A Double Life (1947)
Body and Soul (1947; with Francis D. Lyon)
No Minor Vices (1948)
All the King's Men (1949; with Al Clark)
Caught (1949)
No Sad Songs for Me (1950; with W. Lyon)
Of Men and Music (1951)
Autobiographies
References
Further reading
External links
1916 births
1995 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American memoirists
20th-century American screenwriters
Actors from Columbus, Georgia
American documentary film directors
American film editors
American male child actors
American male film actors
American male non-fiction writers
American male screenwriters
Best Film Editing Academy Award winners
Businesspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Film producers from California
Film directors from Georgia (U.S. state)
Film directors from Los Angeles
Male actors from Georgia (U.S. state)
Male actors from Los Angeles
Military personnel from Georgia (U.S. state)
Screenwriters from California
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Writers from Columbus, Georgia
Writers from Los Angeles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Parrish |
Karel Čurda (10 October 1911 in Stará Hlína, today part of Třeboň – 29 April 1947 in Prague) was a Czech Nazi collaborator during World War II.
Wartime activities
A soldier of the Czechoslovak army in exile, Čurda was parachuted into the protectorate in 1942 as a member of the sabotage group Out Distance. Later that year, he betrayed the Czechoslovak army agents responsible for the assassination of top Nazi official Reinhard Heydrich in Prague. His reward was 10,000,000 Kronen or 1 million Reichsmarks and a new identity, "Karl Jerhot". He married a German woman and spent the rest of the war as a Gestapo collaborator.
Execution
After the war, Čurda was tracked down and arrested. When asked in court how he could betray his comrades, Čurda reportedly answered, "I think you would have done the same for 1 million marks." Čurda was found guilty of treason and hanged on 29 April 1947 at Pankrác Prison.
Alternative theory
Modern Czech historian Jiří Plachý gave a different account of his personality and motives. According to research, Čurda stayed with his family in South Bohemia in the immediate aftermath of the assassination. That put him under huge pressure as he knew the Nazis could wipe out his whole family or village, just as they had wiped out Lidice and Ležáky. It is posited that this was the key factor in his actions.
Čurda in film and fiction
In the film Operation Daybreak (1975), Čurda is portrayed by Martin Shaw. In Anthropoid (2016), he was portrayed by Jiří Šimek. In The Man with the Iron Heart (2017), he was portrayed by Adam Nagaitis.
See also
Operation Anthropoid
References
1911 births
1947 deaths
Czech resistance members
Czechoslovak soldiers
Czechoslovak military personnel of World War II
Executed Czech collaborators with Nazi Germany
Gestapo agents
Operation Anthropoid
People executed by Czechoslovakia by hanging
People executed by the Third Republic of Czechoslovakia
People from Třeboň
People from the Kingdom of Bohemia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel%20%C4%8Curda |
Redemption Songs is the sixth full-length studio album by Jars of Clay. It was released by Essential Records on March 22, 2005.
Overview
Redemption Songs is a collection of reinvented hymns and spiritual songs. As part of a church community that believed passionately the blessing of understanding the story of redemption through early church songs and ancient hymns, Jars of Clay found themselves a part of a growing renaissance, one that inspired them to write new songs using the rich hymn texts as the foundation. This renaissance was the beginning of Redemption Songs, a blend of familiar hymns, spirituals, and ancient texts.
Collaboration
The band enlists vocals of friends including the Blind Boys of Alabama ("Nothing But the Blood", "On Jordan's Stormy River Banks I Stand"), Sarah Kelly ("I'll Fly Away") and Martin Smith ("Let Us Love and Sing and Wonder"). It was recorded at the band's Nashville-based Sputnik Studio, and is co-produced by the band members and long-time collaborator, Mitch Dane.
Track listing
Personnel
Jars of Clay
Dan Haseltine
Charlie Lowell
Stephen Mason
Matt Odmark
Additional musicians
Aaron Sands – bass
Ben Mize – drums (1, 3-9, 11, 12, 13)
Bryan Owings – drums (2)
John Catchings – cello (9, 12)
Andrew Osenga – backing vocals (3)
Laura Taylor – backing vocals (3)
Sarah Kelly – backing vocals (4)
The Blind Boys of Alabama – backing vocals (4, 11)
Martin Smith – backing vocals (6)
Production
Robert Beeson – executive producer
Jars of Clay – producers
Mitch Dane – producer, engineer, mixing (2, 10, 13)
Jacquire King – engineer, mixing (1, 3-9, 11, 12)
Andy Hunt – second engineer
Mike Odmark – second engineer
Sang Park – second engineer
Laura Taylor – second engineer
Richard Dodd – mastering at RichardDodd.com, Nashville, Tennessee
John Wesley – translation
Michelle Pearson – A&R production
Stephanie McBrayer – art direction
Tim Parker – art direction, design, cover art
Jimmy Abegg – photography
Star Klem – stylist
Alexis Abegg – hair, make-up
Charts
Awards
In 2006, Redemption Songs won a Dove Award for Recorded Music Packaging of the Year at the 37th GMA Dove Awards. It was also nominated for Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year.
References
External links
2005 Review at The Phantom Tollbooth
Jars of Clay albums
2005 albums
Essential Records (Christian) albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redemption%20Songs |
Gran Turismo may refer to:
Cars
Grand tourer, a type of car for long distance
Gran Turismo, or grand touring racing, long distance endurance racing (motorsport)
Gran Turismo, or GT racing, circuit competition for Gran Turismo sports cars
Maserati GranTurismo, a two-door 2+2 coupé produced by Maserati
Studebaker Gran Turismo Hawk
BMW Gran Turismo
Video games
Gran Turismo (series), a racing simulation video game series
Gran Turismo (1997 video game), the first game in the main series
Gran Turismo 2
Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec
Gran Turismo Concept
Gran Turismo 4
Gran Turismo HD Concept
Gran Turismo 5 Prologue
Gran Turismo (2009 video game), PlayStation Portable spin-off in the series
Gran Turismo 5
Gran Turismo 6
Gran Turismo Sport
Gran Turismo 7
Film
Gran Turismo (film), a 2023 biographical film about a professional driver who trained on the racing simulation video game series
Music
Gran Turismo (album), by The Cardigans
"Moon over the Castle", a song by Masahiro Andoh
See also
Grand Tour, an educational trip around the cultural highlights of Europe
Grand Tour (disambiguation)
Gran Torino, a 2008 film directed by and starring Clint Eastwood
Gran Torino, a version of the Ford Torino
GT (disambiguation)
Turismo (disambiguation)
Gran (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran%20Turismo |
The High School may refer to:
The High School, Dublin
High School of Dundee, in Dundee, Scotland
Royal High School, Edinburgh
High School of Glasgow
See also
High school (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20High%20School |
Henry Walker (3 October 1807 – 7 November 1872) was an English cricketer.
He was born in Southgate and played first-class cricket between 1832 and 1841, mainly for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). His seven nephews (the Walkers of Southgate) also played first-class cricket.
External links
1807 births
1872 deaths
English cricketers
Sportspeople from Southgate, London
English cricketers of 1826 to 1863
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Gentlemen cricketers
Gentlemen of England cricketers
Henry
Cricketers from Greater London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Walker%20%28cricketer%29 |
Akçakale () is a municipality and district of Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,038 km2, and its population is 123,721 (2022).
Akçakale forms a divided city with Tell Abyad in Syria, maintaining a border crossing. The Mayor is Mehmet Yalçınkaya (AKP). The current District Governor is Onur Şan.
Syrian Civil War
On October 3, 2012, Akçakale was hit by shells from across the Syrian border in Tell Abyad, killing five civilians. In October 2014, there was an Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant presence in the town, due to the porous nature of the border at that time between Akçakale and Tell Abyad, which was then part of the Islamic State.
Geography
There are 120 neighbourhoods in Akçakale District:
Acıkuyu
Adnan Menderes
Akbilek
Akçaköy
Akçalı
Akdiken
Akkeçi
Aksahrınç
Alatlar
Alıncak
Arıcan
Aşağı Beğdeş
Aşağı Çinpolat
Aşağıderen
Aslanlı
Atatürk
Aydınlı
Ayranlı
Ayyıldız
Baykuş
Bilece
Bolatlar
Boybeyi
Buket
Bulutlu
Büyücek
Büyük Naneli
Büyüktaş
Büyüktokaç
Çakırlar
Cevher
Ceylanlı
Çokalan
Çömlekçi
Çukurca
Deniz
Dibek
Donandı
Dorumali
Düzce
Edebey
Eke
Ekinyazı
Erdemler
Erecek
Fatih Sultan Mehmet
Fevzi Çakmak
Fişenge
Geçittepe
Gölbaşı
Gülveren
Gündaş
Güneren
Güvenç
Hacıekber
Hürriyet
İkizce
İncedere
Karatepe
Kayaca
Kayalık
Keçili
Kelebek
Kepezli
Kılıçlı
Kırmıtlı
Koruklu
Köseören
Küçük Hacıekber
Kurudere
Mavitaş
Menzil
Mermer
Milköy
Narlıova
Nimet
Nusretiye
Ohali
Okaylar
Öncül
Onortak
Ortaderen
Ortaören
Osmanlı
Pekmezli
Şahinler
Şahinsoylu
Sakça
Salihler
Şanlı
Şefkat
Şehitnusretbey
Sevimli
Seyrantepe
Sınırgören
Süleymanşah
Taşkınlar
Tatlıca
Topçu
Turgut Özal
Tuzluca
Uğraklı
Uğurhan
Uğurtaş
Vize
Yağmuralan
Yalınlı
Yazlıca
Yediyol
Yeni
Yenişehir
Yeşerti
Yukarı Beğdeş
Yukarı Çinpolat
Yukarı Çukurca
Yukarıderen
Yusufbey
Zenginova
Zeytindalı
Zorlu
Akçakale is at the southern end of the State road D.885. Akçakale has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa).
Sport
The Akçakale Belediyespor plays in the Akçakale Ilçe Stadium and competes currently in the Turkish amateur league.
References
Populated places in Şanlıurfa Province
Districts of Şanlıurfa Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Divided cities on the Turkish-Syrian border
Syria–Turkey border crossings
Arab settlements in Şanlıurfa Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C3%A7akale |
Ceylanpınar (, Ra's al 'Ayn, Resülayn) is a municipality and district of Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,589 km2, and its population is 90,440 (2022). On the border with Syria, it is reached by a long straight road D.905 across the plain south from Viranşehir. It forms a divided city with Ra's al-'Ayn in Syria and there is a border crossing.
Composition
There are 52 neighbourhoods in Ceylanpınar District:
15 Temmuz
Adnan Menderes
Akbulut
Aktepe
Alaca
Altınköy
Aşağıdoruklu
Aşağıdurmuş
Aşağıkarataş
Avcılı
Aydın
Aydoğdu
Bahçelievler
Boğalı
Büyükçaylı
Büyükyenice
Büyükyıldız
Ceylan
Cumhuriyet
Damlacık
Dikili
Düzova
Ensar
Fatih Sultan Mehmet
Gellegöç
Gültepe
Gümüş
Han
Işıklar
Maden
Mehmet Akif Ersoy
Mevlana
Muratlı
Özbek
Saraççeşme
Selahaddin Eyyübi
Seydo Atilla
Sufra
Tekinler
Turgut Özal
Ulucami
Yalçınkaya
Yeniköy
Yenişehir
Yeşiltepe
Yoncalı
Yukarı Doruklu
Yukarı Durmuş
Yukarı Esence
Yukarı Karataş
Yukarı Taşlıdere
Yüksektepe
Immigration
Evren Paşa neighborhood is populated by Uzbeks, who are Afghan refugees.
Climate
Ceylanpınar has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa). Summers are extremely hot with virtually no rain at all, winters tend to be cool but can become very cold due to northeasterly winds.
References
Şanlıurfa
Syria–Turkey border crossings
Populated places in Şanlıurfa Province
Divided cities on the Turkish-Syrian border
Districts of Şanlıurfa Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Important Bird Areas of Turkey
Kurdish settlements in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylanp%C4%B1nar |
Suruç (; ; Sruḡ) is a municipality and district of Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey. Its area is 744 km2, and its population is 100,961 (2022). It is on a plain near the Syrian border southwest of the city of Urfa.
History
Suruç is situated in a fertile district that is well-suited to growing fruits and grapevines. It is centrally located between the Euphrates on the west and Urfa and Harran on the east; it is about a day's journey from both cities (using pre-industrial transportation). This traffic brought it some degree of commercial prosperity as well. This was also helped by its historical status as a post station between Raqqa and Sumaysat. The town itself was primarily agricultural, and Ibn Jubayr in the 12th century described seeing orchards and irrigation channels within the area of the town itself.
In antiquity the Sumerians built a settlement in the area. The city was a centre of silk-making. They were succeeded by a number of other Mesopotamian civilisations.
Constantine the Great, Roman emperor who reigned from 306 to 337, brought the town under the control of the city of Edessa. One of the most famous residents of the district is its 6th-century Syriac bishop and poet-theologian Jacob of Serugh. The Catholic Church hold the bishopric as a titular see of that church, though they had little presence in the area, while the Syriac church holds a separate Bishopric in the town.
Tell-Batnan was visited Emperor Julian on his march from Antioch to the Euphrates in 363.
The town surrendered in 639 to Iyad ibn Ghanm during the Muslim conquest of the Levant. In the 900s it came under the Hamdanid dynasty. Later, it was captured by the Byzantines during a period when they were relatively strong in the region. In the late 1090s, a civil war between the Seljuk princes of Damascus and Aleppo enabled the early Artuqid prince Sökmen to establish a principality based at Suruç. This only lasted briefly, though — in 1101, the crusader Baldwin I of Jerusalem captured Suruç. For almost half a century, Suruç then formed part of the crusader County of Edessa. This is alluded to in the works of the contemporary poet al-Hariri: the hero of his maqāmāt, Abū Zayd al-Sarūjī, is a native of Suruç who was driven out by the Christians. Crusader rule in Suruç came to an end in January 1145, when the town was captured by Imad ad-Din Zangi.
In the 1300s, Abu'l-Fida described the town as lying in ruins. In 1517 the area was brought into the Ottoman Empire by Selim I.
In late Ottoman times, Suruç was the seat of a kaymakam.
21st century
On 19 October 2014, journalist Serena Shim was killed in Suruç.
On 20 July 2015, at approximately 12:50 GMT, a suicide bombing occurred. It killed 34 people and injured over 100 others outside the Amara Cultural Center.
Ahead of the June 24th anticipated 2018 Turkish elections, four people were killed in Suruç while an AKP candidate toured the city's market. According to pro-Kurdish sources, AKP representative Ibrahim Halil Yıldız went to local shopkeeper Hacı Esvet Şenyaşar where a brawl started.
Celal Şenyaşar, son of Haci Esvet Şenyaşar, during the initial brawl at the shop, was shot and killed there.
Mehmet Şenyaşar, son of Haci Esvet Şenyaşar, visiting the hospital following the brawl, was attacked and hit on the head repeatedly with an oxygen tank and killed.
Haci Esvet Şenyaşar, the shop keeper, was lynched at the Suruç hospital.
Mehmet Ali Yıldız, brother of MP Yıldız, died at the Mehmet Akif Inan Hospital in Urfa.
One of his bodyguards of Mehmet Ali Yıldız, died at the Mehmet Akif Inan Hospital in Urfa.
The Suruç hospital camera were damaged. This events happened days after Erdogan was filmed encouraging identification and intimidation of opposition voters on sites.
Politics
In the local elections on 31 March 2019 Hatice Çevik was elected as Mayor. Kenan Aktaş was appointed Kaymakam, as representative of the state. On the 15 November 2019 Çevik was detained, and the next day she was dismissed and Kenan Aktaş appointed as a trustee.
Composition
There are 95 neighbourhoods in Suruç District:
Ağırtaş
Akören
Alanyurt
Aligör
Aşağı Karıncalı
Aşağı Oylum
Aybastı
Aydın
Ayhan
Balaban
Barış
Bellik
Bilge
Binatlı
Boztepe
Bozyokuş
Büyük Sergen
Büyük Ziyaret
Büyükağacı
Çanakçı
Çaykara
Çengelli
Çomak
Cumhuriyet
Demokrasi
Dikili
Dinlence
Dumlukuyu
Ekili
Eskice
Eskiören
Ezgil
Fıstıklı
Göleç
Gölen
Günebakan
Hacılı
Harmanalan
Hürriyet
Hüyükyanı
İzci
Kalkanlı
Kapıcı
Karaca
Karadut
Karahüyük
Karaköy
Karakuyu
Karataş
Keberli
Kesmecik
Kırmıt
Kızılhüyük
Köseler
Köseveli
Küçük Sergen
Küçük Ziyaret
Küçükköprü
Küçükova
Kurutepe
Mertismail
Mollahamza
Mürşitpınar
Ölçektepe
Örgütlü
Ortabostancı
Oymaklı
Özlüce
Sarayaltı
Saygın
Taşlıkuyu
Tavşanköy
Tokçalı
Topçular
Üçpınar
Uludüz
Üveçli
Uysallı
Uzgören
Yağışlı
Yalınca
Yalpı
Yanaloba
Yatırtepe
Yaylatepe
Yazıköy
Yeğen
Yenişehir(Şaryanı)
Yıldırım
Yıldız
Yönlü
Yukarı Bostancı
Yumurtalık
Yurtçiçeği
Zeyrek
Demographics
In his seyahatname, Evliya Çelebi mentioned that the plain of Suruj was initially inhabited by Arabs and Turkomans in mid-medieval era, while upon his visit in the 17th century, he observed that the plain was mainly inhabited by Kurds from the Dinayi, Barazi, Kuhbinik, and Jum tribes and Turkomans.
According to Agha Petros, before the Assyrian genocide, Suruç (Serudj) had close to 2,000 Syriac residents.
Today, Suruç is inhabited mostly by ethnic Kurds.
Ecclesiastical history of Batnae
Batnae was important enough in the Roman province of Osroene to become a suffragan bishopric of its capital Edessa's Metropolitan, yet was to fade. The most famous Bishop of the city was Jacob of Serugh, the great Syriac Christian hymnographer born around 451 at Kurtam on the Euphrates and educated at Edessa becoming a priest at Hawra in the Serugh district, as a wandering pastor of several villages. At the age of 67 he was made bishop of Batnan, where he died around 521. Jacob avoided the theological controversies of his age, and is claimed with equal eagerness by Chalcedonian and non-Chalcedonian Christians as one of their own. He wrote several Hymns, 760 homilies and the Syriac translation of Evagrius.
Another Bishop was Abraham of Batnae, a contemporary of Basil of Caesarea.
The bishopric would be nominally restored in two different titular bishoprics, for different Catholic rite-specific particular churches.
Syriac titular see
Established in the early 20th century, under repeatedly changed names: Bathna(-Jarug), Bathnan(Sarugh), Bathnae. Suppressed in 1933, restored under its present name in 1965.
It has had the following incumbents, all of the lowest (episcopal) rank :
Teofilo Gabriele Tappouni (Dionisio) (1913.01.19 – 1921.02.24), as Auxiliary Eparch of Mardin and Amida of the Syriacs (Turkey) (1912.09.14 – 1921.02.24); previously titular bishop of Danaba-orum (1912.09.14 – 1913.01.19); later Archeparch of Aleppo of the Syriacs (Syria) (1921.02.24 – 1929.06.24), Eparch of Mardin and Amida of the Syriacs (1929.06.24 – 1962), Patriarch of Antioch of the Syriacs (Lebanon) ([1929.06.24] 1929.07.15 – 1968.01.29), created Cardinal-Priest of Ss. XII Apostoli (1935.12.19 – 1965.02.11), promoted Cardinal-Patriarch (1965.02.11 – 1968.01.29)
Atanasio Behnam Kalian (1921.02.26 – 1929.08.06) as Auxiliary Bishop of Antioch of the Syriacs (Lebanon) (1921.02.26 – 1929.08.06), Auxiliary Bishop of Mardin and Amida of the Syriacs (Turkey) (1921.02.26 – 1929.08.06), later Archeparch of Baghdad of the Syriacs (Iraq) (1929.08.06 – death 1949.02.17)
Bishop-elect Basile Pierre Habra (1963.05.01 – 1963.07.06)
Gregorios Elias Tabé (1995.06.24 – 1996.05.25) as Auxiliary Bishop of Antioch of the Syriacs (Lebanon) (1995.06.24 – 1997), later titular bishop of Mardin of the Syriacs (1996.05.25 – 1999.05.08), Bishop of Curia of the Syriacs (1997 – 1999.05.08), Coadjutor Archeparch of Damascus of the Syriacs (Syria) (1999.05.08 – 2001.06.24), succeeding as Metropolitan Archbishop of Damascus of the Syriacs (2001.06.24 – ...)
Grégoire Pierre Abdel-Ahad (1996.06.29 – 2001.02.16) while Patriarchal Vicar of Jerusalem of the Syriacs (Palestine and Jordan) (1978–1991 and 1991–2000), later Patriarch of Antioch of the Syriacs (Lebanon) ([2001.02.16] 2001.02.24 – 2008.01.25), President of Synod of the Syriac Catholic Church (2001.02.24 – 2008.01.25)
Grégoire Pierre Melki (2002.02.25 – ...) of the Syriac Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Jerusalem (Palestine and Jordan, see in the Holy Land)
Notable people
Abdülkadir Aygan (1958-) former PKK Member
Ayşe Gökkan (1965-) Kurdish Journalist
İbrahim Halil Baran (1981-) Kurdish Poet
See also
Suruç Water Tunnel, Turkey's longest water tunnel
References
Sources and external links
GigaCatholic - Latin titular see with incumbent biography links
GigaCatholic - Syriac titular see with incumbent biography links
Districts of Şanlıurfa Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Populated places in Şanlıurfa Province
Divided cities on the Turkish-Syrian border
Former populated places in Turkey
Kurdish settlements in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suru%C3%A7 |
Wasif Ali Wasif (15 January 1929 – 18 January 1993) was a teacher, writer, poet and sufi from Pakistan.
Early life
Wasif was the son of Mian Muhammad Arif Arain and received his early education in Khushab before going to Jhang to study.
Education
After obtaining his bachelor's degree at Islamia College, Lahore, he studied for a master's degree in English literature from Government College University Lahore . He wrote for the college magazine "Ravi".
In 1962 he established his own institute, "Lahore English College" near Anarkali in Lahore.
Books
This is a list of Wasif's books:
Shab Chiragh (Urdu Poetry) 1978
Kiran Kiran Sooraj (Aphorism) 1983
The Beaming Soul (English Version of Kiran Kiran Sooraj) 2008
Dil Darya Samundar (Essays) 1987
Qatra Qatra Qulzum (Essays) 1989
Ocean in Drop (English version Of Qatra Qatra Qulzam) 1989
Harf Harf Haqeeqat (Essays) 1994
The Truth Unveiled (English version Of Harf Harf Haqeeqat) 2023
Bharay Bharolay (Punjabi Poetry) 1994
Shab Raaz (Urdu Poetry) 1994
Baat Say Baat (Aphorism) 1995
Segue Of Spiritual Whispers (English version Of Baat Se Baat) 2023
Gumnam Adeeb (Letters) 19??
Anonymous Writer (English version Of Gumnam Adeeb) 2023
Mukalama (Dialogue, Speeches & Interview) 1990
Ziker-e-Habeeb (Na'tia Poetry) 2004
Dareechay (Aphorism) 2004
Doors To The Insight (English version Of Dareechay) 2022
WasifYat (Essays) 2013
Kulyat-e-Wasif Ali Wasif (Poetry) 2014
Aqwaal-e-Wasif Ali Wasif Ka Encyclopedia 2014
Guftgoo (Questions & Answers Series – 30 volumes)
Guftgoo 1–5 (volume 1) 2015
Guftgoo 6–10 (volume 2) 2015
Guftgoo 11–15 (volume 3) 2015
Guftgoo 16–20 (volume 4) 2015
Guftgoo 21–25 (volume 5) 2015
References
Further notes
External links
Wasif Khayal Magazine
Dailytimes.com.pk: Seminar to commemorate Wasif Ali Wasif
Pakistani Sufis
Sufi poets
1929 births
1993 deaths
Pakistani scholars
Poets from Punjab, Pakistan
People from Khushab District
20th-century Pakistani poets
20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
Aphorists
20th-century Pakistani philosophers
People from Lahore | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasif%20Ali%20Wasif |
Metrocon is an annual three-day anime convention held during July/August at the Tampa Convention Center in Tampa, Florida. It is Florida's largest anime convention and organized by Team Dynamite Productions. The convention evolved from meetups of AnimeMetro.com members.
Programming
The convention typically offers an artist alley, autograph sessions, contests, dances/raves, LAN gaming, main events (such as the Anime Human chess Match, Costume and Cosplay Contests, Fantasy Masquerade, Fire Show, and Professional Wrestling), panels, tabletop game rooms, vendors room, video game rooms, and video rooms screening anime. Metrocon also hosts a blood drive. The convention brings $3.5 million to the area's economy.
History
Metrocon was first held in 2003 at the Crowne Plaza Hotel and after growth moved to the Tampa Convention Center in 2005. The convention had issues in 2008 with rowdy attendees from the Red Bull Flugtag event also occurring at the Tampa Convention Center. In 2009, the founder and CEO of Metrocon was arrested in Florida for violating Florida Statute 794.05 (unlawful sexual activity with certain minors) eight days before the convention. The conventions Director of Operations characterized the arrest as "an attack on the convention". The CEO stepped down from his position, with the Director of Operations and Head of Security taking over operations.
The convention added a fourth day when unique attendance hit over 10,000, with the first occurring in 2015. Game five of the 2015 Stanley Cup playoff finals was held during Metrocon 2015 at the Amalie Arena. Metrocon 2020 was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Event history
Amano's World
In 2006, Metrocon held a second convention known as Metrocon: Amano's World, which featured the works Yoshitaka Amano, who is best known for his Final Fantasy character designs and Vampire Hunter D illustrations.
Event history
References
External links
Metrocon Website
Anime conventions in the United States
Recurring events established in 2003
2003 establishments in Florida
Annual events in Florida
Culture of Tampa, Florida
Festivals in Tampa, Florida
Conventions in Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrocon |
Thierry Ehrmann (born 1962) is the founder and current chairman of the Serveur Group. He was born in Avignon. He works from his house which has been transformed into the artwork Abode of Chaos. He's on the far left of the political French spectrum. He is a freemason, and had founded his own lodge (Faits et Documents, n° 117, 2001, p. 1-2, 6).
Serveur Group & Artprice.com
The Serveur Group manages art auction quotation databases. The information is administered from Artprice.com, which serves as both the legal and auction interface for the group.
Artprice.com compiles and regularly updates art reference databases containing information on auction prices, artist biographies, and artwork images sourced from a library of 290,000 auction catalogues. However, Artprice has faced criticism for its alleged use of spam marketing campaigns.
References
External links
French TV report France 2 Envoyé spécial, dailymotion.com
Terrorising the French countryside
NYT story July 19, 2006 It's his house. But village traditionalists ask is it Art?
France's abysmal Abode of Chaos CNN Travel
Apocalyptic art gallery angers French town
L'oeuvre au noir de Thierry Ehrmann
Interview on TV8 Mont Blanc by Gilles Meunier
1962 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Avignon
French businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry%20Ehrmann |
"Word on a Wing" is a song written and recorded by English singer-songwriter David Bowie in 1975 for the Station to Station album, where it appears as the closing track of the LP's first side.
Bowie admits that the song was written out of a coke-addled spiritual despair that he experienced while filming The Man Who Fell to Earth. In 1980 Bowie spoke of the song to NME, claiming "There were days of such psychological terror when making the Roeg film that I nearly started to approach my reborn, born again thing. It was the first time I'd really seriously thought about Christ and God in any depth, and 'Word on a Wing' was a protection. It did come as a complete revolt against elements that I found in the film. The passion in the song was genuine... something I needed to produce from within myself to safeguard myself against some of the situations I felt were happening on the film set."
During the time of recording this song Bowie began to wear a silver crucifix given to him by his father, stating in NME in 1980 "I wear it, I'm not sure why I wear it now even. But at the time I really needed this". A Kirlian photograph of this crucifix featured on tour material around the Station to Station album, in art for his 1997 album Earthling, and cover art for "Little Wonder".
Live versions
A live version recorded at Nassau Coliseum, Long Island on 23 March 1976 was first released as a bonus track on the 1991 Rykodisc CD release of Station to Station. The same performance was included on the album Live Nassau Coliseum '76, which was released as part of the 2010 reissues of the Station to Station album, in the 2016 collection Who Can I Be Now? (1974–1976), and as a stand–alone album in 2017.
After regular appearances on the Isolar – 1976 Tour, "Word on a Wing" remained under wraps for over twenty years. Bowie revived the song in 1999, initially during his episode of the VH1 Storytellers television music series, when Bowie reaffirmed that the song was a product of "the darkest days of my life... I'm sure it was a call for help," noting that he spent much of 1975-76 pondering such questions as "Do the dead interest themselves in the affairs of the living?" and "Can I change the channel on my T.V. without using the clicker?"
Other releases
An edit of the song was released as the B-side of the single "Stay" in July 1976. The single version is included on Re:Call 2, part of the Who Can I Be Now? (1974–1976) compilation released in 2016.
Personnel
David Bowie – lead vocals, chamberlin
Warren Peace – percussion, backing vocals
Roy Bittan – piano, organ
Earl Slick – lead guitar
George Murray – bass guitar
Carlos Alomar – rhythm guitar
Dennis Davis – drums
Harry Maslin – synthesizers, vibraphone
References
David Bowie songs
1976 songs
Blue-eyed soul songs
Songs written by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by David Bowie | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word%20on%20a%20Wing |
(International title: Facade / ) is a 2005 Philippine television drama series broadcast by GMA Network. The series is the first installment of Now and Forever. Directed by Mac Alejandre, it stars Ryza Cenon, LJ Reyes and JC de Vera. It premiered on March 14, 2005. The series concluded on June 10, 2005 with a total of 63 episodes. It was replaced by Ganti in its timeslot.
Cast and characters
Lead cast
Ryza Cenon as Mae
LJ Reyes as Melody
Valerie Concepcion as Karen
CJ Muere as Vince
JC de Vera as William
Mike Tan as Paolo
Supporting cast
Princess Punzalan as Dulce
Amy Austria as Fatima
Joel Torre as Guido
Alicia Alonzo as Juanita
Glenda Garcia as Vivian
Chinggoy Alonzo as Miguel/Manuel
Susan Africa as Leonor
Czarina de Leon as Georgina
Carlo Maceda as Edward
Accolades
References
External links
2005 Philippine television series debuts
2005 Philippine television series endings
Filipino-language television shows
GMA Network drama series
Philippine romance television series
Television shows set in the Philippines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukha%20%28TV%20series%29 |
The 13th Artistic Gymnastics World Championships were held in Rome, the capital of Italy, on June 28 - July 1, 1954. It was the first World Championships at which the Soviet Union competed, winning 20 medals overall (more than three times the amount of any other country). Other major changes at this championships included: 1) it was the first world championships at which a Code of Points was used; and 2) it was the last world championships that would be held "in open air" (outdoors).
Medallists
Men's results
Team competition
Individual all-around
Floor exercise
Pommel horse
Rings
Vault
Parallel bars
Horizontal bar
Women's results
Team competition
Individual all-around
Vault
Uneven bars
Balance beam
Floor exercise
Medals
References
Romanian Gymnastics Federation: 1954 Results
Gymn Forum: World Championships Results
Gymnastics
World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
1954 in Italian sport
1954 in gymnastics
International gymnastics competitions hosted by Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954%20World%20Artistic%20Gymnastics%20Championships |
Çerkezköy is a municipality and district of Tekirdağ Province, Turkey. Its area is 86 km2, and its population is 206,829 (2022). Çerkezköy is located in inland Thrace just to the west of the outlying Istanbul districts of Çatalca and Silivri. Çerkezköy is an industrial area. It is from Tekirdağ and from Istanbul but in many ways has closer links to the bigger city. The mayor is Vahap Akay (CHP).
History
Until the 1800s this was a village called 'Türbedere'. 'Türbe' is the Turkish for 'tomb' and the village took its name from the tomb of the eldest son of sultan Bayezid I, Süleyman Çelebi, who was murdered here in 1410 when fleeing from his brothers during the Ottoman Interregnum. The tomb was destroyed by Bulgarian troops when they occupied the town for nine months during the war for Bulgarian Independence in 1912.
Çerkezköy was founded as a settlement for refugees from the Caucasus following the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 ('Çerkez' being the Turkish pronunciation of 'Circassian'). Soon after, following the independence of Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire further waves of refugees from Bulgaria came to replace the Caucasians and Çerkezköy was designated as a municipality () in 1911. It became a township of Saray district in 1922 and a district in 1938.
The land here is flat, watered by the River Çorlu and good soil for farming, so until the 1970s Çerkezköy was a pleasant small town in a rural setting. But it is also on the main highway from Istanbul to Europe and in 1971 was designated an area for industrial development. Grants were made available by the Turkish state for investors and a large industrial area was constructed on of land near the town.
At the 2013 Turkish local government reorganisation part of the district of Çerkezköy was detached to form the new district Kapaklı.
Çerkezköy today
Today industrial development has spread beyond the originally designated industrial area and all kinds of goods are produced in the hundreds and hundreds of factories in Çerkezköy, including textiles, plastic and rubber goods, paints and chemicals. Prominent manufacturers include the large white goods manufacturers Arçelik or BSH, automotive parts producers, textile plant of Mavi or Sabancı Holding's woollen textile factory Yünsa.
Now only 15% of the people work in agriculture and Çerkezköy has a large industrial working class population, living in housing projects sprawled around the fringes of the town. The Caucasusian identity that gave the town its name no longer exists, it has been swamped by an influx of people from all over Turkey. There are jobs here and the town is easily reached by bus from Istanbul.
The town centre is a typical Turkish collection of rows of grey low-rise blocks containing public buildings, small supermarkets, banks, and kebab restaurants, with a square in the middle containing a statue of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and nearby a large central mosque.
The military base in Çerkezköy is Turkey's biggest centre for basic training in military service. The town is well equipped with schools, hospitals and other infrastructure.
Transportation
The D567 (İstanbul-Tekirdağ Road) passes along the eastern limits of the town while the İstanbul-Çerkezköy road passes through the town center. The European Highway is only away from the town.
The Turkish State Railways operates trains through the Çerkezköy railway station. There is a daily regional train operating to and from İstanbul as well as trains to Edirne and Uzunköprü.
Çerkezköy Railway Station gained importance after the closure of Halkali Terminal due to construction works. Almost all trains working between Turkey and Europe started to depart from here which used to have only 340 mt of ramp for loading/unloading. To prevent the congestion, TCDD constructed a new container storage area at the eastern side of terminal which allows 3 full trains to be loaded/unloaded at the same time.
The Çorlu Airport is located south of the town.
Neighbourhoods
There are 12 neighbourhoods in Çerkezköy District:
Bağlık
Cumhuriyet
Fatih
Fevzi Paşa
Gazi Mustafa Kemal Paşa
Gazi Osman Paşa
İstasyon
Kızılpınar Atatürk
Kızılpınar Gültepe
Kızılpınar Namık Kemal
Veliköy
Yıldırım Beyazıt
References
External links
District governor's official website
District municipality's official website
Popular Website
Çerkezköy Nerede
Cerkezkoy Firms and Trade
Populated places in Tekirdağ Province
Districts of Tekirdağ Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87erkezk%C3%B6y |
E. V. Krishna Pillai (14 September 1894 – 30 March 1938) was an Indian writer of Malayalam literature and member of Sree Moolam Popular Assembly of Travancore. He was known to be a multi-talented personality and excelled as an advocate, Member of Legislative Assembly, editor and writer. During his short life, he wrote comedies, dramas, short stories and an autobiography. He was also a columnist and a caricaturist. He was an eminent satirist and a genius in comedy.
Biography
E. V. Krishna Pillai was born on 14 September 1894 at Kunnathur Taluk of Quilon to Pappu Pillai and Kalyani Amma.
After completing his schooling at Kunnathur, Krishna Pillai went on to graduate in Arts and Law and started his career as a government servant. He married Maheswari Amma, the youngest daughter of writer, C. V. Raman Pillai. The couple had five sons and two daughters. Chandraji (Ramachandran Nair), the eldest, was a film actor, the second son, Adoor Bhasi (Bhaskaran Nair), and the third, Padmanabhan Nair (Padman), a journalist and the writer of the cartoon Kunchu Kurup. His other children were Omana Amma, Rajalakshmi Amma, Sankaran Nair (who died at the young age of 18 due to heart disease) and Krishnan Nair.
Later, he took up the positions as Editor of publications such as Malayali and Malayala Manorama. Pillai during this period, shifted his residence to Peringanad, near Adoor in erstwhile Travancore state. He also served as a member of the Sree Moolam Popular Assembly of Travancore.
Krishna Pillai died on 30 March 1938 at the young age of 43.
The E. V. Krishna Pillai Smaraka Sahitya Award has been instituted in his honour by Piravi Samskarika Samithi.
Works
Hasya Krithikal (comedy)
Naatakangalum Prahasanangalum (coma and farce)
Aathmakadha (autobiography)
Cherukadha (short story)
2 ente gandharvasnehithan
Novel
Prabandha Samahaaram (collection of essays)
Baala Saahithyam (children's literature)
E. V also co-authored books like Veeramahathwam with A. Sankara Pillai, Gaandhi Kaalam Onapaattu with C. V. KunjuRaaman.
References
External links
Writers from Thiruvananthapuram
Malayalam-language writers
1894 births
1938 deaths
Members of the Sree Moolam Popular Assembly
20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Indian essayists
20th-century Indian novelists
Indian children's writers
Novelists from Kerala | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.%20V.%20Krishna%20Pillai |
Oplan HACKLE was a supposed plot by rebel soldiers in the Philippines to overthrow the Arroyo administration, foiled by the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) on February 24, 2006 (see Philippines under state of emergency, 2006). Allegedly, the four-phase plot included a mass jailbreak of Magdalo mutineers and the unfolding of anti-government posters during a Philippine Military Academy reunion.
The rebel Magdalo soldiers are said to be working with the New People's Army, a communist military organization — The AFP claims "HACKLE" is an abbreviated form of "hammer and sickle".
External links
Armed Forces of the Philippines - Military Portal – Oplan HACKLE discovered
ABS-CBN Interactive – PMA reunion under tight guard
Military intelligence details coup plot in 'Oplan Hackle' - INQ7.net– Another source for Oplan Hackle
Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines
Military history of the Philippines
Rebellions in the Philippines
Attempted coups in the Philippines
Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplan%20HACKLE |
Robert Bassler (September 26, 1903 – November 8, 1975) was an American film and television producer.
References
External links
1903 births
1975 deaths
Mass media people from Washington, D.C.
American film producers
20th-century American businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Bassler |
Marmara Ereğlisi (also spelled Marmaraereğlisi) () is a municipality and district of Tekirdağ Province, Turkey. Its area is 175 km2, and its population is 29,549 (2022). The mayor, , is Hikmet Ata (AKP).
Facts
Ereğli is 30 km east of the town of Tekirdağ, and 90 km west of Istanbul near a small pointed headland on the north shore of the Marmara Sea. It is called Marmara Ereğlisi (or Marmara Ereğli in colloquial usage) to distinguish it from the two other large towns in Turkey with the name Ereğli (deriving from the Greek name Heraclea), one in Konya Province (Konya Ereğlisi), the other on the Black Sea coast (Karadeniz Ereğli).
History
The town, originally a Samian colony, was founded as Perinthos (), in English usually known by its Latinized form as Perinthus. In about 300 AD, it was given the name of Heraclea (Ἡράκλεια). It was built amphitheatre-like on the hillside of a cape extending into the Sea of Marmara, close to where the modern town stands. Its port and its position at the junction of several sea-routes, made it a town of commercial importance. It became famous because of its resistance to Philip II of Macedon in 340 BC. Many of its coins have survived, and identify the festivals held there.
At an early date, according to tradition in the Apostolic Age, Heraclea became a Christian bishopric. As capital of the Roman province of Europa, it was the metropolitan see for all the bishoprics of the province, including Byzantium, which in 330 became Constantinople. Later on, Byzantine Emperor Justinian I would restore its aqueducts and palace. The see of Constantinople soon obtained superiority over Heraclea. However, Heraclea was recognized in the Notitia Episcopatuum of Pseudo-Epiphanius as having five suffragan sees: Panium, Callipolis, Chersonesus in Europa, Coela, and Rhaedestus. An early 10th-century Notitia Episcopatuum attributed to Leo VI the Wise lists the suffragans as 15 and another, dating from 1022–1025, puts them at 17. With the advance of the Ottoman conquests, the number of suffragans was severely reduced. In the early 20th century, it still had two suffragans. Today it is only a titular "Elder Metropolis and Exarchate of Thrace" of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. In the 13th century, there were Latin diocesan bishops of Heraclea. Today, the Catholic Church lists it as a titular see under the name "Heraclea in Europa".
Eski Ereğli
In his 1815 account of his visit to the area, Edward Daniel Clarke stated that, in spite of its name, which means "Old Ereğli or Heraclea", the village of Eski Ereğli (today Gümüşyaka in Silivri district), where he hoped to find antiquities, had scarcely any ancient remains, and he was informed that it was the coastal village known locally as Büyük Ereğli (Big Ereğli or Big Heraclea), about two hours (six miles) distant, that corresponded to the ancient city of Heraclea.
Eski Ereğli corresponds instead to the ancient town and bishopric of Daunium. This appears as a bishopric for the first time in the early 10th century in the above-mentioned list of Leo VI the Wise. Its bishop Thomas took part in the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 and Clemens in the Photian Council of Constantinople (879). Like Heraclea, it had a Latin bishop in the time of the Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204–1261). No longer a residential bishopric, Daonium is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.
Composition
There are 10 neighbourhoods in Marmara Ereğlisi District:
Bahçelievler
Ceditalipaşa
Çeşmeli
Dereağzı
Kamaredere
Mustafa Kemal Paşa
Sultanköy
Türkmenli
Yakuplu
Yeniçiftlik
Holiday resorts
Ereğli is a small town, quiet in winter. There is a long coastline and the sea is clean enough for swimming, (not true of much of the Marmara) and the coast on either side of Ereğli is lined with hotels and compounds of holiday properties serving people from Istanbul, who come to relax in the summer sunshine. Ereğli is only an hour's drive from Istanbul and on a summer Sunday evening the road is a solid queue of returning weekenders.
The holiday compounds are complicated mazes of little roads tightly packed with villas or buildings of holiday flats, leading down to the sea. Some of them have cafes and restaurants on the seafront, sometimes open to people from outside the compound. In places there are public beaches, although very crowded on summer weekends, and paths for children to play on bicycles. These holiday homes are family places and not all the compounds have nightlife.
The town and villages
The town of Ereğli and its nearby villages are used by these weekenders and summer residents for fast food, grocery shopping, internet cafes and other amenities. The town itself is a mixture of large modern blocks and old country houses, both types mostly having been built without proper planning or architectural design. There is a small harbour. The people of Ereğli are a mixture of established families who have been in Thrace for generations and recently arrived migrant workers.
Earthquakes
A large fault follows this coast, and the holiday housing of Ereğli is all vulnerable to damage from the inevitable earthquakes.
Economy
Apart from tourism Ereğli has two natural harbors and three small ports. The natural gas company Botaş and also Total Petroleum have tanker ports. Large quantities of petroleum products are imported from Russia. There is a LNG storage facility and a natural gas-fired power plant on the point of the headland, in the village of Sultanköy.
References
Districts of Tekirdağ Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Populated places in Tekirdağ Province
Port cities of the Sea of Marmara
Fishing communities in Turkey
Populated coastal places in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmara%20Ere%C4%9Flisi |
Siethen is a village and a part of the city of Ludwigsfelde in the district of Teltow-Fläming in the federal state of Brandenburg. The name Siethen means "land of corn".
Demographics
The village has a population of 600 inhabitants (2004), a size of 14,48 km² and is located 3 km in the west of the town Ludwigsfelde, to which Siethen has belonged for several years.
Facilities
Siethen's church was erected in the 14th century; it is located in the village center Siethen has a small castle, built in the 19th century. It was later on used as a hospital and refugee camp.
External links
Webpage of the city of Ludwigsfelde
Webpage of the farm "Spargelhof Siethen"
Webpage of the holiday village "Maerkisches Wanderdorf"
Villages in Brandenburg
Localities in Teltow-Fläming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siethen |
Saray () is a municipality and district of Tekirdağ Province, Turkey. Its area is 620 km2, and its population is 50,766 (2022). Its elevation is . The district has cold wet winters and hot dry summers. The district governor (kaymakam) is Regaip Ahmet Özyiğit, and the mayor is Özgen Erkiş (CHP).
Saray is situated on the junction of state roads D.020 and D.567. It is neighboured in the north by Vize, in the east by Çatalca, in the south by Kapaklı and in the west by Ergene.
History
Thrace has been settled for a long, long time and relics have been found in Saray from the stone-age and the copper-stone periods (5000 to 3000 BC), but up until the Ottoman period there were only small villages here. Then when the Ottomans established their capital in nearby Edirne, the town began to grow.
In the 18th century when the Crimean Khanate fell to the Russians, the Giray family of the ruling Khans, descendants of Genghis Khan himself, were settled here by the Ottoman sultans. Many members of the dynasty are buried at the yard of Ayas Pasha Mosque in Saray. It was successively part of sanjaks of Vize, Tekfurdağı and Kırkkilise and was a nahiyah (subdivision) of Vize township in Kırkkilise sanjak before 1922.
Saray was occupied by Greek troops for two years during the Turkish War of Independence between 1920 and 1922. Saray became a district in 1922 and bounded to Tekirdağ.
Geography
Saray is north of the province seat Tekirdağ. The land is mostly flat and watered by the River Ergene. At the top north-east corner the land begins to rise to the Strandzha (Yıldız Dağları) range of hills. 50% of the land is farmed, 50% forest and meadow, including the only stands of Austrian Pine (pinus nigra) in Thrace, a protected area.
Composition
There are 29 neighbourhoods in Saray District:
Atatürk
Ayaspaşa
Ayvacık
Aziziye
Bahçedere
Bahçeköy
Beyazköy
Bozoba
Büyükyoncalı Merkez
Çayla Köy
Çukuryurt
Cumhuriyet
Demirler
Edirköy
Göçerler
Güngörmez
Kadıköy
Karabürçek
Kavacık
Kemalpaşa
Küçükyoncalı
Kurtdere
Osmanlı
Pazarcık
Safaalan
Sinanlı
Sofular
Yeni
Yuvalı
Saray today
Unlike its neighbours Kapaklı and Ergene, Saray has not industrialised and remains a small town with high schools and other infrastructure, even some nightlife, serving the surrounding countryside. Market day is Wednesdays, and as well as fruit and vegetables, wines from Thrace and from Bulgaria can be found. However, Çorlu and Çerkezköy are only 30 minutes away, and as Saray is a much more green and pleasant environment, some people do commute to work in those industrial areas. The people are liberal and Saray is a stronghold of the centre-left CHP.
There is a military garrison here, and a prison.
Notable natives
The professional football player Fatih Akyel (former Galatasaray player) was from Saray. He left playing football.
Places of interest
The caves of Güneşkaya and Güngörmez - where stone age relics have been uncovered.
Byzantine waterworks - the remains of a system of aqueducts built to take water from the River Ergene all the way to Istanbul.
Ayas Pasha Mosque and Hammam- mosque and Turkish bath built in 1539.
The countryside, especially the hills to the north, leading up to the Black Sea coast are popular places for trekking at weekends.
Çamlıkoy, formerly known as Kastro, is a small village on the Black Sea coast, popular for walking and picnics. There is a forested area of national park here too. There are a small number of holiday homes.
References
External links
Municipality official website
Governorate official website
Districts of Tekirdağ Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Populated places in Tekirdağ Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saray%2C%20Tekirda%C4%9F |
Crossbow is a 1987 historical drama action adventure television series that aired on CBN Cable Network. The series was produced by Steven North and Richard Schlesinger for Robert Halmi Inc., in co-production with French television network FR3, and filmed entirely on location in France.
Crossbow follows the adventures of William Tell (Will Lyman) and takes place in the 14th-century in Switzerland. William Tell and his son Matthew are imprisoned by the tyrannical Gessler (Jeremy Clyde). As Governor (Landburgher in the original story) of Austria, Gessler plans to stop the Swiss uprising. Having split the apple on his son's head with his crossbow, much to Gessler's chagrin, there is no stopping William Tell's legendary strength and skill.
Characters
Main
William Tell, played by Will Lyman
Governor Hermann Gessler, played by Jeremy Clyde
Blade, played by Melinda Mullins
Roland, played by Valentine Pelka
Matthew Tell, played by David Barry Gray
Katrina Tell, played by Anne Lonnberg
Tyroll, played by Hans Meyer
Horst, played by Nick Brimble
Conrad, played by John Otway
Arris, played by Robert Addie
Stefan, played by Conrad Phillips
Weevil, played by Bernard Spiegel
Ambrose, played by Bertie Cortez
Guest appearances
Eleanor, played by Dana Barron
The Emperor, played by Guy Rolfe
Prince Ignatius, played by Johnny Crawford
Gaston, played by Brian Blessed
Princess, played by Valerie Steffen
Captain of the Guard, played by Steve Buscemi
François Arconciel, played by Roger Daltrey
Sara Guidotti, played by Sarah Michelle Gellar
Vogel " The Alchemist", played by David Warner
Stefan, William Tell's mentor, played by Conrad Phillips (Philips had previously played the title role in The Adventures of William Tell)
Media
A television film, Crossbow: The Movie, edited from combined episodes of the series, was released on DVD in 2005, under the title The Adventures of William Tell. The complete series was later released in 2018 on six DVD discs.
An action-adventure game titled Crossbow: the Legend of William Tell, based on the series, was released in 1989 for the Amiga and the Atari ST.
Marvel Comics released several issues of a tie-in comic book, with the characters of Tell and Gessler drawn to the likenesses of Will Lyman and Jeremy Clyde. An illustrated storybook and a novelization were released as well.
The musical score for the series was composed by Stanisław Syrewicz, and used an arrangement of the William Tell Overture by Gioachino Rossini in one of the tracks. A limited printing of the score was released in 1989 on CD and on LP record.
Episodes
Season 1 (1987–88)
Season 2 (1988–89)
Season 3 (1989)
References
External links
Crossbow – William Tell fansite
American action adventure television series
Cultural depictions of William Tell
1987 American television series debuts
1989 American television series endings
Television series set in the 14th century
Television shows set in Switzerland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbow%20%28TV%20series%29 |
Anna Helene Ottosson (born 18 May 1976 in Östersund, Sweden; married name Ottosson Blixth) is a Swedish former alpine skier who won an Olympic bronze medal in the giant slalom race at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. She stands 1.66 meters (5 ft 5 in) tall and weighs 64 kg (141 lbs).
Her only victory in a World Cup competition came when she won a giant slalom competition in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy on 23 January 2000.
World Cup competition victories
References
1976 births
Swedish female alpine skiers
Alpine skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic alpine skiers for Sweden
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in alpine skiing
Olympic bronze medalists for Sweden
Mid Sweden University alumni
Sportspeople from Östersund
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Ottosson |
Ingleby Arncliffe is a village and civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England. It is situated between the A172 and A19 roads, north-east from Northallerton and south-east from the small market town of Stokesley, and is on the edge of the North York Moors National Park. The village is conjoined to its smaller neighbour, Ingleby Cross. Ingleby Arncliffe lies in the historic county of the North Riding of Yorkshire.
History
According to A Dictionary of British Place Names, Ingleby is derived from the Old Scandinavian "Englar + by", meaning "farmstead or village of the Englishmen", and Arncliffe, Old English "earn + cliff", meaning "eagles' cliff".
Ingleby Arncliffe Grade II* listed Anglican church is dedicated to All Saints. It dates from 1821 but includes 14th-century effigies. The church is situated less than south-east from the centre of the village, and from the church is Arncliffe Hall, a Grade I listed house from 1753–54, designed by John Carr, that replaced a 16th-century house of the Mauleverer family.
At the centre of the village is a Grade II listed water tower, built in 1915 to supply water to the village.
Notable people
Rev. David Simpson, Anglican priest was born here in 1745
References
External links
Villages in North Yorkshire
Civil parishes in North Yorkshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingleby%20Arncliffe |
Cape Bon ("Good Cape"), also known as Ras at-Taib (), Sharīk Peninsula, or Watan el Kibli, is a peninsula in far northeastern Tunisia. Cape Bon is also the name of the northernmost point on the peninsula, also known as Ras ed-Dar, and known in antiquity as the Cape of Mercury (; ) or Cape Hermaeum.
Peninsula
The peninsula's northern shore forms the southern end of the Gulf of Tunis, while its southern shore is on the Gulf of Hammamet.
The peninsula is administered as the country's Nabeul Governorate.
Settlements on the peninsula include Nabeul, Hammam el ghezaz, El Haouaria, Kelibia, Menzel Temime, Korba, and Beni Khalled. Rivers include the Melah and Chiba wadis. Mountains include Kef Bou Krim (), Kef er-Rend (), Djebel Sidi Abd er-Rahmane (), Djebel Hofra (), and Djebel Reba el-Aine (). Besides Cape Bon, other headlands on the peninsula are Ras Dourdas and Ras el-Fortass on the northern shore, Ras el-Melah on the short eastern shore, and Ras Mostefa and Ras Maamoura on the southern shore.
The ruins of the Punic town Kerkouane are also located here. Djebel Mlezza ("MtMlessa") has tombs from the time of Agathocles, which were excavated just before the First World War.
See also
Battles of Cape Bon in 468 and in 1941
El Brij, Tunisia
Sidi Rais
Korbous
References
Peninsulas of Tunisia
Bon
Ancient Greek geography of North Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape%20Bon |
Robot football is a sport organised by the Federation of International Robot-soccer Association. It aims to create a team of robots capable of beating a human side at football by 2050.
Robot football began in 1995 in Korea. From 1996 onwards, international championships have been held every year.
Leagues
The leagues are as follows:
HuroSot – humanoid robots up to 150 cm high and 30 kg in weight.
KhperaSot – cylindrical autonomous robots with onboard vision systems.
Mirosot – robots up to 75mm cube. 3, 5, 7 or 11 a-side.
NaroSot – 4c square robots up to 5.5 cm high.
Quadrosot – four-legged robots.
SimuroSot – PC-based simulation over both 5-a-side and 11-a-side.
Robot football combines skills from all fields of engineering, from computer programming, to mechanical design. Robot football teams are usually found at universities as part of research projects.
The Robot Football World Cup was held in Singapore in December 2005.
RoboCup 2019 is scheduled to take place 2–8 July 2019 at the International Convention Centre, Sydney.
References
Association football variants
Games and sports introduced in 1995
Articles containing video clips | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot%20football |
The HK P2A1 is a single-shot, break action flare pistol designed for signaling and illumination purposes.
It can fire either 25 mm or 26.5 mm flares, or smoke cartridges. Adapters are available to use commercial 12-gauge flares available at sporting goods stores.
The body of the pistol is mostly polymer composite, with the barrel and breech being made of steel. The P2A1 has a life expectancy of about 1500 shots of full power flares.
The P2A1 is called the "SigPi" in the Bundeswehr, standing for "Signalpistole" or signal handgun.
External links
Official P2A1 page
Flare guns
Heckler & Koch pistols | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckler%20%26%20Koch%20P2A1 |
The second series of British reality television series The Apprentice (UK) was broadcast in the UK on BBC Two, from 22 February to 10 May 2006. Following the success of the previous series, the BBC commissioned additional episodes of the programme, along with ordering the creation of a new companion discussion programme titled The Apprentice: You're Fired!, which was aimed at being aired on BBC Three alongside the main programme's broadcast schedule. A special titled "Tim in the Firing Line", focusing on Tim Campbell's life after winning the first series, aired on 19 February 2006 and preceded this series' premiere. Alongside the standard twelve episodes of the series, it is the only series to not feature any specials being aired alongside its broadcast.
Fourteen candidates took part in the second series, with Michelle Dewberry becoming the overall winner. Excluding the special, the series averaged around 4.43 million viewers during its broadcast. A year after it had concluded, a candidate later raised a complaint against the BBC for their portrayal in the second series, which was refuted due to contradicting evidence from the broadcaster and production staff.
Series overview
Following favourable ratings and viewing figures for the first series, the BBC commissioned additional episodes of The Apprentice, with Alan Sugar, Nick Hewer and Margaret Mountford returning to assume their roles within the programme and aid in production of the second series. One request made of production staff by the broadcaster was that a companion discussion show be created to air alongside it. This led to the creation of The Apprentice: You're Fired!, a sister show that would air on BBC Three and operate within a similar format to spin-off sister shows like Big Brother's Little Brother and Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two. The search for a host for this programme led to chief football presenter Adrian Chiles being offered the role, with his acceptance revealed prior to the second series' premiere episode.
As with the first series, production staff and researchers went through applications made by those who sought to participate in the programme, until around fourteen candidates, consisting of the same balanced mix of genders, were informed in Summer 2005 that they had landed a place in the final line-up for the second series. Filming began later that year in Autumn, with the first task seeing the men name their team Invicta, while the women named their team Velocity. Although candidates faced a similar setup of tasks with only subtle changes to what these involved, one notable difference was that the Interviews stage was overseen by Paul Kemsley, Claude Littner, and Bordan Tkachuk, who returned to assume their roles, as it was decided that Hewer and Mountford would mainly supply feedback on observations over past tasks during discussions between Sugar and the interviewers. As with the previous series, the candidates faced a charity-based task, which this time featured a reward as done on similar tasks in the American original, before the use of it was discontinued following the conclusion of the series' broadcast.
This series is the first in the show's history to feature the iconic sequence involving the winner departing in Sugar's personal Rolls-Royce, giving a brief interview on their success, a sequence that was created to purely emphasise their victory on the programme as the overall winner. Of those who took part, Michelle Dewberry would become the eventual winner of this series, and go on to briefly take up a post under Sugar following its conclusion, leaving in September 2006 following a series of personal problems. Throughout its filming, prior to it being edited and prepared for broadcast, Sugar voiced issues to the production staff with the programme's format at the time – due to the number of candidates taking part against the number of episodes for the series, he was not allowed to fire more than one candidate in any task prior to the Interviews stage, despite the fact that two of the tasks featured outcomes where he felt more than one candidate deserved to be fired by him. Staff eventually reviewed the format after the production and broadcast of the second series, which led to eventual changes when work began on the third series.
Candidates
Performance chart
Key:
The candidate won this series of The Apprentice.
The candidate was the runner-up.
The candidate won as project manager on his/her team, for this task.
The candidate lost as project manager on his/her team, for this task.
The candidate was on the winning team for this task / they passed the Interviews stage.
The candidate was on the losing team for this task.
The candidate was brought to the final boardroom for this task.
The candidate was fired in this task.
The candidate lost as project manager for this task and was fired.
Episodes
Criticism
Mani Sandher portrayal claim
In 2007, a year after the second series had been aired, Mani Sandher filed a complaint against the BBC, criticising them for his portrayal on The Apprentice, on grounds that he been unfairly treated by the broadcaster. The BBC Trust investigated the complaint and later rejected the accusations. Their findings pointed out that Sandher was aware that the programme was subject to editing after filming, and that this had been done to an acceptable standard that was not misleading per Ofcom's broadcasting codes. Although Sandher later attempted to appeal against the Trust's decision on his complaint, the Editorial Complaints Unit of the BBC dismissed this.
Ratings
Official episode viewing figures are from BARB.
Specials
References
External links
Times Online interview with Alan Sugar
Amstrad Site
Blog of the 2nd series written by marketing expert Steve Gibson
2006 British television seasons
02 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Apprentice%20%28British%20series%202%29 |
The Tennessee Department of Veterans Services (TDVS) is the head of Tennessee's Department of Veterans Affairs, which is responsible for veterans benefits programs within the state. The Commissioner is appointed by the governor of Tennessee and is a member of the governor's Cabinet, which meets at least once per month, or more often to the governor's liking.
The position of Commissioner was first created in 1945, along with the department it heads, but in 1959 the department became a staff division under the governor's office headed by a director. The position of Commissioner was recreated in 1975 by the Tennessee General Assembly. It is analogous to the federal Secretary of Veterans Affairs or the Minister of Veterans Affairs of Canada.
According to the Tennessee State Library and Archives, Louis Ragghianti was the first Commissioner after the Department's reinstatement, from 1975 to 1979, under Governor Ray Blanton. William H. Roden, Jr. was the Commissioner under the administration of Lamar Alexander. William D. "Bill" Manning, appointed in 1987, was the Commissioner under Ned Ray McWherter, and Fred Tucker was the Commissioner of Veterans Services under Don Sundquist. Under Bill Haslam, Many-Bears Grinder held the position. Courtney Rogers was appointed in 2019 by Bill Lee, until 2021. The current Commissioner, under the administration of Bill Lee, is Tommy H. Baker.
References
External links
LexisNexis's archive of Tennessee Code, Title 4
The Tennessee Blue Book's section on the Department (PDF)
An archive of The Middle Tennessee Times mentioning Bill Manning's passing away
The Tennessee Department of Veterans Affairs website in 1999
State agencies of Tennessee
State departments of veterans affairs in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%20Department%20of%20Veterans%20Services |
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