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Bilfinger SE (previously named Bilfinger Berger AG) is a European multinational company specialized in civil and industrial construction, engineering and services based in Mannheim, Germany.
History
Bilfinger dates back to 1880 when August Bernatz founded Bernatz Ingenieurwissenschaft as an engineering business: it became known, from 1886 as Bernatz & Grün and, from 1892, as Grün & Bilfinger when Paul Bilfinger replaced Bernatz as partner.
During the Second World War, Grün & Bilfinger employed Jewish slave laborers from the Kovno Ghetto in occupied Lithuania where it was known for its brutal harassment of the Jewish slaves.
In 1970, Grün & Bilfinger acquired a majority stake in Julius Berger-Bauboag AG, itself a merger of two companies, Julius Berger Tiefbau AG and Berlinische Boden-Gesellschaft AG, both founded in 1890. The combined business, fully integrated in 1975, finally took the name Bilfinger & Berger Bauaktiengesellschaft. In 1994 the acquisition of Razel Company took place.
In 2001 the business changed its name to Bilfinger Berger AG.
In 2005, Bilfinger bought all shares of Babcock Borsig Service Group from Deutsche Beteiligungs AG.
In 2008 the company sold Razel to group Fayat for 137 million euro.
In October 2009 the company acquired directly MCE Beteiligungsverwaltungs GmbH itself, a business based in Linz focused on the design, construction and maintenance of facilities in the process industry and the energy sector.
In June 2010, a prospectus was issued with the aim of listing Bilfinger Berger Australia on the Australian Securities Exchange via an initial public offering. In July 2010 the listing was abandoned with a trade sale to Lendlease agreed in December 2010.
In 2010, services contributed to 80% of the company's total output volume of €8,123 million and EBIT for the services division amounted to €297 million. In November 2011, Bilfinger acquired 98 percent of shares in Neo Structo Construction Private Ltd., located in Surat, India, for a purchase price of €47 million. In 2010 Bilfinger became a Societas Europaea (SE).
In December 2014 Bilfinger signed a deal to sell the construction division to Switzerland's Implenia AG. It had once been Germany's second largest builder.
In June 2016 Bilfinger announced the sale of the facilities management and real estate business to Swedish financial investor EQT.
In February 2018 the company announced that it would seek damages from the former directors of the company after alleged breaches in compliance and a series of acquisitions that failed to create shareholder value. After securing shareholder consent in June 2020, Bilfinger reached a settlement with the former Executive Board members. The settlement with a total volume of €18.2 million ends the assertion of claims of for damages by Bilfinger.
Operations
Bilfinger SE is a Deutsche Börse SDAX index traded, leading international industrial services provider. The portfolio covers the entire value chain from consulting, engineering, manufacturing, assembly, maintenance, plant expansion as well as turnarounds and also includes environmental technologies and digital applications.Bilfinger, as a result of numerous acquisitions and disposals, is no longer a traditional construction company but instead a provider of services for industrial plants, power plants and real estate. In financial year 2019, revenues came from industrial and engineering services in the Chemical & Petrochemical (30%), Energy & Utilities (15%), Oil & Gas (30%), Pharma & Biopharma (10%), Metallurgy (5%) and Cement/Other (10%) industries.
Ownership
The ownership of the business as at 31 December 2019 was as follows:
Major projects
Major projects have included:
Ludendorff Bridge at Remagen completed in 1919
Busch Memorial Stadium completed in 1966
Munich Olympic Stadium completed in 1972
Dresdner Bank Tower completed in 1978,
Oymapinar Dam in Turkey completed 1984
Bang Na Expressway completed in 2000
Centennial Bridge over the Panama Canal completed in 2004,
Svinesund Bridge between Sweden and Norway completed in 2005
expansion of the Gloucestershire Royal Hospital completed in 2005,
northern section of the Nuremberg–Munich high-speed railway completed in 2006
Golden Ears Bridge near Vancouver in Canada completed in 2009,
foundations for the London Array completed in 2009
Niederfinow Boat Lift in Germany completed in 2014
restoration and conversion of Sonnenstein Castle in Pirna for the Administration Offices in Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge in Germany completed in 2012
Block 9 of the Power station of Mannheim in Germany completed in 2013
Edinburgh Trams line in Scotland completed in 2014
North-South line of Cologne Stadtbahn in Germany completed in 2015
Sedrun section of Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland (along with Frutiger AG, Implenia and Impresa Pizzarotti as part of the Transco consortium) completed in 2016
Düsseldorf Stadtbahn from Düsseldorf-Bilk station to Düsseldorf Wehrhahn station completed in 2016
Controversies
In March 2009, a building collapsed in Cologne due to the nearby construction site for the Cologne Stadtbahn Nord-Süd-Stadtbahn . The collapse is suspected to be caused by the construction works, and to several irregularities. In June 2020, Bilfinger reached an out-of-court agreement that settles all civil claims arising from the collapse of the city’s municipal archive building.
Several other construction projects are suspected to have been conducted with irregularities: the Düsseldorf Stadtbahn Wehrhahn-Linie , the Nuremberg–Munich high-speed railway and the Bundesautobahn 1.
In November 2018, Bilfinger was sued by Christopher Steele, who alleged that the company owed €150,000 for an investigation into Bilfinger's activities in Nigeria and Sakhalin.
See also
Babcock Borsig Service
Bilfinger Deutsche Babcock Middle East
References
Further reading
Bernhard Stier and Martin Krauß: Drei Wurzeln – ein Unternehmen. 125 Jahre Bilfinger Berger AG. .
External links
Companies based in Mannheim
Construction and civil engineering companies of Germany
Mannheim
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1880
German companies established in 1880
Companies formerly in the MDAX
Companies listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilfinger |
TCIFA National Academy is a multi-use stadium in Providenciales, Turks and Caicos Islands. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 3,000 and was built in 2004.
References
Football venues in the Turks and Caicos Islands
Turk and Caicos Islands
Buildings and structures in Providenciales
Sports venues completed in 2004
2004 establishments in the Turks and Caicos Islands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCIFA%20National%20Academy |
Michał Elwiro Andriolli (, ; 2 November 1836, in Vilnius 23 August 1893, in Nałęczów) was a Polish illustrator, painter and architect of Italian descent. He is notable for his illustrations to Mickiewicz's Pan Tadeusz, as well as a distinctive style of villas built outside Warsaw. He was probably most well known for his architecture – Świdermajer. This was a regional architectural style common in the Otwock, Poland region. These structures were wooden in construction and were popularized from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Its creator was Michał Elwiro Andriolli. It is characterized by gazebos and decorations above the windows, some of the houses also had turrets. Pine trees were planted together with the buildings as part of the composition.
Life
Andriolli was born on 2 November 1836 in Wilno (modern Vilnius), then part of the Russian Empire. He was the son of Francesco Andriolli, an Italian veteran of the Napoleon Bonaparte's Grande Armée, and a Polish noblewoman Petronella Gośniewska de Nowina. His first given name was to honour his maternal grandfather, Michał Gośniewski. In 1855, Androlli went to Moscow, where he started his studies at the School of Painting and Sculpture. In 1858 he graduated from the Imperial Academy of Art in Petersburg. Andriolli received a scholarship and in 1861 he went to Rome, where he continued his studies at the Accademia di San Luca. He returned to Wilno and took part in the January Uprising against Russian rule in Congress Poland. Arrested by the tsarist authorities, he managed to escape from Kaunas Prison and reach London and then Paris.
An emissary of the Committee of Polish Emigration, he returned to Russian-held Poland, but was again arrested in 1866. Tried for his part in the Uprising, he was deported to Vyatka. Pardoned in 1871, Andriolli returned to Poland and settled in Warsaw. There he started his career as an illustrator for various newspapers, notably the Tygodnik Illustrowany, Kłosy and Biesiada Literacka. His work for various Warsaw-based newspapers made him one of the most renown illustration makers of the time and Andriolli was hired to illustrate some of the classic works of Polish literature, notably the works by Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki and Józef Ignacy Kraszewski. His pictures for the first editions of Mickiewicz's Pan Tadeusz and Konrad Wallenrod, prepared between 1879 and 1882, are regarded as icons of Polish literature even now.
In March 1883, Andriolli visited Paris where he was guest in the home of Władysław Mickiewicz the eldest son of Adam Mickiewicz. Between 1883 and 1886, he lived in Paris, where he worked on illustrating the French language editions of works by William Shakespeare and James Fenimore Cooper. Upon his return he also worked on frescoes in several churches, notably in Kaunas.
In the later years of his life, Andriolli found refuge in a small villa he designed for himself near Anielin in what is now the town of Otwock at the Świder River, close to Warsaw. Apart from his own house, he designed several other villas in the area, creating a distinctive architectural style of Warsaw's suburbs. The świdermajer, as it was later dubbed by Konstanty Ildefons Gałczyński, was an eclectic mixture of traditional Mazovian village wooden architecture with Alpine and Siberian styles. It remains a distinctive feature of many of Warsaw's suburbs. Michał Andriolli died on 23 August 1893 in Nałęczów and is buried at the local cemetery.
Works
Michał Andriolli illustrated many books of Polish authors, including:
Eliza Orzeszkowa – "Meir Ezofowicz",
Adam Mickiewicz – Pan Tadeusz,
Józef Ignacy Kraszewski – Stara Baśń in 1879,
Antoni Malczewski – "Marya" in 1876,
Władysław Mickiewicz – "Les Récits d'un vieux gentilhomme polonais" 1866,
Gallery
References
Further reading
External links
Andriolli's illustrations to Pan Tadeusz
Andriolli's illustrations to Stara Baśń
http://www.otwock.pl/default.asp?ID=33
http://www.republika.pl/biblioteka_piotrkow/warsztat/2004/3/040302.htm
1836 births
1893 deaths
Architects from Vilnius
People from Vilna Governorate
19th-century Polish painters
19th-century Polish male artists
19th-century Polish architects
Polish illustrators
Military art
January Uprising participants
Polish people of Italian descent
Polish exiles in the Russian Empire
Polish male painters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82%20Elwiro%20Andriolli |
Samuel Taggart (March 24, 1754 – April 25, 1825) was a Presbyterian Minister, an American politician and a U. S. Representative from Massachusetts.
Early life
The son of Matthew Taggart, he was born in Londonderry in the Province of New Hampshire on March 24, 1754. Taggart completed preparatory studies, and graduated from Dartmouth College in 1774. He studied theology and was licensed to preach.
Career
Ordained to the Presbyterian ministry on February 19, 1777, Taggart was installed as pastor of a church in Colrain, Massachusetts. He then journeyed as a missionary through western New York.
Taggart was elected as a Federalist to the Eighth and to the six succeeding Congresses, serving as a United States Representative for the sixth district of the state of Massachusetts (March 4, 1803 – March 3, 1817). He was not a candidate for renomination in 1816, but continued his service as pastor of the Colrain Presbyterian Church until October 28, 1818, when he resigned.
Death
Taggart died on his farm in Colrain, Massachusetts, on April 25, 1825 (age 71 years, 32 days). He is interred at Chandler Hill Cemetery.
Family life
Born son of James and Jean Anderson Taggart, he married Elizabeth Duncan in 1777 and they had twelve children: Robert, Samuel D., Daniel, Jean, Elizabeth Betsy, James, George, Mary Polly, Rufus, Esther, Lucy, and Moses. Elizabeth died on March 4, 1815, and he married Mary Ayer on March 25, 1816. They had three children: Catherine, Mary Ann, and William Ayer.
Bibliography
Taggart, Samuel. “Letters of Samuel Taggart: Representative in Congress from 1803 to 1814: Part I, 1803-1807” Edited by George H. Haynes. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 33 (April 1923): 113-226.
Taggart, Samuel. “Letters of Samuel Taggart: Representative in Congress from 1803 to 1814: Part II, 1808-1814" Edited by George H. Haynes. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 33 (October 1923): 297-438.
References
External links
1754 births
1825 deaths
People from Londonderry, New Hampshire
American Presbyterians
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
Dartmouth College alumni
Federalist Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
People from Colrain, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Taggart |
Ba West Indian Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 19 communal constituencies reserved for Indo-Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 52 seats, 27 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage). The electorate covered the western part of Ba Province.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%20West%20%28Indian%20Communal%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
Ellensburg High School is a secondary school in Ellensburg, Washington, operated by the Ellensburg School District.
Academics
Qualified 11th and 12th grade students may take classes at Central Washington University and earn both high school and college credit through the Running Start program.
Notable alumni
Gary Lee Conner - Musician, Screaming Trees
Van Conner - Musician, Screaming Trees
Mark Lanegan - Musician, Screaming Trees
Brian Habib - NFL Offensive Guard 1989 - 2001, Super Bowl XXXII (1998) champion, Denver Broncos
Ja'Warren Hooker - Track Athlete
Brian Haley - Comedian, actor, and writer
Kayla Standish - College and Australian basketball player
Steele Venters - College Basketball Player (2023 Big Sky Player of the Year)
References
External links
High schools in Kittitas County, Washington
Public high schools in Washington (state)
1889 establishments in Washington (state)
Educational institutions established in 1889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellensburg%20High%20School |
Miss Waldron's red colobus (Piliocolobus waldronae) is a species of the red colobus native to West Africa. It had previously been described as a subspecies of the western red colobus, P. badius. It has not been officially sighted since 1978 and was considered extinct in 2000. However, new evidence suggests that a very small number of these monkeys may be living in the southeast corner of Côte d'Ivoire. The IUCN Red List notes Miss Waldron's red colobus as critically endangered.
Miss Waldron's red colobus was discovered in December 1933 by Willoughby P. Lowe, a British Museum (Natural History) collector who had shot eight specimens of the animal. Robert William Hayman named it after a fellow museum employee, Miss Fanny Waldron, who assisted in the expedition where Lowe collected the eight specimens.
Description
Black fur covers the majority of Miss Waldron's red colobus, but a distinctive pattern of bright red fur can be found on its forehead and thighs, allowing it to be distinguished from conspecifics. An Old World monkey, it grows to a height of about 3 feet (1 m), with a head that is small for its frame. No photograph of a living Miss Waldron's red colobus is known to exist.
Ecology and status
High-canopy forests (rainforests) in Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire serve as the exclusive habitat of Miss Waldron's red colobus. The monkey usually formed large family groups of 20 or more. It is a social and highly vocal animal, frequently communicating with others using loud calls, shrieks and chattering. Its strategy for safety depends on using the many eyes and ears of the group.
Fruit, seeds and foliage provide the primary food source of Miss Waldron's red colobus. The western red colobus frequently is hunted and eaten by larger carnivores, including common chimpanzees (specifically western chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, in the range of P. b. waldronae), leopards, pythons, eagles and humans.
Decline to (near-)extinction
The monkey was frequently (and illegally) poached for bushmeat, with little interference by local governments. Habitat destruction also played a role in its decline. Miss Waldron's red colobus is the first primate to be suspected extinct in the 21st century, but there is considerable debate over whether this assessment is indeed correct.
A series of forest surveys, conducted by the Wildlife Conservation Society from 1993 to 1999, failed to uncover any evidence of the monkey's existence, and the animal was declared extinct a year later. However, the IUCN and other authorities which compile Red Lists felt that the required criterion that "there is no reasonable doubt that its last individual has died" was not yet fulfilled.
However, primatologist W. Scott McGraw from Ohio State University has been collecting evidence of the monkey's continued existence during his expeditions to Côte d'Ivoire over the past several years:
In 2000, McGraw was given a black monkey tail which DNA tests proved to be from a red colobus. The hunter who gave McGraw the tail claimed he had shot the monkey the previous year.
In 2001, an Ivorian hunter gave McGraw a piece of reddish monkey skin believed to be from Miss Waldron's red colobus.
That same year, McGraw received from an associate in Africa a photograph of what appeared to be an adult Miss Waldron's red colobus which had been killed. Experts who have examined the photograph attest to its likely authenticity.
Presumably, a relict population of the monkey still is found in the Ehy Forest (also Ehi or Tanoé Forest) near the mouth of the Tano River into Ehy Lagoon, at the border between Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana. Miss Waldron's Red Colobus is among the 25 "most wanted lost" species that are the focus of Global Wildlife Conservation's "Search for Lost Species" initiative.
References
Further reading
Miss Waldron's red colobus
Mammals of West Africa
Critically endangered fauna of Africa
Miss Waldron's red colobus
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%20Waldron%27s%20red%20colobus |
Curious George is a 2006 platform game published by Namco, and developed by Monkey Bar Games, a division of Vicious Cycle Software. It was released for the GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Microsoft Windows, and is based on the 2006 film of the same name. A separate 2D version was developed for the Game Boy Advance (GBA) by Torus Games. Most of the animated film's original voices were not used in any of the in-game dialogue, except for the cutscenes, while Frank Welker and David Cross reprise their roles as Curious George and Junior respectively.
Gameplay
Curious George is a platform game where the player controls George, a monkey who can jump, swing and slide around different environments. The game features 13 linear levels, which closely follow the plot of the film; each level also features cutscenes taken from the film. Each level features collectible bananas, with the main goal being to collect idols, which advance the player to the next part of the level. The player may also be tasked with finding hidden key objects in order to advance. The levels also feature a series of highlighted objects, which award the player "curious points" for interacting with them. These points can then be used to unlock bonus items, which include hats that George can wear in-game, and the ability to replay minigames and cutscenes.
The game features four minigames, three of which are fairly similar, requiring the player to press a button at the correct time. The first is a rhythm game featuring George dancing to a beat. The final minigame involves breaking balloons, with the player having to complete 18 rounds of the game to collect the tokens needed to complete the level.
Plot
The game begins with Ted discovering an ancient idol in an African jungle, only to find it is three inches tall. He leaves the jungle in disappointment, giving George (voiced by Frank Welker) his yellow hat. George follows Ted through the jungle and on board a cargo ship, which serves as the setting for the next level. Onboard the cargo ship, George makes his way out of the cargo hold, where he is greeted by two sailors on deck. The sailors tell George to dance, which leads to the first dancing minigame. After the dance, the sailors challenge George to complete an obstacle course. George explores the rest of the ship before returning to the hold, where the level ends as the ship arrives at its destination.
Following Ted off the ship, George rides on the top of cars and follows Ted's cab through the city, before arriving at a construction site. Navigating through the construction site, George spots Ted entering his apartment building, and makes his way inside Ted's room by climbing the balconies. Upon his arrival, his scent attracts the attention of Ivan, the building's doorman, who enforces a "no pets" policy. George sneaks through the apartment to avoid Ivan, before entering the penthouse of Ms. Plushbottom, leading to the second minigame. George is then discovered and evicted from the apartment along with Ted.
The next level takes place at the museum where Ted works; he dodges questions regarding the size of the idol as George sneaks through the museum. Junior (voiced by David Cross), the son of the museum's owner, becomes suspicious after Ted repeatedly mentions a monkey, and sets out to find George. George's repeated antics eventually send a frustrated Junior home, but George and Ted are kicked out regardless after the monkey accidentally destroys an Apatosaurus skeleton. Left with nowhere to sleep, the duo take refuge in a park, where they find solace in the fireflies, which George collects.
The next day, George collects tokens in the final minigame by popping balloons with a group of children; he tries to buy a balloon with the tokens, but ends up taking the entire bunch and floating away, to Ted's horror. This leads to the next level, where George floats through the air, while dodging obstacles and collecting balloons to sustain himself. He eventually lands safely, only to be captured by animal control and sent back on a ship to Africa. Luckily, Ted rescues George aboard the ship, but then has his idol stolen by a rat. George chases the rat through the ship, and comforts a musophobic sailor through dance. On deck, the idol is swooped up by a seagull; George distracts the bird by offering up a stolen potato, and recovers the idol.
In the final two levels, George and Ted find themselves back in Africa, with Ted realizing the tiny idol was only the key to a larger one. Together, they navigate the various puzzles guarding the path to the idol, some of which prove to be dangerous. The game ends as George opens the entrance to the idol, with the final cutscene from the film showing Ted presenting the idol at the museum, and emphasizing the importance of curiosity on his journey with George.
Production and release
The console and PC versions were developed by Monkey Bar Games, while the GBA version of the game was developed by Torus Games. The game was first announced in late 2005, and development of both the console and GBA versions were complete by January 2006.
Demos of the console version were revealed at a Namco press event shortly after the game's announcement, which showed an early version of the museum level. Much of the content described by reviewers made it into the final game. At the time, Namco wanted Will Ferrell to reprise his role as Ted from the film, but this did not come to fruition.
The game was released on February 1, 2006, nine days before the release of the film. Its release in PAL regions was scheduled for October 2006, after Electronic Arts reached an agreement with Namco to publish the game in the regions.
Reception
The game received "mixed or average reviews" on all platforms according to video game review aggregator Metacritic, with the GBA version getting the most praise.
The console version was praised for its cel-shaded graphics, which reviewers felt were able to capture the cartoon style of the film. While praising the graphics and animations, IGN criticized the game's main menu, calling it "bland" and "unfinished"; the reviewer was unsure whether he had the final version of the game or not until gameplay started.
Aspects of the gameplay were negatively received, such as the controls and the overall repetitiveness of the game. The stiff controls, particularly the double jump, and the hard to control camera, frustrated reviewers. While the levels were designed to be simple, critics felt the gameplay issues made parts of the game too complex for young children, the game's target audience. The platforming gameplay was otherwise described as lacking depth. A review for Gamespot described the level design as "extremely linear" and without "measure of exploration", and the interactive objects were described by Eurogamer as "a nice idea" but "pointless" due to their repetitiveness. The minigames received mixed reviews from reviewers; IGN called them a "much needed break" from the main game, while others found them too repetitive. Eurogamer characterized the final balloon minigame as "a staggering EIGHTEEN rounds of lethargic bemani action".
References
External links
2006 video games
Game Boy Advance games
GameCube games
Namco games
Platformers
PlayStation 2 games
Vicious Engine games
Video games about primates
Video games based on animated films
Video games based on adaptations
Video games based on books
Video games scored by Jason Graves
Video games set in Africa
Video games set in museums
Video games developed in Australia
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Xbox games
Curious George
Video games with cel-shaded animation
3D platform games
Single-player video games
Monkey Bar Games games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curious%20George%20%28video%20game%29 |
The Second Council of Ephesus was a Christological church synod in 449 AD convened by Emperor Theodosius II under the presidency of Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria. It was intended to be an ecumenical council, and it is accepted as such by the miaphysite churches but was rejected by Chalcedonian Christians. It was explicitly repudiated by the next council, the Council of Chalcedon of 451, recognised as the fourth ecumenical council by Chalcedonian Christians, and it was named the Latrocinium ("Robber Synod") by Pope Leo I; the Chalcedonian churches, particularly the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox communions, continue to accept this designation, while the Oriental Orthodox repudiate it.
Both this council and that at Chalcedon dealt primarily with Christology, the study of the nature of Christ. Both councils affirmed the doctrine of the hypostatic union and upheld the orthodox Christian doctrine that Jesus Christ is both fully God and fully man. The Second Council of Ephesus decreed the formula of Cyril of Alexandria, stating that Christ is one incarnate nature [mia physis] (a qualitative description of the union of divinity and humanity), fully human and fully God, united without separation, without confusion, without mixture and without alteration. The Council of Chalcedon decreed that in Christ two natures exist, "a divine nature [physis] and a human nature [physis], united in one person [hypostasis], with neither division nor confusion".
Those who do not accept the decrees of Chalcedon nor later ecumenical councils are variously named monophysites, miaphysites, or non-Chalcedonians, and comprise what is today known as Oriental Orthodoxy, a communion of six autocephalous ecclesial communions: Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, Syriac Orthodox Church, and the Armenian Apostolic Church. Those who accepted the teaching of Chalcedon but resided in areas dominated by Oriental Orthodox bishops were called by the non-Chalcedonians Melkites ("King's men"), as the Emperors were usually Chalcedonians. The Antiochian Orthodox Church historically descends from these people. Shortly after the Council of Chalcedon, the miaphysite party appointed a Pope of Alexandria in opposition to the Chalcedonian Pope of Alexandria. Over the next few centuries, various popes usually held to either one side or the other although some accepting the Henotikon. Eventually, two separate papacies were established, each claiming sole legitimacy.
Background
Nestorius was Archbishop of Constantinople. His opponents charged him with detaching Christ's divinity and humanity into two persons existing in one body, thereby denying the reality of the Incarnation. It is not clear whether Nestorius actually taught that. A combination of politics and personalities contributed to Nestorius being judged a heretic and deposed at the Council of Ephesus in 431 AD. John Anthony McGuckin sees an "innate rivalry" between the Sees of Alexandria and Constantinople.
Eutyches was an archmandrite in Constantinople. In his opposition to Nestorianism, he seemed to take an equally extreme, although opposite view. In 448, Flavian, Bishop of Constantinople held a synod at which Eusebius, Bishop of Dorylaeum, brought a charge of heresy against Eutyches. Eutyches was summoned to appear and clarify his position regarding the nature of Christ. Finding his response unsatisfactory, the synod condemned and exiled Eutyches, who sent an appeal to Pope Leo I. When Leo had received the Acts of the council, he concluded that Eutyches was a foolish old man who had erred through ignorance, and might be restored if he repented. Dioscurus of Alexandria, imitating his predecessors in assuming a primacy over Constantinople, simply annulled the sentence of Flavian, and absolved Eutyches. Dioscurus and Eutyches had obtained the convocation by the Emperor of an ecumenical council to meet at Ephesus in August, 449.
First session
The Acts by the Second Council of Ephesus are known through a Syriac translation by a monk, that was published by the British Museum (MS. Addit. 14,530) and written in 535. The first session is missing.
Attending signatories
There was insufficient time for Western bishops to attend except a certain Julius, Bishop of Puteoli, who, together with a Roman priest, Renatus (who died on the way), and the deacon Hilarius (who later became Pope himself), represented Pope Leo I. The emperor gave Dioscorus of Alexandria the presidency: (Greek). The legate Julius is mentioned next, but when his name was read at Chalcedon, the bishops cried: "He was cast out; no one represented Leo". Next in order is Juvenal of Jerusalem, above both the Patriarch Domnus II of Antioch and Patriarch Flavian of Constantinople.
There were 127 bishops present at the council, with eight representatives of absent bishops, and lastly the deacon Hilarius with his notary, Dulcitius. The question before the council, by order of the emperor, was whether Archbishop Flavian of Constantinople, in a synod held by him at Constantinople beginning November 8, 448 AD, had justly deposed and excommunicated Archimandrite Eutyches for refusing to admit two natures in Christ. Consequently, Flavian and six other bishops, who had been present at his synod, were not allowed to sit as judges in the council.
Opening proceeding
The brief of convocation by Theodosius II was read. Then the legates to the Pope of the Church of Rome explained that although it would have been contrary to custom for their Pope to be present in person, the Pope of the Church of Rome had sent a letter with the legates to be read at the council. In the letter, Leo I referred to his dogmatic letter to Flavian, the Tome of Leo, which he intended the council to accept as a ruling of faith.
However, the head notary declared that the emperor's letter should be read first, and Bishop Juvenal of Jerusalem commanded for the letter of the emperor to be presented. It ordered the presence at the council of the anti-Nestorian monk Barsumas. The question of faith was next on the proceedings. Pope (Patriarch of Alexandria) Dioscorus declared that it was not a matter for inquiry but that they had to consider only recent activity, as all present had acknowledged that they strictly adhered to the faith. He was acclaimed as a guardian and the Champion of Oriental Orthodoxy.
Eutyches was then introduced, and he declared that he held the Nicene Creed to which nothing could be added and from which nothing could be taken away. He claimed that he had been condemned by Flavian for a mere slip of the tongue even though he had declared that he held the faith of Nicaea and Ephesus, and he had appealed to the present council. His life had been put in danger and he now asked for judgment against the calumnies that had been brought against him.
Eutyches' accuser, Bishop Eusebius of Dorylaeum, was not allowed to be heard. The bishops agreed that the acts of the condemnation of Eutyches, at the 448 Constantinople council, should be read, but the legates of Rome asked that Leo's letter might be heard first. Eutyches interrupted with the complaint that he did not trust the legates. They had been to dine with Flavian and had received much courtesy. Pope Dioscorus decided that the acts of the trial should have precedence and so the letter of Leo I was not read.
The acts were then read in full and also the account of an inquiry made on April 13, 449, into the allegation of Eutyches that the synodal acts had been incorrectly noted down, and then the account of another inquiry on April 27, 449, into the accusation made by Eutyches that Flavian had drawn up the sentence against him beforehand. While the trial was being related, cries arose from those present, declaring a belief in one nature, that two natures meant Nestorianism, and of "Burn Eusebius", and so forth. Flavian rose to complain that no opportunity was given to him to defend himself.
The Acts of the Second Council of Ephesus now give a list of 114 votes in the form of short speeches absolving Eutyches; three of his former judges also absolved him but by the emperor's order they were not allowed to vote. Lastly, Barsumas added his voice. A petition was read from Eutyches' monastery which had been excommunicated by Flavian. The monks asserted that they agreed in all things with Eutyches and with the Holy Fathers, and therefore the synod absolved them.
An extract from the acts of the first session of the First Council of Ephesus (431 AD) was read next. Many of the bishops and also the deacon Hilarus expressed their assent, some adding that nothing beyond that faith could be allowed.
Dioscorus then spoke, declaring that it followed that Flavian and Eusebius must be deposed, as if an anathema was passed unjustly, and he who passed it was to be judged by the same. Flavian and Eusebius had previously interposed an appeal to the Roman Pope and to a synod held by him.
Evidence given at the ecumenical Council of Chalcedon contradicts the account in the acts of the final scene of the session. It was reported at Chalcedon that secretaries of the bishops had been violently prevented from taking notes and it was declared that both Barsumas and Dioscorus struck Flavian. It was further reported that many bishops threw themselves on their knees to beg Dioscorus for mercy to Flavian and also Alexandrine Parabolani, that some signed a blank paper, and that others did not sign at all, the names being afterwards filled in of all who were actually present.
The allegation of the blank papers has no proof at all. No one mentioned it for two years after the council (449-451), even after the passing of Emperor Theodosius II in 450 AD. In the opening of the first session of Chalcedon (451), many allegations against Dioscorus were listed; none of which was the blank papers.
The papal legate Hilarius uttered a single word in Latin, "Contradicitur", annulling the sentence in Leo's name. He then escaped with difficulty. Flavian and Eusebius of Dorylaeum appealed to the pope, and their letters, only lately discovered, were probably taken by Hilarus to Rome, which he reached by a devious route.
It was said Dioscorus had previously gathered 1000 monks, telling them to wait outside the church during the council and to come when he called them. When Dioscorus began to read the sentence of condemnation against Flavian and Eusebius, some bishops went up to Dioscorus, asking him not to. Dioscorus called the guards, and the 1000 monks who were waiting outside with some soldiers came in and charged at Flavian and his followers. Flavian ran to the altar and grabbed hold of it for his life. The soldiers and monks forcefully took him from the altar beating him, kicking him and then whipping him.
Flavian was deported into exile and died from his wounds a few days later in Lydia. His body was buried in obscurity. It was not until Flavius Marcianus called the Council of Chalcedon that Flavian's body was buried with honour in Constantinople. No more of the Acts were read at Chalcedon. However, Theodoret, Evagrius and others note that the Council voted to depose Theodoret himself, Domnus, and Ibas, Bishop of Edessa, Mesopotamia.
Subsequent sessions
Attitude of schism
The Syriac Acts take up the history where the Chalcedonian Acts break off. Of the first session, only the formal documents, letters of the emperor, and petitions of Eutyches are known to be preserved in Syriac though not within the same manuscript. It is evident that the non-Chalcedonian editor disapproved of the first session and purposely omitted it, not because of the high-handed proceedings of Dioscorus but because the later Miaphysites generally condemned Eutyches as a heretic and did not wish to remember his rehabilitation by a council that they considered to be ecumenical but the rest of Christianity scorned.
Attendance
In the next session, according to the Syriac Acts, 113 people were present, including Barsumas. Nine new names appeared. The legates did not appear and were sent for, but only the notary Dulcitius could be found and he was unwell. It was an uncanonical charge against Dioscorus at the Council of Chalcedon that he "had held an (ecumenical) council without the Roman See, which was never allowed". That manifestly refers to his having continued at the council after the departure of the legates.
Double jeopardy
The first case was that of Ibas, Bishop of Edessa. The famous champion of the Antiochian party, he had been accused of crimes before by Domnus, Bishop of Antioch, and had been acquitted soon after Easter 448. His accusers had gone to Constantinople and been granted a new trial by the emperor. Bishops Photius of Tyre, Eustathius of Berytus and Uranius of Imeria were to examine the matter. The bishops met at Tyre, removed to Berytus, and returned to Tyre. Eventually, in February 449, they acquitted Ibas once more, together with his fellow accused: Daniel, Bishop of Harran and John of Theodosianopolis.
Cheroeas, Governor of Osrhoene l, was then ordered to go to Edessa to start a new inquiry. He was received by the people of Edessa on April 12, 449, with shouts in honour of the emperor, the governor, and the late Bishop Rabbula and against Nestorius and Ibas. The detailed summary of the reception takes up some two or three pages of the report that Cheroeas sent, along with two letters of his own, to Constantinople. The report gave details of the accusations against Ibas, and led to the emperor's ordering for a new bishop to be chosen.
The report, which provided a history of the whole affair, was read at length by the order of Dioscorus. When the famous letter of Ibas to Bishop Maris was read, cries arose such as: "These things pollute our ears. ...Cyril is immortal. ...Let Ibas be burnt in the midst of the city of Antioch. ...Exile is of no use. Nestorius and Ibas should be burnt together!"
A final indictment was made in a speech by a priest of Edessa named Eulogius. Sentence was finally given against Ibas of deposition and excommunication, without any suggestion that he ought to be called to speak in his own defence.
In the next case, that of Ibas's nephew, Daniel of Harran, it was declared that they had clearly seen his guilt at Tyre and had acquitted him only because of his voluntary resignation. He was quickly deposed by the agreement of all the council. He, too, was not present and could not defend himself.
Next was the turn of Irenaeus, who, as an influential layman at the first Council of Ephesus, had been known to favour Nestorius. He had later become Bishop of Tyre, but the emperor had deposed him in 448 under charges of bigamy and blasphemy, and Photius had succeeded him. The synod ratified the deposition of Irenaeus.
Aquilinus, Bishop of Byblus, had been consecrated by Irenaeus and was his friend. He was the next to be deposed. Sophronius, Bishop of Tella, was a cousin of Ibas. He was, therefore, accused of magic, and his case was reserved for the judgment of the new Bishop of Edessa, a surprisingly-mild decision.
Condemnation of Theodoret
Theodoret, an opponent of Dioscorus and a personal supporter of Nestorius, had been confined within his own diocese by the emperor in the preceding year to prevent him from preaching at Antioch. Theodoret had been a friend of Nestorius, and for more than three years (431-434 AD) he was a prominent antagonist of Cyril of Alexandria. However, despite the fact the two great theologians had come to terms and had celebrated their agreement, Theodoret was rejected with scorn. Theodosius had twice written to prevent him from coming to the council at Ephesus, and the council found a reason to depose him in his absence.
A monk from Antioch produced a volume of extracts from the works of Theodoret. First was read Theodoret's letter to the monks of the East (see Mansi, V, 1023), then some extracts from a lost Apology for Diodorus and Theodore. The very name of the work was sufficient, in the view of the council, to condemn Theodoret, and Dioscorus pronounced the sentence of deposition and excommunication.
When Theodoret, in his remote diocese, heard of the sentence pronounced in his absence, he at once appealed to Leo in a letter (Ep. cxiii). He also wrote to the legate Renatus (Ep. cxvi), being unaware that he was dead.
Condemnation of Domnus
The council had a yet-bolder task before it. Domnus of Antioch is said to have agreed in the first session to the acquittal of Eutyches, but he refused, on the plea of sickness, to appear at the later sessions of the council. He seems to have been disgusted or terrified or both at the leadership of Pope Dioscorus. The council had sent him an account of their actions, and he replied, according to the Acts, that he agreed to all the sentences that had been given and regretted that his health made his attendance impossible.
Immediately after receiving this message, the council proceeded to hear a number of petitions from monks and priests against Domnus. Domnus was accused of friendship with Theodoret and Flavian, of Nestorianism, of altering the form of the Sacrament of Baptism, of intruding an immoral bishop into Emessa, of having been uncanonically appointed himself and of being an enemy of Dioscorus. Several pages of the manuscripts are missing, but it does not seem that the patriarch was asked to appear or given a chance to defend himself. The bishops shouted that he was worse than Ibas. He was deposed by a vote of the council, and with that final act, the Acts come to an end.
Reception
The council wrote the customary letter to the emperor (see Perry, trans., p. 431), who confirmed it with his own letter (Mansi, VII, 495, and Perry, p. 364). Dioscorus sent an encyclical to the bishops of the East with a form of adhesion to the council that they were to sign (Perry, p. 375). He also went to Constantinople and appointed his secretary Anatolius as bishop of that see.
Juvenal of Jerusalem was loyal to Dioscorus. He had deposed the Patriarchs of Antioch and Constantinople, but one powerful adversary yet remained. He halted at Nicaea and with ten bishops (probably the same ten Egyptian metropolitans whom he had brought to Ephesus) "in addition to all his other crimes he extended his madness against him who had been entrusted with the guardianship of the Vine by the Saviour", in the words of the bishops at Chalcedon, "and excommunicated the Pope himself".
Meanwhile, Leo I had received the appeals of Theodoret and Flavian (of whose death he was unaware) and had written to them and to the Emperor and Empress, nullifying all of the Acts of the council. He eventually excommunicated all who had taken part in it and absolved all whom it had condemned (including Theodoret), with the exception of Domnus of Antioch, who seems to have had no wish to resume his see and retired into the monastic life that he had left many years earlier with regret.
The Council of Chalcedon gave rise to what has been called the Monophysite Schism between those who accepted the Council of Chalcedon and those who rejected it: many Byzantine emperors over the next several hundred years attempted to reconcile the opposed parties, in the process giving rise to several other schisms and teachings later condemned as heresy, such as monoenergism and monotheletism, which were devised as attempted compromises between the Chalcedonian and non-Chalcedonian parties (cf. the Henotikon and the Three Chapters – the latter itself leading to another schism lasting over a century, the Schism of the Three Chapters).
References
Sources
Edward Walford, translator, The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius: A History of the Church from AD 431 to AD 594, 1846. Reprinted 2008. Evolution Publishing, .
External links
Second section.
440s in the Byzantine Empire
Ephesus
History of Oriental Orthodoxy
Ephesus
449
Theodosius II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20Council%20of%20Ephesus |
Mona Lee Washbourne (27 November 1903 – 15 November 1988) was an English actress of stage, film, and television. Her most critically acclaimed role was in the film Stevie (1978), late in her career, for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award and a BAFTA Award.
Early life
Mona Washbourne was born in Sparkhill, Birmingham, and began her entertaining career training as a concert pianist. Her sister Kathleen Washbourne was a violinist with the BBC Symphony Orchestra under Sir Adrian Boult.
Career
Washbourne was performing professionally from the early 1920s. She married the actor Basil Dignam. Her brother-in-law Mark Dignam was also a stage and film actor. In 1948, after numerous stage musical performances, Washbourne began appearing in films. Her film credits include the horror movie The Brides of Dracula, Billy Liar (1963) and The Collector (1965). She is probably best known to American audiences for her role as housekeeper Mrs. Pearce in My Fair Lady (1964). She also appeared as the stern and caustic Mrs. Bramson in the remake of Night Must Fall (also 1964), and the Matron in the film, If.... (1968).
She appeared at both the Royal Court Theatre in London and on Broadway in 1970 in David Storey's Home. She was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play. In 1975 she appeared on the West End stage with James Stewart in a revival of Mary Chase's play Harvey, in the role originally taken by Josephine Hull. Washbourne won the 1981 New York Film Critics' Circle Awards for Best Supporting Actress in Stevie (1978).
Later life
In 1981, Washbourne appeared in Granada Television's TV miniseries adaptation of Evelyn Waugh's novel Brideshead Revisited as Nanny Hawkins. One of her last television appearances was in Where's the Key? (1983), a BBC play about Alzheimer's disease.
She died in 1988, aged 84, in London.
Selected filmography
Evergreen (1934) – Barmaid (uncredited)
The Winslow Boy (1948) – Miss Barnes
Once Upon a Dream (1949) – Vicar's Wife
The Huggetts Abroad (1949) – Lugubrious Housewife (uncredited)
Adam and Evelyne (1949) – Mrs. Salop – Lady Gambler (uncredited)
Maytime in Mayfair (1949) – Lady Leveson
Double Confession (1950) – Fussy Mother
Dark Interval (1950) (unspecified role)
The Gambler and the Lady (1952) – Miss Minter
Johnny on the Run (1953) – Mrs. MacGregor
Adventure in the Hopfields (1954) – Mrs. McBain
The Million Pound Note (1954) – Mum with Pram (uncredited)
Star of My Night (1954) – Bit Part (uncredited)
Doctor in the House (1954) – Midwifery Sister (uncredited)
Betrayed (1954) – Waitress (uncredited)
Child's Play (1954) – Miss Emily Goslett
To Dorothy a Son (1954) – Mid Wife Appleby.
John and Julie (1955) – Miss Rendlesham
Cast a Dark Shadow (1955) – Monica Bare
Alias John Preston (1955) – (uncredited)
The Vise (1955) – Supporting Role (episode "Count of Twelve")
Lost (1956) – Library Manageress (uncredited)
Yield to the Night (1956) – Mrs. Thomas, landlady
Loser Takes All (1956) – Nurse (uncredited)
Circus Friends (1956) – Miss Linstead
It's Great to Be Young (1956) – Miss Morrow, School Mistress
The Good Companions (1957) – Mrs. Joe Brundit
Stranger in Town (1957) – Agnes Smith
Son of a Stranger (1957)
Dunkirk (1958) – Worker Who Speaks to Holden (uncredited)
A Cry from the Streets (1958) – Mrs. Daniels
Count Your Blessings (1959) – Nanny
The Brides of Dracula (1960) – Frau Lang
No Love for Johnnie (1961) – Well-wisher at Railway Station (uncredited)
Billy Liar (1963) – Alice Fisher
Night Must Fall (1964) – Mrs. Bramson
My Fair Lady (1964) – Mrs. Pearce
Ferry Cross the Mersey (1965) – Aunt Lil
One Way Pendulum (1965) – Aunt Mildred
The Collector (1965) – Aunt Annie
The Third Day (1965) – Catherine Parsons
Casino Royale (1967) – Tea Lady (uncredited)
Two a Penny (1968) – Mrs. Duckett
Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter (1968) – Mrs. Brown
If.... (1968) – Matron: Staff
The Bed Sitting Room (1969) – Mother
The Games (1970) – Mrs. Hayes
Fragment of Fear (1970) – Mrs. Gray
What Became of Jack and Jill? (1972) – Gran Alice Tallent
O Lucky Man! (1973) – Neighbour / Usher / Sister Hallett
Identikit (1974) – Mrs. Helen Fiedke
The Old Curiosity Shop (1975) – Mrs. Jarley
The Blue Bird (1976) – Grandmother
Stevie (1978) – Aunt
The London Connection (1979) – Aunt Lydia
Shillingbury Tales ('The Shillingbury Daydream', episode) (1981) - Marjorie Cavendish
Brideshead Revisited (1981) – Nanny Hawkins
Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story (1982) – Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Performances listed in the Theatre Archive University of Bristol
1903 births
1988 deaths
English film actresses
English classical pianists
English women pianists
English stage actresses
English television actresses
Actresses from London
Actresses from Birmingham, West Midlands
20th-century English actresses
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century English musicians
20th-century English women musicians
20th-century women pianists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona%20Washbourne |
John Santerineross is an American artist known for dark, often erotic imagery. In 2006, he had a solo exhibition at KFMK Gallery in New York City that garnered international attention.
John Santerineross was born in 1955 in the Bronx. He started his artistic career working as a ceramist from 1979 to 1989. In 1989, he helped form Artfux, a group which described itself as a "guerilla art group." The group's most famous antic was "The Trial of Sen. Jesse Helms" in 1990. In 1994, Santerineross began photographing professionally and his first book, Fruit of the Secret God, was released in 1999. Dream followed in 2004. Critical response to Santerineross's work has been mixed. Peter Marshall of about.com found Santerineross's photographs to be "initially impressive, but [with] a repetitive quality in its symbolism and manufactured mood that palled after a while." In contrast, PROFIFITO magazine called him "one of the world's leading neo-symbolist photographers of our time."
John Santerineross is mentioned extensively in Catholic League President Bill Donohue’s newly released (September 2009) book entitled “Secular Sabotage: How Liberals Are Destroying Religion and Culture in America” () along with several other groundbreaking artists including Andres Serrano and Robert Mapplethorpe in Chapter 4: Artistic Sabotage. Donohue states:
In 2006 at KFMK Gallery in New York City, an exhibit of the work of John Santerineross featured a photo of a woman with her genitals cut and bleeding; a crucifix was placed below the woman, and the blood from her mutilated genitalia was shown running into a wine glass. Just so we got the point, the photo was dubbed “The Transformation of the Madonna”. These artistic assassins want to artistically assassinate Christianity, especially Catholicism. They are not artists who are simply making a statement. They are nihilists. Not to understand the difference between artists who protest Christianity’s teachings on sexuality, and moral anarchists out to sabotage Christianity altogether, is not only to miss what is at stake, it does an injustice to their work.”
References
William A. Donohue "Secular Sabotage: How Liberals Are Destroying Religion and Culture in America"
Goth subculture
American photographers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Santerineross |
The County Police Act 1839 (2 & 3 Vict. c. 93) (also known as the Rural Police Act or the Rural Constabularies Act) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was one of the Police Acts 1839 to 1893. The Act enabled Justices of the Peace in England and Wales to establish police forces in their counties. The Act was not compulsory, and constabularies were only established in 25 out of 55 counties by 1856, when the County and Borough Police Act 1856 made their provision mandatory.
Royal commission
The legislation was based on the recommendations of a royal commission appointed in 1836 to "inquire into the best means of establishing an efficient constabulary force in the counties of England and Wales". The three members of the commission, or "Constabulary Commissioners" as they were informally called were Colonel Charles Rowan, Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, Edwin Chadwick and Charles Shaw Lefevre. The commission was appointed against a background of unrest and violence in some areas of the country, with protests against the New Poor Law and agitation by Chartists for social and political reform. Chadwick was strongly in favour of the creation of a single centralised force, but this was opposed by not only the two other commissioners but also by the Home Secretary, Lord John Russell. Russell wrote to the magistrates of the various counties asking them to support the resolution passed in Shropshire to establish a body of constables paid for out of the county rate and under the control of the magistrates. The commission's report, issued in 1839, followed the lines favoured by Russell. It recommended that "a properly trained and equipped preventative police force" based on the pattern of the existing Metropolitan Police, should be established in all counties where the magistrates were in favour. Each force should be funded mostly by local rates, with 25% of the cost met by central government. The force would be under the supervision of the county magistrates, who would have the power to employ or remove officers, subject to statutory regulations.
Provisions of the Act
The Act allowed Justices of the Peace of any county, in general or quarter sessions, to appoint constables "for the preservation of the peace and protection of the inhabitants" where they felt the existing system of parish constables was insufficient.
The constables were to be appointed on a ratio of not more than one officer per one thousand of population. Boroughs operating under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 had the power to form their own police force and were to be excluded from the jurisdiction of the county police.
In each county where the Act was adopted a chief constable was to be appointed. Where a county was divided into two parliamentary divisions by the Reform Act 1832, a chief constable could be appointed to each division. It was also permitted for one chief constable to be appointed to two or more neighbouring counties.
For the purposes of the Act all county exclaves were to be part of the county by which they were surrounded, or with which they had the longest common boundary. All franchises or liberties, other than reformed boroughs were also to come under the county police.
A "county" for the purposes of the Act was defined as being "any County, Riding or Division having a separate Court of Quarter Sessions of the Peace or in which separate County Rates are made". The Act was not to extend to the Metropolitan Police District.
Establishing a force
In order to establish a force in a county, it was necessary for three or more magistrates to make a requisition to the chairman of the quarter sessions to bring the matter to a vote. If the sessions chose to adopt the act they were obliged to prepare a report on the area and population of the county and the existing method of policing. The report would set out how it was proposed to apply the legislation to the county, detailing the number of constables, the divisions of the county and the salaries to be paid and making any additional rules and regulations deemed necessary. The report was then submitted for approval to the Home Secretary who could modify parts of the scheme but did not have the power to alter the number of constables or their salaries. The sessions had the power to choose a chief constable, but his appointment was also subject to the approval of the Home Secretary. In some cases magistrates chose to form a force in only part of a county.
The first county to form a constabulary under the 1839 Act was Wiltshire. On 13 November the court of quarter sessions agreed to adopt the act, and on 28 November appointed Commander Samuel Meredith, Royal Navy as chief constable. The appointment was approved on 5 December, and Wiltshire's example was quickly followed by Gloucestershire, Worcestershire and Durham.
Amendment: the County Police Act 1840
Within a few months of the first county constabularies being formed, a number of problems with the legislation became apparent. Accordingly, the Hon. Fox Maule introduced a bill to the House of Commons in February 1840. Maule outlined the problems:
"...difficulties had arisen from the mode of payment provided for carrying into effect the regulations of the act, by levying it out of the county rates; a difficulty as to that provision had arisen in various counties, in which certain districts only had adopted the act. In counties, also, in which there were isolated portions of other counties, it was difficult to say how those isolated portions were to be dealt with, because they were incorporated in the police districts of another county than that in which they were rated for the payment..."
The bill was enacted as the County Police Act 1840 (3 & 4 Vict. c. 88). It provided inter alia for the voluntary merging of borough police forces with county constabularies and the levying of a new "police rate".
The main provisions of the Act were:
Justices of the peace were permitted to transfer areas from one county to another for police purposes.
A special police rate was to be levied to finance the county constabulary, instead of the cost being part of the general county rate.
Where parts of one county were policed by the constabulary of another county, the rate payers were to pay the police rate to the county providing the constables.
Boroughs were permitted to consolidate their police force with that of the county in which they were situate, and a single chief constable could be appointed for a consolidated force.
The chief constable of a consolidated force could dismiss borough constables, but new constables for the area were to be appointed by the Watch Committee of the borough corporation.
Justices were empowered to divide the county into districts, each with a population of not less than 25,000. Separate police rates could be levied on ratepayers of each division. However, constables were liable to serve throughout the county, regardless of which district they were assigned to.
The act repeated the definition of a county as in the 1839 Act, and noted that the Isle of Ely should be considered a county for constabulary purposes.
Permission was given to the justices to acquire land and buildings, and borrow money for the construction of police stations and to build strong rooms for the temporary confinement of prisoners.
If, in the opinion of the justices in quarter sessions, the constables provided under the 1839 Act were no longer needed, they could disband them, having given six months notice to the Home Secretary. No county forces were dis-established, and a resolution in 1843 to dissolve the Worcestershire Constabulary as "the benefit derived from the employment of the rural police in the County of Worcester has not been equal to the expense it has occasioned to the ratepayers" was soundly defeated.
List of forces established under the County Police Acts
By 1851 constabularies had been formed to cover all or part of the following counties:
References
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1839
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning England and Wales
Law enforcement in England and Wales
Rural society in the United Kingdom
Police legislation in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County%20Police%20Act%201839 |
Lautoka Indian Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 19 communal constituencies reserved for Indo-Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 52 seats, 27 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage). The electorate covered the rural hinterland of Lautoka City in the west of the main island of Viti Levu.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lautoka%20Rural%20%28Indian%20Communal%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
Agnes Helen Nicholls CBE (14 July 1876 – 21 September 1959) was one of the greatest English sopranos of the 20th century, both in the concert hall and on the operatic stage.
Born in Cheltenham, Nicholls was the daughter of a director of Cavendish House, a prestigious store in the town. She received her early education at Bedford High School where she started singing lessons with Dr H. Alfred Harding. In 1894, she won a scholarship to the Royal College of Music where her teacher was Albert Visetti. Lodging with Visetti and his wife, she began a passionate affair with Visetti's stepdaughter, (Marguerite) Radclyffe Hall, later famed for authoring the groundbreaking The Well of Loneliness. The relationship, Hall's first, was volatile, provoked family argument, and soon ran its course. Hall nonetheless drew on Nicholls and their relationship as the basis for the characters Harriet Nelson and Rosie Wilmot in her novel The Unlit Lamp.
During her student years Nicholls took the part of Dido in Purcell's Dido and Aeneas, and sang three times in front of Queen Victoria at private functions. Nicholls' voice matured into an impressive, dramatic-sized instrument. Her operatic roles ranged from major Wagner and Mozart parts through to the Dewman in Humperdinck's Hänsel und Gretel.
Among her celebrated Wagnerian assumptions were Venus in Tannhäuser, Sieglinde in Die Walküre, Brünnhilde in Siegfried. In 1908, she participated in a notable production of Wagner's Ring Cycle, led by the eminent Hans Richter.
Nicholls sang with the Quinlan Opera Company during its 1912 tour of Australia. She was a frequent performer at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden until 1924, and was a principal of the British National Opera Company, appearing under the baton of Sir Thomas Beecham and other leading conductors of the day. In 1904, she married the conductor-composer, Hamilton Harty, who was to become famous as the director of the Hallé Orchestra. Harty was knighted in 1925 and Nicholls was styled subsequently as Lady Harty. He had frequently accompanied her on piano at song recitals, but his health deteriorated in the 1930s, and he and his wife became estranged. Harty died in 1941.
As well as being a conductor, Harty was a composer, and Nicholls was the debut soloist in one of his compositions, Ode to a Nightingale, which was heard at the 1907 Cardiff Festival. This work was repeated the same year at The Proms in London's Albert Hall. As well as performing in opera and delivering songs, Nicholls sang in many oratorios, including Parry's Judith and Bach's St Matthew Passion. Sir Henry Wood, the conductor and impresario, described her as "a great artist with a beautiful voice (which) seemed to have been made for Bach's arias".
Nicholls died in London, aged 82, but her pure, strong, well-trained and steady voice can still be heard on a handful of gramophone recordings of songs and arias which she made between circa 1909 and circa 1921. These have been remastered and reissued on CD in recent years (most comprehensively by Truesound Transfers, catalogue number TT-3041). Unfortunately, none of her Bach, Mozart or Wagner interpretations figure in her short discography. The pre-1925 acoustic recording process found it difficult to capture powerful voices such as the one possessed by Nicholls and, according to discographers, she refused to approve most of her discs for public release because of their inadequate sound.
References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (MacMillen 1980)
My Life of Music by Henry J. Wood (London, Victor Gollancz Ltd 1938)
A Century of Challenge – Bedford High School 1882-1982 ed Joyce Godber and Isabel Hutchins
Opera for the Antipodes (Opera in Australia 1881–1939) by Alison Gyger (Sydney, Currency Press and Pellinor Pty Ltd 1990)
Recordings of her: https://open.spotify.com/album/4ibQbGYpsesfq2p2hGdK1X
1876 births
1959 deaths
English operatic sopranos
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
People educated at Bedford High School, Bedfordshire
20th-century British women opera singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes%20Nicholls |
The Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (POST) is the Parliament of the United Kingdom's in-house source of independent, balanced and accessible analysis of public policy issues related to science and technology. POST serves both Houses of Parliament (the House of Commons and the House of Lords).
It strives to ensure that MPs and Peers can have confidence in its analyses should they wish to cite them in debate. These principles are reflected in the structure of POST’s Board with members from the Commons and Lords together with distinguished scientists and engineers from the wider world.
History
Since 1939, a group of MPs and peers interested in science and technology, through the first parliamentary "All Party Group", the UK Parliamentary and Scientific Committee (P&S), had encouraged UK Parliamentarians to explore the implications of scientific developments for society and public policy. As the UK economy became more dependent on technological progress, and the varied effects of technology (especially on the environment) became more apparent, it was felt that UK Parliament needed its own resources on such issues. Parliamentarians not only required access to knowledge and insights into the implications of technology for their constituents and society, but also needed to exercise their scrutiny functions over UK government legislation and administration. This thinking was also influenced by the fact that specialised parliamentary science and technology organisations already existed overseas.
P&S members (Sir Ian Lloyd MP, Sir Trevor Skeet MP, Sir Gerry Vaughan MP, Lords Kennet, Gregson and Flowers among others) visited already established organisations in the US, Germany and France, and this reinforced their view that modern Parliaments needed their own ‘intelligence’ on science and technology-related issues. Initially they asked the then Thatcher government to fund such services at Westminster but were asked first to demonstrate a real need. This led to the P&S creating a charitable foundation to raise funds from P&S members.
The parliamentary reaction was positive and led to the appointment of a first Director, Dr Michael Norton. In 1989, POST was formally established as a charitable foundation, though not an internal part of Parliament.
POST had attracted more resources by 1992 and then recruited 3 specialist science advisers and began its fellowship programme with the UK research councils.
In 1992 the House of Commons Information Committee, supported by the House of Lords, recommended that Parliament should itself fund POST for 3 years, and a subsequent review in 1995 extended this for a further 5 years. This was the result of POST demonstrating real interest and demand from MPs and peers.
POST's financial reliance on donations from bodies external to Parliament, even those as prestigious as the Royal Society, had always slightly compromised the perceived independence of the office.
From 1997 the chair of the POST board was appointed by government Whips. Since then, chairs have been Dr Ian Gibson MP 1997-2001, Dr Phyllis Starkey MP 2001-2005, and Dr Ashok Kumar MP 2005-2010. Dr Kumar died shortly before the UK 2010 General Election. Since then, subject to parliamentary approval, the Chair of POST has been Adam Afiyie, MP.
In 1998 Professor David Cope took over as Director of POST. He guided the Office towards the goal of establishing POST as a permanent office of the UK Parliament - and dramatically expanded its staffing, wider links and more general recognition of its role as a special, distinctive, institution that the UK Parliament had agreed, enthusiastically, to endorse.
In 2001, both Houses decided that POST should indeed be established as a permanent bicameral institution, funded exclusively by Parliament itself, through the two Houses, in a ratio of 70%/30%, Commons/Lords.
In 2009, POST celebrated its 20th anniversary with, among other events, a special conference, arranged by the Director, Prof Cope, on "Images of the Future". The keynote participants were the Hon. Bart Gordon, Chair of the US House of Representatives' Committee on Science and Technology and Dr Jim Dator of the University of Hawaii Futures Research Centre, along with many other Members and staff of Parliaments across the world.
Because of the enthusiasm of Members of both Houses, POST had enjoyed a unique status within Parliament. It was from its inception attached administratively to the House of Commons COMMISSION (though always with its link to the House of Lords.)
This arrangement was intended specifically to distinguish the office and its functions from the Libraries of either House. These conduct non peer-reviewed "studies", of varying quality. POST - on the other hand - was expected to provide proactive analysis and options, freed from the immediate pressure of political or administrative expectations, trying to embrace futures thinking, and above all, to subject all its work to the most critical peer review analysis.
POST'S Director, Prof David Cope, returned to Cambridge University in 2012 and Dr Chris Tyler was appointed to lead POST by parliamentary authorities.
Dr Tyler left POST in 2017 for a policy position at University College London.
The Acting Directorship of POST was taken over by a longstanding staff member, Dr Chandrika Nath. In 2018, in an acknowledgement of POST's immutable science and technology assessment role, she was appointed Executive Director of the international Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, the highly prestigious intergovernmental organisation.
Dr Grant Hill-Cawthorne (University of Sydney) became Head of POST from May 2018.
Activities
Science and technology in parliament
Most parliamentarians do not have a scientific or technological background but science and technology issues are increasingly integral to public policy. Parliamentarians are bombarded daily with lobbying, public enquiries and media stories about science and technology. These cover diverse areas such as medical advances, environmental issues and global communications. POST helps parliamentarians examine such issues effectively by providing information resources, in depth analysis and impartial advice. POST works closely with a wide range of organisations involved in science and technology, including select committees, all-party parliamentary groups, government departments, scientific societies, policy think tanks, business, academia and research funders.
Aim
POST's aim is to inform parliamentary debate through:
Publishing POSTnotes (short briefing notes) and longer reports. POSTnotes can be downloaded from the publications section of the POST website. Both focus on current science and technology issues and aim to anticipate policy implications for parliamentarians.
Supporting select committees, with informal advice, oral briefings, data analyses, background papers or follow-up research. Committees may approach POST for such advice at any stage in an inquiry.
Informing both Houses on public dialogue activities in science and technology.
Organising discussions to stimulate debate on a wide range of topical issues, from small working groups to large lectures.
Horizon scanning to anticipate issues of science and technology that are likely to impact on policy
How POST works
A parliamentary board guides POST's choice of subjects. A team of advisers conduct analyses, drawing on a wide range of external expertise. All reports and POSTnotes are externally peer reviewed, and scrutinised by the board before publication.
POST's work falls into four topical areas:
Biological Sciences and Health
Physical Sciences and ICT
Environment and Energy
Social Sciences
International activities
POST is a member of the European Parliamentary Technology Assessment network, which brings together parliamentary organisations throughout Europe sharing information and working on joint projects. POST also liaises with science and technology organisations across the world.
Between November 2005 to 2009, POST, collaborating with four of its sister organisations - at the Danish, Dutch, Flemish and German Parliaments - provided technology assessment services to the Science and Technology Options Assessment unit of the European Parliament, in Brussels and Strasbourg.
POST Africa Programme
From 2001 POST received a growing number of requests for advice from parliamentarians in developing countries. It became clear that a real need existed to strengthen capacity in developing country parliaments. In 2005, POST held discussions on this issue with the Gatsby Foundation, which led to a special initiative to assist African Parliaments, and other organisations in their countries, in building parliamentary capacity to handle policy issues related to science and technology. At a time when there is growing awareness of the importance of science and technology in decision making, as demonstrated by, for example, the focus on science, technology and innovation at the African Union summit meeting in January 2007, this programme continues to contribute towards the overall objective of ensuring that parliaments have the capacity to scrutinise decision making processes and act as the national fora for discussion and debate on the broad implications of issues with a basis in science and technology. By sharing information and best practice with overseas parliaments and assemblies, the programme supports one of the primary objectives of the House: to promote public knowledge and understanding of the work and role of Parliament through the provision of information and access.
The POST Board
(Appointed 2010)
The POST Board oversees POST's objectives, outputs and future work programme. It meets quarterly. The Board comprises:
14 parliamentarians drawn from the House of Commons (10) and the House of Lords (4), roughly reflecting the balance of parties in Parliament.
Leading non-parliamentarians from the science and technology community.
Representatives of the House of Lords and the Department of Information Services of the House of Commons.
Officers
Chairman: Adam Afriyie MP
Vice-Chairman: Professor the Lord Winston
Head: Dr Grant Hill-Cawthorne
House of Lords
Lord Oxburgh, KBE, PhD, FRS
Lord Haskel
Lord Patel, KT, FMedSci, FRSE
Externals
Professor Elizabeth Fisher
Professor Sarah Whatmore, FBA
Paul Martynenko, FBCS
Professor Sir Bernard Silverman, FRS, FAcSS
Ex Officio Board Members
Penny Young, The House of Commons Librarian and Managing Director Research & Information, House of Commons
Nicolas Besly, Clerk of Select Committees, House of Lords
Edward Potton, Head of Science and Environment Section, House of Commons Library
Lynn Gardner, Principal Clerk, Committee Office, House of Commons
Dr Grant Hill-Cawthorne, Head of POST
Staff
Permanent staff
POST has eight science advisers, covering the fields of biology and health; physical sciences and ICT; environment and energy; and social sciences. Science advisers generally have a postgraduate qualification and science policy experience.
Fellows
POST runs formal fellowship schemes with scientific societies and research councils, whereby PhD students can spend three months working at POST through an extension of their maintenance grants. These include:
Arts and Humanities Research Council
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
British Ecological Society
British Psychological Society
Economic and Social Research Council
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
The Institute of Food Science and Technology
Institute of Physics
Medical Research Council
Natural Environment Research Council
Nuffield Foundation Flowers Fellowship
Royal Society of Chemistry
Science & Technology Facilities Council
Wellcome Trust Ethics and Society
Wellcome Trust Medical History and Humanities
The Following two organisations collaborate to offer an annual Fellowship in memory of the late Chemical Engineer and Parliamentarian Ashok Kumar MP. This Fellowship enables an Engineering or Science PhD student to spend three months working at POST and get a better understanding of how parliament works. By 2017 the 6th Ashok Kumar Fellow had been appointed to work with POST she was a postgraduate engineering student, Erin Johnson, from Imperial College, London.
Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE)
Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC)
For more information on fellowship applications see the 'POST Fellowships' section of the POST website.
See also
Ashok Kumar (British politician)
Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE)
Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC)
Parliamentary and Scientific Committee
References
External links
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Scientific organisations based in the United Kingdom
Technology assessment organisations
1989 establishments in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary%20Office%20of%20Science%20and%20Technology |
The adjective Mazovian (or Masovian) may refer to:
Mazovia, a historic, geographical and cultural region of Poland
Masovians, an ethnic group in Poland
Masovian dialect, the dialect of Polish spoken in Mazovia
Masovian (European Parliament constituency)
Masovian Voivodeship, an administrative region of present-day Poland, centred on Warsaw
Masovian Voivodeship (1526–1795)
See also
Mazowiecki (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazovian |
Lee Ho-suk (, Hanja: 李昊錫, ; born June 25, 1986) is a South Korean short track speedskater. He won a gold medal as a part of 5000 m short-track relay team and four silver medals in 2006 Winter Olympics held in Turin, Italy. He is the overall world champion for 2009 and 2010.
Career
Known especially for his dynamic outside pass, Lee is regarded as one of the best young skaters in the world. At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Lee made a thrilling move to pass Apolo Ohno on the final lap of the 1000 m, securing a 1-2 finish for Korea in the event.
Lee won three consecutive overall World Junior titles from 2003 to 2005. In 2006, his first full season on the World Cup circuit, Lee finished second behind Ahn Hyun-Soo in the overall standings. At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Lee earned two individual silver medals in the 1000 and 1500 meters behind his teammate, Ahn Hyun-Soo at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. Lee also won gold in the 5000 meter relay along with countrymen Ahn Hyun-Soo, Seo Ho-Jin and Song Suk-Woo. The Korean team defeated two-time defending Olympic champion Canada with a powerful pass by Ahn in the closing laps. Lee also finished second overall at the 2006 Short Track World Championships held in Minneapolis, MN.
At the 2009 World Short Track Speed Skating Championships in Vienna, Lee became the Overall World Champion and went on to win his domestic Olympic Trials a few months later, becoming the leader of the Korean Short Track Team, as well as one of the top contenders to win gold in 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
At the 2010 Winter Olympics, South Korea was in position to sweep the 1500m until Lee accidentally crashed into Sung Si-Bak and took them both out of contention entering the final turn, giving the silver and bronze medals to Americans Apolo Ohno and J. R. Celski, respectively. He was disqualified because he caused the crash with Sung Si-Bak. He qualified for the final round of the quarter finals of the 1000m short track race with a time of 1:25.925. Lee won his second consecutive Overall World Championships after the Olympics.
See also
South Korea at the 2006 Winter Olympics
South Korea at the 2010 Winter Olympics
References
External links
Lee Ho-Suk's biography on nbcolympics.com
Short track speed skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Short track speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Short track speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Short track speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
South Korean male short track speed skaters
1986 births
Living people
Olympic short track speed skaters for South Korea
Olympic gold medalists for South Korea
Olympic silver medalists for South Korea
Speed skaters from Seoul
Olympic medalists in short track speed skating
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Asian Games medalists in short track speed skating
Short track speed skaters at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
Short track speed skaters at the 2011 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2011 Asian Winter Games
Asian Games gold medalists for South Korea
21st-century South Korean people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Ho-suk |
The following is a list of the 100 largest metropolitan areas in the United States with large African American populations. As a result of slavery, more than half of African Americans live in the South. The data is sourced from the 2010 and 2020 United States Censuses.
By 2020 Census population
See also
African American neighborhoods
List of African American neighborhoods
List of U.S. cities with large African-American populations
List of U.S. states by African-American population
List of West Indian communities in the United States
References
African American
African-American demographics
African American-related lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20U.S.%20metropolitan%20areas%20with%20large%20African-American%20populations |
John Wesley Baldwin (July 13, 1929 – February 8, 2015) was an American historian. He was Charles Homer Haskins professor of history at the Johns Hopkins University.
Life and career
Born in Chicago, he received his Hopkins Ph.D. in 1956 and joined the faculty in 1961. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1992. Author of nine books, he was elected to numerous academies including the American Philosophical Society, the Medieval Academy, the British Academy, the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, and the Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres. In 2007 Northwestern University conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Humane Letters. He was decorated by the French Government with the Ordre National de la Légion d'Honneur and the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.
For an autobiographical sketch see "A Medievalist and Francophile Despite Himself," in Why France? American Historians Reflect on an Enduring Fascination, edited by Laura Lee Downs and Stéphane Gerson (Cornell University Press, 2007), French translation in Pourquoi la France? (Seul, 2007).
Books
Medieval Theories of the Just Price. Romanists, Canonists and Theologians in the twelfth and thirteen centuries (Philadelphia: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 1959)
Masters, Princes, and Merchants; the Social Views of Peter the Chanter & his Circle (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1970), 2 vol.
The Scholastic Culture of the Middle Ages, 1000-1300 (Lexington: Heath, 1971)
Universities in Politics; Case Studies from the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern period. Edited with Richard A. Goldthwaite (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1972)
The Government of Philip Augustus: Foundations of French Royal Power in the Middle Ages (Berkeley: University of California, 1986, French translation (Paris, Fayard, 1991).
Les registres de Philippe Auguste (Paris :Imprimerie nationale, 1992)
The Language of Sex: Five Voices from Northern France around 1200 (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1996), French translation (Paris, Fayard, 1997)
Aristocratic Life in Medieval France: The Romances of Jean Renart and Gerbert de Montreuil, 1190–1230. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 2000)
Paris, 1200 (Paris: Flammarion, 2006), American edition (Stanford University Press, 2010)
References
External links
Paris, 1200
p. 15 on the death of his daughter Birgit
1929 births
American medievalists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2015 deaths
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America
Members of the American Philosophical Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20W.%20Baldwin |
Russell Wayne Poole (November 29, 1956 – August 19, 2015) was a Los Angeles Police Department detective who investigated the murder of the Notorious B.I.G. (Christopher Wallace), a rapper also known as Biggie Smalls. Poole also investigated the killing of LAPD Officer Kevin Gaines by LAPD Officer Frank Lyga on March 18, 1997. After retiring in 1999, he formed a private detective agency.
Early career
The son of a 27-year L.A. County Sheriff, Poole would "follow in his father's footsteps" and join the LAPD in 1981. He rose quickly, becoming a detective trainee only three years after being sworn in. Before being chosen to work in the Robbery-Homicide division in 1996, he spent over nine years as a homicide investigator at the South Bureau and Wilshire Division. He served as the primary investigator (taking a case all the way through to trial) on at least 135 homicide cases, and assisted on over 500 more cases. A noteworthy case investigated personally by Poole before the Rampart scandal include the murder of Ennis Cosby, son of comedian Bill Cosby. He also was one of the officers involved in the investigation into the North Hollywood shootout, just days before the murder of the Notorious B.I.G. Throughout his career up to his involvement in the Rampart scandal, Poole was a highly respected and decorated LAPD detective.
LAPD Rampart investigation
Poole's involvement in the Rampart scandal began less than six months before Wallace's murder and a year before Rafael Pérez was arrested. His involvement started when Poole and his Robbery/Homicide unit partner Fred Miller were assigned to investigate the March 1997 Studio City shooting death of plainclothes LAPD Officer Kevin Gaines. Gaines was killed in a road rage dispute after he brandished a gun at another motorist, who turned out to be undercover officer, Frank Lyga.
Death of Notorious B.I.G.
On March 9, 1997, at around 12:30 a.m., Wallace, Bad Boy Records CEO Sean Combs, and their entourage left the 11th Annual Soul Train Music Awards after-party, held at the Petersen Automotive Museum, in two GMC Suburbans to return to his hotel after an announcement was made that the party would finish earlier than planned. Biggie travelled in the front passenger seat of the second Suburban alongside his associates, Damion "D-Rock" Butler, Junior M.A.F.I.A. member Lil' Cease and driver, Gregory "G-Money" Young. Combs traveled in the first vehicle with three bodyguards. The two vehicles were trailed by a Chevrolet Blazer carrying Bad Boy's director of security.
By 12:45 a.m., the streets were crowded with cars full of people leaving the event. Wallace's truck stopped at a red light 50 yards (46 m) from the museum. While waiting for the light to change, a white Toyota Land Cruiser made a U-turn and cut in-between Wallace's vehicle and the Chevrolet Blazer behind. Simultaneously, a dark Chevrolet Impala pulled up alongside Wallace's SUV. The driver of the Impala, an African-American male, rolled down his window, drew a 9mm blue-steel pistol and fired several rounds into the GMC Suburban; four bullets hit Wallace in the chest. Wallace was rushed to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center by Combs and the rest of Wallace's entourage, but was pronounced dead by doctors at 1:15 a.m.
Investigation of Notorious B.I.G.'s death
After months of investigating, Poole accused LAPD Officer David Mack, along with Mack's friend, Amir Muhammad, of being complicit in the murder of Christopher Wallace. Poole claimed he had enough evidence to prove Mack had ties to the CEO of Death Row Records, Marion "Suge" Knight. He suspected Mack and possibly other officers took part in the murder. Poole had sources that confirmed Mack was raised in the same Compton neighborhood, and was in the same gang as Knight (the Bloods). Mack was a frequent visitor at Knight's private parties, and frequently wore the same style and color (red) clothes as Knight and the Bloods gang. Much of Poole's investigation was used as the basis for Randall Sullivan's book, LAbyrinth: A Detective Investigates the Murders of Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G., the Implication of Death Row Records' Suge Knight, and the Origins of the Los Angeles Police Scandal. The book formed the basis for the highly anticipated 2018 film City of Lies, starring Johnny Depp as Poole. The film was released on December 8, 2018, at the Noir film festival.
Chief Parks' involvement and Poole's resignation
Poole sent his findings to the then-chief of the Los Angeles Police Department, Bernard C. Parks, who ordered Poole to cease all investigations of Officer David Mack. In protest of Parks' and the LAPD's handling of the case, Poole reluctantly retired from the department in late 1999. Distraught from the order to end the Mack investigation early and forced retirement, Poole later stated that, "I almost took my life, but it was my kids that actually saved me." Furthermore, he filed a lawsuit against the LAPD for violating his First Amendment rights by preventing him from going to the public with his findings. Poole, as a private investigator, continued independently investigating Wallace's murder on his own. He was included in a 2001 interview with VH1 in the documentary film Biggie & Tupac released in 2001 by British documentary film maker Nick Broomfield.
Tupac:187
Tupac:187, written by Richard RJ Bond, Michael Douglas Carlin, with a contribution by Russell Poole, is an alternate theory in the murder of Tupac Shakur.
Death
While discussing the Wallace and Tupac Shakur cases for an upcoming nonfiction book, Chaos Merchants, Poole died of a heart attack at the Monterey Park office of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department on August 19, 2015.
In popular culture
Poole was portrayed by Johnny Depp in the 2018 film City of Lies.
In 2018, Jimmi Simpson starred as Poole in Unsolved: Tupac & Biggie, a ten-part series originating on the USA Network, also on Netflix. IndieWire praised the "elevated artistry" of Simpson's performance, while Vulture.com commented in their review: "In an ensemble this solid, it can be challenging for one performance to emerge as a standout. But Simpson's does because he so carefully calibrates Poole's intensity, dialing it up by slight degrees in each episode until he's radiating with panicky determination ... Simpson physically and emotionally illustrates [the character's] internal struggle beautifully".
Bibliography
LAbyrinth: A Detective Investigates the Murders of Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G., the Implication of Death Row Records' Suge Knight, and the Origins of the Los Angeles Police Scandal, Atlantic Monthly Press, .
Chaos Merchants: Murders of Tupac Shakur and Notorious BIG, Amazon Kindle, ASIN: B01A2VbbbYJTO.
Notes and references
External links
Russell Poole at Internet Movie Database
Russell Poole Releases "Chaos Merchants" Posthumously
Hip hop feuds
Los Angeles Police Department officers
2015 deaths
People from Los Angeles
1957 births
Deaths from aortic aneurysm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%20Poole |
El Enemy de los Guasíbiri is the first compilation album by Tego Calderón. The album is considered to be an important factor to reggaeton's mainstream exposure in 2004 alongside Daddy Yankee's Barrio Fino and Ivy Queen's Diva.<ref>Carney Smith, Jessie. [https://books.google.com/books?id=10rEGSIItjgC&q=Ivy+Queen+Diva%27%27Encyclopedia&pg=PA1199 of African American Popular Culture]. ABC-CLIO, 2010, p. 1199.</ref> The title of the album is taken from a line in his 2003 song “Pa' que retozen. This production contains "Guasa Guasa Remix" with Voltio; one of the best 'tiraeras' from the history of reggaeton, for the Lito & Polaco and Pina Records.
Track listing
Intro
Elegante de Boutique (Boricuas NY)
Gatas Gozan (Sopranos: First Season)
Cosa Buena (Planet Reggae)
Mi Entierro (La Mision 2)
Cerca de Mi Neighborhood (Boricuas NY 2)
Guasa Guasa (feat. Voltio)
Al Natural (feat. Yandel)
Interlude
Naki Naki (Kilates: Rompiendo El Silencio)
We Got the Crown "Envidia" (feat. Aventura)
Sopa de Letras (Babilonia)
En Peligro de Extinción (feat. Eddie Dee) A
Baílalo Como Tú Quieras (Los Matadores Del Genero)
Dame Un Chance (The Majestic)
No Paso El Cerdo (La Mision 3: A Otro Nivel)
No Sufras Por Ella (feat. Toño Rosario)
A. This track originally appeared on Eddie Dee's El Terrorista De La Lírica (2000) album.The majority of these songs were released on compilation albums before Tego's record deal with Sony BMG cited in parentheses.''
Charts
References
Tego Calderón albums
2004 compilation albums
Albums produced by Luny Tunes
Albums produced by Noriega | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Enemy%20de%20los%20Guas%C3%ADbiri |
The is a form of art bike indigenous to Japan dating back to the mid-1970s. "Deko" in Japanese is short for "decoration" and "chari" is slang for "bike". The dekochari was a response by children to the Dekotora ("tora" is short for "truck") craze which swept Japan after a series of movies called Truck Yaro was released. These movies featured giant trucks decked out in chrome and flashy lights.
Unable to drive the giant chrome-plated flashing trucks they coveted, children instead built plywood boxes around their bikes and attached chrome plating and lights. Almost all current Dekocharis have elaborate light displays and many include hi-fi audio systems and cup-holders.
There are currently several dekochari bike gangs in Japan, including the All Japan Hishyomaru fleet, the All Japan DC Club Ryumaki and the All Japan Kyokugenmaru Gang.
See also
Outline of cycling
Art bike
Decotora trucks
Itasha cars
References
External links
Art Bicycle Factory
Hishyomaru Dekochari Gang
All Japan DC Club Ryuumaki
Hokkaido Sukikan
Cycle types
Decorated vehicles
Cycling in Japan
Japanese art | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekochari |
Chapadão do Céu is a municipality in southwestern Goiás state, Brazil. It is a large producer of grains (soybeans and corn) and has a high standard of living.
Geographical Information
It is located on the dividing line between the states of Mato Grosso do Sul and Goiás. The distance to the state capital, Goiânia, is 467 km. Connecting highways are BR-060 / Guapó / Cezarina / Indiara / Acreúna / Rio Verde / Jataí / GO-050 (40 km unpaved road). Distances to other towns are: 50 km. to Chapadão do Sul; 109 km. to Mineiros; 106 km. to Jataí; 255 km. to Rio Verde; and 451 km. to Itumbiara.
Municipal boundaries are with:
North: Serranópolis and Mineiros;
West: Mineiros and Costa Rica (MS);
South: Chapadão do Sul (MS);
East: Aporé.
For a map see Chapadaodoceu
Demographic and Political Data
Population growth rate 1996/2000: 9.48%
Population growth rate 2000/2007: 4.92%
Mayor (Prefeito)--Eduardo Pagnocelli Peixoto
Vice-mayor (Vice-Prefeito)--Paulo Rodrigues da Cunha
City council (Vereadores): 09
Economy
Despite the low fertility of the soil, the region has agricultural potential because of the flat land and abundance of water. There are plantations of soybeans, corn, and rice, which show good averages of productivity after soil correction, modern techniques, and the use of advanced machines and equipment are applied. In 2006 there were 126 agricultural installations with 56,140 hectares of planted area. Only 36 of these farms had cattle. Forty five of the farms had tractors.
Economic Activity
Industrial units: 08 (2007)
Retail units: 113
Financial institutions: Banco do Brasil S.A.
Agricultural Production (2006)
cattle: 19,000 head
cotton: 6,945 hectares
corn: 33,911 hectares
soybeans: 101,946 hectares
sorghum: 20,000 hectares
Data are from 2006 and can be found at IBGE
Best quality of life in Goiás
Chapadão is becoming one of the state's biggest producers of soybeans and corn. It was also singled out in 2003 as having the highest ranking in the state of Goiás on the United Nations Human Development Index.chapadaodoceu The index was 0.834, ranking Chapadão 1 out of 242 municipalities in Goiás and 100 out of 5,507 municipalities in the country. All the water in the town is treated, all the children go to public school, and there is almost zero infant mortality. See Human Development Index
Education and Health
Literacy rate in 2000: 95.1% (the highest in the state)
Schools: 07 (2006) with 1,987 students
Infant mortality rate in 2000: 11.36 in 1,000 live births
Hospitals: 01 with 14 beds (2007)
Public health clinics: 04
Climate and Tourism
Chapadão do Céu has about 32% of its total area in reserves, including the Parque Nacional das Emas, legal reserves (20% of rural properties) and permanent reserves (river banks, streams, and springs).
The climate is moist tropical with an average annual temperature between 19 °C and 37 °C. The relative air humidity is around 55%.
The region is watered by the following rivers: Água Amarela, Aporé, Corrente, Formoso, Jacuba, Prata, Pratinha and Sucuriú. The municipality is the gateway to the largest preserved area of the cerrado bioma in the world: the Parque Nacional das Emas, with its rich variety of flowers, plants, animals, birds, and beautiful landscapes.
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Microregions of Goiás
References
Frigoletto
External links
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapad%C3%A3o%20do%20C%C3%A9u |
El Abayarde is the debut album by the Puerto Rican rapper Tego Calderón. It included the singles "Pa' Que Retozen", "Guasa Guasa" and "Al Natural". It was released in 2002 through White Lion Records selling over 50,000 copies its first week between Puerto Rico and some parts of the United States. It would eventually be internationally distributed by Sony BMG in 2003. The album sold 132,000 copies in the US and more than 350,000 copies worldwide. El Abayarde was nominated for a Lo Nuestro Award for Urban Album of the Year and Best Rap/Hip Hop Album in the 4th Latin Grammy Awards in 2003.
Album details
El Abayarde was one of the first reggaeton albums to be successful in the United States, and also of the genre. Having five singles released, it is the album with the most singles in Tego Calderon's career. The album took reggaeton to a new level, and revolutionized reggaeton in North America. The album features contributions by Eddie Dee, Luisma, and Maestro. The tracks were produced by Luny Tunes, DJ Nelson, Maestro, Rafy Mercenario, DJ Joe, DJ Adam, Echo and Coo-kee. This is Tego's debut album and was one of the albums that internationalized reggaeton. The singles include: "Abayarde", "Gracias", "Cambumbo" and "Pa' Que Retozen".
El Abayarde is one of the albums that help revolutionized reggaeton worldwide, along with Daddy Yankee's Barrio Fino, Ivy Queen's Diva and Don Omar's The Last Don. It was the most purchased reggaeton album in Puerto Rico of that year, helping it break the record for the most sales as a reggaeton CD in its first week. The album is credited with introducing reggaeton to mainstream audiences in places like Houston, New York, Miami and Los Angeles in the United States.
Track listing
Charts
References
Tego Calderón albums
2003 debut albums
Albums produced by Luny Tunes
Albums produced by Noriega
Albums produced by Rafy Mercenario | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Abayarde |
The pit of despair was a name used by American comparative psychologist Harry Harlow for a device he designed, technically called a vertical chamber apparatus, that he used in experiments on rhesus macaque monkeys at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in the 1970s. The aim of the research was to produce an animal model of depression. Researcher Stephen Suomi described the device as "little more than a stainless-steel trough with sides that sloped to a rounded bottom":
A in. wire mesh floor 1 in. above the bottom of the chamber allowed waste material to drop through the drain and out of holes drilled in the stainless-steel. The chamber was equipped with a food box and a water-bottle holder, and was covered with a pyramid top [removed in the accompanying photograph], designed to discourage incarcerated subjects from hanging from the upper part of the chamber.
Harlow had already placed newly born monkeys in isolation chambers for up to one year. With the "pit of despair", he placed monkeys between three months and three years old who had already bonded with their mothers in the chamber alone for up to ten weeks. Within a few days, they had stopped moving about and remained huddled in a corner.
Background
Much of Harlow's scientific career was spent studying maternal bonding, what he described as the "nature of love". These experiments involved rearing newborn "total isolates" and monkeys with surrogate mothers, ranging from toweling-covered cones to a machine that modeled abusive mothers by assaulting the baby monkeys with cold air or spikes.
In 1971, Harlow's wife died of cancer and he began to suffer from depression. He was treated and returned to work but, as Lauren Slater writes, his colleagues noticed a difference in his demeanor. He abandoned his research into maternal attachment and developed an interest in isolation and depression.
Harlow's first experiments involved isolating a monkey in a cage surrounded by steel walls with a small one-way mirror, so the experimenters could look in, but the monkey could not look out. The only connection the monkey had with the world was when the experimenters' hands changed his bedding or delivered fresh water and food. Baby monkeys were placed in these boxes soon after birth; four were left for 30 days, four for six months, and four for a year. After 30 days, the "total isolates", as they were called, were found to be "enormously disturbed". After being isolated for a year, they barely moved, did not explore or play, and were incapable of having sexual relations. When placed with other monkeys for a daily play session, they were badly bullied. Two of them refused to eat and starved themselves to death.
Harlow also wanted to test how isolation would affect parenting skills, but the isolates were unable to mate. Harlow devised what he called a "rape rack", to which the female isolates were tied in normal monkey mating posture. He found that, just as they were incapable of having sexual relations, they were also unable to parent their offspring, either abusing or neglecting them. "Not even in our most devious dreams could we have designed a surrogate as evil as these real monkey mothers were", he wrote. Having no social experience themselves, they were incapable of appropriate social interaction. One mother held her baby's face to the floor and chewed off his feet and fingers. Another crushed her baby's head. Most of them simply ignored their offspring.
These experiments showed Harlow what total and partial isolation did to developing monkeys, but he felt he had not captured the essence of depression, which he believed was characterized by feelings of loneliness, helplessness, and a sense of being trapped, or being "sunk in a well of despair", he said.
Vertical chamber apparatus
The technical name for the new depression chamber was "vertical chamber apparatus", though Harlow himself insisted on calling it the "pit of despair". He had at first wanted to call it the "dungeon of despair", and also used terms like "well of despair", and "well of loneliness". Blum writes that his colleagues tried to persuade him not to use such descriptive terms, that a less visual name would be easier, politically speaking. Gene Sackett of the University of Washington in Seattle, one of Harlow's doctoral students who went on to conduct additional deprivation studies, said, "He first wanted to call it a dungeon of despair. Can you imagine the reaction to that?".
Most of the monkeys placed inside it were at least three months old and had already bonded with others. The point of the experiment was to break those bonds in order to create the symptoms of depression. The chamber was a small, inverted metal pyramid, with slippery sides slanting down to a point. The monkey was placed in the point. The opening was covered with mesh. The monkeys would spend the first day or two trying to climb up the slippery sides. After a few days, they gave up. Harlow wrote, "most subjects typically assume a hunched position in a corner of the bottom of the apparatus. One might presume at this point that they find their situation to be hopeless." Stephen J. Suomi, another of Harlow's doctoral students, placed some monkeys in the chamber in 1970 for his PhD. He wrote that he could find no monkey who had any defense against it. Even the happiest monkeys came out damaged.
Reaction
The experiments were condemned, both at the time and later, from within the scientific community and elsewhere in academia. In 1974, American literary critic Wayne C. Booth wrote that "Harry Harlow and his colleagues go on torturing their nonhuman primates decade after decade, invariably proving what we all knew in advance—that social creatures can be destroyed by destroying their social ties." He writes that Harlow made no mention of the criticism of the morality of his work.
Charles Snowdon, a junior member of the faculty at the time, who became head of psychology at Wisconsin, said that Harlow had himself been very depressed by his wife's cancer. Snowdon was appalled by the design of the vertical chambers. He asked Suomi why they were using them, and Harlow replied, "Because that's how it feels when you're depressed." Leonard Rosenblum, who studied under Harlow, told Lauren Slater that Harlow enjoyed using shocking terms for his apparatus because "he always wanted to get a rise out of people".
Another of Harlow's students, William Mason, who also conducted deprivation experiments elsewhere, said that Harlow "kept this going to the point where it was clear to many people that the work was really violating ordinary sensibilities, that anybody with respect for life or people would find this offensive. It's as if he sat down and said, 'I'm only going to be around another ten years. What I'd like to do, then, is leave a great big mess behind.' If that was his aim, he did a perfect job."
See also
Animal testing
Britches (monkey)
Flowerpot technique, a method of sleep deprivation in laboratory animals
Psychological torture
Psychological trauma
Research ethics
Silver Spring monkeys
Unnecessary Fuss, video showing brain damage experiments on baboons
Notes
References
Stephens, M.L. Maternal Deprivation Experiments in Psychology: A Critique of Animal Models. AAVS, NAVS, NEAVS, 1986.
Suomi, Stephen John. "Experimental Production of Depressive Behavior in Young Rhesus Monkeys: Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Psychology) at the University of Wisconsin," University of Wisconsin, 1971, p. 33.
Further reading
Harry Harlow's Monkey Love Experiments
1970s in science
1971 in science
Academic scandals
Animal cruelty incidents
Animal testing in the United States
Animal testing on non-human primates
Anti-vivisection movement
Clinical research ethics
Cruelty to animals
Ethically disputed research practices towards animals
Medical controversies in the United States
Psychology experiments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%20of%20despair |
Lautoka City Indian Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 19 communal constituencies reserved for Indo-Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 52 seats, 27 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage). The electorate covered the City of Lautoka, in the west of the main island of Viti Levu.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lautoka%20City%20%28Indian%20Communal%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
The New England Intercollegiate Sailing Association (NEISA) is one of the seven conferences affiliated with the Inter-Collegiate Sailing Association (ICSA) that schedule and administer regattas within their established geographic regions.
NEISA is one of the oldest and largest conferences, organizing intercollegiate sailing in New England, which includes 42 member schools including club teams and varsity programs. All conferences host their own 6 conference championships every year and gain berths to the corresponding national championships based on conference size. NEISA is managed by an executive board run primarily by student volunteers and team coaches.
History
The New England Intercollegiate Sailing Association was founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts on March 26, 1949. This group of initially 21 teams joined with the Middle Atlantic Intercollegiate Sailing Association, and later the Midwest College Sailing Association and Pacific Coast Intercollegiate Yacht Racing Association to form the Intercollegiate Yacht Racing Association of North America. This Association worked to standardize rules and create entry and eligibility regulations, as well as broaden the scope of its competitions.
From the beginning of college sailing, all regattas have been sailed in the host school's fleet of boats. Early on there was little consistency in the type of boat across different parts of the country and even between neighboring schools. Over time however, many schools have transitioned from various single-sail dinghies to use more durable and faster two-sail boats such as the FJ and Club 420.
Members
Leadership
NEISA is a largely run and regulated by in-conference coaches and sailors. Members of the Executive Committee are elected annually at the NEISA Annual Meeting held late Fall. There is currently no term-limit for Executive Committee members. As of Spring, 2019 the Executive Committee was as follows.
Championships
NEISA runs and hosts six in-conference championships, as well as sends teams to national championship events managed by the Inter-Collegiate Sailing Association.
In-conference Championships
For Coed teams, these in-conference championships include:
Coed Dinghy Fleet Racing, NEISA Coed Championship/ US Coast Guard Alumni Bowl
Men's Single-Handed Fleet Racing, NEISA Men's Singlehanded Championships
Coed Team Racing, New England Team Race Championship/ Fowle Trophy
Coed Match Racing, NEISA Match Race Champs/ Larry White Trophy
For Women's teams, these in-conference championships include:
Women's Dinghy Fleet Racing, NEISA Women's Championship/ Reed Trophy
Women's Single-Handed Fleet Racing, NEISA Women's Singlehanded Championships
National Championships
For full article on national sailing championships, see Inter-Collegiate Sailing Association National Championships
The number of berths NEISA teams are given to national championships depend on the event and are determined by ICSA at the beginning of every Year. As NEISA is one of the largest conferences, it is annually given more berths than the smaller conferences. The representing teams from NEISA are determined by the corresponding In-Conference Championships.
These national championships include:
Coed Dinghy Fleet Racing, Gill Coed National Championships/ Henry A. Morss Memorial Trophy
Men's Single-Handed Fleet Racing, Laser Performance Men's Singlehanded Nationals/Glen S. Foster Trophy
Coed Team Racing, LaserPerformance Team Race National Championship/ Walter Cromwell Wood Bowl
Coed Match Racing, ICSA Match Race Nationals/ Cornelius Shields Sr. Trophy
Women's Dinghy Fleet Racing, Sperry Women's National Championship/ Gerald C. Miller Trophy
Women's Single-Handed Fleet Racing, Laser Performance Women's Singlehanded Nationals/ Janet Lutz Trophy
Results and Rankings
Since 2008, Inter-collegiate racing results are documented using College Sailing Techscore, a website which records live race results for current regattas, as well as documents past seasons. NEISA also creates in-conference team rankings every Fall based on the best regatta results of each team and the relative difficulty/ size of the regattas those results came from. A team's score is calculated by summing their top 5 scoring regattas and also their score at the New England Fall Championships. These scores are compiled to rank all participating teams. Teams that are not listed on the rankings did not sail a scored regatta during that Season.
References
ICSA conferences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20England%20Intercollegiate%20Sailing%20Association |
The Palatinate Forest ( ), sometimes also called the Palatine Forest, is a low-mountain region in southwestern Germany, located in the Palatinate in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The forest is a designated nature park () covering 1,771 km2 and its highest elevation is the Kalmit (672.6 m).
Together with the northern part of the adjacent Vosges Mountains in France it forms the UNESCO-designated Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve.
Geography
Topography
The Palatinate Forest, together with the Vosges south of the French border, from which it has no morphological separation, is part of a single central upland region of about 8,000 km2 in area, that runs from the Börrstadt Basin (a line from Winnweiler via Börrstadt and Göllheim) to the Burgundian Gate (on the line Belfort–Ronchamp–Lure) and which forms the western boundary of the Upper Rhine Plain. This landscape forms, in turn, the eastern part of the very extensive eastern scarplands of France, which, on German soil, take in large parts of the Palatinate and the Saarland, with older (e.g. on the Donnersberg) and younger strata (muschelkalk, e.g. the Westrich Plateau).
Boundaries
While the boundaries of the Palatinate Forest are comparatively clearly defined to the north and east, the transition to neighbouring landscapes to the west and south is less sharp.
To the north, the Palatinate Forest is adjoined by the North Palatine Uplands, including the Donnersberg (). This is where the bunter sandstone formations typical of the Palatinate Forest end, being replaced by other types of rock such as those of the Rotliegendes. This results in a clear geomorphological separation of the two landscape areas, which runs approximately along a line from Eisenberg via Göllheim and Börrstadt to Otterberg near Kaiserslautern.
The hill country between the Haardt and the Upper Rhine Plain, where Palatine wines are grown, is known as the Weinstrasse. The German Wine Route runs through this zone of hills.
The St. Ingbert-Kaiserslauten Depression runs up to the northwestern Palatinate Forest from west-southwest to east-northeast into which the Forest descends in a clear escarpment, especially into the boggy lowland of the Landstuhl Bruch west of Kaiserslautern.
To the west of the Großer Hausberg, the Westrich Plateau separates from the Palatinate Forest at the sharp southern boundary of the Landstuhler Bruch in a comparatively smooth transition. It reaches comparable heights in the transition area, but as a muschelkalk plateau it has a significantly different relief and is no longer fully forested. It not only stretches around the western edge of the Palatinate Forest, but also further south around the Vosges. From the area of Lemberg in Lorraine, it also forms the watershed between the Moselle and the Upper Rhine; the southern part of the region being drained completely via the Moder system to the Upper Rhine.
To the south, the narrow Zaberner Steige forms a border between the Palatinate Forest, which continues into France as the North Vosges (Vosges du Nord or Nordvogesen) and the "actual" Vosges. Geomorphologically and geologically, this dividing line is less pronounced than is the case on the right bank of the Rhine, where the Odenwald and Black Forest are clearly separated from each other by the lowland of the Kraichgau. Only the Burgundian Gate beyond the Vosges forms an orographically clear border on the left bank of the Rhine.
Structure
The Palatinate Forest can be divided into three areas.
The Northern Palatinate Forest, bounded by the extensive northern Palatine hill landscape and reaching southwards to a line from Kaiserslautern to Bad Duerkheim
The Middle Palatinate Forest from the stream Isenach and the line Kaiserslautern - Bad Duerkheim to the Queich stream and the line from Pirmasens to Landau
The Southern Palatinate Forest, the so-called Wasgau, from the Queich stream and the line from Pirmasens to Landau to the French borderline in the south.
Subdivisions
The Palatinate Forest is a major (3rd level) natural region within the Palatine-Saarland Scarplands (a 2nd order major region) and runs south as far as the Col de Saverne, i.e. far into French territory, where it continues as the Vosges ridge. This often goes unrecognized as a result of the French border; hence the French southern part of the natural region is often, wrongly, counted as part of the North Vosges.
The important subdivisions of these bunter sandstone mountains were drawn up in the 1950s and 1960s in the Handbook of the Natural Region Divisions of Germany and 1:200,000 map sheets by the German Federal Institute for Regional Studies. Despite that, some deviation in the names used by the handbook has prevailed.
The most important subordinate landscapes are listed with the aid of a map; the map only showing the names of well-known landscapes and only the more significant landscape boundaries.
Palatinate Forest
Lower Palatinate Forest (Northern Palatinate Forest)
Otterberg Forest (up to around 380 m)
(Sembach Plateax)
Stumpfwald (only over 400 m near the southern boundary)
Queitersberg (Quaidersberg, Quaitersberg; 394 m); eastern outskirts of Kaiserslautern
Central Palatinate Forest (only significantly separate landscape subdivisions shown)
Diemerstein Forest (up to around 450 m)
Leininger Sporn (up to 516 m)
High Palatinate Forest (main plateau of the Frankenweide; up to 610 m)
Haardt (up to 673 m)
Wasgau
Western Wasgau (up to 513 m)
Bitche Forest Lowland
Dahn-Annweiler Felsenland
Stürzelbronn-Schönau Felsenland (up to 581 m)
Dahner Felsenland (up to 577 m)
Dahner Felsenland in the narrower sense
Annweiler Felsenland
Annweiler-Albersweiler Outskirts ("Trifelsland")
Eastern Wasgau
Upper Mundat Forest (up to 562 m)
Hochwald (up to 529 m)
Lembach Graben
Southern Wasgau (up to 526 m; drains into the Moder)
History
Name
The name Pfälzerwald was first used in 1843 - when the Palatinate was part of the Kingdom of Bavaria - by foresters in the centrally-located municipality of Johanniskreuz, who used it to refer to the woods of the bunter sandstone region of the Palatinate. Its use was extended when, in 1902, the Palatinate Forest Club (Pfälzerwald-Verein or PWV) was founded, Fritz Claus, one of the pioneers of the PWV, in particular, strove to promote the name. A more precise, scientifically-based definition of the Palatinate Forest as an independent natural region was introduced in 1911 by Daniel Häberle, a Palatine geographer and local historian.
Prior to 1850, there was no overall name for the Palatine's bunter sandstone mountains Historical territorial factors, rather than geographical ones, governed perceptions at the time. By contrast, the Celts and Romans viewed the entire mountain range west of the Rhine as a single unit, making no distinction between different parts of the region that, today, is the Palatinate Forest and the Vosges. The range was named after the Celtic forest god Vosegus and is recorded in many Roman manuscripts as "silva vosegus" or "mons vosegus". It was from this linguistic root that, during the Middle Ages, the name Vosges emerged in the French-speaking area and Wasgen or Wasigenwald, later also Wasgau, in the German-speaking region.
So while the term Wasgen continued, for a long time, to refer to the entire range on the west bank of the Rhine, at the beginning of the 20th century, it gradually became restricted to the Alsatian part of the sandstone mountains, whilst the term Pfälzerwald ("Palatinate Forest") became increasingly used to refer to the Palatine part. This led to the Palatinate Forest and Vosges being defined as separate and distinct landscapes. However, in recent decades, in the context of European integration (the Schengen Agreement), there has been an increasing trend to regard the entire mountain complex as a single geographical entity again. Evidence of this changed attitude can be seen, for example, in the establishment in 1998 of the first cross-border biosphere reserve, the Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO.
History of settlement
Traces of activity (to the 10th century)
Whilst there are traces of human activities in the more habitable regions of what is now the Palatinate, taking place since the Neolithic period (5,500-4,500 BC), and especially in Celtic (800 to 10 BC) and Roman (10 BC to 450 AD) times, the mountains on the west bank of the Rhine were practically uninhabited and covered by dense, ancient forest until the end of the Migration Period (about 600 AD).
Abbeys, colonisation and development (7th to 13th centuries)
After the Frankish conquests in the Early Middle Ages (7th to 10th century) took them to the edges of today's Palatinate Forest, there was increasing population pressure in the Middle Ages (10th to 13th century), especially through the initiatives of the nobility and the church, e.g. through the establishment of monasteries such as the Cistercian abbeys of Otterberg (1144) and Eußerthal (1148), the colonization and development of the mountains. Areas that could be used for agriculture were cleared and settled permanently. This development reached its peak in the region during the era of the Salian (10th-12th centuries) and Hohenstaufen (12th and 13th century) emperors, with the construction of Trifels Castle and other castles in the surrounding area that, for a time, made it the centre of power of the empire.
Abandoned villages, over-exploitation and depletion (14th-18th centuries)
This development took place in the Late Middle Ages (13th to 15th centuries) and Early Modern Period (16th to 18th century), because disease (e.g. The Plague) and famine led to a significant decline in population and the total number of settlements fell sharply (leaving abandoned villages), as a result of wars and economic circumstances. Thus, during the colonization of the mountains, areas were often cleared that, because of the nutrient-poor sandy soils, were unsuitable for farming and had to be abandoned after a short period because of overuse and overexploitation. Also, the use of the forest to obtain firewood and timber did not follow the principles of sustainability. On the one hand, the production of straw (foliage as bedding for cattle) and wood pasture damaged the soils and forests; on the other hand the manufacture of iron, glass and potash, which needed a lot of wood, led for centuries to the overuse and destruction of the forest and thus to the further impoverishment of the population. Occupations that the forest itself supported, such as lumberjacks, charcoal burners, rafters, resin burners (pitch boilers) and ash burners, supported only a meagre existence.
Immigration, re-impoverishment, first commuters (late 18th to early 20th century)
After large population losses during the Thirty Years' War, the population was initially restored and stabilized in the late 17th century, initially as a result of settler migration from the Tyrol and Swabia and the settlement of Huguenot and Mennonite religious refugees from Switzerland, France and the Netherlands. From then to the end of the 18th century, the population expanded as a result of the better design of farms (such as the Frankish house) and the expansion of villages (clustered village or Haufendörfer). This development, however, meant that the resources of the mountains were rapidly exhausted and over-population and poverty, in particular in the 19th century, led to increased emigration to the New World. Apart from the modest level of iron extraction and processing, work in the forests and the operation of paper mills, the shoemaking industry in the region Pirmasens was the only real source of income. This meant that the railway in the second half of the 19th century (the Ludwig Railway and Landau–Zweibrücken line) brought some improvement in the situation, because it became possible to commute to towns outside the Palatinate Forest and seek employment in one of the emerging industries (e.g. BASF at Ludwigshafen) outside the region.
Deindustrialisation and tourism (20th and 21st centuries)
In the 20th century, the general economic structural changes in Germany also affected the region of the Palatinate Forest, which was increasingly integrated into the overall economic and transport systems. Secluded forest farming villages became municipalities with a service character through the building of infrastructure (e.g. public transport), and, in many cases, the villagers now no longer worked locally, but in more distant regional centres, such as Ludwigshafen and Kaiserslautern.
By contrast local industries in the mountains became rarer or were closed, as can be seen in the example of the footwear industry. Since its heyday in the 1950s and 1960s, globalization has seen the relocation of shoe production abroad, resulting in the almost total collapse of the industry, reinforced especially in the 1980s and 1990s by increasing unemployment and induced migration trends. In addition, the far-reaching demographic changes of the last few decades have caused further structural problems, especially affecting remote communities in sparsely populated areas through population decline, aging and migration.
At the same time, the forested highlands has gained increasing importance in the second half of the twentieth century as a place for recreation and leisure activities of special ecological status. This is reflected in various touristic concepts and activities to offer the native population additional work and income opportunities and to assist in counteracting the structural changes described above.
Nature Park and Biosphere Reserve
Whereas the Palatinate Forest was earlier seen mainly as a source of raw materials and energy supply, today, in addition to its recreation and leisure function, its ecological importance as a "special protected landscape" has come to the forefront. This change in attitude found visible expression, inter alia, through the establishment of the Palatinate Forest Nature Park and, later the Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve.
Nature park
The Palatinate Forest Nature Park was created in 1958 as the third nature park in Germany. In accordance with the requirements of the originator of the nature park concept, Alfred Toepfer, the Palatinate Forest was to be a place of recreation and exercise for the stressed office workers of the cities in the Rhine valley which were then suffering badly from air pollution. The nature park expansion programme envisaged 95 car parks, 13 camp sites, seven observation towers and five open-air pools.
In fact, 62 woodland car parks were created in the first seven years as well as 530 benches and as many waste bins. A total of 370 km of walking routes were added or created and 45 signed circular walks laid out. The management of the nature park took over the Palatinate Forest Club (PWV). The 20 open shelters, built for walkers in log house style, were named "Fischer Huts" after the Managing Director of the Palatinate Forest Club, Ludwig Fischer.
In the mid-1960s, the PWV came to the conclusion that the work required could not be done by volunteers and handed the management of the nature park to the Palatinate provincial government. By 1974, 3.7 million euros had been spent on improving recreational opportunities.
Around 1975 the expansion of recreational facilities was viewed as complete and attention switched to the care of biotopes and the landscape in the centre. Increasingly there was also a desire to replace the many coniferous monocultures, planted as a result of war, wartime reparations and times of crisis, with species rich site-specific mixed forests.
On 20 July 1982 the Palatinate Forest Nature Park Association (Verein Naturpark Pfälzerwald) was founded as a support organization. The members of the association are those counties and independent towns whose territories are covered by the nature park as well as the Palatinate regional association, various rambling and sports clubs and environmental organizations. Many social organisations are involved in the work of the nature park, ensuring the independence of academic and regional individual interests. The association's goal is to develop the nature park and its eponymous biosphere reserve equally and to maintain its uniqueness and beauty as well as its national recreational value. Since 1997, the head office of the association has been in Lambrecht.
Biosphere reserve
The Palatinate Forest Nature Park was recognized in 1992 by UNESCO as a biosphere reserve. In 1998 it became the German part of the first cross-border UNESCO biosphere reserve, namely the Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve. It thus became the 12th of (as at 2009) 15 German biosphere reserves. These are areas that have a special significance for the global conservation of biological diversity and in which the ecological aspects, sustainable economic management, environmental education and environmental research are best linked together.
In 2007, the state of Rhineland -Palatinate issued an ordinance by which the UNESCO guidelines for the design of biosphere reserves would be implemented specifically for the Palatinate Forest Nature Park. This laid down a zoning scheme as its main focus, which envisaged three zones with different objectives and protection functions:
Core areas
Securely protected sites for conserving biological diversity where there is a "least possible influence on the course of natural processes", i.e. complete protection of typical ecosystems is ensured.
Buffer zones
The buffer zones are used for "ecologically sound farming practices" that conserve landscape character. They are intended to complement and link the core areas.
Transition areas
The main focus is on the promotion of "model projects for sustainability" that, for example, may include the development of sustainable tourism concepts or the environmentally friendly production of regional products.
The "quiet zones" (Stillezonen) also covered in the law are intended to ensure a "recreation in the stillness", but are not part of the UNESCO guidelines for biosphere reserves. The concept originates rather from the old protected area regulation for the Palatinate Forest Nature Park (1984) and therefore overlaps with the other three zones.
Core, buffer and transition zones are representatively distributed over the area of the biosphere reserve. As part of this, some 16 core zones were defined, together covering about 2.3 percent of the area. The source region of the Wieslauter (2,296 ha) being the largest of the core area in the biosphere reserve, with its mixed stands of primeval beech, oak and pine.
Geology
The Palatinate Forest is primarily characterised by a block of bunter sandstone and its underlying formations of Zechstein. The tectonically formed bedding of these rock types and their subsequent erosion led to the topography of this low mountain range that we see today.
Development history
Formation of the bunter sandstone
In the Permian geological period (about 296-251 million years ago) the first sandstone formations, some 100 metres thick, were deposited in the area of today's Palatinate Forest; in particular, the rock units of the Rotliegendes and the Zechstein (about 256-251 million years ago) are important. At the beginning of the Germanic Triassic, i.e. from the Lower to the beginning of the Middle Triassic, there was (about 251-243 million years ago) a desert-like climate, so that as a result of further depositions of sand, rock layers of up to 500 metres thickness were formed. This led inter alia, through the addition of iron oxide, to a variable colouration of the rock strata - hence the name "bunter" sandstone (bunter being German for "coloured") - and, depending on the type and binding of the material, (clay-bound sandstone as opposed to silicified quartz sandstone) to the formation of rock layers of different hardness. This resulted in the subgroups of lower, middle and upper bunter sandstone. These bunter sandstone formations were buried by various types of sediments in the adjacent sections of muschelkalk (243-235 million years ago) and keuper (234-200 million years ago), and also during the Jurassic (200-142 million years ago) and Cretaceous (142-66 million years ago).
Laying down of the bunter sandstone
At the beginning of the Palaeogene period of the Cenozoic era (66 to 23.8 million years ago) the formation of the Alps led to considerable tensions in the Earth's crust, which, in their forelands to the north of the Alps, caused a bulge in the mantle and crust. At the apex of the arch so formed, there were considerable tensile stresses, so that the rock layers were stretched and about 35 million years ago, deep cracks and depressions in the Earth's crust occurred (passive rifting). At the same time the sides of the newly created lowlands were uplifted, in the case of the Palatinate Forest, to a height of about 1000 metres.
These processes, which continue today, have had four important implications for the present landscape of the low mountain region:
The removal of approximately 800 metres of surface rock (dogger, lias, keuper and muschelkalk), thus exposing the bunter sandstone
The tilting of the sandstone layers
the formation of swells and troughs
The breaking the bunter sandstone into individual fault blocks and the formation of faults
Shaping of today's landscape
In the later Paleogene (34 to 23.8 million years ago) and Neogene (23.8 to 2.8 million years ago) and also in the Quaternary period (2.8 - 0.01 million years ago) erosion processes once more dominated. In particular, it was the weathering and removal processes that occurred during the various cold and warm periods that determined the final topographical shape of the Palatinate Forest. Characteristic of this is a system of deeply incised valleys, especially in the north and centre, diverse mountain shapes and bizarre rock formations.
Structure
Bedrock
Gneisses and slates form the bedrock of the Palatinate Forest today, but they are generally covered by younger rock formations, cropping out only in a few places on the eastern edge of the mountains.
Rotliegendes and Zechstein formations
These rock strata cover the bedrock and consist, in addition to sandstone, of shale and marl. They generally have a softer consistency and therefore form broad valleys and erosion surfaces in the northern Palatinate Forest (the Stumpfwald) as well as in the southeast. The southern Palatinate sandstone formations of the Zechstein are divided into four strata having a total thickness of about 80 to 100 metres.
Bunter sandstone beds
The rock unit of bunter sandstone is divided into three strata:
Lower Bunter
The Lower Bunter is the typical rock of the Palatine Forest and covers large areas of the low mountain range to a depth of 280 to 380 metres. The sandstones contain much quartz and little feldspar and mica, so that they weather into sandy soils, poor in nutrients that are scarcely used for agricultural purposes. In all there are three subdivisions - the Trifels, Rehberg and Schlossberg beds - in which several rock zones of differing thickness are combined.
Middle Bunter
In the Middle Bunter, too, various rock zones with thicknesses of about 80 to 100 metres may be identified. The most striking are the Karlstal beds, which mainly occur at the surface as silicified blocks of rock, and the upper rock zone and the primary conglomerate, which also consist of silicifie coarse sandstones and scree. At the top of this formation is the "violet boundary layer" (violette Grenzschicht), which mainly consists of fine, mica-rich sediments.
Upper Bunter
Intermediate beds and Voltzien sandstone together form the Upper Bunter with a thickness of about a hundred metres. Unlike the Lower and Middle Bunter beds, these strata contain more mica, carbonates and clay minerals and thus weather down to soils rich in nutrients, that are used for agriculture in island clearings in the western Palatine Forest (the Holzland).
Geomorphology
Landscape character
Weathering and erosion of the different rock strata of the Palatine Forest with their variable hardness have resulted in a low mountain landscape with a dense, deeply incised system of valleys and wide variety of hill shapes. The hard and resistant rocks of the Lower and Middle Bunter have produced a scarpland relief, whose cuestas characterize the landscape, especially in the north and east, whilst the southeastern part of the Palatinate Forest is dominated by rather isolated types of hill separated by erosion surfaces.
Mountains, hills and rock formations
General features
In the bunter sandstone mountains a wide variety of hill shapes may be observed, depending on the various rock strata of which they are composed. Typical of the northern and central Palatinate Forest are prominent hill "blocks" (Bergklötze) and elongated trapezium-shaped ridges, frequently with rocky summit areas (e. g. the Kesselberg, 661.8 m) whilst, in the western part of the range, plateau-like hill formations with clearings predominate. In the southeastern Palatinate Forest, by contrast, the sediments of the Rotliegendes and Zechstein (erosion surfaces), and especially resistant Trifels and Rehberg beds (conical hills) influence the appearance of the countryside.
Over the millennia, the weathering and erosion of the sandstone, with its varying degrees of hardness, have produced bizarre rock formations, e. g. rock pinnacles, rock faces, rock walls and rock blocks. In addition, the small-scale weathering of strata of differing hardness has produced caves, natural arches and table rocks (Devil's Table). On the almost two-kilometre-long rock terrace of the Altschlossfelsen, fractures, overhangs and honeycomb weathering can also be observed. By contrast, felsenmeers and blockfields tend to be found more in the central Palatine Forest.
Detailed topographic description
The highest points in this low mountain range occur in the central Palatinate Forest, and mainly in the east.<ref>[http://www.lvermgeo.rlp.de/shop/ 1:25,000 and 1:50,000 topographic map series by the Rhineland-Palatinate State Office for Survey and Geobasis Information (Landesamt für Vermessung und Geobasisinformation Rheinland-Pfalz)], official website. Retrieved 1 April 2011.</ref>
Here, in a single, contiguous ridge is a series of peaks exceeding the 600 metre mark, of which the Great Kalmit, at 672.6 m, is also the highest point of the entire Palatinate Forest. The ridge begins at the Steigerkopf (also called the Schänzel) (about 500 m) and heads westwards to the Frankenweide region around the Eschkopf (609.9 m) and Weißenberg (609.9 m). This massif extends from the town of Hochspeyer via Johanniskreuz to Hauenstein. Its central area between Johanniskreuz and Hermersbergerhof rather resembles a plateau bounded by deeply incised valleys. This plateau also runs towards the west at a height of about 500 m before descending gradually to 400 m. It is bisected by the Schwarzbach and Moosalb rivers. To the southwest other ridges separate the valleys of the Merzalbe and the headstreams of the Wieslauter. It is therefore possible to walk from Neustadt an der Weinstraße to Leimen or Kaiserslautern-Mölschbach without dropping below the 450 metre contour line.
North of the line from Hochspeyerbach to Speyerbach the highest points are the 570.8 m high Drachenfels and the Hoher Stoppelkopf (Stoppelkopf; 566.2 m). In the triangle formed by the Isenach to the north and German Wine Route to the east are other hills over 500 metres in height. The most prominent are Neustadt's northern local hill (Hausberg), the Weinbiet (554.0 m), and the Eckkopf (516.0 m) near Deidesheim.
North of the Isenach only the Rahnfels (516.5 m) breaks through the 500 metre contour. In its continuation to the north its descends from 400 to 300 metres above sea level.
South of the Queich the countryside changes due to the somewhat different geological situation (see Landscape character). Here larger erosion surfaces and rather isolated hillforms (conical hills), which on average reach heights of 450 metres, characterize the landscape. The highest points on the German side of the Wasgau are the Rehberg (576.8 m) near Annweiler, the castle hill of the ruins of Wegelnburg (570.9 m) near Nothweiler, followed by the Hohe Derst (560.5 m) west of Bad Bergzabern and the Großer Eyberg (513.0 m) southwest of Dahn. The Hohe List (475.8 m) and Erlenkopf (472.1 m) near Eppenbrunn are the highest points in the southwest.
Tabular overview
The category structure of the list is based on the concept for the natural region division of the Palatine Forest. The important summits of the range are annotated with their corresponding landscape subdivision and arranged according to their height in metres (m) above sea level (NHN). The nearest settlement is given for lesser known hills or those for which there is no Wikipedia article.
Valleys and streams
General features
Characteristic of the Lower and Middle Bunter are V-shaped valleys, with narrow floors and steep sides, cutting deeply into the bedrock. They are the typical valley forms in the central Palatinate Forest, whilst in the southern and northern parts, U-shaped valleys with wider floors predominate. In the southwestern part of the Forest are the so-called woog valleys, in which the valley floor is wide and they are therefore especially well suited for the construction of ponds, or woogs, reservoirs and small lakes (see below).
Hydrological balance
A typical feature of the Palatinate Forest is its abundance of water, that has led to a highly developed system of streams, rivers and wetlands (see below). The sandy soils caused by erosion are very very permeable to water, so that rainwater quickly seeps into the ground and is then stored in the different rock zones as groundwater that can be channeled by the joints and fissure ("fissure flow"). This groundwater feeds into various rock zones, especially in the Trifels beds of the Lower Bunter and in a rock zone of the Karlstal beds (Middle Bunter). Beds of clay-bonded sandstone form spring horizons, where it is discharged at the surface again e.g. in contact springs. Since the sandstone is very low in minerals and the groundwater, therefore, only has only low levels of dissolved contents, the water is in the low hardness range ("soft") and is slightly acidic (low pH).
Lakes and reservoirs
The conditions described above have also led to the formation of a great number of wetlands, that are frequently linked to spring horizons and into which groundwater reaches the surface again. As a result, bogs, bog lakes and other small lakes, the so-called woogs are typical of the Palatine Forest, albeit the majority of woogs do not have a natural origin. They were more often artificially laid out by the impoundment of streams and were used as stages and reservoirs for timber rafting. However, the area covered by all the lakes and woogs in the Palatine Forest is not significant. The best known are the Gelterswoog on the northwestern edge, the Clausensee in the southwest and the Eiswoog in the northeast.
Rivers
The Palatinate Forest is drained by four great catchment systems and also by smaller catchments or individual streams. The four large systems are the Speyerbach, the Queich, the Lauter (or Wieslauter in its upper reaches) and the Schwarzbach. Whilst the first three flow directly into the Rhine, the waters of the Schwarzbach make their way indirectly via the Blies, Saar and Moselle rivers. Smaller drainage systems are e. g. the Saarbach or the Isenach, which only have tributaries within a small area. The majority of small streams that drain the Forest directly into the Rhine Plain flow over extensive ditch systems to the nearest river to the north. For example, the Speyerbach picks up the waters of the Hainbach, the Modenbach and the Krebsbach.
The following river systems drain the Palatine Forest. They are listed in clockwise direction, beginning in the west (in brackets the overall catchment area):
Schwarzbach (1151.5 km2)
Rodalb (116.2 km2)
Schwarzbach
Moosalb (188.2 km2)
(Wald-)Lauter (275.6 km2)
Alsenz (327.7 km2)
Pfrimm (246.4 km2)
Eisbach/Eckbach
Eisbach („Altbach“, 130.2 km2)
Eckbach (217.8 km2)
Isenach (294.9 km2)
Speyerbach (595.8 km2)
Hochspeyerbach (119.3 km2)
Speyerbach
Modenbach (84.1 km2)
Queich (271.2 km2)
Wellbach (59.3 km2)
Queich
Eisbach (49.8 km2)
Michelsbach/Otterbach
Klingbach (130.2 km2)
Erlenbach (109.1 km2)
Otterbach (119.2 km2)
Lauter (382.3 km2)
Wieslauter
Salzbach (Lauter) (52.4 km2)
Saarbach (805.5 km2)
(Moder (1720 km2) – catchment area goes to immediately on the state border)
The river system of the Schwarzbach is the only one in the forest that drains into the river Moselle. The Waldlauter and Alsenz drain into the Nahe (the Lauter via the Glan), all the other systems, arranged from north to south, drain directly into the Rhine.
The Palatine Watershed, the drainage divide between the Rhine (Upper Rhine) and Moselle (Middle Rhine) comes from the Sickingen Heights in the west and reaches the northern Palatine Forest immediately west and south of the city of Kaiserslautern where it turns southeast. From Johanniskreuz it runs initially southwards – passing the Eschkopf and Mosisberg to the west – and then bends southwest in the area of the Hortenkopf; in this direction it continues via Gräfenstein Castle, Lemberg and forester's lodge, Forsthaus Hohe List, before finally leaving German soil at the Erlenkopf southeast of Eppenbrunn (see map). It follows various ridges that are interconnected and separate the river system of the Schwarzbach from all the other drainage systems mentioned here.
Features
Haardt sandstone
On the eastern edge of the mountains, a light yellow, bleached sandstone may be found in several places. This used to be quarried near Bad Bergzabern, Frankweiler and Hambach in large quarries and is still being quarried today near Leistadt and Haardt. The reddish iron oxide was released by hot fluids that rose up through the fault zone between the Palatine Forest and the Rhine Graben, and so bleached the sandstone.
Former volcanic activity at the Pechsteinkopf
53 million years ago tensions in the earth's crust and mantle (see Laying down of the bunter sandstone), so that magma was able to rise and break out onto the surface along the fractures. During an initial explosive phase an explosive funnel (Sprengtrichter) formed which filled with loose volcanic material. This was followed, during a second phase, by more magma rising to the surface in a less active and effusive (non-explosive) form, so that, in the pipe of the volcano, dark, vertical or inclined basalt columns were formed. These rock deposits may be clearly seen today on the site of an old Hartstein quarry.
Biology
Vegetation
Woodland is the dominant landscape element of the Palatine Forest as its name suggests, making up 82 percent of its total area and as much as 90 percent in the central region.Geo-Portal: Artenvielfalt im Pfälzerwald. Retrieved 18 August 2013
Forest history
At the end of the last ice age, about 10,000 years ago, the region of the Palatine Forest was covered with tundra-like vegetation, amongst which, initially, undemanding tree species such as pine and birch were able to spread as the climate gradually warmed up (the "pine-birch" period). As climatic conditions improved these species were followed by hazel, oak and lime (the "hazel and oak period"). From the 3rd millennium a more Atlantic-influenced climate evolved, which was cooler and wetter, so that now beech characterised the forest scenery. The oak and beech mixed woods, typical of the current period, emerged, the pines being forced back into those areas that were either less favourable, very wet or very dry places, but remained part of the natural woodland.
This ecological balance was permanently destroyed, however, by the colonization and clearing of woodland that took place during the Middle Ages. Clearance by burning, the use of land for the production of straw and the unrestricted exploitation of the forest for raw materials and fuel led, little by little, to the devastation of wide areas of woodland, something that reached its peak in the 17th and 18th centuries (see Settlement history). This situation made the introduction of properly regulated forest management pressingly urgent - management that not only put a priority on controlled exploitation, but above all on care and sustainability. So in the 18th and 19th centuries, cleared land was reforested, mainly with undemanding, rapid-growing pines, which were followed in the 19th century by other non-native coniferous species such as spruce, larch, Weymouth pine and Douglas fir. In the Palatine Forest, this regulated management produced mixed woodland, in which coniferous trees formed around two-thirds of the total stock in areas that had historically comprised mainly oak and beech. Not until recent decades were there increasing attempts to turn larger areas of the forest into near-natural mixed woodland with a better ratio of deciduous to coniferous trees of around 50% (see adjacent table).
Current situation
The beech is not only the most abundant tree species in the Palatinate Forest historically, but also today, with a current share of 35 percent. With the exception of the eastern mountain edge (the Haardt range), it is widely distributed on the acidic environment of the bunter sandstone soils and prefers shady slopes, high elevations and hollows. Often it forms varied mixed stands of trees together with softwoods, especially pine, but it is also found as stands in its own right (in so-called woodrush-beech woods), particularly in the central Palatinate Forest. Here it grows in large "beech cathedrals", which are seen by many visitors as an impressive feature of the Palatinate Forest.
In addition to beech, the oak is another characteristic tree of the Palatinate Forest, albeit botanically speaking they are mainly sessile oak rather than English oak. It is the main tree species of larger, sometimes centuries-old, stands in the regions around Johanniskreuz, Eschkopf and Weißenberg and may also be found further south between Fischbach and Eppenbrunn, where, as well as the plateaus of the central Palatinate Forest, it prefers sunnier slopes (west to south-east facing slopes). But in the rest of Palatinate Forest, it is on the increase and usually forms, together with beech, often very natural, primeval, mixed forest (natural forest), which enjoys special protection as a core zone of the Palatine Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve (see biosphere reserve). In addition, from a forestry point of view the oaks of the Palatinate Forest are a particularly high priority because the wood veneer produced from them is recognized worldwide as being of unique quality.
Despite the decline in its share of the total tree population from 44 to 34 percent in 2008, the pine continues to be a dominant species of the low mountain range. This is due to the historical background, especially in the Haardt area, where they once heavily dominated the scene with 60 to 70 percent share of the forest. It is traditionally planted on dry, sunny, south-facing slopes. Like oak and beech it is an autochthonous member of the forest community, although for the purposes of reforesting devastated areas (see forest history) pine species from other regions have been introduced and mixed with indigenous species. In Waldleiningen in the mid-Palatinate Forest and on the peaty soils at Bitche in the French part of the biosphere reserve "relict" pine forests have survived, in which the character of the original pine forest can be vividly seen.
The silver fir also plays a special role in this context. Although, it only covers about 1 percent in the Palatinate Forest as a whole, it is much more common in the south where it comprises some 7 percent of the woodland. It occurs in many stands alongside beech, pine and other species in mixed woodland and often dominates the appearance of the forest. Because it forms the northernmost element of the great beech-fir forests typical of the Vosges Mountains, the moisture-loving silver fir is counted as one of the indigenous tree species of the Palatinate Forest. Waterside ash woodland and the rarer alder woodland, which are found mainly in valleys and wetlands, are also typical vegetation for the Atlantic-influenced climate of the Palatinate Forest (see Climate) as well as being representative of the original forest.
By contrast, spruce, Douglas fir, larch, and Weymouth pine are not native to the forested mountain range. Spruce prefer cool, shady locations and are therefore often found in valleys, hollows and on the lower slopes of hills, while the Douglas fir is found in widely differing locations due to its high adaptability. The sweet chestnut was not originally an indigenous tree species, but was naturalized by the Romans in the area of the present-day Palatinate. Since it prefers a mild climate (see temperature) like the grape vine it is found on the eastern edge of the Palatinate Forest, the Haardt, in pure or nearly monocultures and represents about 4 percent of the forest area there.
Other vegetation
In the species-poor oak, beech and pine woods the ground flora mainly consists of acid-soil loving (acidophilic) species. Examples are great wood-rush, white wood-rush, pill sedge and wavy hair-grass. Also characteristic are various species of fern such as deer fern, lemon-scented fern and royal fern, which prefer shady, temperate, wet locations. Another feature of the bunter sandstone mountains are its rich mushroom and berry communities. Blueberries cover large areas and, in suitable places, cowberries.
Heather grows on dry, sandy soils alongside paths and in clearings as do plants such as German greenweed and broom, and the rare lance-shaped bellflower, whilst by the many brooks and wet meadows acid-loving marsh plants such as bog arum, marsh cinquefoil, bog bean and bog pondweed may be seen, all of which are rare in other regions of Germany. In addition reeds, marsh willowherb, marsh marigold and meadowsweet and, in dryer places also grey willow, eared willow and alder buckthorn, illustrate the variety that may be found in the marsh meadows alongside streams and brooks.
Fauna
The large mixed forests of the mountain range with their various plant communities form an ecological framework in which a large and varied range of animals was able to develop. Particularly striking are the larger mammals which, as in other mountainous regions, are represented by cloven-hoofed animals like the roe deer, red deer and wild boar. Fox, badger, polecat, weasel and threatened mammal species such as bats, pine marten, European wildcat and Eurasian lynx are also found in the Palatinate Forest.
This is also true for a number of rare birds, including the hoopoe, kingfisher, wheatear, black woodpecker, whinchat and stonechat. Whilst the strictly protected peregrine falcon has been resident in the rock country of the Wasgau for several decades, hazel grouse and capercaillie appear to have died out in the Palatine Forest region. Typical autumn and winter species include the brambling and chaffinch, which overwinter here and occupy the woods in large flocks. They used to be hunted with blowpipes at night during the so-called Böhämmer Hunt (Böhämmer-Jagd), until this sport was ended by the 1936 Conservation Act.
The forest is home to a sizeable population of amphibians and reptiles, as well as a host of beetles, butterflies and other insects. A common sight are great anthills, the nests of wood ants, of which there are several species in the region. The Wasgau and the area of the Hermersberger Hof are two of the few places in Germany where colonies of narrow-headed ant have survived. And the highly endangered great and spotted antlions may often be seen in the sands of the bunter sandstone (Rehberg beds). Their larvae build funnel traps in the sand and feed on ants and other animals that fall into it using their pincer-like mandibles.
Thanks to the sparse population of the forest and the filter action of bunter sandstone, many springs and streams in the hills have retained their natural water quality, so that they remain healthy habitats for many species of fish. These include brown trout and brook lamprey and, in calmer waters, minnow, spined loach and stone loach. In larger meadow streams grayling, perch, pike, burbot und various other minnow-like species may be found. Dragonflies, such as the golden-ringed dragonfly and the otherwise rare northern damselfly, may often be seen by streams and ponds.
Sights
Although the Palatinate Forest is still sparsely populated and has many unspoilt regions, it still has a rich, regional, historical and cultural heritage, that is reflected in a great number of sights of which only a small selection can be covered here.
Castles
The Palatinate Forest has a large number of castles and stately houses. Worthy of mention is the imperial castle of Trifels near Annweiler, where, at the end of the 12th century, the English king, Richard the Lionheart, was held prisoner; in the wake of which the Blondel legend arose.
Today it is where replicas of the Imperial Regalia (Reichskleinodien) of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation can be viewed, and is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the Palatinate.
On the eastern edge of the Palatinate Forest, in the borough of Neustadt an der Weinstraße above the village of the same, is Hambach Castle, which was the scene of the Hambach Festival in 1832 and has since been seen as a symbol of democracy. Several kilometres further south, near Edenkoben, is the Villa Ludwigshöhe, built in the mid-19th century and used as a summer residence of the Bavarian king Ludwig I.
Berwartstein Castle, near Erlenbach in the southern part of the Palatinate Forest, once belonged to the knight, Hans von Trotha, known in local legends as Hans Trapp, and is the only castle in the Palatinate that is still occupied. The castle has been rebuilt and is open to visitors. Of many other castles, like Wegelnburg, only ruins are left. Other rock castles include Drachenfels near Busenberg, which partly belonged to rebel knight, Francis of Sickingen, Falkenburg and the Wilgartaburg near Wilgartswiesen.
The lords of the House of Leiningen ruled over the northeastern Palatine Forest; the significant buildings there of this aristocratic family were the castles of Altleiningen and Neuleiningen near Grünstadt and the castle of Hardenburg near Bad Dürkheim. Other castles in the region that belonged to the Leiningens were Gräfenstein near Merzalben in the western part of the range and Erfenstein in the Elmstein valley.
One unusual group of castles are the castles of Dahn near the eponymous town. This group comprises the castles of Altdahn, Grafendahn and Tanstein, which were built at different times, but erected immediately one after another on a rocky ridge.
The castle information centre at Lemberg Castle not only informs visitors about the multi-faceted, detail of the history, architecture and life in a medieval castle, but also gives a comprehensive overview of the other rock castles in the present-day border region with France.
Natural monuments
The Karlstal valley, through which run the upper reaches of the Moosalb river near the town of Trippstadt, stands out as a result of its natural, virgin scenery. The Trippstadt village of Johanniskreuz is the centre point of the Palatine Forest and used to be a spa. The 200‑ to 300‑year‑old oak and beech mixed woods, which surround the little hamlet and give it an autochthonous character, are renowned (see Flora). They have long been managed sustainably, following sustainability principles and are especially well known for their valuable stands of furniture-quality oak. It is therefore not surprising that the House of Sustainability was established
in Johanniskreuz in 2005 (viz. Information centres/Museums)
Other ancient forest-like cells of natural woodland may be found in the source region of the (Wies)-Lauter below the Weißenberg in one of the core zones of the biosphere reserve as well as the border area between Eppenbrunn, Stürzelbronn, Fischbach and Obersteinbach.
Characteristic of the highly diverse landscape of the southern Palatinate Forest are over 200 rock formations of all shapes and sizes (see also Geology and Geomorphology), which not only give visitors a good insight into the geology of the region, but also the surprising adaptability of sandstone rock vegetation, especially the heathers, the undemanding grasses and the deformed Scots pine trees. Another feature of this biotope are peregrine falcons, which nest in the rocks and are under strict conservation measures (including access restrictions for climbers and walkers).
Well-known rock formations in the Dahner Felsenland ("Dahn Rock Country") are the Devil's Table near Hinterweidenthal, the Jungfernsprung, the Hochstein and the two pinnacles of the Bride and Groom, which all lie in the area around the little town of Dahn. The region around Annweiler and Gossersweiler has formations like the Asselstein, the Luger Friedrichsfels, the Hundsfels and the Rödelstein near Vorderweidenthal. Another important natural monument is the Altschlossfelsen on the Brechenberg near Eppenbrunn in the southwestern corner of the Palatine Forest near the Franco-German border. This is a roughly two kilometre long rock terrace, the largest of its kind in the forest and on which there is clear evidence of the erosion and weathering processes typical of bunter sandstone (e. g. honeycomb weathering).
In order to open up this rock landscape to walkers, in recent years a range of themed trails has been established, of which the Rodalb Rock Trail (Rodalber Felsenweg), the Dahn Rock Path (Dahner Felsenpfad), the Busenberg Clog Path (Busenberger Holzschuhpfad), and the Hauenstein Cobblers' Path (Hauensteiner Schusterpfad) should be mentioned (see Walking). Whilst most rocks are only really accessible to climbers, certain rock terraces may also be reached on foot (e. g. the Buhlsteine, Heidenpfeiler and Rötzenstein) or with the aid of ladders provided care is taken (e. g. the Hühnerstein near Hauenstein).
Information centres and museums
Information centres
The biosphere reserve has three information centres with different emphases, in which the visitor can learn about the geology, climate, fauna and flora, history and culture of the bunter sandstone mountains with the aid of exhibitions as well as events of all kinds. Ecological considerations are given primacy. On the German side, these include the House of Sustainability in Johanniskreuz (see also Natural monuments) and the Palatine Forest / North Vosges Biosphere House near Fischbach in the Wasgau. The latter, in addition to a multimedia exhibition, also has a treetop trail, and water and biosphere experience walks.
In La Petite-Pierre (German: Lützelstein) in a castle-like building, which was built on the ruins of Luetzelstein Castle, is the administrative centre of the regional nature park of North Vosges (French: Parc naturel régional des Vosges du Nord), in which the visitor can learn, in ways similar to those at the German centres, about the natural world of the Vosges sandstone mountains; in addition, there is also an emphasis on the social and cultural aspects of the region.
Museums
Only a small selection can be mentioned here of the many museums with a direct link to the Palatine Forest that may be found in the Palatinate alone (see detailed coverage by the Rhineland-Palatinate Museum Association, Museumsverband Rheinland-Pfalz).
The Palatine Museum of Natural History (Pfalzmuseum für Naturkunde) or POLLICHIA Museum in Bad Dürkheim, has various permanent exhibitions and collections on the subjects of geology, flora and fauna of the Palatinate (e. g. animals of the forest, local mushrooms, minerals etc.) and other special conservation themes, with ecological considerations as a priority. In this connexion the visitor is also introduced to the Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve in a comprehensive permanent exhibition with vivid displays of the particular features of these bunter sandstone mountains.
The History Museum of the Palatinate (Historisches Museum der Pfalz) in Speyer, because of its broader scope, does not cover the region of today's Palatinate Forest as a separate exhibition topic; nevertheless the specific Palatine focus of the museum means almost inevitably that there are historical links through which the political and socio-historic changes of the mountain region are illustrated time and again. Examples are the Salian exhibition of 2011 (Trifels was the centre of the Salian Empire), the wine museum with its cultural history of wine and the family-friendly, hands-on exhibition of Drachenfels Castle, in which life on a medieval rock fortress in Wasgau can be relived.
The Dynamikum in Pirmasens is the first science museum or science centre in Rhineland-Palatinate. In April 2008, an interactive museum was founded in the building of the old Rheinberger shoe factory. Under the theme of "movement", 150 interactive experimental stations demonstrate fundamental physical, mathematical and biological laws. The museum is particularly aimed at younger visitors to help make them aware of scientific principles.
The Max Slevogt Art Gallery in Villa Ludwigshöhe contains, inter alia, paintings by Impressionist masters that reflect the rich colours of the southern Palatinate countryside, which may be experienced, for example, at Slevogthof Neukastel above Leinsweiler. A particularly good overview of the rocks and rock castles of Palatine and Alsace Wasgau is conveyed by the "impressions" of artist, Emil Knöringer, who seeks to emphasise the richness of the red sandstone landscapes through the medium of art.
Industrial heritage
Examples of industrial heritage include the Stumpfwald Railway at Ramsen, a heritage Feldbahn since 1996, as well as the Little Cuckoo Railway (see Transport), which has been worked by historic steam trains since 1984 and operates services from March to October at weekends between Neustadt and Elmstein. In addition, there is a good overview of nearly 150 years of Palatine railway history at the German Railway Museum in Neustadt which has numerous exhibits.
The German Shoe Museum in Hauenstein documents the manufacture of shoes, in earlier times a very common activity in the Pirmasens area, and set it within the larger industrial and socio-historical context. In the building of a former shoe factory, old shoe-making machinery and other manufacturing technology may be viewed and the changes in shoe production experienced vividly (see the history of settlement)
Interesting insights into the sorts of old trades and crafts that used to be found in the Palatinate Forest, are provided by several museums, including the Brushmakers' Museum (Bürstenbindermuseum) in Ramberg; this uses a variety of exhibits to illustrate the industrial and social development that has taken over the past few centuries in the Ramberg valley.
In the ore mine of St. Anne's Gallery in Nothweiler visitors can join a guided tour of important mining activities and so witness the extremely tough working conditions of past centuries. This insight may then be enhanced in the Information Centre of the visitor mine.
Wildlife parks
Over 400 wild animals of 15 European species may be found on the extensive terrain of the Südliche Weinstraße Wildlife Park, and there are also various children-oriented activities. A comparable attraction is the Kurpfalz Park near Wachenheim in the northern Palatine Forest.
Aerial cableways
The Rietburgbahn, a chairlift up the Rietburg hill near Edenkoben, from where there is a good view of the Rhine Plain, and the Bad Dürkheim Gondola Lift, which from 1973 to 1981 went up the Teufelsstein and which is planned to re-open are two aerial cableways on the eastern edge of the Palatinate Forest.
Outdoor recreation
The Palatinate Forest is an attractive region for hiking, offering an extensive network of trails.
In 2005, the Palatine Forest Mountain Bike Park, a route network for mountainbiking, was developed in the centre of the region.
Climbers appreciate the red sandstone rocks in the Dahner Felsenland.
Walking
Since the beginning of the last century, the Palatine Forest has developed into a very popular walking region, thanks to its natural landscape attractions, its cultural heritage and good infrastructure, primarily created by the Palatine Forest Club. It offers over 100 managed walking huts and similar facilitiesKarte bewirtschafteter Unterkünfte run by volunteers of the Palatine Forest Club and the Friends of Nature. The walking support centres are often only accessible on foot and mainly open at weekends.
Walking routes
The mountain range is criss-crossed by a dense network of signed trails, over 12,000 kilometres in overall length, most of which were established by volunteers of the Palatine Forest Club, who continue to maintain them. These include several important international and national long-distance paths that link the forest to the European and national networks of long-distance trails.
Well known examples include the Palatine St. James Way (waymark: scallop on blue field), the Pirmasens – Belfort long-distance path (waymark: yellow bar) or the Franconia-Hesse-Palatinate (Franken – Hessen – Kurpfalz) long-distance path (waymark: red cross). These main walking routes are complemented by a multitude of regional footpaths of varying length (both linear and circular trails), which include themed walks (e. g. forest educational trails), rock trails (e. g. the Rodalber Felsenweg), river and lakeside trails (e. g. the Brunnenweg near Heltersberg etc.) and the so-called "premium" or "predicate" trails initiated by the Palatine Tourist Board (e. g. Pfälzer Waldsteig or Felsenland Sagenweg etc.). Cross-border hikes are also easily possible in the bunter sandstone hills, because the Palatine Forest Club and its French counterpart the Vosges Club (French: Club Vosgien'') have developed almost identical waymarking systems since their foundation over 100 years (e. g. dots, bars, crosses and diamonds of different colours) and in the border region have developed a dense common network of footpaths. In doing so, both clubs have been careful to ensure that, where possible, the routes do not follow "forest motorways" but use narrow footpaths and mountain paths.
Viewing points
Thanks to its rich tapestry of countryside the Palatine Forest has a large number of very varied viewing points:
Viewing towers
In the northeastern part of the range the following destinations are worth mentioning: the Eckkopf Tower (near Deidesheim), Bismarck Tower (near Bad Dürkheim) and the observation tower on the Weinbiet. The visitor has a good all-round view, especially to the north and east that reaches as far as the Odenwald.
In the central and southern part of the range, examples of good viewing towers include the Schänzel on the Steigerkopf, the Rehberg and its tower near Annweiler and the Stäffelsberg Tower near Dörrenbach. The summit pyramid of the Rehberg is especially well known for its panoramic views (see the image in the section above). Representative of the central Palatine Forest are the tower on the Schindhübel near Iggelbach, the one on the Eschkopf and especially the Luitpold Tower near Hermersbergerhof, which offers the most extensive panoramic view of the Palatine Forest by far. According to precise geometric research by Lang over 350 hill and mountain tops may be seen from this point.
Rock formations
The best known rock formations are the Drachenfels ("Dragon Rock") between the Isenach and Speyerbach valleys and especially the Orensfels near Albersweiler, from which there is an outstanding view over the southeast Wasgau and the county of Südliche Weinstraße. On the Kirschfelsen ("Cherry Rock", near Annweiler Forsthaus) seating has been installed from which the visitor can enjoy a "natural opera" as if in an open-air theatre. The Buhlsteine rocks near Busenberg have an alpine feel, as does the Hühnerstein near Hauenstein, which has been made accessible with ladders and railings and may be climbed with appropriate care.
Castles
Whilst the Rietburg above Rhodt offers an "observation platform" over the Rhine plain, the rock castles of the Wasgau, e. g. the castle trinity of Trifels, Anebos and Scharfenberg near Annweiler and Lindelbrunn near Vorderweidenthal, enable the variety of the Palatine bunter sandstone hills to be experienced. A 360° panorama of the German and French Wasgau is offered by the Wegelnburg, the highest castle ruins in the Palatinate, near Schönau, and from Gräfenstein Castle near Merzalben the visitor has a good view of the core zone of the biosphere reserve in the western Palatine Forest (see the Castles section).
See also
Südliche Weinstraße Wildlife Park
References
External links
Biosphere Reserve Palatinate Forest - Vosges du Nord
Protected areas of Rhineland-Palatinate
Forests and woodlands of Rhineland-Palatinate
Regions of Rhineland-Palatinate
Mountain ranges of Rhineland-Palatinate
Biosphere reserves of Germany
Natural regions of the South German Scarplands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate%20Forest |
The bacterium, despite its simplicity, contains a well-developed cell structure which is responsible for some of its unique biological structures and pathogenicity. Many structural features are unique to bacteria and are not found among archaea or eukaryotes. Because of the simplicity of bacteria relative to larger organisms and the ease with which they can be manipulated experimentally, the cell structure of bacteria has been well studied, revealing many biochemical principles that have been subsequently applied to other organisms.
Cell morphology
Perhaps the most elemental structural property of bacteria is their morphology (shape). Typical examples include:
coccus (circle or spherical)
bacillus (rod-like)
coccobacillus (between a sphere and a rod)
spiral (corkscrew-like)
filamentous (elongated)
Cell shape is generally characteristic of a given bacterial species, but can vary depending on growth conditions. Some bacteria have complex life cycles involving the production of stalks and appendages (e.g. Caulobacter) and some produce elaborate structures bearing reproductive spores (e.g. Myxococcus, Streptomyces). Bacteria generally form distinctive cell morphologies when examined by light microscopy and distinct colony morphologies when grown on Petri plates.
Perhaps the most obvious structural characteristic of bacteria is (with some exceptions) their small size. For example, Escherichia coli cells, an "average" sized bacterium, are about 2 µm (micrometres) long and 0.5 µm in diameter, with a cell volume of 0.6–0.7 μm3. This corresponds to a wet mass of about 1 picogram (pg), assuming that the cell consists mostly of water. The dry mass of a single cell can be estimated as 23% of the wet mass, amounting to 0.2 pg. About half of the dry mass of a bacterial cell consists of carbon, and also about half of it can be attributed to proteins. Therefore, a typical fully grown 1-liter culture of Escherichia coli (at an optical density of 1.0, corresponding to c. 109 cells/ml) yields about 1 g wet cell mass. Small size is extremely important because it allows for a large surface area-to-volume ratio which allows for rapid uptake and intracellular distribution of nutrients and excretion of wastes. At low surface area-to-volume ratios the diffusion of nutrients and waste products across the bacterial cell membrane limits the rate at which microbial metabolism can occur, making the cell less evolutionarily fit. The reason for the existence of large cells is unknown, although it is speculated that the increased cell volume is used primarily for storage of excess nutrients.
Comparison of a typical bacterial cell and a typical human cell (assuming both cells are spheres) :
Cell wall
The cell envelope is composed of the cell membrane and the cell wall. As in other organisms, the bacterial cell wall provides structural integrity to the cell. In prokaryotes, the primary function of the cell wall is to protect the cell from internal turgor pressure caused by the much higher concentrations of proteins, and other molecules inside the cell compared to its external environment. The bacterial cell wall differs from that of all other organisms by the presence of peptidoglycan which is located immediately outside of the cell membrane. Peptidoglycan is made up of a polysaccharide backbone consisting of alternating N-Acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) residues in equal amounts. Peptidoglycan is responsible for the rigidity of the bacterial cell wall, and for the determination of cell shape. It is relatively porous and is not considered to be a permeability barrier for small substrates. While all bacterial cell walls (with a few exceptions such as extracellular parasites such as Mycoplasma) contain peptidoglycan, not all cell walls have the same overall structures. Since the cell wall is required for bacterial survival, but is absent in some eukaryotes, several antibiotics (notably the penicillins and cephalosporins) stop bacterial infections by interfering with cell wall synthesis, while having no effects on human cells which have no cell wall, only a cell membrane. There are two main types of bacterial cell walls, those of gram-positive bacteria and those of gram-negative bacteria, which are differentiated by their Gram staining characteristics. For both these types of bacteria, particles of approximately 2 nm can pass through the peptidoglycan. If the bacterial cell wall is entirely removed, it is called a protoplast while if it's partially removed, it is called a spheroplast. Beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in the bacterial cell wall. The enzyme lysozyme, found in human tears, also digests the cell wall of bacteria and is the body's main defense against eye infections.
The gram-positive cell wall
Gram-positive cell walls are thick and the peptidoglycan (also known as murein) layer constitutes almost 95% of the cell wall in some gram-positive bacteria and as little as 5-10% of the cell wall in gram-negative bacteria. The gram-positive bacteria take up the crystal violet dye and are stained purple. The cell wall of some gram-positive bacteria can be completely dissolved by lysozymes which attacks the bonds between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. In other gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, the walls are resistant to the action of lysozymes. They have O-acetyl groups on carbon-6 of some muramic acid residues.
The matrix substances in the walls of gram-positive bacteria may be polysaccharides or teichoic acids. The latter are very widespread, but have been found only in gram-positive bacteria. There are two main types of teichoic acid: ribitol teichoic acids and glycerol teichoic acids. The latter one is more widespread. These acids are polymers of ribitol phosphate and glycerol phosphate, respectively, and only located on the surface of many gram-positive bacteria. However, the exact function of teichoic acid is debated and not fully understood. A major component of the gram-positive cell wall is lipoteichoic acid. One of its purposes is providing an antigenic function. The lipid element is to be found in the membrane where its adhesive properties assist in its anchoring to the membrane.
The gram-negative cell wall
Gram-negative cell walls are much thinner than the gram-positive cell walls, and they contain a second plasma membrane superficial to their thin peptidoglycan layer, in turn adjacent to the cytoplasmic membrane. Gram-negative bacteria are stained as pink colour. The chemical structure of the outer membrane's lipopolysaccharide is often unique to specific bacterial sub-species and is responsible for many of the antigenic properties of these strains.
Plasma membrane
The plasma membrane or bacterial cytoplasmic membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer and thus has all of the general functions of a cell membrane such as acting as a permeability barrier for most molecules and serving as the location for the transport of molecules into the cell. In addition to these functions, prokaryotic membranes also function in energy conservation as the location about which a proton motive force is generated. Unlike eukaryotes, bacterial membranes (with some exceptions e.g. Mycoplasma and methanotrophs) generally do not contain sterols. However, many microbes do contain structurally related compounds called hopanoids which likely fulfill the same function. Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria can have a wide variety of fatty acids within their membranes. Along with typical saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, bacteria can contain fatty acids with additional methyl, hydroxy or even cyclic groups. The relative proportions of these fatty acids can be modulated by the bacterium to maintain the optimum fluidity of the membrane (e.g. following temperature change).
Gram-negative and mycobacteria have an inner and outer bacteria membrane. As a phospholipid bilayer, the lipid portion of the bacterial outer membrane is impermeable to charged molecules. However, channels called porins are present in the outer membrane that allow for passive transport of many ions, sugars and amino acids across the outer membrane. These molecules are therefore present in the periplasm, the region between the cytoplasmic and outer membranes. The periplasm contains the peptidoglycan layer and many proteins responsible for substrate binding or hydrolysis and reception of extracellular signals. The periplasm is thought to exist in a gel-like state rather than a liquid due to the high concentration of proteins and peptidoglycan found within it. Because of its location between the cytoplasmic and outer membranes, signals received and substrates bound are available to be transported across the cytoplasmic membrane using transport and signaling proteins imbedded there.
Extracellular (external) structures
Fimbriae and pili
Fimbriae (sometimes called "attachment pili") are protein tubes that extend out from the outer membrane in many members of the Pseudomonadota. They are generally short in length and present in high numbers about the entire bacterial cell surface. Fimbriae usually function to facilitate the attachment of a bacterium to a surface (e.g. to form a biofilm) or to other cells (e.g. animal cells during pathogenesis). A few organisms (e.g. Myxococcus) use fimbriae for motility to facilitate the assembly of multicellular structures such as fruiting bodies. Pili are similar in structure to fimbriae but are much longer and present on the bacterial cell in low numbers. Pili are involved in the process of bacterial conjugation where they are called conjugation pili or "sex pili". Type IV pili (non-sex pili) also aid bacteria in gripping surfaces.
S-layers
An S-layer (surface layer) is a cell surface protein layer found in many different bacteria and in some archaea, where it serves as the cell wall. All S-layers are made up of a two-dimensional array of proteins and have a crystalline appearance, the symmetry of which differs between species. The exact function of S-layers is unknown, but it has been suggested that they act as a partial permeability barrier for large substrates. For example, an S-layer could conceivably keep extracellular proteins near the cell membrane by preventing their diffusion away from the cell. In some pathogenic species, an S-layer may help to facilitate survival within the host by conferring protection against host defence mechanisms.
Glycocalyx
Many bacteria secrete extracellular polymers outside of their cell walls called glycocalyx. These polymers are usually composed of polysaccharides and sometimes protein. Capsules are relatively impermeable structures that cannot be stained with dyes such as India ink. They are structures that help protect bacteria from phagocytosis and desiccation. Slime layer is involved in attachment of bacteria to other cells or inanimate surfaces to form biofilms. Slime layers can also be used as a food reserve for the cell.
Flagella
Perhaps the most recognizable extracellular bacterial cell structures are flagella. Flagella are whip-like structures protruding from the bacterial cell wall and are responsible for bacterial motility (movement). The arrangement of flagella about the bacterial cell is unique to the species observed. Common forms include:
Monotrichous – Single flagellum
Lophotrichous – A tuft of flagella found at one of the cell poles
Amphitrichous – Single flagellum found at each of two opposite poles
Peritrichous – Multiple flagella found at several locations about the cell
The bacterial flagellum consists of three basic components: a whip-like filament, a motor complex, and a hook that connects them. The filament is approximately 20 nm in diameter and consists of several protofilaments, each made up of thousands of flagellin subunits. The bundle is held together by a cap and may or may not be encapsulated. The motor complex consists of a series of rings anchoring the flagellum in the inner and outer membranes, followed by a proton-driven motor that drives rotational movement in the filament.
Intracellular (internal) structures
In comparison to eukaryotes, the intracellular features of the bacterial cell are extremely simple. Bacteria do not contain organelles in the same sense as eukaryotes. Instead, the chromosome and perhaps ribosomes are the only easily observable intracellular structures found in all bacteria. There do exist, however, specialized groups of bacteria that contain more complex intracellular structures, some of which are discussed below.
The bacterial DNA and plasmids
Unlike eukaryotes, the bacterial DNA is not enclosed inside of a membrane-bound nucleus but instead resides inside the bacterial cytoplasm. This means that the transfer of cellular information through the processes of translation, transcription and DNA replication all occur within the same compartment and can interact with other cytoplasmic structures, most notably ribosomes. Bacterial DNA can be located in two places:
Bacterial chromosome, located in the irregularly shaped region known as the nucleoid
Extrachromosomal DNA, located outside of the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids
The bacterial DNA is not packaged using histones to form chromatin as in eukaryotes but instead exists as a highly compact supercoiled structure, the precise nature of which remains unclear. Most bacterial chromosomes are circular although some examples of linear DNA exist (e.g. Borrelia burgdorferi). Usually a single bacterial chromosome is present, although some species with multiple chromosomes have been described.
Along with chromosomal DNA, most bacteria also contain small independent pieces of DNA called plasmids that often encode advantageous traits but not essential to their bacterial host. Plasmids can be easily gained or lost by a bacterium and can be transferred between bacteria as a form of horizontal gene transfer. So plasmids can be described as extrachromosomal DNA in a bacterial cell.
Ribosomes and other multiprotein complexes
In most bacteria the most numerous intracellular structure is the ribosome, the site of protein synthesis in all living organisms. All prokaryotes have 70S (where S=Svedberg units) ribosomes while eukaryotes contain larger 80S ribosomes in their cytosol. The 70S ribosome is made up of a 50S and 30S subunits. The 50S subunit contains the 23S and 5S rRNA while the 30S subunit contains the 16S rRNA. These rRNA molecules differ in size in eukaryotes and are complexed with a large number of ribosomal proteins, the number and type of which can vary slightly between organisms. While the ribosome is the most commonly observed intracellular multiprotein complex in bacteria other large complexes do occur and can sometimes be seen using microscopy.
Intracellular membranes
While not typical of all bacteria some microbes contain intracellular membranes in addition to (or as extensions of) their cytoplasmic membranes. An early idea was that bacteria might contain membrane folds termed mesosomes, but these were later shown to be artifacts produced by the chemicals used to prepare the cells for electron microscopy. Examples of bacteria containing intracellular membranes are phototrophs, nitrifying bacteria and methane-oxidising bacteria. Intracellular membranes are also found in bacteria belonging to the poorly studied Planctomycetota group, although these membranes more closely resemble organellar membranes in eukaryotes and are currently of unknown function. Chromatophores are intracellular membranes found in phototrophic bacteria. Used primarily for photosynthesis, they contain bacteriochlorophyll pigments and carotenoids.
Cytoskeleton
The prokaryotic cytoskeleton is the collective name for all structural filaments in prokaryotes. It was once thought that prokaryotic cells did not possess cytoskeletons, but advances in imaging technology and structure determination have shown the presence of filaments in these cells. Homologues for all major cytoskeletal proteins in eukaryotes have been found in prokaryotes. Cytoskeletal elements play essential roles in cell division, protection, shape determination, and polarity determination in various prokaryotes.
Nutrient storage structures
Most bacteria do not live in environments that contain large amounts of nutrients at all times. To accommodate these transient levels of nutrients bacteria contain several different methods of nutrient storage in times of plenty for use in times of want. For example, many bacteria store excess carbon in the form of polyhydroxyalkanoates or glycogen. Some microbes store soluble nutrients such as nitrate in vacuoles. Sulfur is most often stored as elemental (S0) granules which can be deposited either intra- or extracellularly. Sulfur granules are especially common in bacteria that use hydrogen sulfide as an electron source. Most of the above-mentioned examples can be viewed using a microscope and are surrounded by a thin nonunit membrane to separate them from the cytoplasm.
Inclusions
Inclusions are considered to be nonliving components of the cell that do not possess metabolic activity and are not bounded by membranes. The most common inclusions are glycogen, lipid droplets, crystals, and pigments. Volutin granules are cytoplasmic inclusions of complexed inorganic polyphosphate. These granules are called metachromatic granules due to their displaying the metachromatic effect; they appear red or blue when stained with the blue dyes methylene blue or toluidine blue.
Gas vacuoles
Gas vacuoles are membrane-bound, spindle-shaped vesicles, found in some planktonic bacteria and Cyanobacteria, that provides buoyancy to these cells by decreasing their overall cell density. Positive buoyancy is needed to keep the cells in the upper reaches of the water column, so that they can continue to perform photosynthesis. They are made up of a shell of protein that has a highly hydrophobic inner surface, making it impermeable to water (and stopping water vapour from condensing inside) but permeable to most gases. Because the gas vesicle is a hollow cylinder, it is liable to collapse when the surrounding pressure increases. Natural selection has fine tuned the structure of the gas vesicle to maximise its resistance to buckling, including an external strengthening protein, GvpC, rather like the green thread in a braided hosepipe. There is a simple relationship between the diameter of the gas vesicle and pressure at which it will collapse – the wider the gas vesicle the weaker it becomes. However, wider gas vesicles are more efficient, providing more buoyancy per unit of protein than narrow gas vesicles. Different species produce gas vesicle of different diameter, allowing them to colonise different depths of the water column (fast growing, highly competitive species with wide gas vesicles in the top most layers; slow growing, dark-adapted, species with strong narrow gas vesicles in the deeper layers). The diameter of the gas vesicle will also help determine which species survive in different bodies of water. Deep lakes that experience winter mixing expose the cells to the hydrostatic pressure generated by the full water column. This will select for species with narrower, stronger gas vesicles.
The cell achieves its height in the water column by synthesising gas vesicles. As the cell rises up, it is able to increase its carbohydrate load through increased photosynthesis. Too high and the cell will suffer photobleaching and possible death, however, the carbohydrate produced during photosynthesis increases the cell's density, causing it to sink. The daily cycle of carbohydrate build-up from photosynthesis and carbohydrate catabolism during dark hours is enough to fine-tune the cell's position in the water column, bring it up toward the surface when its carbohydrate levels are low and it needs to photosynthesis, and allowing it to sink away from the harmful UV radiation when the cell's carbohydrate levels have been replenished. An extreme excess of carbohydrate causes a significant change in the internal pressure of the cell, which causes the gas vesicles to buckle and collapse and the cell to sink out.
Microcompartments
Bacterial microcompartments are widespread, membrane-bound organelles that are made of a protein shell that surrounds and encloses various enzymes. provide a further level of organization; they are compartments within bacteria that are surrounded by polyhedral protein shells, rather than by lipid membranes. These "polyhedral organelles" localize and compartmentalize bacterial metabolism, a function performed by the membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotes.
Carboxysomes
Carboxysomes are bacterial microcompartments found in many autotrophic bacteria such as Cyanobacteria, Knallgasbacteria, Nitroso- and Nitrobacteria. They are proteinaceous structures resembling phage heads in their morphology and contain the enzymes of carbon dioxide fixation in these organisms (especially ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, RuBisCO, and carbonic anhydrase). It is thought that the high local concentration of the enzymes along with the fast conversion of bicarbonate to carbon dioxide by carbonic anhydrase allows faster and more efficient carbon dioxide fixation than possible inside the cytoplasm. Similar structures are known to harbor the coenzyme B12-containing glycerol dehydratase, the key enzyme of glycerol fermentation to 1,3-propanediol, in some Enterobacteriaceae (e. g. Salmonella).
Magnetosomes
Magnetosomes are bacterial microcompartments found in magnetotactic bacteria that allow them to sense and align themselves along a magnetic field (magnetotaxis). The ecological role of magnetotaxis is unknown but is thought to be involved in the determination of optimal oxygen concentrations. Magnetosomes are composed of the mineral magnetite or greigite and are surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. The morphology of magnetosomes is species-specific.
Endospores
Perhaps the best known bacterial adaptation to stress is the formation of endospores. Endospores are bacterial survival structures that are highly resistant to many different types of chemical and environmental stresses and therefore enable the survival of bacteria in environments that would be lethal for these cells in their normal vegetative form. It has been proposed that endospore formation has allowed for the survival of some bacteria for hundreds of millions of years (e.g. in salt crystals) although these publications have been questioned. Endospore formation is limited to several genera of gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus and Clostridium. It differs from reproductive spores in that only one spore is formed per cell resulting in no net gain in cell number upon endospore germination. The location of an endospore within a cell is species-specific and can be used to determine the identity of a bacterium. Dipicolinic acid is a chemical compound which composes 5% to 15% of the dry weight of bacterial spores and is implicated in being responsible for the heat resistance of endospores. Archaeologists have found viable endospores taken from the intestines of Egyptian mummies as well as from lake sediments in Northern Sweden estimated to be many thousands of years old.
References
Further reading
Cell Structure and Organization
External links
Animated guide to bacterial cell structure.
Bacteria
Bacteriology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial%20cell%20structure |
Marijus Mikutavičius (born 19 April 1971), known better as Marijonas Mikutavičius, is a Lithuanian singer, musician and songwriter, a television journalist, a comedian and a talk show host from Vilnius. He is best known for his sports anthem Trys Milijonai as well as an official Eurobasket 2011 song Celebrate Basketball and for representing his country at Eurovision Song Contest 2006 as part of LT United.
Early life and education
Born in Lazdijai, at the age of nine Mikutavičius moved with the family to Vilnius where he later entered, and in 1994 graduated the Faculty of Communication of the Vilnius University as a master in journalism.
Career
While studying at the university, Mikutavičius worked for periodicals and as a Vakaro žinios (Evening News) reporter for Lithuanian television. He also played in a rock band Bovy, which toured around Europe and sang in Scandinavian countries, Germany, and Eastern Europe, and gained recognition as the best vocalist at the Liepājas dzintars (Liepāja's amber) music festival in 1995.
He has been working as a screenwriter and a participant in a variety of programs, usually youth oriented, on Lithuanian National Radio and Television and on major commercial TV channels LNK and Lithuanian TV3. He has hosted Vakaras su Marijonu (An Evening with Marijonas), a talk show on LNK. He also works as a Lietuvos rytas daily (Lithuanian Morning) correspondent.
Mikutavičius is the author of a number of hit songs which stand at the top of the music charts in Lithuania. As the author of the popular song Trys Milijonai, he became a Bravo 2000 music award winner (Bravo is a Lithuanian analogue of BRIT Awards voted by the music industry people); he is also a recipient of the Radiocentras music award (voted by the listeners).
In 2004, a Lithuanian music recording company "Intervid" released his album Pasveikinkit vieni kitus (Greeting Each Other), which included two versions of "Trys Milijonai". This album reached the platinum award for sales in Lithuania (sold 20,000 copies early in 2004 and more than 30,000 copies by 2005). In February and March 2005, saw a controversy in the media, which arose from the rumors that Mikutavičius apparently, unilaterally sold the rights of the song for five years to "Intervid".
Albums
"Lengvas būdas mesti klausytis" ("Easy Way to Stop Listening") (2014)
"Baigėme mokyklą" ("We Finished School") (2008)
"Pasveikinkit vieni kitus" ("Greet Each Other") (2004)
Singles
"Velnias, man patinka Kalėdos" ("Damn, I Like Christmas")
"Pakeliui Namo" ("On Our Way Home")
"Aš miręs" ("I'm Dead")
"Trys Milijonai" ("Three Million"), a hit song; the official song for Lithuania at the Sydney Olympic Games and a popular unofficial Lithuanian sports anthem
"Nebetyli Sirgaliai" (Celebrate Basketball), a hit song; which is extremely catchy; the official basketball anthem for the 2011 Basketball Euro Championships (hosted in Lithuania); represent the nation's faith and passion for Basketball
External links
Marijonas Mikutavičius biography
Marijonas "Pasveikinkit vieni kitus" introduction, The Baltic Times, early 2004
Intervid: Marijonas "Pasveikinkit vieni kitus" album
Marijonas Mikutavicius's Unofficial Fan Website
1971 births
Living people
Journalists from Vilnius
21st-century Lithuanian male singers
Lithuanian pop singers
Lithuanian television presenters
Musicians from Vilnius
People from Lazdijai
Vilnius University alumni
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2006
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Lithuania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijonas%20Mikutavi%C4%8Dius |
Ahmose-Meritamun (or Ahmose-Meritamon) was a Queen of Egypt during the early Eighteenth Dynasty. She was both the older sister and the wife of Pharaoh Amenhotep I. She died fairly young and was buried in tomb TT358 in Deir el-Bahari.
Biography
Ahmose-Meritamun was the royal daughter of Ahmose I and Ahmose Nefertari, and became the Great Royal Wife of her younger brother Amenhotep I, pharaoh of Ancient Egypt in the Eighteenth Dynasty.
Meritamun took over the role of God's Wife of Amun from her mother Ahmose Nefertari. Other titles recorded for Meritamun include: lady of the two lands (nbt-t3wy), (Great) King's Wife (ḥmt-nswt(-wrt)), mistress of the entire two lands (ḥnwt-tꜣwy-tm), god's wife (ḥmt-ntr), united with the white crown (ẖnmt-nfr-ḥḏt), king's daughter (sꜣt-nswt), and king's sister (snt-niswt).
The title king's mother (mwt-niswt) is also recorded in later sources, even though she was never the mother of a king.
A limestone statue of this queen was discovered by Giovanni Belzoni while he was working in Karnak in 1817.
Ahmose-Meritamun is depicted in the tomb of Inherkau (TT359) which dates to the 20th Dynasty as one of the "Lords of the West". She is shown in the top row behind Queen Ahhotep I and in front of Queen Sitamun.
Death and burial
Her remains were discovered at Deir el-Bahri in TT358 in 1930 by Herbert Eustis Winlock. Her mummy was found in two cedarwood coffins and a cartonage outer case. Her mummy had been rewrapped and reburied by priests who had found her tomb that had been vandalized by robbers. It appears that she died when she was relatively young, with evidence of being afflicted with arthritis and scoliosis.
The outer coffin (now in the Egyptian Museum, JE 53140) is over 10 ft in size and is made from cedar planks which are joined and carved to a uniform thickness throughout the coffin. The eyes and eyebrows are inlaid with glass. The body is carefully carved with chevrons painted in blue to create the illusion of feathers. The coffin was covered in gold which had been stripped in antiquity. The inner coffin was smaller, but still over 6 ft tall. The inner coffin had also been covered in gold but stripped of this precious metal. The mummy had been carefully rewrapped during the reign of Pinedjem I. Inscriptions record that the linen used in the reburial was made in year 18 of Pinedjem by the High Priest of Amun Masaharta, son of Pinedjem I. The reburial took place in year 19, month 3 of the winter, day 28.
In April 2021 her mummy was moved from the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities to National Museum of Egyptian Civilization along with those of 3 other queens and 18 kings in an event termed the Pharaohs' Golden Parade.
See also
Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt Family Tree
References
16th-century BC Egyptian women
16th-century BC clergy
Queens consort of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Ancient Egyptian mummies
Amenhotep I
Children of Ahmose I
Ancient Egyptian priestesses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmose-Meritamun |
In music, a sequence is the restatement of a motif or longer melodic (or harmonic) passage at a higher or lower pitch in the same voice. It is one of the most common and simple methods of elaborating a melody in eighteenth and nineteenth century classical music (Classical period and Romantic music). Characteristics of sequences:
Two segments, usually no more than three or four
Usually in only one direction: continually higher or lower
Segments continue by same interval distance
It is possible for melody or harmony to form a sequence without the other participating.
There are many types of sequences, each with a unique pattern. Listed below are some examples.
Melodic sequences
In a melody, a real sequence is a sequence where the subsequent segments are exact transpositions of the first segment, while a tonal sequence is a sequence where the subsequent segments are diatonic transpositions of the first. The following passage from J.S. Bach demonstrates both kinds of sequence at work:
Note: In the example image above, the annotation "the intervals in the second sequence are the same as in the first" is not entirely correct. The descending pitches in the first segment (G to A), have different intervals than in the second segment (C to D). The difference being in the last three pitches (C, B, A versus F, E, D). We have whole-step + half-step intervals in the first, and half-step + whole-step in the second.
A rhythmic sequence is the repetition of a rhythm with free use of pitches: A modified sequence is a sequence where the subsequent segments are decorated or embellished so as to not destroy the character of the original segment: A false sequence is a literal repetition of the beginning of a figure and stating the rest in sequence: A modulating sequence is a sequence that leads from one tonal center to the next, with each segment technically being in a different key in some sequences: The above passage starts in F major and modulates to Bb major and then, via the chord of G, to C major. Sometimes sequential passages combine more than one of the above characteristics. In the third and fourth bars of the “Air” from J.S. Bach’s Orchestral Suite No. 3 in D major, the violin part forms a tonal sequence with the notes modified to fit the harmony, while the intervals in the bass line are unchanged, creating a real sequence. The whole passage also forms a modulating sequence, starting in D major and moving through E minor at the start of the fourth bar:
A sequence can be described according to its direction (ascending or descending in pitch) and its adherence to the diatonic scale—that is, the sequence is diatonic if the pitches remain within the scale, or chromatic (or non-diatonic) if pitches outside of the diatonic scale are used and especially if all pitches are shifted by exactly the same interval (i.e., they are transposed). The non-diatonic sequence tends to modulate to a new tonality or to cause temporarily tonicization.
At least two instances of a sequential pattern—including the original statement—are required to identify a sequence, and the pattern should be based on several melody notes or at least two successive harmonies (chords). Although stereotypically associated with Baroque music, and especially the music of Antonio Vivaldi, this device is widespread throughout Western music history.
Ritornellos and the amplification from melodies to Baroque lyrics are often built from sequences.
Harmonic sequences
Descending fifths
Descending fifths sequences, also known as "circle of fifths" sequences, are the most commonly used types of sequences, singular extended in some works of Claudio Monteverdi and Heinrich Schütz. It usually consists of a series of chords whose bass or "root" notes follow a pattern of descending fifths (or ascending fourths).
For example, if a descending fifths sequence in C major starts with the note C, the next note will be F, a perfect fifth below the first note. The next few notes will be B, E, A, D and so on, following a pattern of descending fifths.
Ascending fifths
The ascending fifths sequence, contrary to the descending fifths sequence, consists of a pattern of ascending fifths (or descending fourths). It is much less common than the descending fifths sequence.
Descending 5-6
The descending 5-6 sequences, also known as descending third sequences, consist of a series of chords whose root notes descend by a third each sequential repetition.
The sequence is almost never unadorned as shown above, but is generally filled in with intervening chords. The standard way of filling in this descending thirds pattern is to interpolate a first inversion chord in between each of these descents by thirds. The result is a bass line that moves down continuously stepwise, resulting in a figured bass of '5-6', and therefore, the standard descending 5-6 sequence.
An important subtype of the descending 5-6 sequence is the root position variant, also known as the Pachelbel sequence, due to the use of this sequence in Pachelbel's Canon. The Pachelbel sequence changes the first inversion chords in the descending 5-6 sequence to root position chords, resulting in a bass pattern that moves down a fourth, and then up stepwise.
Ascending 5-6
The ascending 5-6 sequence, like the ascending fifths sequence, adorns a stepwise ascent. It follows a root movement pattern of down a third (usually to a first inversion chord sharing the same bass note as the first note) followed by a root movement up a fourth. This is often accomplished through an alternation of root position and first inversion chords. The figured bass is the same as the descending 5-6 sequence, but the bass itself follows an ascending pattern rather than a descending pattern.
The use of a similar 5-6 pattern outside of sequence is fairly common and is called 5-6 technique.
Less common sequences
The Sound of Music (also known as Rosalia) sequence features root movement up a fourth followed by root movement down a third. Both chords are in root position. The sequence is very similar to the ascending 5-6 sequence since it also allows for an overall stepwise ascent between parallel triads, much like the ascending 5-6.
The “Sisyphus Sequence” (term coined by John H. Benson, professor of Music Theory at Lawrence University), is an ascending sequence. It sounds like a ball being rolled up a hill, as described in the story of Sisyphus in Greek Mythology.
Examples
A well-known popular example of a threefold descending fifths diatonic sequence is found in the refrain from the Christmas carol "Angels We Have Heard on High," as illustrated immediately below ("Glo...ria in excelsis Deo"). The one-measure melodic motive is shifted downward at the interval of a second, and the harmonic aspect does so likewise by following the circle of fifths :
The following threefold ascending 5-6 chromatic (non-diatonic) sequence occurs in the duet of Abubeker and Fatima from Act III of César Cui's opera Prisoner of the Caucasus (compare a similar passage in the famous Rodgers and Hammerstein song "Do-Re-Mi," composed almost exactly 100 years later) :
Handel's "For Unto Us a Child is Born" (HWV 56) relies quite heavily on both melodic and harmonic sequencing, as can be seen in the following excerpt. In this vocal reduction, the soprano and alto lines reiterate a florid two-beat melodic motif for three and a half bars in a series of melodic sequences on the word "born." More subtle, though still present, is the underlying ascending 5-6 harmonic sequence.
Other examples include Handel's "Ev'ry valley shall be exalted" ("exalted") from Messiah, the opening unison ritornello of J.S. Bach's D-minor harpsichord concerto. Another can be found in Arcangelo Corelli's sonata de camera gigue in Em. Here the composer sequences up in pitch after cadencing on a V.
See also
Chord progression
Imitation (music)
Melodic pattern
Ostinato
References
Melody
Harmony
Repetition (music) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence%20%28music%29 |
Texmaker is a cross-platform open-source LaTeX editor with an integrated PDF viewer. It is entirely a Qt app. Texmaker supports Linux, macOS and Windows systems and integrates many tools needed to develop documents with LaTeX.
Features
The editor includes full Unicode support, inline spell checking, auto-completion, code folding and rectangular block selection. Regular expressions are also supported for the find-and-replace actions.
Texmaker includes wizards for the following tasks:
Generate a new document or a letter or a tabular environment.
Create tables, tabulars, figure environments, and so forth.
Export a LaTeX document via TeX4ht (HTML or ODT format).
Some of the LaTeX tags and mathematical symbols can be inserted in one click and users can define an unlimited number of snippets with keyboard triggers.
Texmaker automatically locates errors and warnings detected in the log file after a compilation.
The integrated PDF viewer supports continuous, rotation and presentation mode. Direct and reverse synchronization between source TeX files and the resulting PDF file is supported via the SyncTeX support.
The Asymptote graphics language is also fully supported by Texmaker (for both editing and compilation).
See also
Comparison of TeX editors
TeXstudio (Fork of Texmaker, previously known as TeXmakerX)
References
External links
Texmaker website
OpenOffice.Org dictionaries
LaTeX-Community - Texmaker
Free TeX editors
Linux TeX software
TeX editors that use Qt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texmaker |
Venus is a genus of small to large saltwater clams in the family Veneridae, which is sometimes known as the Venus clams and their relatives. These are marine bivalve molluscs.
Etymology
The genus Venus is named after Venus, the Roman goddess of love and sexuality.
Taxonomy
However, some bivalves are still called Venus clams because they used to be in the genus Venus, though they are now placed in other genera: these include the species within the genus Mercenaria, and Pitar dione, the Venus shell described in sexual terms by Linnaeus.
Fossil records
The genus is known from the Cretaceous to the recent periods (age range: from 136.4 Mya to now). Fossils shells have been found all over the world. About 20 extinct species are known.
The family Veneridae
The family Veneridae contains over 400 known species, many of which are attractive and popular with shell-collectors.
The shells of venerids vary in shape, and include shells that are circular, triangular, and rectangular. Characteristically, Venus clams possess a porcelain-like inner shell layer, a complex tooth structure in the hinge, well-developed escutcheon and lunule, and a well-developed pallial sinus.
Veneridae colonize the sandy ocean bottom, and their populations are often dense and large. The Veneroida order typically has a folded gill structure which is well developed for filtering out small food particles.
Common name
The common names of clams in this genus often include the name Venus. A few species that still have "Venus" as part of their common name, but which are no longer in the genus Venus are:
Sunray Venus, Macrocallista nimbosa (Lightfoot)
Cross-barred Venus, Chione cancellata (Linnaeus)
Lady-in-waiting Venus, Chione intapurpurea (Conrad)
Imperial Venus, Lirophora latilirata (Conrad)
Grey pygmy Venus, Chione grus (Holmes)
Striped Venus clam, Chamelea gallina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Elegant Venus clam, Pitar dione (Linnaeus, 1758)
Species
The genus Venus contains these extant species:
Venus albina G. B. Sowerby II, 1853
Venus casina Linnaeus, 1758
Venus cassinaeformis (Yokoyama, 1926)
Venus chevreuxi Dautzenberg, 1891
Venus crebrisulca Lamarck, 1818
Venus declivis G. B. Sowerby II, 1853
Venus lyra Hanley, 1845
Venus nux Gmelin, 1791
Venus rosalina Rang, 1802: synonym of Venus crebrisulca Lamarck, 1818
Venus subrosalina Tomlin, 1923
Venus thomassini Fischer-Piette & Vukadinovic, 1977
Venus verdensis Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1906
Venus verrucosa Linnaeus, 1758
References
External links
Veneridae, Venus clams
Veneridae, Venus clam
Venus, Veneridae
AMNH Veneridae holdings
NC Sea Grant Seashells of NC Field Guide
NC Seashells
Veneridae
Bivalve genera
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Extant Valanginian first appearances | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus%20%28bivalve%29 |
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HNK Orijent is a football club from Sušak, the eastern part of the city of Rijeka, Croatia. The club was established under the name Orient in 1919. They compete in the Croatian Second Football League. It is a phoenix club of NK Orijent which ceased activities in 2014 due to financial difficulties. The club is resurrected the same year under the new name, HNK Orijent 1919, but in September 2022 club assembly decided to bring back an old name, HNK Orijent.
History
Orient
The club was founded in 1919 in Sušak, eastern part of the present day city of Rijeka, under the name Jugoslavenski Športski Klub Orient. At the time, Sušak was predominantly Croatian, while Fiume, the western part of the city, was predominantly Italian. According to the legend, during his time on journey to the United States, one of the club's founders saw a ship named Orient in the New York Harbor. After he came back, he suggested the new club to be named Orient, a suggestion which was later accepted. Although Orijent spent most of its history in lower tiers of Yugoslav and Croatian football, it was and still is popular among Sušak's population.
The club was disbanded by the communists in 1945 and refounded as FD Jedinstvo. The club's greatest success came in 1969 when they were the champions of Yugoslav Second League's Division West but were unable to win promotion through playoff. Orijent and city rivals Rijeka contested numerous derbies during the early 1970s. Other notable successes were quarter-finals of Yugoslav Cup in 1980–81 and 1982–83. Orijent played top tier football only once, during the season 1996–97 when they finished 14th and were relegated.
In June 2014, the club was liquidated due to its inability to service mounting debts. Shortly thereafter, the club was re-established and admitted to the fifth tier of the Croatian football league system for the start of the 2014–15 campaign. Over the following five seasons, they gained promotion on three occasions, reaching the Croatian Second Football League for the 2019–20 campaign.
Names
As regimes changed, Orijent was often forced to change its name. At various stages of its history the club was known as Jedinstvo, Primorac, Primorje and Budućnost. Finally, from 1953 onwards, the club carries the original name, Orijent in various forms (NK Orijent, HNK Orijent 1919, HNK Orijent).
In June 2014, the club was liquidated and shortly thereafter re-established under the new name, HNK Orijent 1919. In September 2022 club assembly decided to rename the club by leaving out 1919 as a year of its original formation, while the club emblem was decided to remain the same. The new name entered official HNS register on 6 October 2022.
Honours
Yugoslav Second League Winner (1):
1968–69 (West)
Croatian Republic Football League Winner (4):
1967–68 (West), 1983–84 (West), 1984–85 (West), 1985–86 (West)
Druga HNL Runner-up (2):
1993–94 (South), 1994–95 (West)
Prva B HNL Runner-up (1):
1995–96
First League of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County Winner (1):
2014–15
Yugoslav Cup Quarter-final (2):
1980–81, 1982–83
Croatian Football Cup Quarter-final (1):
1997–98
Current squad
Out on loan
Notable players
Notable managers
Ivan "Ðalma" Marković (1962)
Ivan "Ðalma" Marković (1968 – 69)
Marcel Žigante (1973 – 74)
Josip Skoblar (1979 – 81)
Ivan "Ðalma" Marković (1982 – 84)
Marijan Brnčić (1987 – 89)
Miloš Hrstić (1988 – 89)
Velimir Naumović (1989 – 91)
Mladen Vranković (1991 – 92)
Ivica Šangulin (1992 – 94)
Predrag Stilinović (1995 – 96)
Boris Tičić (July 1996 – March 97)
Drago Mamić (July 1997 – March 97)
Ilija Lončarević (March 1997 – June 97)
Rodion Gačanin (1999 – 2000)
Danilo Butorović (2014 – 2018)
Fausto Budicin (2019 – 2020)
Seasons
References
External links
NK Orijent at Nogometni leksikon
HNK Orijent
Football clubs in Rijeka
Football clubs in Croatia
Football clubs in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County
Defunct football clubs in Croatia
Sport in Rijeka
Association football clubs established in 1919
Football clubs in Yugoslavia
1919 establishments in Croatia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNK%20Orijent |
Eric Musselman (born November 19, 1964) is an American college basketball coach who is the current head men's basketball coach at the University of Arkansas. He is the former head coach of the Sacramento Kings and Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Between head coaching stints at Golden State and Sacramento, Musselman served as an assistant for the Memphis Grizzlies under Mike Fratello. He moved to the college coaching ranks in 2012 as an assistant at Arizona State. From 2014–19, he was the head coach for the Nevada Wolf Pack. The son of former NBA head coach Bill Musselman, Eric Musselman was a head coach in the Continental Basketball Association (CBA) before becoming an assistant coach with the Minnesota Timberwolves, Orlando Magic (under Chuck Daly and Doc Rivers), and Atlanta Hawks (under Lon Kruger).
Early life
High school
Musselman grew up in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and San Diego, California, before moving to suburban Cleveland, Ohio, where he attended Brecksville-Broadview Heights High School in Brecksville, a suburb about 15 miles south of Cleveland. There, he played on the same high school basketball team as former NBA player Scott Roth and former NFL Pro Bowl punter/quarterback Tom Tupa.
College playing career
Musselman graduated from the University of San Diego, where he played basketball for Jim Brovelli and Hank Egan, both of whom would later work as NBA assistants. While Musselman was at USD (1983–87), the Toreros compiled a 77–36 record. He was a member of the 1986–87 team that compiled a 24–6 record, the best in school history. The Toreros lost to Auburn University in the first round of the NCAA tournament, 62–61. Among Musselman's teammates at USD were Scott Thompson, a 7-foot center who was drafted in the fourth round by the Washington Bullets in the 1987 NBA draft, and Mike Whitmarsh, who won a silver medal in beach volleyball at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.
Musselman was a fifth-round CBA draft choice of the Albany Patroons in 1987.
Coaching career
Early coaching career (1989–1997)
In the CBA, Musselman posted a 270–122 record (.688), marking the second highest winning percentage in league history behind George Karl, who coached for five seasons in the CBA.
Musselman began his CBA career in 1988 as the general manager of the Rapid City Thrillers, a franchise his father Bill had coached to three consecutive CBA titles during the 1980s. His first week on the job, he hired Flip Saunders as the team's head coach. Saunders, who was recruited by Bill Musselman when Bill was the head coach at the University of Minnesota during the early 1970s, would go on to be one of the winningest coaches in CBA history before moving to the NBA as coach of the Minnesota Timberwolves.
In the 1989–90 season, at age 24, Musselman became the Thrillers head coach. The following season, Musselman joined his father Bill's staff on the NBA's Minnesota Timberwolves as assistant coach making him the youngest front-bench assistant coach in NBA history. Prior to joining the Thrillers, Musselman worked for the NBA's Los Angeles Clippers as an assistant to General Manager Elgin Baylor and Barry Hecker, the team's director of scouting.
From 1990–1997, Musselman had 24 players called up to the NBA, the highest number in the league during that span. He holds the distinction of being the only person in CBA history to coach in five league All-Star Games (1990, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1997) and was the first coach in professional basketball history to win 100 games by the age of 28. When he was 23, Musselman became the youngest coach in CBA history.
Musselman also served as head coach of the Florida Sharks of the United States Basketball League (USBL). In the summers of 1995 and 1996, he coached the Sharks to a combined 53–3 record (.946, including playoffs) and back-to-back USBL Championships. Musselman was selected as USBL Coach of the Year in 1996. He holds the highest winning percentage in league history.
Orlando Magic, Atlanta Hawks assistant (1998–2002)
Musselman was an assistant coach for the Orlando Magic from 1998 to 2000 under Chuck Daly and Doc Rivers who would go on to be named NBA Coach of the Year in the 1999-00 season, then also for the Atlanta Hawks from 2000 to 2002 under Lon Kruger.
Golden State Warriors (2002–2004)
In 2002, Musselman was named the head coach of the Golden State Warriors, a position he held for two years. He finished as runner-up to San Antonio's Gregg Popovich in NBA Coach of the Year Award voting in 2002–2003 with 231 points, including 26 first-place votes. That season, under Musselman's guidance, the Warriors, for the first time in nearly a decade, reached the .500 mark late in the season, holding a record of 30–30 on March 4, 2003. In Musselman's rookie season, his club finished 38–44, the most wins in more than 10 years.
Despite numerous injuries and the loss of the team's top two players in Gilbert Arenas (signed with Washington) and Antawn Jamison (traded to Dallas), the team still finished 37–45 under his direction during the 2003–2004 season. In two seasons as head coach in Golden State, Musselman compiled a 75–89 record. Nevertheless, he was let go after the 2004 season ended when Chris Mullin took over as the team's general manager.
Musselman's .457 winning percentage with Golden State ranks 10th all-time among Warriors coaches, behind Steve Kerr (.709 through 2019–2020), Neil Johnson (.617), Frank McGuire (.613), George Senesky (.551), Bill Sharman (.534), Al Attles (.518), Don Nelson (.487), Mark Jackson (.473) and George Lee (.470).
Memphis Grizzlies assistant (2004–2006)
After his two seasons as head coach of the Golden State Warriors, Musselman was an assistant coach for the Memphis Grizzlies under Mike Fratello from 2004 to 2006.
Sacramento Kings (2006–2007)
On June 2, 2006, Musselman was named head coach of the Sacramento Kings, replacing Rick Adelman. Four months into the job, on October 21, 2006, Musselman was cited for DUI in Sacramento. At the time, Musselman said, "Alcohol has never been a big part of my life. I don't allow it in my house. My sons have never seen me take a sip of anything." According to , a sports columnist for The Sacramento Bee, "[Musselman] drinks so infrequently, in fact, that he can count the number of beers he consumes per month."
In the first month of the season (November 2006) with Musselman at the helm, the Kings went 8–5. But the team slumped in December and January, posting a 10–21 record before going 7–6 in February 2007. The Kings finished 33–49 on the season.
Musselman was fired by Sacramento President of Basketball Operations Geoff Petrie on April 20, 2007.
Musselman's .402 winning percentage with Sacramento ranks fourth all-time among Kings coaches, behind Rick Adelman (.633), Reggie Theus (.415) and Garry St. Jean (.403).
NBA D-League (2010–2012)
On August 11, 2010, Musselman was named head coach of the NBA Development League's Reno Bighorns. Under his watch, several players, including Marcus Landry, Jeremy Lin, Courtney Fortson, Donald Sloan and Hassan Whiteside were called up to the NBA and the Bighorns finished 34–16 and first in the D-League Western Conference.
Musselman was named head coach of the Los Angeles D-Fenders on August 18, 2011. Sports Illustrated called Musselman one of the "best teachers" in the D-League. During the 2011–12 season, he guided the team to a 38–12 record, the best mark in league history. The D-Fenders, who finished with the best defensive FG percentage in the league, advanced to the D-League finals before losing to the Austin Toros, in a three-game series. In April 2012, Musselman was named the 2011–12 D-League Coach of the Year. A month later, in May 2012, the D-Fenders were named the 2011–12 NBA D-League Development Champion, which recognizes "the team that best embodies the NBA D-League's goals of developing NBA basketball talent via call-ups and assignments."
Arizona State assistant (2012–2014)
Under Herb Sendek, Musselman was assistant coach at Arizona State in the 2012–13 season, then was promoted to associate head coach in 2013. In two seasons with the Sun Devils, Musselman helped ASU to the NIT Tournament in 2013 and the NCAA tournament in 2014. The team went 21–12 in both seasons.
LSU assistant (2014–2015)
In June 2014, Musselman became associate head coach at LSU under Johnny Jones. In Musselman's one season with the Tigers, LSU went 22–10 and reached the NCAA tournament, losing to North Carolina State, 66–65, in the first round.
Nevada (2015–19)
On March 25, 2015, the University of Nevada, Reno hired Musselman as head coach for the Nevada Wolf Pack team.
In early March 2016, Bleacher Report named Musselman the Mountain West Coach of the Year after guiding the Wolf Pack to an 18–12 record, a 9-win improvement over the previous season. The team's winning percentage jumped from 31 to 60, which ranked as the 11th best improvement nationally.
Following the 2015–16 season, UNR was invited to play in the College Basketball Invitational (CBI), winning its first three games to improve its season record to 21–12 and advance to the CBI championship series vs Morehead State. According to Chris Murray, a reporter who covered the team for the Reno Gazette-Journal, "No coach in Nevada basketball history has done a better job of getting everything out of the talent on the roster. It might be the best coaching job in Wolf Pack hoops history."
Nevada's 2016 recruiting class was ranked as the 35th best in the nation by 247Sports.
Musselman's 2016–17 Wolf Pack team went 14–4 in conference play to win the Mountain West regular season title. The team also won the 2017 MWC postseason tournament championship to earn a bid in the NCAA men's basketball tournament. Nevada, Reno finished 28–7 overall for the season, tied for the second-most wins in school history.
In December 2017, Musselman's Nevada team was ranked in the top 25, the first time since 2007 that the Wolf Pack had ranked among the top 25 teams nationally. Musselman was named 2017–18 Mountain West Coach of the Year after guiding the Wolf Pack to a 15–3 conference record and the MWC regular season title. He was also named the Coach of the Year for District 17 by the National Association of Basketball Coaches. The team set a school record for most wins in a season.
In March 2018, Nevada, Reno was announced as an at-large selection for the NCAA men's basketball tournament as a seventh seed. In their first round game, the Wolf Pack came back from 14 points down to defeat Texas, 87–83. In Round 2, Nevada rallied from a 22-point deficit to upset second-seeded Cincinnati, 75–73, propelling the Wolf Pack to its second Sweet 16 appearance in school history.
During the 2017–18 season, Nevada, Reno finished 12–3 in true road games. Those 12 victories were a single-season school record and tied for most in the country.
In May 2018 Musselman and staff signed ESPN's 31st ranked recruit in the 2018 class Jordan Brown. Brown became the highest-ranked recruit to commit to Nevada since Reno native Luke Babbitt pledged to play for his local school in 2008.
On September 5, 2018, the Nevada, Reno athletics department announced that season tickets for the upcoming men's basketball season were officially sold out.
To start the 2018–19 season, Nevada, Reno was ranked #7 in the preseason Associated Press poll and #9 in the USA Today Coaches Poll. It is the highest ranking in school history for the Wolf Pack. The previous top ranking was #9 on Feb. 26, 2007. Additionally, the #7 ranking was the highest preseason ranking in Mountain West Conference history. The Nevada, Reno Wolf Pack finished the year ranked in the Associated Press Top 25 all 20 weeks of the college basketball season, with the highest ranking in school history coming in week 4 with a #5 AP ranking.
On November 6, Nevada, Reno opened the season with an 86–70 victory over BYU. Caroline scored a game-high 25 points, with 21 coming in the second half. Nevada, Reno opened the season with the only starting lineup in college basketball consisting of all fifth-year seniors.
On November 27, the wolf pack avenge their Sweet 16 loss in March to Loyola-Chicago by defeating Loyola, 79–65, in Chicago. The Pack, now ranked No. 5 in the country, was led by Caleb Martin (21 points) and Cody Martin (20 points).
A week later, Nevada, Reno rallied in the 2nd half to defeat #20 Arizona State 72–66 in the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. In front of the 12th-largest crowd in Lawlor Events Center History, the Wolf Pack honored its Seniors beating San Diego State 81–53, and earning its third straight Mountain West Conference regular season title.
The Pack became the third team in Mountain West Conference history to win three straight regular season conference titles.
Nevada, Reno's 2018–19 season shattered the all-time attendance record at Lawlor Events Center. The season total of 163,169 broke the former record set in 2005-06 of 150,674, and doing it in 3 less games. Additionally, the average home game attendance of 10,878, broke the record set previous year (2017–18), of 9,048.
Musselman joined Mark Few (Gonzaga), Dave Rose (BYU), Steve Fisher (SDSU), Steve Alford (New Mexico), and Shaka Smart (VCU), as recent mid-major coaches with four-year spans of 25+ wins per season, 3+ tournament appearances, 2+ tournament wins, and at least one week in AP Top 10.
After finishing the year with an overall record of 29–5, Musselman received one vote for AP Coach of the Year (tied 11th).
Arkansas Razorbacks (2019 - present)
Musselman was named Arkansas head coach on April 7, 2019.
His team got off to an 8-0 start heading into December, the school's best start to a season since the 1997–98 season. The Razorbacks went 11–1 in non-conference play going in to their conference schedule. They headed into SEC play with a 71–64 win on the road at Indiana University. Arkansas defeated TCU 78–67 at home in the mid season SEC vs Big 12 Challenge. Arkansas at that point had gone 3–3 in SEC play with wins over Vandy and Texas A&M at home, and Ole Miss on the road. Losses were to LSU and MSU on the road, and a loss at home to Kentucky. Arkansas was 16–5 (4–4) when they lost their 2nd leading scorer for a five game stretch, where they posted a 0–5 record. At full strength over the final six games, the Razorbacks finished the season 4–2. Musselman, in his first year at Arkansas recruited the fifth and sixth-ranked recruiting class in the nation according to ESPN.com and 247sports.com respectively.
The season was cut short after a Wednesday victory at the 2020 SEC tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic concerns. The Razorbacks ended their season with a 20–12 record overall marking Musselman's fifth straight season with 20 or more wins.
Following the 2019–20 season, Musselman and staff reeled in the No. 3 ranked transfer recruiting class after three top 25 ranked graduate transfers signed with the Razorbacks.
Late in the 2020–21 season, his Razorbacks cracked the Top 25 for the first time since January 2018 and then hosted No. 6 Alabama as the No. 20 ranked team, the first matchup of ranked teams inside Bud Walton Arena since February 1998. On March 8, 2021, the Razorbacks entered the top 10 of the AP poll for the first time since February 1995, checking in at No. 8 heading into the postseason. Musselman was named one of 10 semifinalists for the 2021 Werner Ladder Naismith Men's Coach of the Year. Musselman entered the 2021 NCAA tournament as a #3 Seed, the highest seed for Arkansas since the 1995 Runner-Up team. On March 21, 2021, Musselman led Arkansas to its first Sweet 16 since 1996 in a 2-point win over 6-seed Texas Tech. Musselman ended the Cinderella run of 15-seed Oral Roberts on March 27, 2021, to advance Arkansas to its first Elite 8 since 1995. The Razorbacks finished the season ranked #10 in the final AP Men's Basketball Poll and #6 in the USA Today Coaches Poll.
On February 8, 2022, his team knocked off No. 1 Auburn in front of a Bud Walton Arena record 20,327 in attendance. As Arkansas had not beaten a number 1 team at BWA, the students rushed the court, resulting in Arkansas paying a $250,000 fine. Arkansas entered the 2022 NCAA tournament as #4 seed. Arkansas beat New Mexico State to be the only SEC program to advance to the Sweet 16 of the 2022 NCAA tournament. Musselman followed that by knocking off #1 overall ranked Gonzaga to advance to the Elite 8, making the first time an Arkansas coach took the Razorbacks to back-to-back Elite 8 appearances since Nolan Richardson in 1994 and 1995. The Razorbacks would fall in the Elite 8 to Duke in head coach Mike Krzyzewski's 43rd and final season. Arkansas finished ranked #17 in the final AP Poll and #8 in the final USA Today Coaches Poll. His coaching career at Arkansas was further propelled into success with his 2022 recruiting class, which featured several five-star recruits like Anthony Black (basketball), Nick Smith Jr., and Jordan Walsh.
On March 18, 2023, Musselman's 8th-seeded Razorbacks knocked off No. 1 overall seed and defending national champion Kansas in the Round of 32 to advance to the Sweet 16 for a third consecutive season. They would lose to eventual national champion UConn in the regional semifinals in Las Vegas.
Head coaching record
NBA
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Golden State
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||38||44|||| style="text-align:center;"|6th in Pacific||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Golden State
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||37||45|||| style="text-align:center;"|5th in Pacific||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Sacramento
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||33||49|||| style="text-align:center;"|5th in Pacific||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed playoffs
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
|246||108||138|||| ||—||—||—||—
College
Others
Coaching style
On his blog, Musselman wrote about the importance of matching an offense to the "team's make up." Depending on the roster, a half-court offense might make more sense. In other cases, a team may be better suited for an "open offense." According to Musselman, the idea is to allow players to "play to their strengths."
As head coach of the Golden State Warriors, Musselman would often use "three-guard rotations to create mismatches and fast-break opportunities for his club." As head coach of the Venezuela National Team, Musselman said his team's identity was that of a "fast-paced, up-tempo team."
According to former NBA coach Jeff Van Gundy, Musselman is "as competitive of a guy as I've ever coached against. He's a brilliant offensive mind."
According to University of Kentucky head coach John Calipari, "Eric is one of the best in our sport. Extremely driven and knowledgeable. I've watched and coached against him in the NBA and FIBA games. He has an uncanny feel for the game, and ability to read where the game is at. More importantly, is his ability to motivate and teach his players what it takes to improve and win. He is as good as it gets."
Developing players
In an August 2011 interview on NBA.com, Musselman said that, as a coach, "you have to continually figure out a way to get your players better." According to Gerald Green, who played for Musselman with the D-League's Los Angeles D-Fenders in 2012, Musselman "did a hell of a job really motivating me, really pushing me every day in practice when I was with L.A. I have to give him credit [for improving my game]." Green said that Musselman "rode me about staying focused. Don’t take even a second off of any play. Don’t take any plays off. Don’t take practice for granted."
Like Green, Jeremy Lin has also credited Musselman with aiding his development. In February 2012, Lin said that when he played for Musselman in the D-League, "he gave me the opportunity to play through mistakes."
Gregory Echenique, who played for Musselman on the Venezuela National Team in 2011, said Musselman "had the most energy of any coach I've ever been around. He had a problem with his Achilles, and he would throw his crutches down and literally crawl to get after you. From the first day we met him to when we left him, his intensity never changed. It didn't matter who you were — he was in your face if he needed to be. At the same time, he was so positive. He always believed we could win. He was the guy that put the fire into us."
Kevin Martin, who played for Musselman with the Sacramento Kings in 2006–07, told NBA.com that Musselman helped him learn how to draw more fouls. According to Martin, Musselman "saw how teams were playing me and how they got up into me and told me to start absorbing that contact. He said I could score a lot more points in this league if I got to the free throw line. He put an emphasis on me night in night out with that part of the game. He was always pounding it into me and it paid off."
In a May 9, 2013, article by CBSSports.com college basketball writer Gary Parrish, Arizona State guard Jahii Carson credited Musselman with helping him develop as a player. "Coach Muss is a great guy with a lot of knowledge because he's coached a lot of great players", said Carson. "He's given me a lot of great advice … about what NBA people are looking for, about how NBA guys don't take days off, how they're always in the gym doing conditioning or something, always trying to better their games. A guy like me? I didn't know anything like that having never been around the NBA game. So, he's somebody who has helped me."
During the 2013–14 season, Musselman worked with Arizona State center Jordan Bachynski, helping the 7-foot-2 senior with his footwork. After the season, Bachynski earned Pac-12 Defensive Player of the Year honors.
Move to the college ranks
In October 2007, ESPN reported that Musselman had a desire to coach at the collegiate level. According to Andy Katz, senior college basketball writer for ESPN.com, "Musselman wants to coach in college and is starting the process of getting his name out among search committees so that he's a viable candidate in March."
In late December 2007, FOX Sports reported that Musselman was a likely candidate to replace 71-year-old Eddie Sutton at the University of San Francisco after this season. In January 2008, his name surfaced in press reports surrounding the head coaching position at Oregon State. In March 2008, Musselman's name surfaced in published reports about the California and Loyola Marymount head coaching positions.
On August 30, 2012, Andy Katz reported on ESPN.com's College Basketball Nation Blog that Arizona State University was in talks to hire Musselman as an assistant coach on Herb Sendek's staff. On September 2, 2012, Katz confirmed Musselman's hiring, describing it as a "bold move" and a "coup" for Sendek.
Former NBA coach Jeff Van Gundy predicted that Musselman will be an excellent recruiter "because of his competitive nature and what he has to sell. This is a guy who can tell kids exactly what it takes to play in the NBA."
Fifteen games into Arizona State's 2012–13 season, ESPN's Andy Katz wrote that "It's hard to ignore the difference [guard Jahii] Carson and assistant coach Eric Musselman are making at Arizona State." According to Katz, "The Sun Devils were painful to watch last season. Now, ASU has multiple options and while it still grinds out wins (see OT game in the 50s to beat Utah), the Sun Devils are 2-0 in the Pac-12 and 13-2 heading to the Oregon schools." On January 9, 2013, ESPN's Jason King wrote that "adding former NBA head coach Eric Musselman...to his staff has also been a huge plus for Sendek and his players." Quoted in King's story, Arizona State center Jordan Bachynski said, "When [Musselman and Greer] speak, guys listen, just because they have that credibility from being in the league. The way they approach the game … it's no BS. They say, 'This is how it's done. If you don't like it, you're not going to play.'"
In a radio interview after the 2012–13 season, Arizona State athletic director Steve Patterson said, "I think Eric's going to have opportunities to look at head coaching jobs. He's a very qualified coach. He did a great job, I think, teaching and working here."
In a March 26, 2013, post on the ESPN Los Angeles UCLA blog, Peter Yoon described Musselman as one of the "best under-the-radar candidates out there."
In May 2013, he was promoted to associate head coach. Musselman resigned from Sendek's staff in April 2014.
Following the 2013–14 season, Musselman was a candidate for the head coaching position at the University of California, Berkeley, the University of South Florida and Oregon State University.
International coaching
In July 2009, Musselman reportedly turned down an offer to coach Spartak St. Petersburg in Russia. On May 19, 2010, Musselman was named head coach of the Dominican Republic national basketball team.
At the 2010 Men's Centro Basketball Championship in July 2010, FIBA Americas' top regional tournament, Musselman guided the Dominican Republic team to the gold medal game, losing to Puerto Rico, 89–80, the team's only loss of the tournament (5–1). By finishing second at the Centro Basketball Championship, the Dominican Republic qualifies for the 2011 FIBA Americas Championship, a qualifying tournament for the FIBA World Championships and the Olympic Games.
In August 2010, Musselman coached the U.S. 2011 team to the gold medal at the Adidas Global Experience in Chicago. The 2011 team is composed of the top high school seniors in the U.S. The tournament featured the world's top 18-and-under players from five regions of the world: Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, and the United States. Musselman was the head coach of Team China at the 2009 Adidas Nations camp/tournament in Beijing, China.
In May 2011, the FIBA World Championship website reported that Musselman had interviewed for the head coaching position of the Puerto Rico men's national basketball team. Earlier that month, he was mentioned as a candidate for the Venezuela national basketball team. On June 15, 2011, Musselman was named head coach of the Venezuela national basketball team.
Under Musselman, Venezuela qualified for the 2012 World Pre-Olympic Qualifier by going 4–4 at the FIBA Americas 2011 Pre-Olympic Qualifier in Mar del Plata, Argentina. Venezuela was the top-scoring team in the tournament, averaging 94.8 points per game, 9 points more than the second highest-scoring team. Venezuela went 8–5 in international exhibition games ("friendlies") leading up to the tournament.
Musselman guided Venezuela to a runner-up (silver) finish at the 2012 FIBA Men's South American Championship, posting a 3–2 record. With the second-place finish, Venezuela advanced to the 2013 FIBA Americas Championship, qualifier to the 2014 FIBA World Championship. The team went 1–1 in the 2012 FIBA Olympic qualifying tournament, defeating the Nigeria national team, the team that ultimately advanced to the 2012 Summer Olympics. Venezuela was also 3–1 in friendly games and won the 2012 Super 4 in Puerto la Cruz, Venezuela.
Sports broadcasting career
From 2008 to 2010, he served as an NBA analyst for FOX Sports Radio and Clear Channel Radio, and as a color commentator for college basketball games on the regional sports network Comcast SportsNet California and for NBA Development League games on Versus. He's also worked as a basketball analyst for ESPN.
Blog
In November 2007, Musselman launched a blog called "Eric Musselman's Basketball Notebook." It features more than 1,200 posts about coaching and leadership. His last post was on March 20, 2009. Several of the posts from Musselman's blog were reposted on The Fifth Down, the New York Times' NFL blog.
Personal life
Musselman and his wife Danyelle Sargent, a former on-air personality and anchor for ESPN, FOX Sports, and the NFL Network, have a daughter together. Musselman has two sons from a previous marriage. Michael currently serves as the Director of Recruiting for University of Arkansas' Men's Basketball team. Matthew attends the University of San Diego. They live in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Musselman's sister, Nicole, is a fashion designer in Dallas, Texas.
References
External links
BasketballReference.com: Eric Musselman
Eric Musselman blog: Eric Musselman
1964 births
Living people
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Arizona State Sun Devils men's basketball coaches
Arkansas Razorbacks men's basketball coaches
Atlanta Hawks assistant coaches
Basketball coaches from Ohio
Basketball players from Ohio
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Continental Basketball Association coaches
Continental Basketball Association executives
Golden State Warriors head coaches
Los Angeles D-Fenders coaches
LSU Tigers men's basketball coaches
Memphis Grizzlies assistant coaches
Minnesota Timberwolves assistant coaches
Nevada Wolf Pack men's basketball coaches
Orlando Magic assistant coaches
People from Ashland, Ohio
Reno Bighorns coaches
Sacramento Kings head coaches
San Diego Toreros men's basketball players
United States Basketball League coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Musselman |
The Lion Red Cup was a New Zealand domestic rugby league competition that ran from 1994 to 1996 sponsored by brewers Lion Nathan. It was created due to the increase in public awareness of domestic rugby league due to the Auckland Warriors being accepted into the Winfield Cup. The competition was a huge success in its inaugural year, although it made a massive loss financially. Throughout its three-year history it continued to make a loss, eventually being scrapped by the New Zealand Rugby League.
Teams
The teams that participated were:
Seasons
Leading Scorers
References
External links
Zealand Competitions The Vault
Rugby league competitions in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion%20Red%20Cup |
"Another Day" is a song by American progressive metal band Dream Theater, released in their 1992 album Images and Words. It was released as the album's second and final single in 1993.
Background
The song was written by guitarist John Petrucci. He wrote it about his father, John Petrucci Sr. who was diagnosed with cancer. Petrucci Sr. would be the subject of another Dream Theater song, "Take Away My Pain" following his death. The video for Another Day follows the song's lyrics, with a father and son spending time together. MRI scans are visible in the background, tying in to the cancer theme.
Track listing
Personnel
Dream Theater
James LaBrie – lead vocals
John Petrucci – guitars, background vocals
Kevin Moore – keyboards
John Myung – bass
Mike Portnoy – drums, percussion
Additional musicians
Jay Beckenstein – soprano saxophone on "Another Day"
Production
David Prater – production, mixing
Doug Oberkircher – engineer, mixing
Steve Regina – assistant engineer
Ted Jensen – mastering at Sterling Sound, New York
Charts
References
Songs about death
Dream Theater songs
1992 songs
1993 singles
Heavy metal ballads
Songs written by John Petrucci
Atco Records singles
Songs written by Mike Portnoy
Songs written by James LaBrie
Songs written by John Myung | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another%20Day%20%28Dream%20Theater%20song%29 |
Androstanolone is an androgen and anabolic steroid medication and hormone which is used mainly in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men.
Androstanolone may also refer to:
5α-Dihydrotestosterone (5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one), an endogenous androgen
5β-Dihydrotestosterone (5β-androstan-17β-ol-3-one), an endogenous steroid
Androsterone (5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one), an endogenous androgen and neurosteroid
Epiandrosterone (5α-androstan-3β-ol-17-one), an endogenous androgen
Etiocholanolone (5β-androstan-3α-ol-17-one), an endogenous neurosteroid
Epietiocholanolone (5β-androstan-3β-ol-17-one), an endogenous steroid
See also
Androstenolone
Androstanediol
Androstanedione
Androstenediol
Androstanes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androstanolone%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Liquiçá (Tetum: Likisá) is a coastal city in East Timor, 32 km to the west of Dili, the national capital. Liquiçá is the capital of Liquiçá District. The city has a population of 5,005 inhabitants.
History
A part of the colonial administration of East Timor was arrested in Maubara and Liquiçá during the Japanese occupation of East Timor from 1942 - 1945. As a consequence the two towns where spared from the air raids which devastated the rest of the island.
On 6 April 1999, in the campaign of intimidation and violence that preceded the referendum for East Timorese independence, about 200 persons were killed in the Liquiçá Church Massacre, when members of the Besi Merah Putih militia, supported by Indonesian soldiers and police, attacked the parish church Igreja de São João de Brito. (The number of casualties is disputed by Indonesia).
During the leadup to the referendum on independence, most of the buildings in the city were destroyed. Only a few buildings from the Portuguese and Indonesian times remain.
Starting in 1999, it became the district headquarters for the International Police, assigned there by UNTAET, under the United Nations. It also was the home base of operations for the UNTAET Crime Scene Detachment.
Languages
Most of the inhabitants speak Tocodede.
Sights and architecture
The former Headquarters of the Administrator de Liquiçá, built in 1938 in a neoclassical style with a large porch with ten columns measuring 5 metres in height each, are one of the most impressive buildings in town. Nowadays, the building is used as an administration building of the municipality. The Primary School opposite the headquarters was built in the 1940s with four classrooms and one administration building.
The former Residence of the Administrator of Liquiçá was probably built before 1910 in a neoclassical style with an impressive staircase in front and a large garden with a pool behind. During the Indonesian occupation, it served as a residence of the Indonesian administrator. Opposite the building a small park was laid out with several pavilions.
The Office of the Deputy Secretary of the Administrator was built in a colonial style in carved stone in 1936. The building was renovated in 2016. It is currently used by the Ministry of Public Works. The former Municipal Market which is close by was built in the 1930s featuring a square plan. It had a corridor surrounded by small distribution outlets.
The former Municipal School, built before 1910 with stone masonry walls featuring two volumes, was the first school to be built in the district. It served as a military pharmacy during the Indonesian occupation.
Hotel Tokodede was probably built between 1930 and 1950 in a privileged area of the town where colonial officers overnighted. Its terrace still offers a beautiful view of the coconut tree-lined sandy beach of Liquiçá. The building is still used for social events.
The Parish Church of Liquiçá Igreja de São João de Brito which became famous because of the Liquiçá Church Massacre was built in 1946. The clock tower was added when the church was renovated in 2016.
The Customs House is a rectangular building of Portuguese origin whose exact date of construction remains unknown. It might have been built around the middle of the 20th century. The building consisting of two halls which is close to the beach was destroyed in 1999.
References
Timor-Leste at GeoHive
External links
Populated places in Liquiçá District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liqui%C3%A7%C3%A1 |
Diamond Village is a small farming village on the windward (East or Atlantic) side of St. Vincent, the main island of the archipelago nation of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
Diamond Village, often referred to as simply "Diamonds," is located in the Parish of Charlotte and is part of the South Central Windward Parliamentary Constituency. Located approximately 18 miles north-east of Kingstown, the capital of St. Vincent and the Grenadines, it actually takes about an hour to drive to or from Kingstown along the winding Windward Highway. Diamond Village proper has a population of approximately 500, although when grouped with small surrounding villages such as New Adelphi and Stinking Tree, the population increases to about 900. There is a primary school in the village, Diamond Government School, a district clinic, a post office, a small community center, two churches, and about 8 small shops. The majority of Diamond Village inhabitants are engaged in agriculture, specifically banana farming. However, as the profitability of bananas declines and the level of education increases, more young people are employed in the civil service in Kingstown.
Recently, Diamonites, the active youth group in the village, produced a documentary recounting the village's history through the oral histories of village elders. The documentary is entitled Connecting Generations: A History of Diamond Village.
Notes
Coordinates are estimated from a map provided by the St Vincent and the Grenadines Ministry of Tourism and Culture.
Populated places in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond%20Village%2C%20Saint%20Vincent%20and%20the%20Grenadines |
Arthur Mark Taylor (born March 1961 in Walton-on-Thames) is an animation director with the Bristol-based animation company A Productions. He created and directed the children's series Rubbish, King of the Jumble for ITV and was nominated for a BAFTA in 2002-03 for the BBC pre-school animation series Boo! which he directed. He is also credited as animation director on the CBeebies show Tweenies, on the CITV show Jim Jam & Sunny and on the DK and Disney series Amazing Animals as well as the HarperCollins video of village with three corners.
He is also credited on the Aardman Animations film Chicken Run for his work on the story reel.
Mark directed on the pre school show Driver Dan's Story Train which is currently shown on CBeebies, ABC in Australia, and on PBS Sprout in the US. He has written scripts for show under his writing name Art Taylor, as well as voicing the character 'red Vroom'.
He directed the second season of 52 x 11 minutes CG animated show Numtums for CBeebies.
In 2020 he directed the animated Sesame Street special "Monster at the end of this story" which is streaming on HBO Max. He is also credited as one of the exec producers.
External links
A Productions website
Driver Dan's Story Train on Cbeebies
The Numtums on Cbeebies
BAFTA nomination
References
1961 births
Living people
People from Walton-on-Thames
British animators
British animated film directors
Stop motion animators
British television directors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Taylor%20%28animation%20director%29 |
Paliki () is a peninsula and a former municipality on the island of Kefalonia, Ionian Islands, Greece. At the 2011 local government reform it became part of the municipality Kefalonia. In 2019 this municipality was divided into three municipalities, and the municipal unit Paliki became the only municipal unit of the new municipality Lixouri. The municipal unit has an area of 119.341 km2. The name comes from the ancient town of Pale/Pali, which was north of Lixouri and is now an archaeological site. The peninsula is the westernmost part of Kefalonia. The seat of the municipality was the town Lixouri (3,752).
Subdivisions
The municipal unit Paliki is subdivided into the following communities (that were independent municipalities and communities before the 1997 Kapodistrias reform, constituent villages in brackets):
Agia Thekla (Agia Thekla, Kalata)
Atheras
Chavdata
Chavriata
Damoulianata
Favatata
Kaminarata
Katogi (Mantzavinata, Vardianoi, Vouni)
Kontogenada
Kouvalata (Kouvalata, Livadi)
Lixouri (Lixouri, Agios Vasileios, Agios Dimitrios, Lepeda, Longos, Loukerata, Michalitsata)
Monopolata (Monopolata, Dellaportata, Parisata)
Rifi
Skineas (Skineas, Vlychata)
Soullaroi
Province
Pali Province () was one of the provinces of Cephalonia Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipal unit Paliki. It was abolished in 2006.
Geography
Paliki is a peninsula in the Ionian Sea, attached to mainland Cephalonia in the northeast. On the east side, the Gulf of Argostoli separates Paliki from Cephalonia. Mountains up to 500 m cover the western and northern part of the peninsula.
History
The oldest document which contains the name "Lixouri" was sent in 1534 by local authorities to the Senate of Venice. Many houses were destroyed in the earthquakes of January 23, 1867 and August 1953.
Sights
Iakovatios Library, the communal library with a small museum. Typical classic Ionian building from 19th century.
Former primary school near the harbour. Avant-garde 20th-century building from 1933, representing the modernist architecture movement in Greece
Pantokrator Church
A few ruins of ancient Pali in the north
Mania beach with beautiful untouched landscape
Mantzavinata - Agios Spyridon Church and classical house of the Vittoratos Family
Classical house of the Danelatos Family in Damoulianata
Agia Paraskevi Church in Atheras
Kipouria monastery
Vatsa Bay
Xi Beach
Homer's Ithaca
According to Robert Bittlestone's 2005 book Odysseus Unbound, Paliki was Homer's Ithaca, the home of Odysseus, the central figure in the Odyssey of Homer.
Persons
Andreas Laskaratos teacher, a satirical poet and writer
Spyridon Marinatos (1901–1974) archaeologist
References
External links
Official website
GTP Travel Pages - Paliki
Ministry of Culture
Populated places in Cephalonia
Provinces of Greece
Landforms of Cephalonia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paliki |
Crantz may refer to:
Creontius (fl. 771–786), Bavarian official and historian
Heinrich Johann Nepomuk von Crantz (1722–1799), Austrian botanist and a physician | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crantz |
The Indian Spitz is a spitz dog breed belonging to the utility group. The Indian Spitz was one of the most popular dogs in India in the 1980s and 1990s when India's import rules made it difficult to import dogs of other breeds.
History
The Indian Spitz was first introduced by the occupying British during the 19th century and thought to have descended from the German Spitz. After years of breeding, they were able to create a breed that could cope with the heat of Indian summers and retained the intelligence and adaptability of the German breed. Resembling a Samoyed and Pomeranian, the Indian Spitz was well-suited to the Indian climate and quickly became popular.
The Indian Spitz became popular due to restrictive import rules imposed by the Indian Government in the 1980s and 1990s. Foreign imports were hard to access, and Indians turned to the indigenous and local breeds. The Indian Spitz is similar to the European Spitz, though it has adapted to a warmer climate.
Appearance
Indian Spitzes are small dogs - around 33 cm (13 in) at the withers - with a soft chest, fair tail, and a milky white double coat. Their eyes have visible irises that can be green or blue, giving them an unusually expressive face.
The original Spitz was bred for hunting in cold conditions, and their white coloring reflects this. Although the same conditions are not found in India, their coloring is attractive and has remained through the years. Some can be white and brown.
Pointy fox-like ears make this breed especially expressive. Thick fur covers the outside of the ears and much of the inside as well, requiring extra attention when it comes to care and grooming.
The tail of an Indian Spitz curls over their back and is quite fluffy. Their legs are only slightly longer than their bodies, which makes their heads look large. Indian Spitzes may be one of the easiest dogs to live with, making them one of the most popular family dog among Indian breeds. They are easily housebroken and trained. Grooming and exercise are relatively low maintenance, and they are highly adaptable dogs. They are equally comfortable in small apartments and in large, open houses. However, they do need moderate exercise.
Size variations
Generally Indian Spitzes are divided into two categories, the Smaller Indian Spitz or Lesser Indian Spitz (roughly 5-7 kg in weight and 22-25 cm at the withers), and the Bigger Indian Spitz or Greater Indian Spitz (roughly 12-20 kg in weight and 35-45 cm at the withers).
The Indian Spitz is generally milky white but can also be found in solid colours like brown and sometimes (very rarely) a mix of black and white similar to the Pomeranian.
Grooming
While this breed likes to keep themselves clean, they need regular brushing to keep their long coats in good condition. Their bath schedules can range from twice a month to once a month, since their fur can easily dry out if bathed too often.
Shedding is a problem with Indian Spitz, as their European heritage means they get rid of their thick winter coat in the warmer months, characteristic of many Spitz breeds such as the Japanese Spitz, the Pomeranian or the Samoyed. Their coats are double layered, so proper grooming requires a double-row brush to reach the undercoat.
Being a dog with a double-layered coat, it is advised not to shave a matted Indian Spitz, as it can result in patchy hair growth.
Differences between the Pomeranian and Indian Spitz
The Indian Spitz often gets mistaken for a Pomeranian, a related spitz from Pomerania. However, they are quite distinct: the Indian Spitz has a shorter coat and is bigger. They share a lot of physical characteristics because they are very closely related, being only a few hundred years apart in lineage. A Pomeranian has rounded ears, a flatter face, weighs less (should not exceed 3–4 kg), and has a thicker coat. The Indian Spitz is bigger and heavier compared to Pomeranian. In spite of these differences, in India most people refer to the Spitz as a Pomeranian.
Some of the basic differences are as follows:
The Pomeranian is a Toy breed. It is lighter than even a Lesser Indian Spitz, both in height and weight, which typically weighs less than 10 pounds and is rarely over 12 inches in height.
The Pomeranian has a much flatter face than an Indian Spitz, which has a more conical snout.
The coat of a Pomeranian is generally denser and thicker. It is often difficult to see individual hairs. However, an Indian Spitz's coat is less dense and it is easier to see the individual hair follicles.
The Pomeranian's ears are generally not as pointed or elongated as that of an Indian Spitz.
Health
The Indian Spitz has a high risk of developing corneal ulceration.
In Popular Culture
Famous Indian Spitz
Redo, the dog actor who played ‘Tuffy’ in the 1994 romantic comedy ‘Hum Aapke Hain Koun’, was an Indian Spitz. Redo died in 2000 at the age of 12.
See also
Dogs portal
List of dog breeds
List of dog breeds from India
References
External links
Spitz breeds
Dog breeds originating in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20Spitz |
Roving Mars is a 2006 American IMAX documentary film about the development, launch, and operation of the Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity. The film uses few actual photographs from Mars, opting to use computer generated animation based on the photographs and data from the rovers and other Mars probes. The film has been released on Blu-ray disc by distributor Disney.
Roving Mars has made over US$10 million as of January 25, 2009.
Roving Mars is also the title of a non-fiction book by MER principal investigator Steve Squyres about the rover mission.
Music
The musical score for Roving Mars was composed by Philip Glass. A soundtrack album was released by Lakeshore Records on June 27, 2006. The album also features the song "Glósóli" by Sigur Rós.
Reception
Roving Mars received positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes reports a 70% rating based on 37 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. Its consensus states that "Roving Mars is a decent thrill ride even when it starts feeling like a commercial plug for NASA's failing space program."
Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B−, stating that "Only a series of pics featuring a set of strange little nodes that look like blueberries planted in a pile of red rocks carry any kind of translatable otherworldly kick." The New York Post called it a "splendidly photographed 2D IMAX film." The Boston Globe said "Despite audiences knowing the happy ending from the get-go, [director] [George] Butler manages to inject considerable drama."
Conversely, the Los Angeles Times claimed, "Not having a way to capture images of the machines at work means that too much of Butler's film... is disappointingly made up of computer simulations.", while the San Francisco Chronicle claimed that "There aren't enough pyrotechnics in the paltry 40-minute run time to justify the ticket price."
References
External links
Boston Globe article about the development of the film
2006 films
2006 short documentary films
American short documentary films
Disney documentary films
Documentary films about the space program of the United States
Films scored by Philip Glass
Films produced by Frank Marshall
IMAX short films
Mars Exploration Rover mission
Mars in film
The Kennedy/Marshall Company films
Walt Disney Pictures films
Disney short films
IMAX documentary films
Documentary films about outer space
Films directed by George Butler (filmmaker)
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
Films with screenplays by George Butler (filmmaker)
Films produced by George Butler (filmmaker) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roving%20Mars |
Lawrence J. Simon (June 28, 1933 – September 1, 1994), better known by the ring name, Boris Malenko (), was an American professional wrestler and professional wrestling trainer. He is best known for his appearances with Championship Wrestling from Florida and Big Time Wrestling in the 1960s and 1970s as a Russian heel. He was the father of professional wrestlers Joe Malenko and Dean Malenko.
Early life
Simon was born in Newark, New Jersey and raised in Irvington, New Jersey. As a teenager, Simon competed at amateur wrestling in YMCAs. Before becoming a professional wrestler, he worked as a truck driver in the Garment District in New York City.
Professional wrestling career
Simon made his professional debut in 1955 as "Larry Simon", wrestling in the Eastern United States. In 1957, he joined the Dallas, Texas-based promotion Big Time Wrestling under the ring name "Crusher Duggan", winning the NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship later that year.
On July 19, 1961, Simon unsuccessfully challenged Buddy Rogers for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in Jacksonville, Florida.
In September 1961, Simon joined in the Minneapolis, Minnesota-based American Wrestling Association. He adopted the persona of "Otto Von Krupp", a German wrestler who wore jackboots and a swastika on his back. Simon formed a tag team with Bob Geigel, with the duo winning the AWA World Tag Team Championship in November 1961, holding it until Simon left the promotion in January 1962.
In 1962, playing upon Cold War tensions, Simon adopted the persona of "Boris Malenko", an agent of the Soviet Union. He was occasionally billed as "The Great Malenko"; a pun, with "Malenko" being Russian for "little", or as "Dr. Malenko" or "Professor Malenko". He built his career in South Florida, where his gimmick made him a hated heel among the Cuban population. Over the next decade, he held the NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship twice, the NWA Florida Tag Team Championship twice, the NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (Florida version) once, the NWA Southern Tag Team Championship (Florida version) once, and the NWA Brass Knuckles Championship (Florida version) eight times. His main rivals included Eddie Graham, Wahoo McDaniel, Johnny Valentine, Joe Scarpa, and José Lothario. In an angle in 1966, after Malenko bloodied Sammy Steamboat by biting his ear, Eddie Graham stormed the ring and punched Malenko's dentures out of his mouth, then crushed them.
In 1970, Malenko returned to Big Time Wrestling, where he held the NWA American Heavyweight Championship and the NWA Texas Tag Team Championship. He had a heated feud with Wahoo McDaniel, with McDaniel defeating him in a hair versus hair match in July 1970. A bout between the two in the Astrodome set a longstanding attendance record. In December 1970, McDaniel defeated Malenko in a loser leaves town match, marking his departure from the promotion. During his time with Big Time Wrestling he was managed by Lord Charles Montegue.
On May 9, 1972, Malenko and Bob Roop defeated Bearcat Wright and Bobby Shane to win the NWA Florida Tag Team Championship, and six days later, Malenko defeated Wright in singles competition to win his eighth and final Florida Brass Knuckles title in Orlando. On June 24, 1972, Malenko and Johnny Weaver defeated Mike Webster and The Professional for his second run with the Florida Tag Team titles.
Malenko toured Japan with All Japan Pro Wrestling in 1973 and New Japan Pro-Wrestling in 1974. During his time with NJPW, Malenko wrestled a number of high-profile bouts with Antonio Inoki.
In the late 1970s, Malenko wrestled for the Knoxville, Tennessee-based promotion Southeastern Championship Wrestling, winning both the NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (Northern Division) and the NWA Southeastern Television Championship in 1978. He became the manager of Jerry Blackwell after it was claimed he had acquired the mortgage to Blackwell's family farm, forcing him to fight on his behalf. The angle ended after Ron Garvin paid off the mortgage, freeing Blackwell to attack Malenko.
Malenko retired in 1980 and opened a training school in Florida with his sons Dean and Joe.
Wrestlers trained
Dean Malenko
Joe Malenko
Kane
Tugboat
Al Perez
Norman Smiley
Gangrel
Barry Horowitz
X-Pac
Bobby Blaze
Bob Orton Jr.
Buddy Landel
Chris Champion
Eddie Sharkey
Horace Hogan
Marc Mero
Perry Saturn
Van Hammer
Carl Malenko
Bob Cook
Frank Reyes
Debbie Malenko
Personal life
Simon, who was Jewish, had two sons, Dean and Jody, both of whom became professional wrestlers. He died in September 1994 from leukemia.
Championships and accomplishments
All-Star Wrestling Omaha
Nebraska Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
American Wrestling Association
AWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Bob Geigel
Championship Wrestling from Florida
NWA Brass Knuckles Championship (Florida version) (8 times)
NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Bob Roop (1 time) and Johnny Walker (1 time)
NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (Florida version) (1 time)
NWA Southern Tag Team Championship (Florida version) (1 time) - with Johnny Valentine
George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
Trainers Award (2023)
National Wrestling Alliance
NWA Hall of Fame (Class of 2016)
NWA Big Time Wrestling
NWA American Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA Texas Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Killer Karl Kox
Southeastern Championship Wrestling
NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (Northern Division) (1 time)
NWA Southeastern Television Championship (1 time)
WWE
WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2018)
Luchas de Apuestas record
See also
List of Jewish professional wrestlers
References
External links
1933 births
1994 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male professional wrestlers
Deaths from leukemia
Faux German professional wrestlers
Faux Russian professional wrestlers
Jewish American sportspeople
Jewish professional wrestlers
People from Irvington, New Jersey
Professional wrestlers from New Jersey
Professional wrestling promoters
Professional wrestling trainers
Sportspeople from Newark, New Jersey
WWE Hall of Fame Legacy inductees
20th-century American Jews
20th-century professional wrestlers
AWA World Tag Team Champions
NWA Florida Heavyweight Champions
NWA Florida Tag Team Champions
NWA Southern Heavyweight Champions (Florida version)
NWA Brass Knuckles Champions (Florida version)
NWA World Tag Team Champions (Florida version)
NWA Texas Heavyweight Champions
WCWA World Tag Team Champions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris%20Malenko |
Herbert Lincoln Clarke (September 12, 1867 – January 30, 1945) was an American cornetist, feature soloist, bandmaster, and composer. He is considered the most prominent cornetist of his time.
Clarke's legacy includes composing a portion of the standard repertoire for the instrument, many recordings, as well as a seminal school of playing which emphasized not only technical aptitude, but also increased warmth and lyricism of tone. He also produced several method books that are still used by brass students, for example the Clarke Studies.
Early life
Clarke was born in Woburn, Massachusetts in 1867, the son of composer, organist, and organbuilder William Horatio Clarke. Herbert's family moved often to accommodate William's work engagements, from Massachusetts to Ohio, to Indiana, back to Massachusetts, and finally to Toronto, Canada in 1880. Herbert had two brothers, Edwin and Ernest. All three became prominent musicians: Edwin on cornet and flugelhorn (he also managed Sousa's Band in its 1911 world tour), Ernest on trombone (he became a professor of trombone at Juilliard), and Herbert on cornet.
Clarke's early musical instruction had been on the viola; by 1881, he was a second viola in the Toronto Philharmonic Society. However, according to his autobiography, one of the formative moments in his musical upbringing was attending a concert of D. W. Reeves' American Band of Providence, Rhode Island at the Horticultural Pavilion in Toronto in 1881, and hearing Bowen R. Church play a cornet solo. Herbert subsequently began practicing his brother's cornet and took a chair as a cornetist in the Queen's Own Rifle Band in 1882, in order to obtain a government-issued cornet on which to practice.
Career
Between 1884, when he graduated from high school, and 1887, Clarke drifted between playing both viola and second cornet (when required) in the pit orchestra of English's Opera House in Indianapolis, where his family had moved; working (unhappily) at the John Kay store in Toronto, while playing second chair cornetist with the Queens's Own Band & Bugles; and playing at the Ontario Beach lake resort in the summer. He had joined the Queen's Own at the age of 14 (even though the legal age was 18), in order to obtain his first Cornet, a band owned Courtois. In Indianapolis he would finally buy his own horn, a Boston 3-star cornet. It was with the When Clothing Store Band that in 1886 Clarke won a solo cornet contest and received a one-of-a-kind pocket cornet made by the famous instrument maker, Henry Distin of Williamsport, Pennsylvania, which can be seen at the Sousa Archives and Center for American Music at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
In 1887, he joined the Citizen's Band of Toronto, under John Bayley, as the band's cornet soloist. He spent the next five years playing in and leading several bands around Toronto (the Taylor Safe Works Band, Heintzman Piano Company Band, Streetsville Ontario Band) and teaching viola at the Toronto Conservatory of Music (where he also played in the Toronto Conservatory String Quartet) and at the Trinity College School in Port Hope, Ontario. In the spring of 1892, he left Canada once again, after successfully auditioning for the 22nd Regiment N.Y.S.N.G Band in New York City, popularly known as "Gilmore's Band" and directed by Patrick Gilmore. He was introduced to Gilmore by his brother Ernest, who was already playing trombone with the band, and the audition took place at Gilmore's residence.
In 1893, Herbert joined John Philip Sousa’s band as a cornet soloist. After playing at the Chicago World's Fair in the same year, he left to play with various other bands, continuing to do so over the next five years. During this period, he held temporary positions as second trumpet with the New York Philharmonic and as principal trumpet in the Metropolitan Opera, for which he temporarily switched to trumpet.
In 1898 he returned to Sousa's band, with whom he toured extensively. However, in late 1901 Clarke himself became leader of The American Band, the band which had made such an impression on him in his youth, and he moved to Providence, Rhode Island. Ironically, after only a year the band voted Clarke out as director in favor of Bowen R. Church, the same cornetist Clarke had admired when he first heard the band under Reeves. Clarke then formed his own band in Providence and occasionally conducted other local ensembles; he also led both the American Band in 1902 and his own band ("Clarke's Band of Providence") in 1903 in recordings for the Victor Talking Machine Company. Clarke finally returned to Sousa's Band as solo cornet and assistant director in 1905 and conducted the band in many recording sessions for Victor at that time. Furthermore, he spent time testing and developing instruments for Conn Instruments in Elkhart, Indiana, and making a considerable number of solo recordings for Victor, Edison, Columbia, Odeon, England, and finally Brunswick. He resigned from Sousa's band in September 1917, as he had determined to retire from active solo work at the age of fifty after hearing Jules Levy continue to play well past his prime. (He did make a few final recordings for Brunswick Records in New York in 1922, possibly to oblige his old friend Walter Rogers, Brunswick's musical director at the time.) Clarke returned to Canada to lead the Anglo-Canadian Leather Company Band in Huntsville, Ontario from 1918 to 1923; during this time he performed very little, instead focusing his efforts not only on conducting, but also composition, and setting up his own school of cornet playing in Chicago.
He conducted the Long Beach Municipal Band from 1923 to 1943. In April 1934, he was elected President of the American Bandmasters Association. From 1936 until his death in 1945, he developed a friendship with and gave private lessons to Claude Gordon.
Personal life
In September 1889 he married Elizabeth (Lizzie) Loudon, with whom he had two children: Vivian (Grace) in 1890 and James (Edward James Watkins) in 1892. He later divorced and married Lillian Bell Hause, with whom he had two more children, Ruby Bell and Herbert L. Clarke, Jr.
In 1923, he and his wife moved to Long Beach, California for her health.
Herbert Clarke died in 1945. His ashes were interred at the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C., near the gravesite of John Philip Sousa. His papers and memorabilia are held at the Sousa Archives and Center for American Music at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Notable works
Solo cornet compositions
Clarke composed over 50 solos for cornet, many of which have experienced several editions. Here are his most famous pieces, with the date of the earliest publication included.
Bride of the Waves (1904)
Sounds from the Hudson (1904)
Caprice Brilliante (1908)
Southern Cross (1911)
The Carnival of Venice (1912)
From the Shores of the Mighty Pacific (1912)
The Maid of the Mist (1912)
The Debutante (1912)
Sounds from the Hudson (Valse Brilliante) (1914)
Stars in a Velvety Sky (1919)
Cornet and trombone
Cousins (1904)
Side Partners
Clarke Studies
Elementary Studies (1909)
Technical Studies (1912)
Characteristic Studies (1915)
Setting Up Drills (1929)
Prose
How I Became A Cornetist (1934): an autobiography
References
Further reading
External links
An extremely detailed biography from 4barsrest.com, an online brass band resource.
How I Became a Cornetist text
Clarke's Technical Studies, then and now by Jeff Purtle
Claude Gordon and Herbert L. Clarke and Their Teaching by Jeff Purtle, published December 2008 in The Brass Herald
Cornet Soloist Recording
Herbert L. Clarke recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.*Letter from Herbert L. Clarke on Coronets, dislike for Trumpets and "jaz"
The Canadian Encyclopedia Herbert L. Clarke
Virtual Gramophone, Herbert L. Clarke, Canadian Government
American cornetists
American bandleaders
American male conductors (music)
American classical trumpeters
American male trumpeters
Burials at the Congressional Cemetery
1867 births
1945 deaths
Pioneer recording artists
People from Woburn, Massachusetts
19th-century conductors (music)
19th-century American musicians
20th-century American conductors (music)
Classical musicians from Massachusetts
20th-century American male musicians
Canadian military musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%20L.%20Clarke |
was one of the best-known masters of Okinawa Kobudo Matayoshi Kobudo.
Born in 1888 in Naha-shi at Senburu, he studied the bo, eku, kama and sai under the direction of Master Shokuho Agena. He later studied the tonfa and nunchaku with Master Irei. From 1911 until 1915 Matayoshi lived in Manchuria where he studied Chinese martial arts. In 1921 he gave a demonstration of his skills
during Prince Hirohito's visit to Okinawa. He later traveled to Shanghai, and returned to Okinawa around 1935 where he died in 1945.
Shinko Matayoshi was succeeded as Soke (headmaster) of Matayoshi kobudo by his son, Shinpo Matayoshi (1921-1997).
References
External links
1888 births
1947 deaths
Okinawan male karateka
Okinawan kobudoka | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinko%20Matayoshi |
Kumzar (), is a village in Musandam, the northernmost province of Oman. It is the second most northerly inhabited part of the country, and the most northerly inhabited part on its mainland, located on the Strait of Hormuz. The village is only accessible by boat, and is so isolated that its inhabitants speak in their own language, known as Kumzari.
Etymology
There are two main theories on the origin of the name. The first states that the name originates from the Arabic phrase kam zara hatha al-balada min bashar, which expresses exclamation at the large number of visitors to the village. The first two words of the phrase - kam zara - eventually became Kumzar.
The other theory is that the word Kumzar is a merge between the words kummah, a headdress, and izaar, a traditional loose garment for the lower body. However, this theory is discredited by the fact that the kummah is not traditionally worn in the village.
Geography
Kumzar is located in the Musandam Governorate of Oman, and is the country's northernmost inland population center. It is located on the coastline, facing the Strait of Hormuz, and is situated between the inlets of a canyon.
Kumzar is an isolated village. With no road linking it to the nearest town of Khasab, it is only accessible by boat.
History
Kumzar has been inhabited for approximately 500 years. although exact records are difficult. Early Portuguese maps of the area highlight a settlement in the area.
Demographics and culture
The village has around 3000 inhabitants, and the majority of families have several children, with an average of 5-6 children per family.
Religion and language
The Kumzari people practice the religion of Islam, but have a distinct culture from the Arabs in the rest of Oman.
The isolated location of the village has harboured a separate language, Kumzari. The language is a Southwestern Iranian language that has been influenced by up to 45 languages, including Arabic, Persian, English and Hindi.
Relationship with Khasab
Most Kumzari families have two houses, one in Kumzar and the second in Khasab. The extreme heat in the summer makes Kumzar almost uninhabitable, so from May to September, most people leave Kumzar to stay in Khasab, where they also help the locals at Khasab harvest dates.
In Khasab, the Kumzari are isolationist, living in their own separate district close to the sea.
References
Populated places in Oman
Musandam Governorate
Strait of Hormuz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumzar |
Richard Lloyd Parry (born 1969) is a British foreign correspondent and writer. He is the Asia Editor of The Times of London, based in Tokyo, and is the author of the non-fiction books In the Time of Madness, People Who Eat Darkness: The Fate of Lucie Blackman, and Ghosts of the Tsunami.
Early life
He was born in Southport, Lancashire, and was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Crosby and Oxford University. His interest in the Far East was sparked by a trip to Japan in 1986 that was awarded to him as a prize when he appeared on the UK TV quiz show Blockbusters.
Career in journalism
In 1995, he became Tokyo correspondent of the British newspaper The Independent and began reporting from other countries in Asia. In 1998 he covered the fall of President Suharto in Indonesia, and the violence which followed the independence referendum in East Timor. In 2002, he moved to The Times. Altogether he has worked in twenty-seven countries, including Afghanistan, Iraq, North Korea, Papua New Guinea, Vietnam, Kosovo and Macedonia.
While covering the aftermath of the invasion of Afghanistan in November 2001, he recovered a pair of Osama bin-Laden's underpants from a residential compound near the city of Jalalabad. The following month he was one of a small group of reporters to travel to the village of Kama Ado, south of Jalalabad, which had been destroyed, along with its inhabitants, by a US Air Force attack – despite claims by the Pentagon that "nothing happened". His report was the inspiration for a song by the American singer-songwriter David Rovics.
In April 2003, he was the first to report that the rescue of Private Jessica Lynch, the US soldier reportedly rescued during the war against Saddam Hussein in Iraq, was not the heroic story told by the US military, but a staged operation that alarmed patients and the doctors who had struggled to save her life.
In November 2009, he was accused by a group of Thai politicians of the crime of lèse-majesté, or insulting the monarchy, over an interview which he conducted with the deposed Prime Minister of Thailand, Thaksin Shinawatra.
In September 2010, he and David McNeill of The Independent were briefly arrested in North Korea, after discovering a secret street market in the capital Pyongyang. The incident inspired a controversy on the website NK News. Lloyd Parry defended McNeill and himself from accusations that they misrepresented the situation in North Korea and put their local guides at risk of punishment.
Books
Parry has published three non-fiction books:
In the Time of Madness was published in 2005. As well as presenting an eye-witness account of the events leading up to and following the end of the Suharto regime, it also dramatised the personal crisis of a young reporter, Lloyd Parry, facing the perils and excitements of death and violence. Lloyd Parry began visiting Indonesia in the late 1990s, and witnessed much of the violence that preceded and followed the fall of Suharto, including headhunting and cannibalism on the island of Borneo. In September 1999 when he was covering the referendum on independence in East Timor, he was one of a small group of journalists who took sanctuary in the United Nations compound in Dili as it was surrounded by murderous pro-Indonesia militiamen. The book describes how Lloyd Parry's early confidence quickly turned to fear, and his guilt and shame after escaping from East Timor on an Australian evacuation flight. "I imagined that these experiences had imparted something to my character, an invisible shell which would stand me in good stead", he wrote. "But then I went to East Timor, where I discovered that such experience is never externalised, only absorbed, and that it builds up inside one, like a toxin. In East Timor, I became afraid, and couldn't control my fear. I ran away, and afterwards I was ashamed."
People Who Eat Darkness: The Fate of Lucie Blackman was published in February 2011 and tells the story of a young British woman who was killed and dismembered in Japan in 2000; of the man accused of killing her, Joji Obara; of the controversial involvement of her family in the effort to find her; and of the ten-year-long trial which followed. During Lloyd Parry's lengthy reporting of the case, Obara unsuccessfully sued him for libel in a Tokyo court. Although it was impossible to make a direct link to Obara, Lloyd Parry also received a mysterious package containing covertly taken surveillance photographs of him, and a document encouraging members of Japan's ultra-nationalist right wing to "deal with" him for his reporting of the Japanese imperial family. Before publication, the book received praise from novelists Chris Cleave, Mo Hayder, Julie Myerson, David Peace and Minette Walters. It was described by Blake Morrison in The Guardian as "a compelling book, 10 years in the making, rich in intelligence and insight." Kirkus Reviews called the book "a fresh, compelling read for fans of true crime and slowly unfolding mysteries."
Ghosts of the Tsunami: Death and Life in Japan's Disaster Zone was published in 2017.
Weblog
Lloyd Parry also contributes a weblog to The Times website, entitled Asia Exile.
Awards and honours
2005 What The Papers Say Awards, Foreign Correspondent of the Year
2006 Dolman Best Travel Book Award, shortlist for In the Time of Madness
2011 Samuel Johnson Prize, longlist for People Who Eat Darkness
2012 Orwell Prize, shortlist for People Who Eat Darkness
2018 Folio Prize, winner for Ghosts of the Tsunami
References
People educated at Merchant Taylors' Boys' School, Crosby
People from Southport
British male journalists
1969 births
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Lloyd%20Parry |
"I Pray on Christmas" is a Christmas carol with music and lyrics by Harry Connick Jr. First released in 1993 on his multi platinum album When My Heart Finds Christmas. Connick has also released the song on his Christmas Special VHS in 1994, and again on his DVD Harry for the Holidays (2003) as a bonus track featuring Connick and Kim Burrell.
Sample of the lyrics
I pray on Christmas
Oh, the sick will soon be strong
I pray on Christmas
The Lord will hear my song
I pray on Christmas
That God will lead the way
And I pray I really pray on Christmas
He'll get me through another day
Also recorded by
Dave Barnes, album Very Merry Christmas (2010).
Lynda Randle with Michael Tait, on the album Christmas (2005).
Blind Boys of Alabama with Solomon Burke, on album Go Tell It on the Mountain (2003).
The Oak Ridge Boys, on the album An Inconvenient Christmas (2002).
Kirk Talley, album Talley-ho-ho-ho! (1999).
Måns Zelmerlöw, album Christmas with Friends (2010).
Miriam Mandipira and The Danish Radio Big Band, album Jazzin Around Christmas (2016)
References
External links
Audio sample, Harry Connick Jr
1993 songs
American Christmas songs
Gospel songs
Harry Connick Jr. songs
Songs written by Harry Connick Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Pray%20on%20Christmas |
Point Edward (2001 pop.: 396) is a community in Nova Scotia's Cape Breton Regional Municipality located on the southwest shore of the North West Arm of Sydney Harbour, immediately north of the community of North West Arm, south of Edwardsville, and west of Westmount.
The town is named for King Edward VII. Point Edward is also the name of a headland extending into Sydney Harbour, bifurcating it into the North West Arm and the South Arm. This tip of this headland is located in Edwardsville.
See also
Royal eponyms in Canada
References
Point Edward on Destination Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia
Communities in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point%20Edward%2C%20Nova%20Scotia |
Edith Penelope Mary Lutyens (pseudonym Esther Wyndham; 31 July 1908 – 9 April 1999) was a British author who is principally known for her biographical works on the philosopher Jiddu Krishnamurti.
Early life
Mary Lutyens was born in London, the fourth and youngest daughter of the architect Edwin Lutyens, and his wife, Emily, the daughter of Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton, Viceroy of India, and the granddaughter of the writer and politician Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton. Mary was the younger sister of the composer Elisabeth Lutyens, and aunt of the 4th Viscount Ridley and the politician Nicholas Ridley.
As a child, Lutyens spent time with her maternal grandmother Edith, the former vicereine, who lived at Knebworth, thirty miles from London, with her daughter the suffragette Constance Bulwer-Lytton. Edwin Lutyens had designed a dower house for his mother-in-law called Homewood.
As a result of her mother's interest in theosophy, Lutyens met Krishnamurti when she was a child: she knew him from 1911 until his death in 1986.
In the 1920s, her father was working on his buildings at Delhi. Lutyens visited India with her mother and went to Australia, staying at The Manor, a centre run by Charles Webster Leadbeater in Mosman, New South Wales, while Krishnamurti and his brother Nitya stayed at another house nearby. Lutyens stayed there for some time, which eventually provided her with material for her book Krishnamurti: The Years of Awakening.
Career
Apart from her works on Krishnamurti, Lutyens wrote biographies of John Ruskin, Effie Gray and her own family. In her book Millais and the Ruskins she put forward the controversial argument that Ruskin could not consummate his marriage because he was repelled by his wife's pubic hair.
She wrote novels under the pseudonym "Esther Wyndham" for the Mills & Boon and Harlequin Romance imprints.
Personal life
Lutyens married twice. Her first marriage, in 1930, to Anthony Rupert Herbert Franklin Sewell, a stockbroker, produced one daughter, Amanda Lutyens Sewell, but ended in divorce in 1945. Her second marriage, in 1945, was to Joseph Gluckstein Links, art historian and royal furrier, and ended with his death in 1997.
Works
Perchance to Dream, London: John Murray, 1935.
To be young : some chapters of autobiography, London: R. Hart-Davies, 1959 , 1989 edition:
Effie in Venice: Effie Ruskin's Letters Home 1849–1852, London: John Murray, 1965, Pallas Athene (UK), 2001 edition: .
Millais and the Ruskins, London: John Murray, 1967, Vanguard Press in USA.
Cleo, London: Michael Joseph, 1973.
Krishnamurti: The Years of Awakening, London: John Murray, 1975, Shambhala Publications reprint edition 1997: . First installment of a three-volume biography, covers the period from Krishnamurti's birth in 1895 to 1933.
Krishnamurti: The Years of Fulfilment, London: John Murray, 1983, , Farrar, Straus, Giroux paperback: , Avon Books 1991 reprint with US spelling "Fulfillment": . Second volume of the Krishnamurti biography, covers the years from 1933 to 1980.
Krishnamurti: The Open Door, London: John Murray, 1988, . Final volume of biography covers years 1980 to 1986, the end of Krishnamurti's life.
The Lyttons in India: An account of Lord Lytton's Viceroyalty, 1876–1880 London: John Murray, 1979, .
Edwin Lutyens: A Memoir, Academic Pr Canada Ltd, 1980, , Black Swan, 1991 revised edition: .
The Life and Death of Krishnamurti, London: John Murray, 1990, , Nesma Books India 1999: , , also published as Krishnamurti: His Life and Death, St Martins Press 1991: , an abridgement of her trilogy on Krishnamurti's life.
The Boy Krishna, 1995, Krishnamurti Foundation Trust paperback: . Subtitled, "The First Fourteen Years in the Life of J. Krishnamurti".
Krishnamurti and the Rajagopals, 1996, Ojai, CA: Krishnamurti Foundation of America, .
J. Krishnamurti: A Life, 2005, Penguin Books India, . This book is a compilation of The Years of Awakening, The Years of Fulfilment, and The Open Door.
References
Sources
Sarah Anderson. Obituary: Mary Lutyens. The Independent, 13 April 1999.
Eric Page. Obituary: Mary Lutyens, English Editor, Novelist and Biographer, 90 The New York Times, 17 April 1999.
1908 births
1999 deaths
Theosophy
English biographers
20th-century British biographers
Pseudonymous women writers
Women romantic fiction writers
Lutyens family
20th-century pseudonymous writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Lutyens |
Eddie J. Gregory (born October 28, 1931- August 31, 2022 age 90) was an American former basketball scout, coach, and executive. In the 1960s he was the head men's basketball coach at Fresno State University; he also coached at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). He served as interim head coach of the Golden State Warriors for the final 18 games of the 1987–88 season, after George Karl departed. Gregory served as "Basketball GM and Scouting" instructor for the online sports career training school, Sports Management Worldwide in Portland, Oregon.
References
External links
BasketballReference.com: Ed Gregory
1931 births
2022 deaths
Fresno State Bulldogs men's basketball coaches
Golden State Warriors head coaches
National Basketball Association executives
Pepperdine Waves men's basketball players
UNLV Runnin' Rebels basketball coaches
American men's basketball players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%20Gregory |
The following is a list of notable ice speed skaters. The list is sorted by speed skating discipline (long track or short track), gender and competing nationality.
Long track
Male
American
Ryan Bedford
K. C. Boutiette
Kip Carpenter
Joey Cheek
Shani Davis
John Farrell
Casey FitzRandolph
Eric Flaim
Tucker Fredricks
Chad Hedrick
Eric Heiden
Ken Henry
Irving Jaffee
Dan Jansen
Charles Jewtraw
Jonathan Kuck
Charles Ryan Leveille
Trevor Marsicano
Terry McDermott
Peter Mueller
Apolo Ohno
Derek Parra
Tom Plant
Andy Roesch
Jack Shea
Nick Thometz
Australian
Colin Coates
Colin Hickey
Danny Kah
Kenneth Kennedy
Michael Richmond
Phillip Tahmindjis
Austrian
Roland Brunner
Christian Eminger
Michael Hadschieff
Werner Jäger
Heinz Steinberger
Belarusian
Igor Zhelezovski (also competed for Soviet Union)
Belgian
Bart Veldkamp (also competed in the Netherlands)
Bart Swings
British
Bryan Carbis
Julian Green
Wilf O'Reilly
Canadian
Andrew Barron
Gaétan Boucher
Sylvain Bouchard
Arne Dankers
Steven Elm
Mike Ireland
Patrick Kelly
Neal Marshall
Denny Morrison
Jason Parker
Kevin Scott
Justin Warsylewicz
Jeremy Wotherspoon
Colombian
Pedro Causil
Czech
Milan Sáblík
Dutch
Henk Angenent
Jan Bazen
Jeen van den Berg
Jelmer Beulenkamp
Ted-Jan Bloemen (also competed for Canada)
Jan Blokhuijsen
Lieuwe de Boer
Jan Bols
Jan Bos
Thomas Bos
Kees Broekman
Ben van der Burg
Jappie van Dijk
Hilbert van der Duim
Jaap Eden
Henk van der Grift
Stefan Groothuis
Hans van Helden (also competed for France)
Martin Hersman
Wouter olde Heuvel
Bob de Jong
Gerard Kemkers
Piet Kleine
Coen de Koning
Sven Kramer
Yep Kramer
Harm Kuipers
Simon Kuipers
Jakko Jan Leeuwangh
Rudie Liebrechts
Michel Mulder
Ronald Mulder
Beorn Nijenhuis
Tom Prinsen
Ids Postma
Rintje Ritsma
Gianni Romme
Frits Schalij
Ard Schenk
Jan Smeekens
Mark Tuitert
Jochem Uytdehaage
Gerard van Velde
Bart Veldkamp (also competed for Belgium)
Hein Vergeer
Carl Verheijen
Kees Verkerk
Koen Verweij
Leo Visser
Erben Wennemars
Jan Ykema
Falko Zandstra
Finnish
Janne Hänninen
Juhani Järvinen
Pekka Koskela
Pertti Niittylä
Urpo Pikkupeura
Mika Poutala
Jukka Salmela
Toivo Salonen
Julius Skutnabb
Clas Thunberg
Jarmo Valtonen
Jouko Vesterlund
French
Alexis Contin
Jean-Noël Fagot
Hans van Helden (also competed for the Netherlands)
Thierry Lamberton
Emmanuel Michon
Tonny Monari (also competed for the Netherlands)
German
Frank Dittrich (also competed for DDR)
Jens Boden
Uwe-Jens Mey (also competed for DDR)
Samuel Schwarz
Olaf Zinke (also competed for DDR)
DDR (East German)
Andreas Ehrig
André Hoffmann
Uwe-Jens Mey
BRD (West German)
Erhard Keller
Japanese
Toru Aoyanagi
Manabu Horii
Junichi Inoue
Joji Kato
Yoshihiro Kitazawa
Akira Kuroiwa
Toshiyuki Kuroiwa
Yasunori Miyabe
Yukinori Miyabe
Hiroyasu Shimizu
Keiichi Suzuki
Korean
DPRK (North Korean)
ROK (South Korean)
Joo Hyong-jun (also competes short track)
Kim Cheol-min (also competes short track)
Lee Kang-seok
Lee Kyou-hyuk
Mo Tae-bum
Italian
Enrico Fabris
Maurizio Marchetto
Mirko Giacomo Nenzi
Ippolito Sanfratello
Roberto Sighel
Kazakh
Vadim Sayutin (also competed for Russia)
Mexican
Eric Kraan
Norwegian
Nils Aaness
Roald Aas
Hjalmar Andersen
Petter Andersen
Terje Andersen
Ivar Ballangrud
Håvard Bøkko
Thomas Byberg
Armand Carlsen
Jørn Didriksen
Lasse Efskind
Kai Arne Engelstad
Ivar Eriksen
Eskil Ervik
Bernt Evensen
Rolf Falk-Larssen
Sverre Farstad
Dag Fornæss
Alv Gjestvang
Øystein Grødum
Roar Grønvold
Rudolf Gundersen
Per Willy Guttormsen
Villy Haugen
Sverre Ingolf Haugli
Finn Helgesen
Knut Johannesen
Arne Johansen
Geir Karlstad
Johann Olav Koss
Roald Larsen
Reidar Liaklev
Odd Lundberg
Fred Anton Maier
Charles Mathiesen
Oscar Mathisen
Per Ivar Moe
Alfred Næss
Peder Østlund
Tom Erik Oxholm
Frode Rønning
Lasse Sætre
Amund Sjøbrend
Ådne Søndrål
Michael Staksrud
Sten Stensen
Kay Arne Stenshjemmet
Rune Stordal
Kjell Storelid
Jan Egil Storholt
Harald Strøm
Kristian Strøm
Roger Strøm
Arnulf Sunde
Magne Thomassen
Erik Vea
Even Wetten
Polish
Zbigniew Bródka
Russian
Dmitry Dorofeyev
Aleksandr Golubev (also competed for Soviet Union)
Dmitry Lobkov
Dmitry Shepel
Ivan Skobrev
Aleksey Yesin
Denis Yuskov
Soviet
Ants Antson
Andrey Bobrov
Dmitry Bochkaryov
Oleg Bozhev
Sergey Fokichev
Oleg Goncharenko
Yevgeny Grishin
Nikolay Gulyayev
Vasily Ippolitov
Sergey Klevchenya
Sergey Khlebnikov
Viktor Kosichkin
Yevgeny Kulikov
Vladimir Lobanov
Viktor Lyoskin
Igor Malkov
Sergey Marchuk
Eduard Matusevich
Yuri Mikhaylov
Valery Muratov
Dmitry Ogloblin
Pavel Pegov
Viktor Shasherin
Boris Shilkov
Vladimir Shilykovsky
Boris Stenin
Nikolay Strunnikov
Swedish
Nils van der Poel
Per Bengtsson
Göran Claeson
Sigvard Ericsson
Tomas Gustafson
Johnny Höglin
Hans Markström
Jonny Nilsson
Johan Röjler
Örjan Sandler
Jonas Schön
Åke Seyffarth
Mats Wallberg
Swiss
Franz Krienbühl
Notger "Nök" Ledergerber
Roger Schneider
Female
American
Chantal Bailey
Bonnie Blair
Rebekah Bradford
Beth Heiden
Anne Henning
Dianne Holum
Kit Klein
Maria Lamb
Leah Poulos-Mueller
Jennifer Rodriguez
Chris Witty
Sheila Young
Ellie Ochowicz
Catherine Raney
Heather Richardson-Bergsma
Nancy Swider
Christine Witty
Austrian
Emese Antal (born in Romania)
Emese Hunyady (also competed for Hungary)
Canadian
Susan Auch
Ivanie Blondin
Lela Brooks
Sylvia Burka
Sylvie Daigle
Eden Donatelli
Kristina Groves
Clara Hughes
Gilmore Junio
Cindy Klassen
Catriona Le May Doan
Christine Nesbitt
Shannon Rempel
Brittany Schussler
Czech
Martina Sáblíková
Danish
Cathrine Grage
Dutch
Margot Boer
Annie Borckink
Wieteke Cramer
Paulien van Deutekom
Carry Geijssen
Yvonne van Gennip
Annette Gerritsen
Renate Groenewold
Tonny de Jong
Stien Kaiser
Atje Keulen-Deelstra
Marrit Leenstra
Barbara de Loor
Jorien ter Mors
Laurine van Riessen
Ans Schut
Gretha Smit
Marianne Timmer
Diane Valkenburg
Lotte van Beek
Renske Vellinga
Marja Vis
Ria Visser
Elma de Vries
Linda de Vries
Ireen Wüst
Finnish
Kaija Mustonen
German
Daniela Anschütz-Thoms
Stephanie Beckert
Jacqueline Börner (also competed for DDR)
Anni Friesinger-Postma
Monique Garbrecht-Enfeldt (also competed for DDR)
Bente Kraus
Gunda Niemann-Stirnemann (also competed for DDR)
Claudia Pechstein (also competed for DDR)
Christa Luding-Rothenburger (also competed for DDR)
Franziska Schenk (also competed for DDR)
Sabine Völker (also competed for DDR)
Jenny Wolf
DDR (East German)
Karin Enke
Andrea Ehrig-Mitscherlich
Helga Haase
Constanze Moser-Scandolo
Gabi Zange
BRD (West German)
Monika Pflug
Japanese
Seiko Hashimoto
Tomomi Okazaki
Korean
DPRK (North Korean)
Han Pil-Hwa
ROK (South Korean)
Lee Sang-hwa
Norwegian
Hege Bøkko
Maren Haugli
Edel Therese Høiseth
Bjørg Eva Jensen
Synnøve Lie
Laila Schou Nilsen
Russian
Svetlana Bazhanova
Svetlana Zhurova
Soviet
Inga Artamonova
Tatyana Averina
Vera Bryndzei
Maria Isakova
Natalya Petrusyova
Tamara Rylova
Lidia Skoblikova
Nina Statkevich
Valentina Stenina
Galina Stepanskaya
Lyudmila Titova
Rimma Zhukova
Swedish
Jasmin Krohn
Swiss
Sylvia Brunner
Short track
Male
American
Apolo Anton Ohno
JR Celski
Dan Weinstein
Anthony Lobello Jr
Jordan Malone
Simon Cho
Rusty Smith
Alex Izykowski
Ryan Bedford
Travis Jayner
J. P. Kepka
Kyle Uyehara
Charles King
Keith King
Australian
Steven Bradbury
British
Wilf O'Reilly
Canadian
Eric Bedard
Gaétan Boucher
Marc Gagnon
Michael Gilday
Jonathan Guilmette
Charles Hamelin
François Hamelin
François-Louis Tremblay
Mathieu Turcotte
Guillaume Bastille
Olivier Jean
Gilmore Junio
Chinese
Li Jiajun
Dutch
Lieuwe de Boer
Korean
DPRK (North Korean)
Choe Un-song
Jong Kwang-bom
ROK (South Korean)
Ahn Hyun Soo
Ahn Viktor (also competed for Russia)
Chae Ji-hoon
Hwang Dae-heon
Joo Hyong-jun (also competes long track)
Kim Byeong-jun
Kim Cheol-min (also competes long track)
Kim Do-kyoum
Kim Dong-sung
Kim Hwan-ee
Kim Hyun-kon
Kim Ki-hoon
Kim Seoung-il
Kim Tae-hoon
Kim Yun-jae
Kwak Yoon-gy
Lee Han-bin
Lee Ho-eung
Lee Ho-Suk
Lee Joon-ho
Lee Jun-hwan
Lee June-seo
Lee Jung-Su
Lee Seung-hoon
Lim Hyo-jun
Min Ryoung
Mo Ji-soo
Noh Jin-kyu
Oh Se-jong
Park Ji-won
Park Se-yeong
Seo Ho-Jin
Seo Yi-ra
Sin Da-woon
Song Jae-kun
Song Kyung-taek
Song Suk-Woo
Sung Si-Bak
Um Cheon-ho
New Zealand
Mike McMillen
Andrew Nicholson
Chris Nicholson
Tony Smith
Blake Skjellerup
Female
American
Katherine Reutter
Allison Baver
Kimberly Derrick
Carly Wilson
Lana Gehring
Alyson Dudek
Cathy Turner
Bulgarian
Evgenia Radanova
Canadian
Susan Auch
Sylvie Daigle
Eden Donatelli
Marie-Ève Drolet
Jessica Gregg
Alanna Kraus
Anouk Leblanc-Boucher
Valérie Maltais
Amanda Overland
Kalyna Roberge
Marianne St-Gelais
Tania Vicent
Chinese
Wang Meng
Yang Yang (A)
Yang Yang (S)
Korean
DPRK (North Korean)
Hwang Ok-sil
Kim Chun-hwa
Ri Hyang-mi
ROK (South Korean)
An Sang-mi
Byun Chun-sa
Cho Ha-ri
Choi Eun-kyung
Choi Min-kyung
Chun Lee-kyung
Jeon Da-hye
Jeon Ji-soo
Jin Sun-Yu
Joo Min-jin
Jung Eun-ju
Kim Alang
Kim Min-jee
Ko Gi-hyun
Park Seung-hi
Shim Suk-hee
Noh Ah-Reum
Lists of sportspeople by sport
Speed skating-related lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20speed%20skaters |
Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins (originally advertised as Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Movie and also known as Buzz Lightyear of Star Command) is a 2000 American animated science fiction comedy film directed by Tad Stones, who is also the producer with Mark McCorkle and Bob Schooley. It serves as a spin-off of the Toy Story franchise and released on direct-to-video in the United States on August 8, 2000. The film later led to a television series, Buzz Lightyear of Star Command, which aired on UPN and ABC from October 2000 to January 2001, and a CGI-animated feature film, Lightyear, which was theatrically released in the United States in June 2022, serving as an origin story for the character, voiced by Chris Evans. The film was nominated for two Video Premiere Awards: Best Animated Video Premiere and Best Animated Character Performance for Tim Allen.
Plot
A framing device shows Andy's bedroom (shortly after the events of Toy Story 2) where all of his toys are about to watch a VHS copy of Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins.
In the film, Buzz Lightyear and his partner Warp Darkmatter are searching for three missing Little Green Men (L.G.M.), a noosphere-dwelling race working as scientists for Star Command's Universe Protection Unit. They discover the lost L.G.M. in a hidden lab belonging to an organization led by the evil Emperor Zurg. Buzz and Warp break in and rescue the L.G.M., keeping Zurg's robots busy while they escape. However, Zurg triggers the self-destruct mechanism; Warp gets pinned under debris and forces Buzz to leave just before the explosion happens, apparently killing Warp. Stricken with survivor guilt over Warp's death, Buzz refuses to have another partner, fearing that Zurg would kill them as well.
He then meets up with Commander Nebula, who introduces him to Mira Nova, a prodigy ranger and the princess of the planet Tangea, which Buzz saved from Zurg a while back, and offers her to Buzz as his new partner. With the power of "ghosting", Nova is nearly invincible, but Buzz is still reluctant. Afterwards Buzz later prevents a well-meaning janitor named Booster, who dreams of becoming a space ranger himself one day, from being fired. Meanwhile, in Zurg's fortress, a new henchman called Agent Z arrives with a multi-weapon robotic arm. Zurg learns of a huge orb on the L.G.M. homeworld called the Uni-Mind, responsible for the telepathic link between them; he sends his new agent to capture it. The L.G.M.s on Star Command build a new robot soldier called XR, who is offered to Buzz as a partner as he can be repaired after any damage. They then get a telepathic message about Zurg's attack on their homeworld. When Buzz and XR arrive on the L.G.M. planet, Agent Z confronts them and destroys XR while Zurg steals the Uni-Mind. Unable to think clearly, the L.G.M. rebuild XR, but end up giving him a mind of his own. Commander Nebula decides to launch a full-scale assault on Planet Z, despite Mira's argument that a solo ranger could go to stop Zurg with the prototype Alpha-One.
Zurg corrupts the Uni-Mind with his own evil thoughts and installs it into the "Mega-Ray" to bend everyone to Zurg's will. Mira steals the Alpha-One prototype spacecraft to fight Zurg, and Buzz, who wanted to follow her plan, pursues Mira in his own craft, unaware Booster and XR have stowawayed. Eventually, Buzz catches Mira and stores Alpha-One in his spaceship's cargo bay; Booster and XR are then discovered. Zurg's Mega-Ray subverts several planets in quick succession before turning it on Star Command. Buzz, Mira, Booster, and XR discover all of the staff, including Nebula, have been suborned by Zurg; they flee in Buzz's Star Cruiser. Zurg uses Star Command's entire arsenal, planting a bomb on Buzz's ship. Buzz and the others escape in the Alpha-One just before the bomb detonates, destroying the cruiser. Zurg presumes Buzz dead.
Booster accidentally causes the ship to crash-land on Planet Z. There, Buzz, insistent on finishing the mission alone, orders the others to leave. Buzz fights Agent Z, but is incapacitated and delivered to Zurg when Agent Z reveals himself to be Warp, who, in addition to having faked his death, was secretly working for Zurg for years as a double agent. Buzz dictates his "final log entry", a coded distress call to Mira, Booster and XR.
Zurg plans to use the Mega-Ray on Buzz, but XR and Booster intervene in time to rescue him as it fires. Booster and Mira destroy Warp's mechanical arm after Booster lands on him. Buzz fights Zurg, who escapes before Buzz's allies can arrest him. Booster and XR arrest Warp and skydive from Zurg's exploding tower. Mira uses her "ghosting" power to push Buzz to the core of the Uni-Mind and restore it to normal, freeing the suborned peoples and leaving Zurg momentarily helpless and dismayed. The unity of the L.G.M. is restored and Warp is taken to prison for treason.
Buzz, having finally admitted that he cannot work alone, creates a new team called "Team Lightyear" with XR, Mira and Booster.
Voice cast
Production
Set in the fictional universe of the Disney/Pixar film series Toy Story, the film inspired a line of Buzz Lightyear toys. The opening computer-animated sequence was directed at Pixar by Angus MacLane, while the main parts of the film are traditionally animated by Walt Disney Television Animation. It was the only production that was a spin-off of a Pixar film until 2013's theatrical Cars spin-off film Planes produced by Disneytoon Studios. The movie was written and produced by Bob Schooley and Mark McCorkle, who would later go on to create Kim Possible for Disney Channel.
Originally announced and advertised as Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Movie, the series had not yet premiered, so the title was later changed to The Adventure Begins. This marks the one time that Pixar had involvement with a straight to video movie.
Tim Allen, Wallace Shawn, R. Lee Ermey, and Joe Ranft reprised their roles from the films. Woody is voiced by Jim Hanks, the brother of his original actor Tom Hanks, and Hamm is voiced by Andrew Stanton replacing his original actor John Ratzenberger.
Originally, Patrick Warburton voiced Buzz for the film, but when it was released to video, he was replaced by Allen. When the movie was later aired as the first three episodes of the television show Buzz Lightyear of Star Command, the opening sequence in Andy's bedroom was removed, and Warburton's vocal performance replaced Allen's.
During the film's end credits, the song, "To Infinity and Beyond", was arranged by Randy Petersen and Tim Heintz and performed by William Shatner and the Star Command Chorus.
Release
Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins was released to VHS and DVD on August 8, 2000.
Reception
Bruce Fretts of Entertainment Weekly rated the film D+ and called it "a straight-to-tape travesty". Susan King of the Los Angeles Times described the animation as "a cut above the norm" for direct-to-video films, and she said the script is "breezy and funny".
Awards and nominations
Notes
See also
Buzz Lightyear of Star Command
Lightyear
References
External links
2000 films
2000 animated films
2000 computer-animated films
2000 direct-to-video films
2000 science fiction films
2000s American animated films
2000s English-language films
2000s science fiction comedy films
American children's animated space adventure films
American children's animated comic science fiction films
American children's animated science fantasy films
American robot films
American science fiction comedy films
Animated films about extraterrestrial life
Animated films about robots
Animated films set in outer space
Buzz Lightyear
Buzz Lightyear of Star Command
Disney direct-to-video animated films
Disney Television Animation films
Film spin-offs
Films about artificial intelligence
Films directed by Tad Stones
Animated films set on fictional planets
Self-reflexive films
Toy Story | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz%20Lightyear%20of%20Star%20Command%3A%20The%20Adventure%20Begins |
Dahi puri is an Indian snack food which is especially popular in the state of Maharashtra. The dish is a type of chaat and originates from the city of Mumbai. It is served with mini-puri shells (golgappa), which are also used for the dish pani puri. Dahi puri and pani puri chaats are often sold from the same vendor.
Preparation
The round, hard, puffy puri shell is first broken on top and partially filled with the main stuffing of mashed potatoes or chickpeas. A small amount of haldi powder or chilli powder, or both, may be added for taste, as well as a pinch of salt. Sweet tamarind chutney and spicy green chutney are then poured into the shell, on top of the stuffing. Finally, sweetened beaten yoghurt is generously poured over the shell, and the finished product is garnished with sprinklings of crushed sev, moong dal, pomegranate and finely chopped coriander leaves.
Dahi puri typically comes as five or six dahi puris per plate. Each dahi puri is intended to be eaten whole, like pani puri, so that the spectrum of flavors and textures within may all be tasted together.
See also
Bhelpuri
Panipuri
Papri chaat
Ragda pattice
Sevpuri
References
Indian snack foods
Pakistani snack foods
Bangladeshi cuisine
Street food
Indian fast food
Culture of Mumbai
Yogurt-based dishes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahi%20puri |
Nellie Cournoyea (born March 4, 1940 in Aklavik, Northwest Territories) is a Canadian politician, who served as the sixth premier of the Northwest Territories from 1991 to 1995. She was the first female premier of a Canadian territory and the second female premier in Canadian history after Rita Johnston of British Columbia.
Cournoyea is of mixed Norwegian and Inupiaq heritage.
Before entering politics, Cournoyea was an announcer and station manager for CBC North in Inuvik, and a land claims worker for the Inuit Tapirisat of Canada.
She was first elected to the territorial Legislative Assembly in 1979, representing the electoral district of Western Arctic until it was dissolved in 1983, and then the new district of Nunakput for the remainder of her career in politics. She served the government in a variety of cabinet positions.
On November 14, 1991, she was chosen as premier under the territory's consensus government system, in which the premier is chosen by elected members following the general election. Cournoyea served as premier until 1995, and subsequently chose not to stand for reelection to the Legislative Assembly. She currently serves as chair and CEO of the Inuvialuit Regional Corporation.
She was a winner of a National Aboriginal Achievement Award, now the Indspire Awards, in 1994, and has been awarded honorary doctorates in law from Lakehead University, Carleton University and the University of Toronto.
In 2008, she was made an Officer of the Order of Canada as well as inducted into the Aboriginal Business Hall of Fame. In 2016, Cournoyea received the Order of the Northwest Territories.
As a child, Cournoyea attended an aboriginal residential school. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission's report described how she was sheltered by Aboriginal families along her route when she ran away from an Anglican hostel in the Northwest Territories after a confrontation with a teacher.
In 2023, Canada Post announced that Cournoyea will be one of three people, alongside George Manuel and Thelma Chalifoux, honoured as Indigenous pioneers on new postage stamps.
See also
Notable Aboriginal people of Canada
References
External links
Life and times of Nellie Cournoyea CBC.
The Inuvialuit Land Claim NWT Historical Timeline
1940 births
Canadian people of Norwegian descent
Premiers of the Northwest Territories
Living people
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories
Officers of the Order of Canada
Members of the Order of the Northwest Territories
Inuit politicians
Canadian female first ministers
Women MLAs in the Northwest Territories
Inuvialuit people
People from Aklavik
Indspire Awards
Canadian Inuit women
Inuit from the Northwest Territories | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellie%20Cournoyea |
Megan Slankard (born June 6, 1983, Tracy, California) is an American musician and singer-songwriter.
Early life
Slankard began learning the guitar when she was 10 years old. At age 17, Slankard produced and recorded her first album, Lady is a Pirate, with her brother at home on her computer.
Career
After turning 18, Slankard toured with David Knopfler as the opening act for his European tour and co-wrote the title song of his album Ship of Dreams.
In July 2004, Slankard appeared on an episode of TLC's What Not to Wear. The episode first aired July 16, 2004.
Slankard's album Freaky Little Story appeared on the Acoustic Guitar 2004 Top 5 list and became a top ten seller on the Amazon CD sales chart. In 2005, she released the EP album A Little Extra Sun produced by Adam Rossi.
According to her web site, she was a semi-finalist in Discmaker's 2007 Independent Music World Series and International Songwriting Competition and finalist in the 2008 and 2009 Musician's Atlas/Borders Books Independent Music Awards. She was the January 2009 Top 5 artist in the Famecast Competition. She released her album A Token of the Wreckage in 2011.
In July 2011, Slankard (composer, guitar, mandolin, vocals ), Joel Ackerson (composer, engineer, guitar, mandolin, vocals), Zack Teran (upright bass, vocals), and Eric Andersen (composer, piano, vocals) formed The Novelists, a Reno-based lyrical rock band. The four singer-songwriters collaborated to produce the band's debut album, "Backstory", released January 1, 2012.
Slankard's music has also been featured on San Francisco radio's KFOG compilation CD. She was a final selection artist for RPM Direct Presents: Unsigned Artists Volume 3 compilation CD; an A&R Online featured artist; a Song and Film Spotlight artist; and, an Acoustic Cafe featured artist on the “One to Watch” syndicated radio program (sponsored by the USA Songwriting Competition).
Slankard was nominated for the 7th Annual Independent Music Awards for Folk/Singer Songwriter Song of the year for her song "The Happy Birthday". Slankard won the 8th annual Independent Music Awards Vox Pop award in the Best Cover Song category for her rendering of the song "America".
Personal life
Slankard appeared on an episode of TLC's What Not to Wear in July 2004 and in a follow-up episode a year later.
Equipment
Slankard's preferred equipment includes:
Acoustic guitars: 1999 Guild D55 guitar, a 2000 Taylor 614ce guitar, and a Takamine C132S
Electric guitar: Daisy Rock's Rock Candy Special
Keyboard: Korg Triton Extreme EXT61
Home recording equipment: MOTU 828mkII; Digidesign Mbox 2 with Pro Tools LE
Discography
Studio albums
Lady Is a Pirate (2001)
Freaky Little Story (2003)
A Token of the Wreckage (2011)
Running on Machinery (2015)
California & Other Stories (2022)
EPs and singles
A Little Extra Sun (2005 EP)
Appearances on other albums and singles
Stop and Go Jeff Campbell (2012)
In Spite of Everything Jeff Campbell (2013)
"The Kitchen Sink" Jeff Campbell (TBA)
External links
Megan Slankard Official website
Interview with Megan Slankard for Guitarbench.com
References
American women singer-songwriters
Living people
Singer-songwriters from California
1983 births
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American women singers
People from Tracy, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan%20Slankard |
William Henry Ashdown (27 December 1898 – 15 September 1979) was an English professional cricketer. He is one of a very few men who played first-class cricket before the First World War and after the Second World War.
Ashdown was born in Bromley in Kent. He first played first-class cricket in 1914, playing for Gerry Weigall's XI against Oxford University in The Parks, aged 15. During World War I he served in a reserve battalion of the Rifle Brigade on home defence duties.
Playing for Kent County Cricket Club after the First World War, Ashdown scored 39 centuries, including two triple-centuries with a highest score of 332 against Essex in 1934. This remains Kent's highest individual score. His second triple-century for the county was scored in 1935 and is one of only two Kent batsman to have scored a triple-century whilst playing of the county. He scored more than 1,000 runs in 11 seasons of county cricket. He was also successful as a bowler, taking 602 wickets at a bowling average of 32.47. He was awarded his county cap in 1922 and retired in 1937. He returned to play a final first-class match in 1947, aged 48, for Maurice Leyland's XI against the Rest of England at Harrogate when he scored 42 and 40 and took five wickets for 73 runs.
He became an umpire after retiring from first-class cricket, and stood in two Tests against New Zealand in 1949 and one against the West Indies in 1950. He stepped down from the umpire's list resume his playing career as captain of Leicestershire 2nd XI until he was 55, doubling up as their coach and scorer. He died in Rugby, Warwickshire, aged 80.
Notes
References
External links
1898 births
1979 deaths
Cricketers from Bromley
English cricketers
Kent cricketers
English Test cricket umpires
Players cricketers
English cricketers of 1919 to 1945
H. D. G. Leveson Gower's XI cricketers
North v South cricketers
L. H. Tennyson's XI cricket team
M. Leyland's XI cricketers
Cricket scorers
British Army personnel of World War I
Rifle Brigade soldiers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Ashdown |
Raimo P. Hämäläinen (born 7 July 1948 in Helsinki, Finland) is a professor emeritus at the Aalto University School of Science (Aalto SCI), Finland. Hämäläinen founded Systems Analysis laboratory at Aalto SCI in 1984. His research interests include systems intelligence, multiple-criteria decision analysis, sequential games, simulation, and energy modeling.
Hämäläinen received his Doctor of Technology degree in 1977 from Helsinki University of Technology, advised by Aarne Halme and Olli Lokki.
In 2004, The International Society for Multiple Criteria Decision Making awarded Professor Hämäläinen for his work on MCDM research.
Hämäläinen retired on 1 August 2016.
References
1948 births
Finnish mathematicians
Living people
Scientists from Helsinki
Aalto University alumni
Academic staff of Aalto University | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimo%20H%C3%A4m%C3%A4l%C3%A4inen |
The River North Gallery District or simply River North, in Chicago, is in the Near North Side, Chicago. It once hosted the largest concentration of art galleries in the United States outside of Manhattan.
River North has experienced vast changes in the years 1990 - 2012, including the development of large high-rise buildings, nightclubs and restaurants. River North has become one of Chicago's top neighborhoods for nightlife especially on and around Hubbard Street.Today there are far fewer galleries but the artistic spirit remains, with regular art openings taking place as well as a Fall River North Design District Walk taking place every September.
A common definition puts the River North neighborhood in the area north of the Chicago River and the Merchandise Mart, south of Division Street, east of the Chicago River and west of Wabash Avenue. Along with a handful of art galleries today, the area holds many bars, dance clubs, popular restaurants and entertainment venues. Subsections of River North include:
The Gallery District, the district designated by the City, primarily along Chicago, Superior and Huron streets between Lasalle and Orleans. As it has grown and the area has gentrified, galleries can also now be found throughout the city, though the heart of where it all started is around Superior and Huron and Wells Streets.
The Contemporaine Building - 2005 AIA Honor Awards For Architecture site: , site:
A design district, with shops and showrooms selling commercial and luxury interior furnishings, in the blocks north of the Merchandise Mart.
Kingsbury Park, an area of newly built residential high-rises surrounding Erie Park, at Erie Street and the Chicago River.
History
Smokey Hollow
River North was named Smokey Hollow around the turn of the 20th century due to the many factories and forges in the area. The smoke was often so thick that sunlight was blocked. At the time Smokey Hollow was a major transportation hub with railroad tracks linking the ports along the Chicago River with the surrounding areas. The Merchandise Mart still has railroad tracks underneath the building. Massive coal bins were throughout the neighborhood both bringing coal into the area from ships and storage for the multitude of factories and forges in River North. The Merchandise Mart was a major storage warehouse for goods. The Merchandise Mart was later purchased by the Kennedy family. Former retailer Montgomery Ward also had a major transportation and storage facility in River North.
Little Sicily
Little Sicily in Chicago was also located in River North. The city's first Italian Roman Catholic Church in Chicago was Assumption Parish on Illinois Street, with a mandate to be the Parish for all Italians living between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi River. Later Sicilians began to move northward from the immediate vicinity of Assumption and began to form their own parishes. Italians whose family roots were from other parts of Italy tended to move west along Grand Street and formed Parishes west of Assumption.
Prohibition
In 1921, Dean O'Banion married Viola Kaniff and bought an interest in William Schofield's River North flower shop, near the corner of West Chicago Avenue and North State Street. O'Banion needed a legitimate front for his bootlegging operation. In addition, he was fond of flowers and was an excellent arranger.
Schofield's became the florist of choice for many funerals.
The shop happened to be directly across the street from Holy Name Cathedral, where O'Banion and Weiss attended Mass. The rooms above Schofield's were used as the headquarters for the North Side Gang which controlled the bootlegging operations in what would later be called River North and the Gold Coast area of Chicago.
On the morning of November 10, 1924, O'Banion was clipping chrysanthemums in Schofield's back room. Frankie Yale entered the shop with Torrio and Capone gunmen John Scalise and Albert Anselmi. When O'Banion attempted to greet Yale with a handshake, Yale clasped O'Banion's hand in a death grip. At the same time, Scalise and Anselmi fired two bullets into O'Banion's chest, two in his cheeks, and two in his throat and Dean O'Banion died instantly.
Punk rock history
One of the biggest punk rock clubs of the 1970s was located in River North - called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion.
The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life.
Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners who traveled from the suburbs to attend Mass in the old neighborhood every Sunday.
Development of the River North neighborhood
The River North neighborhood got its name from Chicago real estate developer Albert Friedman (chief executive of Friedman Properties Ltd.), who in 1974 started to buy, restore and build commercial property in the southeast sector. Much of the area was a skid row at the time, so in an effort to attract tenants Friedman started calling the area "River North". Within a few years, Friedman found photographers, ad agencies and art galleries willing to rent the low cost space and coalesce into what is now the River North Gallery District, which has the largest concentration of art galleries in the United States outside of Manhattan.
Recent developments
River North from 1990 to 2012 became one of Chicago's top neighborhoods for nightlife especially along Franklin Street and Hubbard Street. It is a top destination for restaurants, nightclubs and living for people who move to Chicago. During this time numerous highrises have been developed, dramatically increasing the population of River North.
Economy
The Consulate-General of the People's Republic of China in Chicago is located at 100 West Erie Street in River North; the consulate's visa office is located in River North but east of the Gallery District.
The Royal Thai Consulate-General of Chicago is located at 700 North Rush Street in River North, east of the Gallery District.
References
External links
Chicago Gallery News
River North Association
30 Years Later, the 1989 River North Fire, Chicago Gallery News
River North Gallery District fire in 1989, Encyclopedia of Chicago
Central Chicago
Neighborhoods in Chicago
Arts districts
Entertainment districts in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20North%20Gallery%20District%2C%20Near%20North%20Side%2C%20Chicago |
Brigitte "Gitti" Köck (born 18 May 1970 in Innsbruck) is an Austrian snowboarder and Olympic medalist. At the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan she won bronze in the Giant Slalom competition.
Results
World Championships:
1x 2nd rank (1997)
2x 3rd rank (1999, 2000)
3x 4th rank (1999, 2001, 2002)
European Championships:
1x 1st rank (1995)
3x 2nd rank (1995, 1998, 1999)
1x 3rd rank (1996)
Worldcup / World Pro Tour:
45 times top-3
External links
Website
1970 births
Living people
Austrian female snowboarders
Olympic snowboarders for Austria
Snowboarders at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in snowboarding
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Austria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte%20K%C3%B6ck |
John William Bach (July 10, 1924 – January 18, 2016) was an American professional basketball player and coach. A forward/guard, Bach played college basketball at Fordham University and Brown University. He was selected by the Boston Celtics in the 1948 Basketball Association of America (BAA) Draft, and played 34 games for the Celtics.
Career
In 1950, at age 26, Bach became one of the nation's youngest head coaches at a major college when he took over the coaching job at Fordham. He spent 18 years there, taking seven Ram teams to post-season tourneys. From 1968 to 1978, he coached at Penn State, where he joined three old friends from Brown–Rip Engle, Joe Paterno and Joe McMullen. Although he led the Nittany Lions to five winning seasons, he would never reach the postseason.
Bach would later coach the Golden State Warriors for three years. He served as an interim coach in 1980, and then as the full-time coach from 1983 to 1986. In 1986, Bach joined the Chicago Bulls as an assistant and became the architect of the "Doberman defense", the aggressive defensive effort led by Michael Jordan, Scottie Pippen, and Horace Grant. After the team won three championships from 1991 to 1993, Bach moved on to coaching jobs with the Charlotte Hornets, Detroit Pistons and Washington Wizards. He returned to the Bulls in 2003, and retired in 2006.
Later life
After retiring from basketball, Bach turned to painting. In 2007, thirty-two of his watercolors were put on display at the Sevan Gallery in Skokie, Illinois.
Death
Bach died on January 18, 2016, in Chicago at the age of 91. Bach's funeral was held two days later on January 20, 2016, at the Old St. Patrick's Church in Chicago. As a World War II US Navy Ensign he was buried at Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery in Elwood, Illinois.
BAA career statistics
Regular season
Head coaching record
College basketball
Professional basketball
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|GSW
| style="text-align:left;"|
|21||6||15||.286|| style="text-align:center;"|6th in Pacific||-||-||-||-
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed Playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|GSW
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||37||45||.451|| style="text-align:center;"|5th in Pacific||-||-||-||-
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed Playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|GSW
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||22||60||.268|| style="text-align:center;"|6th in Pacific||-||-||-||-
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed Playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|GSW
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||30||52||.366|| style="text-align:center;"|6th in Pacific||-||-||-||-
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed Playoffs
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:left;"|Career
| ||267||95||172||.356|| ||-||-||-||.-
References
External links
BasketballReference.com: Johnny Bach (as coach)
BasketballReference.com: Johnny Bach (as player)
NBA.com Coach File: John Bach
1924 births
2016 deaths
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from New York (state)
Boston Celtics draft picks
Boston Celtics players
Charlotte Hornets assistant coaches
Chicago Bulls assistant coaches
Detroit Pistons assistant coaches
Fordham Rams athletic directors
Fordham Rams men's basketball coaches
Fordham Rams men's basketball players
Golden State Warriors head coaches
Penn State Nittany Lions basketball coaches
Shooting guards
Small forwards
Basketball players from Brooklyn
Washington Wizards assistant coaches
United States Navy officers
Burials at Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny%20Bach |
Autoditacker is the third studio album by German electronica duo Mouse on Mars. It was released in 1997.
Critical reception
Marc Weingarten of Entertainment Weekly described Autoditacker as "a messy mosaic of trills, chirps, and buzzing sounds that slam headfirst into dense, abstract, and occasionally danceable grooves." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said, "Each listen reveals new layers of the group's intricate arrangements, and the shifting instrumentation and themes recall the best adventurous jazz in terms of unpredictability."
In 2017, Pitchfork placed Autoditacker at number 18 on its list of "The 50 Best IDM Albums of All Time".
Track listing
Personnel
Credits adapted from liner notes.
Mouse on Mars
Jan St. Werner – composition, production
Andi Toma – composition, production
Additional personnel
F.X.Randomiz – digital sound processing (2)
John Frenett – bass guitar (4)
Lætitia Sadier – lyrics (10)
References
External links
1997 albums
Mouse on Mars albums
Too Pure albums
Rough Trade Records albums
Thrill Jockey albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoditacker |
This is a list of MPs elected to the House of Commons at the 1852 United Kingdom general election, arranged by constituency. New MPs elected since the general election and changes in party allegiance are noted at the bottom of the page.
Changes
1852
1852: Following the general election 48 MPs, elected as Liberals in Ireland, formed the Independent Irish Party. They included William Keogh (Athlone), John Sadleir (Carlow), John Ball (County Carlow), Sir Timothy O'Brien, Bt (Cashel), Cornelius O'Brien (Clare) unseated on petition, Hon. Cecil Lawless (Clonmel), Francis Murphy (Cork), William Trant Fagan (Cork), James McCann (Drogheda), George Bowyer (Dundalk), Jogn Maguire (Dungarvan), John Fitzgerald (Ennis), Anthony O'Flaherty (Galway), Martin Blake (Galway), Sir Thomas Burke, Bt (County Galway), Thomas Bellew (County Galway).
1853
1 January 1853: John Sadleir (Independent Irish Party-Carlow) accepted office in the Aberdeen coalition and was defeated seeking re-election as a Liberal on 20 January 1853.
April 1853: William Keogh (Independent Irish Party-Athlone) accepted office in the Aberdeen coalition and was re-elected as a Liberal on 23 April 1853.
Incomplete
Notes
References
British Electoral Facts 1832–1999, compiled and edited by Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher (Ashgate Publishing Ltd 2000)
Spartacus: Political Parties and Election Results
See also
List of parliaments of the United Kingdom
UK general election, 1852
1852
1852 United Kingdom general election
List
UK MPs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20MPs%20elected%20in%20the%201852%20United%20Kingdom%20general%20election |
A slide stop, sometimes referred to as a slide lock or slide release, on a semi-automatic handgun is a function that visually indicates when a handgun has expended all loaded ammunition and facilitates faster reloading by pulling back the slide or depressing the slide lock to advance the first round of a new magazine.
Description
The various terms relate to the two functions of the component: while it automatically catches the slide (locking it back) after the magazine's last round has been fired, thereby allowing the user to easily release the slide by pulling down on the switch, it also allows the user to purposefully stop or lock the slide back by pressing up on the switch while racking the slide. Some manufactures recommend using the slide lock as a release, others recommend racking the slide. Using the slide lock as a release can accelerate wear in some models.
Firearm components | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide%20stop |
Bakesale is the fifth album by American indie rock band Sebadoh, released by Sub Pop in 1994. It was the first Sebadoh album released following the departure of founding member, Eric Gaffney, though he did drum on four of the album's tracks from a session engineered by Bob Weston. Tara Jane O'Neil contributed drums to three tracks. Bob Fay, who had previously filled in for Gaffney, officially joined the band for this record. The cover is a photograph of Lou Barlow, aged one-year-old, taken by his mother.
Recording
Initial sessions for the album were done at Steve Albini's home in Chicago, Illinois with Bob Weston, though the band didn't work with Albini. Four songs were recorded with Gaffney, which became his final recordings with the band. Further sessions were held at Fort Apache Studios in Boston, Massachusetts after Gaffney had quit and been replaced by Fay.
Music
As a result of Gaffney's departure, the songwriting on Bakesale was handled primarily by Barlow and Loewenstein, with Fay contributing the lone track, "Temptation Tide". The album continues the band's departure from the largely acoustic, lo-fi sound and shorter song structures that characterized their first three albums, and boasts a more polished production value than previous Sebadoh albums. This helped the band not only expand its underground following but flirt with mainstream success, and several singles and even a few music videos were released from the album.
Reception
Bakesale was initially well received by critics. It was included in a number of year-end lists in 1994, including Spin's "20 Best Albums of '94" (#16), the Village Voices "1994 Pazz & Jop Critics Poll" (#20), the NMEs "25 Best Albums of 1994" (#27), and Mojo's "25 Best Albums of 1994" (unranked).
In the years since its release, Bakesale has come to be regarded as Sebadoh's most accessible album, with a more polished production than previous Sebadoh albums, and consistent songwriting from Barlow and Loewenstein. Upon its re-release in 2011, Jess Harvell of Pitchfork called it "their most focused and purely pleasurable record", and "a strong and lovable essay on 90s indie's charms". Zachary Houle of PopMatters called it "a totemic touchstone of a record, one that is arguably as important to the development of indie-rock as a form as Guided by Voices' Bee Thousand and Pavement's Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain." In 2014, John Everhart of Stereogum wrote that the album "doesn't have the highs of Bubble & Scrape, nor the epochal status of Sebadoh III, but Bakesale is the [Sebadoh] record you'll find yourself captivated by most immediately, listening to from start to finish."
Barlow himself wrote that Bakesale seems to be "the most fondly remembered and the most highly regarded" Sebadoh album, though he doesn't consider it the band's best, calling it less interesting than Sebadoh III, Bubble & Scrape and The Sebadoh.
In July 2008, it was listed by Pitchfork as one of the publication's 20 favorite Sub Pop albums, with Stuart Berman writing that it represented "a long overdue document of the band's pop prowess" for many longtime fans. In July 2014, Guitar World placed Bakesale at number 37 in their "Superunknown: 50 Iconic Albums That Defined 1994" list.
Singles
"Rebound" was released as the album's first single in 1994, as a 7" vinyl record in the UK. The second single was for the song "Skull", released in 1994 as a 7" in the US and as a CD in the UK, both versions featuring the same three B-sides, but the US version featuring a remixed version of "Skull". The UK releases were handled by Domino, while the US release was put out by Sub Pop.
The following singles, both on CD, were for the songs "Careful", released in 1994 in Germany by City Slang, and "Magnet's Coil", released in 1995 in Australia by Shock. The final single was for the song "Not Too Amused", released in 1995 as a CD and 7" in the UK by Domino. A "Rebound" EP was released by Sub Pop in 1995, featuring different b-sides and cover art from the 1994 UK 7".
Music videos
Music videos were released for the songs "Rebound" and "Skull".
Reissue
The album was reissued in 2011, featuring a second disc of bonus material and new liner notes.
Track listing
"License to Confuse" (Barlow) – 1:45
"Careful" (Loewenstein) – 2:44
"Magnet's Coil" (Barlow) – 2:27
"Not a Friend" (Barlow) – 3:40
"Not Too Amused" (Loewenstein) – 4:15
"Dreams" (Barlow) – 2:39
"Skull" (Barlow) – 2:24
"Got It" (Loewenstein) – 2:16
"S. Soup" (Loewenstein) – 3:16
Short for "Shit Soup"
"Give Up" (Barlow) – 2:27
"Rebound" (Barlow) – 2:12
"Mystery Man" (Barlow) – 3:08
"Temptation Tide" (Fay) – 1:53
"Drama Mine" (Loewenstein) – 2:42
"Together or Alone" (Barlow) – 4:03
Extra disc (2011 reissue)
"MOR Backlash"
"Not a Friend" (4-track)
"Foreground"
"40203"
"Mystery Man" (4-track)
"Drumstick Jumble"
"Lime Kiln"
"Fancy-ass / Destitute"
"Perfect Way" (4-track)
"Give the Drummer Some"
"Cementville"
"Social Medicine"
"On Fire" (acoustic)
"Magnet's Coil" (acoustic)
"Rebound" (acoustic)
"Punching Myself in the Face Repeatedly, Publicly"
"Sing Something / Plate of Hatred"
"III Screams"
"Monsoon"
"Rainbow Farm"
"Hank Williams"
"Careful"
"Dramamine"
"Not Too Amused"
"Shit Soup"
Personnel
Lou Barlow – vocals, guitar, organ
Jason Loewenstein – vocals, bass guitar, guitar
Bob Fay – drums, vocals
Additional personnel
Anne Slinn – vocals, organ
Eric Gaffney – drums
Tara O'Neil – drums
Charts
Weekly charts
Singles
References
External links
"Skull" music video
1994 albums
Sebadoh albums
Sub Pop albums
Sub Pop compilation albums
Domino Recording Company albums
Domino Recording Company compilation albums
City Slang albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakesale |
Typecast is a Filipino emo band from the Philippines.
Originally an underground act, they surfaced on the mainstream Philippine music scene, while managing to hold on to their underground roots.
Career
Laguna has been home to hardcore punk bands since the early 1990s. Brought up in a DIY community, the band came together in 1999, initially doing cover versions, after that they started doing their own songs. In 2004, they released their debut studio album, The Infatuation Is Always There, which paved their way to become one of the most influential rock bands in Southeast Asia.
With the release of their second studio album, Every Moss and Cobweb, in 2007, the band changed their sound from gritty to melancholic lyrics that turned out to be emo.
The band broke into the local mainstream with the single "Will You Ever Learn", which won Best Song of the Year at the 2007 NU Rock Awards. This success eventually led to the opportunity to open for other popular bands such as Thursday, Darkest Hour, Good Charlotte, Saosin, Anberlin, All Time Low, Dashboard Confessional, The Used, and Cobra Starship.
In March 2013, Steve Badiola recorded a tribute to Karl Roy with Ian Rondilla which is entitled "Missed". The track was recorded at Tower of Doom Studios.
In 2014, drummer Melvin Macatiag was removed from the band and was replaced by Sep Roño in 2015.
Typecast was released their first Tagalog song, "Mulat Ng Mata", in 2019.
Critical reception
Typecast pioneered the social networking website as a venue for independent music in Southeast Asia and holds the most number of friends and fans in the area. They were named as one of the most influential rock bands in Southeast Asia according to Magmug.com, an online magazine based in Singapore and Malaysia.
Musical styles
The band's sound emphasizes on alternative rock, pop punk, post-hardcore and emo, which marked them in the country's rock music scene. Having often been mistaken for an American band, even Geoff Rickly of the band Thursday said that the band reminds him of the post-rock band Explosions in the Sky. Badiola's voice has also been compared to Chris Carrabba's.
Discography
Last Time (2002)
The Infatuation Is Always There (2004)
Every Moss and Cobweb (2006)
How Your Influence Betrays You (2011)
Word Sits Heavy (2014)
Members
Current members
Steve Frank Badiola – lead vocals, guitars (1999–present)
Chi Resurreccion – co-vocals, bass guitar (2003–present)
Pakoy Fletchero – lead guitar, backing vocals (2005–present)
Sep Roño – drums (2015–present)
Zion De Vera – Rapper (2015–present)
Past members
Melvin Macatiag – drums (1999–2014)
Ryan Ronquillo – bass (1999–2002)
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Official site
MySpace page
Filipino rock music groups
Post-hardcore groups
Post-grunge groups
Musical groups established in 1999
1999 establishments in the Philippines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typecast%20%28band%29 |
Scouting in Tasmania began in 1908 with several separate associations operating in the early years including the Chums Scout Patrols, League of Boy Scouts, Girl Peace Scouts, British Boy Scouts and YMCA Scouts. These were later joined by The Boy Scouts Association, The Girl Guides Association and Life-Saving Scouts and Life Saving Guards of the Salvation Army. Some local groups of Scouts moved between associations. There has also been representation by the Baden-Powell Scouts' Association with a group of scouts in Devonport under Alan Richmond, OAM affiliating in May 1984.
Scouting and Guiding in Tasmania is now predominantly represented by Scouts Australia's Tasmanian Branch and Girl Guides Australia's Tasmanian Branch.
The Scout Association Of Australia Tasmanian Branch
The Scout Association Of Australia Tasmanian Branch is organised around several Scout Districts:
Clarence
Hellyer
Huon
Kingborough
Launceston and Tamar
Leven
Mersey
North Midlands
Wellington
and a District for Distant Groups.
The main adult training centre is the Lea Scout Centre, 8 km from Hobart. It also houses the Branch Headquarters and the Tasmanian Scout Heritage Centre opened in 1997. There are several other Activity Centres throughout the State.
History
Captain D. Colbron Pearse was Assistant Commandant at the Humshaugh Camp run by the publishers of The Scout magazine, C. Arthur Pearson Limited, in England in 1908. Pearse was working for Pearsons as an illustrator. Pearse moved to Tasmania in 1922 and was involved in Scouting for the rest of his life. In 1922, he was Publicity Manager for The Boy Scouts Association, Tasmanian Branch. In 1926 he was Assistant Chief Commissioner and welcomed Baden-Powell, the Chief Scout of The Boy Scouts Association, to Tasmania.
Girl Guides Tasmania
Girl Guides Tasmania is divided into 4 Regions
North West
North "McIntyre"
South East
South West
Guides Tasmania has two camp sites, Nindethana by the Tamar River near Launceston and Orana 20 km from Hobart.
Gang Shows
Hobart Gang Show started in 1956; in recess between 1971 and 1990, located in Hobart, Tasmania.
References
External links
Scouts Australia (Tasmania) Branch
Girl Guides Tasmania
Tasmania, Scouting in | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting%20and%20Guiding%20in%20Tasmania |
Sonar or SONAR is a technique that uses sound propagation under water.
Sonar or SONAR may also refer to:
Companies
Sonar Entertainment, a television production company
Sonar Kollektiv, a German record label
Sonar Music, at Fox Studios Australia
Sonar Radio, an online radio station based in Singapore
Sonar Records, an English record label
Entertainment
Sonar (band), a Belgian musical group
Sonar (comics), a DC Comics fictional character
Sonar (Transformers), a fictional character
Sónar, a music festival in Barcelona, Spain
"Sonar", a radio single of the Mexican Electro/Pop band Belanova
Sonar Kella, a 1974 Indian novel and film
Vivek Sonar (born 1976), Indian flautist
Computing
Sonar (mobile application)
SONAR (Symantec), a technology used in Norton-security software
SonarQube, formerly named Sonar, a software quality management platform
Cakewalk Sonar, digital audio workstation software
Mouse Sonar, a computer accessibility feature in Microsoft Windows
Other
Sonar (keelboat), a sailboat
Sonar River, India
Kafil Uddin Sonar (1940s–2019), Bangladeshi politician
Animal echolocation or bio sonar, the use of sound to navigate and identify objects
See also
Sonnar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Comet Pojmański is a non-periodic comet discovered by Grzegorz Pojmański on January 2, 2006 and formally designated C/2006 A1. Pojmański discovered the comet at Warsaw University Astronomic Observatory using the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile as part of the All Sky Automated Survey (ASAS). Kazimieras Cernis at the Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy at Vilnius, Lithuania, located it the same night and before the announcement of Pojmański's discovery, in ultraviolet images taken a few days earlier by the SWAN instrument aboard the SOHO satellite. A pre-discovery picture was later found from December 29, 2005.
At the time of its discovery, the comet was roughly 113 million miles (181 million kilometers) from the Sun. But orbital elements indicated that on February 22, 2006, it would reach perihelion at a distance of 51.6 million miles — almost half the Earth's average distance from the Sun.
The comet moved on a northward path across the night sky, and reached maximum brightness around the beginning of March. Comet Pojmański reached the very fringe of naked-eye visibility at about magnitude 5, and was best visible through binoculars or a telescope. It could be found in the dawn sky within the constellation Capricornus, close to the horizon in the northern hemisphere, during late February, but viewing circumstances became better for the northern hemisphere as the comet departed southern skies and continued north.
By early March, the comet was located in Aquila, the Eagle, and by March 7 was located in the constellation Delphinus, the Dolphin.
Comet Pojmański brightened more than initially estimated, perhaps due to over-cautious estimates by astronomers. It had previously been estimated to reach a maximum brightness of around 6.5 magnitude, but became considerably brighter.
During the comet's appearance, it sported a tail of three to seven degrees (six to fourteen times the apparent lunar diameter) and a coma of up to about 10 arcseconds.
See also
All Sky Automated Survey
Bohdan Paczyński
References
External links
Space.com: "New Comet Brightens Rapidly" (Accessed 2/27/06)
Sky and Telescope: "A Surprise Comet in the Dawn" (Accessed 2/27/06)
Comet Data and Images from Warsaw University
Non-periodic comets
20060102
Science and technology in Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet%20Pojma%C5%84ski |
The County and Borough Police Act 1856 or the Police Act 1856 (19 & 20 Vict. c. 69) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was one of the Police Acts 1839 to 1893. The Act made it compulsory for a police force to be established in any county which had not previously formed a constabulary.
The Act required that in any county where a constabulary had not already been established for all or part of the county, then the justices of the peace for the county should at the next general or quarter sessions held after December 1, 1856, proceed to establish a sufficient police force.
Where the Secretary of State received certified notice that an efficient police force had been established in any county or borough, then one quarter of the costs of pay and clothing for constables would be met by the Treasury.
However, boroughs maintaining a separate police force and having a population of 5,000 or less were to receive no financial support, thereby encouraging smaller forces to consolidate with the county police.
Finally, the Act provided that the Cheshire Constabulary, which had been established by a private Act of Parliament in 1829 (the Cheshire Constabulary Act 1829, 10 Geo. 4. c. 97) and amended by an Act of 1852 (the Cheshire Constabulary Act 1852, 15 & 16 Vict. c. xxxi), would be replaced by a force under the terms of the new Act.
References
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1856
Police legislation in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County%20and%20Borough%20Police%20Act%201856 |
The western border of Santa Monica, California, is the 3-mile (4.8 km) stretch of Santa Monica Bay. On its other sides, the city is bordered by various districts of Los Angeles: the northwestern border is Pacific Palisades, the eastern border is Brentwood north of Wilshire Boulevard and West Los Angeles south of Wilshire, the northeastern border is generally San Vicente Boulevard up to the Riviera Country Club, the southwestern border is Venice Beach and the southern border is with West Los Angeles and Mar Vista.
Santa Monica Canyon
Part of the Santa Monica Post Office code 90402 but outside the municipal boundaries, Santa Monica Canyon is an adjacent neighborhood is named for the historic land grant Rancho Boca de Santa Monica. The boundary between Santa Monica and Pacific Palisades in this area is Adelaide Drive.
La Mesa Drive / North of San Vicente
San Vicente Boulevard is the northernmost major street in Santa Monica. The streets north of San Vicente are generally considered a subsection of the North of Montana neighborhood, but distinguished because of La Mesa Drive. North of San Vicente the streets are La Mesa Drive, La Mesa Way, Gale Place (developed by one of the area's prolific post-depression contractors, Cecil Gale), Woodacres Road, Esparta Way, Ermont Place, Foxtail Drive, Larkin Place, Winnett Place and Adelaide Place. This is part of the "North of Montana" 90402 zip code.
North of Montana Avenue
South of San Vicente and north of Montana Avenue consist of larger family homes of varying styles and age on larger lots. It is one of the most expensive areas in the Westside of Los Angeles. The streets in this portion of Santa Monica are San Vicente Boulevard, Georgina Avenue, Marguerita Avenue, Alta Avenue, Carlyle Avenue, Brentwood Terrace, Ocean Avenue, and the "numbered streets" 4th Street, 7th Street, Lincoln Boulevard (where 8th Street would have been), 9th Street, 10th Street, 11th Street, 12th Street, Euclid Street (which is where 13th Street would have been), 14th Street, 15th Street (the dividing line for Franklin versus Roosevelt Elementary schools), 16th Street, 17th Street (which is where Gillette's Regent Square tract begins) 18th Street, 19th Street, 20th Street, 21st Street, 21st Place (this is Gillette's cleaver extra street created by eliminating five alleys and narrowing streets, where the Gillette Regent Square tract ends and where 21st and a Half Street would have been), 22nd Street, 23rd Street, 24th Street, 25th Street and 26th Street. Most of the lot sizes are on 50' X 150' lots. The South of San Vicente, North of Montana streets provide an understated conventional walkable play-in-street feel. Among the streets south of San Vicente, the streets west of 7th Street are coveted for their proximity to Palisades Park on the bluffs overlooking the Pacific Ocean and wide streets with stately homes on deep 100' foot wide lots. The Gillette's Regent Square tract, developed by King Gillette - the razor blade manufacturer, are 9,000 square feet on 60' x 150' lots. The Gillette Regent Square section is coveted by potential home buyers for the larger homes allowed under the very restrictive zoning laws, wider lots and mature street trees.
San Vicente Boulevard is the northernmost major street in Santa Monica. The streets North of San Vicente are generally considered a subsection of the North of Montana neighborhood, but distinguished because of La Mesa Drive. Homes on La Mesa Drive are among the most expensive in Los Angeles County and often contain views of the Riviera Country Club with peeks of the Pacific Ocean or picturesque Santa Monica Canyon. La Mesa Drive is one of the least known in the city. It's planted with a dense canopy of rare Moreton Bay fig trees, making the street a picturesque walking location. Twenty blocks closer to the ocean, the Santa Monica Steps at 4th Street are a popular set of 189 very steep steps that lead down into the canyon. Rather than being used as a convenient direct route from Canyon Charter School to Adelaide Drive, they are more often utilized for intense workouts and are an excellent place for spotting sweating celebrities. Streets north of San Vicente are usually short and contain gated estates. North of San Vicente the streets are La Mesa Drive, La Mesa Way, Gale Place (developed by one of the area's prolific post-Depression contractors, Cecil Gale), Woodacres Road, Esparta Way, Ermont Place, Foxtail Drive, Larkin Place, Winnett Place and Adelaide Drive. This is part of the "North of Montana" 90402 zip code.
West of 7th and East of Ocean Avenue is the neighborhood noted by 100' x 220' foot lots, some of which have been subdivided into 50 X 220. Many of Santa Monica's historically significant land-marked homes are located here, and a few are designated as such in the National Registry.
North of Montana is served by two highly regarded public elementary schools - Franklin School for the residents on 15th through the west side of 26th, and Roosevelt for the families on 14th Street down to Ocean Avenue.
During Halloween, the streets near 16th Street and Georgina Avenue are packed with trick-or-treaters, partiers and gawkers because residents go all-out in decorating their homes for the holiday. North of Montana is the only Santa Monica neighborhood with a privately funded 24-hour-a-day patrol service managed by the Santa Monica Protective Association. The neighborhood is not represented by an association, but there is an active organized no-growth group.
North of Montana (Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.) is also the title of the first book in the FBI Special Agent Ana Grey mystery series, written by Santa Monica resident, April Smith. Continuously in print since 1994, North of Montana became notorious for being a fast-paced thriller that also examines complex relationships between upper-class white women and the Hispanic caretakers of their children.
Montana Avenue
Montana Avenue is home to two elementary schools, a public library, and a mile of about 150 upscale stores, banks, real estate offices and restaurants. There are several independently owned cafes and coffee shop as well as nationally known brands here. The businesses on this street are generally boutiques, along with two national markets. Montana Avenue is also honored with the 1939 landmark Aero Theater, built by Donald Douglas Company as a continuous around-the-clock movie theater. This is now a repertory theater operated by The American Cinematheque. Every December and June the Montana Avenue Association hosts a neighborhood-wide sale and festival where stores give holiday discounts, give free samples of food, or have clearance sales to make room for a new season of clothing. Montana Avenue is home to Balloon Celebrations, a place for modern party decor & Luxe Balloon Bouquets. Montana Avenue is served by the 18 line of the Big Blue Bus.
Northeast Neighbors
North of Wilshire, but South of Montana Avenue, is a primarily residential neighborhood. Laid out on a consistent grid of numbered streets, there are many mid-sized homes and condominiums. On its westernmost end this neighborhood includes a number of well-preserved Victorian duplex houses otherwise unique in the city. Smaller Craftsman era bungalows line the east-west avenues like Idaho, Washington, and California. At the corner of Washington Avenue and 22nd is the original Gehry House, a deconstructionist masterpiece that signaled a dramatic shift in Frank Gehry's architectural style. Real estate is exceptionally expensive in this neighborhood, albeit slightly less expensive than the more stately properties north of Montana. The neighborhood is represented by the Northeast Neighbors neighborhood association. www.neneighbors.org
Ocean Avenue
Ocean Avenue is a major thoroughfare in Santa Monica that runs along Palisades Park, with a view of the Pacific Ocean. Ocean Avenue real estate is highly prized, as all residences have a full view of the beach and Pacific Ocean, some from Palos Verdes all the way to Malibu.
South of California Ave are several luxury hotels such as Shore Hotel, Ocean View Hotel, Shutters, Casa del Mar, The Shangri-La, The Georgian Hotel, The Huntley, The Fairmont Miramar, Hotel Oceana, The Viceroy and Loews, restaurants, businesses, and homes. The Santa Monica Pier is located at Ocean Avenue and Colorado Avenue.
Downtown Santa Monica
Downtown Santa Monica is located south of Wilshire Blvd. The streets that make up downtown Santa Monica are Wilshire Boulevard, Arizona Avenue, Santa Monica Boulevard, Broadway, and Colorado Avenue from 2nd street to 14th street. The Third Street Promenade and Santa Monica Place are located in the heart of downtown. Many restaurants, tourist sites and hotels are in downtown Santa Monica.
Midtown Santa Monica
Comprising most of the 90404 zip code Midtown Santa Monica stretches from 14th street to Centinela at its westernmost and easternmost extremities, and Wilshire Boulevard to Olympic Boulevard in its north and south. Alternating between major thoroughfares and quieter residential lanes, Midtown is less congested than many other parts of the city. Planned on a regular grid, Midtown Santa Monica was once home to a number of picturesque Craftsman houses and brightly painted Victorians, though only occasional examples of these can still be found. In the early 1940s the first wave of suburbanization overtook this part of the city and many preexisting structures were razed and replaced with tiny square California Bungalows with green lawns and small, private backyards. In the 1960s a large number of these increasingly dilapidated structures were demolished in favor of four and five unit condominium complexes and apartments. The easternmost edge of Midtown Santa Monica, often referred to as the "college streets" where Princeton, Harvard, Yale, Stanford, and Berkeley intersect with Wilshire Boulevard, represents one of the city's primary gateways. Commemorating the spot where the cities of Santa Monica and Los Angeles (Brentwood neighborhood) share a border is the "Wave" a sculpture by Tony De Lap arching over Wilshire Boulevard near Franklin.
Pico District
Before the 1960s, the neighborhood was much larger and was an important African-American enclave on the Westside, but when the Santa Monica Freeway opened in the 1960s, it resulted in the destruction of many residences and the relocation of a large number of families. Its boundaries are Lincoln Blvd to the west, Centinela Ave to the east, Olympic Ave to the north and Pico Blvd to the south. The Santa Monica Freeway runs through the area with access near both Lincoln Boulevard and Olympic Blvd. Santa Monica High School and Santa Monica College are both on Pico. Pico Blvd in Santa Monica has traffic lights at nearly every block, as well as local and middle class businesses.
During the era of segregation, Pico was one of the only neighborhoods in Santa Monica where nonwhite residents were permitted to live and own property. This is the most ethnically diverse area of Santa Monica, but this diversity is under threat as the area is rapidly becoming gentrified. However, due to Santa Monica's unusually strong rent control laws, many long-term renters have been able to stay despite rising market prices. While the city of Santa Monica has a very low crime rate compared to surrounding communities, the Pico neighborhood has higher crime rates than the rest of the city. The City of Santa Monica has been accused of ignoring the Pico District in the past, particularly when it came to issues regarding crime and gang activity.
Ocean Park neighborhood
Located in the southwest corner of Santa Monica, from the beach to Lincoln Boulevard and between Pico Boulevard and the southern city limits, is the Ocean Park neighborhood, also known, together with the northern portion of Venice, as Dogtown. One of the oldest parts of the city, it is home to many styles of buildings typical of the early 20th century, such as craftsman and Victorian style houses and apartment buildings, as well as many midcentury apartment complexes and newer, higher-end homes. The area has a beachy, artsy feel similar in manner to its neighbor Venice Beach. Like Venice, it has a history of being predominantly working and middle class, but has become much wealthier and more expensive since the 1990s.
Ocean Park was originally founded as an independent city with the involvement of Abbot Kinney, and was developed along similar lines. It was originally home to an oceanfront boardwalk and pleasure pier, later developed into Pacific Ocean Park. In the 1950s through the 1970s the entire pier, boardwalk area, and all of the densely developed residential blocks between Neilson Way and the beach were demolished as part of an urban renewal program. Two high-rise apartment towers, along with a few low-rise condominium complexes and a public park, were built in their place.
Many Santa Monica residents come to shop/browse on Main Street, home of many boutiques, bars, and restaurants. Main Street also hosts a weekly farmer's market on Sundays. SMASH (an alternative school) and John Muir elementary schools are located in the neighborhood. Olympic High, an alternative high school, is also located in the area. The neighborhood association is Ocean Park Association.
Sunset Park Neighborhood
Sunset Park is a residential neighborhood located between Pico Boulevard and the southern city limits and Lincoln Boulevard and eastern city limits. It is composed primarily of single-family housing. Most of the homes are small one-story houses built in the 1940s for workers at the Douglas Aircraft Factory. Remodeled or rebuilt homes are upscale.
Sunset Park is part of the Santa Monica-Malibu Unified School District. Will Rogers and Grant elementary schools and John Adams Middle School are located in the neighborhood. Santa Monica College, a two-year community college, is also located in Sunset Park.
Santa Monica Airport, one of the busiest single-runway airports in the nation, is located along the southern borders of the neighborhood. The airport will close at the end of 2028.
Clover Park is a large park in the area with recreation facilities. The neighborhood is represented by the Friends of Sunset Park association.
Thoroughfares
Major east/west thoroughfares in Santa Monica are San Vicente Boulevard, Wilshire Boulevard, Santa Monica Boulevard, Olympic Boulevard, Pico Boulevard, and Ocean Park Boulevard. All of these streets are four lanes in width; however, about half of Ocean Park was recently reduced to two lanes in order to accommodate left-turn lanes. Wilshire Blvd and Santa Monica Blvd contain the most traffic. It is fairly easy to travel east/west in Santa Monica.
Traveling north/south in Santa Monica is considerably slower and more difficult. Most north/south streets in Santa Monica end relatively quickly or fail to yield traffic lights at intersections, making travel difficult during rush hour. The major streets are Ocean Avenue and Lincoln Boulevard which goes to Los Angeles International Airport. These two streets are mostly four lanes and considered major thoroughfares. In particular, Lincoln Blvd becomes congested since it is a main route that leads to the Santa Monica Freeway, Venice, Marina del Rey, and the Los Angeles International Airport. A number of smaller residential streets allow north/south travel through Santa Monica. These streets are: 7th Street from Olympic Blvd to the Pacific Coast Highway, 11th Street from San Vicente Blvd to Dewey Street on the border of Venice, 14th Street and 20th Street from San Vicente Blvd to Ocean Park Blvd, and 26th Street from San Vicente Blvd to Olympic Blvd, where most traffic diverts to Cloverfield Blvd. 17th Street runs from San Vicente Blvd to the entrance of Santa Monica College on Pico Blvd. All of these streets are only two lanes (with the exception of a brief portion of 20th Street). However, all of these streets encounter traffic lights at all intersections, making travel plausible. One alternate route to reach the Santa Monica Freeway going eastbound is to take Cloverfield Blvd, a short four lane street that begins off Santa Monica Boulevard.
"Envisioning Lincoln" - a short (8.5 minute) documentary on Lincoln Blvd. in Santa Monica can be found on YouTube.
References
External links
Neighborhood associations
Wilshire Montana Neighborhood Coalition, or Wilmont
Friends of Sunset Park
North of Montana Ave Association
Ocean Park Association
Santa Monica Mid City Neighbors
Santa Monica Canyon Civic Association
List of Santa Monica Neighborhood Associations
Santa Monica, California
Neighborhoods in Los Angeles County, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Monica%20neighborhoods |
The Qemal Stafa Stadium (), named after Qemal Stafa (1920–1942), a World War II hero, was a national stadium and the largest football stadium in Tirana, Albania. Construction started in 1939 and the stadium was inaugurated in 1946 for the Balkan Cup, which was won by the Albania national football team. The stadium has been used for football matches of the Albanian Superliga and the national team, athletic events, and the six Albanian Spartakiads. Although it was enlarged in 1974 to accommodate up to 35,000 spectators, in the 1990s it became an all-seater stadium, and its capacity was reduced to 19,700.
The stadium was demolished in June 2016 to make way for the new national stadium called the Arena Kombëtare, was constructed on the same site and opened in November 2019. It has since been rebuilt in 2022. The Football Association of Albania and the Albanian government divide the property rights of the stadium between them; the football association holds 75% rights and the government 25%. National Arena, with a capacity of over 22,500 spectators built at a cost of €60 million. The new stadium is football-only; the athletics track was removed. It meets the highest UEFA category.
History
The original stadium was built in an Olympic Stadium shape, as idealized by Gherardo Bosio, a young fascist architect from Florence, Italy. Its planned capacity was 15,000; Tirana at that time had less than 60,000 inhabitants so the stadium would have been more than sufficient. The stadium was originally designed in an elliptical shape and was to have been completely clad in marble. Galeazzo Ciano symbolically placed the first stone in August 1939. Construction lasted four years; work was interrupted in 1943 after the Capitulation of Italy. During the German invasion of Albania the stadium was used by the occupying German forces to store vehicles and equipment. After World War II, 400 workers and 150 daily volunteers finished construction of the stadium. The planned marble cladding was only installed on one stand.
The stadium was named after Qemal Stafa, a Hero of Albania in World War II. The inauguration occurred when the Albania national football team played in the stadium for the first time on 7 October 1946, when the Balkan Cup was organised. The Cup was won by Albania; they overcame teams like Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Romania in that competition. Afterwards the stadium was used for the Albanian Superliga matches, athletics events, and the six Albanian Spartakiads.
The second football stadium in Tirana, the Selman Stërmasi stadium, was built in 1959 but by the late 1960s and early 1970s, the stadium's capacity was still not sufficient to meet the growing needs of the Albanian Superliga. The Qemal Stafa stadium was thus enhanced for the 30th anniversary of the Liberation of Albania in 1974. One of the stands was extended from 10 to 28 rows, taking the capacity of the stadium to 35,000 (no seats were installed at that time). An electronic display purchased in Hungary was also added. The enlargement of the stadium was celebrated in November 1974, on the occasion of the Third National Spartakiad.
After 1991, other modernization projects took place, including the installation of seats which reduced the capacity to today's 19,700. In 1996, Qemal Stafa had illumination for evening sports event for the first time, with the funding being a gift from UEFA. In 2008, the stadium was revamped with new areas for anti-doping procedures and internet rooms were added for journalists.
The stadium is used by the Albania national football team and for the home games of Tirana-based Albanian football clubs: KF Tirana, Partizani, and Dinamo.
Recent issues
Plans for demolition and reconstruction
In June 2010, the Albanian government put the stadium on a list of assets for sale. During the summer of 2010, there was a disagreement between the Albanian Football Association (FSHF) and the Albanian government as to the disposition of the stadium. FSHF, sponsored by UEFA, proposed that the stadium, rather than being sold, should be totally donated by the government to FSHF, under the condition that the stadium receive UEFA funding for its reconstruction. On 8 October 2010, Albania's Prime Minister Sali Berisha declared that for the 100th anniversary of the Albanian Declaration of Independence, which will occur in 2012, a new national stadium will be built in Tirana.
The new stadium, already approved by the Albanian Football Association and the government, will replace the existing one which will be demolished. The number of seats is expected to be more than 22,500. The total construction cost will be around € 60 million, and 75% of the property rights of the stadium will belong to the Albanian Football Association, and the remaining 25% to the Albanian government. Once finished, the stadium is expected to be of category four, the highest UEFA category, and will potentially be able to host Champion League final matches. The demolition of the old stadium started in June 2016.
Renaming
In January 2010, after the death of the notable Albanian player Panajot Pano, an official request from the Partizani Tirana club and from the Albanian Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports was addressed to the Albanian government for the stadium to be renamed after the famous footballer.
The Qemal Stafa "Curse"
During the early 2000s, the stadium was considered a "curse" for other national teams by the Albanian media, partly due to the fact that Albania rarely lost their home games. In a period from September 2001 to October 2004, Albania went undefeated at this ground. Illustrious national teams such as Greece, who had just won Euro 2004, were eclipsed by Albania in 2004, whereas teams like Sweden, the Republic of Ireland, Switzerland, and Bulgaria had to settle for hotly contested draws in an intimidating arena.
Before this period, during 1986 World Cup qualifying round, future semi-finalist Belgium lost 2-0 at Qemal Stafa.
References
External links
National Arena of Albania Approved Project (Albanian)
A 1980s military parade and civil demonstration t the stadium
Football venues in Albania
Demolished buildings and structures in Albania
Buildings and structures in Tirana
Multi-purpose stadiums in Albania
Athletics (track and field) venues in Albania
KF Tirana
Sports venues completed in 1946
Fascist architecture
FC Dinamo City
Sport in Tirana
FK Partizani Tirana
Sports venues demolished in 2016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qemal%20Stafa%20Stadium |
Jillian "Jill" Patterson Taylor is a character in the TV sitcom Home Improvement played by Patricia Richardson. Jill is Tim Taylor's wife. Jill and Tim raise their three sons (Brad, Randy, and Mark) together. Jill Taylor has appeared on critics' lists of "top TV" or "most memorable" moms. For this role, Richardson was nominated four times for Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress – Comedy Series and also received two nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy.
Development
The writers planned from the start that Tim Taylor's wife would have a strong voice. Patricia Richardson had initially been reluctant to accept the role, concerned that Jill would be yet another "perfect" TV sitcom mother such as Clair Huxtable of The Cosby Show. She was reassured after seeing some scripts and talking to the series' producers. Early in the show's run, Richardson said, "What I want for this character is for her to be imperfect. I want her to make mistakes. I want her to be the wrong one in the relationship. I want her to blow it with Tim, and be the one who has to be punished. Because that's what life is like."
Character biography
Background
Due to her father being in the Army, Jill and her four sisters grew up in a rigid environment. Jill and her siblings appear together in "Jill and Her Sisters" and "Taps".
Personality
It is established early in the series that Jill serves as the voice of reason for her husband and children. Jill is known for her common sense, but is also in-tune with her emotions; she has been described as "the epitome of understanding".
College and career
Throughout the course of the series, Jill goes from being a stay at home mother to a career-focused working woman. Early in the series, Jill frequently has problems finding employment; in the pilot episode of the series, she discusses with Tim about how she was passed over for a job interview. However, Jill ultimately enrolls in graduate school, majoring in psychology.
Politics
Jill's feminism is emphasized throughout the series, especially in its latter seasons. She and Tim would sometimes argue about a man and woman's "place" in the household. Despite Tim's frequent reluctance to understand Jill's point of view, he usually tries to compromise with her.
It is also revealed in "Taps" that Jill is a Democrat. In other episodes, Jill mentions attending protest rallies as a young woman without her father's knowledge. However, being the daughter of an Army father has influenced her personality somewhat. For example, in "Tanks for the Memories", she exhibits great skill in driving a tank, despite the fact that she never drove a tank before.
Cultural impact
The relationship between Jill and Tim Taylor has been discussed in academic papers about feminism. In May 2012, Jill was one of the 12 moms chosen by users of iVillage on their list of "Mommy Dearest: The TV Moms You Love".
References
Fictional characters from Michigan
Fictional characters from Detroit
Home Improvement characters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill%20Taylor |
Timothy J. Sumner is Professor of Experimental Physics at Imperial College London. He is a member of the UK Dark Matter Collaboration, and Sumner's interests cover a wide range of astronomy-related fields, focusing particularly on particle physics.
He received his degree in Physics from Sussex University in 1974, and his DPhil in Experimental Physics from Sussex University, for work carried out jointly with the Institut Laue-Langevin in Grenoble. He joined the Cosmic-Ray and Space Physics group at Imperial College in 1979, and in 1984 became the project manager for flight hardware for the x-ray satellite ROSAT. He received a Group Achievement award from NASA for the project in 1990.
He became involved in the search for the direct demonstration of the existence of galactic dark matter, known as "Weakly Interacting Massive Particles". (WIMP). He is a member of the UK Dark Matter Collaboration (one of four groups around the world looking for WIMPs) and was its spokesperson in the UK for 2002–07. New Scientist described him as "leading the search for galactic dark matter, including axions, at Imperial College London in the UK". He is now Principal Investigator of the ZEPLIN III dark matter experiment. He also leads the ELIXIR proposal for next generation instruments. In addition to ROSAT, he has worked work on the space missions Gravity Probe B, which confirmed several prediction of Einstein's Theory of General Relativity, LISA, a gravitational wave observatory in space, and STEP, a mission to test the equivalence principle in space. He is also associated with GAUGE, a new proposal to the European Space Agency.
He is a Fellow of the Institute of Physics, and of the Royal Astronomical Society, and holds the position of Vice-Chair, COSPAR - Commission H.
Publications
Scopus lists him as having had 132 peer-reviewed publications and cited in 7000. The ones with the highest citation counts are:
Rowan-Robinson, M.; Mann, R. G.; Oliver, S. J.; Efstathiou, A.; Eaton, N.; Goldschmidt, P.; Mobasher, B.; Serjeant, S. B. G.; Sumner, T. J.; Danese, L.; Elbaz, D.; Franceschini, A.; Egami, E.; Kontizas, M.; Lawrence, A.; McMahon, R.; Norgaard-Nielsen, H. U.; Perez-Fournon, I.; Gonzalez-Serrano, J. I.; "Observations of the Hubble Deep Field with the Infrared Space Observatory - V. Spectral energy distributions; starburst models and star formation history" (1997) Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 289 (2), pp. 490–496. Cited 155 times.
Smith, P. F.; Arnison, G. T. J.; Homer, G. J.; Lewin, J. D.; Alner, G. J.; Spooner, N. J. C.; Quenby, J. J.; Sumner, T. J.; Bewick, A.; Li, J. P.; Shaul, D.; Ali, T.; Jones, W. G.; Smith, N. J. T.; Davies, G. J.; Lally, C. H.; Van Den Putte, M. J.; Barton, J. C.; Blake, P. R.; "Improved dark matter limits from pulse shape discrimination in a low background sodium iodide detector at the Boulby mine" (1996) Physics Letters, Section B: Nuclear, Elementary Particle and High-Energy Physics, 379 (1-4), pp. 299–308. Cited 103 times.
Oliver, S.; Rowan-Robinson, M.; Alexander, D. M.; Almaini, O.; Balcells, M.; Baker, A. C.; Barcons, X.; Barden, M.; Bellas-Velidis, I.; Cabrera-Guerra, F.; Carballo, R.; Cesarsky, C. J.; Ciliegi, P.; Clements, D. L.; Crockett, H.; Danese, L.; Dapergolas, A.; Drolias, B.; Eaton, N.; Efstathiou, A.; Egami, E.; Elbaz, D.; Fadda, D.; Fox, M.; Franceschini, A.; Genzel, R.; Goldschmidt, P.; Graham, M.; Gonzalez-Serrano, J. I.; Gonzalez-Solares, E. A.; Granato, G. L.; Gruppioni, C.; Herbstmeier, U.; Héraudeau, Philippe; Joshi, M.; Kontizas, E.; Kontizas, M.; Kotilainen, J. K.; Kunze, D.; La Franca, F.; Lari, C.; Lawrence, A.; Lemke, D.; Linden-Vørnle, M. J. D.; Mann, R. G.; Márquez, I.; Masegosa, J.; Mattila, K.; McMahon, R. G.; Miley, G.; Missoulis, V.; Mobasher, B.; Morel, T.; Nørgaard-Nielsen, H.; Omont, A.; Papadopoulos, P.; Perez-Fournon, I.; Puget, J.-L.; Rigopoulou, D.; Rocca-Volmerange, B.; Serjeant, S.; Silva, L.; Sumner, T.; Surace, C.; Vaisanen, P.; Van Der Werf, P. P.; Verma, A.; Vigroux, L.; Villar-Martin, M.; Willott, C. J.; "The European Large Area ISO Survey - I. Goals, definition and observations" (2000) Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 316 (4), pp. 749–767. Cited 95 times.
Serjeant, S.; Oliver, S.; Rowan-Robinson, M.; Crockett, H.; Missoulis, V.; Sumner, T.; Gruppioni, C.; Mann, R. G.; Eaton, N.; Elbaz, D.; Clements, D. L.; Baker, A.; Efstathiou, A.; Cesarsky, C.; Danese, L.; Franceschini, A.; Genzel, R.; Lawrence, A.; Lemke, D.; McMahon, R. G.; Miley, G.; Puget, J.-L.; Rocca-Volmerange, B.; "The European Large Area ISO Survey - II. Mid-infrared extragalactic source counts" (2000) Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; 316 (4), pp. 768–778. Cited 66 times.
Rowan-Robinson, M.; Lari, C.; Perez-Fournon, I.; Gonzalez-Solares, E. A.; La Franca, F.; Vaccari, M.; Oliver, S.; Gruppioni, C.; Ciliegi, P.; Héraudeau, Philippe; Serjeant, S.; Efstathiou, A.; Babbedge, T.; Matute, I.; Pozzi, F.; Franceschini, A.; Vaisanen, P.; Afonso-Luis, A.; Alexander, D. M.; Almaini, O.; Baker, A. C.; Basilakos, S.; Barden, M.; Del Burgo, C.; Bellas-Velidis, I.; Cabrera-Guerra, F.; Carballo, R.; Cesarsky, C. J.; Clements, D. L.; Crockett, H.; Danese, L.; Dapergolas, A.; Drolias, B.; Eaton, N.; Egami, E.; Elbaz, D.; Fadda, D.; Fox, M.; Genzel, R.; Goldschmidt, P.; Gonzalez-Serrano, J. I.; Graham, M.; Granato, G. L.; Hatziminaoglou, E.; Herbstmeier, U.; Joshi, M.; Kontizas, E.; Kontizas, M.; Kotilainen, J. K.; Kunze, D.; Lawrence, A.; Lemke, D.; Linden-Vørnle, M. J. D.; Mann, R .G.; Márquez, I.; Masegosa, J.; McMahon, R. G.; Miley, G.; Missoulis, V.; Mobasher, B.; Morel, T.; Nørgaard-Nielsen, H.; Omont, A.; Papadopoulos, P.; Puget, J.-L.; Rigopoulou, D.; Rocca-Volmerange, B.; Sedgwick, N.; Silva, L.; Sumner, T.; Surace, C.; Vila-Vilaro, B.; Van Der Werf, P.; Verma, A.; Vigroux, L.; Villar-Martin, M.; Willott, C. J.; Carramiñana, A.; Mujica, R.; "The European Large-Area ISO Survey (ELAIS): The final band-merged catalogue" (2004) Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 351 (4), pp. 1290–1306. Cited 65 times.
References
External links
Official home page at ICL
Living people
21st-century British astronomers
Academics of Imperial College London
Particle physicists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of the University of Sussex
Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society
Fellows of the Institute of Physics
20th-century British astronomers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Sumner%20%28physicist%29 |
Andrew Burnett Creeggan (born July 4, 1971) is a Canadian musician, known for being a former member of the alternative rock band Barenaked Ladies. He was also a member of the trio The Brothers Creeggan, and a solo artist having released three albums.
Career
Barenaked Ladies
Creeggan was born in the Toronto suburb of Scarborough, Ontario. Along with his brother Jim, he was invited by Ed Robertson and Steven Page (then performing as Barenaked Ladies as a duo) to play a Christmastime club show with them in Toronto, with Andy playing conga drums. The two were then invited to join the band. Only six months later, at the beginning of the summer of 1990, he joined the Canada World Youth exchange program for a trip to South America. While he was gone, the band met drummer Tyler Stewart, and invited him to join the band.
Creeggan returned at the beginning of 1991 to find Tyler having taken his percussion role. He switched over to keyboards (still playing congas on a few songs) and a few other occasional percussion and musical instruments. He played on two of the band's early demo tapes, Barenaked Lunch (before he left for South America), and The Yellow Tape (after he returned). He also played on the band's first two official releases, Gordon and Maybe You Should Drive.
Creeggan was never completely comfortable being in the band, and wanted to continue his education in other musical areas. He recounts, "I wanted space for my music, my personality. I was always very interested in instrumental music and I wanted to take advantage of having been accepted at the Faculty of Music at McGill University in Montreal and really pursue theory and composition." According to Steven Page, "Andy had considered leaving the band as early as the rehearsals for the latter album, but was convinced to stay for the recording and tour." Creeggan departed at the conclusion of the tour. They recorded their third album, Born on a Pirate Ship as a quartet and asked Kevin Hearn to join the band for the subsequent tour in 1996.
The Brothers Creeggan
The two Creeggan brothers also had their own writing interests (Barenaked Ladies music mostly coming from Page and Robertson) and in 1994, released an album titled The Brothers Creeggan. They have since released three more albums—The Brothers Creeggan II (1997), Trunks (2000) and Sleepyhead (2002)—and toured in support of them. Their music consists mostly of songs fusing rock and jazz. The duo have been on hiatus since 2003.
Andiwork
Creeggan's three solo works—Andiwork (1997), Andiwork II (2004), Andiwork III (2011), and Andiwork IV (2021) are more contemporary classical, with touches of jazz and rock. The albums are largely instrumental pieces.
References
1971 births
Living people
People from Scarborough, Toronto
Canadian rock keyboardists
Musicians from Toronto
Barenaked Ladies members
20th-century Canadian guitarists
21st-century Canadian guitarists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy%20Creeggan |
AbsolutelyGospel.com (formerly known as SoGospelNews.com) is the Internet's largest e-zine based on Southern Gospel Music.
History
The site was formed over 19 years ago by Deon & Susan Unthank, then of Southaven, Mississippi. The site was birthed from an email discussion group by the same name. The SoGospelNews email discussion list was created by the Unthanks after the Singing News shut down its extremely popular discussion list.
SoGospelNews started as a simple webpage listing artists, fans, individuals, etc. that were avid supporters of the newly formed SoGospelNews talk list. The site eventually took on printing news for Southern Gospel artists, and eventually took on reviewing the latest recordings from both signed and independent artists within the small genre. SoGospelNews became the most viewed Southern Gospel website on the Internet with over 4,000,000 hits per month.
The Unthank family are now involved in the site, as well as the addition of several staff writers. The website is based out of Murfreesboro, Tennessee.
In April 2010, SoGospelNews changed its name to AbsolutelyGospel.com. The name change allows them to cover news items of not only Southern Gospel, but also Country Gospel, Inspirational, and Black Gospel.
On 5 January 2011, Susan Unthank died, leaving the website in control of Deon, their son, Chris, and their daughter Amy.
Content
The site contains Southern Gospel's largest message board forum, bi-weekly feature articles and interviews, bi-weekly album and DVD reviews, opinion columns, editorials, monthly artist articles, devotions, youth articles, a free chat room, staff blogs, and much more in addition to reporting news daily. The website's weekly chart, which is a mixture of fan voting and radio airplay, is the industry's foremost and respected weekly chart.
Shows and events
In addition, every April the site hosts two events: the AGM Music Awards Celebration, and the Absolutely Gospel Music Fan Festival.
The Absolutely Gospel Music Fan Festival is a week-long series of concerts that is sponsored by AbsolutelyGospel.com. The event is held the last week of July and has now expanded to five days of Southern Gospel music. The event remains free to the public and is designed to give Gospel music fans a chance to relax, get to know their favorite artists, and enjoy great Southern Gospel music. The event has featured some of Southern Gospel's most popular artists like the Crabb Family, Talley Trio, Gold City, Karen Peck and New River, The Kingsmen, LordSong, Mike Bowling, Booth Brothers, Dove Brothers Quartet, The Imperials, McRaes, and many more.
AGM Music Awards celebration
The AGM Music Awards were founded in 2002 by the staff of AbsolutelyGospel.com. The award nominations are chosen by the staff of AbsolutelyGospel.com, and most of the winners are then chosen by the fans of the genre and readers of the site. In 2005, AbsolutelyGospel.com held its first AGM Music Awards Celebration which brought in all the artists, industry professionals, and fans for an official awards ceremony. In 2006, AbsolutelyGospel.com held a contest for the readers to name the statue that is presented to the winners at the Awards Celebration, in which "Ovation" was chosen as the winner. The Ovations are handed out on the third Tuesday in April every year.
References
Southern gospel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoGospelNews.com |
George C. Lee (born November 23, 1936) is a retired American basketball player and coach. A forward/guard from the University of Michigan, Lee was selected by the Detroit Pistons in the fourth round of the 1959 NBA draft. He had a seven-year career in the NBA, playing two seasons with the Pistons and five with the San Francisco Warriors.
He retired from playing in 1968, and coached the Warriors for the next two seasons, before being replaced by Al Attles in 1970.
See also
University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor
External links
BasketballReference.com: George Lee (as player)
BasketballReference.com: George Lee (as coach)
1936 births
Living people
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Michigan
Detroit Pistons draft picks
Detroit Pistons players
Michigan Wolverines men's basketball players
People from Highland Park, Michigan
Basketball players from Wayne County, Michigan
San Francisco Warriors head coaches
San Francisco Warriors players
Shooting guards
Small forwards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Lee%20%28basketball%29 |
Richard Kenneth Mast (born March 4, 1957) is a former NASCAR driver. He competed in both the Winston Cup and Busch Series, retiring in 2002. He holds a business administration degree from Blue Ridge Community College.
Early and Busch career
Mast grew up in a racing family as both his father and uncle were race team owners. He began racing at age 16 at Natural Bridge Speedway and Eastside Speedway, after he traded an Angus for his first car. After racing at the local track level for the decade, Mast began running the Busch Series in 1982, and had four top-ten finishes in eleven starts in his No. 22. Mast's first full-time season came in 1985, where he had fifteen top-ten finishes and finished seventh in the season points. Two years later, he won his first NASCAR race, at the Grand National 200, then followed it up with another win the next week. He finished 11th in points that year. He improved to eighth position in 1988 the same year he made his Winston Cup debut for Buddy Baker at the Busch 500, finishing 28th at that race. Mast won five Busch races while running full-time the next two years, before focusing his efforts on the Cup Series.
Cup career
Mast made his Cup debut in a two-race schedule for Baker-Schiff Racing as an injury substitute for Buddy Baker.
Car No. 1
Mast ran 13 races for Mach 1 Racing in 1989, finishing sixth at the Daytona 500 in an unsponsored car, which Mast called his proudest achievement in racing. It is possible he would have won had his team been willing to gamble on fuel mileage. Mast ran selected races in 1990 for D.K. Ulrich before finishing the year with Travis Carter Motorsports. In 1991, Mast signed to drive the No. 1 Skoal Classic-sponsored Oldsmobile for Richard Jackson's Precision Products Racing. He started out the season by leading 14 laps in the Daytona 500 and finished fourth. He had three Top 10's and finished 21st in points. That year, the Talladega Superspeedway produced a couple of highlights for Mast. In the Winston 500, he pushed a fuel-deficient Harry Gant (driving for Leo Jackson, Richard's brother) during the final lap of the race, helping Gant win (Mast was one lap down in 10th). This action is prohibited after the white flag by NASCAR rules, regardless of who the individual drivers are, but he was not fined money or points. With less than 25 laps to go in the DieHard 500, Mast was tapped by Buddy Baker entering the tri-oval and flipped over. He slid to a stop a few hundred feet beyond the start-finish line and soon climbed out of the car, much to the delight of the crowd. He was not injured, but half-jokingly said afterwards, "I'm okay but I need another pair of underwear". The next year, Mast won his first career Cup pole at the final race of the 1992 season, the 1992 Hooters 500, which was Richard Petty's final race, Jeff Gordon's first race, and the day that Alan Kulwicki won the championship by one race position over Bill Elliott. Mast's race ended on the first lap in a crash. The team switched to Ford in 1993. Mast had a career year in 1994, with ten Top 10 finishes and a career-high-tying eighteenth, finishing a career-best second at Rockingham Speedway, a race where he slid sideways while racing side-by-side with winner Dale Earnhardt coming out of the final corner. In August of that season, he won the pole position at the inaugural Brickyard 400 at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway (a race for which 90 cars were entered), finishing 18th in points. In comparison, 1995 was disappointing for Mast, with only three Top 10's. Skoal left at the end of the season, and Hooters replaced them, as the team switched to Pontiac. He had three Top 10's late in the year, but when the season came to a close, he and sponsor Hooter's left PPR.
Late 1990s
Mast signed to drive the No. 75 Remington Arms-sponsored Ford for Butch Mock Motorsports in 1997. Misfortune appeared early as Mast failed to qualify for the Daytona 500, and the season was a struggle. Mast finished 32nd in points that year. 1998 started off better for Mast as he won the pole at the GM Goodwrench Service Plus 400, but his struggles continued, and he left the team when the season came to a close.
After rumors spread that Mast would return to Travis Carter to drive a car sponsored by Kmart, he joined the No. 98 Cale Yarborough-owned team, despite the fact that the team did not have sponsorship. Midway through the season, the team got sponsorship from Universal Studios, and Mast posted two Top 10's and became the first driver since Yarborough to go the whole season without failing to finish a race. However, Universal did not renew their contract, and with questions surrounding Yarborough's plans on continuing to own the team, Mast was out of work again.
Final races
During the early part of 2000, Mast climbed on board to drive the No. 41 Big Daddy's BBQ Sauce-sponsored Chevrolet Monte Carlo for Larry Hedrick Motorsports. But after the Food City 500, Mast departed for A.J. Foyt Racing, and had two Top 10 finishes.
Mast began 2001 with Midwest Transit Racing, but due to sponsorship issues, they only ran part-time, and Mast soon left to drive the No. 27 Sauer-sponsored Pontiac Grand Prix for Eel River Racing, but late in the season, the team closed down, and Mast was out of work once again. He made a deal with Donlavey Racing for the final races of the season.
After Dale Earnhardt's death in the 2001 Daytona 500, Mast was originally tapped by car owner Richard Childress to replace Earnhardt in the legendary RCR car. Mast was called into the shop on the Tuesday after the accident (February 20th). The next day however, on Wednesday, February 21st, before Childress and Mast could make official decisions, Childress would call up, and try to recruit 25 year old Busch Series sensation Kevin Harvick to run full-time in Winston Cup as a back up plan, if Mast did not want to drive the car. While Harvick was competing for the Busch Series Championship that year, the team's original 2001 plan was for him to run a part-time Winston Cup schedule in a third RCR car, which was the #30 AOL-sponsored machine, and have him be ready to compete full-time the following season in 2002. However, Harvick would accept Childress's offer to drive the car full-time, and the rest would be history from here on out. The 2001 season saw Kevin Harvick become the only driver in NASCAR history to win the Busch Series Championship, and win Winston Cup Rookie Of The Year, in the same season. In multiple interviews throughout the years, Harvick has revealed that he initially did not want to drive the legendary car at first, but looking at the bigger picture for RCR as a whole, Harvick said that he had to do what felt right in order to help the RCR company get back on its feet. Had Harvick declined the offer, Mast would have been the full-time driver.
Retirement and legacy
Starting in the 1990's, NASCAR drivers switched to a full-face helmet with a forced-air induction tube. In May 2002, Mast began feeling ill suddenly. He had lost weight and was forced to miss races to take medical tests to find out what was wrong. It turned out that he had suffered carbon monoxide poisoning and Mast was forced to retire. He officially retired on January 22, 2003 at age 45. After his retirement, he spoke with NASCAR president Mike Helton about having teams redesign their air intake systems to reduce exhaust fumes from entering the fresh-air systems in drivers' helmets.
When he stopped racing, Mast had an offer from Petty Enterprises to drive the team's No. 45 car for the back half of the 2002 season.
NASCAR increased research into forced-air induction systems as a result of Mast's retirement. As NASCAR had mandated full-face helmets, teams were using forced-air inlet systems taking air from the car into the driver. By the Coca-Cola 600 in May 2003, NASCAR approved a carbon monoxide filter to be used into air intake systems. In 2007, NASCAR phased out leaded racing fuel, with specification fuel supplier Sunoco switching to unleaded racing fuel starting with the second round of the season. A month later, NASCAR's fifth-generation Cup Series car changed the exhaust exit location to be away from the driver and it cited carbon monoxide poisoning cases like Mast's as a reason for the change.
After retirement from racing
As of 2007, he currently resides in his hometown of Rockbridge Baths, Virginia. He owns and operates RKM EnviroClean, Inc. which specializes in environmental clean-up services, underground utilities contracting, and site demolition. Additionally, Mast also remains actively involved with his charitable organization, the Rick Mast Foundation.
In 2018, Rick and his son Ricky started a podcast entitled Mast Cast where the two discuss Rick's driving days and current events in NASCAR.
Movie credits
In the movie Days of Thunder, Mast drove as a stunt double in Rowdy Burns' car for scenes shot at the Daytona International Speedway. The footage was shot during qualifying and during the Duel qualifying races.
Personal life
Mast and his wife Sharon have three children: Ricky, Kaitie, and Sarah. He did some announcing after he retired from racing, but decided that he wanted to stay home to help raise his twin daughters after missing out on most too much of Ricky's upbringing. Ricky is the Digital Content Manager for Major League Baseball's Atlanta Braves. Sarah and Kaitie attend the University of Virginia, and James Madison University, respectively.
Motorsports career results
NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
Winston Cup Series
Daytona 500
Busch Series
ARCA Talladega SuperCar Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
References
External links
1957 births
Living people
NASCAR drivers
People from Rockbridge County, Virginia
Racing drivers from Virginia
ARCA Menards Series drivers
A. J. Foyt Enterprises drivers
Richard Childress Racing drivers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick%20Mast |
The Estadi Comunal d'Andorra la Vella is a small football stadium in Andorra la Vella, the capital of Andorra. The stadium has a capacity of 1,300.
The stadium also has a running track. The Estadi Comunal d'Andorra la Vella and the Camp d'Esports d'Aixovall together host all games from Andorra's two highest football competitions, the Primera Divisió and the Segona Divisió.
It also hosted all Andorra national football team games until the opening of the Estadi Nacional in 2014.
References
Football venues in Andorra
Athletics (track and field) venues in Andorra
Sport in Andorra la Vella | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadi%20Comunal%20d%27Andorra%20la%20Vella |
Charlie Spivak (February 17, 1907 – March 1, 1982) was an American trumpeter and bandleader, best known for his big band in the 1940s.
Early life
The details of Spivak's birth are unclear. Some sources place it in Ukraine in 1907, and that his family emigrated to settle in New Haven, Connecticut while he was a child. According to his personal papers, the former scenario is correct. He learned to play trumpet and played in his high school band, going on to work with local groups before joining Johnny Cavallaro's orchestra.
Big band era and style
He played with Paul Specht's band for most of 1924 to 1930, then spent time with Ben Pollack (1931–1934), the brothers Tommy and Jimmy Dorsey (1934–1935), and Ray Noble (1935–1936). He played on "Solo Hop" in 1935 by Glenn Miller and the Glenn Miller Orchestra. He spent 1936 and 1937 mostly working as a studio musician with Gus Arnheim, Glenn Miller, Raymond Scott's radio orchestra, and others, followed by periods with Bob Crosby (1938), Tommy Dorsey (1938–1939), and Jack Teagarden (1939).
Finally, with the encouragement and financial backing of Glenn Miller, he formed his own band in November 1939. Though it failed within a year, he tried again shortly afterwards, this time taking over the existing band of Bill Downer and making a success of it. Spivak's band was one of the most successful in the 1940s, and survived until 1959. He scouted top trumpeter Paul Fredricks (formerly of Alvino Rey's Orchestra) just as Fredricks left the service at the end of World War II, in 1946. Fredricks was instrumental in the band's success in the coming years as it reached its peak.
Spivak's experience playing with jazz musicians had little effect on his own band's style, which was straight dance music, made up mainly of ballads and popular tunes. Spivak himself (known as "Cheery, Chubby Charlie") had been noted for his trumpet's sweet tone and his strength for playing lead parts, rather than for any improvisational ability. He was also known as "The Man Who Plays The Sweetest Trumpet In The World".
A number of the band's musicians were to make names for themselves, including drummer Dave Tough, bassist Jimmy Middleton, trumpeters Les Elgart and Paul Fredricks, saxophonist Don Raffell, trombonist Nelson Riddle, trombonist Jimmy Knepper, and singers June Hutton and Irene Daye. (Daye and Spivak married in 1950.). Riddle was also responsible for many of the band's arrangements, together with Sonny Burke. The late Manny Albam also arranged for the Spivak band.
Later career
When the Spivak orchestra broke up, he went to live in Florida, where he continued to lead a band until illness led to his temporary retirement in 1963. On his recovery, he continued to lead large and small bands, first in Las Vegas, then in South Carolina. In Greenville, South Carolina in 1967, he led a small group featuring his wife as vocalist. She died in 1971 after a long illness with cancer.
During this time, Spivak was also resident band leader for a restaurant-nightclub, "Ye Olde Fireplace", in Greenville, South Carolina. He played trumpet in the dance band that included a drummer, saxophonist, bass player and pianist. The band played standards from the big band era, but also took requests from the audience.
Spivak continued to play and record until his death in Greenville in 1982, shortly after his 75th birthday.
Family
Spivak first married Freda Braverman in 1932. The marriage ended in divorce in 1947. He subsequently married his vocalist, Irene Daye, in 1950.
He married Wilma (Dubby) Hayes in 1974 - the third marriage for both of them. She is still alive in Roanoke, Alabama.
Spivak's eldest son, Joel A. Spivak, was a television and radio broadcaster primarily in the Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Washington, D.C. areas. Spivak's younger son, Steven Glenn Spivak, is a public relations manager in northern California. Spivak's stepson, Kevin Ingram, lives in Greenville, South Carolina. He is the owner of The Charlie Spivak Orchestra.
Discography
1958: Pinciana (Design)
1977: Charlie Spivak and His Orchestra 1943–46 (Hindsight)
1985: Charlie Spivak and His Orchestra (Ranwood)
1993: For Sentimental Reasons (Vintage Jazz Classics)
2002: Dance Date (Collectors' Choice)
2005: What's Cookin' Charlie '41–'47
References
External links
Charlie Spivak — biography from Solid!
Charlie Spivak recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings
Charlie Spivak Musical Collection - Furman University Special Collections
Alphabetical List of Charlie Spivak Scores - Furman University Special Collections
1982 deaths
American trumpeters
American male trumpeters
Big band bandleaders
Jewish American musicians
American bandleaders
Year of birth uncertain
Dance band bandleaders
Dance band trumpet players
Nightclub owners
Abbey Records artists
20th-century American musicians
Jewish jazz musicians
20th-century trumpeters
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
20th-century American Jews
1907 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20Spivak |
The Ballad of Calico is the eighth studio album by Kenny Rogers and the First Edition and released as Reprise Records 6476. It reached No. 118 on the albums chart and produced one single, "School Teacher", which reached No. 91. The double album was released in February 1972. The album is a country-rock concept album about the real-life town of Calico, California. The entire double album was written by Michael Murphey and Larry Cansler and the songs tell the stories of individuals who lived in the town.
The various members, not just Rogers, took lead vocals on the different songs, giving the album the sound of it coming from the characters themselves. A 15-page booklet with the album includes pictures of the group in period costumes, pictures of the town, and the lyrics written in long-hand with explanations by Murphey about the origins of the individual songs. As of March, 2016, the album remains out of print, though several songs from the album have been released on compilation LPs and CDs.
The individual songs
Side one
The album begins with the instrumental "Sunrise Overture" then goes into "Calico Silver" about a man leaving his farm after a drought to a take a job in the silver mines near the town of Calico. "Write Me Down" is about the people who were forgotten over time. "The Way It Used to be" is about day-to-day life in Calico. "Madame De Lil and Diaboilical Bill", the saloon keeper who scares her boyfriend out of town when she finds out he's stealing from her.
Side two
Side Two begins with "School Teacher", the teacher who faces being an old maid (The teacher, Virginia Merritt, was actually 24 years old at the time and married soon after she left Calico). "Road Agent", about a dead road agent. "Sally Grey's Epitaph" was based almost verbatim on a gravestone in the town cemetery. "Dorsey, the Mail-Carrying Dog", the dog who delivers mail for the disabled postmaster. This song has each member of the group bark like a dog (which is broken by them laughing). The last song suddenly ends with the last phrase "your carrying dog" cut off.
Side three
Side Three begins with the missing phrase appearing and immediately going into the first song, "Harbor for My Soul". "Calico Saturday Night" is an instrumental, followed by "Trigger Happy Kid" about a young boy who idolizes gunfighters. Side Three closes with "Vachel Carling's Rubilator", a song about a con man who creates a machine which takes over the town.
Side four
"Empty Handed Compadres" is about prospectors who returned without anything. "One Lonely Room" is about a man who never leaves the town after it becomes a ghost town. "Rockin' Chair Theme" is a brief instrumental leading into the next song, "Old Mojave Highway" about the road itself which crossed the desert (now the pathway of Interstate 15). "Man Came up from Town" is about remains of early man later found in the mountains. The album closes with "Calico Silver (reprise)" in which the silver runs out and the town becomes a ghost town.
Track listing
All lyrics by Michael Murphey; music by Larry Cansler and Michael Murphey
Side one
"Sunrise Overture"
"Calico Silver"
"Write Me Down (Don't Forget My Name)"
"The Way It Used to be"
"Madame De Lil and Diabolical Bill"
Side two
"School Teacher"
"Road Agent"
"Sally Grey's Epitaph"
"Dorsey, the Mail-Carrying Dog"
Side three
"Harbor for My Soul"
"Calico Saturday Night"
"Trigger Happy Kid"
"Vachel Carling's Rubilator"
Side four
"Empty Handed Compadres"
"One Lonely Room"
"Rockin' Chair Theme"
"Old Mojave Highway"
"Man Came up from Town"
"Calico Silver (reprise)"
Personnel
Dann Rogers, Gloria Vassy, Kenny Rogers, Kin Vassy, Larry Cansler, Mary Arnold, Michael Murphey, Mickey Jones, Terry Williams - vocals
Terry Williams - lead guitar
Kin Vassy, Michael Murphey - rhythm guitar
Kenny Rogers - bass guitar, arrangements
Larry Cansler - piano, harpsichord, organ, orchestrations, conductor
Mickey Jones - drums
John Hartford - fiddle
Doyle Grisham - pedal steel
Technical
Claude Hill, Don Sciarrotta - engineer
Terry Williams - assistant producer
Bill Matthews - photography
References
Kenny Rogers and the First Edition. The Ballad of Calico (album & liner notes). Reprise Records, 1972.
Billboard article about album
1972 albums
Concept albums
Kenny Rogers and The First Edition albums
Reprise Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ballad%20of%20Calico |
The Mahned Bridge was constructed in 1903 and spans the Leaf River in Perry County, Mississippi. Around 1980, the bridge was removed from service and access was terminated. The bridge was declared a Mississippi Landmark in 1996 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.
History
The Mahned Bridge was constructed by the Chicago Bridge & Iron Company as a prefabricated, one lane, iron truss structure. Completed in 1903, the bridge was one of the first to span the Leaf River in south Mississippi. The bridge derives its name from the nearby rural community of Mahned.
Description
Two iron trusses, Camelback and Pratt, comprise the main structure and are positioned on metal caissons filled with concrete. Overall length of the two truss spans is . The deck was composed of wooden planking wide, but the deck was removed after the bridge was closed.
Notoriety
The remote location of Mahned Bridge, several miles from the small town of New Augusta, made it a favorite gathering spot among college and high school students for star gazing and other activities. In September 1993, the vehicle of Angela Freeman, age 17, was found abandoned at Mahned Bridge. Freeman was missing, and the investigation into her disappearance was never solved.
In May 1995, the north end of Mahned Bridge was determined to be the scene of the abduction and murder of William Hatcher, age 27, and Robbie Bond, age 21. The suspect in the Hatcher and Bond murders was subsequently convicted.
References
Bridges completed in 1903
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Mississippi
Mississippi Landmarks
National Register of Historic Places in Perry County, Mississippi
Iron bridges in the United States
Pratt truss bridges in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahned%20Bridge |
is a one to four-player NES/arcade game released by SNK in 1988.
Summary
The player can choose between four different golfers with varying advantages and disadvantages. Lee Trevino (who lent his endorsement to this North American NES version of the game) is playable (only in the North American version) as a character named Super Mex (an actual nickname of his; the Japanese version uses a character named Birdie Tommy in place of Trevino himself); other characters include Pretty Amy/Eri, Miracle Chosuke and Big Jumbo. Pretty Amy has limited range, but the easiest control ("control" refers to the length of the aiming guide). Miracle Chosuke and Super Mex have average attributes. Big Jumbo has the best range, but the worst control. Despite the title, no fighting is involved in the game. The player has to avoid sand traps, water hazards, rough ground and trees.
The courses range from relatively straightforward fairways to elaborate arrangements of sand traps. The two courses available for play are the United States, which consists of mostly bunkers and super rough, and the Japan course, consisting of water and tight boundaries. The United States course is modeled after PGA West Stadium Course.
At the end of the game, the player is greeted with a photorealistic shot of the country club lodge against the setting sun and surrounded by trees.
Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed Lee Trevino's Fighting Golf on their May 1, 1988 issue as being the ninth most-successful table arcade unit of the month.
GameRevolution ranked this game as #23 on the 50 Worst Video Game Names of All Time list.
Legacy
The game was parodied in the season 7 episode of The Simpsons titled "Marge Be Not Proud", with the game in the episode called Lee Carvallo's Putting Challenge. The episode mocks how boring and mundane golf video games are and during the credits, Bart is seen playing the game and making decisions against Carvallo's suggestions to try to make the game fun (using a three wood club instead of Carvallo's suggested putter and entering the force of his swing as "power drive" instead of Carvallo's suggested "feather touch", the end result of which is that the ball is sent flying into a parking lot), yet he ends up getting bored fast and quits playing.
References
External links
1988 video games
Arcade video games
Golf video games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Sports video games set in the United States
Video games set in Japan
SNK games
Trevino
Trevino
Video games based on real people
Video games developed in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Trevino%27s%20Fighting%20Golf |
Lenormant is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Charles Lenormant (1802–1859), French archaeologist
François Lenormant (1837–1883), French assyriologist and archaeologist
See also
Lenormand, a surname
French-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenormant |
The GSP Stadium () is a football stadium in Strovolos, Nicosia District, Cyprus. Although small by international standards, it is the largest stadium in Cyprus, with a capacity of 22,859 and was opened in 1999. It serves as the home stadium for the 3 biggest football clubs of Nicosia APOEL, Olympiakos & Omonia. It is also the home stadium of the Cyprus national football team. A stadium under the same name, the old GSP Stadium, existed from 1902 until 1999 in the centre of Nicosia and had a capacity of 12,000.
History
Designed by Theo. David Architects, the new GSP Stadium opened for use on 6 October 1999. The complex has three arenas: a football stadium, an athletics stadium and an auxiliary football pitch intended for training. The stadium is owned by the Pancyprian Gymnastic Association. With an official seating capacity of 22,859 the GCP Stadium is the largest football venue in Cyprus. It is located at the entrance to Nicosia (as approached from the A1 highway) and was inaugurated in 1999 by the then-President Glafcos Clerides and Archbishop Chrysostomos I. The first game was held on 6 October 1999 and there was a friendly match between APOEL and Omonia, which ended 3–3.
Since then, the stadium is not only the home of Nicosian teams but usually of Cyprus national football team. During the World Cup 2006 qualifying round it was used as home for all matches of Cyprus. The stadium is the only one in Cyprus which satisfies UEFA Criteria. For this reason since 2004 it is used as home for all the teams of Cyprus in European Cups. Annually, the stadium hosts the Cypriot Super Cup. Also until 2005, it was hosting annually the Cypriot Cup final.
In 2002, the stadium was home for Israeli clubs for the UEFA Cup and UEFA Champions League matches. It hosted the UEFA Cup quarter final (as home for Hapoel Tel Aviv) between Hapoel Tel Aviv and A.C. Milan. It was also used by Maccabi Haifa for home stadium for the 2002–03 UEFA Champions League group stage matches and for the UEFA Cup matches. Some matches were attractive for Cypriots like the matches Maccabi Haifa-Olympiacos CFP and Maccabi Haifa-Manchester United, since those two Maccabi's rivals are very popular in Cyprus.
It's the only stadium in Cyprus build only for track & field games. In addition with the hotel, it provides a full training centre solution for athletes all over the world. During the Athens 2004 Olympic Games, many athletes from different countries used the stadium for training.
The GCP Stadium hosted all home matches of Anorthosis Famagusta's 2008–09 UEFA Champions League group stage campaign and all APOEL's 2009–10 UEFA Champions League group stage home matches. Two years later, it hosted all APOEL's home matches in the club's surprising run to the quarter-finals of the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League. Also, it hosted again all APOEL's home matches in their third participation in the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League group stages. All matches were sold out by APOEL's fans.
GCP Stadium also hosted AEK Larnaca's 2011–12 UEFA Europa League group stage matches, AEL Limassol's 2012–13 UEFA Europa League group stage matches, APOEL's and Apollon Limassol's 2013–14 UEFA Europa League group stage matches, Apollon's 2014–15 UEFA Europa League group stage matches and APOEL's 2015–16 group stage matches. GSP Stadium also hosted all APOEL's home matches in the club's impressive run to the last 16 of the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League.
Due to riots in Kiev and after UEFA's decision, GSP Stadium hosted the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League round of 32 match between Dynamo Kyiv and Valencia CF on 20 February 2014, which ended in 0–2 Valencia win.
In the 2016–17 domestic league season, tenants APOEL drew the highest average home attendance (7,126).
Average attendances
The all-time attendance record for the football stadium is 23,043 tickets in the match between APOEL and Omonia for the 2002–03 Cypriot First Division. The match was held on 7 December 2002 and ended in a goalless draw.
The record of the highest attendance for a European Competition game is 22,701 tickets in the match between APOEL and Olympique Lyonnais for the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League last-16. The match was held on 7 March 2012 and ended with a 1–0 win for APOEL after extra time and 4–3 win on penalties.
Source: European Football Statistics
Attributes
The Club
The Gymnastic Association Pancypria was founded in 1894 with the initiative of the lawyer Theofanis Theodotou and the doctors Antonios Theodotou and Aristofanis Fenievs.
In 1896, the G.S. Pancypria participated in the A' Pancyprian Games which took place in the G.S. Olympia Stadium in Limassol. Since then it has participated in all pancyprian games because the Pancyprian Games became a significant national feast for Cyprus, during which the stadium, where the games were taking place, was decorated with Greek flags and the national desires were proclaimed .
References
1999 establishments in Cyprus
Football venues in Cyprus
Athletics (track and field) venues in Cyprus
Multi-purpose stadiums in Cyprus
Cyprus
Sports venues in Cyprus
Sports venues completed in 1999
Sport in Nicosia
Music venues in Cyprus
Buildings and structures in Nicosia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSP%20Stadium |
Multi-level (or multilevel) governance is a term used to describe the way power is spread vertically between many levels of government and horizontally across multiple quasi-government and non-governmental organizations and actors. This situation develops because many countries have multiple levels of government including local, regional, state, national or federal, and many other organisations with interests in policy decisions and outcomes. International governance also operates based on multi-level governance principles. Multi-level governance can be distinguished from multi-level government which is when different levels of government share or transfer responsibility amongst each other. Whereas multi-level governance analyses the relationship of different state levels and interaction with different types of actors.'
Origins and significance of the concept of Multi-level governance
Multi-level governance is an approach in political science and public administration theory that originated from studies on European integration. Political scientists Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks developed the concept of multi-level governance in the early 1990s and have continuously been contributing to the research program in a series of articles (see Bibliography). Their theory resulted from the study of the new structures that were put in place by the EU (Maastricht Treaty) in 1992. Multi-level governance gives expression to the idea that there are many interacting authority structures at work in the emergent global political economy. It "illuminates the intimate entanglement between the domestic and international levels of authority".
Multi-level governance' is a recent concept, having first entered the lexicon of political science around fifteen years ago as comparativists became re-acquainted with European integration and discovered that authority was shifting not only from central states up to Europe, but also down to subnational authorities. The first efforts to understand this were descriptive, spawning concepts that have generated an extensive literature. Multi-level, polycentric, and multi-layered governance emphasize the dispersion of decision making from the local to the global level. In recent years these concepts have cross-pollinated subfields of political science including European studies and decentralization, federalism and international organization, public policy (e.g. environmental policy, health policy) and public-private governance, local governance and transnational governance.
The authors of a recent survey of the literature on the structure of government conclude that 'We attribute many of the recent "cutting-edge" theoretical contributions in political science to studies of "multi-level governance"’ and they note that although students of federalism 'considered the current subject matter of their field to be based on well-defined, well rooted and broadly accepted ideas, they were nevertheless open to a new flowering of federal theory as a result of fertilization by these new MLG theoretical developments'. However, there is nothing entirely new under the sun. Though scarcely recognized at the time, this research revives a rich tradition in political science represented by Karl Deutsch (1966) on the effect of societal transactions on government structure, Robert Dahl (1973) on the virtues and vices of multilevel democracy, and Stein Rokkan (1983) on identity and territorial politics.
Application of the concept
Multi-level governance and the European Union
The study of the European Union has been characterized by two different theoretical phases. The first phase was dominated by studies from the field of international relations; in the second phase these studies were revised and insights from among others, public policy were added. The most straightforward way of understanding this theoretical shift is to see it as a move away from treating the EU as an international organisation similar to others (e.g. NATO) to seeing it as something unique among international organisations. The uniqueness of the EU relates both to the nature and to the extent of its development. This means that in some areas of activity the EU displays more properties related to national political systems than to those of international organisations.
The theory of multi-level governance belongs to the second phase. Multi-level governance characterizes the changing relationships between actors situated at different territorial levels, both from the public and the private sectors. The multi-level governance theory crosses the traditionally separate domains of domestic and international politics and highlights the increasingly fading distinction between these domains in the context of European integration.
Multi-level governance was first developed from a study of EU policy and then applied to EU decision-making more generally. An early explanation referred to multi-level governance as a system of continuous negotiation among nested governments at several territorial tiers and described how supranational, national, regional, and local governments are enmeshed in territorially overarching policy networks. The theory emphasized both the increasingly frequent and complex interactions between governmental actors and the increasingly important dimension of non-state actors that are mobilized in cohesion policy-making and in the EU policy more generally. As such, multi-level governance raised new and important questions about the role, power and authority of states.
The European Union can be characterised by a mixture of intergovernmental cooperation between sovereign states codified through a succession of major Treaties, negotiated, agreed upon and signed by member states. These treaties are the primary legal basis giving rise to the much wider reaching process of supranational integration as they contain within them the provisions for their implementation. These legislative-legal instruments: Regulations, Directives, Decisions, Recommendations and Opinions constitute the mechanisms through which the principles of integration stipulated in the treaties are, in practice and over time, applied, disputed and enforced.
Multi-level governance within the EU is understood as respecting competences, sharing responsibilities and cooperating between the various levels of governance: the EU, the Member States and the regional and local authorities. In this context, it refers to the principle of subsidiarity, which places decisions as close as possible to the citizens and ensures that that action at Union level is justified in light of the possibilities available at national, regional or local level. In practice Multilevel Governance within the EU is about participation and coordination between all levels of government both in the decision-making process and in the implementation or evaluation of European policies.
The combination of communal decision-making with the wide area of policy areas results in a deep entanglement of the member states' national policy levels with the European policy level. This entanglement is one of the basic principles of the multi-level governance theory. The multi-level governance theory describes the European Union as a political system with interconnected institutions that exist at multiple levels and that have unique policy features. The European Union is a political system with a European layer (European Commission, European Council and European Parliament), a national layer and a regional layer. These layers interact with each other in two ways: first, across different levels of government (vertical dimension) and second, with other relevant actors within the same level (horizontal dimension).
Concerning with the changes of the institutional design of the European Union, the current model governance has been shaped as a setup of constraints upon political margin of discretion, applying the central tenet of ordoliberalism with the aim to use strong rules in order to reduce the discretionary exercise of powers by institutions so as to avoid an arbitrary use of them. This principle has achieved an extreme effect at the European level, that one not to avoid arbitrary use of political powers but to keep political responsibility and participation out of the decision-making process. As Laruffa concludes:
"It is quite clear that such a model of governance, which is made only by rules without any role for a democratic policy-making process, imposes a de facto limit to on the political rights of the European citizens. This means that there is a control exercised by rules over the European citizens rather than a control by the European citizens over rules and policies."
The European Union: Multilevel Governance in Practice
Within the European Union nearly 95,000 local and regional authorities currently have significant powers in key sectors such as education, the environment, economic development, town and country planning, transport, public services and social policies. These local and regional authorities implement nearly 70% of EU legislation. They help ensure the exercise of European democracy and citizenship. Special rights and competences for regions, cities and communities are supposed to enable and preserve diversity of governance at local and regional level. By thinking beyond traditional EU – Member States relations the EU multi-level governance concept further strengthens regional and transnational cooperation. In a broader sense, this concept also includes the participation of non-state players like economic and social partners and civil society in the decision-making process of all levels of governance(thus taking up the vertical and horizontal dimensions of multilevel governance).
The Treaty of Lisbon as an important step towards Multilevel Governance
The Treaty of Lisbon represents an important step towards institutional recognition of multi-level governance in the way the European Union operates. It strengthens the competences and influence of local and regional authorities in the Community decision-making process giving roles to national (and regional) parliaments and the Committee of the Regions and enshrines the territorial dimension of the European Union, notably territorial cohesion as part of the process of European integration. The Committee of the Regions has established a system to monitor the compliance with the subsidiarity thorough the whole EU policy and law making process.
Multilevel governance within the EU as an ongoing process
Nevertheless, multi-level governance within the EU is a dynamic and ongoing process. On 16 June 2009 the Committee of the Regions adopted a White Paper on multi-level governance which recommended specific mechanisms and instruments for stimulating all stages of the European decision-making process. This document, together with the follow-up opinion "Building a European culture of Multilevel Governance" affirmed the committee's political commitment to Multi-level Governance, proposing a first political project for Building Europe in partnership. As a follow-up to the 2009 White paper on Multi-level Governance, the Committee developed a "Scoreboard on Multi-level Governance" to monitor on a yearly basis the development of multi-level governance at European Union level.
The Charter for Multi-level Governance in Europe
On 3 April 2014 the Committee of the Regions adopted a Charter for Multi-level Governance calling public authorities of all levels of governance to use and promote multi-level governance in their future undertakings. The Charter is open for signature to:
• all European Union local and regional authorities;
• European and national associations of local and regional authorities, as well as local and regional authorities' network are invited to officially commit to multilevel governance principles, giving the Charter their formal support;
• National and European political figures wishing to back up the Charter are also invited to declare their support
Multi-level governance beyond the European Union
The point of departure for multi-level governance was Europe, but recent books and articles have dealt with the dispersion of authority away from central states in Latin America, Asia, and North America. Decentralization has been at least as marked in Latin America as in Europe over the past two decades, and several Asian countries have decentralized in the past decade. Dispersion of authority above the national state is most evident in the EU, but it is not sui generis. A recent survey counts 32 regional IGOs pooling authority over quite wide areas of policy and which cover all but a handful of states in the world today. The number of governmental and non-governmental international organizations has increased markedly over the past two decades, as has their scope, range and intrusiveness. Crossborder interdependence – from migration to climate change to terrorism – has stimulated regional organization in many parts of the world.
Vertical and horizontal dimension of multi-level governance
The "vertical" dimension refers to the linkages between higher and lower levels of government, including their institutional, financial, and informational aspects. Here, local capacity building and incentives for effectiveness of sub national levels of government are crucial issues for improving the quality and coherence of public policy.
The "horizontal" dimension refers to co-operation arrangements between regions or between municipalities. These agreements are increasingly common as a means by which to improve the effectiveness of local public service delivery and implementation of development strategies.
Consequences and practical relevance of multi-level governance
There has been an intensification of research on the consequences as well as the character of multi-level governance. The concept was developed as a tool of pure research, but it now motivates policy makers. From the late 1990s the European Commission began to refer to its own mission as one of achieving multilevel governance, especially in cohesion policy. In 2001, the Commission set up a committee on multilevel governance to contribute to its White Paper on governance. José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission, claims that 'the multilevel system of governance on which our European regional policy is based provides a key boost to the Union's competitive edge' and that, in the current economic crisis, 'multilevel governance must be a priority'. In an October 2008 resolution, the European Parliament called on the member states 'to develop as quickly as possible the practical measures set out in the First Action Programme . . . with a view to strengthening multilevel governance'. In 2009, 344 representatives of elected regional and local authorities across the EU approved a resolution on a 'European Union Charter for Multilevel Governance', which would bring localities and regions into European democratic decision making.
Several political parties including the European Peoples Party have taken up this theme. The European Peoples Party which represents Christian democratic parties in the European Parliament recently stated that, 'multilevel governance should be one of the guiding principles of the EU, an integral part of any European strategy or policy where local and regional authorities are widely implicated, and monitored closely to ensure that it is indeed being put into practice on the ground'.
International organizations have also taken positions on the issue. In 2009, the United Nations Development Programme released a report, 'Delivering Human Security through Multilevel Governance', which argued that 'the two-level approach to international relations . . . is being replaced by a much more complex multilevel system of governance that also involves local, sub-national providers of public goods as well as regional governance actors acting at a supranational but not a global level'. The World Bank has commissioned a series of studies examining multilevel governance; the United Nations has a research and training institute on comparative regional integration that studies 'multilevel regulatory processes and the relations between sub- and supra-national regional governance', and the OECD has created a directorate on multilevel governance.
However, the consequences of multilevel governance are debated. In the eyes of its detractors, multilevel governance exacerbates corruption (Treisman 2000), leads to gridlock (Scharpf 2007), engenders moral hazard (Rodden 2006), constrains redistribution (Obinger, Castles, Leibfried 2005), obfuscates accountability (Peters & Pierre 2004), and wastes money (Berry 2009). Research on both causes and consequences of multi-level governance is ongoing and more and more information about the subnational as well as the international dimension of multi-level governance is available in the context of larger data sets.
Multi-level governance of climate change in cities
Global climate change is being contributed to by ever increasing levels of greenhouse gas emissions emanating from decisions and activities of individuals and organisations at local, regional, national and international levels. Cities are suggested to contribute up to 75% of global carbon dioxide emissions, reflecting the increasing proportions of global populations living and working in cities. As we know, tackling climate change is an extensive, time-consuming and costly task, a task that cannot be achieved solely through the policy implementation and regulation from central governments and bodies alone. It has become increasingly clear that nation-states will be unable to commit to and meet international targets and agreements for offsetting climate change without engaging with the activity of sub-national and local action. Hereby, warranting the extreme importance of multi-level governance of climate change within cities.
Forms of governance at multi-levels have taken off increasingly at the local scale, building upon the notion of 'think global, act local', in cities in particular. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions stem from certain activities that originate from specific places, bringing about thought that the local scale is the most appropriate political scale to produce necessary offsets in emissions. Cities are exemplary of such specific places in which local governance action can and will help reduce GHG emissions. The levels of governance authority handed down to local governments within cities has been perceived to out-do policy goals within the national and international arena, with some local governments taking on their own initiatives for tackling urban climate change. This sets an important stance to which the local scale of multi-level governance is important for tackling global climate change within the urban arena.
Four distinct modes of governance exist within the dynamics of climate change in cities. Each stems from the local level with the ability of being implemented on multi-scales to mitigate and adapt to urban climate change. Self-governing is the capacity of local governments to govern its own activities such as improving energy efficiency within a designated city, without the burdening pressure to meet targets of increased energy efficiencies set by national governments. A form of self-governing within multi-level systems is horizontal collaboration where cities may collaborate with regions demonstrating multi-levels of governance to tackle urban climate change, imperative to the success of city climate change policy. Governing through enabling is the co-ordination and facilitation of partnerships with private organisations by the local government. National governments also implement this mode of governance to implement policy and action within cities. Governing through provision, a form of vertical collaboration along with governing through enabling, applies itself to the multi-levels of governance. Climate change in cities is tackled here through the shaping of and delivery of services and resources, with additional support aided to local governments from regional and national authorities. Lastly, another form of vertical collaboration, is governing through regulation. Such regulation characterises traditional forms of authoritative governance, exemplifying local to nation-state relations, almost covering the entirety of the multi-level governance scale.
Subnational integration of climate actions
Within the various initiatives of the Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP), the thematic working group on Subnational Integration (SNI-WG) was created in 2013 to support learning and facilitate collaboration between national and subnational governments for accelerated effective climate actions. The SNI-WG realizes several activities at global and regional levels including organizing panels at multiple regional and global forums, hosting peer-learning discussions, publishing reports and case studies, along with facilitating technical workshops, webinars and providing advisory Remote Expert Assistance on LEDS (REAL) support upon request. This process has generated observations, feedback and insights on the potential of the vertical integration and coordination of subnational climate actions to accelerate and scale-up both local and global emission reductions. Improving coordination and integration between the different levels of authority in a country is critical in determining both national and global capacity to govern climate change. City and subnational governments require support from the national government, and vice versa, in order to design and implement intersectoral policies and actions for domestic decarbonization pathways.
Multilevel governance theory and empirical evidence demonstrate that the coordination and vertical integration of climate actions can:
Help alleviate domestic political constraints.
Raise national government ambitions for more aggressive Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) and GHG mitigation commitments.
Scale up, as well as unlock, additional and new mitigation opportunities at the subnational level.
Accelerate the effective implementation of national targets, strategies and development priorities by "localizing" them. This can also provide opportunities for "bundled approaches" and increasing "co-benefits" by linking local priorities with diverse development objectives Improve the consistency of sub-national and national climate data sets; strengthening MRV.
Create a more bankable "low-risk" environment for infrastructure finance and private sector investments.
Enable safe learning and strengthen domestic institutions.
Address recognized challenges and limits to sub-national non-state actor (NSA) climate actions.
Expand and accelerate the flow of international public and private climate finance to cities, urban infrastructure and local priorities.
Help address some of the persistent collective action challenges to multilateral climate agreements.
Cities for Climate Protection program
The Cities for Climate Protection (CCP) program is one example of multi-level governance of climate change. Roles and responsibilities are shared within different levels of governance, from state actors to non-state actors (Betsill & Bulkeley, 2006). Membership consists of 40 large cities worldwide (Large Cities Climate Leadership Group), with local governments often working in close connection with national governments. However, the CCP can overlook the activity of nation-states giving local governments the opportunity to amend positions of policy implementation and regulation for offsetting urban climate change, which may be of a controversial nature to national governments. Thus illustrating even though climate change in cities can be addressed and governed at local, regional, national and international levels, it does not always follow a hierarchical order.
Criticism on multi-level governance theory
Many of the problems associated with multi-level governance revolve around the notion of levels. The very idea of levels and levels of analysis is imbued with hierarchical implications. However, different levels or social spaces often interact or cut across with one another in complex ways that are not strictly hierarchical. To what extent can 'levels' be identified at all? The notion that international bodies constitute a discrete level of authority and governance is contestable. International regulatory networks may not be separate sources of authority but instead represent the reconstitution of state authority and the pursuit of state-level governance by other means. While territorial levels make sense when we are referring to public forms of authority, they seem less compatible with private and market forms of authority.
Another criticism on the theory of multi-level governance is that it's not really a proper theory, rather that it is an approach. The main difference between multi-level governance and other theories of integration is that it gets rid of the continuum or grey area between intergovernmentalism and supranationalism and leaves in its place a descriptive structure. This theory does not address the sovereignty of states directly, but instead simply says that a multi-level structure is being created by subnational and supranational actors. One of the main questions of integration theory, namely, the transfer of loyalty and sovereignty between national and supranational entities and the future of this relationship in the EU is not specifically addressed in this theory.
The identification of partial political measures and general macroeconomics is divided on diverse decisional levels. National governments maintain an important decisional role but the control unlocalizes at supranational level. Individual national sovereignty is dilated in this decisional process and the supranational institutions have an autonomic role.
While there is a growing body of work on multi-level government and on local government of immigration integration, we still lack a systematic discussion of the role and position of non-state actors in the negotiation of responses to immigrant integration between different governmental levels and on the local level. The gap in multi-level governance research is that there is no systematic study of the role of non-state actors in multi-level governance.
Arguments for multi-level governance
Security
The use of security as a means of instituting ideals of democracy. The shift to a multi-level governance perspective of enforcing the ideals prevents one nation from imposing its personal agenda or perception of what these ideals entail. Additionally, the use of supranational judgement creates a uniformity for the international portrayal and enforcement of democratic principles. The utilization of multi-level security governance allows for a pooling of resources to manage this enforcement, while still allowing States to act autonomously. The supranational level merely acts as a medium for allowing the promotion of mutually beneficial security. With the rise of transnational threats, a method for ensuring international security without the reliance on a single policing nation is required. Multi-level governance provides functional means of dealing with the deficiencies of merely national actors dealing with transnational issues on the international stage.
Economic Interdependence
The preliminary notion of the European Union was the European Coal and Steel Community. The union was between the nations of France, Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, Luxembourg, and West Germany. Striving for the concept of European peace the nations sought to bind the nations through economic interdependence. Coming about as a reaction to World War II, the ECSC created an economic tie for previously independent nations. It provided the European peace the nations sought, and would evolve into the European Union seen today. It was not a new concept as trade has historically been viewed as a catalyst for peace between nations. Creating multi-level governance is shown to create the necessary ties for fostering economic interdependence to a greater degree than mere trade between nations. The linking of nations through a sharing of capital creates an adhesiveness that deters the escalation of political conflict from reaching a state of war. On the international stage, political conflict leads to war as a result of perception of potential gains being larger than the opportunity costs. Interdependence created by multi-level governance is shown to greatly reduce the probability of war by increasing the opportunity costs. The increase in opportunity cost to war can be viewed from even the economic ties perspective. It is seen by noting that economic ties between participatory nations makes the cost of disruption to the system through the escalation of the political sphere towards war illogical.
Efficiency
Multi-level government has shown to increase efficiency of governance by creating an agreed upon standard for the implementation and execution of policies. To elaborate, the establishment of a supranational institution can be used to set standards for the way cooperating nations run their environmental, industrial, and safety policies. A key factor for multi-level governance is the terms the national actors agree to when forming the supranational institution as they will give certain decision-making processes to the higher level, and agree to abide by the outcome. Nations consent to the terms as they face a common issue of international policy that has to deal with collective-action problems making it nonsensical to attend to by themselves. Agreements between nations to form a multi-level government creates an efficiency gain that allows them to all share in the positive benefit.
See also
Environmental governance
Earth system governance
References
Bibliography
Acharya, Amitav, and A. I. Johnston eds. (2007). Crafting Cooperation: Regional International Institutions in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Berry, C. (2009). Imperfect Union: Representation and Taxation in Multilevel Governments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bertrand, Jacques and A. Laliberte eds. (2010). Multination States in Asia: Accommodation or Resistance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bird, Richard M. and F. Vaillancourt eds.( 2008). Fiscal Decentralization in Developing Countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dahl, Robert A., and Edward Tufte (1973). Size and Democracy. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Deutsch, Karl W. (1966). Nationalism and Social Communication. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Falleti, Tulia (2010). Decentralization and Subnational Politics in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Farrell, Mary, B. Hettne, and L. van Langenbove eds.(2005), Global Politics of Regionalism: Theory and Practice. London: Pluto.
Goertz, Gary and K. Powers (2011). Regional Governance: The Evolution of a New Institutional Form, paper presented at the American Political Science Association, San Diego.
Hooghe, L. ed. (1996). Cohesion policy and European integration. Building multi-level governance, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Hooghe, L., and G. Marks (2001). Multi-level governance and European integration. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Hooghe, L., and G. Marks (2002). Types of multi-level governance. Cahiers européens de Sciences Po 3 June.
Hurrell, A. (2007). On Global Order: Power, Values, and the Constitution of International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Leonardi, R. (2005). Cohesion Policy in the European Union: The Rebuilding of Europe. Houndsmills, Hampshire: Palgrave.
Marks, G. (1992). Structural policy in the European Community, in: Sbragia, A. (ed.), Europolitics. Institutions and policymaking in the 'new' European Community. 191–225.
Marks, G. (1993). Structural policy and multi-level governance in the EC, in: A. Cafruny and G. Rosenthal (eds.), The state of the European Community. Vol. 2, The Maastricht debates and beyond, 391–410. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Marks, G., and L. Hooghe (2004). Contrasting visions of multi-level governance, in: Bache and Flinders (eds.), Multi-level governance, 15–30 Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
Marks, G., and D. McAdam (1996). Social movements and the changing structure of political opportunity in the European Union, in: G. Marks, F.W. Scharpf, P. Schmitter and W. Streeck (eds.), Governance in the European Union, 95–120. London: Sage.
Obinger, H., F. G. Castles, S. Leibfried (eds.) (2005). Federalism and the Welfare State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Peters, G., J. Pierre (2004). A Faustian Bargain? in: I. Bache, M. Flinders (eds.) Multi-level Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rodden, J. (2006). Hamilton’s Paradox: The Promise and Peril of Fiscal Federalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rokkan, Stein (with Derek Urwin) (1983). Economy, Territory, Identity: Politics of West European Peripheries. London: Sage Publications.
Smoke, P., E. J. Gómez, G. E. Peterson eds. (2006). Decentralization in Asia and Latin America: Towards a Comparative Interdisciplinary Perspective. Edward Elgar.
External links
Unraveling the Central State, but how? Types of Multi-Level Governance – Online version of this 2003-paper by Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks (Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna, Austria)
Review Multi-level governance – Online review of the paper 'Unraveling the Central State, but How?' by Hooghe and Marks
Multi-level Governance – Directorate for Public Governance and Territorial Development from the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development)
Politics of Europe
Politics of the European Union
International relations
Political theories
Decentralization
Emergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-level%20governance |
is a side-scrolling hack-and-slash action game produced by Sega and originally released as an arcade game in 1989. It is the second and the final arcade game in the Shinobi series, following the original Shinobi itself. The player controls a ninja aided by an attack dog, who is fighting to save the city from a terrorist organization.
Shadow Dancer was the first game developed for the Sega System 18 arcade board hardware, and its generally well-received home versions were released for the Master System console and several home computer systems in 1991. A loose adaptation titled Shadow Dancer: The Secret of Shinobi was released exclusively for the Mega Drive/Genesis in 1990.
Gameplay
The play mechanics of Shadow Dancer are similar to these of the arcade version of the original Shinobi. The controls and almost all of the player's moves from the original Shinobi are present here as well.
The biggest change is the addition of a canine companion, Shadow, that follows the protagonist around. When the dog barks towards an enemy, the player can sic the dog on the enemy by pressing the attack button while crouching, allowing the player an opportunity to attack the enemy while it is being bitten by the dog. However, if the player takes too long to attack the bitten enemy or the enemy has a strong defense, then the dog will be hurt and turn into a harmless pup. The dog will then remain in pup form until the player acquires the next time bomb or finishes the stage.
The player's weapons consists of an unlimited supply of shuriken and a sword which is used when adjacent to an enemy. When the player collects half of the time bombs in each stage, stronger weapons are granted until the player finishes the stage or loses a life. The player can also use one of three random ninja magic (ninpo) techniques that will clear the entire screen of enemies. Normally, these techniques can only be used once per stage, but if the player continues the game by inserting more coins and pressing START, the protagonist restarts the stage with two units instead of one. Bonus points are awarded if the player completes the game without using shuriken or ninja magic.
There are four different missions, consisting of three stages for the first mission and four stages each for the remaining three. In the first few stages of each mission, the player must collect a certain amount of time bombs scattered throughout the stage in order to proceed to the goal. The final stage in each mission is a confrontation between him and one of four bosses: an armoured giant throwing energy balls, a weaponized tank engine, a woman armed with a shield/weapon device, and a female ninja using magic and a naginata (the dog does not appear during boss battles).
Between each mission, there is a bonus stage minigame seen from the character's perspective as he tosses shuriken at enemy ninjas dropping down from a building. The player is awarded an extra life after successfully completing the minigame.
Plot
The young ninja battles together with his faithful pet dog. In the center of the city, a group of terrorists are committing every imaginable atrocity known to man, including the planting of time bombs throughout the metropolis. Our youthful hero and his canine companion courageously set out to gather all the explosives placed by the evil gang and annihilate the syndicate that manipulates them.
The protagonist is never actually named in the original arcade version, although the various home versions gives him differing identities. The manual and packaging description for the Master System version identifies him as Takashi, although the attract sequence in this same version contradicts this by naming him Fuma. The manual for the home computer versions produced by U.S. Gold, claims that he is Joe Musashi himself, with one print ad for the game referencing Kato and Sauros (who were characters from the Genesis version).
Release
Following its debut as an arcade game in 1989, Shadow Dancer was released on various home computer formats in Europe in 1991. Versions released for the Amiga, Atari ST, Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC, and ZX Spectrum were published by U.S. Gold and developed by Images. Some of these versions were re-released as budget titles by Kixx in 1993.
The Master System port was released in 1991 exclusively in Europe and Brazil. Although this version bears the title Shadow Dancer: The Secret of Shinobi on the packaging (like the Genesis version released in the same year), it is actually based on the arcade version and is simply titled Shadow Dancer in-game. Most of the content from the arcade version was cut and the play mechanics were modified a bit. Missions now consists of a single side-scrolling stage and a boss encounter. The player's canine companion no longer follows them around, but can still be summoned to kill certain enemies from a distance. Collecting time bombs is now an optional task that the player can conduct while on their way to the goal. When the player gathers all five time bombs in each mission, they will gain an attack power-up for the next boss battle. This version also features bonus stage minigames after completing each mission. While the minigame played after the first and third missions is the same as in the arcade version, the one after the second mission is new: it requires the player to throw shurikens at enemies while both them and the protagonist are in free fall between skyscrapers, and, unlike the other minigame, is played in a third-person perspective.
Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed it on their January 1, 1990 issue as being the fourth most-successful table arcade unit of the month.
Shadow Dancer was well-received by critics upon its release in arcades. Sean Kelly of Zero magazine said it was "a pretty impressive" ninja game with "a massive dog/wolf animal thingy that turns into a puppy every time it gets a good kicking" and that, despite being derivative of earlier ninja games (such as Shinobi and Dragon Ninja), it was "good fun" to play. GamePro praised the arcade game as "a slick-looking ninja quest with excellent 3-D backgrounds, jumpin' animation, and top-notch audio."
The home conversions were also well-received. Commodore Format awarded this "wondefully playable", "highly polished and challenging game that no one can really afford to miss" a score of 89% upon its Commodore 64 release, and the same score for its 1993 re-release, while Zzap!64 gave it 83%. Your Sinclair described the ZX Spectrum as an "impressive arcade conversion" and "pretty blimming marvellous" and CRASH called it "is a good scrolly beat-'em-up with arcade adventure overtones" that is "fast, tough and, above all, playable". Amiga Action awarded the Amiga version of Shadow Dancer a review score of 84% and ranked it as the 19th best action game on the system. RAZE gave the Amiga version of Shadow Dancer a score of 89%.
The One gave the Amiga version of Shadow Dancer an overall score of 80%, beginning their review by stating that "if first impressions were anything to go by, then Shadow Dancer would score very highly indeed ... Unfortunately first impressions don't rate very highly and the early promise soon fades". The One criticised the "annoying" lack of checkpoints in levels, and expresses that foreground sprites blend in with the game's backgrounds, "thus making the action a touch confusing". The One praised Shadow Dancer's graphics, calling it's backgrounds "noteworthy" and noting the game's large sprites as "reminiscent" of the arcade original, furthermore calling Shadow Dancer "deep" and "colourful". The One also praised the dog companion feature, stating that it "adds a novel strategic twist" to Shadow Dancer's gameplay.
On the other hand, Retro Gamer in 2010 declared it inferior to the Sega Mega Drive's 1990 release Shadow Dancer: The Secret of Shinobi, "let down by surprisingly stodgy controls, uninspired level design, and a really frustrating difficulty level". In contrast, Computer and Video Games considered the original Shadow Dancer arcade game to be superior to the Sega Mega Drive game Shadow Dancer: The Secret of Shinobi. The game sold around 300,000 copies.
Notes
References
External links
Shadow Dancer at the HOL Amiga Database
1989 video games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Arcade video games
Sega arcade games
Atari ST games
Commodore 64 games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Platformers
Sega video games
Master System games
Science fantasy video games
Shinobi (series)
U.S. Gold games
Video games about dogs
Video games about terrorism
Video games set in Miami
ZX Spectrum games
Video games developed in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow%20Dancer%20%281989%20video%20game%29 |
Game store may refer to:
A place where recreational games are stored
Game larder: a building where game carcasses are stored
A Video game retailer
A hobby shop
Game, a South African store which is a subsidiary of Massmart
Game (retailer), a major British video game retailer
See also
Club (organization) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game%20store |
Kalevi Keskstaadion is a multi-purpose stadium in Tallinn, Estonia. Opened in 1955 and having a capacity of 12,000, it is the traditional venue of the Estonian Dance Festivals and the home ground of JK Tallinna Kalev. The address of the stadium is Staadioni 8, 10132 Tallinn.
Since 1955, all of the Estonian Dance Festivals have been held there.
History
The stadium was built during the Soviet occupation of Estonia and was opened on 12 July 1955. It was the first new large-scale sports complex built in Tallinn after World War II. The initial plans were grandiose: the first blueprints saw the stadium have a 30,000 capacity seating area and a 16,000 capacity standing area, as well as a 6 meter tall statue depicting Estonian folklore hero Kalevipoeg. However, the project was later scaled-down and saw the stadium have a capacity of 12,000.
In 1960, Tallinna Kalev joined the Soviet Top League and in the following two years, the stadium hosted numerous high profile football matches. The match against Dynamo Moscow brought more than 20,000 people onto the stands and among the players playing was Dynamo's Lev Yashin, who won the Ballon d'Or three years after said match and is regarded by many as the greatest goalkeeper in the history of the sport.
In 1963, the stadium hosted its first Estonian Dance Festival and has remained as the traditional venue of the celebration since.
The 2000s saw the stadium's condition worsen to the point that in 2007, the Estonian FA declared the grass pitch unusable for top-flight football. In 2015, it was announced that Kalevi Keskstaadion will undergo a major renovation and the concept design also included a possibility to increase the capacity to 30,000 in the distant future. The renovation works began after the 2019 Estonian Dance Festival and the stadium was re-opened in 2022.
Artificial turf stadium
The sports complex of the Kalevi Keskstaadion also has an artificial turf ground named Kalevi kunstmurustaadion. Located at the southwest corner of the main stadium, the field is home to Kalev's youth system.
Gallery
References
External links
Future design of the Kalevi Keskstaadion
Sports venues completed in 1956
1956 establishments in Estonia
Football venues in Estonia
Athletics (track and field) venues in Estonia
Multi-purpose stadiums in Estonia
Sports venues in Tallinn
Kesklinn, Tallinn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevi%20Keskstaadion |
The Breast (1972) is a novella by Philip Roth, in which the protagonist, David Kepesh, becomes a 155-pound breast. Throughout the book Kepesh fights with himself. Part of him wishes to give in to bodily desires, while the other part of him wants to be rational. Kepesh, a literature professor, compares his plight with that of fictional characters such as Gregor Samsa in Kafka's short story The Metamorphosis and Kovalyov in Nikolai Gogol's short story "The Nose". Throughout the novel, he describes the various sexual and physical feelings he has while people handle him, while initiating sex with his girlfriend, and while he is alone.
During a stay on the beach with his girlfriend, Claire, Kepesh had wished to have breasts, to be a breast, and he struggles with the idea that apparently this wish was fulfilled while other more important wishes were not.
References
1972 American novels
Novels by Philip Roth
Fiction about shapeshifting | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Breast |
Établissements Billard was a French railway rolling stock construction company founded in 1920 and based in Tours. It specialised in light railbuses and metre gauge and narrow gauge rolling stock. The business ceased trading in 1956 and later became Socofer.
Production
Draisines
Draisines : These worked on different VFILs, and for the "Big Companies" which became the SNCF.
Locomotives
T50
T75D
T75P
T75G
These were designed for the French Military Railway. They were used, among other things, to service the Maginot Line.
SNCF Class Y 7100
Railbuses
Railbuses for numerous French VFIPs (secondary railways)
Type A 80D,
Type A 135D,
Type A 150D,
Type A 210D,
Networks of the Compagnie des chemins de fer départementaux, including:
Corse,
Vivarais,
Indre et Loire,
Seine-et-Marne
Tramways d'Ille-et-Vilaine Company
Overseas networks:
Madagascar
Réunion
French West Africa:
Dakar Niger
Dahomey
Ethiopia:
Chemin de fer Franco-éthiopien received in 1964 two automotive cars of , for the Djibouti – Addis-Abeba line
Several European networks
In Greece
In Spain
A Micheline was built in the 1930s for the PO
Three buses with bogies on a wide chassis worked on the Nord-Est.
A series of railbuses with two axles were built for the CFD and the SNCF in 1949 and 1950
A series of FNC railbuses were deployed by the SNCF
The solidity of the stock, and the simplicity of construction, means that many Billard engines are still working today.
Preserved Billard rolling stock
Locomotives
type T 50
type T 75, in several variants (with the series prototype, and some military examples) on the Tacot des Lacs, at the Train Touristique de Saint Trojan and later at APPEVA.
type T 100,
Railcars
Meter gauge
type A 150D
X153, Portes les Valence (bespoke).
type A 150D
212, Chemins de Fer de Provence
213, Chemin de fer du Vivarais
214, Chemin de fer du Vivarais.
type A 80D
313, Voies Ferrées du Velay
314, Chemin de fer du Vivarais
315 Voies Ferrées du Velay
316 Chemin de fer du Vivarais
513 Chemins de fer de Corse.
type A 150D2 Articulated
222 Voies Ferrées du Velay.
Trailer R 210
3, Chemin de fer du Vivarais
5, MTVS ex autorail AM 20 des TIV
7, Voies Ferrées du Velay
11, Chemin de fer du Vivarais
22, Chemin de fer du Vivarais
Standard gauge type A 75D
X901, Tourist railway of La Sarthe, originally Chemin de fer Mamers-Saint Calais
X903, Trains à vapeur de Touraine with a trailing car
Rebuilt and modernised vehicles
XR 1331 (Chemins de Fer de Provence), ex RL1, originally CP, rebuilt Garnero
XRD 1333 (Chemins de Fer de Provence), ex RL3, originally CP, rebuilt original mail van
XRD 1337 (Chemins de Fer de Provence), ex RL7, originally CFD Vivarais 33, rebuilt Garnero, mail van
XR 113 (Chemins de fer de Corse) ex autorail A 150 D1, N°113, rebuilt Carde
XR 104 (Chemins de fer de Corse) ex autorail A 210 D1, N°105, rebuilt Garnero, previously with CP
XR 105 (Chemins de fer de Corse) ex autorail A 210 D1, N°106, rebuilt Garnero, previously with CP
XRD 242 (Chemins de fer de Corse) ex autorail A 80 D, N°32, originally CFD Charentes
XR 526 (Chemins de fer de Corse) ex autorail A 150 D2, N°526, originally Tramways d'Ille-et-Vilaine
Gallery
Notes
Sources
See also
Chemin de fer du Vivarais
Locomotive
Metre gauge
Railcar
Socofer
References
External links
Billard railcar A80D N°313 from Dunières-Saint-Agrève
Double railcar A150D2 N°222 from VFV
Defunct rolling stock manufacturers of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billard |
The Lake Superior agate is a type of agate stained by iron and found on the shores of Lake Superior. Its wide distribution and iron-rich bands of color reflect the gemstone's geologic history in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas and Michigan. In 1969 the Lake Superior agate was designated by the Minnesota Legislature as the official state gemstone.
The Lake Superior agate was selected because the agate reflects many aspects of Minnesota. It was formed during lava eruptions that occurred in Minnesota about a billion years ago. The stone's predominant red color comes from iron, a major Minnesota industrial mineral found extensively throughout the Iron Range region. Finally, the Lake Superior agate can be found in many regions of Minnesota as it was distributed by glacial movement across Minnesota 10,000 to 15,000 years ago.
Geologic history
More than a billion years ago, the North American continent began to split apart along plate boundaries. Magma upwelled into iron-rich lava flows throughout the Midcontinent Rift System, including what is now the Minnesota Iron Range region. These flows are now exposed along the north and south shores of Lake Superior. The tectonic forces that attempted to pull the continent apart, and which left behind the lava flows, also created the Superior trough, a depressed region that became the basin of Lake Superior.
The lava flows formed the conditions for creation of Lake Superior agates. As the lava solidified, water vapor and carbon dioxide trapped within the solidified flows formed a vesicular texture (literally millions of small bubbles). Later, groundwater transported ferric iron, silica, and other dissolved minerals passed through the trapped gas vesicles. These quartz-rich groundwater solutions deposited concentric bands of fine-grained quartz called chalcedony, or embedded agates.
Over the next billion years, erosion exposed a number of the quartz-filled, banded vesicles — agates. These agates were freed by running water and chemical disintegration of the lavas, since these vesicles were now harder than the lava rocks that contained them. The vast majority, however, remained lodged in the lava flows until the next major geologic event that changed them and Minnesota.
During the ensuing ice ages a lobe of glacial ice, the Superior lobe, moved into Minnesota through the agate-filled Superior trough. The glacier picked up surface agates and transported them south. Its crushing action and cycle of freezing and thawing at its base also freed many agates from within the lava flows and transported them, too. The advancing glacier acted like an enormous rock tumbler, abrading, fracturing, and rough-polishing the agates.
Description
The Lake Superior agate is noted for its rich red, orange, and yellow coloring. This color scheme is caused by the oxidation of iron. Iron leached from rocks provided the pigment that gives the gemstone its beautiful array of color. The concentration of iron and the amount of oxidation determine the color within or between an agate's bands. There can also be white, grey, black and tan strips of color as well.
The gemstone comes in various sizes. The gas pockets in which the agates formed were primarily small, about 1 cm in diameter. A few Lake Superior agates have been found that are 22 cm in diameter with a mass exceeding 10 kilograms. Very large agates are extremely rare.
The most common type of Lake Superior agate is the fortification agate with its eye-catching banding patterns. Each band, when traced around an exposed pattern or "face," connects with itself like the walls of a fort, hence the name fortification agate.
A common subtype of the fortification agate is the parallel-banded, onyx-fortification or water-level agate. Perfectly straight, parallel bands occur over all or part of these stones. The straight bands were produced by puddles of quartz-rich solutions that crystallized inside the gas pocket under very low fluid pressure. The parallel nature of the bands also indicates the agate's position inside the lava flow.
Probably the most popular Lake Superior agate is also one of the rarest. The highly treasured eye agate has perfectly round bands or "eyes" dotting the surface of the stone.
Cutting and polishing
A gemstone can be used as a jewel when cut and polished. Only a fraction of the Lake Superior agate are of the quality needed for lapidary. Three lapidary techniques are used on Lake Superior agates:
Tumbling—Small gemstones are rotated in drums with progressively finer polishing grit for several days until they are smooth and reflective.
Saw-cut and polish—Stones up to 1/2 kg are cut with diamond saws into thin slabs, which then are cut into various shapes. One side of the shaped slab is polished producing fine jewelry pieces and collectible gems called cabochons. (Note the value of large Lake superior agates, which weigh a few pounds or more, will lose most of their value if cut into slabs.)
Face polishing—Polishing a curved surface on a portion of the stone and leaving the major portion in its natural state is called face polishing.
Distribution of Lake Superior agate
One of the most appealing reasons for naming the Lake Superior agate as the Minnesota state gemstone is its general availability. Glacial activity spread agates throughout northeastern and central Minnesota, northwestern Wisconsin, Northern Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas and Michigan's Upper Peninsula in the United States and the area around Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. Lake Superior agates have been found in gravel deposits along the Mississippi River basin. Other types of agate similar to Lake Superior agate have been found in southwestern Wisconsin.
References
Minnesota's State Gem: The Lake Superior Agate
Agates
Symbols of Minnesota
Geology of Minnesota
Geology of Wisconsin
Geology of Iowa
Geology of Michigan
Geology of Ontario
Lake Superior | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Superior%20agate |
Gundadalur is a sports complex in Tórshavn, Faroe Islands. It is home to three different football pitches and other sports facilities. The largest one is the national stadium Tórsvøllur, a multi-use stadium.
Overview
The actual Gundadalur Stadium is located just alongside Tórsvøllur. It was opened in 1911. There are two sports halls in the same area. Høllin á Hálsi is the oldest one; built in 1970, it is located just above Tórsvøllur. The sports hall has been owned by Tórshavn Municipality since 2004. Gundadalshøllin is the other sports hall, lying below and south of Høllin á Hálsi. Both sports halls are mainly used for handball and volleyball, but also for other public events, not related to sports. Gundadalshøllin is owned by the handball clubs Neistin and Kyndil, and the volleyball club Fleyr. There is also a swimming hall in Gundadalur that was built in 1984. It has one swimming pool which is 25 meters long with six lanes, and it has three other pools: one deep, and two not-so-deep pools which are mainly for children. There is a gymnastics venue inside a hall at the north-eastern side of Tórsvøllur; it is called Fimi and is owned by Tórshavn Municipality. Outside the western corner of the Gundadalur Stadium is a sportshall for badminton, it is called Badmintonhøllin. North of the badminton hall is a tennis venue. Just outside the valley of Gundadalur is a venue for athletics, named Tórsbreyt.
Ovari vøllur
The Upper Field (Ovari vøllur) is the main field used for first level matches and is the home ground of HB and B36. It can also host the matches of other Faroese teams in the European competitions.
Niðari vøllur
The Lower Field (Niðari vøllur), is mostly used for training and also lower level matches. Is the home ground of Giza/Hoyvík and Undrið FF.
References
External links
Torsvollur.fo - Official Homepage
Gundadalur stadium photos and video - Nordic Stadiums
Tórsvøllur stadium photos and video - Nordic Stadiums
Sport in Tórshavn
Football venues in the Faroe Islands
Sports venues in the Faroe Islands
B36 Tórshavn
Havnar Bóltfelag
Sports venues completed in 1911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundadalur |
Edward Gottlieb (born Isadore Gottlieb; September 15, 1898 – December 7, 1979) was a Jewish-Ukrainian professional basketball coach and executive. Nicknamed "Mr. Basketball" and "The Mogul", he was the first coach and manager of the Philadelphia Warriors of the National Basketball Association (NBA), and later became the owner of the team from 1951 to 1962. A native of Kiev, Ukraine, he was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a contributor on April 20, 1972. The NBA Rookie of the Year Award, the Eddie Gottlieb Trophy, was formerly named after him.
Gottlieb organized, and played for, the South Philadelphia Hebrew Association teams in the 1920s. He was in charge of semipro baseball in Philadelphia, financed and partly owned the Negro league Philadelphia Stars, and made the schedule for the Negro National League. He also helped coordinate the overseas tours of the Harlem Globetrotters. Along with a few other sports promoters, he organized the Basketball Association of America (BAA), the league that later became the NBA. Gottlieb coached the original Philadelphia Warriors, bought the team, and sent it to San Francisco in order to expand the game westward. He headed the NBA rules committee for 25 years and was solely in charge of NBA scheduling for the last three decades of his life. Fellow Hall of Famer Harry Litwack stated: "Gottlieb was about as important to the game of basketball as the basketball."
Early life
Gottlieb was involved with sports throughout his life. Born Isadore Gottlieb in 1898 in Kiev, he moved with his family to Philadelphia at the turn of the century. By the time he was a young adult he had not only played on but had also coached, owned, and operated neighborhood sports teams.
He was, by his own admission, a born promoter and organizer, and changed his name to Edward. In 1917, when he was 19, Gottlieb organized a team of mostly Jewish players representing the Young Men's Hebrew Association, which supplied the team with uniforms for three years. The players later found a new sponsor with the South Philadelphia Hebrew Association, a social club from which the team derived its new identity, the Philadelphia Sphas. The team wore uniforms with the acronym SPHAs sewn across the chest in Hebrew letters. Even after the association stopped providing the uniforms, the team kept the unusual name. Having no home court, the team nicknamed themselves "the Wandering Jews".
In the early days of the SPHAs, a game was as much a social event. "We played in a lot of dance halls in those early years", Gottlieb told The Associated Press. "It was basketball, then dancing. A very nice Saturday evening for yourself and your date. We used to let the girls in for free, because you couldn't have a dance after the game without the girls. We had no trouble getting the guys to pay for the basketball game when they heard that news."
The SPHAs became one of the powerhouses of basketball in the East. The team entered the Philadelphia League and won two consecutive championships, the final two in the league's history. The SPHAs then joined the Eastern League, which went out of business in the same season, forcing the team to book its own games.
Gottlieb, an entrepreneur and future schedule maker, had no trouble lining up a series of exhibition games against teams from both New York's Metropolitan League and the American Basketball League, which in 1925–26 began operation as the country's first major professional basketball league.
The SPHAs won five of six games against ABL teams in 1925–26, losing only to the league's top club, the Cleveland Rosenblums. The SPHAs then defeated two of the game's best touring squads, the New York Original Celtics and the New York Renaissance Five (Rens), in best-of-three series. In about six weeks, Gottlieb's team had won nine of 11 contests against the most celebrated squads in basketball.
For the next two years Gottlieb devoted his energy to the Philadelphia Warriors, a 1926–27 ABL entry. The Warriors, who featured former SPHAs stars Chick Passon and Stretch Meehan, competed in the ABL for two seasons, posting winning records both years. The ABL, its decline hastened by the Great Depression, shut down two seasons later, in 1931. Meanwhile, Gottlieb had rebuilt the SPHAs in 1929 with younger talent, and in 1933 the team joined the ABL, which had reorganized as a smaller, regional circuit after a two-year hiatus.
The clubs in this reincarnation of the ABL played in small arenas, armories, and dance halls, much as teams had in the early 1920s. The SPHAs were the premier team, winning championships in three of the league's first four seasons and taking titles in 7 of 15 years. The club stayed together for 31 years, until 1949, when Gottlieb became too involved with the new Basketball Association of America. Gottlieb sold the SPHAs to Red Klotz in 1950.
BAA and NBA
In the spring of 1946, the United States was celebrating the end of World War II, which had formally ended in September 1945. Peace brought the population leisure time and money for entertainment, and basketball was ripe for a move to the big time. College basketball had grown immensely in popularity during the previous 10 years, and there was no professional basketball circuit (as hockey had with the National Hockey League).
The National Basketball League was operating primarily in the Midwest, and did not attract the attention of other cities where basketball was popular, such as New York, Philadelphia, and Boston—which, for nearly half a century, had been the hotbeds of barnstorming teams and fly-by-night leagues. The owners or operators of major arenas in some of the country's biggest cities were looking for events to help fill their schedules. They met in New York City in 1946 and created the 11-team Basketball Association of America. The league was fashioned after the National Hockey League, with a 60-game schedule followed by championship playoffs.
Of the original 11 teams, only three still survive in the present-day NBA: the Boston Celtics, the New York Knickerbockers, and the Philadelphia (now Golden State) Warriors. Gottlieb was the coach and general manager of the Philadelphia Warriors. Besides coaching, he made sure the team stayed afloat during the rocky days of the BAA and the NBA. "He promoted the team on street corners and he sold tickets and then he counted the cold house", Mike Lupica wrote after Gottlieb's death.
Gottlieb coached the Warriors for a total of nine seasons, compiling a 263-318 regular-season career record and going 15-17 in the playoffs. The Warriors finished at .500 or better in four of their first six campaigns, but in Gottlieb's last three seasons they compiled losing records and failed to make the playoffs. During his coaching years, from 1946/47 to 1954/55, his teams included such early NBA standouts as Paul Arizin and Neil Johnston.
Gottlieb won his lone championship with the Warriors in the first term of the BAA, 1946–47. Behind "Jumping Joe" Fulks, who led the league with 23.2 points per game, the Warriors logged a 35-25 regular-season record, second to the Washington Capitols in the Eastern Division. In the playoffs the Warriors defeated New York, the St. Louis Bombers, and the Chicago Stags for the title. Gottlieb and rivaling Stags coach Harold Olsen would be the first rookie coaches to compete in the championship match-ups, with such a feat not happening again until the 2015 NBA Finals with Steve Kerr of the Warriors (now in Golden State) and David Blatt of the Cleveland Cavaliers both competing for their first championships in their rookie coaching seasons in the NBA.
In the league's second season the BAA lost four teams and picked up another one. The Warriors edged the Knicks by a single game in the regular season and then lost in six in the BAA Finals to the league's newest entrant, the Baltimore Bullets. For the 1949/50 season, the BAA merged with the NBL to form the NBA, a marriage in which Gottlieb was influential. "When anyone inside the league or outside had a question, they went to Gotty", said Leonard Koppett, who covered the NBA for the New York Post and The New York Times. For the next three seasons the Warriors lost in the first round of the playoffs without winning a game.
Gottlieb, who was instrumental in helping original Warriors owner Peter A. Tyrrell launch the franchise, bought the club in 1952 for $25,000. He also had a major role in shaping the league's rules, serving as chairman of the rules committee for 25 years. He was there when Syracuse Nationals owner Danny Biasone came up with the idea of a 24-second shot clock in 1954, and he helped to implement a rule that gave a bonus free throw after six team fouls in a quarter. The new rules supplied the framework for a more fast-paced and exciting game and were pivotal in the continued existence and eventual success of the NBA.
"I probably was responsible for more rule changes in pro basketball than any other man", Gottlieb told the Associated Press late in his life. "They call me in now because I’m the only one left who can connect things to the past, who knows why this rule was put in or why that one was thrown out."
Gottlieb was behind the NBA's "territorial draft" rule, which gave teams the right to claim a local college or high school player in exchange for giving up their first-round draft pick. The rule was particularly advantageous for Philadelphia, which landed Overbrook High School's Wilt Chamberlain in 1959 after his stints with the University of Kansas and the Harlem Globetrotters.
Chamberlain furthered the franchise's success. An immediate drawing card, he led the NBA in scoring and rebounding as a rookie and helped the Warriors to a 49-26 record and a trip to the division semifinals. With the Warriors for five full seasons (he was traded during his sixth season), Chamberlain took the team to the playoffs four times. In 1961/62 Philadelphia fell to Boston in seven games in the Eastern Division Finals.
Before the 1962/63 season the Warriors moved west. Gottlieb, who had purchased the franchise 10 years earlier, sold it for a $600,000 profit to a credit card company, which kept 33.3 percent of the ownership while Franklin Mieuli put together a group of almost 40 Bay Area investors to purchase the remainder of the team. The move to San Francisco followed the Minneapolis Lakers' migration to Los Angeles two seasons earlier, and helped open the west to professional basketball.
Gottlieb remained involved with the team in San Francisco before "retiring" in 1964. However, he retained his leadership position with the NBA. His role was crucial: the job of planning the league schedule had become solely his. "They joked that Eddie Gottlieb carried the NBA around in his briefcase", Lupica wrote.
In any July or August, a visit to Gottlieb's office would find him in front of stacks of paper, a yellow legal pad, and graph paper. "Gottlieb's skin would be the color of the yellow paper, and his eyes would look like black holes", Lupica wrote. "But he was making a season, as always."
Gottlieb was the force behind the NBA schedule until shortly before his death. As other leagues began to use computers to build neutral schedules, the NBA continued to rely on Gottlieb and trust his human intuition. For 1978/79, the season prior to his death, he reluctantly gave up his duties to a software program.
A lifelong bachelor, Gottlieb remained employed by the NBA until his death in December 1979, traveling from Philadelphia to New York a few times a week as a coordinator and consultant. "Eddie Gottlieb was one of the real pioneers of professional round ball", Red Smith wrote in The New York Times. Wrote Lupica, "Eddie Gottlieb loved basketball. Maybe no one ever loved basketball quite the way he did."
His story is featured in The First Basket, a documentary on the history of Jews and Basketball.
References
Further reading
External links
BasketballReference.com: Edward Gottlieb
1898 births
1979 deaths
Sportspeople from Kyiv
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Jewish American sportspeople
Ukrainian men's basketball coaches
Ukrainian Jews
Golden State Warriors owners
Philadelphia Sphas
Philadelphia Warriors head coaches
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
Sportspeople from Philadelphia
National Basketball Association championship-winning head coaches
20th-century American Jews
South Philadelphia High School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie%20Gottlieb |
Séan McCann (born 22 May 1967) is a Canadian singer and musician (playing bodhran, shakers, tin whistle and guitar) who formerly played with Great Big Sea, a band he co-founded. He announced plans to stop touring with the group at the end of December 2013.
After exiting Great Big Sea, McCann publicly admitted a secret past in which he used alcohol to mask the pain of sexual abuse by a priest. His fifth solo album was titled There's a Place.
Early life
He was born to Anita and Edward McCann. His mother was born in Northern Bay and his father in Gull Island. When he was a child, his family moved to St. John's. He was raised Roman Catholic. He is married and has 2 sons. He now lives in Manotick, a suburb of Ottawa, Ontario.
Career
McCann has released 5 solo works (Lullabies for Bloodshot Eyes, Son of a Sailor, Help Your Self, You Know I Love You, and There's a Place).
In June 2016, McCann released the folk song "Proud (To Be a Canadian)" for free online in partnership with the Canadian Red Cross to benefit victims of the Fort McMurray wildfires. McCann told The Canadian Press that his feelings of despair over the disaster led him to write the lyrics. Once he was finished he contacted fellow musician Jeremy Fisher to help him in the studio.
In November 2017, McCann organized a benefit songwriter's circle at the Algonquin Commons Theatre in Ottawa with his friends Joel Plaskett, Sarah Harmer, and Jeremy Fisher to raise money to purchase guitars for veterans suffering with PTSD and other mental-health issues.
Albums
Lullabies for the Bloodshot Eyes (2010)
Son of a Sailor (2011)
Help Your Self (2014)
You Know I Love You (2015)
There's a Place (2017)
Shantyman (2021)
References
External links
1967 births
Living people
Bodhrán players
Canadian folk rock musicians
Canadian people of Irish descent
Great Big Sea members
Members of the Order of Canada
Memorial University of Newfoundland alumni
Musicians from Newfoundland and Labrador
People from Carbonear | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9an%20McCann%20%28musician%29 |
The traditional colors of Japan are a collection of colors traditionally used in Japanese art, literature, textiles such as kimono, and other Japanese arts and crafts.
History
The traditional colors of Japan trace their historical origins to the Twelve Level Cap and Rank System which was established in 603 by Prince Shōtoku and based on the five Chinese elements. In this system, rank and social hierarchy were displayed and determined by certain colors. Colors known as were strictly reserved for the robes of the highest ranking government officials; for example, the color was used as the color for the robes of and use by any other lower rank was prohibited. Colors known as were permitted for use by the common people.
Most names of colors originate from the names of plants, flowers, and animals that bore or resembled them. Certain colors and dyeing techniques have been used since the Asuka period, while others had been developed as late as the Meiji period when synthetic dyes became common. Due to the long history of use of this color system, some variations in color and names exist.
Colors
Red/violet series
Red series
Yellow/red series
Yellow series
Yellow/green series
Green/blue green series
Blue/blue violet series
Violet series
Achromatic series
Notes
References
Bibliography
https://color-term.com/traditional-color-of-japan/
External links
Japanese traditional color Names
Japanese traditional colors (archived)
The traditional colors of Nippon (Japan)
Japanese culture
National colours
Textile arts of Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional%20colors%20of%20Japan |
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