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Garab Dorje (c. 665) () was the first human to receive the complete direct transmission teachings of Sutra, Tantra and Dzogchen from Vajrasattva. The circumstances of his birth are shrouded in different interpretations, with some accounts describing a miraculous birth by a virgin daughter of the king of Uddiyana.
Garab Dorje became the first teacher of Dzogchen ("Great Perfection", also called Ati Yoga) teachings. Garab Dorje's core teachings revolve around understanding the nature of the mind as the original Buddha, beyond birth and cessation, emphasizing meditation as a practice of allowing this natural state without seeking. According to the Nyingma school tradition of Tibetan Buddhism, he transmitted the profound empowerments of Dzogchen to his chief disciple, Manjushrimitra, and is also believed to have imparted these teachings to Padmasambhava.
His legacy includes the encapsulation of Dzogchen's essence in the "Three Words that Strike to the Heart of the Essential Point". This teaching is considered the pinnacle of Dzogchen wisdom, focusing on direct recognition of the nature of mind, single-pointed concentration, and confidence in liberating thoughts. Garab Dorje's writings, attributed to him, are essential texts in the Dzogchen tradition, further solidifying his influence and significance in Tibetan Buddhism's Nyingma school.
Etymology
Garab Dorje (or Garap Dorje) is his only attested name. The Sanskrit offerings are reconstructions. No Sanskrit name has been found in a colophon. That said, John Myrdhin Reynolds cited Prahevajra or Pramodavajra in his book Self-Liberation Through Seeing with Naked Awareness [rig pa ngo sprod gcer mthong rang grol].
Detail
According to the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism, Garab Dorje transmitted the complete empowerments of Dzogchen to Manjushrimitra, who was regarded as his chief disciple. Padmasambhava is also known to have received the transmission of the Dzogchen tantras directly from Garab Dorje.
Garab Dorje received the empowerment and transmission of the Mahayoga teachings of the Secret Matrix Tradition (Guhyagarbha tantra) from Mahasiddha Kukuraja.
Birth
Garab Dorje's birth is interpreted in different ways by different people: In an interpretation, he was born as a son of Su-dharmā and an island-dwelling daughter of king Upa-rāja of , in the land of Uddiyana, also the birthplace of Padmasambhava. Garab Dorje is said to have received all the Tantras, scriptures and oral instructions of Dzogchen directly from Vajrasattva and Vajrapani.
In another interpretation, his mother is named as , located on the banks of lake Kutra.
The Nyingmapa lineage conveys Garab Dorje's birth to be a miraculous birth by a virgin daughter of the king of Odiyana (Uddiyana), and that he recited Dzogchen tantras at his birth.
A detailed interpretation of the hagiographic nativity of Garab Dorje briefly contextualizes his mother, a bhikṣuṇī whose sadhana was Yoga tantra, and her parents. The bhiksuni daughter has a dream in which a man holds the vase of the Astamangala, the 'threefold world', with the syllables 'oṃ ā hūṃ' and svāhā:
Teachings
In the tradition of the oral transmission lineage, Garab Dorje's teachings are also shared through quotations.
Before becoming Garab Dorje's student, Manjushrimitra heard of Garab Dorje's Dzogchen teachings, and sought a debate to defeat the heretical views. Manjushrimitra lost the debate and realized his errors. Garab Dorje then gave Manjushrimitra the complete Dzogchen empowerments, and summarized his teaching as follows: The nature of mind is the original Buddha without birth or cessation, like the sky! When you understand that, all apparent phenomena are beyond birth and cessation. Meditating means letting this condition be as it is, without seeking.
As Garab Dorje attained paranirvana, his body dissolved into a mist of rainbow light. Manjushrimitra called to his teacher and Garab Dorje responded by handing his last teaching to Manjushrimitra, which was enclosed in a golden casket the size of a thumbnail. Inside, the three precepts known as the Three Words that Strike to the Heart of the Essential Point, or Tsig Sum Nèdek, () contain the whole of the Dzogchen teachings, and are a universal introduction to Dzogchen. Garab Dorje became the wellspring for the body of instructions eventually known as the mind teachings of Tibet associated with Dzogchen of the Nyingma lineages.
Garab Dorje's "Three Words that Strike to the Heart" are considered the essential teaching by Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche, and the infallible key point by Patrul Rinpoche. "The Three Statements that Strike the Vital Point" teaching, as translated by Lotsawa House:
Writings
Though not his writings the tradition holds that the Seventeen Tantras were directly revealed to Garab Dorje. The following texts are attributed to Garab Dorje:
"Cutting Through the Three Times" ()
"Overwhelming the Six Modes of Consciousness with Splendour" ()
"Natural Freedom That Underlies Characteristics" ()
"Direct Encounter with the Three Kayas" ()
"Vajra Fortress" ()
"Deep Immersion in Awareness" ()
See also
Merlin - also said to have been conceived by a nun without a human father
References
Notes
Citations
Works cited
</ref>
Further reading
Dzogchen lamas
Dzogchen lineages
Nyingma lamas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garab%20Dorje |
Marco Donadel (born 21 April 1983) is an Italian football coach and a former midfielder.
Club career
Milan
Donadel is a youth product of Milan, playing for the youth side between 1998 and 2002, winning the Torneo di Viareggio in 1999 and 2001 before being promoted to the senior side. On 4 March 2001, he made his debut for Milan, coming on as a substitute for Andres Guglielminpietro in the 78th minute of a home Serie A game against Parma. The following season, he made his debut appearances in the UEFA Cup and Coppa Italia.
Having made just 4 appearances for the senior squad of Milan, Donadel was loaned out to Lecce in July 2002.
In June 2003 Donadel was sold to Parma in a co-ownership deal for €2 million. (with 50% rights of Roberto Massaro was purchased by Milan for €2 million) The deal made Milan making a profit of €3.897 million. In June 2004 Milan bought back 50% rights of Donadel for €800,000 in a four-year contract (Milan booked the contract value of Donadel was €4 million instead of €1.6 million, thus receiving €1.2 million financial income instead of costing Milan to write down the value of retaining 50% registration rights for €1.2 million.) In 2004–05 season Donadel was loaned to Sampdoria for free and finally Fiorentina in January 2005, for €200,000.
Fiorentina
After a successful half-season-long loan with Fiorentina, he was signed permanently for €1.2 million in a four-year contract. The deal also made Milan book a €1.8 million loss. as the residual value of Donadel's contract, after amortization, was €3 million. In 2005–06, he was a regular for coach Cesare Prandelli, who had already appreciated the skills of Donadel, as they were together at Parma. In June 2007, he was offered a new contract until June 2011.
Napoli
On 24 June 2011, he signed a four-year contract with Napoli. During his stay with Napoli, he only appeared in four league matches and during the 2013–14 season, he was sent on loan to Verona, where he was a regular starter for the club.
Montreal Impact
Once his loan spell with Verona concluded, Donadel went on trial with Major League Soccer side Montreal Impact. Donadel officially signed with the Montreal Impact on 1 December 2014. His 30-yard strike in a 3–0 home win against Columbus Crew, on 11 July 2015, was voted MLS goal of the week for the 19th week of the 2015 MLS season. On 25 October, he assisted one of Drogba's goals as the Montreal Impact came from behind to defeat domestic rivals Toronto FC 2–1 at home; the win gave Montreal the home advantage for their knock-out fixture against Toronto in the 2015 MLS Cup Playoffs.
Donadel was waived by Montreal on 22 June 2018.
International career
Donadel was the captain of Italy under-21 team between 2004 and 2006 and won the 2004 European Under-21 Football Championship, totalling 31 appearances and 1 goal. Donadel also won a bronze medal with Italy at the 2004 Summer Olympics football tournament.
Coaching career
On 17 December 2021, Donadel was announced as the new assistant coach of Spartak Moscow, following the appointment of Paolo Vanoli as the club's new head coach.
On 11 April 2023, Donadel took on his first head coaching job in charge of Serie C club Ancona. He was dismissed on 23 October 2023 due to negative results.
Honours
Club
Napoli
Coppa Italia: 2011–12
Montreal Impact
CONCACAF Champions League: 2014–15 (Runner-up)
International
Italy U21
Olympic Bronze Medal: 2004
UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 2004
Orders
5th Class / Knight: Cavaliere Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana: 2004
References
External links
stats. at Voetbal International
National Team stats. at FIGC official site
1983 births
Living people
People from Conegliano
Men's association football midfielders
Italian men's footballers
Italian expatriate men's footballers
Italy men's youth international footballers
Italy men's under-21 international footballers
Olympic footballers for Italy
AC Milan players
US Lecce players
Parma Calcio 1913 players
UC Sampdoria players
ACF Fiorentina players
SSC Napoli players
Hellas Verona FC players
CF Montréal players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Major League Soccer players
Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Italy
Olympic medalists in football
Expatriate men's soccer players in Canada
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Knights of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Italian football managers
Italian expatriate football managers
Expatriate football managers in Russia
Italian expatriate sportspeople in Canada
Italian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Footballers from the Province of Treviso
US Ancona managers
Serie C managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco%20Donadel |
DAAA may refer to:
Dominica Amateur Athletic Association
Dwarf Athletic Association of America | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAAA |
William Carey Christian School is an independent non-denominational Christian co-educational early learning, primary and secondary day school, located in Prestons, a suburb in South Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
The school provides a religious and general education to approximately 1,250 students, from early learning; through Kindergarten to Year 12.
Overview
William Carey was established on 9 February 1984 with a total enrolment of four students. At the time, it was located in a small Reformed church building at the end of McClean Street, Liverpool. It remained in this place before moving to St. Stephen's Anglican Church on Cabramatta Road, Cabramatta, and then later to a Uniting Church on Sutton Road, Ashcroft.
In 1988, the School moved to its current grounds in Prestons. The initially purchased land was half of what it is now, and was bordered by Cabramatta Creek (as it is now), semi-rural farming land (where the housing estate is now) and chicken farms (where its sports fields and Preporatory School are now located).
On its initial move, the School allocated up to Junior High grades, expanding over the course of the following years to incorporate Senior High Grades. The initial buildings of the school were those located closest to Cabramatta Creek, the land ending where the centre driveway now divides the school into two sections. Early in 1990, the school purchased the land where the chicken farms were located, adding sports fields and more class rooms to accommodate its continued growth.
A preparatory school adjoining the school grounds opened at the beginning of 2010. The school is very large, and has a primary section and a high-school section. The school also offers Before and After School Care and Vacation Care from the same facility. Infants, primary and high school departments are all on the site.
WCCS has an open enrolment policy and no religious test is required of parents who wish to enrol their children at the school, however, the parent body is aware of the school's distinctive Christian emphasis and are expected to support and co-operate with it. The Board appoints teachers and other staff, as well as the principal, who is then responsible for the day-to-day running of the school.
Beliefs
William Carey Christian School is non-denominational school with a strong emphasis on Christianity and God. The School's motto "Expect great things from God, attempt great things for God" is taken from Christian missionary William Carey who devoted his life to mission in India and who some regard as 'the father of modern missions'. While the education curriculum is equally important to the School, biblical teaching encompasses a part of that curriculum.
The School's current Principal writes: "William Carey Christian School is committed to transforming lives by the proclamation of the gospel and the delivery of an excellent, Christian education; accessible to the whole community."
The School's Statement of Faith shows its Christian influence can be read here
See also
List of non-government schools in New South Wales
References
External links
WCCS Website
WCCS Student Portal
Private primary schools in Sydney
Private secondary schools in Sydney
Educational institutions established in 1984
Nondenominational Christian schools in New South Wales
1984 establishments in Australia
Liverpool, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Carey%20Christian%20School |
Kunzea ericoides, commonly known as kānuka, kanuka, or white tea-tree, is a tree or shrub in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to New Zealand. It has white or pink flowers similar to those of Leptospermum and from its first formal description in 1832 until 1983 was known as Leptospermum ericoides. The flowers have five petals and up to 25 stamens which are mostly longer than the petals.
Description
Kunzea ericoides is a spreading shrub or tree, sometimes growing to a height of with bark which peels in long strips and young branches which tend to droop. The leaves are variable in shape from linear to narrow elliptic or lance-shaped, long and wide with a petiole up to long. The flowers are white or pale pink, crowded on side branches or in the axils of upper leaves. The floral cup is covered with soft, downy hairs and is on a pedicel long. There are five triangular sepals about long and five petals about long. There are up to 25 stamens which are , mostly longer than the petals. Flowering occurs between October and February and is followed by fruit which is a cup-shaped capsule long and wide. The capsule usually opens to release its seed when mature.<ref name="NZPCN">{{cite web|last1=de Lange|first1=Peter J.|title=Kunzea ericoides|url=http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=885|publisher=New Zealand Plant Conservation Network|access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref>Kunzea ericoides is very similar to the Australian endemics K. leptospermoides and K. peduncularis which were formerly included in K. ericoides. The new status of K. ericoides follows the publication of a paper entitled "A revision of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (Myrtaceae) complex" by the New Zealand botanist, Peter James de Lange.
Taxonomy and naming
Kānuka was first formally described in 1832 by the French botanist Achille Richard who gave it the name Leptospermum ericoides from a specimen he collected in New Zealand. The description was published in Voyage de découvertes de l'Astrolabe - Botanique. In 1983, Joy Thompson changed the name to Kunzea ericoides, describing the differences between Leptospermum and Kunzea in Telopea. The specific epithet (ericoides) refers to the similarity of the habit of this species to that of Erica arborea. The suffix -oides is a Latin ending meaning "likeness". The taxonomic revision of the Kunzea ericoides complex identified ten species endemic to New Zealand, seven of which were new at this time. A more recent analysis of the Kunzea complex observed little genetic variation and morphological distinction between the species, questioning the evidence for ten endemic Kunzea species and suggesting further revision.
Common names for this species include kānuka, kōpuka, manuea, mānuka, mānuka-rauriki, mārū, rauiri, rauwiri, white tea tree, and tree manuka.Kānuka can also refer to Kunzea robusta, it is a doublet of mānuka from Proto-Polynesian nukanuka or nuka which originally refers to Decaspermum fructicosum due to its similar small white flowers.
Distribution and ecology
Kānuka (or mānuka, as it was mostly known until the 1930s) is only known from the north of the South Island. It is found north of the Buller and Wairau Rivers, and is most common near Nelson. It mostly grows in shrubland and forest in coastal and lowland areas, rarely in subalpine shrubland.
Members of the kānuka complex are found throughout New Zealand occurring on the Three Kings Islands, Aotea (Great Barrier Island), from Te Paki (on the Aupouri Peninsula) at the northern tip of the North Island to as far south as Dunedin and Central Otago in the South Island, and Stewart Island. Within this range kānuka is widespread ranging from coastal scrub and sand dunes (where it may form a distinct forest type) through lowland and montane forest, with one member of the complex reaching elevations of 2000 metres above sea level. Kānuka often colonizes land recovering after a fire and is a critical part of the natural recovery of agricultural areas and open disturbed ground to forest. With its small but abundant flowers it can colour a whole hillside white, almost giving the appearance of snow cover. The wood is very hard and although not durable in the ground it is used for wharf piles and tool handles. It is particularly popular as firewood, and burns with a great heat.
Kānuka can grow to around 10 metres high. Kākāriki parakeets (Cyanoramphus) use the leaves and bark of kānuka and the related mānuka tea trees to rid themselves of parasites. Apart from ingesting the material, they also chew it, mix it with preen gland oil and apply it to their feathers. Mānuka and kānuka are superficially similar species and are often confused with one another. The easiest way to tell the difference between them is to feel the foliage, kānuka leaves being soft, while mānuka leaves are prickly. K. ericoides may occur in the understory of certain rimu/nothofagus forests in the South Island. Typical associate understory species may include crown fern (Lomaria discolor) and Cyathodes fasciculata.
Prostrate kānuka
A variety of kānuka, the prostrate kānuka (Kunzea ericoides var. microflora), is one of the few plants that can survive hot ground in the immediate surroundings of geothermal features such as fumaroles and craters, for instance at "Craters of the Moon" (Karapiti), a geothermal area close to Taupō, New Zealand.
See also
Kānuka Hills, a range of hills in New Zealand named after Kunzea ericoides.
References
John Dawson and Rob Lucas. 2000. Nature guide to the New Zealand forest'', Godwit Publishing
External links
Flora of New Zealand
ericoides
Plants described in 1832
Taxa named by Achille Richard | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunzea%20ericoides |
Houston Hall can refer to:
Houston Hall, a residential hall at Tufts University
Houston Hall (University of Pennsylvania), the student union building at the University of Pennsylvania
Architectural disambiguation pages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston%20Hall |
The Evangelical Church or Protestant Church () in Mlynská ulica (Mill Street) in Košice, Slovakia is a Neoclassical church building of the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovakia, a Lutheran denomination. It has Sunday services at 09:30 and 18:00 in Slovak, and at 08:15 in Hungarian.
History
It was built in 1816 based on the design of Georg Kitzling, a court architect from Vienna, for the German and Slovak Protestants of the town of Košice. During the construction of the church, Hungarian Protestants joined German and Slovak and bought the bells. The cross from old wooden church made in 1735 was transferred into the new church.
The Evangelical church in Košice is an oval central church building. Typical Lutheran chancels are situated in side spaces. The cupola with a panel ceiling is notable as is the main altar with its column architecture. The church is joined by the rectory and the choir house.
See also
Košice
References
Churches in Košice
19th-century churches in Slovakia
Lutheran churches in Slovakia
Neoclassical church buildings in Slovakia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical%20Church%20of%20Ko%C5%A1ice |
Dolores Keane (born 26 September 1953) is an Irish folk singer. She was a founding member of the group De Dannan following which she pursued a solo recording and touring career.
Background
Keane was born in a small village called Sylane (near Tuam) in rural County Galway in the west of Ireland. From the age of four she was raised by her aunts Rita and Sarah Keane, also well-known sean-nós singers. Keane started her singing at a very young age, due to the influence of her musical aunts. She made her first recording for Radio Éireann in 1958, at the age of five. This early start inevitably meant that Keane would have a career in music. Her brother, Seán, also went on to enjoy a successful music career.
Musical career
De Dannan
In 1975, she co-founded the traditional Irish band De Dannan, and they released their debut album Dé Danann in that same year. The group gained international recognition and enjoyed major success in the late 1970s in the US. Keane went touring with the band and their single "The Rambling Irishman" was a big hit in Ireland. In early 1976, after a short two-year spell, Keane left De Dannan and was replaced by Andy Irvine, who recorded live with the band on 30 April 1976, during the Third Irish Folk Festival in Germany. Soon thereafter, she married multi-instrumentalist John Faulkner, with whom she would subsequently record three albums of folk music.
Solo career
Keane lived and worked in London for several years with Faulkner, before they moved to Ireland in the early 1980s. They worked on a series of film scores and programmes for the BBC and formed two successful bands, The Reel Union and Kinvara. During this period Keane recorded her first solo album, There Was a Maid in 1978. This was followed by two other releases, Broken Hearted I'll Wander (1979) and Farewell to Eirinn (1980), which gave credit to Faulkner. In the mid-1980s, she rejoined De Dannan and recorded the albums Anthem and Ballroom with them.
Keane turned her attention, once again, to her solo career in 1988. It saw the release of the eponymous Dolores Keane album. Her follow-up album A Lion in a Cage, which was released in 1989, featured a song written by Faulkner called "Lion in a Cage", protesting the imprisonment of Nelson Mandela. It became Keane's first Irish number-one single, and she performed the hit at the celebration of his release. A new facet was added to Dolores' career when she played the female lead in the Dublin production of Brendan Behan's The Hostage, a new translation by Niall Tóibín and Michael Scott, the opening night of which was attended by Mary Robinson, the President of Ireland at the time.
In 1992, Keane was among the many female Irish singers to lend their music to the record-smashing anthology A Woman's Heart. The album, which also featured Eleanor McEvoy, Mary Black, Frances Black, Sharon Shannon and Maura O'Connell, went on to become the biggest-selling album in Irish history. A Woman's Heart Vol. 2 was released in late 1994 and was also a high charting album in Ireland.. Also in 1994, a solo album, entitled Solid Ground, was released on the Shanachie label (available on Dara Records) and received critical acclaim in Europe and America.
In August 1995, Keane was awarded the prestigious 'Fiddler's Green Hall of Fame' award in Rostrevor, County Down, for her "significant contribution to the cause of Irish music and culture". In that same year, she took to the stage in the Dublin production of JM Synge's Playboy of the Western World. Dolores contributed to the RTÉ/BBC television production Bringing It All Back Home (1991), a series of programmes illustrating the movement of Irish music to America. Keane was shown performing both in Nashville, Tennessee with musicians such as Emmylou Harris and Richard Thompson, and at home in Galway with her aunts Rita and Sarah.
In August 1997, Keane went to number one again in the Irish albums chart with a compilation album of her most loved songs. Another studio album was released by Keane in 1998, called Night Owl. It saw Keane returning to her traditional Irish roots and it did well in Europe and America. Despite a healthy solo career, Keane went on tour with De Dannan again in the late 1990s, where she played to packed audiences in venues such as Birmingham, Alabama and New York City.
Musical legacy
Keane is known the world over for her deep, melodic voice. Her recordings of songs such as Dougie MacLean's "Caledonia", Frank A. Fahey's "Galway Bay", Paul Brady's "The Island", and Donagh Long's "Never Be the Sun" are regarded as amongst the greatest interpretations of these songs. American singer Nanci Griffith said of Keane: "Dolores Keane, the queen of the soul of Ireland, has a sacred voice".
Personal life
Keane married musician John Faulkner, with whom she had worked on many occasions, in 1977. After a difficult pregnancy, Keane gave birth to their first child, Joseph. He was born with Bardet–Biedl syndrome, which causes obesity and failing vision. Dolores and John's marriage ended in 1988. Her current partner is Barry "Bazza" Farmer, with whom she had her second child, Tara, born in 1994. Keane put an end to recording and touring in the late 1990s, due to depression and alcoholism. She has received extensive treatment for these conditions. As of 2007, Keane lives outside Galway with her two children and her husband Barry. As of June 2014, Keane was given the all clear after developing cancer.
Discography
There Was a Maid (1978)
Dolores Keane (1988)
Lion in a Cage (1989)
Solid Ground (1993)
Night Owl (1998) Alula Records
Dé Danann / De Dannan
De Danann (1975)
Anthem (1985)
Ballroom (1988)
Dolores Keane and John Faulkner
Broken Hearted I'll Wander (1979)
Farewell to Éirinn (1980)
Sail Óg Rua (1983)
Rita Eriksen and Dolores Keane
Tideland (1996) Alula Records
Compilations
Best of Dolores Keane (1997)
Where Have All the Flowers Gone: The Very Best of Dolores Keane (2003)
John Prine and others
In Spite of Ourselves (1999) Oh Boy Records
Dolores duets with John on "It's a Cheating Situation" and "In a Town This Size".
Anthologies
A Woman's Heart (1992)
A Woman's Heart 2 (1994)
Bringing It All Back Home – Influence of Irish Music (2 CDs) (2000)
Video (VHS)
Bringing It All Back Home – Influence of Irish Music (1992) (various artists)
References
External links
[ allmusic.com biography]
1953 births
Living people
Irish women singers
Irish folk singers
Irish-language singers
Musicians from County Galway
De Dannan members
Shanachie Records artists
Claddagh Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolores%20Keane |
The Constitution of the State of Alaska was ratified on April 4, 1956 and took effect with Alaska's admission to the United States as a U.S. state on January 3, 1959.
History and background
The statehood movement
In the 1940s, the movement for Alaska statehood was gaining momentum within the territory, but stymied by opposition from Lower 48 commercial interests and some members of Congress. Many statehood proponents felt that a well-written constitution would help advance the cause in Washington, D.C.
As a result, one of the duties the Alaska Territorial Legislature laid upon the Alaska Statehood Committee, established in 1949, was to "assemble applicable material, make studies and provide recommendations in a timely manner" preparatory to drafting a constitution.
Constitutional convention
On November 8, 1955, 55 elected delegates from across Alaska (a number chosen to echo the 55 in attendance at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787) met at the brand new student union building at the University of Alaska. The building, quickly christened Constitution Hall by the Board of Regents, was temporarily handed over to the delegates who assembled to create the new document at a constitutional convention. Fairbanks (technically, in this instance, College) was selected as the site instead of Juneau, the territorial capital, to escape the influence of lobbyists and to benefit from the academic setting. The latter consideration was largely influenced by New Jersey's choice of Rutgers University for its 1947 convention.
The convention was led by then-territorial Senator William A. Egan, who became the state's first governor. The other delegates, 49 men and six women, included territorial legislators Ralph J. Rivers, who became U.S. Representative from Alaska at-large, and Jack Coghill, who became lieutenant governor. Frank Peratrovich, the mayor of Klawock who was also a territorial legislator, was the only Alaska Native among the delegates. The oldest delegate, Earnest B. Collins, was speaker of the 1st territorial House in 1913. Collins lived in Alaska longer than any delegate except for Peratrovich, having arrived in 1904. The youngest delegate, Thomas C. Harris, had only lived in Alaska for around five years and had been elected by some 150 votes cast in and around the Valdez area. Other delegates who were notable outside of law and politics include: Fairbanks bush pilot Frank Barr; mining engineer and Fairbanks Exploration Company executive John C. Boswell; Swiss emigrant and Kachemak Bay homesteader Yule F. Kilcher; World War II era military officer Marvin R. "Muktuk" Marston; Steve McCutcheon, a photographer whose collection represents a significant documentation of mid-20th century life in Alaska; Leslie Nerland, who took his father's department store in Fairbanks and turned it into a statewide empire, even extending to Hawaii at one point; Barrie M. White, an Anchorage entrepreneur and real estate developer, and Ada Wien, from a pioneer Alaskan and pioneer aviation family.
The constitutional convention was in session for 75 days. The constitution was adopted by the delegates on February 5, 1956. The signing of the constitution the following day attracted nearly 1,000 spectators, so the event was moved to the university's gymnasium and library building. This building was renamed Signers' Hall in the late 1980s, and presently houses the administration of the current-day University of Alaska Fairbanks campus. One delegate, R. E. Robertson, was absent, having resigned his position in protest of the finished document and returned to Juneau. The constitution was ratified by territorial voters on April 24, 1956, and became effective when the Alaska Statehood Proclamation was signed on January 3, 1959.
Principles
The delegates drew on several sources for inspiration: the National Municipal League's "Model State Constitution" as well as the recently adopted constitutions of Missouri, New Jersey, and Hawaii, and studies by consultants and constitutional law scholars.
One of the aims of the delegates was to produce a short, general document, on the model of the United States Constitution. Rather than specify most aspects in minute detail, as did many state constitutions, the delegates chose instead to leave broad authority to future state legislatures. The resulting document is thus only half the average state constitution length of 26,000 words. Much of the language in the new constitution was a reaction against weak territorial institutions (thus the strong legislature and executive provided for in Articles II and III). At the same time, a state constitutional reform movement was growing in the United States, and ideas such as the "broad strokes" approach and the unified judiciary of Article IV incorporated leading constitutional thought.
Articles
Preamble
We the people of Alaska, grateful to God and to those who founded our nation and pioneered this great land, in order to secure and transmit to succeeding generations our heritage of political, civil, and religious liberty within the Union of States, do ordain and establish this constitution for the State of Alaska.
Article I: Declaration of Rights
The constitution begins by establishing the basic rights of Alaska's citizens. Much of Article I essentially reiterates the United States Bill of Rights, but includes several original provisions. Section 3 bans discrimination based on "race, color, creed, sex, or national origin". Section 7, which largely mirrors the Due Process protections under Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment,
extends protection to "persons to fair and just treatment in the course of legislative and executive investigations", a reaction against McCarthyism. Section 22 establishes the right to privacy; the Alaska Supreme Court has interpreted this to protect, among other things, home possession of small amounts of marijuana (see
).
Article II: The Legislature
Article II establishes a bicameral Alaska Legislature, composed of 20 senators elected for four years and 40 representatives elected for two. Many delegates favored a unicameral legislature; this failed but is reflected in the large number of purposes for which joint sessions are required. The delegates trusted the legislature to act responsibly, so the constitution does not contain the detailed limits on the legislature often found in other states.
Article III: The Executive
Article III vests executive power in a governor elected for four years. The governor and lieutenant governor are elected on a single ticket, and are the only statewide elected officials. Territorial executives were weak, with federal bureaucracy exerting weight from above and elected territorial legislatures limiting the authority of the Presidentially-appointed governor with a variety of special commissions. The delegates desired a strong, streamlined executive, so Article III gives the governor more power than most of his or her counterparts in other states. The governor also has a large amount of patronage; he appoints the heads of all executive departments (most states provide for some to be elected), who are required in general to be people, not multi-member boards.
Article IV: The Judiciary
Article IV creates the Alaska Court System. While in many states judicial authority is fragmented among several levels of jurisdiction with many special courts, the delegates designed the Alaska judiciary to be a single, unified system. The constitution specifies the Alaska Supreme Court, the Alaska Superior Court, and leaves other courts to be "established by the legislature" as needed. Article IV provides for Missouri Plan selection of judges.
Article V: Voting and Elections
Article V's provisions are mostly standard, setting such things as voting age and election dates. It guarantees both the secret ballot and provides for judicial review of contested election results. A requirement that voters must be able to "read or speak the English language" was removed by amendment in 1970 after the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Article VI: Legislative Apportionment
Article VI sets procedures for decennial reapportionment. This is carried out by an appointed board, rather than the legislature as in most states; prior to 1998 amendments, the governor held this authority.
Article VII: Health, Education, and Welfare
Article VII is the shortest in the constitution, mandating a "system of public schools open to all children of the State [...] free from sectarian control", establishing the University of Alaska as the state university, and directing the legislature to "provide for the promotion and protection of public health" and "provide for public welfare".
Article VIII: Natural Resources
Article VIII is the first article dealing solely and broadly with resources to appear in a state constitution. The delegates wished to curtail what was seen as abuse of Alaska's resources (see Ordinance No. 3) and ensure reasonable development to broaden Alaska's economic base. The chief principle was that resources should be managed as a public trust, providing "for maximum use consistent with the public interest", further defined as "utilization, development, and conservation ... for the maximum benefit of [the] people"; for common access to resources; and for development to be based on sustainable yield. Article VIII also provides for state parks and protected areas, and for the leasing of state lands for resource development.
Article IX: Finance and Taxation
Article IX deals with budgeting, appropriations, tax exemptions, public debt, and bans "earmarking". Later amendments established the Alaska Permanent Fund and budget reserves.
Article X: Local Government
Article X provides for Alaska's unique borough system. Local government in the territory was undeveloped, due to its sparse population and the Organic Act of 1912 which banned the creation of counties. The delegates wished to avoid the pitfalls of the traditional county system, such as overlapping jurisdictions and service districts, and tightly constrained local bodies, so they created an entirely new system. The aim, as stated in Section 1, was "to provide for maximum local self-government with a minimum of local government units, and to prevent duplication of tax-levying jurisdictions." Thus Article X states that the only local government units are cities and boroughs (both organized and unorganized), and only organized boroughs and cities may levy taxes.
Article XI: The Initiative, Referendum, and Recall
Article XI sets out procedures for the use of initiatives to "propose and enact laws", referendums to "approve and reject acts of the legislature", and elections to recall public officials. It also restricts the initiative and referendum from being used in certain areas, such as appropriations or to enact special legislation.
Article XII: General Provisions
Article XII is a miscellaneous article, containing definitions of terms, setting the state boundaries, and prescribing the oath of office and merit system, among other things.
Article XIII: Amendment and Revision
Article XIII sets procedures for constitutional amendment. Amendments can originate either with the legislature or at a constitutional convention, and are voted on at the next general election. Constitutional conventions can be called by the Legislature at any time; additionally, every ten years a referendum must be taken on whether to hold a convention. All four such referendums held to date have failed.
Article XIV: Apportionment Schedule
Article XIV set up the initial apportionment of the legislature, to be used prior to the first post-statehood census, and is now obsolete.
Article XV: Schedule of Transitional Measures
Article XV dealt with eventual Alaska statehood, focusing on legal continuity and establishment of the new state government. Since it is no longer a working part of the constitution, Alaska courts have ruled that it can be modified by statute or initiative. This has allowed, for instance, the various initiatives to move the state capital, as Juneau's capital status is defined in Section 20.
Ordinances
The referendum on constitutional ratification contained three ballot measures to be voted upon, as provided in Article XV, Section 24.
Ordinance No. 1 was the ratifying proposition itself: Shall the Constitution for the State of Alaska prepared and agreed upon by the Alaska Constitutional Convention be adopted? Ordinance No. 1 passed 17,447 – 8,180.
Ordinance No. 2 provided for the adoption of the "Alaska-Tennessee Plan", which provided that two U.S. Senators and a Representative should be elected to serve as a "shadow" delegation until statehood. Ordinance No. 2 passed 15,011 – 9,556.
Ordinance No. 3 outlawed the use of fish traps in commercial salmon fishing. This issue had special significance in territorial Alaska. Fish traps, usually operated by Outside-owned canneries and widely blamed for the near-collapse of the salmon fishery, were seen as a symbol of exploitation of Alaska by absentee commercial interests. Former territorial Governor Ernest Gruening alluded to the issue in his keynote address to the convention:
The people of Alaska have repeatedly and unchangingly manifested their overwhelming opposition to fish traps. [...] But fish trap beneficiaries, residents of the mother country, want to retain their Alaska traps. So the traps are retained. And it is the power and authority of the federal government which retains them. In a clear-cut issue between the few, profiting, non-colonial Americans and the many, seriously damaged, colonial Alaskans, the state-side interest wins hands down.
Ordinance No. 3 passed by 21,285 – 4,004.
Amendments
As of 2006 there have been 28 amendments to the Alaska Constitution, as well as 12 which were rejected by voters. This is substantially fewer than in most state constitutions (which average 115 amendments), due both to the short period the constitution has been in force and to its generalized construction. Amendments which passed include Article I's right-to-privacy clause and ban on sexual discrimination (1972), an amendment authorizing the Alaska Permanent Fund (1976), and an amendment banning same-sex marriage (1998) (this was later declared unconstitutional in Obergefell v. Hodges).
See also
Impeachment in Alaska
References
External links
Text of the Alaska Constitution
Alaska’s Constitution: A Citizen’s Guide
Creating Alaska — Alaska's Constitution
Creating Alaska — The Constitutional Convention
Minutes of the Constitutional Convention
1955 in Alaska
1955 in American law
1956 in Alaska
1956 in American law
1956 establishments in Alaska
Alaska
Territory of Alaska
1955 documents | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution%20of%20Alaska |
The scintillant hummingbird (Selasphorus scintilla) is a hummingbird endemic to Costa Rica and Panama. This species is replaced at higher elevations by its relative, the volcano hummingbird, S. flammula.
Habitat
It inhabits brushy forest edges, coffee plantations and sometimes gardens at altitudes from , and up to when not breeding.
Description
It is only long, including the bill. The male weighs and the female . This is one of the smallest birds in existence, marginally larger than the bee hummingbird. The black bill is short and straight.
The adult male scintillant hummingbird has bronze-green upperparts and a rufous and black-striped tail. The throat is brilliant red, separated from the cinnamon underparts by a white neck band. The female is similar, but her throat is buff with small green spots and the flanks are richer rufous. Young birds resemble the female but have rufous fringes to the upperpart plumage.
Breeding
The female scintillant hummingbird is entirely responsible for nest building and incubation. She lays two white eggs in her tiny plant-floss cup nest high in a scrub. Incubation takes 15–19 days, and fledging another 20–26.
Diet
The food of S. scintilla is nectar, taken from a variety of small flowers, including Salvia and species normally pollinated by insects. Like other hummingbirds it also takes some small insects as an essential source of protein. In the breeding season, scintillant hummingbird males perch conspicuously in open areas with Salvia and defend their feeding territories aggressively with diving displays. The call is a liquid tsip.
References
Works cited
scintillant hummingbird
Birds of the Talamancan montane forests
Hummingbird species of Central America
scintillant hummingbird
Taxa named by John Gould | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scintillant%20hummingbird |
County Kildare in the province of Leinster, Ireland, was first defined as a diocese in 1111, shired in 1297 and assumed its present borders in 1836. Its location in the Liffey basin on the main routes from Dublin to the south and west meant it was a valuable possession and important theatre of events throughout Irish history.
Ancient history
An inland town on Ptolemy's map of Ireland of 100 AD may be Rheban on the Barrow river, the only written records from pre-Christian County Kildare. The estimated date for the abandonment of the sacred pre-Christian site of Knockaulin/ Dún Áilinne is 400 AD, the traditional date for foundation of the monastery at Cill Dara is 490 AD, the date for the death of first Bishop Conlaed ua hEimri, (St Conleth) is 520 AD and the estimated date for the death of foundress St Brigid (Irish: Naomh Bríd), is 524 AD (also dated 521 and 526). Her death has been celebrated traditionally on 1 February, which is also the pre-Christian festival of Imbolc. The rise of Kildare sept the Uí Dúnlainge after 633AD helped promote the cult of St Brigid, as she was related to that dynasty, giving her status as one of three 'national saints' of Ireland and increase the status of the two monasteries where they had influence, Kildare and Glendalough.
The first hagiography of St Brigid, Vita Brigitae, already containing familiar wonder tales such as the story of how her cloak expanded to cover the area now known as the Curragh of Kildare, was compiled in 650AD by Cogitosus for Faolán mac Colmáin the first of the Uí Dúnlainge kings of Leinster. In 799 a reliquary in gold and silver was created for relics of Conlaed (St Conleth). Further south the death of Diarmait (St Diarmuid), anchorite scholar and founder of Castledermot created a second major monastic site in the county. There were also about 50 local saints associated with pattern days and wells in the county. Kildare is home to five surviving round towers at Kildare town, Castledermot, Old Kilcullen, Taghadoe near Maynooth and Oughter Ard near Ardclough.
Kings of Leinster
The Uí Dúnlainge claimed descent from Dúnlaing, son of Enna Nia. Their positions as Kings of Leinster were unopposed following the death of Aed mac Colggan in the Battle of Ballyshannon, on 19 August 738. The dynasty then divided into three kindreds, amongst which the kingship rotated from c.750 until 1050. This is unusual in early Irish history, according to Professor Francis John Byrne of University College Dublin, for it was the equivalent of "keeping three oranges in the air." 14 Uí Meiredaig kings (later to become the O'Tooles) were based at Mullaghmast/Máistín 9 Uí Faelain kings (later the O'Byrnes) were based at Naas/ Nás na Ríogh and 10 Uí Dúnchada kings (later the Hiberno-Norman FitzDermots) were based at Lyons Hill/ Líamhain. The influence of the family helped secure place-myths for prominent Kildare landmarks in the heroic and romantic literature such as the Dindeanchas, Dinnshenchas Érenn as one of the "assemblies and noted places in Ireland"
In 833 Vikings raided Kildare monastery for first of sixteen times, the second and most destructive raid following three years after, and the power of the Uí Dúnlainge waned after the battles of Gleann Mama, beside Lyons Hill in the north of the county in 999 and Clontarf in 1014. After the death of the last Kildare-based King of Laighin, Murchad Mac Dunlainge, in 1042, the Kingship of Leinster reverted to the Uí Cheinnselaig sept based in the south east.
In the Gaelic-era "Triads of Ireland", Kildare was described at line 4 as: "The heart of Ireland".
End of the Abbacy
In 1132 Kildare monastery was destroyed by Diarmait Mac Murchada /Diarmait MacMurrough, King of Laighin, when he forced the abbess to marry one of his followers and installed his niece as abbess. It was the end of the only major Irish church office open to women, in 1152 the Synod of Kells deprived the Abbess of Kildare of traditional precedence over bishops and when the last abbess of Kildare, Sadb ingen Gluniarainn Meic Murchada, (niece of Diarmait Mac Murchada), died in 1171 the Norman invasion of Ireland brought the famous abbacy to an end. Gerald of Wales/ Giraldus Cambrensis visited Kildare in 1186 and described the (later lost) Book of Kildare as the "dictation of an angel." He also recorded the sacred fire of Kildare, the pagan nature of which was subject of iconoclastic suspicion as early as 1220 when it was extinguished by Henry de Londres, archbishop of Dublin. According to folklore, it was rekindled and continued to burn until the Protestant Reformation in 1541.
Boundaries
Origins as diocese
The first attempt to define the borders of Kildare was in 1111 when a sphere of influence for Kildare diocese was defined by the synod of Raith Bressail. For a short time Kilcullen was also a diocese.
Initial Norman structures
After the Cambro-Norman invasion removed the Uí Dúnlainge dynasty from power in 1170, Diarmait Mac Murcada's Norman allies led by Strongbow divided Kildare amongst themselves: the Barony of Carbury to Meyler FitzHenry, Naas Offalia to Maurice Fitzgerald, Norragh to Robert FitzHereford and Salt (Saltus salmonus – Salmon Leap, i.e. Leixlip) to Adam FitzHereford. In 1210 Kildare became one of original twelve Norman counties of Ireland, originally known as the "Liberty of Kildare". The Normans introduced the feudal system which was the usual landholding system in western Europe at the time.
In 1247 the estate of Anselm Marshall was subdivided, Kildare was assigned to Sybilla (fourth daughter of William Marshall and Isabella, heiress to Strongbow and Aoife). Sybilla was already dead so the "Liberty of Kildare", including what is now counties Laois and Offaly, passed to her daughter Agnes and husband William de Vesci. In 1278 the "Liberty" (later County) of Kildare was restored to Anges de Vesci. On her death in 1290 her son William succeeded to the Lordship of Kildare.
Beginning of the County
In 1297 William de Vesci surrendered the "Liberty of Kildare" to the English crown. "County Kildare" came into being and was defined as such by an Act of the new Irish Parliament of Edward I.
Shortly afterwards De Vesci fled to France, leaving the FitzGeralds of Maynooth to become the pre-eminent family in the county. John FitzThomas FitzGerald, 5th Baron of Offaly, was created the first Earl of Kildare on 14 May 1316.
The Norman settlers also had their own literature. In 1200–25 the "Song of Dermot and the Earl" was drafted in Norman-French, and mentioned parts of Kildare. Soon after 1300 the "Kildare Poems" were written in medieval English.,
Changes in boundaries
The 1297 boundaries of County Kildare included much of the present counties Offaly and Laois. These were shired as King's and Queen's Counties in 1556.
Final form
County Kildare assumed its current borders in 1836 when it was reassigned three detached sections of County Dublin (including Ballymore Eustace) and one detached district of King's County (the western Harristown and Kilbracken), while a detached district of Kildare, around Castlerickard, was reassigned to County Meath.
Monastic houses
The establishment of a Cistercian Abbey at Monasterevin by the O'Dempsey's in 1189 and an Augustinian priory in Naas in 1200 brought a new monastic tradition to Kildare. In 1202 Great Connell Priory Augustinian priory, set to become one of the finest in medieval Ireland, was founded by Meyler FitzHenry. In 1223 the last Gaelic bishop of Kildare, Cornelius MacFaelain, was succeeded by Ralph of Bristol and control of the church remained in Norman hands. In 1253 a Dominican friary was established at Athy and in 1302 a Franciscan abbey at Castledermot. In the early 14th century, the Kildare Poems, comprising some of the earliest written documents of English in Ireland, are thought to have been composed by Franciscan friars from Kildare.
The Fitzgeralds
In the years leading to the ascendancy of the FitzGerald family (1470–1535) Kildare came virtual capital of Ireland. The Irish Parliament sat in Naas on twenty occasions between 1255 and 1484, and there were also sittings in Kildare in 1266–67 and 1310, 12 in Castledermot between 1264 and 1509, Ballymore Eustace in 1390 and Great Connell Priory in 1478. English King Richard II took the submission of Irish chiefs at Great Connell Priory Augustinian Priory in 1395. in 1481, Gerald FitzGerald, Gearóid Mór, eighth earl of Kildare, was appointed English King's Deputy in Ireland by Edward IV. The principles of the county, Edmond Lane, Bishop of Kildare, the Prior of Great Connell Priory and Gearóid Mór all assisted in the coronation of the Yorkist pretender Lambert Simnel in Dublin but were pardoned by the new king Henry VII after Simnel's defeat.
In 1488 Gearóid Mór became one of the first to use guns in Ireland, importing six handguns from Germany for his personal guard and using cannon to destroy Balrath Castle in County Westmeath. Gearóid Mór rebuilt Athy castle to secure his southern frontier in 1506 but died in Athy in 1513 from gunshot wounds received in an engagement with O'Mores and was succeeded by Gearóid Óg.
Even at the supposed height of their power, accusations by rivals that the family was plotting against Henry VIII bedeviled the FitzGerald dynasty. Gearóid Mór spent two years and Gearóid Óg 11 years in all as the King's prisoner in the Tower of London. In 1534 Gearóid Óg was recalled to London once more (February), leaving his 20-year-old son Silken Thomas in charge. Thomas declared rebellion (11 June) on false information that his father had been executed. In 1535 Maynooth Castle, stronghold of Silken Thomas, was bombarded by cannon for 18 days and taken by William Brereton. Rathangan castle was also taken before Thomas submitted in October. Despite a guarantee of personal safety, Silken Thomas and five uncles were executed in the Tower of London in 1537. Thomas's younger brother Gearóid was smuggled to Tuscany. The FitzGerald lands were confiscated and the biggest share-out of Kildare land since the Cambro-Norman conquest took place. In 1552 Gearóid the only survivor of FitzGerald family, was restored to his ancestral title and possessions.
Religious change
After King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church in 1533 after his decision to remarry, the Pope appointed Franciscan Dónall O Bóacháin bishop of Kildare. When he died almost immediately Thady Reynolds was appointed and initially recognised by Henry VIII. Reynolds refused to break with Rome in common with most Irish bishops and while he continued to minister Henry VIII appointed William Miagh in opposition as the first Protestant bishop of Kildare. Some later documents refer to his 1550 successor Thomas Lancaster as the first Protestant bishop, partly because he was Kildare's first married bishop and partly because Henry VIII also disliked Lutherans until his death in 1547. By 1550 Edward VI was formulating a more Lutheran state religion.
When the English crown turned back to Catholicism under Queen Mary in 1555–58, Thomas Leverous became the first native Kildare bishop in 400 years, being of Norman descent. In 1558 the new queen, Elizabeth I, ascended the throne and as Leverous refused to take the Oath of Allegiance he was deprived of his see. Pope Pius V, in his papal bull Regnans in Excelsis, finally declared Elizabeth to be an illegitimate heretic in 1570, and from this point on it became harder for Kildare's landed families, most of whom were Catholic, to be simultaneously loyal to the queen and also to be observant Catholics. Kildare's numerous Norman families became known as Old English, to distinguish them from newer arrivals who conformed to the state religion.
Elizabethan Kildare
Queen Elizabeth I granted charters to Naas in 1568 and Athy in 1613. In 1576 the earliest record of grazing rights on the Curragh named Robert Bathe as the beneficiary. In 1580, during the Second Desmond Rebellion, 200 Spaniards who had arrived in Smerwick in the Dingle Peninsula as part of the 1579 Papal invasion force and marched to Naas were massacred by the English crown forces at Fód Spáinigh. In 1581 Catholic martyrs Fr James Eustace and Fr Nicholas FitzGerald were executed in Naas.
Wars of the 1640s
Kildare suffered greatly in the civil wars of the 1640s that ravaged both Ireland and Britain -see Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Lord Deputy Thomas Wentworth came to reside at the uncompleted Jigginstown House in Naas, Ireland's first royal palace, in 1637. When he was recalled and executed in 1641 it remains unfinished and today only the basement is still standing.
The wars began in Ireland with the Irish Rebellion of 1641 that broke out in October of that year. The early fighting in Kildare saw small bands of Irish Catholic rebels attacking English troops and Protestant settlers, followed by a punitive English expedition led by the Earl of Ormonde. In early 1642 Ormonde led out his royalist forces to subdue Kildare; burned the town of Lyons Hill, gave up Naas to his soldiers to plunder, reduced Kildare cathedral to ruins through cannon fire and sent parties to burn Kilcullen, Castlemartin, and "all the county for 17 miles in length and 25 in breadth". Butler garrisoned Naas and then defeated the Confederate Irish forces under Lord Mountgarret in the Battle of Kilrush (15 April). When Father Peter Higgins of Naas was hanged, he became the county's third famous Catholic martyr.
In May 1642, the landed Catholic rebels set up their own government at Kilkenny known as Confederate Ireland. Most of the Kildare landowners participated in this assembly. The English position was weakened by the outbreak of the English Civil War, the recall of many of their troops and the split of the remaining forces between Royalists and Parliamentarians.
The Parliamentarians were the more hostile faction to the Confederates and a truce known as the first Ormonde Peace, a ceasefire between Royalists and Irish Confederates, was signed at Jigginstown House in Naas (15 Sept). The ceasefire broke down in May 1646 and Confederate forces marched through Kildare to besiege Dublin. The Royalists then handed the capital over to Parliamentarian troops in 1647 and the Confederate armies tried to eliminate this hostile force. Owen Roe O'Neill took Woodstock Castle in Athy briefly in 1647. Thomas Preston also took Maynooth castle in that year and hanged its garrison. However, Preston's Leinster army was destroyed, losing 3000 killed at the battle of Dungans Hill, on the road between Maynooth and Trim in August 1647, crippling Confederate power in the area. Kildare landowner and Confederate cavalry officer Garret Cron Fitzgerald was killed early in the battle. In 1648 Owen Roe O'Neill refused to ally his army with Ormonde's royalists and the moderate Confederates, and engaged in a brief war with them which fatally weakened the Confederate cause.
In 1649, Oliver Cromwell landed in Dublin with over 10,000 Parliamentarian troops and began a thorough re-conquest of Ireland. In 1650 Naas and Kildare surrendered to Cromwellian forces. Cromwell's Dublin-based commander John Hewson took Ballisonan Castle by force. Athy and Castledermot were captured without opposition.
Lands redistributed
The first major map of Kildare, The Down Survey was completed in 1656. It served as the basis of more redistribution of land confiscated after the Cromwellian conquest, in line with the Adventurers' Act 1640 (see also Plantations of Ireland). After the Treaty of Limerick in 1691, further estates in Kildare forfeited included those of Talbot, Dongan, Tyrrel, Eustace, Trant and Lawless who continued to support the losing Jacobite cause. The best known buyer of land from the new grantees was the Donegal-born lawyer and estate agent, William Conolly, who built what was then the largest private house in Ireland at Castletown House, Celbridge in 1722–28.
Diocese of Kildare
The Catholic diocese of Kildare first united with Leighlin Diocese to the south in 1676 when Mark Forstall, bishop of Kildare, was also appointed administrator of Leighlin by St Oliver Plunkett. He was arrested in 1678 and again in 1681 for 'having exercised papal jurisdiction.' The union was formalised in 1694 when John Dempsey was appointed bishop of Kildare and administrator of Leighlin, despite penal laws. The last Catholic bishop to reside in Kildare was James Gallagher, much of it in hiding near the Bog of Allen. His Sixteen Irish Sermons (1736) is the major Irish language theological work of the age and has gone through 14 editions by 1820. The Anglican/Episcopalian Diocese of Kildare merged with Dublin in 1846 after the death of the last Church of Ireland bishop of Kildare, Charles Dalrymple Lindsay. In 1976 the Church of Ireland diocese of Kildare separated from Dublin and joined to Meath.
Georgian Kildare
Kildare enjoyed prosperity during the 18th century, as the focus of economic life turned to the large landed estates and market towns. The Earl of Kildare purchased and started reconstruction of Carton House near Maynooth in 1739. Henry Boyle Carter purchased and started reconstruction of Castlemartin near Kilcullen in 1730. The running of horse races on the Curragh, well established for centuries, was formalised in 1717 when the duties of the Ranger of the Curragh were extended to supervising "the proper conduct of the King's Plate". Maps of the county compiled by Noble & Keenan in 1753 and Alexander Taylor in 1783 show the advent of arterial drainage and the boglands of the north west of the county being reclaimed for agriculture.
Turnpike (toll) roads were laid from the 1730s, largely in line with today's main roads. In the late 1700s the grand canal and the Royal Canal passed through the county on the way from Dublin to the Shannon. The county was run by landowners on the grand jury system. While much of Ireland had a problem with absentee landlords living and spending their rents mostly in Dublin or London, most Kildare landlords lived on their land and reinvested more of their income locally.
Constituencies
In the Parliament of Ireland (1297–1800), by 1684 Kildare was represented by two men for County Kildare, and two each for the boroughs of Naas, Kildare, Athy and Harristown. Therefore, the county had 10 seats in the 300-seat Irish House of Commons.
In the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1918) Kildare became
the single constituency of County Kildare from 1801 to 1885, returning 2 members;
two constituencies of North Kildare and South Kildare, from 1885 to 1918, returning one member each.
In 1918 both elections were won by members who sat in the First Dáil
From the 1921 election and the creation of the Irish Free State the county has been merged with other constituencies, or has been divided:
Kildare–Wicklow 1921–22
Kildare 1923–37
Carlow–Kildare 1937–48
Kildare 1948–97
Kildare North 1997–
Kildare South 1997–
Industrial Revolution
Industrial projects were started by largely Quaker families at Ballitore by Abraham Shackleton in 1726 while Robert Brooke was assisted by a £25,000 grant from the Irish Parliament in building a cotton mill and town of 200 houses at the newly named town of Prosperous in the 1780s. Turnpike roads were built from the 1730s. John Wynn Baker opened Kildare's earliest factory, manufacturing agricultural instruments at Loughlinstown, Celbridge in 1764. John Cassidy established a distillery in Monasterevin in 1784. In 1729 Ireland's first turnpike road was created from Dublin to Kilcullen. In 1756 the year that construction work on the Grand Canal commenced in the north of the county. 31-year-old Celbridge-born brewer Arthur Guinness leased a brewery at Leixlip in 1755 and bought a second brewery at St James's Gate in Dublin. In the 1790s the Royal Canal was dug from Dublin along the north of the county and the first railways were laid in the 1840s.
Population growth
Early estimates of Kildare's population include GP Bushe's 1788 return of the number of households in Kildare at 11,272 (population afterwards estimated at 71,570) and DA Beaufort's household returns of 11,205 in 1790, and estimated population at 56,000. Mason's Statistical Survey of 1813 calculated the number of households at 14,564, and the population at 85,000 with figures for towns: Athy 3,192, Naas 2,018, Maynooth 1,468, Kildare 1,299. The first census in 1821 recorded a population of 99,065 (Athy 3,693, Naas 3,073, Kildare 1,516, Maynooth 1,364).
University
Maynooth, which had been the site of Ireland's first 'college' in 1518, was re-established by the government as a seminary for Catholic lay and ecclesiastical students in 1795, with Kildare-born Fr John Chetwode Eustace among first professors. In 1817 Maynooth's lay college closed and it functioned solely as a Catholic seminary for 150 years. In 1910 it became a constituent college of the National University of Ireland and reopened for lay students in 1967. Nobel Peace prize winner John Hume is among its alumni. In 1812 Clongowes Wood College near Clane was founded by the Jesuit order as a centre for second-level education. James Joyce and three Taoisigh of the Republic are among its alumni.
Canals
Work on the Grand Canal began in 1756 and it reached the Kildare border in 1763. In 1779 the first section of Grand Canal was opened to goods traffic, from Dublin to Ballyheally, near Celbridge and in 1780 to passenger boats. Ten years later the Naas branch of the Grand Canal completed. The canal reached Tullamore in 1784, and a southern branch known as the Barrow navigation reached Athy in 1791.
Work began on the Royal Canal in 1789 and it reached Kilcock in 1796, but this more northerly line was never a commercial success.
Traffic on the Grand Canal peaked at 120,615 passengers in 1846 and 379,045 tons of cargo in 1865. The canal was motorised in 1911–24 and closed for commercial traffic in 1960. The Grand Canal remains open for pleasure boats and restoration of the Royal Canal was completed in 2006. Both were seriously affected by the advent of railways in Kildare from the 1840s.
1798 rebellion and Emmet rebellion of 1803
See also Irish Rebellion of 1798
Support in Kildare for the United Irishmen's revolutionary democratic movement at the time of the 1798 rebellion has been estimated at 10,000. It has also been suggested that Valentine Lawless who inherited Lyons near Ardclough was a prominent member of the government in waiting should the rebellion succeed. United Irish leader and later informer Thomas Reynolds lived at Kilkea, Lord Edward Fitzgerald returned to Maynooth in 1796 to organise the United Irishmen and Theobald Wolfe Tone was buried at his godfather's family plot at Bodenstown. In the years leading up to the rebellion there were anti-militia riots in Kilcullen and Ballitore. Lawrence O'Connor was executed in Naas for plotting against the English administration in 1795. In December 1797, 1,500 guns and 3,000 bayonets were captured on a boat on the canal at Athy.
The first shots of the 1798 rebellion were fired in Kildare. On 23 May, the signal for rebellion given when mail coaches were seized at Johnstown and Maynooth. Kildare rebels attacked Kilcullen Prosperous, were repulsed at Naas and Clane, and a force under William Aylmer was eventually defeated at the battle of Ovidstown on 18 June. 350 surrendering prisoners were slaughtered in the Gibbet Rath massacre at the Curragh despite an initially successful effort by General Dundas to defuse the rising with a policy of mass pardons. In turn, the two loyalist garrisons at Rathangan were also slaughtered after surrendering. The fighting in Kildare did not end until the surrender of William Aylmer in mid-July.
In 1803 Kildaremen recruited by Michael Quigly participated in a brief United Irish uprising organised by Robert Emmet. Maynooth was the only town successfully seized by the rebels ( 23–25 July) and Kildare troops under Nicholas Gray marched to Thomas Street in Dublin to participate in the ill-fated rebellion. Emmett's uniform was later found at Rathcoffey. The most prominent victim of the Emmet rebellion, Arthur Wolfe, Lord Kilwarden, was buried at Oughterard in Ardclough.
Military camp
One outcome of the rebellion was the establishment of a temporary military encampment at the Curragh in 1805. In 1816 a new town came into being with the building of a military barracks near a bridge over the Liffey – it was to be called Newbridge. In 1855 a permanent encampment was built for 10,000 infantry on the Curragh.
Local politicians
Kildare had ten parliamentary representatives in old Irish House of Commons – two for the County Kildare and two members from each of the boroughs of Athy, Harristown, Kildare and Naas. Two of the most powerful figures in 18th century politics resided in the county, Speakers of the house William Conolly at Castletown House near Celbridge and John Ponsonby at Bishopscourt near Kill. The post-1801 Act of Union County Kildare constituency had two seats in the United Kingdom House of Commons. The La Touche and Fitzgerald families controlled local politics through the first half of the 19th century until challenged by Balyna-born Richard More O'Ferrall. Naas Corporation, countrolled by the Bourke family, was dissolved in 1840. In 1898 Stephen J Brown was elected first chairman of the first Kildare County Council to be directly elected. With the rise of the Home Rule movement and the establishment of a nationalist newspaper, the Leinster Leader in Naas in 1884, William H. F. Cogan and Otho Fitzgerald were succeeded by Home Rule members of parliament Charles Henry Meldon, James Leahy and James Carew, owner of the Leinster Leader and founder of the Irish Independent newspaper.
Railways
The first sod on the new railway line from Dublin to Cork was turned at Adamstown near the Dublin-Kildare border in January 1846. By June the line had been completed to Sallins. The first train ran to Carlow in 1846 and to Cork in 1850. The third worst rail accident in Irish history occurred at Straffan Station in 1853, when a goods train ran into the back of a stationary passenger train killing 18 people, including a nephew of Irish political leader Daniel O'Connell. As rail traffic declined Straffan Station was closed in 1947 and Hazelhatch and Sallins stations in 1963. Kildare was also served by the Tullow Extension, running south from Naas, through Harristown (for that area and Kilcullen) and on to Tullow in County Carlow.
In 1995 a section of the line was opened for a new Dublin area commuter service, the Arrow, and Sallins and Hazlehatch stations reopened as part of the "Southwestern Commuter" line. Another reopened line runs westwards, serving Leixlip, Maynooth and Kilcock, continuing towards Enfield, County Meath.
Sporting Revolution
The Turf Club was founded at the Curragh horse racing circuit in 1790 to regulate the racing of horses, but attempts to establish an Irish 1000 guineas in 1815 and an "O'Darby Stakes" in 1817 were unsuccessful until the most important flat race in the country, the Irish Derby was established on an annual basis from 1866 on. The Turf Club regulated to famous bare knuckle contests involving Dublin prize fighter Dan Donnelly against Tom Hall in 1814 and George Cooper in 1815, drawing estimated crowds of 20,000 to the Curragh. In 1846 the first railway excursion organised for a sporting event worldwide ran on the new Great Southern and Western Railway line to Curragh races. The first annual ball of the Kildare hunt was held in 1860, soon to become the social event of the year in the county. Punchestown Races were reorganised and reconstituted as 'Kildare and National Hunt Steeplechases' in 1861. The first day of the 1868 meeting attracted an estimated 150,000 spectators.
Athletes and horses
Cricket clubs were established from the 1850s on and Ireland's first golf course laid out on the Curragh in 1852 by Musselburgh club member David Ritchie. In 1871 County Kildare Cricket Club was formed "for the promotion of cricket, football, archery, pigeon shooting, lawn tennis and, if possible, polo. Kildaremen winning sporting fame in the USA included Clane-born Jack Kelly, alias Jack (Nonpareil) Dempsey who won the world middleweight boxing title in 1884 in Great Kills, New York, held the title for seven years and inspired a later heavyweight boxer to borrow his name. In 1893 Clane born Tommy Conneff ran a new world mile record of 4 minutes 17.8 seconds, a record that was to stand for 20 years. In 1903 the fourth Gordon Bennett Cup Motor Race staged in Athy, setting new speed records of over 60 MPH. The GAA was established in the county in 1887 and Kildare GAA helped establish Gaelic football as a major sport meeting Kerry three times in 1903 GAA All Ireland "home" final attracting attendances of 12,000, 18,000 and 20,000.
In 1995 the annual staging of the European Open golf tournament was moved to the K Club at Straffan from Birmingham and the course staged the Ryder Cup in September 2006.
In 2000 Kildare was designated the "Thoroughbred County" by its county council in recognition of its equine tradition. In 2000 Kildare-trained racehorses won the leading races in England and Ireland over jumps and on the flat, Ted Walsh from Greenhills, Kill won the Irish (Comanche Court) and English (Papillon) Grand Nationals while Sindaar, trained by John Oxx on the Curragh, won the Irish and English Derbies. Ted is the father of jockey Ruby Walsh. Kildare's reputation as a stud capital was undamaged by the high-profile kidnap of the English Derby winner Shergar in 1983.
A New State
Kildare did not participate in the Fenian rebellion of 1867, though John Devoy was born at Kill. Incidents in the Land War such as the Clongorey evictions politicised the largely agricultural county and one of the first politicians elected to the new Irish parliament, Dáil Éireann in 1922, Hugh Colohan, was a veteran of the Clongorey campaign. Several Kildare politicians have held high rank since independence including Dónal Ó Buachalla, last Governor General of the Irish Free State, who had led a column of volunteers from Maynooth to participate in the 1916 Easter Rising, Art O'Connor, appointed Minister for Agriculture by the first Dáil in 1919 and briefly leader of Sinn Féin after Éamon de Valera founded Fianna Fáil in 1926 before he, too, joined Fianna Fáil, William Norton leader of the Labour Party 1932–60 and Tánaiste 1948–51 and 1954–57, Alan Dukes leader of Fine Gael 1987–90 and Minister for Finance 1982–86, Gerry Sweetman Minister for Finance 1954–57, Charlie McCreevy Minister for Finance 1997–2004 and later EU commissioner, and Paddy Power Minister for Forestry and Fisheries 1979–81 and Defence 1982.
Towns and trends
Kildare's population plunged to a low of 57,892 in 1936. Athy, Kildare's most populous town since records began, was briefly overtaken by Naas as Kildare's largest in 1901 (Naas 3,836, Athy 3,599) but regained its position by a small margin in 1926. By 1956 Newbridge was the largest town with a population of 4,157, (Athy 3,948, Naas 3,915). In 1986 Leixlip became the largest town, and Celbridge was recorded as the fastest growing town in Ireland. Naas was the largest town in 1996 only to be overtaken by Newbridge again in 2002 when the census recorded a highest ever population of 163,995 for the county, a 21.5pc increase on 1996. Infrastructural projects helped change the demographics of the county. The Kildare leg of the dual carriageway to Naas opened in 1963 and was followed by Ireland's first section of motorway, the Naas Bypass in 1983, the Newbridge bypass (1993), Kildare bypass (2003) and Monasterevin bypass (2004) on the M7, the Maynooth bypass (1994) and Kilcock- Kinnegad bypass (2005) on the M4, and the Kilcullen by-pass (1994) on the M9.
Bibliography
"Journals of the Kildare Archaeological Society",
References
External links
Kildare.ie
Historic constituencies in County Kildare | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20County%20Kildare |
KCLA (1400 AM) was an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Pine Bluff, Arkansas, United States. The station was most recently owned by Community Broadcast Group Inc., and the broadcast license held by M.R.S. Ventures, Inc. When it went off the air permanently in early 2007, KCLA broadcast programming from Fox Sports, Westwood One, Hog Sports Talk, and ESPN Radio in a sports radio format branded as "The Fan, SportsRadio 1400".
Ownership
In April 2002, Tyler, Texas, based Community Broadcast Group Inc., through its MRS Ventures subsidiary, purchased four Pine Bluff radio stations from the Deane family's SeArk Radio and Delta Radio of Pine Bluff. Delta Radio, owned by W.M. "Buddy" and Helen Deane, sold AM station KOTN. SeArk Radio, owned by their daughter Dawn Deane, sold FM stations KPBQ-FM and KZYP plus AM station KCLA. KOTN sold for a reported for $350,000 and the other three sold for a combined $1.05 million.
Buddy Deane moved to Pine Bluff from Baltimore, where he had hosted a dance-show known as The Buddy Deane Show, in 1964. (This show was parodied as the Corny Collins Show by John Waters in the film Hairspray.) Deane retired from broadcasting in May 2003 after completing the sale of his family's radio stations and died shortly thereafter in July 2003.
In June 2006, the station's owner, Jerry D. Russell, suffered a stroke. The station was being operated by another broadcaster, Hodges Broadcasting LLC, under a local marketing agreement but that operator was unable to obtain the financing to purchase the station. With Hodges gone and Russell unable to operate the station himself, KCLA went off the air for good in early 2007. In a February 2011 letter to the FCC, the owner indicated that he was surrendering the station's broadcast license as well as the licenses for ten sister stations in similar dire circumstances. On May 2, 2011, the station's license was cancelled and the KCLA call sign assignment was deleted permanently from the FCC database.
References
External links
FCC Station Search Details: DKCLA (Facility ID: 33725)
FCC History Cards for KCLA (covering 1946-1979)
CLA
Radio stations established in 1947
Radio stations disestablished in 2011
Defunct radio stations in the United States
1947 establishments in Arkansas
2011 disestablishments in Arkansas
CLA | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCLA%20%28Arkansas%29 |
Bose has sold various computer speaker products since 1987. Most models consisted of two small satellite speakers, sometimes with a subwoofer.
Models
MediaMate
The computer speakers from Bose was the "MediaMate" system, which was released in 1987. The MediaMate included magnetic shielding so that they could be placed near a CRT computer monitor without causing the monitor's image to distort. They had dual inputs and two sources (such as a CD player and a computer game) to be played simultaneously, with a dial to adjust the relative level of the two sources. There is no on/off switch for the MediaMate speakers or any tone controls. Production of MediaMate speakers ended in 2005.
In Japan, the MediaMate was sold as the "MM-1". The MM-1 included an "enhance" function, which basically acted as a tone control. An "MM-2" system was also sold in Japan, which included a subwoofer.
Wave/PC
Companion 2
The "Companion 2" was released in 2005 as the replacement for the MediaMate. The Companion 2 speakers had two input ports, however (unlike its MediaMate predecessor) there was no control to adjust the level of each source. Virtual surround sound emulation ("TrueSpace Stereo Everywhere") was included.
The "Companion 2 Series II" were introduced in 2006. The appearance changed from round speaker grilles to rectangular speaker grilles.
Compared with the similarly priced M-Audio Studiophile AV20, the Companion 2 speakers were found to have inferior sound quality but the benefit of being able to play two sources simultaneously.
Companion 3
The "Companion 3" system was released in 2003 and consisted of two satellite speakers and a subwoofer. Control is via a wired remote. Dual inputs allow two sources to be played simultaneously, however it is not possible to adjust the relative level of each source.
The "Companion 3 Series II" was introduced in 2006. Changes included smaller satellite speakers with similar appearance to the Companion 5 system and the speaker grille on the subwoofer changing from circular to square shaped. Sales of the Companion 3 Series II ceased in 2016.
Companion 5
The "Companion 5" system was first listed on Amazon in 2004. It was a 2.1 system consisting of two satellite speakers, a subwoofer, a wired control unit and an inbuilt sound card, which connected to the computer via USB. The subwoofer was very similar to that used in the Companion 3 Series II system, however the Companion 5 used larger satellite speakers.
In Europe and Asia-Pacific, a "Companion 50" version of the system was also produced.
Companion 20
The "Companion 20" system was released in 2011 and consists of two satellite speakers and a wired control unit (called "control pod" by Bose). It was discontinued in 2021.
Computer MusicMonitor
The "Computer MusicMonitor" system was sold from 2007 and consisted of two satellite speakers and a remote control. The Computer MusicMonitor system was judged to have a convenient small size, but sub-standard audio quality for the price. Sales of the Computer MusicMonitor ended in 2017.
In Japan, a similar model called the "Micro Music Monitor (M3)" was released in 2006. The M3 was able to operate on battery power (unlike the Computer MusicMonitor).
References
Loudspeakers
Bose Corporation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Bose%20computer%20speakers |
Luis Miranda (1932 in Guayaquil, Ecuador – 2016 in Guayaquil, Ecuador) was an Ecuadorian master painter.
Miranda was born in 1932 to Pedro Miranda Martinez and Dolores Neira Peñafiel. Miranda's childhood memories were of harvesting honey from his family's many beehives, which they owned all along the route from Empalme to Guayaquil. Miranda was always drawing as a child, scribbling away on any paper that he could find and copying art from books that his mother had in the house.
Miranda finished his primary studies in River Basin, where his parents had transferred for work related reasons. Miranda later returned to the port city to attend secondary school at the School Vicente Rocafuerte. In 1950, Miranda's passion for art led him to enroll in the School of Fine Arts in Guayaquil to be mentored by Hans Michaelson and Caesar Andrade Faini.
In 1955, Miranda graduated from the School of Fine Arts and was granted a scholarship by UNESCO to travel Europe and settle in Italy. Miranda attended the Academy of Fine Arts of Rome where he graduated in 1961. The impressive quality of his work earned Miranda many praises from the art critics of the "eternal city". Miranda obtained the First Prize "Via Marguta" and the Prize "Fiat" in 1959; The First Prize "Vittorio Grassi", the "Odescalchi Glass", of Brasiano, and the silver medal by "Il Giornale Di Italy", in 1960. Miranda was influenced by great Italian masters such as: Americo Bertoldi, Mario Mafai, Jarvi Lini, Pericles Pazinni and many others.
In 1961, Miranda returned to Ecuador but was disturbed by its exhausting atmosphere socially, politically and artistically. Miranda was turned off by the Indeginist art scene that dominated in Ecuador for many decades, so he decided to move to New York City. Miranda lived in the New York and New Jersey until 1976.
In 1973, even in his absence, Miranda's work earned him the Second painting Prize of Hall Julio in Guayaquil and the Second painting Prize of Hall October. After returning to Ecuador in 1976, Miranda dedicated himself to art education.
In 1976, Miranda obtained the First Painting Prize in Hall Julio and Hall October; In 1978, the National Painting Prize of the Central Bank; In 1982, The National Painting Prize of Ecuador; In 1984, Gold Medal to the Artic Merit of the Municipality of Guayaquil.
In the late eighties, Miranda was a professor in the Faculty of Architecture at the Catholic University in Guayaquil. Miranda married his partner Gloria Guerrero who spent her weekends painting alongside her husband. Gloria & Luis moved from Guayaquil to the coast to live in Chanduy, where Miranda focused on painting the life happening around him: daily life on the coast, the working people, the fisherman and their boats, men throwing nets, the sea, the estuary.
Miranda continued to paint every morning. "I have so many ideas for painting, the illusion of paint every day is what keeps me alive".
References
Encyclopedia of Ecuador
1932 births
2016 deaths
Ecuadorian painters
Modern painters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20Miranda%20%28painter%29 |
Cristian Brocchi (; born 30 January 1976) is an Italian professional football manager and former player who was most recently the head coach of Vicenza.
As a defensive midfielder, Brocchi was rated for his durability and tackling. He began his career with hometown club AC Milan, but he struggled to break into the first team as a youngster. He was subsequently loaned to Pro Sesto and Lumezzane before being sold to Hellas Verona in 1998. His performances for the club earned him a move to Inter Milan in 2000, where he also struggled due to injury. He returned to Milan in 2001, and went on to represent the club for the next seven seasons, aside from a season on loan with Fiorentina, during a highly successful period for the club, which saw him win the Serie A and two UEFA Champions League titles, among other trophies. He ended his career in 2013, after five seasons with Lazio, with whom they won the Coppa Italia twice. At international level, he made his only appearance for the Italy national team in 2006.
Brocchi began his senior managerial career at Milan in April 2016, after being their youth team's head coach since 2014. After only one month, he was sacked and was then appointed head coach of Brescia in the Serie B. Following a season as assistant coach of Chinese club Jiangsu Suning, in 2018, Brocchi became head coach of Serie C side Monza, helping them gain promotion to the Serie C for the first time in 19 years. He was dismissed in 2021 after failing promotion to the Serie A.
Club career
Early career
Starting his career at AC Milan's youth system, Brocchi was loaned to Pro Sesto and Lumezzane in the early years. After struggling to find space in the first team, Brocchi was sold to Serie B side Hellas Verona in 1998. He helped the club obtain promotion to Serie A.
Inter Milan
After a year in the top division, Inter Milan coach Marcello Lippi signed Brocchi in 2000. However, Brocchi and Inter endured a difficult season, as Lippi was sacked after their opening Serie A match, a defeat to Reggina. Marco Tardelli was hired as Lippi's replacement, and he guided the Nerazzurri to a fifth-place finish in Serie A. The following season, new Inter manager Héctor Cúper decided to sell Brocchi. Brocchi later described his time at Inter "as the worst experience [he] ever had", citing the lack of support from the club while injured.
AC Milan (second spell)
In July 2001, Milan re-signed him in exchange for Andrés Guglielminpietro, who joined Inter. While at Milan, Brocchi had to compete with the likes of Fernando Redondo, Gennaro Gattuso, Andrea Pirlo, Massimo Ambrosini, and later Clarence Seedorf.
Fiorentina
Brocchi was loaned to Fiorentina in July 2005, with a view to a permanent deal at the end of the season. However, at the end of 2005–06, he returned to Milan, partly as a result of the problems Milan faced in finding new recruits due to the 2006 Italian football scandal.
AC Milan (third spell)
Brocchi made a career high 29 Serie A appearances in the 2006–07 season. Although Emerson arrived in the 2007–08, Brocchi continued to appear regularly making 24 appearances, 10 as starter, effectively becoming manager Carlo Ancelotti's first choice replacement in midfield.
Lazio
Milan and Lazio reached an agreement for a permanent transfer for Brocchi on 29 August 2008. He signed a three-year deal with Lazio and just cost Lazio a nominal transfer fee. His first season was successful as he won the Coppa Italia, Lazio's fifth Coppa Italia title.
Following the 2012–13 season, Brocchi and Lazio announced his retirement due to ongoing injury problems.
International career
Brocchi made his international debut and only appearance for the Italy national team under Roberto Donadoni, in a 1–1 friendly home draw against Turkey, on 15 November 2006.
Managerial career
Early career
On 12 April 2016, Brocchi was appointed the head coach of Milan for his first senior managerial position, after previously serving as the coach of the AC Milan youth team, replacing Siniša Mihajlović after his sacking. On 28 June 2016, Brocchi was replaced by Vincenzo Montella.
Brocchi served as head coach of Serie B club Brescia during the 2016–17 season, being removed from his managerial duties on 12 March 2017 due to poor results. He worked as Fabio Capello's assistant at Jiangsu Suning during the 2017 Chinese Super League.
Monza
In October 2018, Brocchi was named the new head coach of Serie C club Monza, under the ownership of the former Milan duo of Silvio Berlusconi and Adriano Galliani. After failing promotion to the play-offs in his first season in charge, he successfully guided Monza to win the 2019–20 Serie C title. He was, therefore, confirmed for a third season at the helm of the club, with the explicit goal to bring the Brianzoli to Serie A for the first time in their history.
In the 2020–21 Serie B season, Monza narrowly missed out on automatic promotion, finishing third, and was subsequently eliminated by sixth-placed Cittadella in the play-off semifinals. Following these results, Brocchi left Monza by mutual consent on 28 May 2021.
Vicenza
On 22 September, Brocchi was named as the new coach of Vicenza. Taking over with Vicenza in deep relegation trouble, he however failed to turn around the club's fortunes, and was dismissed on 11 April 2022.
Personal life
Outside of football, Brocchi opened a cafe in Milan along with former Milan teammate Christian Abbiati and started his clothing brand (Baci & Abbracci) with close friend and footballer Christian Vieri and model Alena Šeredová.
Career statistics
Club
Managerial
Honours
Player
Milan
Serie A: 2003–04
Coppa Italia: 2002–03
Supercoppa Italiana: 2004
UEFA Champions League: 2002–03, 2006–07
UEFA Super Cup: 2007
FIFA Club World Cup: 2007
Lazio
Coppa Italia: 2008–09, 2012–13
Supercoppa Italiana: 2009
Manager
Monza
Serie C Group A: 2019–20
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20060509150619/http://www.cristianbrocchi.it/
Brocchi and Vieri's clothing line
Profile and stats. at Inter Archive
Profile and stats. at ACmilan.com
Profile and stats. at Fiorentina official site
uefa.com short bios.
stats. at Voetbal International
1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Milan
AC Milan players
Pro Sesto 1913 players
ACF Fiorentina players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Serie C players
Men's association football midfielders
Inter Milan players
Italian men's footballers
Italy men's international footballers
Hellas Verona FC players
SS Lazio players
FC Lumezzane players
Italian football managers
Serie A managers
Serie C managers
AC Milan managers
Brescia Calcio managers
AC Monza managers
LR Vicenza managers
UEFA Champions League winning players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian%20Brocchi |
Eitel may refer to
Eitel Friedrich II, Count of Hohenzollern (c. 1452–1512)
Eitel Friedrich of Zollern (1454–1490), German nobleman and Admiral of the Netherlands
Eitel Friedrich III, Count of Hohenzollern (1494–1525)
Eitel Friedrich IV, Count of Hohenzollern (1545–1605)
Eitel Frederick von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1582–1625), Roman Catholic cardinal and Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück
Prince Eitel Friedrich of Prussia (1883–1942), the second son of Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany
Bernhard Eitel (born 1959), German earth scientist and geographer
Eitel Cantoni (1906–1997), Uruguayan racing driver
Ernst Johann Eitel (1838–1908), German Protestant missionary to China and author of a Cantonese dictionary
A romanisation scheme of the Cantonese language named after Ernst Johann Eitel
George G. Eitel (1858–1928), American surgeon who designed and built Eitel Hospital in Minneapolis, Minnesota
Eitel Hospital
Grzegorz Eitel (born 1981), Polish judoka
Wilhelm Eitel (1891–1979), German-American scientist
Eitel Brothers, German-born hoteliers and restaurateurs based in Chicago, United States
Eitel Building, Seattle, Washington, United States
German masculine given names
Masculine given names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eitel |
The American Academy of Arts is an independent, non-profit film school located in Escondido, California. It specializes in visual and digital media arts education and is staffed by working Hollywood and independent film professionals. As part of its program it conducts a 9-day Indie Filmmaker's Bootcamp which using digital film equipment teaches how to make a film from conception to marketing and its distribution.
Art schools in California
Education in Escondido, California
Private universities and colleges in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Academy%20of%20Arts |
Apodaca Provincial Park is a provincial park located on the central eastern shoreline of Bowen Island, British Columbia, Canada.
History
The park was established 1954, one year after the property was donated to the province by Major J. S. Matthews, a noted Vancouver historian and City Archivist for Vancouver.
The park's name comes from Apodaca Cove, which was named to preserve the name for Bowen Island conferred by José María Narváez during his exploration and survey work in the region in 1791, Isla de Apodaca. Apodaca is a city in the state of Nuevo León, Mexico, which was named for Dr. Salvador Apodaca, Bishop of the city of Linares, who was born in Guadalajara in 1769.
Conservation
The parks aims to protect a variety of marine life, such as marbled murrelet, harbour seal, killer whale, Pacific octopus, rockfish, and ochre starfish. The park also offers habitat for coast blacktail deer and a variety of birds. Plantlife includes Douglas fir, lodgepole pine, salal, and Pacific madrone.
References
External links
Bowen Island
Provincial parks of British Columbia
1954 establishments in British Columbia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apodaca%20Provincial%20Park |
In the context of places in Trinidad and Tobago, Canaan can refer to either:
Canaan, Tobago, birthplace of Dwight Yorke
Canaan, Trinidad
See also
List of cities and towns in Trinidad and Tobago
Populated places in Trinidad and Tobago | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan%2C%20Trinidad%20and%20Tobago |
A practical joke, or prank, is a mischievous trick played on someone, generally causing the victim to experience embarrassment, perplexity, confusion, or discomfort. A person who performs a practical joke is called a "practical joker" or "prankster". Other terms for practical jokes include gag, rib, jape, or shenanigan.
Practical jokes differ from confidence tricks or hoaxes in that the victim finds out, or is let in on the joke, rather than being talked into handing over money or other valuables. Practical jokes are generally lighthearted and without lasting effect; they aim to make the victim feel humbled or foolish, but not victimized or humiliated. Thus most practical jokes are affectionate gestures of humour and designed to encourage laughter. However, practical jokes performed with cruelty can constitute bullying, whose intent is to harass or exclude rather than reinforce social bonds through ritual humbling.
Some countries in Western culture traditionally emphasize the carrying out of practical jokes on April Fools' Day and Mischief Night.
Description
A practical joke is "practical" because it consists of someone doing something that is physical, in contrast to a verbal or written joke. For example, the joker who is setting up and conducting the practical joke might hang a bucket of water above a doorway and rig the bucket using pulleys so when the door opens the bucket dumps the water. The joker would then wait for the victim to walk through the doorway and be drenched by the bucket of water. Objects can feature in practical jokes, like fake vomit, chewing-gum bugs, exploding cigars, stink bombs, costumes, whoopee cushions, clear tape, and Chinese finger traps. A practical joke can be as long as a person desires. It does not have to be short-lived.
Practical jokes often occur in offices, usually to surprise co-workers. Examples include covering computer accessories with Jell-O, wrapping a desk with Christmas paper or aluminium foil or filling it with balloons. Practical jokes also commonly occur during sleepovers, when teens play pranks on their friends as they come into the home, enter a room or even as they sleep.
American humorist H. Allen Smith wrote a 320-page book in 1953 called The Compleat Practical Joker that contains numerous examples of practical jokes. The book became a best seller – not only in the United States but also in Japan.
Moira Marsh has written an entire volume about practical jokes. She found that in the US males perpetrate such gags more often than females.
Student prank
University students have a long association with pranks and japes. These can often involve petty crime, such as the theft of traffic cones and other public property, or hoaxes.
Theft
One classic target of student theft are traffic cones. The issue of the theft and misuse of traffic cones by students has gained enough prominence that a spokesperson from the UK National Union of Students stated that "stereotypes of students stealing traffic cones" are "outdated".
Some universities have gone as far as to devote entire pages of legislation and advice for students with regards to the consequences and laws involving the theft of traffic cones. Misuse of traffic cones in Scotland has even resulted in serious physical injury.
The traffic cone theft issue came to such a head in the United Kingdom in the 1990s that it was brought up in parliament.
In 2002, Fife Constabulary declared a "traffic cone amnesty" allowing University of St Andrews students to return stolen traffic cones without fear of prosecution. A police spokesman had said that the theft of traffic cones had become "an almost weekly occurrence".
Famous examples
One practical joke—recalled as his favorite by the playwright Charles MacArthur—concerns American painter and bohemian character Waldo Peirce. While living in Paris in the 1920s, Peirce "made a gift of a very big turtle to the woman who was the concierge of his building". The woman doted on the turtle and lavished care on it. A few days later Peirce substituted a somewhat larger turtle for the original one. This continued for some time, with the surreptitious introduction of larger and larger turtles into the woman's apartment. The concierge, beside herself with happiness, displayed her miraculous turtle to the entire neighborhood. Peirce then began to sneak in and replace the turtle with smaller and smaller ones, to her bewildered distress. This prank became the storyline behind Roald Dahl's 1990 novel Esio Trot.
Successful modern pranks often take advantage of the modernization of tools and techniques. In Canada, engineering students have a reputation for annual pranks; at the University of British Columbia these usually involve leaving a Volkswagen Beetle in an unexpected location (such as suspended from the Golden Gate Bridge or from the Lions Gate Bridge). In response, other students at that university often vandalize the engineering students' white and red concrete cairn. Engineering students at Cambridge University in England undertook a similar prank, placing an Austin 7 car on top of the University's Senate House building. Pranks can also adapt to the political context of their era. Students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have a particular reputation for their "hacks".
Not unlike the stone louse of Germany, the jackalope in the American West has become an institutionalized practical joke perennially perpetrated by ruralites (as a class) on tourists, most of whom have never heard of the decades-old myth.
In the 1993 film Grumpy Old Men, two neighbors and former friends, John and Max, play cruel practical jokes on each other. Their rivalry escalates when a beautiful new neighbor is involved as both set their sights on her. In that film's 1995 sequel, Grumpier Old Men, John and Max have cooled off their feud. They later play cruel practical jokes on a beautiful, determined Italian owner who's trying to turn the former bait shop into a romantic restaurant.
The 2003 TV movie Windy City Heat consists of an elaborate practical joke on the film's star, Perry Caravallo, who is led to believe that he is starring in a faux action film, Windy City Heat, where the filming (which is ostensibly for the film's DVD extras) actually documents a long chain of pranks and jokes performed at Caravallo's expense.
In the UK, a group that calls itself Trollstation plays pranks on people, including police officers and government employees. They record their escapades and upload them to YouTube. In one such video, one of the groups actors poses as a palace guard. Some of the actors have been fined or charged.
See also
Bullying in academia
California Institute of Technology pranks
Capping stunt
Dreadnought hoax
Gag name
George Hayduke
Hacks at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
List of practical joke topics
Pieing
Practical joke device
Prank call
Prank emailing
Pranknet
Senior prank
Snipe hunt
Spaghetti-tree hoax
The Game (mind game)
References
External links
https://www.detroityes.com/mb/showthread.php?24109-Spirit-of-Detroit-statute-takes-a-midnight-stroll | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practical%20joke |
The Achaemenid Empire issued coins from 520 BC–450 BC to 330 BC. The Persian daric was the first gold coin which, along with a similar silver coin, the siglos (from , , shékel) represented the first bimetallic monetary standard. It seems that before the Persians issued their own coinage, a continuation of Lydian coinage under Persian rule is likely. Achaemenid coinage includes the official imperial issues (Darics and Sigloi), as well as coins issued by the Achaemenid provincial governors (satraps), such as those stationed in Asia Minor.
Early coinage of Western Asia under the Achaemenid Empire
When Cyrus the Great (550–530 BC) came to power, coinage was unfamiliar in his realm. Barter, and to some extent silver bullion, was used instead for trade. The practice of using silver bars for currency also seems to have been current in Central Asia from the 6th century.
Cyrus the Great introduced coins to the Persian Empire after 546 BC, following his conquest of Lydia and the defeat of its king Croesus, whose father Alyattes had put in place the first coinage in history. With his conquest of Lydia, Cyrus acquired a region in which coinage was invented, developed through advanced metallurgy, and had already been in circulation for about 50 years, making the Lydian Kingdom one of the leading trade powers of the time.
It seems that Cyrus initially adopted the Lydian coinage as such, and continued to strike Lydia's lion-and-bull Croeseid coinage. The stater coins had a weight of 10.7 grams, a standard initially created by Croesus, which was then adopted by the Persians and became commonly known as the "Persic standard". The Persians also minted posthumous Croeseid half-staters, with a weight of 5.35 g, which would become the weight standard for the later Sigloi, introduced at the end of the 6th century BC.
Soon after 546, Cyrus also had full control of Asia Minor, including other regions such Lycia, Caria or Ionia, following the conquests of his general Harpagus. With the conquest of Lydia and the adoption of Lydian coinage, the nascent Achaemenid Empire thus obtained access to the most modern coinage of its time and the economic power that goes with it. The mint was located in Sardis, now capital of all the western satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire, and continued minted operation under Cyrus. This coinage would supply the western part of the Achaemenid Empire.
Technically, these early coins used incuse punches on the reverse, while the obverse die would consist in some pictorial design ("die and punch" technique, rather than the later "two dies" technique). The Lydian coins used double punches on the reserve, a technique which would be simplified in the time of Darius by using a single reverse punch on some coinage. Some of the earliest Lycian coins under the Achaemenids also used an animal design on the obverse and incuse punches on the reverse, which developed into geometrical forms, such as two diagonals between projecting rectangular lugs.
Apadana hoard (c.515 BC)
As late as the time of the foundation of the Apadana Palace in Persepolis (dated to between 519 and 510 BC), it seems that the Achaemenids had not yet designed the Sigloi and Darics: no coins of these types were found in the Apadana hoard discovered under the palace's foundation stones, whereas the hoard contained several gold Croeseids of the light type from Sardis (probably minted under the rule of Darius I) and several imported Archaic Greek silver staters.
Darics and Sigloi
The coinage of the Achaemenid Empire started to move away from simply copying Lydian coinage, to introducing changes with the reign of Darius I (ruled 522-486 BC). Under Darius I, the minting of Croeseids in Sardis was progressively replaced by the minting of Darics and Sigloi.
From around 510-500 BC, Darius then simplified the coining procedure by replacing the double reverse punch of Lydian coins, by a single, oblong reverse punch, and he introduced the image of the Persian king in place of the lion and bull design. This is deduced from the fact that no Darics or Sigloi were found in the Apadana hoard, under the Apadana foundation stones of the Apadana Palace in Persepolis (dated to between 519 and 510 BC), whereas there were gold Croeseids of the light type and Greek silver staters. But by around 500 BC, a clay tablet, issued in year 22 of the reign of Darius I (circa 500 BC), contained the impression on clay of two Type II Sigloi ("King shooting arrow"), showing that the new Sigloi had already been issued by that date. Because of these and other discoveries, the creation of the Darics and Sigloi is dated to the last decade of the 6th century BC, during the reign of Darius I.
The new Achaemenid coins were initially only made in silver, while the Lydian gold design of the Croesus was maintained. Then, Darius introduced his new design for gold coins as well, which came to be known as Darics, from Old Persian Daruiyaka, meaning "Golden". Although the Achaemenids had developed their own currency, they still accepted local monetary production including civic issues, throughout the land under their control, in particular in Western Asia.
According to numismat Martin Price, there is no doubt that the Darics and Sigloi of Types I and II were minted at Sardis and immediately followed the production of the Croeseids, since they adopted similar weights and were of the same fabric. He insists that the finds of the Croeseids and the "Archer" types of Darics and Sigloi indicate that they were not an Imperial coinage, but rather the coinage of the Satrapy of Lydia.
Minting activity
Although the Achaemenids fully exploited and developed coinage production in Western Asia, it seems barter economy remained quite important in the Iranian heartland throughout the Achaemenid period, and the Achaemenids did not develop their own mints in Iran. At the same time, the circulation of the Daric was mainly confined to the Western part of the Achaemenid Empire. The minting of coins in Iran would only start later from circa 330 BC under Alexander the Great and the Seleucid Empire.
It seems that all the minting activity for the Darics and the Sigloi for the whole Empire was essentially centralized in one mint, or possibly two mints at Sardis in Lycia. Sardis remained the central mint for the Persian Darics and Sigloi of Achaemenid coinage, and there is no evidence of other mints for the new Achaemenid coins during the whole time of the Achaemenid Empire. According to hoard finds, Sardis was clearly the main mint, but there may also have been secondary mints in southwestern and northwestern Asia Minor as well.
Overall, it seems that the minting of Darics and Sigloi was rather small in quantity compared to the other local productions of coins in Asia Minor, or the circulation of Greek coins in the area. Although the gold Daric became an international currency which was found throughout the Ancient world, the circulation of the silver Sigloi remained very much limited to Asia Minor: important hoards of Sigloi are only found in these areas, and finds of Sigloi beyond are always very limited and marginal compared to Greek coins, even in Achaemenid territories.
Standards
Darius introduced the reformed currency system from about 510-500 BC, consisting of gold Darics and silver Sigloi. The rate of exchange was 1 Daric = 20 Siglos. A Daric was between 8.10 and 8.50 grams in weight, based on the Babylonian shekel of 8.33 grams, slightly heavier than the Croesus standard of 8.06 grams. The purity of gold was between 98 and 99%. 1 Daric = 25 Attic Drachmae. It represented initially about 1 month of a soldier's wage. This new coin became popular throughout all of the ancient world for more than 150 years. Around 395 BC, the Achaemenids, led by Satrap Pharnabazes, bribed Greek states by paying them tens of thousands of Darics in order to attack Sparta, which was then waging a campaign of destruction in Asia Minor under Agesilaus. This started the Corinthian War. According to Plutarch, Agesilaus, the Spartan king, said upon leaving Asia "I have been driven out by 10,000 Persian archers", a reference to "Archers" (Toxotai) the Greek nickname for the Darics from their obverse design, because that much money had been paid to politicians in Athens and Thebes in order to start a war against Sparta.
The Siglos was 5.40-5.60 grams each, based on the 0.5 Lydian Siglos of 10.73-10.92 grams for the full unit. Purity was at first issue 97-98% but by the middle 4th century was 94-95%. 1 Siglos = 7.5 Attic Obols.
Although the area of Babylon had never minted Darics or Sigloi, after the capture of Babylon by Alexander, the Satrap Mazaeus, reconfirmed by Alexander in his position for having opened the doors of Babylon to his armies after the Battle of Gaugamela, issued the double Daric of 16.65 grams in weight whose image was based on the Daric coin and bore his name until his death in 328 BC.
Design
The "archer" type used in Achaemenid coinage may have been derived from similar and contemporary images on Greek coinage, in particular those of Herakles shooting arrows. The adaptation of this design for the illustration of the Achaemenid king or hero on the obverse may have been meant as a way to glorify the king, in way a which was easily understandable to the Hellenized people in the Western areas of the Achaemenid Empire, who minted the Achaemenid coinage and to whom this coinage was mainly destined as a currency. Other depictions of the king as an archer (for example shooting from his charriot) are also known from Sumerian art, so this representation would also have been natural to subjects in the Achaemenid realm as well. The "archer" type of Type II, less hieratic and rigid than the traditional Achaemenid illustration of the bust of the king on Type I, may represent the fusion of the Eastern conception of the King as a royal hunter, and the Western conception of the King as a hero, and designed to represent the Achaemenid king as an Olympian contestant in a propaganda effort towards the West. These depictions also imply that the Achaemenids were the first ever to illustrate the person of their king on coinage.
Extent
In effect, the gold Daric became a currency desired in all the ancient world, since it was the most convenient format to exchange and accumulate wealth. The Greeks never minted much gold, but their silver Athenian tetradrachms also became a sort of world currency from the 5th century BC. The first important competition against the prestigious Daric, as a means of storing wealth and making large payments on an international scale, came later from Philip II of Macedon (ruled 359–336 BC), when he issued his own gold coinage, pointedly called Dareikos Philippeios by the Greeks.
Archaeological finds
Daric coins have been found in Asia Minor, Greece, Macedonia and Italy. The Siglos denomination have been found in hoards only in Asia Minor, and single coins with other Greek coinage from Ancient Egypt to Afghanistan (Kabul hoard) and Pakistan (Shaikhan Dehri hoard).
Circulation of Greek coinage throughout the Empire
In all the known hoards of the Achaemenid period, royal Achaemenid coinage, such as the sigloi, form actually a small minority, while most of the non-local coinage generally comes from the Greek realm, either from the independent Greek mainland or from the Greek colonies of Western Asia under the Achaemenid rule. For example, the Kabul hoard, in modern-day Afghanistan, included 30 coins from various Greek cities, about 33 Athenian coins and an Iranian imitation of an Athenian coin, only 9 royal Achaemenid silver coins (sigloi). There were also 29 locally minted coins and 14 punch-marked coins in the shape of bent bars.
Some Achaemenid satraps are also known to have minted coins in imitation of Athenian coinage, such as the satrap of Egypt Sabakes (ruled circa 340-333 BCE). An Achaemenid copy of an Athenian coin, this time found in the Kabul hoard, was minted in the vicinity of Babylon circa 380 BC.
The fact that Greek coins (both Archaic and early Classical) are comparatively numerous in Achaemenid period coin hoards, much more numerous than sigloi, suggests that the circulation of Greek coinage was central in the monetary system of the Empire. These coins were probably not legal tenders in the Achaemenid Empire, but were valued for their weight in silver, and thus used as bullion silver. Numerous finds of hacksilber hoards in the East also exist from the period, in which various silver objects, including coins, are cut into pieces, in order to facilitate their exchange on the basis of their weight.
Greek coinage travelled throughout the Achaemenid Empire. For example, the Greek coins discovered in the Kabul hoard include the following types:
Coinage of Southern Asia under the Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire already reached the doors of India during the original expansion of Cyrus the Great, and the Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley is dated to circa 515 BC under Darius I. An Achaemenid administration was established in the area. The Kabul hoard, also called the Chaman Hazouri hoard, is a coin hoard discovered in the vicinity of Kabul, Afghanistan, containing numerous Achaemenid coins as well as many Greek coins from the 5th and 4th centuries BC. The deposit of the hoard is dated to the Achaemenid period, in approximately 380 BC. The hoard also contained many locally produced silver coins, minted by local authorities under Achaemenid rule. Several of these issues follow the "western designs" of the facing bull heads, a stag, or Persian column capitals on the obverse, and incuse punch on the reverse.
According to numismatist Joe Cribb, these finds suggest that the idea of coinage and the use of punch-marked techniques was introduced to India from the Achaemenid Empire during the 4th century BC. More Achaemenid coins were also found in Pushkalavati and in Bhir Mound.
Later Satrapal issues
During the 4th century, following the weakening of central Achaemenid power, and the development of coinage technologies, Siglos production receded and numerous satrapal issues of a very high quality started to appear in Western Asia under the Achaemenid Empire. These issues combined Achaemenid as well as Greek characteristics. Throughout, coin circulation was characterized by a mix of coins from the Achaemenid and Greek realms.
Various Achaemenid satraps also issued imitations of Athenian tetradrachms, such as Sabakes in Egypt.
First attempts at portraiture
Although many of the first coins of Antiquity were illustrated with the images of various gods or symbols, the first ever portraiture of actual rulers appears with these Achaemenid satrapal issues in the 5th century BC, in particular with the coinage of Lycia. The Achaemenids had been the first to illustrate the person of their king or a hero in a stereotypical manner, showing a bust or the full body, but never an actual portrait, on their Sigloi and Daric coinage from circa 500 BC. Before the Lycian coins with dynastic portraits, a slightly earlier candidate for the first portrait is Themistocles, the Athenian general who became a Governor of Magnesia on the Meander for the Achaemenid Empire circa 465-459 BC, although there is some doubt that his coins may have represented Zeus rather than himself. Themistocles may have been in a unique position in which he could transfer the notion of individual portraiture, already current in the Greek world, and at the same time wield the dynastic power of an Achaemenid dynast who could issue his own coins and illustrate them as he wished. From the time of Alexander the Great, portraiture of the issuing ruler would then become a standard, generalized, feature of coinage.
After the conquests of Alexander the Great
After his conquest of the Achaemenid Empire, Alexander the Great established his own satraps in the conquered territories, some of them Achaemenids who had been favorable to the invader, such as Mazaios, others some of Alexander's closest supports, such as Balacrus. Several satraps continued to use an Achaemenid type for their coinage, such as Balacrus when he became Hellenistic satrap of Cilicia, complete with the local deity of Tarsus, Baal. This coinage is said to have later influenced Alexander's imperial coinage, which was often minted in the same mints.
Even many years after the death of Alexander, Achaemenid gold darics continued to be minted in Babylon, at the same time as Alexandrine imperial issues were minted. Some of these issues are dated to circa 315-300/298 BC. These darics continued to use the Achaemenid type, but the reverse was slightly modified to include wavy patterns.
See also
Parthian coinage
Sasanian coinage
Ancient Greek coinage
Elymais
References
Bibliography
External links
Zeno coins of Iran
Daric information
Money weights and measures in Antiquity including Babylonian
Persian coins and Satraps coins
Asia Minor Coins - Achaemenid Satraps and Governors
Achaemenid Empire
Ancient currencies
hr:Ahemenidsko Perzijsko Carstvo#Monetarni sustav | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid%20coinage |
The Taiwanese American Foundation of San Diego is an organization for people of Taiwanese descent in the San Diego, California area.
The Taiwanese American Foundation of San Diego (TAFSD) was founded in 1996 with the dedication and commitment of the Taiwanese American Community in San Diego. TAFSD is incorporated in the State of California as a nonprofit, public, and charitable organization. Donations to TAFSD are tax deductible. The Taiwanese American Community Center (TACC) is an operational unit of TAFSD.
External links
Taiwan Center SD - English homepage
Asian-American culture in San Diego
Organizations based in San Diego
Taiwanese-American culture in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese%20American%20Foundation%20of%20San%20Diego |
KTVF, virtual channel 11 (UHF digital channel 26), is an NBC-affiliated television station licensed to Fairbanks, Alaska, United States. Owned by Atlanta-based Gray Television, it is sister to two low-power stations: primary MeTV and secondary MyNetworkTV affiliate KFXF-LD (channel 22) and Class A CBS affiliate KXDF-CD (channel 13). The stations share studios on Braddock Street in downtown Fairbanks, while KTVF's transmitter is located on the Ester Dome.
KTVF is used to provide full-market over-the-air high definition coverage of KFXF-LD (simulcast over KTVF-DT2) and KXDF-CD (simulcast over KTVF-DT3). The station also operates a digital fill-in translator on VHF channel 11 from a transmitter located at its studios.
History
The station signed on the air in February 1955 as the first television station serving what at the time was the smallest television market in the United States. The station was a CBS affiliate until April 1, 1996.
While primarily a CBS station, KTVF also served as a secondary affiliate for ABC from 1971 to 1985 (when it aired some of ABC's top-rated shows like Marcus Welby, M.D., Happy Days, Laverne & Shirley, Three's Company, and Eight is Enough as well as Wide World of Sports, Monday Night Football and the Academy Awards) and NBC from 1985 to 1996. During the late 1950s, the station was also briefly affiliated with the NTA Film Network. In 1967, months after the Chena River flood temporarily knocked them off the air, KTVF rebuilt their studios in the Northward Building (where they still remained until 1990) and returned to the air, this time broadcasting in color.
In 1996, KTVF switched affiliations, from CBS to NBC. The reason for the network switch was that rival station KATN—which had the NBC affiliation since signing on a couple weeks after KTVF but had been primarily with ABC since 1984—would be merged with two other ABC stations in Anchorage and Juneau to form ABC Alaska's SuperStation, and that NBC was the dominant network by the 1995–96 season while CBS was in third place. KTVF also carried UPN programming on weekends from 1995 to 2000. KFXF aired a few CBS shows until K13XD (now KXDF-CD) signed on in August.
KTVF was founded by Alaska broadcasting pioneer Augie Hiebert and his company, Northern Television. It was thus a sister station to KTVA-TV in Anchorage, which signed on two years earlier. Hiebert retired in 1997, and his family sold the station to the Ackerley Group in 1999. Ackerley merged with Clear Channel Communications in 2001. Clear Channel sold its entire television division, including KTVF, to Newport Television in 2007.
In June 2003, Media News Group, owner of the Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, announced that it would exercise an option to purchase KTVF. The seven-year option, pending removal of the FCC's restrictions on newspaper/broadcast ownership, was granted to Media News in 1999 when Northern Television sold the station to Ackerley. The FCC eliminated this rule on June 3, 2003, but implementation was stayed pending the outcome of litigation. Media News' purchase attempt never materialized; the seven-year option period expired in 2006 without renewal.
KTVF began airing high definition programming from NBC on February 12, 2010, at the start of the Winter Olympics in Vancouver; full HD broadcasting (both NBC and syndicated) would follow on May 31, 2012.
On September 29, 2010, the FCC granted KTVF a construction permit for a fill-in translator on their former analog allotment channel 11. The translator will serve sections of the Fairbanks area.
Newport announced the sale of KTVF to Chena Broadcasting, a local company owned by Michael Young, on October 13, 2011. Young had previously owned a partial stake in Tanana Valley Television, owner of KFXF and K13XD; that company took over KTVF's operations under a shared services agreement upon the deal's completion. The sale of KTVF to Chena Broadcasting was consummated on March 7, 2012—resulting in all of Fairbanks' commercial stations being operated by just two companies.
On November 8, 2016, Northern Lights Media, the subsidiary of Gray Television that operates Anchorage stations KTUU-TV and KYES-TV, announced that it would buy KTVF, KFXF-LD and KXDF-CD (then known as KXDD-CD) for $8 million in cash, pending FCC approval. The sale was completed on January 13, 2017.
With KTVA converting to a Rewind TV affiliate in 2021, KTVF became the oldest continuously operating station in Alaska.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Analog-to-digital conversion
KTVF shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 11, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 26. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 11.
References
External links
webcenterfairbanks.com
1955 establishments in Alaska
NBC network affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1955
TVF
Gray Television | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTVF |
Yuri Mikhaylovich Ahronovitch (Юрий Михайлович Аронович) (13 May 193231 October 2002) was a Soviet-born Israeli conductor.
Born in Leningrad, he studied music and the violin from the age of 4. In 1954 he graduated as conductor from the Leningrad Conservatory. He studied with Nathan Rachlin and Kurt Sanderling. Invitations to conduct leading Russian orchestras followed, including the Leningrad Philharmonic and the Bolshoi Theatre.
After conducting in Petrozavodsk and Saratov, he was assigned to the Yaroslavl Symphony Orchestra 1956–1964, performing symphonic cycles by Beethoven and Tchaikovsky alongside Soviet music such as the works of Aram Khachaturian and Tikhon Khrennikov.
In 1964 he was appointed Chief Conductor of the USSR Ministry of Culture Symphony Orchestra and worked there until emigrating to Israel in 1972.
His recordings for Melodiya, notably Shostakovich's First Symphony, were well received in the West.
Immediate invitations followed to conduct and tour with major orchestras: the London Symphony Orchestra, Israel Philharmonic, Vienna Symphony Orchestra, Yomiuri Nippon Symphony Orchestra, Teatro Alla Scala and others.
From 1975 to 1986 he was Chief Conductor of the Cologne Philharmonic Orchestra (Gürzenich Orchestra Cologne) and from 1982 to 1987 Chief Conductor of the Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra. Simultaneously Yuri Ahronovitch was also an opera conductor. He conducted at the Royal Opera House in London's Covent Garden, the Lyric Opera in Chicago, important Italian opera houses and Symphony Orchestra (Orchestra Sinfonica Siciliana), the Royal Opera in Stockholm, Cologne Opera, the Bavarian State Opera in Munich. He made a number of premiere recordings, mainly with the London Symphony, the Stockholm Philharmonic and the Vienna Symphony Orchestra.
Yuri Ahronovitch was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music from 1984, and in 1987 he was decorated by the King of Sweden as "Commander of the Royal Order of the Polar Star".
In 1988 in Jerusalem he was awarded the "Ettinger Prize for the Arts". In Italy Yuri Ahronovitch was awarded the prize "Arca d'Oro 1991" by the leading Italian newspaper La Stampa and the University of Turin. Yuri Ahronovitch conducted at numerous international music festivals, such as Bergen, Bregenz, Canary Islands, Florida, Israel, Locarno, Luzern, Munich, Savonnlina, Spoleto, Stresa, and Verona. He conducted his last concert with the Orchestre de Paris in October 2002.
Discography
Rachmaninov - The Piano Concertos & Paganini Rhapsody
Shostakovich - Symphony No.1
Khachaturian - Orchestra dell'Accademia di Santa Cecilia
Tchaikovsky - 1812 Overture, Marche Slav, Romeo & Juliet/London Symphony Orchestra (MCA Classics); Manfred Symphony/London Symphony Orchestra (Deutsche Grammophon)
References
External links
Yuri Ahronovitch official Web site
Soviet conductors (music)
Soviet emigrants to Israel
Israeli conductors (music)
Jewish classical musicians
Musicians from Saint Petersburg
1932 births
2002 deaths
People of the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra
20th-century conductors (music)
Deutsche Grammophon artists
Decca Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri%20Ahronovitch |
Lamy () is a German pen manufacturing company. Josef Lamy, who was a sales representative for Parker Pen in Germany, founded the business in 1930 by purchasing the Orthos pen manufacturer. Lamy was a pioneer in the use of moulded synthetic plastics to make their products.
Lamy was run by Josef Lamy's son, Manfred, until his retirement in 2006. He was succeeded by Bernhard M. Rösner. Products manufactured by Lamy include fountain, ballpoint pens, mechanical pencils, and ink.
History
In 1984, newspapers reported that Lamy's export share increased to 33 percent of turnover. In 1986, Lamy, Montblanc, and Parker held among them 70–80 percent of the West German market. Export markets then consisted of the United States, Japan, and Austria. Lamy hoped to expand that export share to 50 percent of turnover, which stood at approximately 40 million Deutschmark (DM) for 1985. Turnover for Lamy increased to 48 million DM for 1987, then employing 350 people, increasing to 54 million DM in 1988 and a corresponding increase in staff to nearly 400.
In 1989, turnover increased to approximately 62 million DM. Lamy had begun taking on employees as sleeping partners. Approximately one third of the then 400-person workforce became sleeping partners. In that year, Lamy established contacts with East Germany and planned to do business there as well as in West Germany. 1991 held an increase in staff and turnover again, this time to 85 million DM and five hundred staff. Lamy invested in their "innovation workshop" in Heidelberg, in 1996, along with approximate expected turnover being 113 million DM. 1999 showed Lamy reporting stable turnover of approximately 120 million DM, though domestic demand has fallen.
Product range
The company refers to their products by prefixing "Lamy" in front of the descriptive name, such as "Lamy Scribble" (to avoid repetition, here only the descriptive name is used).
Fountain pens
Many Lamy fountain pen models share the same type of feed and nib. Most use Fe-Ni-Cr stainless steel alloy Z 50 nibs which can be interchanged by the user.
The feeds are made of ABS plastic and after injection molding are chemically etched with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The etching process causes micro surface scratches by removing styrene from the feed surface and ink channels. This roughening optimizes ink flow characteristics over the feed surface.
The 2000 fountain pen model uses nibs of another type which is incompatible with Lamy's other fountain pen models.
abc
Lamy's abc beginner's fountain pen was designed by Bernt Speigel to be used by children while learning to write. The body is normally made from maple wood and includes a name sticker in the cap to assist in identifying each student's pen.
The pen features a non round grip section optimized to be held with a 'tripod pen grip'.
Safari, AL-star, LX and Vista
The Lamy Safari was designed by Wolfgang Fabian
and Bernt Spiegel of the Entwicklungsgruppe Mannheim
which remains in production from 1980. The Safari and the derived AL-star and Vista lines are all cartridge/converter filled and are intended for students and young writers. The pens are made primarily of ABS plastic and like the Lamy abc they all feature a non-rounded grip section optimized to be held with a 'tripod pen grip'. The Vista line is a transparent demonstrator version and the AL-star features an anodized aluminum body and cap with a semi-transparent grip section. In 2016, Lamy released a more expensive variant of their AL-star line called the LX that comes in five colors all named after precious metals, with the exception of the Marron special edition. In addition to the fountain pen, the Safari, AL-star, LX and Vista lines are also available in a ballpoint, rollerball, and mechanical pencil configurations.
Dialog
The Dialog is a cap-less fountain pen with twist action to expose the 14 carat gold nib. Twisting also causes the pen's clip to retract into the barrel. When closed, a ball valve seals the barrel to protect the nib. The Dialog was designed by Franco Clivio.
Accent
The Accent is a design from Andreas Haug. The pen comes in a variety of barrel materials and features a grip section that can be swapped for a customized appearance. The Accent's cap has a hinged clip and posts with clicking tabs. The Accent also appears in Lamy's ball-point, rollerball, and mechanical pencil platforms.
Studio
The Studio is a design by Hannes Wettstein. It is a cartridge/converter premium line model. The metal body and cap are offered in various coloured painted or metal surface finishes. Most versions have chromed round grip sections. The palladium plated version Studio version grip section has a deviating palladium plated grip section. The brushed stainless steel bodied and capped Studio version grip section has a deviating non-slip black grip section. The piano black and palladium Studio versions are more expensive as they feature nibs containing gold. In addition to the fountain pen the Studio line is also available in a ballpoint and rollerball pen configuration.
2000
Lamy's flagship fountain pen is the 2000. Designed by Gerd Alfred Müller and released in 1966, it remains in production today. The 2000 uses a special polycarbonate resin produced by Bayer, Makrolon that became commercially available in 1958, for the body of the pen. It is the only contemporary Lamy fountain pen that has a semi hooded nib and is a piston fill pen offering 1.35 ml ink capacity, so thus only takes bottled ink. In addition to normal production mechanical pencil, ballpoint and four-color ballpoint versions, a commemorative fountain pen version was produced for the new millennium called the Edition 2000, which features an inverse design of the original: a stainless steel body with Makrolon ring and polished clip.
Ballpoints
Pico
The Pico is a pocket telescoping ballpoint pen designed by Franco Clivio. It comes in chrome, red, blue, orange (known as "Flame"), white, and black finishes. Like some other Lamy pens, the Pico features a small protrusion to stop the pen from rolling. Lamy also produces a leather carrying case for this pen. The pen has also won a red dot award for product design
Rollerballs
Other designs such as the Safari and Studio come in rollerball form too, though certain designs such as the Swift are uniquely rollerball pens. The distinguishing design feature of the Swift is the retractable clip. When the point is extended, the Swift's clip retracts to be flush with the body of the pen, which helps the pen sit in the hand more comfortably, and also serves as a preventative reminder not to reinsert the pen into one's pocket with the point extended, which may cause staining.
Multisystem pens
Lamy produces multisystem pens, which combine a ballpoint and another feature within the one pen, such as the Pickup, which integrates a ballpoint and a highlighter into one body. The highlighter is released from the body of the pen by depressing a button on the body of the pen, and can be reinserted into the body of the pen. The Pickup was also designed by Wolfgang Fabian, and has won the red dot award for product design.
Mechanical pencils
Lamy produces mechanical pencils. Some of the other Lamy designs exist in mechanical pencil form, such as the 2000 and the Safari. The Scribble, also designed by Hannes Wettstein, is a large-bodied pencil with triangular shapes on the body to help the grip.
Safari
The LAMY Safari was launched on the market in the 1980s and fascinated people with its avant-garde design. Initially, these writing tools were supposed to be used by students, but they became appreciated by users of all ages. This line exhibits high-quality pencils made of durable ABS plastic. They have a slim silhouette, provide an ergonomic grip, and come in a variety of vibrant colors. This brand has an eraser under the cap. Underneath the cap, it contains a cleaning needle for graphite jams. Both the eraser and the pin are replaceable. The drawing instrument accepts leads of 0.5 mm and features a chrome spring clip.
2000
The LAMY 2000 is identical in its form with this brand's fountain pen. It features the same elegant and classic design and has a black matte finish and a high-quality writing mechanism. The pencil is made of fiberglass and stainless steel, which makes it light and well balanced. The writing tool is developed with a conical and retractable tip and has a texturized grip made of Macrolon resin. Under the top of the push button, there is a replaceable eraser. The interior container holds a thin needle for cleaning graphite jams. The pencil has a rounded clip and comes in two lead sizes – 0.7 and 0.5 mm.
Scribble
The Lamy Scribble has a plastic matte black barrel that ensures a convenient grip. The body of this pencil is lightweight and well-balanced. It uses 0.7 mm lead. The drawing instrument features a cap which indicates the lead size on its top. Underneath the cap, it has an integrated eraser and a needle for cleaning graphite jams. Its point has a chrome conical shape and contains a retractable tip. The LAMY Scribble has a chrome clip that can be removed if necessary. This writing tool is great for sketching and note-taking and can be used by students, designers and architects.
Ink
Lamy produces fountain pen ink in bottles and proprietary ink cartridges. Lamy provide the widest range of colours in what it designates as T10 cartridges, with black, blue, blue-black, red, green, turquoise and violet. The T10 cartridge has approximately 1.15 ml ink capacity.
For using bottled fountain pen ink Lamy offers several proprietary piston operated converters.
The ABC, AL-star, Joy, Nexx, Nexx M, Safari and Vista fountain pens can be fitted with the proprietary Z 24 or Z 28 converter that has approximately 0.7 ml ink capacity. The converters for the school/young writing line of fountain pens feature two protrusions that form fit into two arresting recesses in the grip sections of these pens.
The Accent, Aion, CP 1, Dialog 3, Imporium, Linea, Logo, ST and Studio fountain pens can be fitted with the proprietary Z 27 converter for the premium line of fountain pens that has approximately 0.7 ml ink capacity.
Ink erasers
Lamy also makes double-ended pens that allow one to edit what they have written in ink before. One end is a white nib with a fluid that makes ink 'disappear', the other end has a nib that writes in blue ink which is not affected by the ink eraser so that one can write on top of what was just erased. However, after this is done, one can not rub it out again.
Earlier designs
Earlier Lamy designs includes the Lady and the Persona; "vintage" designs are varied but have numerical suffixes instead of descriptive names. The Lady was a design intended to appeal to women; the Lady is manufactured out of painted, hardened, porcelain and does not feature a clip as it was thought that women do not normally make use of the clip—a small protrusion prevents the pen from rolling on a flat surface. The Lady was designed by Wolfgang Fabian and Sharon Jodjaja was responsible for the barrel designs.
Gallery
References
External links
Review of the Lamy Studio at Stylophiles Online
Review of Lamy 2000 4-colour pen at The Gadgeteer
Review of Accent Brilliant Briarwood at Chiral Software
Lamy Official India Website
Manufacturing companies of Germany
German brands
Fountain pen and ink manufacturers
Companies based in Heidelberg
Manufacturing companies established in 1930
Design companies established in 1930 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamy |
Ecuador is a predominantly Christian country, with adherents of Islam representing a very small minority. Due to secular nature of the Ecuador's constitution, Muslims are free to proselytize and build places of worship in the country. The Pew Research Center estimates that Ecuador has a Muslim population of about 2,000, representing 0.011% out of the total population of 16,965,000 inhabitants.
The first Muslim settlers in Ecuador were primarily Arabs who emigrated from the Middle East during World War I and thereafter from former territories of the Ottoman Empire. They settled mostly in Quito, Ambato and Guayaquil with smaller communities in Manabí, Los Ríos, and Esmeraldas provinces. Levantine Christians and Muslims created a secular ethnic organization called Lecla in the 1940s and The Arab Club in the 1980s. By the mid-1990s, naturalized citizens and native Muslims of Arab extraction were using a private apartment located in Avenue Los Shyris and Eloy Alfaro as a communal prayer venue, especially on Fridays. At a later day, the Egyptian Embassy provided another private apartment for the same purposes. The Centro Islámico del Ecuador, founded on October 15, 1994, was the first Muslim religious organization recognized by the government. However, it was not the first organization to open its doors in this city. A mosque under the name Khaled ibn al-Walid was founded in the year 1991; it conducted its religious rituals in a private apartment. Religious activities as well as social, cultural, and educational activities are conducted according to Sunni Islam. The Khaled ibn al Walid mosque nowadays is run by Sheikh Mohamed Mamdouh and had opened its doors to all Muslims domiciled in Quito. Recently, Spier (2022) presented a study outlining the manifestations of Islamophobia in Quito, Ecuador.
In Guayaquil, the Centro Islamico Al Hijra was established in 2004 by Juan Saud from Ecuador, Ali Said from Pakistan, and Mazhar Farooq from India.
References
Ecuador
Religion in Ecuador | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Ecuador |
Tirnavia is a mixed choir from Slovakia founded in 1988, on the occasion of the 750th anniversary of Trnava being granted free royal town privileges. The choir was founded by Gabriel Kalapoš. Following conductors were Andrej Rapant and Zuzana Holičková. Current conductor is Michal Stahl. Tirnavia's name is derived from the historical name of Trnava and Tirnavia confirms the rich tradition of choral singing in this town. The choir members are mostly students of universities.
The choir repertoire includes compositions from the renaissance until present times. It also includes adaptations of Slovak folk songs, Christmas carols and Spirituals. Tirnavia organizes approximately 20 concerts a year at home as well as abroad. Tirnavia has recorded three CDs - the first one (1997) together with the choir Cantica Nova also from Trnava, and the second one focusing on the 20th century Slovak choral music (2004). In 2007 the new Christmas CD "Christmas with Tirnavia" was released. The choir Tirnavia cooperates occasionally with "Trnavský komorný orchester" (The Chamber Orchestra of Trnava). They have performed the Messiah of Händel and Gloria of Vivaldi together. The choir performed the Solemn Mass (for 2 organs and mixed choir) by Louis Vierne together with well known organist David di Fiore (USA) in October 2004. Tirnavia regularly takes part in competitions of choral singing in Slovakia and abroad.
The most important choir events from the last few years:
3rd place at the international competition Grand Prix Slovakia in Trenčianske Teplice 2001, Slovakia,
3rd place at the worldwide competition International Eisteddfod Llangollen 2002, Wales,
4th place at the international competition in Montreux Choral Festival 2003, Switzerland,
1st place in the golden level in the category of folklore and 2nd place in the golden level in the category of mixed choirs at the International Festival of Academic Choirs (IFAS) 2004 in Pardubice, Czech Republic,
2nd place in the category "choral musicof 5 centuries" and 3rd place in the category of folklore, spiritual and jazz at the 6.International Choral Competition 2006 in Miltenberg, Germany
In 2005 Tirnavia took part in an international workshop in Gliwice (Poland) where they performed two Psalms of Mendelssohn, realised two trips in Austria, where they sang in the summer festival in Lillienfeld and the Christmas concert in Vienna town hall.
References
External links
The Mixed choir TIRNAVIA, Slovakia
Slovak choirs
A cappella musical groups
Musical groups established in 1988
1988 establishments in Czechoslovakia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirnavia |
Anshel Brusilow (August 14, 1928 – January 15, 2018) was an American violinist, conductor, and music educator at the collegiate level.
Early life and education
Brusilow was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1928, the son of Ukrainian Jewish immigrants Leon and Dora Brusilow (see ). He began his violin study at the age of five with William Frederick Happich (1884–1959) and subsequently studied with Jani Szanto (1887–1977). Brusilow entered the Curtis Institute of Music when he was eleven and studied there with Efrem Zimbalist. Throughout most of his childhood and adolescence, he was known as "Albert Brusilow". Later, at the urging of his girlfriend (who would later become his wife), he returned to using his birth name, Anshel.
Brusilow attended the Philadelphia Musical Academy and at sixteen was the youngest conducting student ever accepted by Pierre Monteux. A 4th prize winner of the Jacques Thibaud-Marguerite Long Violin Competition in 1949, he performed as a soloist with numerous major orchestras in the United States.
Career
Violinist
From 1954–55, Brusilow was concertmaster and assistant conductor of the New Orleans Symphony under Alexander Hilsberg (1897–1961). From 1955–59, he was associate concertmaster of the Cleveland Orchestra under George Szell. And from 1959 to 1966, he was concertmaster of the Philadelphia Orchestra under Eugene Ormandy.
Acclaimed recordings featuring Brusilow with the Philadelphia Orchestra include Vivaldi's The Four Seasons, Rimsky-Korsakov's Scheherazade, and Strauss's Ein Heldenleben.
While serving as concertmaster of the Philadelphia Orchestra, Brusilow founded in 1961, and from 1961–65, conducted the Philadelphia Chamber Orchestra, an organization composed of musicians from the Philadelphia Orchestra. But December 1964, Brusilow announced his resignation as concertmaster, effective June 1966, over a dispute with the Orchestra Association forbidding players from forming independent musical groups.
Conductor
Brusilow, in 1965, founded, and from 1965–68, directed and conducted the Chamber Symphony of Philadelphia, which performed two and one-half 34-week seasons and recorded six records on RCA Victor. In 1968, the Chamber Symphony of Philadelphia folded under financial duress, attributed mostly to a lack of philanthropic support for a second orchestra in Philadelphia.
In 1970, Brusilow was appointed executive director and conductor of the Dallas Symphony Orchestra. He led the orchestra's first tours of Central and South America and started the pops series that the orchestra still performs to this day. The most notable recording from this period was Dallasound, a pops music album featuring several arrangements by . In 1973, after a successful tour of Central and South America, Brusilow was summarily fired after the Symphony's board of directors came under censure when it became public that composers were paying to have their works performed.
He was the music director of the Richardson Symphony Orchestra in Richardson, Texas, from 1992 until his retirement from that position in 2012.
Music educator in higher education
Brusilow was Director of Orchestral Studies at North Texas State University (later known as the University of North Texas) from 1973 to 1982, and again at North Texas from 1989 to 2008. Between 1982 and 1989 he held a similar post at Southern Methodist University in Dallas.
Brusilow retired from his professorship at North Texas in 2008. Shortly before his retirement he conducted his final concert with the University of North Texas Symphony Orchestra on Wednesday, April 23, 2008, in the Winspear Performance Hall of the Murchison Performing Arts Center in Denton. A $1,000,000 endowment, which includes the creation of a faculty position, the Anshel Brusilow Chair in Orchestral Studies, was established in his honor.
Diplomas, awards, and professional affiliations
Brusilow's violin and bows
Soon after becoming concertmaster of the Philadelphia Orchestra, Brusilow purchased a 1743 Guarneri del Gesu violin (Cozio 49626), which today is known as "The Brusilow." The violin, reportedly, was once owned by the French violinist, Jacques Pierre Rode (1774–1830), who had been a court violinist to Napoleon. The provenance also includes W.E. Hill & Sons; Arthur Beare (until 1929); Alfred Oppenheim Corbin (1874–1941), a Dutch-born London-then-New-York-investment-banker, amateur violinist, and serious collector of violins (1929 to 1931); Leo Reisman, who purchased it through Emil Herrmann (from 1931); Theodore Pitcairn, a philanthropist who purchased it through Rembert Wurlitzer (around 1953); Brusilow (1959 to 1966), then to its previous owner (name unknown). Brusilow acquired the violin, through an arrangement, from Pitcairn, who, with Brusilow standing at his side at William Moennig & Son in Philadelphia, wrote a check for $28,000. Moennig, according to Brusilow, "threw in a Tourte bow for free," which Brusilow still owned in the late 1980s. Brusilow wrote in his 2015 book, Shoot The Conductor: Too Close to Monteux, Szell, and Ormandy, that he also owned a John Dodd bow, and preferred it over the Tourte.
Discography
Family
Brusilow parents, Leon Brusilow (né Leiser Brusilovsky; born 1897 Kremenchuk; naturalized 1927 ED Pa; died 1968) and Dora Brusilow (née Epstein; born 1902 Novorossiya; naturalized 1928 ED Pa; died 1977), married March 12, 1919. They immigrated to the United States, arriving with Anshel's brother, Nathan Brusilow (née Nachman Brusilow; 1920–2004), at the Port of New York July 22, 1922, aboard the SS Zeeland.
Brusilow married Marilyn Rae Dow December 23, 1951, in San Francisco. They had three children.
Notes and references
Notes
References
External links
Discography at SonyBMG Masterworks
Maestro Brusilow's website
See also
University of North Texas Symphony Orchestra
1928 births
2018 deaths
American conductors (music)
American male conductors (music)
University of North Texas College of Music faculty
Musicians from Dallas
Curtis Institute of Music alumni
Concertmasters
Concertmasters of the Philadelphia Orchestra
Musicians of the Philadelphia Orchestra
Long-Thibaud-Crespin Competition prize-winners
Musicians from Philadelphia
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Classical musicians from Texas
Classical musicians from Pennsylvania
Male classical violinists
Jewish classical violinists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anshel%20Brusilow |
Francesco "Franco" Scoglio (; 2 May 1941 – 3 October 2005) was an Italian football manager who coached at both national and international level.
Playing career
Francesco Scoglio was born in Lipari, in the province of Messina, Italy. He played as a defender or midfielder.
Managerial career
Nicknamed il Professore (the Professor) because of his past teaching activity (he was a pedagogy graduate), Scoglio never actually had a playing career. He started a managing career in 1972 in one of the Reggina youth teams. He then went on coaching at amateur and Serie C levels in Sicily and Calabria (Gioiese, Messina, Acireale, Akragas). It was Scoglio who discovered the great potential of Salvatore Schillaci, one of his players during Scoglio's second stint in Messina.
However, Scoglio is most remembered for his time in Genoa CFC, which was also the team for which he first coached. He achieved great success with his next clubs, being often fired before the end of the season. He is also known for having coached the national teams of Tunisia and Libya. Under his management, Tunisia reached the semi-finals of the 2000 African Cup of Nations. His last coaching (and unsuccessful) experience was on 2002–2003 for SSC Napoli.
After retirement
Scoglio then became a very popular TV commentator on football shows in Italy, and even worked for Al Jazeera as the technical expert reporting on the Italian league.
Death
On 3 October 2005, Scoglio was appearing on a regional television station in Genoa, having a rather heated and passionate, yet civil, discussion with Genoa president Enrico Preziosi. While Preziosi was answering one of Scoglio's charges, Scoglio lost consciousness and slumped in his chair. He died of an apparent heart attack shortly thereafter. This dramatic event fulfilled his own prophecy "I'll die talking about Genoa CFC" (Morirò parlando del Genoa).
Legacy
Following his death, in 2016 the city of Messina, the provincial capital of his birthplace as well as the home of ACR Messina, a club he coached for many years, honoured his memory by renaming the local stadium after him.
References
1941 births
2005 deaths
People from Lipari
Italian men's footballers
Footballers from Sicily
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football midfielders
Serie C players
Italian football managers
Italian expatriate football managers
LFA Reggio Calabria managers
ACR Messina managers
ASD Città di Acireale 1946 managers
Spezia Calcio managers
Genoa CFC managers
Bologna FC 1909 managers
Udinese Calcio managers
Lucchese 1905 managers
Delfino Pescara 1936 managers
Torino FC managers
Cosenza Calcio managers
US Ancona managers
SSC Napoli managers
Serie A managers
Tunisia national football team managers
Libya national football team managers
Filmed deaths from natural causes
Deaths onstage
Sportspeople from the Province of Messina
2000 African Cup of Nations managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco%20Scoglio |
Les Dudek is American guitarist Les Dudek's 1976 self-titled solo debut album.
Track listing
Influence
Steve Miller covered "What a Sacrifice" on his album Book of Dreams as "Sacrifice", which included Dudek and James Curly Cooke in the recording.
His early releases influenced by the Southern rock style of the Allman Brothers Band - slide guitar and dual drummers on a few tracks. Dudek was one of the replacement considerations after the death of Duane Allman. He had uncredited contributions to "Ramblin' Man" and "Jessica" and was part of the recording of Brothers and Sisters.
Influence from his work with Boz Scaggs adds a flair of funky jazz.
Personnel and production
Les Dudek : lead vocals and guitars, backing vocals on track 5
Jeff Porcaro : drums
Gerald Johnson : bass on tracks 1, 6, and 7
David Paich : piano, organ, Moog on track 4, Rhodes piano on track 8
Chuck Rainey : bass on tracks 5 and 8
Jim Hughart : bass on track 2
David Hungate : bass on tracks 3 and 4
Tom Scott : lyricon on track 3
David Foster : Rhodes piano on track 8
Mailto Correa : congas on track 8
Glen Cronchite : percussion on track 8
Boz Scaggs : backing vocals on track 5; record producer
Maxine Green, Pepper Swenson, Jeri Stevens : backing vocals on tracks 1 and 6
Carolyn Willis, Myrna Matthews, Rebecca Louis : backing vocals on tracks 4 and 8
Recorded at Davlen Sound Studios, N. Hollywood, CA
Engineered by Leonard Kovner
Mixed by Tom Knox
Additional Recording at Columbia Recording Studios, San Francisco, CA
Engineered by Roy Segal, Glen Kolotkin and staff
Mixed by Doug Sax
Remastered in 2007 at Sound Performance by Andrew Thompson
1976 debut albums
Les Dudek albums
Columbia Records albums
Albums produced by Boz Scaggs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les%20Dudek%20%28album%29 |
KFXF, virtual and VHF digital channel 7, was a Fox-affiliated television station licensed to Fairbanks, Alaska, United States. The station was owned by Tanana Valley Television Company. KFXF's transmitter was located north of Fairbanks and its programming was simulcast on low-power digital translator KFXF-LD (UHF channel 22). In January 2017, Northern Lights Media, a subsidiary of Gray Television, purchased KFXF-LD, KXDF-CD, and KTVF from Tanana Valley Television Company, which subsequently took KFXF off-the-air.
History
Channel 7 in Fairbanks was originally assigned to KSEV in 1984; it was not known whether it would be an independent or network station. KSEV never signed on, and it wouldn't be until 1992, when the station's owner, Bill St. Pierre, and a group of investors formed Tanana Valley Television, that channel 7 began broadcasting. The group put a low-power station, K07UU, on the air April 20, 1992 as the area's first commercial station (and fifth in general after KJNP-TV in 1981) since 1955, when KTVF and KATN started; until then, they had been the only two major network stations. The station upgraded to a full-power license with the call letters KFXF on February 27, 1995. It was the only Fairbanks television station that had never changed its affiliation.
In its early years, K07UU/KFXF ran programming from Canadian music channel MuchMusic during the overnight hours, and for a time in 1993–94 carried the NBA on NBC. Until K13XD (now KXDF-CD) went on the air in August 1996, KFXF also carried a handful of CBS shows, such as 60 Minutes, The Young and the Restless and Late Show with David Letterman (as well as the championship game of the 1996 NCAA Final Four and the third and final rounds of the 1996 Masters), after KTVF relinquished their longtime affiliation with the network for NBC on April 1. The station also ran UPN programs from 2000 until 2006, when that network merged with The WB to form The CW, which is shown on a digital subchannel of KATN. KFXF considered becoming a secondary affiliate to Fox's sister network MyNetworkTV, but passed on it.
In September 2010, KFXF became the first network station in Fairbanks to broadcast primetime programming in high-definition.
In July 2012, Tanana Valley Television took over the operations of the Fairbanks NBC affiliate KTVF under a shared services agreement. While KTVF retained its own studios, some of its internal operations were moved to KFXF's studios. This resulted in Fairbanks' commercial stations being controlled by just two companies.
On November 8, 2016, Northern Lights Media, the subsidiary of Gray Television that operates the Anchorage stations KTUU-TV and KYES-TV, announced that it would buy KFXF-LD, KXDF-CD (then known as KXDD-CD), and KTVF for $8 million in cash, pending FCC approval. The sale was completed on January 13, 2017. The full-power KFXF license was not included in the sale because Fairbanks has only five full-power stations, not enough to legally permit a duopoly between KFXF and KTVF. On January 11, 2017, Tanana Valley Television informed the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) that it had taken the station dark. The call letters were changed to KFYF on February 9, 2017. KFXF-LD became the sole Fox outlet in the Interior.
On March 2, 2017, Tanaha Valley Television surrendered their license for KFYF back to the FCC, which cancelled it on March 10.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital channel was multiplexed:
Analog-to-digital conversion
KFYF (as KFXF) shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 7, in January 2009. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 22 to VHF channel 7. The station has applied to increase power to 6.1 kilowatts. K13XD, as a low-power station, was not legally required to go digital at this time.
References
External links
FXF
Television channels and stations established in 1992
1992 establishments in Alaska
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2017
2017 disestablishments in Alaska
Defunct television stations in the United States
FXF | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFXF |
Zdeněk Chalabala (18 April 1899 – 4 March 1962) was a Czechoslovak conductor. He conducted orchestras in Prague, Ostrava, Moscow.
Chalabala was born in Uherské Hradiště. He studied conducting at the Brno Conservatory with František Neumann, and after a few years gaining experience was appointed a conductor of the Brno Opera in 1926 alongside Břetislav Bakala; in 1932 conducted the premiere there of Flammen by Erwin Schulhoff. He also conducted performances of operas by Borodin, Mussorgsky and Rimsky-Korsakov.
In 1924 he founded the Slovácká filharmonie (Uherské Hradiště). He was chief opera conductor of the Slovak National Theatre, where he produced many Yugoslav and Russian operas. He was also conductor in the National Theatre of Brno. His students included Vítězslava Kaprálová.
Chalabala was dismissed from the post at the end of the war and worked in Ostrava, Brno and Bratislava before returning to the Prague National Theatre as principal conductor in 1953, a position he held until his death. He took the company to Moscow in 1956 which led to an engagement at the Bolshoi, where he conducted Leoš Janáček's Jenůfa and gave the Moscow premiere of The Taming of the Shrew by Vissarion Shebalin. He died in Prague.
He is buried at the Vyšehrad Cemetery in Prague.
Selected recordings
1953 - Suchon's Krútňava with Slovak National Theatre company (Supraphon)
1953 - Fibich's Šárka
1956 - excerpts from Foerster's Eva
1957 - Shebalin's comic opera The Taming of the Shrew - premiere, recording with Galina Vishnevskaya (soprano), Yevgeny Kibkalo (baritone), Glafira Deomidova (soprano).
1958 - Smetana's The Kiss
1961 - Dvořák: The Golden Spinning Wheel; The Wood Dove; The Midday Witch; The Water Goblin. Czech Philharmonic, Zdeněk Chalabala, Urania 5172 (Koch).
References
1899 births
1962 deaths
People from Uherské Hradiště
Czechoslovak conductors (music)
Brno Conservatory alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk%20Chalabala |
Mary Louise Pratt (born 1948) is a Silver Professor and Professor of Spanish and Portuguese Languages and Literatures at New York University. She received her B.A. in Modern Languages and Literatures from the University of Toronto in 1970, her M.A. in Linguistics from the University of Illinois at Urbana in 1971, and her PhD in Comparative Literature from Stanford University in 1975.
Her first book, Toward a Speech Act Theory of Literary Discourse, made an important contribution to Critical Theory by demonstrating that the foundation of written literary narrative can be seen in the structure of Oral Narrative. In it Pratt uses the research of William Labov to show that all narratives contain common structures that can be found in both literary and oral narratives.
In her more recent research, Pratt has studied what she calls contact zones - areas in which two or more cultures communicate and negotiate shared histories and power relations. She remarks that contact zones are "social spaces where cultures meet, clash, and grapple with each other, often in contexts of highly asymmetrical relations of power, such as colonialism, slavery, or their aftermaths as they are lived out in many parts of the world today." In her article "Arts of the Contact Zone," Pratt also coins the term autoethnographic texts, which are "text[s] in which people undertake to describe themselves in ways that engage with representations others have made of them."
Changing public discourse about language acquisition
As a part of the appointment, each Silver professor must write a Silver dialogue, an essay discussing a major issue in his or her field. Pratt used her essay to discuss the obstacles and possible solutions for promoting language learning in America. Pratt frames her argument with an anecdote from a multicultural wedding:
IT WAS a fancy California wedding party at a big Bay Area hotel. The groom's family
spoke Urdu, and the bride's spoke Gujarati and Urdu. Both were practicing Muslims, but
she was from southern California, sometimes regarded by northerners as too laid-back.
The groom was attended by his two best friends from high school, one of Mexican-
Jewish-Anglo parentage and the other of Chinese and Japanese descent via Hawai'i and
Sacramento.
Pratt uses the wedding as a segue to expose American myths about language. Pratt systematically challenges four common misconceptions about language learning: the willing rejection of heritage languages by immigrants, American hostility to multilingualism, the limit of second language learning to early childhood, and the need of language expertise solely for national security. With each misconception Pratt shows how these factors have come together to create a resistance to language learning that has helped cause the national security crisis that the Critical Language Institutes are trying to solve.
Pratt shows hope for changing the public discourse and outlines four ideas that need to be promoted in order to encourage language acquisition in America. Pratt sees a need to correct ideas about mono- and multilingualism. Americans need to be shown that monolingualism is a handicap and that relying on others' willingness to learn English will simply limit transcultural communication to "all but the most limited and scripted" exchanges. Pratt also calls more encouragement of heritage language learning and using local non-English linguistic communities to fulfill needs in language learning and transcultural understanding. Along with using heritage communities, Pratt wants to see educators place more emphasis on advanced language competency and create a pipeline to encourage those who are skilled in language acquisition. In order to bring about these changes, she calls on her fellow academics and other LEPs (linguistically endowed persons) to change how we discuss language learning in American public discourse.
Honors and awards
She was American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow of 2019.
Works by Pratt
Planetary Longings. 2022. Durham: Duke University Press.
References
Living people
Latin Americanists
American literary critics
American women literary critics
Literary critics of Spanish
New York University faculty
1948 births
Presidents of the Modern Language Association | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Louise%20Pratt |
The University of Technology of Compiègne (, UTC) is a public research university located in Compiègne, France. The university has both the status of public university and grande école. It was founded in 1972 as the first experimental Institute of Technology in France. The university is a founding member of Sorbonne University Association, a group composed of French leading academic and research institutions, which alumni and faculty include 19 Nobel laureates and 7 Fields Medalists. A fundamental principle of the UTC is the education of both engineers and citizens inspired by humanist philosophy. Beyond an education in basic sciences (e.g. Mathematics, theoretical physics) and engineering sciences (e.g. thermodynamics, polymer physics), the curriculum also has a strong emphasise on humanities and social sciences (e.g. philosophy, history of science and engineering, journalism). The overarching goal is to form humanist scientists and technologists capable of solving problems within a conscious and ethical framework of environmental, social, and societal consequences.
Academic model
The university teaching model is a mix between North American and French traditions. The overall curriculum is five years: The first two years are dedicated to basic sciences, while the last three years are focused to engineering sciences. Students typically enter directly after the Baccalauréat, but can also integrate the engineering schools during the third year. Students form their own curriculum by selecting their classes, which are complemented by assisted classwork (French: Travaux dirigés) and applied laboratory work (French: Travaux pratiques).
The university is organised into five Schools of Engineering, namely of (in alphabetical order) Biological Engineering, Computational engineering, Mechanical engineering, Process engineering, and Urban engineering. The university comprises 9 Research Units within the different Schools of Engineering and offers around 30 degree programs in twenty fields, leading to different bachelor's, master's, and doctorate degrees. The university is accredited by the Commission des Titres d'Ingenieur to deliver both the Diplôme d'ingénieur and the academic title of Ingénieur Diplomé.
Ranking
In 2017, Usine nouvelle ranked UTC No. 2 amongst 107 French engineering schools and universities. In 2016, Usine nouvelle had ranked UTC No. 1 in France for highest number of startup creation by students and recent alumni. The UTC has been ranked No. 1 in France for highest median earnings by recent alumni in 2016 with L'Étudiant.
Research
UTC has established six areas of research as institute priorities: biotechnology, energy and the environment, nanotechnology, computation and information technology, and media and the arts.
UTC is home to a number of research units, including Heudiasyc.
Campus
UTC's campus is part of the city of Compiègne, north of Paris, and overlooks the Oise River with a blend of traditional and modern architecture. The university is one among a small group of French technological universities which tend to be primarily devoted to the instruction of technical arts and sciences.
Faculty
Notable alumni and faculty includes:
Julien Bahain, rower, winner of the bronze medal in the 2008 Summer Olympics
Frédéric Y. Bois, French scientist
Marie Gayot, sprint athlete, urban planning student
Vanessa Proux, president of the Institut Sup'Biotech de Paris
Cécile Réal, French bio-medical engineer and businessperson
Lamia Chafei Seghaier, Tunisian engineer and politician
Thierry St-Cyr, former Canadian politician
Bernard Stiegler, founder and director of the COSTECH research lab
International
In 2005, UTC created with Shanghai University, UTT and UTBM the Sino-European School of Technology, a multi-disciplinary structure devoted to foundational engineering education, research, and innovation. This school has grown and counts more than 1200 students, including its students in Shanghai and in France.
Its missions are to train high-level specialists in a trilingual and bicultural environment, Chinese and French, by implementing the French engineering education system, and to promote research cooperation between Shanghai University and UTC.
See also
List of public universities in France by academy
Université de Technologie
The University of Technology of Troyes (Université de Technologie de Troyes or UTT)
The University of Technology of Belfort-Montbéliard (Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard or UTBM)
Notes and sources
External links
Université de Technologie de Compiègne
Grandes écoles
Universities and colleges established in 1972
Universities of technology
1972 establishments in France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Technology%20of%20Compi%C3%A8gne |
Stuart David Challender (19 February 194713 December 1991) was an Australian conductor, known particularly for his work with The Australian Opera, Elizabethan Sydney Orchestra and the Sydney Symphony Orchestra.
Early life
Challender was born in February 1947 at Hobart. His initial passion for music came from his grandmother, Thelma Driscoll, who used to sing to him as a child. In 1960, his father took him to a performance of Beethoven's Pastoral Symphony conducted by Tibor Paul, from which he decided to become a conductor.
In 1964, at age 17, Challender attended the Victorian Conservatorium of Music, at the University of Melbourne. From 1966 he worked with the then Victorian Opera Company. In 1968 he graduated from the Conservatorium and was the Victorian Opera Company's music director.
Conducting career
Challender began his professional conducting career in 1970. His first engagement was Kiss Me, Kate, for the Lucerne Opera. He was appointed assistant conductor at the Staatstheater Nürnberg; then came engagements in Switzerland at Zürich and Basel, where he was resident conductor at the Opera House from 1976 to 1980.
Upon returning to Australia from Europe, he joined the staff of The Australian Opera. In late 1980 Challender was assigned to conduct a single performance of The Barber of Seville, and soon after he was appointed resident conductor of the Elizabethan Sydney Orchestra and went on to conduct many of the great standards of opera.
Challender succeeded Zdeněk Mácal as chief conductor of the Sydney Symphony Orchestra from 1987 to 1991, to great acclaim. In Australia's bicentennial year (1988), he led the orchestra in a successful tour of the United States, a 12-city tour that culminated with a concert at the United Nations General Assembly in New York to mark 200 years of European settlement in Australia. He conducted the Boston Symphony Orchestra in Hong Kong in 1989 and in 1990 conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in four concerts. Several recordings which he made with the SSO are still available on commercially released CDs.
On 26 January 1991, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) "in recognition of services to music". In June of that year, his health visibly failing, Challender conducted his last concert in Hobart, with the Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra.
Death
Challender died of an AIDS-related disease on 13 December 1991. One week later, on 20 December, at the Sydney Town Hall, Justice Michael Kirby led the speakers at a celebration of Challender's life. A seven-minute piece for solo cello by Peter Sculthorpe titled Threnody: In memoriam Stuart Challender was performed by David Pereira.
In his will, Challender provided for the establishment of the Stuart Challender Foundation, to aid the training and development of future Australian conductors. He bequeathed his extensive collection of scores to the Music Library at the University of Tasmania.
Ross Edwards's Symphony No. 1 Da Pacem Domine (1995) was dedicated to Challender's memory.
Discography
All recordings with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra.
Voss, opera by Richard Meale (Philips, 1987)
1812 - Danny Boy - Bolero (ABC, 1989)
Symphony Under the Stars (ABC, 1989)
Earth Cry - Kakadu - Mangrove, works by Peter Sculthorpe (ABC, 1989)
Carl Vine: Three Symphonies (ABC, 1991)
Nexus - Nocturnes (Vox Australis, 1991)
Awards
ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music.
|-
| 1991
| Sculthorpe: Orchestral Works (with Sydney Symphony Orchestra)
| ARIA Award for Best Classical Album
|
|-
| 1992
| Vine: Three Symphonies (with Sydney Symphony Orchestra)
| Best Classical Album
|
|-
| 1994
| Ross Edwards Orchestral Works (with Sydney Symphony Orchestra, Dene Olding and Porcelijn)
| Best Classical Album
|
|-
Mo Awards
The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016. Stuart Challender won three awards in that time.
(wins only)
|-
| 1989
| Stuart Challender
| Australian Performer of the Year
|
|-
| 1990
| Stuart Challender
| Classical Performance of the Year
|
|-
| 1991
| Stuart Challender
| Classical Performance of the Year
|
|-
Bibliography
Davis, Richard. Close to the Flame: the Life of Stuart Challender, Wakefield Press, 2017, Sydney
References
External links
Stuart Challender in AusStage
1947 births
1991 deaths
ARIA Award winners
Australian conductors (music)
Officers of the Order of Australia
Australian LGBT musicians
AIDS-related deaths in Australia
LGBT classical musicians
20th-century conductors (music)
Musicians from Hobart
20th-century Australian musicians
20th-century Australian LGBT people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart%20Challender |
Horst Walter Stein (born 2 May 1928 in Elberfeld, Germany; died 27 July 2008 in Vandœuvres, Switzerland) was a German conductor.
Biography
Stein's father was a mechanic. At school in Frankfurt, he studied piano, oboe, and singing. Later, he continued studies at the university in Cologne, including lessons in composition with Busoni's disciple Philipp Jarnach. From 1947 to 1951, he was a repetiteur in Wuppertal.
In 1955, at the invitation of Erich Kleiber Stein conducted at the opening of the restored Berlin State Opera (Unter den Linden), and subsequently worked there as a Staatskapellmeister. From 1961 to 1963, he worked under the leadership of Rolf Liebermann as deputy chief conductor at the Hamburg State Opera. From 1963 to 1970, Stein served as chief conductor and director of opera at the Mannheim National Theatre. Stein held a regular post at the Vienna State Opera from 1969 to 1971, where he conducted 500 performances. He returned to the Hamburg State Opera as General Music Director from 1972 to 1977.
In 1952, Stein began work as a conducting assistant at the Bayreuth Festival to such conductors as Joseph Keilberth, Hans Knappertsbusch, Clemens Krauss and Herbert von Karajan. One source estimates that he subsequently conducted 76 performances there from 1969 to 1986, including the 1983 Bayreuth centenary production of Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, but this figure is clearly mistaken since Stein had already led 81 in his first seven seasons. More plausibly, Gramophone magazine gives the remarkable total of 138 performances, a number that jibes with the Festspielhaus database.
He held principal conducting positions with the Bamberg Symphony Orchestra, l'Orchestre de la Suisse Romande in Geneva, the Basel Symphony Orchestra and the NHK Symphony Orchestra Tokyo. He was especially associated with the music of Max Reger and recorded several Reger works, besides many works of the German Romantic period (the Second and Sixth symphonies of Bruckner with the Vienna PO, as well as several works by Sibelius, all for Decca).
He spent much time training young conductors.
Honours and awards
Bruckner ring (Vienna Symphony Orchestra, 1996)
Honorary member of the National Theatre Mannheim, the Friends of the Vienna State Opera and the Richard Wagner Society Linz
Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (1995)
Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art (2003)
References
External links
Horst Walter Stein discography
Audio recordings with Horst Stein in the Online Archive of the Österreichische Mediathek (Interviews and radio reports) Retrieved 2. March 2020
1928 births
2008 deaths
German male conductors (music)
People from Elberfeld
Musicians from the Rhine Province
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
20th-century German conductors (music)
21st-century German conductors (music)
20th-century German male musicians
21st-century German male musicians
Musicians from Wuppertal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst%20Stein |
Macedonian NLA may refer to:
Macedonian National Liberation Army, a World War II-era Communist resistance army
National Liberation Army (Macedonia), a guerrilla organization operating in 2001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian%20NLA |
This is a list of airports in Italy, grouped by region and sorted by location.
Airports
Airport names shown in bold have scheduled passenger service on commercial airlines.
See also
Transport in Italy
List of airports by ICAO code: L#LI – Italy (and San Marino)
List of the busiest airports in Italy
Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation/Airline destination lists: Europe#Italy
References
– includes IATA codes
– IATA and ICAO airport codes
(login required)
Footnotes
Italy
Airports
Airports
Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20airports%20in%20Italy |
Radoslav Židek (born October 15, 1981 in Žilina) is a snowboarder who became the first Slovak to win a Winter Olympics medal. He won a silver in Snowboard Cross at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
External links
Slovak male snowboarders
Olympic snowboarders for Slovakia
Living people
1981 births
Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Slovakia
Sportspeople from Žilina
Olympic medalists in snowboarding
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radoslav%20%C5%BDidek |
Islam is Brunei's official religion, 82.70 percent of the population is Muslim, mostly Sunnis of Malay origin who follow the Shafi'i school of jurisprudence. Most of the other Muslim groups are Malay Kedayans (converts from indigenous tribal groups), local Chinese and Dayak Iban converts. Islam was introduced to Brunei by traders arriving from Persia, Arabia, China and the Indian subcontinent. Therefore, other religions can be practiced freely.
History
Islam was adopted in the 15th century when a Muslim-Malay was installed as Sultan. The Sultan traditionally was responsible for upholding Islamic traditions, although the responsibility was usually delegated to appointed officials.
Since the 1930s Sultans have used rising oil revenues to provide an extensive social welfare system and promote Islam, including subsidising the Haji, building Masjids, and expanding the Department of Religious Affairs (KHEU).
The Islamic religious education in Brunei is well organized and structured. In 1956, on the personal request of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III, the government of Johore sent a Senior Islamic Religious Officer, Tuan Guru Haji Othman Haji Said to Brunei to assist the government of Brunei in establishing a similar Government Islamic Religious School as in Johore. He successfully organized and established the Brunei Government Islamic Religious School throughout all districts in Brunei (1956-1962).
The 1st School was established in 1956 at Sekolah Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam (SMJA) in Brunei Town. The school adopted the same syllabus from Standard 1 to Standard 6 and used the same books as that of Johore Government Islamic School, running in the afternoon at the same school premises as Brunei Government National schools. After completing Standard 6, the students may choose to undergo a special training class for a year to be trained as a qualified Islamic Religious School. Initially, Islamic teachers from Johore were brought in.
The Royal family of Brunei is well-educated in Islam. Similar Islamic education was introduced to all the Royal Families of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien, (including the present Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah and his wife Raja Isteri Saleha). Special School for the Royal Family was established in 1957 at Istana Darul Hana and the first Islamic Religious teacher was Cikgu Hajjah Salbiah Haji Shafii (wife of Tuan Guru Haji Othman Haji Said).
With the constitution in 1959, Islam became the official religion of the country.
On 30 April 2014, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah announced the implementation and enforcement of the first phase of Syariah Penal Code Law in Brunei starting 1 May 2014.
Denominations
Sunni Islam
The Sunni Islam of the Shafi'i school of thought is the official, legal form in Malaysia, although syncretist Islam with elements of Shamanism is still common in rural areas. Mosques are an ordinary scene throughout the country and azan (call to prayer) from minarets are heard five times a day. Government bodies and banking institutions are closed for two hours every Friday so Muslim workers can conduct Friday prayer in mosques.
Since it is compulsory for Muslims to perform a prayer 5 times a day no matter where they are, almost all public places, including shopping malls, hotels, condominiums, usually have allocated spaces called "Surau", for performing the Muslim prayers.
In 2017, it was reported that Wahhabism doesn't spreading among Bruneian's elite, and that the traditional Islamic theology currently taught in Government schools is gradually being shifted to a view of theology derived from the Middle East, particularly Saudi Arabia.
Shia Islam
The Brunei government has strict policies against other Islamic sects, including a complete ban on Shia Islam, allegedly to "avoid violence between the two faiths that has sometimes broken out in other parts of the world by promoting only the Sunni faith". Due to decades of the Saudi funding, Shia Islam is openly and freely demonized and Shia Muslims are oppressed in the country, their prayers and gatherings are broken up, state's secret service also engages in Shia forced disappearances. Anti-Shi'ism reaches such an extent that the mainstream media always present Iran in bad light while blindly glorying Saudi Arabia. For example, in 2019 Malaysian police raided multiple private functions commemorating the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali at the battle of Karbala, arresting scores of foreign and local Shia Muslims. While the true numbers are not known, the number of Bruneian Shia Muslims is estimated at around 26,600.
Other sects
Muslims who believe Mirza Ghulam Ahmad to be the fulfilment of the Islamic prophecies concerning the return of Jesus, the Ahmadiyya, are also present. There are approximately 500 Ahmadis in the country. But now, the Ahmadi's were illegal spreading to all Brunei citizens.
Conversions to Islam
The number of Bruneian converts to Islam has increased ever since Islam became the official religion of the country in 1954. And by 2004, it was recorded that over 16,000 Bruneians had converted to Islam. From 2009 to 2020, there have been 5,884 individuals who have converted to Islam in Brunei.
See also
Malay Islamic identity
List of mosques in Brunei
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Brunei |
Hermsprong: or, Man As He is Not is a 1796 philosophical novel by Robert Bage. It is the main work for which Bage is remembered and was his last novel. He had previously published a novel entitled Man As He Is.
The novel was regarded as radical at the time it was published. It was shaped by the revolutionary ideas of its period and expresses some feminist views through two of its characters, the eponymous hero and Maria Fluart. The views voiced by Fluart were applauded by Mary Wollstonecraft.
The novel has a somewhat disjointed structure. The first half has strong philosophical content, but in the second half the book, whilst retaining a strong satirical element, becomes more of a sentimental novel.
The philosophical challenge of the novel is that it concerns an American who has been raised entirely by American Indians, without either formal education or religion. With only nature to teach him, he sees through the hypocrisy of English society and manners. The novel is notable for pursuing the theme of the noble savage and, in particular, nativism.
Throughout the novel Bage repeatedly uses the terms "pride" and "prejudice" in senses similar to those explored by Jane Austen in Pride and Prejudice.
Editions
1796. Hermsprong: or, Man as He is Not, a novel in two volumes by the author of Man as He Is. Printer and publishers: printed by Brett Smith, for P. Wogan, P. Byrne, J. Moore, and J. Rice, 1796
1799, corrected.
1828, Chiswick Press.
1951, London: Turnstile Press, ed. Vaughan Wilkins.
1960, London:Folio Society, ill. Cecil Keeling.
1971, Garland Press, facsimile of 1796 edition.
1982, Pennsylvania State University Press, ed. Stuart Tave.
1985, Oxford: The World's Classics, Oxford University Press, ed. Peter Faulkner.
Footnotes
References
Peter Knox-Shaw, Jane Austen and the Enlightenment, Cambridge University Press, 2004,
Eleanor Ty, Unsex'd Revolutionaries, University of Toronto Press, 1993,
External links
Hermsprong: or, Man as He is Not (Google eBook)
1796 novels
English philosophical novels
Jacobin novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermsprong |
Armin Jordan (9 April 1932 – 20 September 2006) was a Swiss conductor known for his interpretations of French music, Mozart and Wagner.
Armin Jordan was born in Lucerne, Switzerland. "Mr. Jordan was a large man, with a slab of a face and a full mouth, often twisted in a sardonic smile, and his powerful physical presence belied the careful near-understatement of his conducting", noted The New York Times in his obituary.
Jordan was most unusual at a time when conductors flew about the world from one engagement to another. For the most part he stayed close to home in Switzerland and France. After leading a number of Swiss orchestras he became principal conductor of the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande, Geneva, in 1985, a position he held until 1997.
Armin Jordan did not conduct in the United States until 1985. He appeared in Seattle and New York City. Seattle scheduled him for Wagner's Ring in 2000 and 2001, but he had to withdraw after a few performances in 2000 because of illness. For the same reason, he canceled his debut at the Metropolitan Opera in New York in 2001. He was to have conducted Mozart's Così fan tutte. His son, the conductor Philippe Jordan, made his own debut at the Met in 2002.
Armin Jordan died in Zürich five days after he collapsed while conducting Prokofiev's opera The Love for Three Oranges at the opera house in Basel. In addition to Philippe, his survivors are his widow Kate and his daughter Pascale.
Selected discography
Ernest Chausson: Symphony, Op. 20; Viviane, Op. 5, Basel Symphony Orchestra. Erato/Warner B000F4ASUS.
César Franck: Le Chasseur maudit, Les Éolides, Psyché, Basel Symphony Orchestra. Erato ECD 88167.
Édouard Lalo: Le Roi d'Ys, with Eduardo Villa, Philippe Bohee, Delores Ziegler, Jean-Philippe Courtis, Michel Piquemal, Barbara Hendricks, and Marcel Vanaud; Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France. Erato/Warner B00000E8RK.
Gustav Mahler: Symphony No. 4, with Edith Wiens, Orchestre de la Suisse Romande. Erato/Warner B00000E8U7.
Francis Poulenc's La Voix humaine; La Dame de Monte-Carlo. Orchestre de la Suisse Romande with soprano Felicity Lott. Harmonia Mundi HMC 901759
Sergei Prokofiev: Romeo and Juliet (3 suites), Orchestre de la Suisse Romande. Erato/Warner B000005E8O.
Maurice Ravel: Piano Concertos, with Anne Queffelec; Orchestre de l'opera De Monte Carlo. Erato/Warner Classics B000054285.
Maurice Ravel's L'enfant et les sortilèges, Orchestre de la Suisse Romande. Erato/Warner Classics B00004VLSY.
Robert Schumann: The Four Symphonies. Orchestre de la Suisse Romande. Erato/Warner B000009ILZ.
Robert Schumann's Das Paradies und die Peri, with Christoph Pregardien, Robert Gambill, Edith Wiens, Anne Gjevang, Sylvia Herman, & Hans-Peter Scheidegger; Romand Chamber Choir, Pro Arte Chorus of Lausanne; Orchestre de la Suisse Romande. Erato 2292-45456-2.
Johann Strauss, Jr.'s Der Zigeunerbaron. Performed by Rudolf Wasserlof, Zoran Todorovic, Martin Homrich, Jeannette Fischer, Béla Perencz, Hanna Schaer, Ewa Wolak, Paul Kong, Luc Héry, Natalia Ushakova and the French National Radio Orchestra and Chorus. Naive 5002.
Richard Wagner: Parsifal, Goldberg, Minton et al., Orchestre Philharmonique de Monte-Carlo, Prague Philharmonic Chorus. Erato 2292-45662-2
Paul Dukas' Ariane et Barbe-Bleue, Ciesinski, Paunova, Bacquier, Nouvel Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France, Erato - LP 1983, CD 1991
See also
Haydn: Arias (with Edith Mathis)
References
"Seattle and the New Ring" (Interview with Armin Jordan, Francois Rochaix, and Robert Israel) by Bruce Duffie, Wagner News, Summer, 1986
1932 births
2006 deaths
Swiss conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
People from Lucerne
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century male musicians
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Erato Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin%20Jordan |
Myung-whun Chung (born 22 January 1953) is a South Korean conductor and pianist.
Career
Performer
Chung studied piano with Maria Curcio and won joint second-prize in the 1974 International Tchaikovsky Competition. He performed in the Chung Trio with his sisters, violinist Kyung-wha Chung and cellist Myung-wha Chung.
Conducting and musical direction
Chung studied conducting at the Mannes College of Music and the Juilliard School. He has conducted virtually all the prominent European and American orchestras including the Metropolitan Opera in New York, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the Chicago Philharmonic, the Berlin Philharmonic, and the Vienna Philharmonic, among others.
Chung was chief conductor of the Rundfunk-Sinfonieorchester Saarbrücken from 1984 to 1990, and principal guest conductor of the Teatro Comunale Florence from 1987 to 1992. At the end of the 1987–88 seasons, he received the Premio Abbiati award from Italian critics, and the following year awarded the Arturo Toscanini prize. Chung was the Paris Opera's music director from 1989 to 1994, during which time he opened the inaugural season at the new Opéra Bastille. He opened the inaugural season at the new Opéra Bastille with Berlioz's complete Les Troyens and received highly praised reviews from the music circle. In 1991, the Association of French Theatres and Music Critics named him "Artist of the year" and in 1992 he received the Legion d'Honneur for his contribution to the Paris Opéra. An exclusive recording artist for Deutsche Grammophon since 1990, many of his numerous recordings have won international prizes and awards. These include Olivier Messiaen's Turangalîla-Symphonie and Éclairs sur l'au-delà…, Verdi's Otello, Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique, Shostakovich's Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk with the Bastille Opera Orchestra; a series of Dvořák's symphonies and serenades with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, a series dedicated to the great sacred music with the Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia, including the award-winning recording of Duruflé's and Fauré's Requiems with Cecilia Bartoli and Bryn Terfel.
In 1995 he was honoured three times at the French Victoires de la Musiques Classiques, and was also named Meilleur Chef d'Orchestre de l'Année. He directed the world premiere of Messiaen's last work: the Concert à quatre for four soloists and orchestra, which the composer had dedicated to Myung-whun Chung and the Orchestre de la Bastille.
He took the role of artistic director at the Asia Philharmonic Orchestra in 1997 and at the Orchestre philharmonique de Radio France in 2000. The Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra made Chung a Special Artistic Advisor in 2001, its Honorary Conductor Laureate from 2010, and its Honorary Music Director from 2016. Chung became the first principal guest conductor in the history of the Staatskapelle Dresden in 2012. He was the Seoul Philharmonic Orchestra's principal conductor between 2005 and 2015. During this period the Seoul Philharmonic became the first Asian orchestra to sign a major-label record deal and gave its first performance at The Proms.
In addition to being awarded numerous music prizes, Myung-whun Chung has also been honoured with Korea's most distinguished cultural award ‘Kumkwan’ for his contribution to Korean musical life and was named "Man of the year" by UNESCO. He served as Ambassador for the Drug Control Program at the United Nations and was Korea's Honorary Cultural Ambassador, the first in the Korean government's history.
Recordings
His recordings since 1990 include
Messiaen: Turangalîla-Symphonie and Éclairs sur l'au-delà...
Verdi: Otello
Berlioz: Symphonie fantastique
Ravel: La Valse with the Seoul Philharmonic Orchestra
Rimsky-Korsakov: Sheherazade
Stravinsky: Firebird Suite
Shostakovich: Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk with the Opéra Bastille Orchestra
Dvořák: symphonies and serenades with the Vienna Philharmonic
Beethoven: Für Elise
Bizet: L'Arlesienne Suite No. 1 with the Opéra Bastille Orchestra
a series dedicated to sacred music with the Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia, including the Requiems of Maurice Duruflé and Gabriel Fauré
Honours
Premio Abbiati, 1988
Arturo Toscanini prize, 1989
'Artist of the Year' (The Association of French Theatres and Music Critics), 1991
Legion of Honour, 1992
Conductor of the year (Victoires de la musique classique), 1995.
Order of Cultural Merit (Korea), 1996
Ho-Am Prize in the Arts, 1997
Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, Commandeur, 2011
Order of the Star of Italy, Commander, 2017
Order of the Star of Italy, Grand Officer, 2022
UNESCO 'Man of the Year', 1995
Chung served as Ambassador for the Drug Control Program at the United Nations and was Korea's first Honorary Cultural Ambassador.
References
External links
Askonas Holt agency profile of Myung-whun Chung
Myung-whun Chung biography at the Bach Cantatas Website
South Korean conductors (music)
South Korean classical pianists
Music directors (opera)
1953 births
Musicians from Seoul
Living people
ECM Records artists
Deutsche Grammophon artists
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Order of Cultural Merit (South Korea)
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Pupils of Maria Curcio
Prize-winners of the International Tchaikovsky Competition
21st-century conductors (music)
Recipients of the Ho-Am Prize in the Arts
Mannes School of Music alumni
Juilliard School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myung-whun%20Chung |
Corumbaíba is a municipality in southeastern Goiás state, Brazil.
Location and connections
Corumbaíba is located 222 kilometers from the state capital, Goiânia. It is south of Caldas Novas and north of the Itumbiara reservoir.
Connections from Goiânia are made by BR-352 / Bela Vista de Goiás / GO-147 / Piracanjuba / GO-217 / GO-139 / Caldas Novas / Marzagão.
It has boundaries with the following municipalities:
north: Ipameri and Caldas Novas;
south: Araguari and Tupaciguara;
east: Nova Aurora, Cumari, Anhangüera and Goiandira;
west: Buriti Alegre, Água Limpa and Marzagão.
Demographic and political data
Population density: 4.24 inhabitants/km2 (2007)
Population growth rate 2000/2007: 2.67.%
Urban population in 2007: 6,107
Rural population in 2007: 1,894
Eligible voters in 2007: 6,263
City government in 2005:
Mayor (prefeito): Denismar Carneiro de Araújo
Vice-mayor (vice-prefeito): Walter das Graças de Deus
Councilmembers (vereadores): 09
Economy
Corumbaíba has important plantations of rice, beans, corn, and soybeans. There is extensive raising of cattle for beef and milk. There are small industries producing bricks, cheese, mineral salt, and furniture. The town is well known for its ceramic vases.
Economic data
Industrial units: 09 (2007)
Retail units: 92 (2007)
Dairies: Goiásminas Indústria de Laticínios Ltda. (2006)
Banking establishments: Banco Itaú S.A. - Banco do Brasil S.A. (2007)
Cooperatives: Cooperativa Agrop. dos Produtores Rurais de Corumbaiba-COOPAC (2006)
Animal raising and agricultural production
Cattle: 137,600 (2006)
Cotton, rice, corn, and soybeans (3,850 hectares)
Modest production of passion fruits, coconut, and hearts of palm
Number of farms: 656
Total area: 157,039 ha.
Area of permanent crops: 165 ha.
Area of perennial crops: 5,906 ha.
Area of natural pasture: 113,422 ha.
Workers dependent on agriculture: 1,470
Farms with tractors: 152
Tractors: 205
Health and education
Infant mortality rate in 2000: 19.95 in 1,000 live births
Literacy rate in 2000: 90.7%
The health system had one hospital with 28 beds and two health clinics. There were 09 schools with 67 classrooms, 123 teachers, and 2,216 students (2007).
Geography and tourism
The vegetation is mainly cerrado. There are low mountains: Galgas, Negra, dos Arrependidos and Mula Russa. The soils have phosphates and manganese.
Three rivers cross the area: the Paranaíba, the Corumbá, and the Veríssimo, which have potential for the installation of hydroelectric plants. There is a waterfall—Cachoeira do Rio Veríssimo—and the waters of the enormous artificial lake of Itumbiara, formed by the Paranaíba.
History
The history of Corumbaíba has its roots in a legend. According to popular belief there lived a white wolf in the region, called Galga. It used to howl frequently. Whoever saw this wolf would have good luck. Manoel Cândido das Neves, an important rancher in the region, allegedly saw the wolf and, thanking his luck, had a chapel built in the name of Bom Jesus da Cana Verde. The settlement began around this chapel. Manoel Cândido donated a large area for the town to be built. The village was first called Arraial dos Cupins and later Arraial dos Paulistas. In 1909 it was called Vila Corumbaíba, because it was bathed by the Corumbá and the Paranaíba rivers. In 1912 it became a municipality, separating from Catalão. Source: Sepin
Ranking on the Municipal Human Development Index
MHDI: 0.767
State ranking: 44 (out of 242 municipalities in 2000)
National ranking: 1,412 (out of 5,507 municipalities in 2000)
(All data is from 2000.)
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Microregions of Goiás
Catalão Microregion
References
Frigoletto
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corumba%C3%ADba |
Christine Wachtel (born 6 January 1965) is a German track and field athlete who won the silver medal for East Germany at the 1988 Olympic summer games in Seoul in the 800 metres run. Her time of 1:56.64 put her second to her training partner Sigrun Wodars.
Wachtel was born in Altentreptow, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Her earlier successes in the 800 meter run included:
1983: Second at the Junior European championship (2:00.42 Min.)
1987: Second at the World championship (1:55.32 Min.)
In 1990, she was second at the European championships. (1:56.11 Min.)
Other success in the 4 × 400 meter relay:
1991: Third at the world championship with the German 4 × 400 meter relay (3:21.25 Min.).
She also participated in the 1992 Olympic summer games in Barcelona, where she was, however, eliminated in the 800 meter preliminaries.
Wachtel trained at the Neubrandenburg sport club under trainer Walter Gladrow. During her career she was 1.66 meters tall and weighed 66 kilograms. After her sport career she operates a pizza-bakery in Neubrandenburg.
External links
1965 births
Living people
People from Altentreptow
People from Bezirk Neubrandenburg
East German female middle-distance runners
Athletes from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
Olympic athletes for East Germany
Olympic athletes for Germany
World Athletics Championships athletes for East Germany
World Athletics Championships athletes for Germany
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships medalists
European Athletics Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for East Germany
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in silver
World Athletics Indoor Championships winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine%20Wachtel |
Roxborough may refer to:
Places
Roxborough, Manchester, Jamaica
Roxborough, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US, a neighborhood
Roxborough, Trinidad and Tobago, Tobago Island, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
Roxborough Castle, Ireland
Roxborough Park, Colorado, a census-designated place in Douglas County, Colorado, US
Roxborough State Park, and National Natural Landmark, Colorado, US
Roxborough Township, Ontario, Canada
Roxborough Township, Pennsylvania, US
People with the surname
Charles A. Roxborough (1888–1963), American politician
Elsie Roxborough (1914–1949), American socialite
John Roxborough (academic administrator) (died 1509), Master of University College, Oxford
John Roxborough (boxing manager) (1892–1975), American bookmaker, boxing manager and sports gambler
Roxy Roxborough (born 1951), American author, teacher, lecturer
Other
See also
Roxboro (disambiguation)
Roxburgh (disambiguation)
Roxbury (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxborough |
Hisham Ali Hafiz (28 April 1931 - 26 February 2006) was a Saudi Arabian newspaper publisher and author. He is best known for co-founding Arab News and his Saudi Research and Publishing Company published 16 newspapers and magazines at the time of his death. He has also written a number of collections of poetry and nonfiction.
Early career
Hafiz was born on 28 April 1931 in Medina where his father and uncle founded the Al Madina newspaper in 1937. He and his brother Mohammad Hafiz worked at the paper during school holidays. He studied economics and political science at Cairo University while undertaking military studies at The Egyptian Military Academy. He completed his studies in 1955.
After serving as a lieutenant in the Saudi Army, he became an officer in the Saudi Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He became the editor-in-chief of Al Madina in 1961 before King Faisal nationalised Saudi newspapers without compensation in 1963. The Saudi Government banned him from working as a journalist after a couple of years so he rejoined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Saudi Research and Publishing
He founded Saudi Research and Publishing in 1971 with Mohammad Hafiz. They saw the potential of economic growth attracting expatriates from around the world. Their first publication was Arab News, the first English-language daily newspaper in Saudi Arabia with the first edition published in 1974. The success of Arab News led to the founding of an international Arabic-language newspaper Asharq Alawsat in 1978. Today, Arab News and Asharq Alawsat are published internationally.
The success of these publications led to Saudi Research and Publishing developing a number of publications catering to both Saudi citizens and expatriate workers from India and Pakistan.
Writer
In 1991, Hafiz published his first volume of poetry Words with Rhythm with four volumes of that name published during the 1990s.
Death
Hisham Hafiz died in Beirut in February 2006 and was buried in his hometown Madinah.
See also
List of newspapers in Saudi Arabia
References
1931 births
2006 deaths
Egyptian Military Academy alumni
Newspaper publishers (people)
People from Medina
Magazine founders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisham%20Hafiz |
Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron de Clifford (1 April 1274 – 24 June 1314), of Appleby Castle, Westmorland, feudal baron of Appleby and feudal baron of Skipton in Yorkshire, was an English soldier who became 1st Lord Warden of the Marches, responsible for defending the English border with Scotland.
Origins
He was born at Clifford Castle, Herefordshire, a son of Roger de Clifford (died 1282), himself a grandson of Walter II de Clifford (died 1221), feudal baron of Clifford, by his wife Isabella de Vipont (died 1291), one of the two daughters and co-heiresses of Robert II de Vipont (died 1264), feudal baron of Appleby, grandson of Robert I de Vieuxpont (died 1227/8). Thenceforth the Clifford family quartered the arms of Vipont: Gules, six annulets or.
Inheritances
As his father had predeceased his own father, in 1286, Robert inherited the estates of his grandfather, Roger I de Clifford (d.1286). Following the death of his mother, Isabella de Vipont, in 1291, he inherited a one-half moiety of the extensive Vipont feudal barony of Appleby in Westmorland, including Appleby Castle and Brougham Castle. During the outbreak of the Wars of Scottish Independence, in 1296, Brougham Castle became an important military base for Robert, and in 1300, King Edward I of England visited there. In 1308, Robert was granted the remaining moiety of the barony of Appleby, by his childless aunt Idonea de Vipont (d.1333), and thus became one of the most powerful barons in England.
Career
During the reigns of the English Kings, Edward I and Edward II, Clifford was a prominent soldier. In 1296, he was sent with Henry de Percy, 1st Baron Percy to quell the Scots who asked for terms of surrender at Irvine. He was then appointed Governor of Carlisle. During the reign of King Edward I, he was styled Warden of the Marches, and during the reign of King Edward II, as Lord Warden of the Marches, being the first holder of this office. In 1298, he fought for King Edward I at the Battle of Falkirk, in which William Wallace was defeated, for which he was rewarded with Governorship of Nottingham Castle. In 1299, he was created Baron de Clifford by writ and summoned to Parliament. He won great renown at the Siege of Caerlaverock Castle, in 1300, during which his armorials (Chequy or and azure, a fesse gules) were recorded by the heralds on the famous Caerlaverock Roll or Poem, which read (translated from French):
"Strength from wisdom drawing, Robert Lord de Clifford's mind is bent on his enemies' subjection. Through his mother his descent comes from that renowned Earl Marshal at Constantinople, said to have battled with a unicorn and struck the monster dead. All the merits of his grandsire, Roger, still in Robert spring. Of no praise is he unworthy; wiser none was with the King. Honoured was his banner, checky gold and blue, a scarlet fess. Were I maiden, heart and body I would yield to such noblesse!"
Clifford was one of many who sealed the 1301 Barons' Letter to the Pope, in the Latin text of which he is described as Robertus de Clifford, Castellanus de Appelby ("Constable of Appleby Castle"). After the death of King Edward I, in 1307, he was appointed counsellor to his son, King Edward II, together with Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln, the Earl of Warwick, and the Earl of Pembroke. In the same year of 1307, the new King appointed him Marshal of England, and in this capacity, he probably organised Edward II's coronation on 25 February 1308. On 12 March 1308, he was relieved of the marshalcy, the custodianship of Nottingham Castle, and of his Forest justiceship, but on 20 August 1308, he was appointed captain and chief guardian of Scotland. In 1310, King Edward II granted him Skipton Castle, and he was created Lord of Skipton, being given the feudal barony of Skipton in Yorkshire, held until that date by Earl Henry de Lacy (1251–1311). Henry had married Margaret Longespée, Clifford's cousin and heiress of the feudal barony of Clifford, which had descended in the female line from Clifford's great-great-uncle, Walter II de Clifford (d.1263), Margaret's maternal grandfather. Skipton Castle would later become the principal seat of the Clifford family until 1676.
In 1312, together with Thomas Crouchback, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, he took part in the movement against Piers Gaveston, King Edward II's favourite, whom he besieged at Scarborough Castle.
Robert de Clifford died fighting at the Battle of Bannockburn on 24 June 1314. He was killed in a cavalry charge against Scottish spearmen on the second and main day of battle.
Marriage and children
In 1295, at Clifford Castle, he married Maud de Clare, eldest daughter of Thomas de Clare, Lord of Thomond and Juliana FitzGerald. By Maud, he had four children:
Roger de Clifford, 2nd Baron de Clifford (b. 21 January 1300)
Idoine (Idonia or Idonea) de Clifford (b. c.1303), married Henry de Percy, 2nd Baron Percy.
Robert de Clifford, 3rd Baron de Clifford (b. 5 November 1305)
Margaret de Clifford (b.1307), married as her second husband, Piers de Mauley, 5th Lord Mauley (1300–1355).
Death and burial
Clifford was killed on 24 June 1314 fighting at the Battle of Bannockburn and was buried at Shap Abbey in Westmoreland.
References
1274 births
1314 deaths
13th-century English nobility
14th-century English nobility
People from Herefordshire
English military personnel killed in action
People of the Wars of Scottish Independence
High Sheriffs of Westmorland
English deaths at the Battle of Bannockburn
Robert
Barons de Clifford | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Clifford%2C%201st%20Baron%20Clifford |
HNoMS Brage was a Vale-class Rendel gunboat built for the Royal Norwegian Navy at Horten Naval Yard in 1874, with build number 58. She was one of a class of five gunboats - the other ships in the class were Vale, Nor, Uller and Vidar.
Brage was, in addition to the heavy, muzzle-loading main gun, armed with a small 'Quick Fire' gun and a 37mm Hotchkiss Revolving Cannon (broadly similar to the Gatling gun).
Later Brage, like her sister ships, was rebuilt as a minelayer, and she served in this role when the Germans invaded in 1940. She was captured by German forces after the surrender of Norwegian forces in Southern Norway, and returned to Norway after the war.
Footnotes
External links
Naval history via Flix: Vale, retrieved 27 Feb 2006
Vale-class gunboats
Ships built in Horten
1878 ships
World War II minelayers of Norway
Naval ships of Norway captured by Germany during World War II
Minelayers of the Kriegsmarine
World War II minelayers of Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNoMS%20Brage%20%281878%29 |
Junction 10, formerly Ten Mile Junction, is a shopping centre in Choa Chu Kang, Singapore located at the junction of Choa Chu Kang Road and Woodlands Road.
Background
The mall was opened in 1998 as Ten Mile Junction (). It is owned by Far East Organization.
It was accessible via the then-operational Ten Mile Junction LRT station, on the Bukit Panjang LRT line, which was permanently closed since 13 January 2019. The platform was located on level 3 of the complex, which also houses the Ten Mile Junction Depot adjacent to the station.
The shopping mall was closed on 10 December 2010 and reopened on 30 December 2011 as Junction 10. It is stylized as JUNCT10N, similar to Junction 8 in Bishan.
After reopening, Junction 10 became a mixed-use development, together with The Tennery, a private housing estate occupying levels 4 and above. They consists of 338 innovative SOHO-style loft apartments with a variety of recreational facilities such as open-air swimming pools and tennis courts.
It is currently anchored by Mindchamps Preschool, Fitness First (formerly Celebrity Fitness), and Sheng Siong (formerly occupied by Giant Hypermarket). In addition, the two-level mall is home to tuition centres, lifestyle shops, beauty & wellness services and family restaurants, and features an integrated car park.
References
External links
Shopping malls established in 1998
Shopping malls in Singapore
20th-century architecture in Singapore | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction%2010 |
Legislative elections were held in El Salvador on 12 March 2006. Although the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front received the most votes, the Nationalist Republican Alliance emerged as the largest party, winning 34 of the 84 seats.
Results
References
Legislative elections in El Salvador
El Salvador
Legislative | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Salvadoran%20legislative%20election |
Charles Dean Dixon (January 10, 1915November 3, 1976) was an American conductor.
Career
Dixon was born in the upper-Manhattan neighborhood of Harlem in New York City to parents who had earlier migrated from the Caribbean. He studied conducting with Albert Stoessel at the Juilliard School and Columbia University. When early pursuits of conducting engagements were stifled because of racial bias (he was African American), he formed his own orchestra and choral society in 1931. In 1941, he guest-conducted the NBC Symphony Orchestra, and the New York Philharmonic during its summer season. He later guest-conducted the Philadelphia Orchestra and Boston Symphony Orchestra. In 1948 he won the Ditson Conductor's Award.
In 1949, he left the United States for the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, which he directed during its 1950 and 1951 seasons. He was principal conductor of the Gothenburg Symphony in Sweden 1953–60, the Sydney Symphony Orchestra in Australia 1964–67, and the hr-Sinfonieorchester in Frankfurt 1961–74. During his time in Europe, Dixon guest-conducted with the WDR Sinfonieorchester in Cologne and the Symphonieorchester des Bayerischen Rundfunks in Munich. He also made several recordings with the Prague Symphony Orchestra in 1968–73 for Bärenreiter, including works of Beethoven, Brahms, Haydn, Mendelssohn, Mozart, Schumann, Wagner, and Weber. For Westminster Records in the 1950s, his recordings included symphonies and incidental music for Rosamunde by Schubert, symphonic poems of Liszt (in London with the Royal Philharmonic), and symphonies of Schumann (in Vienna with the Volksoper Orchester). Dixon also recorded several American works for the American Recording Society in Vienna. Some of his WDR broadcast recordings were issued on Bertelsmann and other labels. Dean Dixon introduced the works of many American composers, such as William Grant Still, to European audiences.
During the 1968 Olympic Games, Dixon conducted the Mexican National Symphony Orchestra.
Dixon returned to the United States in 1970 for guest-conducting engagements with the New York Philharmonic, Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Detroit Symphony, Milwaukee Symphony, Pittsburgh Symphony, St. Louis Symphony, and San Francisco Symphony in the 1970s. He also served as the conductor of the Brooklyn Philharmonic, where he gained fame for his children's concerts. He also conducted most of the major symphony orchestras in Africa, Israel, and South America. Dixon's last appearance in the US was conducting the Philadelphia Orchestra in April 1975.
Dixon was honoured by the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) with the Award of Merit for encouraging the participation of American youth in music. In 1948, Dixon was awarded the Alice M. Ditson award for distinguished service to American music.
Dixon was to tour Australia in the autumn of 1975 but had to cancel most of the tour due to heart problems. He returned to Europe and died in Zug, Switzerland, on November 4, 1976, after suffering a stroke. He was 61 years old.
He once defined the three phases of his career by the descriptions he was given: firstly, he was called "the black American conductor Dean Dixon"; when he started to be offered engagements he was "the American conductor Dean Dixon"; and after he had become fully accepted he was called simply "the conductor Dean Dixon".
Personal life
Dixon was married three times. His first was to Vivian Rivkin, with whom he had a daughter, Diane, in 1948. In the January 28, 1954 edition of Jet, it was announced that he and Rivkin had divorced and he was to marry Finnish Countess and playwright Mary Mandelin. The couple met in 1951 via an introduction when Dixon was directing a concert for the Red Cross in Finland. Dixon and Mandelin were married on January 28, 1954. On July 28 that year, their daughter Nina was born. This marriage also ended in divorce.
In the late 1960s Dixon unsuccessfully tried twice to make contact and re-establish a relationship with Diane, the daughter from his first marriage.
His final marriage was to Ritha Blume in 1973.
See also
Black conductors
References
Dean Dixon biography at the African American Registry
1915 births
1976 deaths
African-American classical musicians
American male conductors (music)
African-American conductors (music)
Musicians from New York City
Juilliard School alumni
Columbia University School of the Arts alumni
20th-century American conductors (music)
Classical musicians from New York (state)
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century African-American musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean%20Dixon |
Limnanthes alba is a species of flowering plant in the meadowfoam family known by the common name white meadowfoam. It is native to California and Oregon, where it grows in wet grassy habitat, such as vernal pools and moist spots in woodlands. It generally grows in poorly drained soils. It is an annual herb producing an erect or decumbent stem up to about 30 centimeters long. The leaves divided into several lobed or unlobed leaflets. The flower is cup-shaped with white petals 1 to 1.5 centimeters long.
This grassland wildflower is also under small-scale cultivation. It is the source of meadowfoam seed oil and The fruit of the plant, a nutlet, is 20 to 30% oil. The oil is one of the most stable vegetable oils known and can be converted to waxes and lubricants, similar to whale oil. White meadowfoam is very susceptible to the Botrytis cinerea fungus; commercial crops were devastated during the 1982 and 1984 growing seasons.
References
External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery
Limnanthaceae
Edible nuts and seeds
Flora of California
Flora of Oregon
Flora of Northern America
Flora without expected TNC conservation status | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnanthes%20alba |
A Korpsabteilung (engl. Corps Detachment) was a division size infantry formation established by the German Wehrmacht during World War II.
History
During summer and autumn 1943, Wehrmacht suffered heavy losses in men and materiel at the hands of the Red Army on the Eastern Front. Simultaneously, it had to build-up military strength in France, prior to the expected invasion, and to reinforce the Italian theatre, where the Allies had crossed the Strait of Messina and landed on the Italian mainland at Salerno, and Termoli in September 1943. Therefore, the Replacement Army could no longer generate the replacements to bring up to strength formations that had been depleted in the eastern battles.
In order to preserve the cadres and lineage of the divisions that had suffered heavy losses, to economise on supply and support effort, and probably to give an image of greater strength than really existed, the OKH decided to form Korpsabteilungen on the establishment of infantry divisions, i.e. containing three infantry regiments with two battalions each, an artillery regiment, and divisional troops (reconnaissance, anti-tank, pioneer, medical, and supply battalions). The staff of the Korpsabteilung was created from one of the divisions that were used to create them, while each of the infantry regiments represented one division. They were called Divisionsgruppe (Division Group), and each of the battalions in one of the Divisionsabteilung was called a Regimentsgruppe (Regimental Group). Unlike German infantry divisions, Korpsabteilungen were not numbered but identified by a letter.
Korpsabteilungen were created in three waves, the first and largest one with five Korpsabteilungen (A to F) on 2 November 1943 in Army groups A, Mitte and Süd, a second with Korpsabteilung F in March 1944 at Heeresgruppe A, and the third with Korpsabteilungen G and H at the end of July, early August 1944, after the devastating losses suffered by the Wehrmacht in Operation Bagration.
When it became clear in autumn 1944 that the individual divisions out of which the Korpsabteilungen were built would never be rebuilt due to a lack of manpower, the Korpsabteilungen were renamed as Infanteriedivisionen, and most of them were given the numerical designation of the division that provided the command staff at the time of the formation of the Korpsabteilung.
List of Korpsabteilungen and areas of operation
Formed by Heeresgruppe Süd on 2 November 1943
Korpsabteilung A (Command Staff from 161. Infanteriedivision, Divisionsgruppen 161., 293., 355.) renamed 161. Infanteriedivision 27. July 1944
Korpsabteilung B (Command Staff from 112. Infantry Division, Divisionsgruppen 112., 255., 332.) destroyed in the Korsun Pocket in March 1944, remnants into 88. and 57. Infanteriedivision
Korpsabteilung C (Command Staff from 183. Infantry Division, Divisionsgruppen 183., 217., 339.) largely destroyed in the Brody Pocket in July 1944, rebuilt as 183. Infanteriedivision
Formed by Heeresgruppe Mitte on 2 November 1943
Korpsabteilung D (Command Staff from 56. Infantry Division, Divisionsgruppen 56., 262.) largely destroyed in Operation Bagration in June 1944, rebuilt in July 1944, renamed as 56. Infanteriedivision in September 1944
Korpsabteilung E (Command Staff from 251. Infantry Division, Divisionsgruppen 86., 137., 251.) renamed 251. Infantry Division 16 October 1944
Formed by Heeresgruppe A on 13 March 1944
Korpsabteilung F (Command Staff from 62. Infantry Division, Divisionsgruppen 38., 62., 123.) renamed 62. Infantry Division 20. July 1944
Formed by Heeresgruppe Mitte in July/August 1944
Korpsabteilung G (Command Staff from 299. Infantry Division, Divisionsgruppen 260., 299., 337.), renamed as 299. Infanteriedivision on 1 September 1944
Korpsabteilung H (Command Staff from 197. Infantry Division, Divisionsgruppen 95., 197., 256.) renamed 95. Infantry Division 10 September 1944
See also
Military organization
References
Lange, W. Korpsabteilung C, Vowinckel, Neckargemund, 1961.
Lexikon Der Wehrmacht Article on Korpsabteilungen
Infantry units and formations
Military units and formations of Germany in World War II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korpsabteilung |
HNoMS Nor was a Vale-class Rendel gunboat built for the Royal Norwegian Navy at Horten Naval Yard in 1878. She was one of a class of five gunboats - the other ships in the class were Vale, Brage, Uller and Vidar.
Nor was, in addition to the heavy, muzzle-loading main gun, armed with a small 'Quick Fire' gun and a 37mm Hotchkiss Revolving Cannon (broadly similar to the Gatling gun).
Later Nor and her sister ships was rebuilt as mine layers, and she served in this role when the Germans invaded in 1940. During the Norwegian Campaign she served mainly in Sognefjorden. She was captured by German forces on 14 April 1940, and returned to Norway after the war.
The vessel was built at the Naval Yard at Horten, and had yard number 57. After being decommissioned in 1945 the ship was sold to a civilian company in 1949, converted to a salvage ship/tug and renamed Flatholm.
Footnotes
External links
Naval history via Flix: KNM Vale, retrieved 27 Feb 2006
Vale-class gunboats
Ships built in Horten
1878 ships
World War II minelayers of Norway
Naval ships of Norway captured by Germany during World War II
Minelayers of the Kriegsmarine
World War II minelayers of Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNoMS%20Nor%20%281878%29 |
Phen may refer to:
Phen, an abbreviation for the chemical compound phenethylamine
Phen, an abbreviation for the chemical compound phenanthroline
Phen, an abbreviation for phentermine in the pharmaceutical drug known as fen-phen
Phen District, a district in Udon Thani Province, Thailand
Pyen language, also known as Phen, a Loloish language of Burma | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phen |
Cornelia Oschkenat, (née Riefstahl; born 29 October 1961) is a German former track and field athlete who represented East Germany. She competed at the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul. At the 1987 World Championships in Rome, she won a bronze medal in the 100 metres hurdles with a time of 12.46s as well as silver medal as a member of the East German 4 × 100 metres relay team.
She also won the 1987 World Indoor 60 m hurdles title, two World Cup 100 m hurdles titles and three European Indoor 60 m hurdles titles. Her world indoor record for the 50 metres hurdles of 6.58 secs in 1988, still stands (as of 2019).
Oschkenat won eleven East German individual national titles, taking five titles in the 100 m hurdles between 1984 and 1989 at the East German Athletics Championships, as well as six consecutive titles in the 60 m hurdles at the East German Indoor Athletics Championships over that period.
Career
Oschkenat was born Cornelia Riefstahl in Neubrandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, East Germany. She began her international career in 1982 and reached the World Championship final in 1983. She was unable to participate in the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles because of her country's boycott of the games. In 1985, she won the World Cup title in Canberra. In 1986 she won a silver medal behind Yordanka Donkova at the European Championships in Stuttgart. She won perhaps her biggest individual title in 1987, at the World Indoor Championships in Indianapolis, when she won the 60 m hurdles, finishing ahead of her two chief career rivals, the Bulgarian pair of Donkova and Ginka Zagorcheva. Later that year at the World Championships in Rome, she won bronze in the 100 m hurdles behind Zagorcheva and East German teammate Gloria Siebert, but ahead of Donkova, who was fourth.
A medal favourite for the 1988 Seoul Olympics, she pulled a muscle midway through the final and limped over the line in eight place. After finishing third at the 1989 World Indoor Championships, she went on to have one of her best ever outdoor seasons. Her victories included both the European and World cup events. She ended the outdoor season unbeaten. Having been ranked second in the Track and Field News world merit rankings for three consecutive years, 1985–87, she was the clear number one in 1989. In 1990, she finished fourth at the European Championships in Split in what would be her eighth consecutive (and final) year ranked in the world top ten (on time and merit). She represented a united Germany at the 1991 World Championships in Tokyo but was eliminated in the heats and retired at the end of that season.
Oschkenat represented the Dynamo Berlin sport club. During her career she was 1.76 meters tall and weighed 65 kilograms. She married fellow hurdler, Andreas Oschkenat in 1984.
International competitions
(h) Indicates overall position in qualifying heats.
National titles
East German Athletics Championships
100 m hurdles: 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989
East German Indoor Athletics Championships
60 m hurdles: 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989
References
External links
1961 births
Living people
People from Neubrandenburg
People from Bezirk Neubrandenburg
East German female hurdlers
East German female sprinters
German female sprinters
German female hurdlers
Athletes from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
Olympic athletes for East Germany
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships athletes for East Germany
World Athletics Championships athletes for Germany
World Athletics Championships medalists
European Athletics Championships medalists
Goodwill Games medalists in athletics
World Athletics indoor record holders
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in silver
World Athletics Indoor Championships winners
World Athletics Indoor Championships medalists
Competitors at the 1986 Goodwill Games
SC Dynamo Berlin athletes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelia%20Oschkenat |
HNoMS Uller was a Vale-class Rendel gunboat constructed for the Royal Norwegian Navy at Karljohansverns Verft Naval Yard in Horten in 1874-1876 and had yard build number 55. She was one of a class of five gunboats - the other ships in the class were Vale, Brage, Nor and Vidar.
Uller was, in addition to the heavy, muzzle-loading main gun, armed with a small Quick Fire gun and a 37mm Hotchkiss Revolving Cannon (broadly similar to the Gatling gun).
Later Uller and her sister ships were rebuilt as minelayers, and she served in this role when the Germans invaded 9 April 1940.
The invasion
Capture
When the Germans attacked, Uller was mining the sea lanes to Bergen, and was taken by surprise by the German forces.
Sinking
After being pressed into Kriegsmarine service Uller and fellow captured minelayer HNoMS Tyr were mining the entrance to the still Norwegian-held Sognefjorden on 1 May 1940 when they were first bombed unsuccessfully by two Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk M.F.11 maritime reconnaissance aircraft of the Sognefjord Air Group and then attacked again later the same day by a Heinkel He 115 of the same unit. In the second attack Uller was hit by a bomb, beached and then scuttled by Tyr.
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Naval history via Flix: KNM Vale, retrieved 27 Feb 2006
Vale-class gunboats
Ships built in Horten
1876 ships
World War II minelayers of Norway
Naval ships of Norway captured by Germany during World War II
Minelayers of the Kriegsmarine
World War II minelayers of Germany
World War II shipwrecks in the Norwegian Sea
Maritime incidents in May 1940
Ships sunk by Norwegian aircraft
Ships sunk with no fatalities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNoMS%20Uller%20%281876%29 |
Dioctyl sebacate (also di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, commonly abbreviated as DOS, DEHS, and BEHS) is an organic compound which is the diester of sebacic acid and 2-ethylhexanol.
It is an oily colorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer, including in the explosive C4. It has also found use in Dot 5 brake fluid, in ester-based engine oils and additives, as seed particle for Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and as a model compound that forms stable aerosols.
References
Carboxylate esters
Plasticizers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioctyl%20sebacate |
Ceratomia is a genus of hawkmoths (family Sphingidae). The genus was erected by Thaddeus William Harris in 1839. Species include:
Species
Ceratomia amyntor (Geyer 1835)
Ceratomia catalpae (Boisduval 1875)
Ceratomia hageni Grote 1874
Ceratomia hoffmanni Mooser 1942
Ceratomia igualana Schaus, 1932
Ceratomia sonorensis Hodges 1971
Ceratomia undulosa (Walker 1856)
References
Sphingini
Moth genera
Taxa named by Thaddeus William Harris | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratomia |
Valeri Viktorovich Kamenski () (born 18 April 1966) is a Russian former professional ice hockey player. He played in the National Hockey League, and internationally for the Soviet Union men's national ice hockey team, and the Russia men's national ice hockey team. He was inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 2016.
Playing career
Before the National Hockey League (NHL), he started his career with Khimik Voskresensk in the Soviet Championship League (1982–1985) and then played for the powerhouse club CSKA Moscow (1985–1991). In 1991 he moved to the NHL, where he played for the Quebec Nordiques (1991–1995, spending the 1994 lockout break in HC Ambri-Piotta, Switzerland), Colorado Avalanche (1995–1999), New York Rangers (1999–2001), Dallas Stars and New Jersey Devils (2001–2002). He won a Stanley Cup in 1996 with the Avalanche.
He is also known for scoring one of the most memorable goals of the 1997–98 season. He received a pass and scored while spinning in mid-air. The goal was used in the opening intro for the NHL 98 video game. He also scored the first goal in the Avalanche's history in Denver since the relocation from Quebec City.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Awards
1985–86: Gold medal, CSKA Moscow (Soviet Championship League).
1986: Gold medal (Ice Hockey World Championships).
1986–87: Gold medal, CSKA Moscow (Soviet Championship League).
1988: Gold medal (XV Olympic Winter Games).
1987–88: Gold medal, CSKA Moscow (Soviet Championship League).
1987–88: Gold medal, CSKA Moscow (USSR Cup).
1989: Gold medal (Ice Hockey World Championships).
1988–89: Gold medal, CSKA Moscow (Soviet Championship League).
1990: Gold medal (Ice Hockey World Championships).
1995–96: Stanley Cup, Colorado Avalanche (NHL)
1998: Silver medal (XVIII Olympic Winter Games).
2004–05: Faith Towards Hockey Award.
2016: Inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame.
References
External links
Valery Kamensky at Hockey CCCP International
1966 births
Living people
Colorado Avalanche players
Dallas Stars players
HC Ambrì-Piotta players
HC CSKA Moscow players
HC Khimik Voskresensk players
Ice hockey players at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
National Hockey League All-Stars
New Jersey Devils players
New York Rangers players
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic ice hockey players for Russia
Olympic ice hockey players for the Soviet Union
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Olympic silver medalists for Russia
Sportspeople from Voskresensk
Quebec Nordiques draft picks
Quebec Nordiques players
Russian ice hockey left wingers
Soviet ice hockey left wingers
Medalists at the 1988 Winter Olympics
IIHF Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Moscow Oblast
Russian expatriate ice hockey people
Russian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Canada
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Expatriate ice hockey players in Canada
Expatriate ice hockey players in Switzerland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeri%20Kamensky |
HNoMS Vidar was a Vale-class Rendel gunboat built for the Royal Norwegian Navy at Horten Naval Yard in 1878. She was one of a class of five gunboats - the other ships in the class were Vale, Brage, Nor and Uller.
Vidar was, in addition to the heavy, muzzle-loading main gun, armed with a small 'Quick Fire' gun and a 37mm Hotchkiss Revolving Cannon (broadly similar to the Gatling gun).
Later Vidar, like her sister ships, was rebuilt as a minelayer, and she served in this role when the Germans invaded in 1940. During the Norwegian Campaign she served mainly in Sognefjorden. She was captured by German forces on 14 April 1940, and returned to Norway after the war.
Vidar was built at the Naval Yard at Horten, and had yard number 60.
External links
Naval history via Flix: KNM Vale, retrieved 27 Feb 2006
Vale-class gunboats
Ships built in Horten
1878 ships
World War II minelayers of Norway
Naval ships of Norway captured by Germany during World War II
Minelayers of the Kriegsmarine
World War II minelayers of Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNoMS%20Vidar%20%281878%29 |
This is a species list for the family Sphingidae of moths (Lepidoptera), commonly known as hawk-moths. This list contains all known species of Sphingidae in order of subfamily. There should be about 1,288 species listed. There are three subfamilies:
Subfamily Macroglossinae
Subfamily Smerinthinae
Subfamily Sphinginae
The species list is given below.
Subfamily Macroglossinae
Genus Acosmerycoides
Acosmerycoides harterti
Genus Acosmeryx
Genus Aellopos
Genus Aleuron
Genus Ampelophaga
Genus Amphion
Amphion floridensis
Genus Angonyx
Genus Antinephele
Genus Atemnora
Atemnora westermannii
Genus Baniwa
Baniwa yavitensis
Genus Barbourion
Barbourion lemaii
Genus Basiothia
Genus Callionima
Genus Cautethia
Genus Cechenena
Genus Centroctena
Genus Cephonodes
Genus Chaerocina
Genus Cizara
Genus Clarina
Genus Dahira
Genus Daphnis
Genus Darapsa
Genus Deidamia
Deidamia inscriptum
Genus Deilephila
Genus Elibia
Genus Enpinanga
Genus Enyo
Genus Erinnyis
Genus Euchloron
Euchloron megaera
Genus Eumorpha
Genus Eupanacra
Genus Euproserpinus
Genus Eupyrrhoglossum
Genus Eurypteryx
Genus Giganteopalpus
Giganteopalpus mirabilis
Genus Gnathothlibus
Genus Griseosphinx
Genus Hayesiana
Genus Hemaris
Genus Hemeroplanes
Genus Himantoides
Himantoides undata
Genus Hippotion
Genus Hyles
Genus Hypaedalea
Genus Isognathus
Genus Kloneus
Kloneus babayaga
Genus Leucostrophus
Genus Maassenia
Genus Macroglossum
Genus Madoryx
Genus Micracosmeryx
Micracosmeryx chaochauensis
Genus Microsphinx
Microsphinx pumilum
Genus Neogurelca
Genus Nephele
Genus Nyceryx
Genus Odontosida
Genus Oryba
Genus Pachygonidia
Genus Pachylia
Genus Pachylioides
Pachylioides resumens
Genus Pergesa
Pergesa acteus
Genus Perigonia
Genus Phanoxyla
Phanoxyla hystrix
Genus Philodila
Philodila astyanor
Genus Phryxus
Phryxus caicus
Genus Proserpinus
Genus Protaleuron
Genus Pseudenyo
Pseudenyo benitensis
Genus Pseudoangonyx
Pseudoangonyx excellens
Genus Pseudosphinx
Pseudosphinx tetrio
Genus Rethera
Genus Rhagastis
Genus Rhodafra
Genus Sphecodina
Genus Sphingonaepiopsis
Genus Stolidoptera
Genus Temnora
Genus Temnoripais
Temnoripais lasti
Genus Theretra
Genus Tinostoma
Tinostoma smaragditis
Genus Unzela
Genus Xylophanes
Subfamily Smerinthinae
Genus Acanthosphinx
Acanthosphinx guessfeldti
Genus Adhemarius
Genus Afroclanis
Genus Afrosataspes
Afrosataspes galleyi
Genus Afrosphinx
Afrosphinx amabilis
Genus Agnosia
Genus Akbesia
Akbesia davidi
Genus Ambulyx
Genus Amorpha
Amorpha juglandis
Genus Amplypterus
Genus Anambulyx
Anambulyx elwesi
Genus Andriasa
Genus Avinoffia
Avinoffia hollandi
Genus Batocnema
Genus Cadiouclanis
Cadiouclanis bianchii
Genus Callambulyx
Genus Ceridia
Genus Chloroclanis
Chloroclanis virescens
Genus Clanidopsis
Clanidopsis exusta
Genus Clanis
Genus Coenotes
Genus Coequosa
Genus Compsulyx
Compsulyx cochereaui
Genus Craspedortha
Genus Cypa
Genus Cypoides
Genus Daphnusa
Genus Dargeclanis
Dargeclanis grandidieri
Genus Degmaptera
Genus Dolbina
Genus Falcatula
Genus Grillotius
Grillotius bergeri
Genus Gynoeryx
Genus Hopliocnema
Hopliocnema brachycera
Genus Imber
Imber tropicus
Genus Kentrochrysalis
Genus Langia
Genus Laothoe
Genus Larunda
Larunda molitor
Genus Leptoclanis
Leptoclanis pulchra
Genus Leucophlebia
Genus Likoma
Genus Lophostethus
Genus Lycosphingia
Lycosphingia hamatus
Genus Malgassoclanis
Genus Marumba
Genus Microclanis
Microclanis erlangeri
Genus Mimas
Genus Monarda
Monarda oryx
Genus Morwennius
Morwennius decoratus
Genus Neoclanis
Neoclanis basalis
Genus Neopolyptychus
Genus Opistoclanis
Opistoclanis hawkeri
Genus Oplerclanis
Oplerclanis boisduvali
Oplerclanis rhadamistus
Genus Orecta
Genus Pachysphinx
Genus Paonias
Genus Parum
Parum colligata
Genus Pentateucha
Genus Phyllosphingia
Phyllosphingia dissimilis
Genus Phylloxiphia
Genus Pierreclanis
Pierreclanis admatha
Genus Platysphinx
Genus Poliodes
Poliodes roseicornis
Genus Polyptychoides
Genus Polyptychopsis
Polyptychopsis marshalli
Genus Polyptychus
Genus Protambulyx
Genus Pseudandriasa
Pseudandriasa mutata
Genus Pseudoclanis
Genus Pseudopolyptychus
Pseudopolyptychus foliaceus
Genus Rhadinopasa
Rhadinopasa hornimani
Genus Rhodambulyx
Genus Rhodoprasina
Genus Rufoclanis
Genus Sataspes
Genus Smerinthulus
Genus Smerinthus
Genus Sphingulus
Sphingulus mus
Genus Synoecha
Synoecha marmorata
Genus Tetrachroa
Tetrachroa edwardsi
Genus Trogolegnum
Trogolegnum pseudambulyx
Genus Viriclanis
Viriclanis kingstoni
Genus Xenosphingia
Xenosphingia jansei
Subfamily Sphinginae
Genus Acherontia
Genus Adhemarius
Genus Agrius
Genus Amphimoea
Amphimoea walkeri
Genus Amphonyx
Genus Apocalypsis
Apocalypsis velox
Genus Callosphingia
Callosphingia circe
Genus Ceratomia
Genus Cocytius
Cocytius antaeus
Genus Coelonia
Genus Dolba
Dolba hyloeus
Genus Dolbogene
Dolbogene hartwegii
Genus Dovania
Genus Ellenbeckia
Ellenbeckia monospila
Genus Euryglottis
Genus Hoplistopus
Genus Isoparce
Genus Lapara
Genus Leucomonia
Leucomonia bethia
Genus Lintneria
Genus Litosphingia
Genus Lomocyma
Lomocyma oegrapha
Genus Macropoliana
Genus Manduca
Genus Megacorma
Genus Meganoton
Genus Morcocytius
Morcocytius mortuorum
Genus Nannoparce
Genus Neococytius
Neococytius cluentius
Genus Neogene
Genus Oligographa
Oligographa juniperi
Genus Panogena
Genus Pantophaea
Genus Paratrea
Paratrea plebeja
Genus Poliana
Genus Praedora
Genus Pseudococytius
Pseudococytius beelzebuth
Genus Pseudodolbina
Genus Psilogramma
Genus Sagenosoma
Sagenosoma elsa
Genus Sphingidites
Sphingidites weidneri
Genus Sphinx
Genus Thamnoecha
Thamnoecha uniformis
Genus Xanthopan
Xanthopan morganii
References
Sphingidae of the World Checklist, All-Leps Barcode of Life
External links
List
Sphingidae
Pandemis rectipenita | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Sphingidae%20species |
Die Heilsleër is the Afrikaans branch of The Salvation Army. In South Africa some Corps (Churches) may conduct all or part of their services in Afrikaans whereas other Corps, which are in more English speaking areas, may conduct services in English.
The Salvation Army by region
Christian denominations in South Africa
Social welfare charities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die%20Heilsle%C3%ABr |
Alexei Vasilievich Gusarov () (born July 8, 1964) is a Russian former ice hockey defenceman. He played for the Quebec Nordiques, Colorado Avalanche, New York Rangers and St. Louis Blues.
Playing career
Born in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg), Gusarov was a veteran of the Soviet national team before playing in the NHL. He won the Stanley Cup with the Colorado Avalanche in 1996. He is a member of the Triple Gold Club, having won the 1989 IIHF World Championship, the 1996 Stanley Cup, and the Olympic gold medal in 1988.
Standing 6'2" and weighing in at 183 lb (83 kg), Gusarov was selected 213th overall by Quebec Nordiques in the 1988 NHL Entry Draft. Gusarov is considered to be one of the finest Russian defensemen to play in the NHL.
Retirement
After his playing career ended Gusarov retired to Colorado where he started coaching the AAA hockey club Evolution. He returned to Russia 2011, first serving as an assistant general manager for SKA Saint Petersburg before moving to HC Sochi of the KHL as an assistant coach from 2014 to 2017.
Gusarov returned to Colorado, and accepting a role to begin scouting for the Avalanche from the 2018–19 season.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Awards and honors
Transactions
June 21, 1995 – Rights transferred from the Quebec Nordiques to the Colorado Avalanche after Quebec's relocation
December 28, 2000 – Traded by the Colorado Avalanche to the New York Rangers in exchange for the Ranger 5th round draft choice in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft (Frantisek Skladany)
March 5, 2001 – Traded by the New York Rangers to the St. Louis Blues in exchange for Peter Smrek
References
External links
1964 births
Living people
Colorado Avalanche players
Colorado Avalanche scouts
Halifax Citadels players
HC CSKA Moscow players
Honoured Masters of Sport of the USSR
Ice hockey players at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
New York Rangers players
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic ice hockey players for Russia
Olympic ice hockey players for the Soviet Union
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Olympic silver medalists for Russia
Quebec Nordiques draft picks
Quebec Nordiques players
Russian ice hockey defencemen
St. Louis Blues players
SKA Saint Petersburg players
Soviet expatriate ice hockey players
Soviet expatriate sportspeople in Canada
Soviet ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Saint Petersburg
Stanley Cup champions
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Canada
Russian expatriate ice hockey people
Expatriate ice hockey players in Canada
Russian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate ice hockey players in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei%20Gusarov |
Gaius Julius Antiochus Epiphanes Philopappos or Philopappus (; 65 – 116), was a Prince of the Kingdom of Commagene who lived in the Roman Empire during the 1st century and 2nd century. He was one of the most prominent Greeks in the Empire.
Ancestry, family and early life
Philopappos was a man of aristocratic and well-connected origins. He was the first-born son of the Greek prince of Commagene, Gaius Julius Archelaus Antiochus Epiphanes and an Egyptian Greek woman called Claudia Capitolina. His younger sister and only sibling was Julia Balbilla, the poet and personal friend to Emperor Hadrian and the Empress Vibia Sabina.
Philopappos’ parents were distantly related. The paternal grandmother of Claudia Capitolina was the Princess Aka II of Commagene, who was a great granddaughter of King Antiochus I Theos of Commagene, while his father was the first-born son of King Antiochus IV of Commagene and Queen Julia Iotapa of Commagene. Antiochus IV and Iotapa were direct descendants of Antiochus I Theos. Antiochus IV and Iotapa were husband, wife and full blooded-siblings. He was of Armenian, Greek and Median descent. Through his paternal grandparents, he could trace lineage to the Syrian Kingdom, the Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemaic Kingdom.
His maternal grandparents were Tiberius Claudius Balbilus and his unnamed wife. Balbilus was an astrologer and a learned scholar, who was later Prefect of Egypt. Balbilus and his father, an Egyptian Greek grammarian and astrologer called Thrasyllus of Mendes or Tiberius Claudius Thrasyllus, were friends to some of the first Roman Emperors, including Tiberius, Claudius, and Vespasian.
Philopappos was born in Samosata, the capital of the Kingdom of Commagene, in the court of the palace of Antiochus IV. Philopappos’ birth name was Gaius Julius Antiochus Epiphanes. His nickname and the name he is known by now is Philopappos or Philopappus. Philopappos means Fond of Grandfather. He received this nickname because of his close relationship to Antiochus IV and possibly Tiberius Claudius Balbilus. Philopappos had a traditional Greek upper-class education.
In 72 AD, Lucius Caesennius Paetus, the Roman Governor of Syria, sent letters addressed to Vespasian accusing Antiochus IV, Philopappos's father Epiphanes, and his paternal uncle Callinicus of planning to revolt against Rome and of allying themselves with the King of Parthia. It is not known whether these accusations were true or false. After reading the letters Vespasian felt that he could longer trust the family of Antiochus IV to protect the strategic crossing at the Euphrates River at Samosata, and so he gave orders to Antiochus IV to terminate his rule in Commagene.
Paetus invaded the Kingdom of Commagene as head of the Legio VI Ferrata. The client Kings Aristobulus of Chalcis and Sohaemus of Emesa also supplied troops to Paetus, all of which arrived the night before the battle. As Epiphanes and Callinicus prepared themselves that night for war, Antiochus IV was preparing to flee to Cilicia.
On the morning of the day on which the battle was supposed to occur, out of fear of the Romans, Epiphanes, along with his family, and Callinicus fled to the King of Parthia while Antiochus IV fled to Cilicia. There is a possibility that Epiphanes and Callinicus had engaged in a short-lived attempt to resist invasion before they fled to Parthia.
The family of Antiochus IV had let their own army and the citizens of Commagene down. Antiochus IV and his family had never wanted to cause a war with Rome and they wanted to clear themselves of these accusations. Vespasian brought Epiphanes and his family and Callinicus peacefully back to Rome with an honor guard. Epiphanes and his family and Callinicus lived in Rome with Antiochus IV for the remainder of his life. Vespasian had given Antiochus IV and his family sufficient revenue to live on, and so they had a glamorous life and were treated with great respect.
Philopappos and his family never returned to Commagene. Commagene was reorganized as a part of the Roman Province of Syria and there the citizens of Commagene proved to be loyal subjects of the Roman Empire.
Life after Commagene
In 72, Philopappos's sister Julia Balbilla was born in Rome. After the deaths of both of his grandfathers, Philopappos and his family settled in Athens. His father died in 92 of unknown causes, after which, Claudia Capitolina returned to her birth city of Alexandria, where she married for the second time to Marcus Junius Rufus, a politician. Capitolina spent her remaining years in her birth city; for a period of time Balbilla was with her mother, but later returned to Philopappos in Athens.
Philopappos always considered himself as having the status of a monarch. He spent the remainder of his life in Athens and became a prominent and respected benefactor of the city. Philopappos assumed civic, political, and religious duties in Athens and Rome. He belonged to the Roman elite and became friends with the Emperor Trajan and Trajan's heir and second paternal cousin Hadrian. Through Trajan and Hadrian, Philopappos also met their families.
Philopappos had Roman and Athenian citizenship. He served as an Archon in Athens and had become friends with Greek philosophers, through whom he became acquainted with the Greek historian Plutarch. In his writings, Plutarch describes Philopappos as ‘very generous and magnificent in his rewards’ and describes his character as ‘good-humored and eager for instruction’.
Philopappos served as a Choregos (producer for a chorus) twice; as an Agonothetes (magistrate of games) once and was a member of the Deme Besa. Between 105 and 116, Philopappos was made a member of the Arval Brethren, an ancient group of Roman priests who offered annual sacrifices to the Lares and the gods to guarantee good harvests.
Trajan appointed him to the Praetorian Guard in Rome. Thereafter, Trajan and Hadrian promoted him to the Roman Senate, even though neither his father nor paternal grandfather was of senatorial rank. Philopappos rose further through the ranks and served as a suffect consul in 109.
There is a possibility that Philopappos married at some point, and may have had children and further descendants; however, there are no surviving records of this.
Philopappos Monument
Philopappos' death in 116 caused great sadness to his sister Julia Balbilla, the citizens of Athens, and possibly to the imperial family. To honor his memory, Balbilla, along with the citizens of Athens, erected a tomb structure on the Mouseion Hill, southwest of the Acropolis. His marble tomb is known as the “Philopappos Monument”, and from it, the hill became known as the “Philopappos Hill”.
Philopappos in popular culture
One of the adversaries of the title character of Digenis Akritas is a leader of brigands named Philopappas. According to Dension Bingham Hall, the name of this character was taken from the historical personage, adding that "many legends surround this name, some of which have been woven into the poem."
Notes
Sources
Athenaeus Deipnosophistae VIII.350c
Josephus Bellum Judaeum 238-243
Pausanias (geographer) I.25.8
Plutarch Quaestiones Convivales 628a & Quomodo ab adulatore discernatur amicus 48e & 66c
IG II² 1759, 3112, 3450, 3451, & 4511; IG V.2.524
Inscriptions du Colosse de Memnon nos. 28-31, & OGIS 408
Bibliography
External links
Photographs of Philopappos Monument
Roman-era Athenians
Senators of the Roman Empire
Suffect consuls of Imperial Rome
Princes of Commagene
65 births
116 deaths
1st-century Romans
2nd-century Romans
Antiochus Epiphanes, Gaius
Eponymous archons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philopappos |
Lee Kang-seok (Korean: 이강석, Hanja: 李康奭, born 28 February 1985) is a South Korean speed skater. He is the 2007 and 2009 World Champion for 500 m. At the 2006 Winter Olympics, he won a bronze medal in the 500 m. He is the second South Korean person to win a medal in an event outside of short track speedskating, and he has become a representative to show that South Korea is expanding towards cultivating their athletes to excel in sports other than short track speed skating.
On 5 March 2006, Lee won his first World Cup title, winning the 2005–06 World Cup on the 500 m. A year later, Lee won gold at the World Single Distance Championships in the Utah Olympic Oval, setting a world record time of 34.25 seconds in the second race. The record has been broken since then by Jeremy Wotherspoon on 9 November 2007, with a time of 34.03 seconds. At the 2009 Winter Universiade in Harbin, China, Lee won the 500 m, beating Yu Fengtong with times of 35.00 and 34.82.
Controversies
Lee had his South Korean driving license revoked for driving while intoxicated on 16 June 2012. He had a blood alcohol content of 0.12%.
World record
Source: SpeedSkatingStats.com
References
External links
Lee Kang-seok at SpeedSkatingStats.com
Lee Kang-Seok at SpeedskatingResults.com
1985 births
South Korean male speed skaters
Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic speed skaters for South Korea
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in speed skating
Olympic bronze medalists for South Korea
World record setters in speed skating
People from Uijeongbu
Living people
Asian Games medalists in speed skating
Speed skaters at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
Speed skaters at the 2011 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2007 Winter Universiade
Asian Games gold medalists for South Korea
Asian Games silver medalists for South Korea
Asian Games bronze medalists for South Korea
Medalists at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2011 Asian Winter Games
Universiade medalists in speed skating
World Sprint Speed Skating Championships medalists
FISU World University Games gold medalists for South Korea
Universiade silver medalists for South Korea
Universiade bronze medalists for South Korea
Competitors at the 2005 Winter Universiade
Speed skaters at the 2007 Winter Universiade
Competitors at the 2009 Winter Universiade
South Korean Buddhists
Sportspeople from Gyeonggi Province
Korea National Sport University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Kang-seok |
, also known as Nextworld, is a Japanese science fiction manga series, written and illustrated by Osamu Tezuka in 1951.
Plot
Created in a time when the Cold War was becoming hotter, Nextworld is Osamu Tezuka's parody of the tense relationship between the USA (represented as the 'Nation of Stars') and USSR (known in the work as the 'Uran Federation'). The main storyline focuses on atomic tests that create a race of mutant animals known as Fumoon, with psychic powers and intelligence beyond humans, who formulate a plan to evacuate hundreds of animals and a small group of people off the planet Earth. The reason for this is due to a large toxic cloud approaching the Earth, threatening to wipe out all life. Meanwhile, the two warring superpowers draw closer and closer to a confrontation.
Legacy
Next World is the last of Osamu Tezuka's early epic science fiction trilogy, consisting of Lost World (1948), Metropolis (1949) and Next World (1951). They were some of the earliest works featuring steampunk elements, which have since consistently appeared in mainstream manga. These steampunk elements eventually made their way into mainstream anime productions starting in the 1970s, with television shows including Leiji Matsumoto's Space Battleship Yamato (1974), Hayao Miyazaki's Future Boy Conan (1978), and the 1979 anime adaptation of Riyoko Ikeda's manga The Rose of Versailles (1972).
Fumoon
is a Japanese science fiction anime television film by Osamu Tezuka. It is based on the manga Nextworld.
Plot
The anime film (based on the manga) is similar, but omits characters from the manga. Another difference is that Kenichi (a character who also appears in the Metropolis manga and its anime adaptation) is a teenager in the film, whereas he is a child in the manga.
Cast
Hiroki Suzuki as Kenichi Shikishima
Junpei Takiguchi as Dr. Kagashi Yamadano
Kaneto Shiozawa as Rock Clock
Kenji Utsumi as Kei Gamata
Kousei Tomita as Higeoyaji (Shunsaku Ban)
Mari Okamoto as Rococo
Minori Matsushima as Peach
Chikao Ohtsuka as Lednof and Nikolai Rednov
Hisashi Katsuta as Dr. Ochanomizu
Ichirō Nagai as Notarian
Kazuya Tatekabe as Tabasco
Kenichi Ogata as Borokin
Kumiko Takizawa as Cocoa
Minoru Midorikawa as Suntory Whisky
Ryoko Kinomiya as Mozu
Shigezou Sasaoka as Gamata's Thug
Tamio Ohki as Dr. Frankenstein
See also
List of Osamu Tezuka anime
List of Osamu Tezuka manga
Lost World (manga)
Metropolis (manga)
Osamu Tezuka
Osamu Tezuka's Star System
References
External links
Fumoon anime at TezukaOsamu@World
Tioanime
1951 manga
1980 anime films
1980 films
1980s science fiction films
Anime films based on manga
Japanese animated science fiction films
Manga series
Osamu Tezuka anime
Osamu Tezuka characters
Osamu Tezuka manga
Steampunk anime and manga
ja:来るべき世界 (漫画) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nextworld |
James Robert Russell (born October 27, 1953) is a scholar and professor in Ancient Near Eastern, Iranian and Armenian Studies. He has published extensively in journals, and has written several books.
Russell served as Mashtots Professor of Armenian Studies at Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at Harvard University, and sat on the executive committee of Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies.
In July 2016, Russell became semi-retired and moved his residence to Fresno, California.
As of 2023, Russell is Emeritus Mashtots Professor of Armenian Studies at Harvard University, Distinguished Visiting Professor of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and a part-time Lecturer in Jewish Studies and Biblical Hebrew at California State University, Fresno.
Early life and education
Russell was born in New York City and grew up in the Washington Heights Upper Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. His parents are Jewish: his mother's ancestry was Sephardic and his father's ancestry was Ashkenazic. He was educated at The Bronx High School of Science and Columbia University [B.A. summa cum laude 1974]. He then was awarded a Kellett Fellowship which he used to study at the University of Oxford [B.Litt. 1977], under the Armenologists Nina Garsoïan and Charles Dowsett.
He earned his Ph.D. at the University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), under the direction of Mary Boyce. His 1982 Ph.D. dissertation was entitled "Zoroastrianism in Armenia" and later published by Harvard University Press.
Professional
Soon after finishing his Ph.D. he returned to New York City and taught at Columbia University in the Department of Middle Eastern Languages and Cultures (MELAC).
He subsequently moved to Israel to become a Lady Davis Professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem at the recommendation and invitation of the scholar Michael E. Stone.
By 1992, Russell was short-listed and soon accepted and was appointed to the Mashtots Chair in Armenian Studies in the Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations Department at Harvard University, succeeding Robert W. Thomson the first holder of that chair since 1969 who had returned to Oxford University in England. Russell occupied the Mashtots Chair from 1993 until his retirement.
He also taught a wide range of subjects, including freshman seminars on literature and comparative religions, literature and cultures.
He has taught and lectured in Armenia, India, and Iran and at the Oriental Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Saint Petersburg State University. He was Government Fellowship Lecturer at the Cama Institute in Bombay, India.
Russell has been called, "A complex figure... (who) resists easy classification and is no stranger to controversy: reviled by Turks and Armenians alike."
He has been interviewed as an expert and scholar on The History Channel's documentary programs including Angels: Good or Evil.
Russell has been one of the three faculty advisers for the conservative fortnightly student newspaper The Harvard Salient.
He lectured on Soteriology on the Silk Road for the Buddhist Lecture Series of the University of Toronto in October 2005, and organized and chaired an international symposium in the same month to commemorate the 1600th anniversary of Saint Mesrop Mashtots, inventor of the Armenian alphabet. He has written on, translated, and analyzed the esoteric, mystical, and spiritual aspects of the writings of Gregory of Narek, and has written numerous articles for the Encyclopædia Iranica. He contributed to the New Leader magazine.
Ninety one of his selected published scholarly journal articles are gathered in his book, Armenian and Iranian Studies.
Critics
Russell's writings were criticized by Armenian historians Armen Ayvazyan and Armen Petrosyan, who conclude that Russell made gross factual mistakes together with unsubstantiated and tendentious claims concerning Armenian history and culture. Ayvazyan considers Russell, along with a number of other leading American armenologists, to be one of the representatives of the "false Western school of Armenian studies". Bert Vaux, an Associate Professor of Linguistics in the Department of Linguistics at Harvard University, said that Russell's "chair [of Armenian Studies] is actually hurting the [Armenian] community at this point. When you call the Armenians neo-Nazis, that isn't helping the community and it's not leaving it alone - it's hurting it. You are providing fodder for people that want to attack the Armenians." Vaux also said that Russell's "training is actually in Iranian Studies," although Russell (who taught modern and ancient Armenian as well as Armenian history at Columbia before arriving at Harvard, and most of whose scholarly work has been on Armenian language, culture, and history) does have both an undergraduate degree in Armenian studies and a Ph.D. on the subject of Zoroastrianism in Armenia.
In his speech at the conference "Rethinking Armenian Studies: Past, Present, and Future" on October 4, 2002, at Harvard University in Cambridge, MA, Russell cautioned the audience against the "conspiracy theories, xenophobia, and ultra-nationalist pseudo-science [which] have come increasingly into the mainstream of Armenology in the Armenian Republic" and which have found sympathetic outlets in some of the diasporic press, where paranoia and anti-Semitism have been notably present. "It is a task of the community to set its house in order because these trends are in the end suicidal," he said. Although Russell declines to debate such issues, he stated that "I will help with my pen what I still believe to be the great majority of Armenians to expose and destroy the sort of people who are not only dragging our field, but possibly the community itself into dangerous territory".
Personal life
Russell is the son of Dr. Charlotte Sananes Russell, a Professor Emeritus of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the City College of New York, and Joseph Brooke Russell, an attorney and arbitrator in New York. His grandfather, Sidney A. Russell, was a founder and president of Russell & Russell, publisher of out-of-print scholarly books.
James Russell lives in Fresno, California with his partner of many years, the artist, photographer, scholar of Tibetan Buddhism and literature, the educator D.E. Cordell.
Partial Russell Bibliography
Books
Zoroastrianism in Armenia (Harvard Iranian Series, 1987),
Hovhannes Tlkurantsi and the Mediaeval Armenian Lyric Tradition (University of Pennsylvania Armenian Series, 1987),
The Heroes of Kasht (Kasti K'Ajer): An Armenian Epic (Ann Arbor: Caravan, 2000),
The Book of Flowers (Belmont, Massachusetts: Armenian Heritage Press, 2003), ,
Armenian and Iranian Studies (selected articles, in Harvard Armenian Texts and Studies, 2004), , , Table of Contents
Bosphorus Nights: The Complete Lyric Poems of Bedros Tourian (Harvard Armenian Texts and Studies, 2006), ,
Poets, Heroes, and their Dragons (2 vols) (Brill, 2021),
Scholarly articles
"A Poem of Grigor Narekac'i", REArm 19, 1985, pp. 435–439
"The Name of Zoroaster in Armenian", Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies 2, 1985-1986, pp. 3–10
"Zoroastrianism as the State Religion of Ancient Iran", Journal of the K. R. Cama Oriental Institute 53, Bombay, 1986, pp. 74–142
"On St. Grigor Narekatsi, His Sources and His Contemporaries", Armenian Review 41, 2–162, 1988, pp. 59–65
"Sages and Scribes at the Courts of Ancient Iran", The Sage in Israel and the Ancient Near East, J. Gammie, L. Perdue, eds., Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1990, pp. 141–146
"Kartîr and Mânî: a Shamanistic Model of Their Conflict", Iranica Varia: Papers in Honor of Professor Ehsan Yarshater, Acta Iranica 30, Leiden: Brill, 1990, pp. 180–193
"Zoroastrian Elements in the Book of Esther", Irano-Judaica II, S. Shaked, A. Netzer, eds., Jerusalem, 1990, pp. 33–40
"Two Notes on Biblical Tradition and Native Epic in the 'Book of Lamentation' of St. Grigor Narekac'i", REArm 22, 1990-1991, pp. 135–145
"Virtue and Its Own Reward: The 38th Meditation of the Book of Lamentations of St. Grigor Narekatsi", Raft 1991, pp. 25–30
"On Mysticism and Esotericism amongst the Zoroastrians", Iranian Studies 26.1-2, 1993, pp. 73–94
"The Mother of All Heresies: A Late Mediaeval Armenian Text on the Yushkaparik, REArm 24, 1993, pp. 273-293
"Problematic Snake Children of Armenia", REArm 25, 1994, pp. 77–96
"Zoroastrianism and the Northern Qi Panels", Zoroastrian Studies Newsletter, Bombay, 1994
"A Parthian Bhagavad Gîtâ and its Echoes", From Byzantium to Iran: Armenian Studies in Honour of Nina Garsoian, J.-P. Mahé, R. Thomson, eds., Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1996, pp. 17-35
"Armenian Spirituality: Liturgical Mysticism and Chapter 33 of the Book of Lamentation of St. Grigor Narekac'i", REArm 26, 1996–1997, pp. 427–439
"Polyphemos Armenios", REArm 26, 1996-1997, pp. 25-38
"Scythians and Avesta in an Armenian Vernacular Paternoster", Le Muséon 110.1-2, 1997, pp. 91-114.
"A Manichaean Apostolic Mission to Armenia?", Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies, 1, N. Sims-Williams, ed., Wiesbaden: L. Reichert, 1998, pp. 21-26
"Truth Is What the Eye Can See: Armenian Manuscripts and Armenian Spirituality", Treasures in Heaven: Armenian Art, Religion, and Society, T. Mathews, R. Wieck, eds., New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, 1998, pp. 147-162
"The Armenian Shrines of the Black Youth (t'ux manuk)", Le Muséon 111.3-4, 1998, pp. 319-343
"An Epic for the Borderlands: Zariadris of Sophene, Aslan the Rebel, Digenes Akrites, and the Mythologem of Alcestis in Armenia", Armenian Tsopk/Kharpert, R. Hovannisian, ed., Costa Mesa, California: Mazda, 1998, pp. 147-183
"A Scholium on Coleridge and an Armenian Demon", JSAS 10, 1998-99, 2000, pp. 63-71
"God is Good: On Tobit and Iran", Iran and the Caucasus 5, Tehran, 2001, pp. 1-6
"The Magi in the Derveni Papyrus", Nâme-ye Irân-e Bâstân 1.1, Tehran, 2001, pp. 49-59
"Ezekiel and Iran", Irano-Judaica V, Shaul Shaked and Amnon Netzer, eds., Jerusalem: Ben-Zri Institute, 2003, pp. 1-15
Irano-Judaica V, Shaul Shaked and Amnon Netzer, eds., Jerusalem: Ben-Zri Institute, 2003, pp. 1-15
Representative articles in the Encyclopædia Iranica
Religion of Armenia
BEHDEN, Zoroastrianism or its adherents
BOZPAYIT, Body of Zoroastrian teachings in Sasanian period
BURIAL iii., Zoroastrian burial practices
CAMA Kharshedji Rustamji, Parsi Zoroastrian scholar and community leader, India, 19th
CEDRENUS Georgius, Byzentine historian dealing with Zoroaster, 12th
Christianity in pre-Islamic Persia, literary sources
AÙAR˜EAN, Linguist, Armenian, 19th 20th
ATRUˆAN, Fire temple, a Parthian loanword in Armenian
ÙAÚDOR ii., Veil, among Zoroastrians and Parsis
AÚL, Child-stealing demon
ANUˆAWAN, Legendary king of Armenia
ARA the Beautiful, Mythical king of Armenia
ARLEZ, Armenian term for a supernatural creature
ARTAXIAS I, Founder of Artaxiad dynasty in Armenia, 2nd BC
AÛDAHAÚ iv., Dragon in Armenia
BAAT ii., Family head of ˆaharu@n^, Armenian dynasty, 4th
BÈNAMAÚZÈ i., Menstruant woman, Zoroastrian concept for ritual
BURDAR, Armenian proper name for a Persian nobleman, 4th
CUPBEARER, Ancient Armenian function of a courtier
Popular articles
An Essay on the Origins of The Armenian People (1981)
Letter to The New York Review of Books, The New York Review of Books, 9 August 2001.
O Captain! My Captain!, The Harvard Crimson, Friday, March 03, 2006. On the resignation of former President of Harvard University Larry Summers
Ideology over Integrity in Academe, The Current, Columbia University, Fall 2007 issue.
References
External links
Professor James R. Russell's page at Harvard University (archived 2016)
Review of Dr. Russell's Armenian and Iranian Studies by Dr. Michael Stone
Kavulla, Travis R., "A Small Niche for Great BooksAn Armenian Studies professor's lonely accomplishment in general education", The Harvard Crimson, January 20, 2006. Article on Russell's Literature Humanities course.
Harvard University Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations Newsletter, Spring 2004. Special mention of Prof. Russell having published a translation and study, with the Armenian text, of "The Book of Flowers". )archived November 2004)
Harvard University Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations Newsletter, Spring 2006, cf. page 4. (archived June 2006)
Harvard University Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations Newsletter, Fall 2006, cf. page 6. (archived December 2006)
Ziabariby Kourosh, "Interview with Prof. James Russell: Iran should return to its former global position again", Ovi magazine, 2008-12-30
1953 births
Living people
Harvard University faculty
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Alumni of SOAS University of London
Armenian studies scholars
Iranologists
Jewish American historians
American male non-fiction writers
People from Washington Heights, Manhattan
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
Historians from New York (state)
Columbia University faculty
21st-century American Jews | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20R.%20Russell |
Wringing may refer to:
Wringing (gauge blocks), the temporary attachment of gauge blocks to each other
Wringer, a device that extracts liquid by action of twisting or squeezing (see: mangle (machine))
Neck wringing (see: strangling)
See also
Rett syndrome, a genetic postnatal neurological disorder
Danny Wring, English former professional footballer
Ringing (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wringing |
Martina Helga Hellmann ( Opitz; born 12 December 1960) is a retired German track and field athlete who represented East Germany. She was the Olympic champion in the discus throw at the 1988 Summer Olympics. She also won the World Championship in that event in 1983 and again in 1987.
Born in Leipzig, Saxony, Hellmann was sixteen years old when she began participating in the event. In 1977 she gave the participants' oath at the opening of the East German gymnastics and sport festival. That summer she set the world record for 16-year-olds with a throw of 55.00 meters. Her career was plagued by sickness and injury until 1983 when she became the surprise world champion. She was unable to compete at the 1984 summer Olympic games due to her country's boycott.
On 6 September 1988 she threw the discus 78.14 metres, farther than any woman had ever thrown it before or after. However, this throw was in an unofficial tournament in the East German training camp at Kienbaum set up to decide the final GDR place for the Olympic games in Seoul and was not eligible to be considered a world record. During this session she threw the following distances, two of them exceeding the world record at the time, and two more that were ever exceeded by only one female thrower: 76.92m – 78.14m – 70.52m – 76.56m – 75.66m – 74.04m (the women's world record, set in July 1988, is 76.80 m). Ilke Wyludda threw a lifetime best 75.36 m, but had to stay home. Five of Hellmann's throws during that competition were better than her official best of 72.92 metres, achieved in August 1987 in Potsdam, and which ranks her ninth on the world all-time list and sixth among German discus throwers, behind Gabriele Reinsch, Ilke Wyludda, Diana Gansky-Sachse, Irina Meszynski and Gisela Beyer.
After the 1992 Summer Olympics, where she was eliminated during qualification, she retired. She later was the head of a sports group of the insurance company AOK and became a manager at a cabaret in Leipzig.
Hellmann represented the SC DHfK Leipzig sport club and trained with Rolf Wittenbecher and Bernhard Thomas. During her active career she was 1.78 meters tall and weighed 85 kilograms.
Evidence of doping
There is substantial evidence that nearly all East German Olympic track and field athletes in the 1980s, including Hellman, used steroids to enhance athletic performance as part of a state-sponsored program.
International competitions
References
External links
1960 births
Living people
Athletes from Leipzig
East German female discus throwers
German female discus throwers
Olympic athletes for East Germany
Olympic athletes for Germany
Olympic gold medalists for East Germany
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships athletes for East Germany
World Athletics Championships athletes for Germany
World Athletics Championships medalists
European Athletics Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Goodwill Games medalists in athletics
World Athletics Championships winners
Competitors at the 1986 Goodwill Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina%20Hellmann |
CEMS may refer to:
Capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry
Conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy
Continuous emissions monitoring system
CEMS – The Global Alliance in Management Education, since 1988
CEMS, Inc. v. United States, a government contracting suit
Church of England Men's Society
Rochester Area Colleges Center for Excellence in Math and Science, in Rochester, NY
Cleveland Emergency Medical Services | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEMS |
Stax Ltd. (有限会社スタックス Yugen-gaisha Sutakkusu) is a Japanese company that makes high-end-audio equipment. Stax is best known for their electrostatic and electret headphones, which they call “earspeakers.” Electrostatic headphones work similarly to electrostatic loudspeakers, but on a smaller scale. In December 2011, Chinese audio equipment company Edifier announced that it had acquired 100% equity in Stax.
History
Stax Ltd. was founded in 1938. Twenty-two years later, in 1960, Stax released their first electrostatic earspeaker, the Stax SR-1. Over the following thirty-six years Stax produced a variety of amplification, earspeaker, tonearm, CD player, DAC, phono cartridge and loudspeaker products. In 1995, fifty-seven years after the company’s foundation, it became insolvent. The company was revived in 1996 as the new STAX company.
In December 2011, Chinese loudspeaker manufacturer Edifier announced the acquisition of 100% equity in Stax.
Products
As of June 2020, the current Stax product lineup consists of seven electrostatic earspeakers, seven electrostatic amplifiers and accessories for these products including extension cords and a headphone stand.
Earspeakers
Four current models of earspeaker are based upon Stax’s classic “Lambda” design. These are the SR-L300, SR-L300 Limited, SR-L500 and SR-L700.
Five models of the small in-the-earspeaker (in-ear monitor) type were produced. They include: SR-001, SR-001mk2, SR-002, SR-003, and SR-003mk2. The SR-003 and SR-003mk2 are terminated with a standard “Pro-Bias” plug and are designed for use with a standalone electrostatic amplifier. The SR-001, SR-001mk2, and SR-002 are terminated with a proprietary plug and are designed for use with their matching battery powered electrostatic amplifier for use as part of a high-end portable audio system. One model, the SR-003 MK2 is currently in production.
One model, the 4070, is a closed back electrostatic earspeaker, primarily targeted at studio and broadcast application.
Stax’s flagship earspeakers are the SR-009 (a model in the “Omega” series), which has an MSRP of $4,450 in the United States. Its predecessors are the SR-007 and SR-007A. Stax is scheduled to introduce a new flagship model, the Stax SR-X9000, in December 2022.
There are two different bias voltages for Stax earspeakers. The first earspeakers have a 230 volt bias, referred to as “Normal” bias. The later earspeakers have a 580 volt bias, referred to as “Pro” bias.
The Normal bias earspeakers use a six-pin vintage Amphenol microphone plug, while the Pro bias ones use a five-pin plug, which is like the six-pin plug with one pin not present.
Normal bias provides a separate bias (DC voltage used to charge the diaphragm) for each side, which can cause a temporary volume imbalance between the left and right channels until the diaphragms are fully charged.
Pro bias (five-pin) earspeakers can be plugged into a Normal bias (six-pin) socket, and will work, however volume should be kept low, as if arcing between the diaphragm and stators does occur, there will be significantly higher current discharged into the diaphragm, which will most likely burn the conductive coating off the diaphragm. Normal bias earspeakers cannot be physically plugged into Pro bias sockets, as this would make arcing between the diaphragm and stators significantly more likely, due to the voltage disparity between the two standards.
All current Stax earspeakers are Pro bias, as the last Normal bias earspeaker went out of production around 1992.
References
External links
Stax Official Website
Wikiphonia: Stax Earspeakers Overview
Audio equipment manufacturers of Japan
Headphone amplifier manufacturers
Headphones manufacturers
2011 mergers and acquisitions
Japanese brands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stax%20Ltd |
The prime minister of North Macedonia (, ), officially the President of the Government of the Republic of North Macedonia (, ), is the head of government of North Macedonia.
The prime minister is the head of the cabinet and is usually the leader of a political coalition in parliament.
The current prime minister is Dimitar Kovačevski, who has been in office since 16 January 2022.
List of prime ministers
Socialist Republic of Macedonia
Party
North Macedonia
Parties
Status
See also
President of North Macedonia
List of presidents of the Assembly of the Republic of North Macedonia
Politics of North Macedonia
Notes
References
North Macedonia
Government of North Macedonia
Politics of North Macedonia
Prime Minister
1991 establishments in the Republic of Macedonia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime%20Minister%20of%20North%20Macedonia |
Pēteris Stučka, sometimes spelt Pyotr Stuchka; ( – 25 January 1932), was a Latvian jurist and communist politician, leader of the pro-Russian Bolshevik puppet government in Latvia during the 1918–1920 Latvian War of Independence, and later a statesman in the Soviet Union.
Biography
Stučka was born in Latvia, in the Governorate of Livonia (then part of the Russian Empire). His father was a prosperous farmer, his mother was a teacher. He was educated in a German lyceum in Riga, and then St Petersburg University, where he studied law. After graduating in 1888, he returned to Latvia, where he practised as a lawyer, and was one of the leaders of the New Current movement in the late 19th century, a prolific writer and translator, and an editor of Latvian language newspapers and periodicals. He was arrested in 1897, and sentenced to five years exile in Vyatka province, where he was allowed to continue practising law. When the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party split into its Bolshevik and Menshevik factions, Stučka supported the Bolsheviks, who were led by Vladimir Lenin. In 1904, he was one of the organisers of the Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party, which held its first congress clandestinely in Riga.
After the February Revolution, which overthrew the Tsar, Stučka backed Lenin's April Theses, which called for a second, Bolshevik-led revolution, and organised the detachment of Latvian riflemen who played a crucial role in the October Revolution.
Appointed People's Commissar for Justice in the first Bolshevik government, on 7 November 1917, he was responsible for abolishing all existing judicial institutions, replacing them with local courts consisting of a judge and two assessors, created by local soviets, and for decreeing that existing laws should be treated as valid only where "they are not in contradiction with the revolutionary conscience." In an article published in 1919, he also explained that the soviet imposed punishments on individuals not to exact retribution or expiate individual guilt, but as a measure of social defence against enemies of the revolution.
The result, as Stučka noted in retrospect, was that "from November 1917 to 1922, law was formally lacking."
In February 1918, Stučka returned to Latvia, where he was chairman of the government of the short-lived Latvian soviet republic. According to the writer, Victor Serge, Stučka,
After the collapse of the Latvian communist government in August 1919, Stučka returned permanently to Russia. In 1920–32, he worked in Comintern, as a member, and was chairman of the International Control Commission in 1924–28.
In 1923, Stuchka, was appointed the first Chairman of the USSR Supreme Court. He held this post until his death in 1932.
After his death on January 25, 1932, Stučka's remains were cremated and his ashes amongst those of other Communist dignitaries in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis, near Lenin's Mausoleum in Moscow's Red Square.
Family
Stučka's wife, Dora Pliekšāne (1870–1950), was the sister of the Latvian poet Rainis (Jānis Pliekšāns), with whom Stučka shared a room during their law studies at St. Petersburg University. Rainis supported socialism, but stressed that national culture was also important. Although Rainis initially supported a free Latvia within a free Russia, he would later support an independent Latvian nation.
Places and organizations named in honour of Stučka
During the Soviet period, from 1958 to 1990, the University of Latvia was officially known as Pēteris Stučka Latvian State University ().
The town of Aizkraukle was named Stučka, after Pēteris Stučka, from the time when it was established in 1960s until the fall of Communism in 1991, when it was renamed Aizkraukle.
In the GDR, Polytechnic Secondary School No. 55 () in Rostock was named "Peter Stucka" in honour of the Latvian Communist.
Works
A comprehensive bibliography of the works by and about Stučka, with explanatory material in both Latvian and Russian, is:
Further reading
Notes
References
External links
Memorial to Pēteris Stučka in Riga at sites-of-memory.de
1865 births
1932 deaths
People from Koknese
People from Kreis Riga
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
Old Bolsheviks
Candidates of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Members of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Candidates of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Executive Committee of the Communist International
Soviet Ministers of Justice
Russian Constituent Assembly members
Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union members
Latvian communists
Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic people
Latvian atheists
Latvian Marxists
Latvian jurists
Latvian revolutionaries
Soviet jurists
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk negotiators
Riga State Gymnasium No.1 alumni
Saint Petersburg State University alumni
Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93teris%20Stu%C4%8Dka |
Piero Camporesi (15 February 1926, in Forlì – 24 August 1997 in Bologna) was an Italian historian of literature and an anthropologist. He was a professor of Italian literature at the University of Bologna.
Works
(English translations)
Il Brodo Indiano (Exotic Brew, English translation by Christopher Woodall)
La casa dell'eternità (The fear of hell: images of damnation and salvation in early modern Europe, English translation by Lucinda Byatt)
Le officine dei sensi (The anatomy of the senses: natural symbols in medieval and early modern Italy, English translation by Allan Cameron)
Il sugo della vita (Juice of life: the symbolic and magic significance of blood, English translation by Robert R. Barr, foreword by Umberto Eco)
Bread of Dreams
La terra e la luna: alimentazione folclore societa (The magic harvest : food, folklore and society, English translation by Joan Krakover Hall)
(Works published in Italy)
"Petrarca 66: l'aer gravato e l'importuna nebbia" (in Giornale italiano di filologia, a. 4, n. 4, 28 novembre 1951, pp. 320–22)
"Giuseppe D'Alessandro poeta barocco tra seicento e settecento" (in Convivium 1952, pp. 397–426)
"Biltri, blittri" (Lingua nostra, vol. 13, 3, 1952, pp. 70–72)
Il tema dell'Adynaton nel Canzoniere del Petrarca (Milano: De Silvestri, 1952)
"Una lettera inedita di Lodovico di Breme al Ginguene" (Torino: Societa editrice internazionale, 1953, pp. 255–62)
"Documenti per la storia del romanticismo italiano: pensieri inediti di Pietro Borsieri" (in Convivium, 1955, pp. 192–97)
"Goldoni, Venezia e i romantici" (in Convivium, n.s., 1958, pp. 170–73)
(edit by) Ludovico di Breme, Il Romitorio di sant'Ida (Bologna: Commissione per i testi di lingua, 1961)
"Una vita romantica di Maria Antonietta" (in Convivium, n.s. 1961, pp. 80–84)
(edit by) Ludovico di Breme, Lettere (Torino: Einaudi 1966)
(review to) "Pietro Borsieri, Avventure letterarie di un giorno e altri scritti editi e inediti" (Lettere italiane, a. 20., n. 3 luglio-settembre 1968, pp. 424–25)
(edit by) Vittorio Alfieri, Estratti d'Ossian e da Stazio per la tragica (Asti: Casa d'Alfieri, 1969)
(edit by) Pellegrino Artusi, La scienza in cucina e l'arte di mangiar bene (Torino: Einaudi 1970 e 2001)
(edit by) Il libro dei vagabondi: lo Speculum cerretanorum di Teseo Pini, Il vagabondo di Rafaele Frianoro e altri testi di furfanteria (Torino: Einaudi 1973)
"La cucina popolare emiliano-romagnola: continuità e cambiamento" (Atti del 4° convegno dell'Accademia italiana della cucina, Parma-Bologna, 8-10 giugno 1973, pp. 109–33)
(edit by) Giulio Cesare Croce, Le sottilissime astuzie di Bertoldo (Torino: Einaudi 1973 e Milano: Berlusconi 1994)
"Italo Calvino", in Dizionario critico della letteratura italiana (Torino: Utet 1974, pp. 449–64)
"Giuseppe Mazzini", in Dizionario critico della letteratura italiana (Torino: Utet 1974, pp. 545–60)
"Lo stereotipo del Romagnolo" (Studi romagnoli, XXV, 1974, pp. 393–411)
"Carnevale, cuccagna e giuochi di villa" (Studi e problemi di critica testuale, 1975, 10, pp. 57–97)
La maschera di Bertoldo: G.C. Croce e la letteratura carnevalesca (Torino: Einaudi 1976 e Milano: Garzanti 1993)
(edit by) Giulio Cesare Croce, Le astuzie di Bertoldo e le semplicità di Bertoldino (Torino: Einaudi 1978 e Milano: Garzanti 1993)
"Alimentazione e cucina" (in Storia della Emilia-Romagna, vol. 2, 1978, pp. 501–16)
Il paese della fame (Bologna: Il mulino 1978 e 1985, Milano: Garzanti 2000)
Il pane selvaggio (Bologna: Il mulino 1980, Milano: Garzanti 2004)
Alimentazione, folklore, società (Parma: Pratiche 1980 e 1983)
(introduction to) Giuseppe Cocchiara, Il mondo alla rovescia (Torino: Boringhieri 1981)
"Cultura popolare e cultura d'élite fra Medioevo ed età moderna" (in Storia d'Italia, vol. 4: Intellettuali e potere, Torino: Einaudi 1981)
"Le erbe del sogno e della sopravvivenza" (Medicina, erbe e magia, Milano: Silvana 1981, pp. 54–78)
"Speziali e ciarlatani" (Medicina, erbe e magia, Milano: Silvana 1981, pp. 138–59)
"La ruota del tempo" (Cultura popolare nell'Emilia-Romagna, strutture rurali e vita contadina, Milano: Silvana, 1977, pp. 36–49)
"Il campo, il fuoco, la tavola" (Cultura popolare nell'Emilia-Romagna, espressioni sociali e luoghi d'incontro, Milano: Silvana, 1977, pp. 50–73)
"La condizione vegetale: uomini, erbe, bestie" (Cultura popolare nell'Emilia-Romagna, medicina erbe e magia, Milano: Silvana, s.d., pp. 118–35)
La carne impassibile: salvezza e salute tra Medioevo e Controriforma (Milano: Il saggiatore 1983 e Garzanti 1994)
Odori e sapori: (introduction to) Alain Corbin, Storia sociale degli odori. XVIII e XIX secolo (Milano: Mondadori, 1983 e 2005)
(preface to) Aureliano Bassani, Eminenza, il pranzo e servito : le ricette di Alberto Alvisi cuoco del card. Chiaramonti vescovo di Imola (1785-1800) (Bologna: Aniballi 1984)
Il sugo della vita: simbolismo e magia del sangue (Milano: Comunità 1984, Mondadori 1988 e Garzanti 1997)
Le officine dei sensi (Milano: Garzanti 1985 e 1991)
La casa dell'eternità (Milano: Garzanti 1987 e 1998)
I balsami di Venere (Milano: Garzanti 1989 e 2007)
"La sestina del Petrarca e l'interpretazione di un passo di Benvenuto da Imola" (Giornale italiano di filologia, s.d.)
La terra e la luna: alimentazione folclore societa (Milano: Il saggiatore 1989 e Garzanti 1995)
La miniera del mondo: artieri inventori impostori (Milano: Il saggiatore 1990)
Il brodo indiano: edonismo ed esotismo nel Settecento (Milano: Garzanti 1989 e 1998)
Rustici e buffoni: cultura popolare e cultura d'elite fra Medioevo ed eta moderna (Torino: Einaudi 1991)
Le belle contrade: nascita del paesaggio italiano (Milano: Garzanti 1992)
Le vie del latte: dalla Padania alla steppa (Milano: Garzanti 1993)
Il ghetto: Bologna, storia e rinascita di un luogo (Bologna: Grafis 1993)
Il palazzo e il cantimbanco (Milano: Garzanti 1994)
Il governo del corpo: saggi in miniatura (Milano: Garzanti 1995 e 2008)
"Schede secentesche" (Studi secenteschi, vol. 38, 1997, pp. 396–414)
Camminare il mondo: vita e avventure di Leonardo Fioravanti medico del Cinquecento (Milano: Garzanti 1997 e 2007).
Studies on Piero Camporesi
Elide Casali (edit by), "Academico di nulla academia". Saggi su Piero Camporesi, Bologna, Bononia University Press, 2006 (con prefazione di Gian Mario Anselmi e saggi di Emilio Pasquini, Renato Badalì, Albano Biondi, Marco Belpoliti, Peter Burke, Glauco Sanga, Lucio Gambi, Ezio Raimondi, Maurice Aymard. Completa l'opera una Bibliografia degli scritti di Piero Camporesi a cura di Paolo Tinti).
Marco Belpoliti (edit by), Piero Camporesi, in «Riga», n. 26, Milano, Marcos y Marcos, 2008 (con saggi di Maria Corti, Giorgio Manganelli, Carlo Ossola, Marco Belpoliti, Ottavio Cecchi, Alfredo Giuliani, Philippe Ariès, Giovanni Giudici, Antonio Porta, Alfonso Maria Di Nola, Franco Cardini, Georges Balandier, Guido Almansi, Giancarlo Mazzacurati, Umberto Eco, Pierre Lepape, René de Ceccatty, Inuhiko Yomota, Hidenobu Jinnai, Marino Biondi, Oliviero Ponte di Pino, Elide Casali, Pierpaolo Antonello, Marco Antonio Bazzocchi, Etsuko Nakayama, Alberto Natale, Diego Zancani).
Elide Casali, Marcello Soffritti (edit by), Camporesi nel mondo. L'opera e le traduzioni, Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Studi. Forlì, 5-6-7- marzo 2008, Bologna, Bononia University Press, 2009 (con interventi di Maria Gioia Tavoni, Paolo Tinti, Marino Biondi, Giuseppe Ledda, Francesca Gatta, Umberto Eco, Diego Zancani, Stijn Van Hamme, Luisa Rubini, David Gentilcore, Etsuko Nakayama, Maria Carrerars i Goicoechea, Adele D'Arcangelo, Anabela Cristina Costa da Siva Ferreira, Licia Reggiani, Marcello Soffritti, Elide Casali).
References
External links
Brief biography of Piero Camporesi
Il ponte e il cuneo.On some works of Piero Camporesi, Oliviero Ponte di Pino
Letteratura e cucina - Camporesi, critico controcorrente, "la Repubblica", marzo 2008
Camporesi, un sapere con tanto sugo - "La stampa" – Tuttolibri, 1-03-08
Un ghiottone di parole... "L'Espresso", marzo 2008 - Umberto Eco
Una nota sul metodo di ricerca di Piero Camporesi, Alberto Natale - "griseldaonline", numero I, marzo - ottobre 2002
Percorsi infernali in Piero Camporesi, Alberto Natale - "griseldaonline", numero I, marzo - ottobre 2002
Commemorative biography edit by Elide Casali in "Bollettino 900: News 3", 2-11-1997
Centro Studi Camporesi. Dipartimento di Filologia classica e Italianistica dell'Università di Bologna, su centri.unibo.it.
More informations: Piero Camporesi (The Italian page of Wikipedia)
People from Forlì
1926 births
1997 deaths
20th-century Italian historians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero%20Camporesi |
Musa ka Musalla ( ) is a peak standing at an altitude of about at the junction of Siran and Kaghan Valleys in Himalayas. It is situated north of the city of Abbottabad in Balakot Tehsil of Mansehra District.
Etymology
The name Musa ka Musalla translates to Moses' mat. The legend has it that a shepherd named Musa used to pray there at the peak. There is also a shrine at the top probably of the same shepherd who is revered to as a saint by locals.
Routes
The peak is accessible via multiple routes in summers but all needs hours of trekking.
Balakot to Nadi Bangla and Kund Bangla route
Paras to Sharran forest route
Shinkiari to Mandagucha route
Balakot to Nadi Bungalow to Sikkiyan Katha to Naaga Mosque to the ridge above Sarolian to Musa ka Musalla Basecamp Mosque (also called Danna Mosque) towards the peak. To go via this route, a jeep ride from Balakot takes you via Nadi Bungalow (crossing Kachal Katha) to a point (just under Maidan) above Sikkiyan Katha, where you can climb for 15 minutes and camp, or use Nakka Mosque as basecamp. It takes 1500+ meters (each) of ascent and descent from this point to reach the peak, and the trek is almost 7.5+ km long on each side. In favorable conditions, it takes almost 11+ hours to summit and reach back, based on the following minimum estimates:
1.5 hours of trek from Maidan/Nakka Mosque to Naaga Mosque
2 hours from Naaga Mosque to Musa ka Musalla Basecamp Mosque
2 more hours from Musa ka Musalla Basecamp Mosque to the peak.
The Shinkiari to Manda Gucha route is the most commonly used route to reach the peak. This is also the trek used for winter summits.
See also
Malika Parbat
Lalazar
References
Mountains of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Four-thousanders of the Himalayas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa%20ka%20Musalla |
The Reprieve () is a 1945 novel by French author Jean-Paul Sartre.
It is the second part in the trilogy The Roads to Freedom. It concerns life in France during the eight days before the signing of the Munich Agreement and the subsequent takeover of Czechoslovakia in September 1938.
Sartre explores the reactions of numerous characters to the possibility of war. A mobilization of French men is called and those in one classification are to report for duty. Their reluctance or eagerness, their fear and worry, how, in general, they respond to this change in their lives provides the main substance of the novel.
Instead of following a major character, as he did in the first volume of the trilogy, The Age of Reason, Sartre, by portraying and focusing on about a dozen men and women, emphasizes the universality and social nature of events of this type. Many men and women are afraid, not just one.
Big Louis, illiterate, doesn't even know he's to report to duty until he presents his ID at a job site. Charles, an invalid, and all the patients in his hospital, are evacuated to they know not where. Philippe, a pacifist and the son of a general, rebels and seeks first to flee, then to become a martyr.
Mathieu Delarue, the main character of the previous volume, is mobilized and has a Stoical response. His friend Gomez, on leave from the Spanish Civil War, is eager to return to Spain, even though he knows the cause is doomed.
The activities of all these characters are intermeshed artistically using avant-garde techniques. Scenes with different characters jump back and forth within the same paragraph. The narrator changes abruptly from third to first person. As T. E. Marshall observed in 1975:
"Some of Sartre's technical devices seem to be deliberately designed to disconcert and confuse the reader, For example, he often uses the pronouns "il" or "elle" instead of a character's name, with the result that the reader, at least temporarily, is uncertain to whom the author is alluding, This tends at times to have an irritating and disorientating effect, but it appears to be exactly Sartre's intention. He is eager to ensure that we are obliged to participate actively in the novel, rather than simply observing its action in a dispassionate and passive manner. Sartre wants to disturb and involve the reader. This deliberate ambiguity is an original and skillful means of achieving such an effect. The importance of this particular device goes even further: it allows Sartre to emphasize that the identity of the particular individual he is alluding to is relatively insignificant, because the single dominating factor – the threat of war – exerts its power and influence
over every person."
Scenes where character in two different locations are dancing or fighting, are woven together in a manner that works well. The climactic scene near the end where the Western Prime Ministers Chamberlain and Daladier are informing Masaryk and the Czechs that they are being handed over to Hitler, is melded with a scene in which the young woman Ivich is raped.
References
1947 French novels
French philosophical novels
Novels by Jean-Paul Sartre
Fiction set in 1938
Novels set in the 1930s
Éditions Gallimard books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Reprieve |
The musk lorikeet (Glossopsitta concinna) is a lorikeet, now the only species in the genus Glossopsitta. It inhabits south-central/eastern Australia. The little lorikeet and the purple-crowned lorikeet were previously included in the genus. The musk lorikeet was first described by ornithologist George Shaw in 1790 as Psittacus concinnus, from a collection in the vicinity of Port Jackson in what is now Sydney. John Latham described it as Psittacus australis. Its specific epithet is the Latin concinna "elegant". Other common names include red-eared lorikeet, and green keet, and formerly a local Sydney indigenous term coolich. The names green leek and king parrot have been incorrectly applied to this species in the past.
Description
The musk lorikeet is long. It is mainly green and it is identified by its red forehead, blue crown and a distinctive yellow band on its wing. Both upper and lower mandibles of the beak are red at the tip and darker near its base.
Distribution and habitat
Musk lorikeets are found in eastern New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania.
They are an uncommon nomad in woodlands and drier forests in south-east mainland, mainly west of Great Dividing Range, and in Tasmania.
Musk lorikeets have been sighted and are recent common visitors to fruit trees in the Punchbowl Area, near Launceston, Northern Tasmania. Favourite foods seem to include apricots, apples, bottlebrush flowers & nectar, as well as seeds and nectar from Grevillea spp.
Urban influence
Musk lorikeets are one of the few animals with the plasticity to survive and thrive in rapid urbanization. Over the past 30 years, flocks of musk lorikeets have been adopting Australia's cities, such as Melbourne and Sydney.
The partial reason for musk lorikeets' move to, and success in, urban areas is the planting of various nectar-producing plants throughout the city. They have evolved to consume nectar as a part of their major food source and can be found foraging in the blooming canopies of eucalyptus forests.
Unlike their natural habitat, the city plants are regularly maintained and so they have become a more reliable food source. Because the nectar plants tend to be most dense in the outer urban areas, most of the population prefers the outer urban areas, which allows for more feeding and roosting opportunities, rather than the inner ones. Although, there have been sightings of these lorikeets in the inner city regions but in reduced numbers; most likely from reduced vegetation.
The only Australian nectarivore to not have a preference between the inner city and outer urban zones is the rainbow lorikeet. Both the rainbow lorikeet and the musk lorikeet are nectarivores, which means that their niches overlap and that they must compete against one another for the limited amount of resources available. The growth and resources of the rainbow lorikeet population may limit the growth of the musk lorikeet population, and coupled with the growing urbanization, the musk lorikeet may have more competitive pressures for resources.
Breeding
The musk lorikeet breeds mainly from August to January. The nest is usually built in a hollow limb high in a tree. Two white eggs are laid and incubated for 22 days by the female. The young are fledged after 5 to 6 weeks.
Gallery
References
Cited texts
Birds of Australia
musk lorikeet
Birds of Queensland
Birds of New South Wales
Birds of Victoria (state)
Birds of South Australia
Birds of Tasmania
Endemic birds of Australia
musk lorikeet
Articles containing video clips | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk%20lorikeet |
Troubled Sleep (, published in the United Kingdom as Iron in the Soul is a 1949 novel by Jean-Paul Sartre. It is the third part in the trilogy Les chemins de la liberté (The Roads to Freedom).
"The third novel in Sartre's monumental Roads to Freedom series, Troubled Sleep powerfully depicts the fall of France in 1940, and the anguished feelings of a group of Frenchmen whose pre-war apathy gives way to a consciousness of the dignity of individual resistance — to the German occupation and to fate in general — and solidarity with people similarly oppressed." — Random House
1949 novels
French philosophical novels
Novels by Jean-Paul Sartre
Novels set during World War II
Novels set in France
Fiction set in 1940
Novels set in the 1940s
Éditions Gallimard books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troubled%20Sleep |
Samurai Commando: Mission 1549, known in Japan as , is a 2005 Japanese feature-length film and manga series focusing on the adventures of a modern-day Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF) element that accidentally travels through time to the Warring States period of Japanese history.
Both the film and manga are based on Sengoku Jieitai (aka "Time-Slip", "GI Samurai", 1979), an action film which starred Sonny Chiba as the leader of a JGSDF platoon sent back to feudal Japan.
The manga series was drawn by manga artist group Ark Performance. The scenario was written by Fukui Harutoshi, based on Ryo Hanmura's novel.
Plot summary
On March 10, 2003, the Japanese Self Defense Force conducts an experiment which is meant to shield military equipment from the effects of solar flares and EMPs with the use of electromagnetic shields. But something goes wrong, and all soldiers assigned to the test suddenly find themselves stranded on a battlefield in the Sengoku period (the year 1549) and under attack by a samurai army. When the first men are killed, the unit retaliates with its formidable arsenal. 74 hours later, a reverse effect occurs, and a wounded samurai warrior suddenly appears in the 21st century.
Two years later, former JSDF First Lieutenant and now world-weary restaurant owner Yusuke Kashima (Yōsuke Eguchi) is approached by Major Mori (Katsuhisa Namase) and First Lieutenant Rei Kanzaki (Kyōka Suzuki), who inform him that his lost superior, Colonel Tsuyoshi Matoba (Takeshi Kaga), is actually stranded in the past and ask for his help. All over Japan, black holes have formed which threaten to devour the present; Mori and Kanzaki are sure that Matoba is altering history. Using the same conditions as before, a second team under Mori's and Kanzaki's leadership is to be sent into the past and recover Matoba's unit; Kashima is to act as an observer and liaison to Matoba. Kashima refuses to participate, but then Linuma Shichibei (Kazuki Kitamura), the samurai who had appeared after Matoba's unit had been sent back in time, seeks him out and asks him what he is actually living for when he is not interested in saving the world. This challenge rekindles Kashima's interest, and he agrees to come along.
As the recovery team arrives, they rescue a youth by the name of Tosuke (Akiyoshi Nakao), but also come under attack by both samurai and modern weapons, and, with some help from Shichibei (whose lord, Saitō Dōsan, had allied himself with the attackers) they are quickly captured. The survivors are brought to nearby Mount Anmo, where a castle has been erected which bears somewhat improvised, but clearly anachronistic features like an oil refinery. Soon, they meet the leader of the army, Oda Nobunaga – who is actually Matoba, who has grown resentful of his own time period and intends to write Japan's history anew. Matoba has established himself as a warlord and assumed Nobunaga's identity after having killed him during one of his first battles. Now, using a battery from the magnetic shield as a kit-bashed nuclear device, he plans to make Mount Fuji erupt, thereby eradicating the Kansai region and establishing himself as supreme Shōgun. He approaches Kashima with the offer to participate, but the latter firmly refuses.
In the meantime, Shichibei learns that his lord has wed his daughter, Nōhime (for whom the young samurai seems to feel more than respectful reverence) to the warlord and that the new arrivals are to be executed. While Shichibei is wracked with self-doubt about the fate of his benefactors, his own experiences in the future and the duty to his lord, Tosuke manages to sneak inside the fortress, where he comes in contact with Nōhime. When she learns of his resolve, she encourages Shichibei to follow his own heart and secretly prepares to free the prisoners.
The next morning, Kashima is to fight Shichibei for the freedom of himself and his men, but before a deadly blow can be struck, Shichibei tries to convince his lord to turn away from Matoba. Just as Saitō Dōsan orders Shichibei’s death, Tosuke uses a commandeered APC to provide the soldiers a route of escape and their weapons. They manage to snatch the majority of their equipment, but Major Mori is killed covering Kashima’s and Kanzaki’s escape, and Kanzaki herself is recaptured. With just about 21 hours left to return to their own time period, the surviving JSDF soldiers nevertheless decide to return to Anmo to stop Matoba. In the course of their planning, Kashima learns that Tosuke is actually Toyotomi Hideyoshi – a name which gives him hope for the future again. Soon, Shichibei returns to plead to his lord one final time and finally succeeds by appealing to a father’s love for his daughter, while Tosuke is sent to the emperor for an official authorization to declare Nobunaga a traitor.
The next morning, Saitō Dōsan returns to Anmo with fake news that Kashima and the remaining soldiers are headed for Kyoto to ask the emperor for assistance. Taking the bait, Matoba has the majority of his forces move out. As soon as this is done, Kashima and a group of his men, assisted by Dōsan’s samurai, conduct acts of sabotage and attack the castle guards. Kashima fights his way to Matoba, who is just about to launch the bomb, and finally manages to kill him, but the bomb is still set to explode.
As the oil refinery is destroyed, the explosion triggers an earthquake which destroys the castle. Kashima and Kanzaki are – along with the bomb – evacuated by helicopter and quickly brought to the point of entry, where Kashima hopes that the electromagnetic effects created by the time shift will cause the timer to stop. With only seconds to spare, they manage to return to their point of entry and are transported back to their own time; the time bomb is stopped and the present restored.
Reception
The film is considered an example of a fiction based on "the violent creation of an alternate future out of an altered past"., or, in another approach, of a "weird war story", with its blend of supernatural and sci-fi.
See also
Boshin War
References
External links
Films directed by Masaaki Tezuka
Comics about time travel
Films about time travel
Live-action films based on manga
Remakes of Japanese films
2005 films
Toho tokusatsu films
Sengoku period in fiction
Comics set in the 16th century
Films set in the 1540s
Films set in 2003
Japan Self-Defense Forces in fiction
Japanese alternate history films
Kadokawa Shoten manga
Kadokawa Dwango franchises
CMX (comics) titles
Shōnen manga
Cultural depictions of Oda Nobunaga
2000s Japanese films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai%20Commando%3A%20Mission%201549 |
Albania participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 in Athens, Greece, with the song "Zjarr e ftohtë" performed by Luiz Ejlli. Its selected entry was chosen through the national selection competition Festivali i Këngës organised by Radio Televizioni Shqiptar (RTSH) in December 2005. To this point, the nation had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest two times since its first entry in . Due to the non-top 11 result in the previous contest, Albania was drawn to compete in the semi-final of the contest, which took place on 18 May 2006. Performing as number six, the nation was not announced among the top 10 entries of the semi-final and therefore failed to qualify for the grand final, marking Albania's first non-qualification in the contest.
Background
Prior to the 2006 contest, Albania had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest two times since its first entry in . The country's highest placing in the contest, to this point, had been the seventh place, which it achieved in 2004 with the song "The Image of You" performed by Anjeza Shahini. Albania's national broadcaster, Radio Televizioni Shqiptar (RTSH), has organised Festivali i Këngës since its inauguration in 1962. Since 2003, the winner of the competition has simultaneously won the right to represent Albania in the Eurovision Song Contest.
Before Eurovision
Festivali i Këngës
RTSH organised the 44th edition of Festivali i Këngës to determine Albania's representative for the Eurovision Song Contest 2006. The competition consisted of two semi-finals on 16 and 17 December, respectively, and the grand final on 18 December 2005. The three live shows were hosted by Albanian singer Soni Malaj and presenter Drini Zeqo.
Competing entries
Shows
Semi-finals
The semi-finals of Festivali i Këngës took place on 16 December and 17 December 2005, respectively. 17 contestants participated in each semi-final, with the highlighted ones progressing to the grand final.
Final
The grand final of Festivali i Këngës took place on 18 December 2005. Luiz Ejlli emerged as the winner with "Zjarr e ftohtë" and was simultaneously announced as Albania's representative for the Eurovision Song Contest 2006.
Key:
Winner
Second place
Third place
At Eurovision
The Eurovision Song Contest 2006 took place at the O.A.C.A. Olympic Indoor Hall in Athens, Greece, and consisted of a semi-final on 18 May and the grand final on 20 May 2006. According to the Eurovision rules at the time, all participating countries, except the host nation and the "Big Four", consisting of , , and the , were required to qualify from the semi-final to compete for the final, although the top 10 countries from the semi-final progress to the final. Due to its non-top 11 result in the 2005 contest, Albania was required to compete in the semi-final. It was set to perform in position six, following and preceding . At the end of the semi-final, the country was not announced among the top 10 entries and therefore failed to qualify for the final, marking Albania's first non-qualification in the Eurovision Song Contest.
Voting
The tables below visualise a breakdown of points awarded to Albania in the semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2006, as well as by the country for both the semi-final and grand final. In the semi-final, Albania finished in 14th place with a total of 58 points, including 12 from and 10 from . Albania awarded its 12 points to Macedonia in the semi-final and to in the grand final of the contest.
Points awarded to Albania
Points awarded by Albania
References
2006
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006
2005
Eurovision | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202006 |
CONCANACO is Mexico's Confederation of the National Chambers of Commerce. Along with its counterpart CONCAMIN, it is a public institution with complete autonomy that coordinates and represents the local chambers of commerce (CANACO's) before the Federal Government. Its main tasks are to encourage the private sector to invest in new business opportunities in the country and to promote Mexico's tourism industry. CONCANACO's current president is José Manuel López Campos, appointed on 28 March 2014.
References
External links
Tourism in Mexico
Business organizations based in Mexico
Organizations established in 1917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONCANACO |
Reduction of Hours of Work (Textiles) Convention, 1937 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1937:
Withdrawn
The convention was never brought into force, and was withdrawn at the ILO General Conference May 30, 2000.
Ratifications
No countries ratified this convention.
External links
Text.
International Labour Organization conventions
Working time
Treaties concluded in 1937
Unratified treaties
History of the textile industry
1937 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction%20of%20Hours%20of%20Work%20%28Textiles%29%20Convention%2C%201937 |
Andorra participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 with the song "Sense tu" written by Rafael Artesero and Joan Antoni Rechi. The song was performed by Jenny, who was internally selected by the Andorran broadcaster Ràdio i Televisió d'Andorra (RTVA) to represent Andorra at the 2006 contest in Athens, Greece. The song, "Sense tu", was presented to the public on 8 March 2006 during a special gala show entitled Alguna cosa batega.
Andorra competed in the semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 18 May 2006. Performing during the show in position 4, "Sense tu" was not announced among the top 10 entries of the semi-final and therefore did not qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Andorra placed twenty-third (last) out of the 23 participating countries in the semi-final with 8 points.
Background
Prior to the 2006 contest, Andorra had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest two times since its first entry in . To this point, the nation has yet to feature in a final, which included 2004 with the song "Jugarem a estimar-nos" performed by Marta Roure which placed eighteenth out of the 22 participating nations in the semi-final, and with the song "La mirada interior" performed by Marian van de Wal which placed twenty-third out of the 25 participating nations in the semi-final.
The Andorran national broadcaster, Ràdio i Televisió d'Andorra (RTVA), broadcasts the event within Andorra and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. RTVA confirmed their intentions to participate at the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest on 13 September 2005. In 2004 and 2005, RTVA had set up a national final in order to select the Andorran entry for the contest. However, the broadcaster opted for an internal selection for the first time to select the 2006 Andorran entry.
Before Eurovision
Internal selection
RTVA selected the Andorran entry for the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest through an internal selection. A submission period was open for artists and composers to submit their entries between 15 October 2005 and 31 December 2005. Both artists and songwriters could be of any nationality, but artists with Andorran citizenship were given priority. Songwriters were able to submit up to three songs. A total of 87 submissions were received at the conclusion of the submission period. 49 artists applied without a song, 37 songs were submitted without an artist attached and one artist applied with a song. 26 of the artists that applied without a song were foreign: 21 from Spain, one from France and four from other countries. On 15 February 2006, RTVA revealed that four artists, three from Andorra and one from Spain, and three songs, two of them being written by Andorran songwriters, had been shortlisted.
On 20 February 2006, Andorran newspaper Diari d' Andorra reported that Spanish singer Jenny had been selected by RTVA to represent Andorra in Athens. Jenny was confirmed by the broadcaster as the Andorran entrant on 8 March 2006 during a special gala show entitled Alguna cosa batega, hosted by Meri Picart and Josep Lluís Trabal and broadcast on ATV as well as online via the broadcaster's website atv.ad. The song "Sense tu", which was written by Rafael Artesero and Joan Antoni Rechi, was presented to the public the same day during the gala show.
Promotion
Jenny specifically promoted "Sense tu" as the Andorran Eurovision entry by taking part in promotional activities in Malta and the Netherlands. Such promotional activities included an appearance during the NET TV show Lejn il-Eurovision in Malta on 30 April.
At Eurovision
According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country, the "Big Four" (France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom) and the ten highest placed finishers in the 2005 contest are required to qualify from the semi-final on 18 May 2006 in order to compete for the final on 20 May 2006; the top ten countries from the semi-final progress to the final. On 21 March 2006, a special allocation draw was held which determined the running order for the semi-final and Cyprus was set to perform in position 9, following the entry from Ireland and before the entry from Monaco. At the end of the show, Andorra was not announced among the top 10 entries in the semi-final and therefore failed to qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Andorra placed twenty-third in the semi-final, receiving a total of 8 points.
The semi-final and the final were broadcast in Andorra on ATV with commentary by Meri Picart and Josep Lluís Trabal. The Andorran spokesperson, who announced the Andorran votes during the final, was Xavi Palma.
Voting
Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Andorra and awarded by Andorra in the semi-final and grand final of the contest. The nation awarded its 12 points to Portugal in the semi-final and to Spain in the final of the contest.
Points awarded to Andorra
Points awarded by Andorra
References
2006
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006
Eurovision | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202006 |
Marine Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron 3 (VMAQ-3) was one of four Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadrons in the United States Marine Corps. The squadron consisted EA-6B Prowler jets and was tasked with conducting airborne electronic warfare. The squadron was based at Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, North Carolina and fell under the command of Marine Aircraft Group 14 (MAG-14) and the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing (2nd MAW). The squadron was decommissioned on May 11, 2018 as the Marine Corps sunsets the EA-6B Prowler.
Mission
Support the Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) commander by conducting airborne electronic warfare, day or night, under all weather conditions during Expeditionary, Joint, or Combined operations.
History
Early years
VMC-2 was formally commissioned at Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point on September 15, 1952, evolving from the Airborne Early Warning and Electronic Countermeasures section of the Wing Headquarters Squadron. On December 1, 1955, the squadron was combined with Marine Photographic Squadron 2 (VMJ-2). In July 1975, VMCJ-2 was reorganized into separate electronic warfare and photoreconnaissance squadrons. VMAQ-2, based at MCAS Cherry Point, retained all electronic warfare aircraft, while the photo reconnaissance aircraft became VMFP-3, based at Marine Corps Air Station El Toro, California.
Some of the aircraft flown by VMAQ-3's tactical electronic warfare predecessors included; the AD-5Q Skyraider, the EF-10B Skyknight and the EA-6A Electric Intruder. In 1977, the Marine Corps received the first of its EA-6B "Prowlers,".
Reorganization
VMAQ-2 was organized into three Detachments; XRAY, YANKEE and ZULU to better support the Marine Corps' worldwide mission. On July 1, 1992, VMAQ-3 was commissioned and formed from the personnel and aircraft of VMAQ-2 Detachment ZULU. In October 1994, VMAQ-3 received The Association of Old Crows Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron of the Year Award.
VMAQ-3 began integrating with Carrier Airwing One (CVW-1), in December 1994 and deployed to the Mediterranean Sea and Persian Gulf aboard the in August 1995. The Squadron saw combat action in Operation Deliberate Force, Operation Deny Flight and Operation Decisive Endeavor. Additionally the squadron participated in Operation Southern Watch in the Persian Gulf.
Early 1997 found the Moondogs preparing to deploy to Aviano Air Base, Italy. From February to August the Moondogs conducted air operations over Bosnia in support of Operation Deliberate Guard while also supporting Operation Silver Wake, a Non-Combatant Evacuation Operation conducted in Albania.
In December 2000 to April 2001, VMAQ-3 deployed to Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia in support of Operation Southern Watch.
Global War on Terror
From October 2001 to February 2002, VMAQ-3 deployed to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey to fly combat missions in the enforcement of United Nations resolutions and sanctions imposed upon Iraq by flying in support of Operation Northern Watch.
Early in 2003 the squadron was deployed to Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni, Japan as part of the Unit Deployment Program. During this time the squadron participated in exercises in Thailand and Korea.
From January to August 2005 the squadron was deployed to Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF). VMAQ-3 was awarded a Meritorious Unit Commendation for its performance during this time.
From July 2006 to January 2007, the squadron supported Operation Iraqi Freedom where they sustained an operational tempo 700% greater than their average garrison optempo. VMAQ-3 flew over 3,900 hours in support of ground combat forces.
On February 5, 2010 aircraft from VMAQ-3 returned home to MCAS Cherry Point from Al Asad Airbase in western Iraq after a six-month deployment. They were the last Marine Corps aviation unit to leave Iraq after the Marine Corps turned over control of Al Anbar Governorate to the United States Army.
On August 7, 2015 the squadron deployed to MCAS Iwakuni, Japan in support of the Global War on Terror. They returned on February 11, 2016 to MCAS Cherry Point.
The squadron was decommissioned on May 11, 2018 at MCAS Cherry Point after 26 years of service.
Unit awards
A unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. VMAQ-3 has been presented with the following awards:
See also
List of United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons
United States Marine Corps Aviation
List of decommissioned United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons
References
Notes
External links
VMAQ-3's official website
EA-6B
Inactive units of the United States Marine Corps | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMAQ-3 |
Armenia debuted in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 with the song "Without Your Love" written by Armen Matirosyan and Catherine Bekian. The song was performed by André, who was selected internally by the Armenian broadcaster Public Television of Armenia (AMPTV) to represent Armenia in the 2006 contest in Athens, Greece. André's selection as the Armenian artist was announced on 20 January 2006, while the song "Without Your Love" was later presented to the public on 17 March 2006.
Armenia competed in the semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 18 May 2006. Performing as the opening entry for the show in position 1, "Without Your Love" was announced among the top 10 entries of the semi-final and therefore qualified to compete in the final on 20 May. It was later revealed that Armenia placed sixth out of the 23 participating countries in the semi-final with 150 points. In the final, Armenia was the closing performance of the show in position 24, placing eighth out of the 24 participating countries with 129 points.
Background
The Armenian national broadcaster, Public Television of Armenia (AMPTV), confirmed their intentions to debut at the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest. Despite initially announcing that a national final would be organized to select for the 2006 Armenian entry, AMPTV, which broadcasts the event within Armenia and organises the selection process for the nation's entry, later opted to internally selected both the artist and the song instead.
Before Eurovision
Internal selection
The Armenian entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 was internally selected by the AMPTV. On 20 January 2006, André was announced as the Armenian representative. In regards to his selection as the Armenian entrant, André stated: "I was so excited at first when I learned the news of my participation. Then I realized what a tremendous responsibility it is, after all I am going to represent not my personality but the country, and that is very serious." AMPTV later announced in February 2006 that the Armenian entry had been selected from 20 songs submitted by songwriters worldwide following a public call for song submissions with a deadline of 20 January 2006.
The song "Without Your Love", composed by Armen Matirosyan with lyrics by Catherine Bekian, was announced as the Armenian entry on 8 February 2006. André filmed the official video for the song prior to the presentation, which was directed by Hrach Keshishyan. The song and video were presented to the public on 17 March 2006.
At Eurovision
All countries except the "Big 4" (France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom), the host country, and the ten highest placed finishers in the 2005 contest, are required to qualify from the semi-final in order to compete for the final; the top ten countries from the semi-final progress to the final. On 21 March 2006, an allocation draw was held which determined the running order for the semi-final and Armenia was set to open the show and perform in position 1, before the entry from Bulgaria. At the end of the show, Armenia was announced as having finished in the top 10 and subsequently qualifying for the grand final. It was later revealed that Armenia placed sixth in the semi-final, receiving a total of 150 points. During the winners' press conference for the ten qualifying countries after the semi-final, Armenia was drawn to perform last in position 24, following the entry from Turkey. Armenia placed eighth in the final, scoring 129 points.
In Armenia, both the semi-final and the final were broadcast on Channel 1 with commentary by Gohar Gasparyan and Felix Khachatryan. The Armenian spokesperson, who announced the Armenian votes during the final, was Gohar Gasparyan.
Voting
Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Armenia and awarded by Armenia in the semi-final and grand final of the contest. The nation awarded its 12 points to Russia in the semi-final and the final of the contest.
Points awarded to Armenia
Points awarded by Armenia
References
2006
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006
Eurovision | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202006 |
Belarus participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 with the song "Mum" written by Andrey Kostyugov and Sergey Sukhomlin. The song was performed by Polina Smolova. The Belarusian entry for the 2006 contest in Athens, Greece was selected through a national final organised by the Belarusian broadcaster National State Television and Radio Company of the Republic of Belarus (BTRC). The national final consisted of a semi-final which was a televised production and an untelevised final held on 10 February 2006 and 27 February 2006, respectively. Fifteen competing acts participated in the semi-final where the top three entries as determined by a public televote qualified to the final. In the final, an eight-member jury panel selected "Mama" performed by Polina Smolova as the winner. The song was later retitled for the Eurovision Song Contest as "Mum".
Belarus was competed in the semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 18 May 2006. Performing during the show in position 5, "Mum" was not announced among the top 10 entries of the semi-final and therefore did not qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Belarus placed twenty-second out of the 23 participating countries in the semi-final with 10 points.
Background
Prior to the 2006 contest, Belarus had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest two times since its first entry in 2004. Following the introduction of semi-finals for the , Belarus had yet to qualify to the final. The nation's best placing in the contest was thirteenth in the semi-final, which it achieved in 2005 with the song "Love Me Tonight" performed by Angelica Agurbash.
The Belarusian national broadcaster, National State Television and Radio Company of the Republic of Belarus (BTRC), broadcasts the event within Belarus and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. Since 2004, BTRC has organised a national final in order to choose Belarus' entry, a selection procedure that continued for their 2006 entry.
Before Eurovision
Eurofest 2006
The Belarusian national final consisted of a semi-final and final held on 10 February 2006 and 27 February 2006, respectively. The televised portion of the competition was broadcast on the First Channel and Belarus TV as well as online via the broadcaster's official website tvr.by.
Competing entries
Artists and composers were able to submit their applications and entries to the broadcaster between 29 November 2005 and 12 January 2006. At the closing of the deadline, 73 entries were received by the broadcaster. A jury panel was tasked with selecting up to fifteen entries to proceed to the televised national final. The jury consisted of Mihail Finberg (chairman of the jury, director of the Belarusian State Academic Symphony Orchestra), Valeriy Grebenko (head of sound engineering of BTRC), Oleg Eliseenkov (composer), Eduard Zaritsky (composer), Leonid Zakhlevny (director of the ensemble Byasyeda), Valeriy Pestov (director of programme production of BTRC), Vasily Rainchik (musician/composer) and Vladimir Ugolnik (lecturer at the Belarusian State University of Culture and Arts). Fifteen semi-finalists were selected and announced on 18 January 2006. Prior to the semi-final, Polina Smolova opted to withdraw her original song "Sait odinochestva" and was replaced with the song "Mama".
Semi-final
The televised semi-final took place on 10 February 2006 at the Republic Palace in Minsk, hosted by Denis Kurian. Prior to the semi-final, a draw for the running order took place on 24 January 2006. Public televoting exclusively selected the top three songs to qualify to the final.
Final
The untelevised final took place on 27 February 2006. The votes of jury members made up of music professionals selected the song "Mama" performed by Polina Smolova as the winner.
At Eurovision
According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country, the "Big Four" (France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom) and the ten highest placed finishers in the 2005 contest are required to qualify from the semi-final in order to compete for the final; the top ten countries from the semi-final progress to the final. On 21 March 2006, a special allocation draw was held which determined the running order for the semi-final on 18 May 2006. Belarus was drawn to perform in position 5, following the entry from Andorra and before the entry from Albania. At the end of the semi-final, Belarus was not announced among the top 10 entries in the semi-final and therefore failed to qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that the Belarus placed twenty-second in the semi-final, receiving a total of 10 points.
The semi-final and the final were broadcast in Belarus on the First Channel with commentary by Denis Dudinskiy. The Belarusian spokesperson, who announced the Belarusian votes during the final, was Corrianna.
Voting
Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Belarus and awarded by Belarus in the semi-final and grand final of the contest. The nation awarded its 12 points to Russia in the semi-final and the final of the contest.
Points awarded to Belarus
Points awarded by Belarus
References
2006
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006
Eurovision | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202006 |
Safety Provisions (Building) Convention, 1937 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1937:
Ratifications and denunciations
As of January 2023, the convention had been ratified by 30 states. However, eleven of the ratifying states have automatically denounced the treaty because of subsequent ratification of conventions that automatically trigger denunciation of the 1937 treaty.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
Health treaties
International Labour Organization conventions
Occupational safety and health treaties
Treaties concluded in 1937
Treaties entered into force in 1942
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
Treaties of Burundi
Treaties of the Central African Republic
Treaties of the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)
Treaties of Egypt
Treaties of the French Fourth Republic
Treaties of Greece
Treaties of Guinea
Treaties of Honduras
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of Malta
Treaties of Mauritania
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Peru
Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
Treaties of Rwanda
Treaties of Francoist Spain
Treaties of Suriname
Treaties of Switzerland
Treaties of Tunisia
Construction law
1937 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety%20Provisions%20%28Building%29%20Convention%2C%201937 |
Edward "Gunboat" Smith (February 17, 1887 – August 6, 1974) was an Irish American boxer, film actor and later a boxing referee. During his career, Smith faced twelve different Boxing Hall of Famers a combined total of 23 times. Among the all-time greats he faced were Jack Dempsey, Harry Greb, Sam Langford, and Georges Carpentier.
Boxing career
Smith was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He spent much of his youth in orphanages, working on farms and on the railroads. He joined the U.S. Navy, where he began boxing and won the heavyweight championship of the Pacific Fleet.
In 1910, Smith became known in the Oakland and San Francisco areas by serving as a sparring partner for Jack Johnson and Stanley Ketchel before their heavyweight title fight there. Author Jack London knew Smith and helped fund his training.
From 1912–1915, Smith established himself as a leading candidate for the heavyweight title, beating, among others, British and British Empire champion Bombardier Billy Wells and future world champion Jess Willard, and beating and losing to Sam Langford in two fights. He fought many other ranked fighters, but before his death, Smith was asked to name the greatest fighter he ever met. His response: Langford, in his words, “The best of all of them.”
In 1914, Smith won the "White Hope" heavyweight championship. This title, created by boxing promoters due to the unpopularity of the black heavyweight champion Jack Johnson, was never widely recognized. He lost the "title" to Georges Carpentier later that year in a bout with a purse of 9,000 pounds sterling.
After 1916, Smith's career suffered a decline; in 1917, he suffered a loss by decision to future champion Jack Dempsey in a hotly contested four-round fight. A year later, he was knocked to the canvas 9 times by Dempsey, suffering a one-sided second-round knock out.
In 1920 and 1921, Smith suffered a string of KO losses and retired after suffering a one-round knockout to the great heavyweight contender Harry Wills. He finished with a record of 81 wins, 46 losses, and 13 draws, a total of 140 bouts. “Not a great record on paper,” Dave Allen remarked, “but one that becomes much more impressive when you take into consideration that he fought the very best of his era.”
Smith was lean and scrappy, an excellent boxer who moved well and hit sharply with both hands. Among the men he defeated were Willard, Langford, Wells, Battling Levinsky, Carl Morris, Frank Moran, and Fireman Jim Flynn.
Professional boxing record
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"|52 Wins (38 Knockouts), 28 Defeats (12 Knockouts), 10 Draws, 1 No Contest
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;"
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Res.
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Record
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Opponent
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Type
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Rd., Time
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Date
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Location
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Notes
|- align=center
|Loss
|52-28-10
|align=left| Harry Wills
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|52-27-10
|align=left| Bob Martin
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|52-26-10
|align=left| Al Roberts
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|52-25-10
|align=left| Harry Greb
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|
|align=left| Bob Roper
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw
|52-24-10
|align=left| Bob Roper
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Texas Tate
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|
|align=left| Chuck Wiggins
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Tony Melchior
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|52-24-9
|align=left| Lee Anderson
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|52-23-9
|align=left| Fred Fulton
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|52-22-9
|align=left| Andre Anderson
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|51-22-9
|align=left| Bill Tate
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|51-21-9
|align=left| Willie Meehan
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|50-21-9
|align=left| Carl Morris
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw
|49-21-9
|align=left| Ole Anderson
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw
|49-21-8
|align=left| Carl Morris
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|49-21-7
|align=left| Fat LaRue
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|48-21-7
|align=left| Frank Farmer
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|48-20-7
|align=left| Noel "Boy" McCormick
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|48-19-7
|align=left| K.O. Kruvosky
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|48-18-7
|align=left| Jack Dempsey
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|
|align=left| Billy Miske
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw
|48-17-7
|align=left| Tom McMahon
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|
|align=left| Leo Houck
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|48-17-6
|align=left| Billy Miske
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|
|align=left| Clay Turner
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|
|align=left| Hugh Walker
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Emmett Kid Wagner
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|48-16-6
|align=left| Charley Weinert
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|48-15-6
|align=left| Fred Fulton
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|48-14-6
|align=left| Jack Dempsey
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Frank Moran
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|
|align=left| Kid Norfolk
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Bill Tate
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw
|
|align=left| Kid Norfolk
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Jack Clifford
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw
|
|align=left| Bob McAllister
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|48-13-6
|align=left| Jack Dillon
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw
|48-12-6
|align=left| Jack Moran
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|
|align=left| Battling Levinsky
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|
|align=left| Tom Cowler
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Frank Moran
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|48-12-5
|align=left| Battling Levinsky
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Joe Cox
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Tom Cowler
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Jim Coffey
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|48-11-5
|align=left| Cleve Hawkins
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Tom McMahon
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|47-11-5
|align=left| Arthur Pelkey
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|
|align=left| Battling Levinsky
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Bob Devere
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|46-11-5
|align=left| Carl Morris
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|
|align=left| Dan Flynn
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|
|align=left| Jack Dillon
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|46-10-5
|align=left| Jim Coffey
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Joe Cox
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|46-9-5
|align=left| Colin Bell
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Al Reich
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Sailor Jack Carroll
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Jack Hemple
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Tom Cowler
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|align=left| Charley Weinert
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|align=left| Dick Gilbert
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|46-8-5
|align=left| Tom McCarty
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|align=left| Charley Weinert
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|align=left| Jack Reed
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|align=left| Jack Dillon
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|45-8-5
|align=left| Battling Levinsky
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|44-8-5
|align=left| Battling Levinsky
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|44-8-4
|align=left| Chick Carsey
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|43-8-4
|align=left| Tom McCarty
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|align=left| Jim Coffey
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|42-8-4
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|align=left| Cyclone Johnny Thompson
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|42-7-4
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|42-6-4
|align=left| Arthur Pelkey
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|41-6-4
|align=left| Sam Langford
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|40-6-4
|align=left| Charley Miller
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|39-6-4
|align=left| Tony Ross
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|38-6-4
|align=left| Carl Morris
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|37-6-4
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|36-6-4
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|35-6-4
|align=left| Jess Willard
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|align=left| George Rodel
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|34-6-4
|align=left| Fred McKay
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|33-6-4
|align=left| Bombardier Billy Wells
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After boxing
After his retirement, Smith went on to have a variety of jobs: runner on Wall Street, private policeman at Madison Square Garden and Yankee Stadium, and an actor in several small roles in silent films, including The Great Gatsby and Wings, the first Academy Award-winner for Best Picture.
He also refereed boxing matches, such as the Harry Greb vs. Tiger Flowers middleweight championship bout in 1926 and the controversial Max Schmeling vs. Jack Sharkey return heavyweight championship contest in 1932.
He died in 1974 in Florida.
Partial filmography
Manhattan (1924) - Joe Madden
The Shock Punch (1925) - Terrence O'Rourke
Lovers in Quarantine (1925) - Sailor Sheldon
The Fear Fighter (1925) - Prison Inmate
Lovers in Quarantine (1925) - Minor Role (uncredited)
Bashful Buccaneer (1925)
Let's Get Married (1926) - Slattery
The Arizona Streak (1926) - Jim
Say It Again (1926) - Gunner Jones
The Great Gatsby (1926) - Bert
Wings (1927) - The Sergeant
We're All Gamblers (1927) - Gunboat
The City Gone Wild (1927) - Policeman
Midnight Rose (1928) - Casey
References
External links
|-
Boxers from Philadelphia
Heavyweight boxers
American male film actors
American male silent film actors
20th-century American male actors
1887 births
1974 deaths
World white heavyweight boxing champions
American male boxers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunboat%20Smith |
The League of Communists of Serbia (, abbr. SKS), known as the Communist Party of Serbia (, abbr. KPS) until 1952, was the ruling political party of Serbia from 1945 to 1990. It was the Serbian branch of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, known until 1952 as the Communist Party of Yugoslavia.
Under a new constitution ratified in 1974, greater power was devolved to the various republic-level branches. In the late 1980s, the party was taken over by a faction endorsing Slobodan Milošević to become leader of the party. Milošević appeased nationalists in Serbia by promising to reduce the level of autonomy within the autonomous provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina. This policy increased ethnic tensions with the other republics and nationalities. During the early 1990s, the growing ethnic tensions between the republics of Yugoslavia led to the break-up of the federal party.
On 17 July 1990, it merged with several smaller parties to form the Socialist Party of Serbia.
During its existence the League of Communists of Kosovo and the League of Communists of Vojvodina were associated with it as "integral parts."
Party leaders
Blagoje Nešković (1941 – 1948)
Petar Stambolić (1948 – March 1957)
Jovan Veselinov (March 1957 – 4 November 1966)
Dobrivoje Radosavljević (4 November 1966 – February 1968)
Petar Stambolić (February 1968 – November 1968)
Marko Nikezić (November 1968 – 26 October 1972)
Tihomir Vlaškalić (26 October 1972 – May 1982)
Dušan Čkrebić (May 1982 – 17 May 1984)
Ivan Stambolić (17 May 1984 – May 1986)
Slobodan Milošević (May 1986 – 24 May 1989)
Bogdan Trifunović (24 May 1989 – 16 July 1990)
Congresses
I. (Founding) Congress – 8–12 May 1945
II. Congress – 17–21 January 1949
III. Congress – 26–29 April 1954
IV. Congress – 4–6 June 1959
V. Congress – 11–14 May 1965
VI. Congress – 21–23 November 1968
VII. Congress – 23–25 April 1974
VIII. Congress – 29–31 May 1978
IX. Congress – 1982
X. Congress – May 1986
XI. Congress – December 1989
XII. (Extraordinary) Congress – July 1990
See also
History of Serbia
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
League of Communists of Bosnia and Herzegovina
League of Communists of Croatia
League of Communists of Macedonia
League of Communists of Montenegro
League of Communists of Slovenia
League of Communists of Vojvodina
League of Communists of Kosovo
List of leaders of communist Yugoslavia
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Notes
References
League of Communists of Serbia
1941 establishments in Serbia
1990 disestablishments in Serbia
Communist parties in Serbia
Defunct political parties in Serbia
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Parties of one-party systems
Political parties disestablished in 1990
Political parties established in 1941
Socialist Party of Serbia
Socialist Republic of Serbia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League%20of%20Communists%20of%20Serbia |
EV Zug is a professional men's ice hockey team from Zug, Switzerland. It is a member of the National League and plays its home games at the Bossard Arena.
History
EV Zug won its first championship in the 1997–98 season, and the second one in the 2020-21 season.
On October 3, 2011, the club defeated the New York Rangers of the NHL by the score of 8-4 in an exhibition game. Former NHLer Josh Holden, who at the time was suspended from the NLA, was permitted to play and scored twice. He and Fabian Schnyder each had three points and Esa Pirnes also had two goals. Former Ranger goaltender Jussi Markkanen had the win in net in front of a sellout crowd at Bossard Arena.
Honors
Champions
NL Championship (3): 1998, 2021, 2022
Swiss Cup (1): 2019
Runners-up
NL Championship (4): 1995, 1997, 2017, 2019
Players
Current roster
NHL alumni
Ivan Hlinka 1983–85
Don "Red" Laurence 1986-91
Ken Yaremchuk 1990–96
Patrick Fischer 1992–97, 2003–06, 2007–09
Bill McDougall 1995–98
John Miner 1995–98
Wes Walz 1996–99
Paul DiPietro 1999–2004, 2005–11
Chris Tancill 1999–2004
Todd Elik 2000–02
James Black 2002–03
Raphael Diaz 2003–11, 2016–21
Claude Lemieux 2003–04
Barry Richter 2003–08
Mike Fisher 2004–05
Niko Kapanen 2004–05
Oleg Petrov 2004–08
Luca Sbisa 2006–07
Dale McTavish 2007–10
Reto Berra 2008–09
Damien Brunner 2008–13
Micki DuPont 2008–10
Josh Holden 2008–18
Andrei Bashkirov 2009–10
Jussi Markkanen 2009–13, 2016–17
Glen Metropolit 2010–12
Andy Wozniewski 2010–13
Timo Helbling 2011–13, 2016–18
Esa Pirnes 2011–12
Linus Omark 2012–13
Henrik Zetterberg 2012–13
Brian Boucher 2013–14
Robbie Earl 2013–15
Andrew Hutchinson 2013–14
Tim Ramholt 2013–16
Rob Schremp 2013–14
Kyle Wellwood 2013–14
Pierre-Marc Bouchard 2014–16
Tobias Stephan 2014–19
Michal Řepík 2014–15
Jarkko Immonen 2015–17
Carl Klingberg 2016–present
David McIntyre 2016–20
Garrett Roe 2017–19
Viktor Stålberg 2017–18
Dennis Everberg 2018–19
EV Zug Women
EV Zug Women is a semi-professional women's ice hockey team that competes, as of the 2023-2024 season, in the SWHL-B: the second division of the Switzerland women's ice hockey league.
References
External links
EV Zug official website
Ice hockey teams in Switzerland
Zug | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EV%20Zug |
OTT were an Irish boy band of the mid-late 1990s. The five members were Niall O'Neill, Alan Fitzsimons, Alan Mates (known as 'Adam' in the band), Glen Clarke and Keith Cox. They were signed to Sony Music and had a number of chart hits in Ireland and the UK.
Career
After three top ten single releases in Ireland, the group attempted to break the UK market minus Keith Cox, who had left for family reasons. Although moderately successful in the UK, scoring four top 30 hits, the group became well known in Asia with sales of up to 250,000 copies of their debut album. After being dropped by Sony in the late 1990s, the band called it a day.
Discography
Album
1997: This One's for You
Singles
1995: "Promise Me"
1996: "I Can't Give You Anything (But My Love)" - IRE #10
1996: "Let Me In" - IRE #2
1996: "All Out of Love" - IRE #3
1996: "Forever Girl" - IRE #14
1997: "Let Me In" (re-issue) - UK #12
1997: "Forever Girl" (re-issue) - UK #24
1997: "All Out of Love" (re-issue) - UK #11
1998: "The Story of Love" - UK #11, IRE #9
After OTT
OTT's Alan Fitzsimons competed in the first series of TV talent series The Voice of Ireland, being eliminated in the semi-finals.
Fitzsimons works in the mobile communications industry, O'Neill now runs a multi-media company in Dublin, having worked at a Spanish tourist resort, Mates is an interior designer, and Clarke lives in the United States.
References
Irish boy bands
Irish pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1995
Musical groups disestablished in 1998
Musical groups from Dublin (city)
Sony Music artists
Epic Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTT%20%28group%29 |
The cuisine of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo varies widely, representing the food of indigenous people. Cassava, fufu, rice, plantain and potatoes are generally the staple foods eaten with other side dishes.
History
Common Congolese dishes
Less than two percent of the land is cultivated, and most of this is used for subsistence farming. Congo's farmland is the source of a wide variety of crops. These include maize, rice, cassava (manioc), sweet potatoes, yam, taro, plantain, tomatoes, pumpkin and varieties of peas and nuts. These foods are eaten throughout the country, but there are also regional dishes. The most important crops for export are coffee and palm oil.
Wild plants, fruits, mushrooms, honey and other foods such as bushmeat and fish are also gathered, hunted, and used in dishes. People often sell these crops at markets, or by the roadside. Cattle breeding and the development of large-scale agricultural businesses have been hindered by the recent war and the poor quality of the road system.
Congolese meals often consist of a starchy ingredient, along with vegetables and meat in the form of a stew. The starch can come in the form of a paste or mash made of cassava or corn flour, called fufu or ugali. When eaten, the fufu is rolled into golf-ball-sized balls and dipped into the spicy stew; often an indentation is made with the thumb in order to bring up a thimbleful of sauce.
A type of fermented bread, kwanga or chikwangue, made from cassava, is commercially produced throughout the country. Lituma is a popular plantain dish made from mashed plantains which are formed into balls and baked. Sweet potatoes are prepared in a similar way, and mixed with roasted peanuts in some parts of the country. Rice is often mixed with beans.
To accompany these starchy ingredients, green vegetables such as cassava leaves, tshitekutaku (a spinach-like plant) and okra are often added. Mushrooms, especially prized amongst the Luba people, are often seen as a substitute for meat in times of shortage. Though total vegetarianism is unknown, most meals are eaten without meat due to its high price.
Fish are plentiful along the Congo River, its tributaries, and various lakes, and are baked, boiled or fried for immediate consumption, or smoked or salted when preserved. Markets often sell ready-to-eat peppered fish baked in banana leaves. Goat is the most widely consumed meat. Mwambe is a common way of cooking chicken with peanut sauce. Edible insects such as grasshoppers and caterpillars are eaten; they tend to have a nutty flavour.
Sauces to mix with the ingredients above can be made with tomatoes, onions, and the local aromatic herbs. Vegetable oil, salt, hot red chile pepper and sweet green pepper are used to impart extra flavour. These spices are less frequently used in the far south.
Nganda restaurants
Kinshasa's nganda restaurants, with a greater mix of ethnicities, are ethnic restaurants serving food from specific parts of the country, as well as Western imports such as bread and beer. Often owned by unmarried women, the nganda occupy a middle ground between bars and restaurants. Three typical types of nganda restaurants are:
Riverside nganda serve baked fish served with cooked plantains: recipes from up river.
Kongo nganda serve fish dishes with a vegetable sauce, together with kwanga mentioned above. These dishes originate downriver from Kinshasa.
Kasai nganda serve goat meat with rice and green vegetables. They also use rabbit as the grand dessert at a special occasion.
Nganda restaurants are often geared not only to specific regions, but also different classes—from migrant menial workers and miners, to professionals and government officials.
List of Congolese foods
Moamba, a sauce or a dish prepared with a sauce usually made from peanut butter.
Ngai ngai ya musaka is a sauce or dish prepared with a sauce usually made from the pericarp (not the seeds) of palm nuts, the fruit of the African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) tree, in western Middle Africa. Ngai ngai is a leaf called oseille in French and sorrel in English.
Chikwangue or kwanga, made from cassava, cooked and stored in banana leaves, darker in some parts of the country, nearly white in other parts.
Fufu, sticky dough-like dish made of cassava flour. This is a staple dish much as rice or potatoes in other countries.
Loso na madesu—rice and beans.
Sombe or pondu—soup made from boiled, pounded and cooked cassava leaves.
Ndakala—small dried fish.
Pili pili—very hot pepper, served with nearly everything, even occasionally dried and sprinkled on fruit.
Palm wine made from the sap of a wild palm tree, is fermented by natural yeasts, and has an alcohol content of between five and seven percent.
Mbembe—snails.
Mulenda, or dongo-dongo—okra.
Soso—chicken and rice.
Ntaba or ngulu yako tumba—grilled goat, pork.
Mbisi ya Mayi (poisson de mere)—fish.
Liboke ya mbika (steamed pumpkin-seed pudding), liboke ya ngulu (pork pepper soup steamed in banana leaves) or liboke ya mbisi (fish, mostly catfish pepper soup steamed in banana leaves).
Mikate—deep-fried dough balls.
Makelele—grasshoppers.
Pain mwambe—peanut butter bread.
Makayabu—salt fish.
Kamundele—kebab sticks, beef on skewers.
Thomson—horse mackerel.
Mbewngi—black-eyed peas.
Loso ya bulayi—Congolese Fried Rice.
Madesu—bean stew.
Pondu ya madesu—cassava leaf and bean stew.
Dabo kolo—small pieces of baked bread.
See also
African cuisine
List of African cuisines
References
Central African cuisine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congolese%20cuisine |
A table hockey game, also called rod hockey game, stick hockey, bubble hockey, and board hockey, is a game for two players, derived from ice hockey. The game consists of a representation of a hockey rink; the players score goals by hitting a small puck into the opposing "net" with cutout figures that represent hockey players. The figures are manipulated by rods below the "ice": each one slides forward and back along its own narrow slot when the player pushes or pulls on the rod, or rotates (about a vertical axis) to shoot or stickhandle the puck when the player spins the rod. Though similar in concept to air hockey (commonly known as "glide hockey"), table hockey games are more of a simulation of the sport of ice hockey while air hockey is more abstract.
Original table hockey
The game of table hockey was invented in 1932, by the Canadian Donald H. Munro Sr., in Toronto. Munro, like so many Canadians in the depths of the depression, was short of cash for Christmas presents. He had a wife and three young children. That year, the family all pitched in and made the first table hockey game. This mechanical game was built out of scrap wood and metal, and included used coat hanger wire, butcher's twine, clock springs, and lumber from the coal bin. Unlike current games, the game looked more like an early pinball game, with one key difference: this was a two player game. The playing surface had a peak in the middle and sloped down toward each end. The players controlled levers for the goalie and flippers for the players. The story goes that a travelling salesman noticed the game and encouraged Munro to take the game down to the local Eaton's department store. Munro did just that. The first game went in on a consignment deal. By the time Munro got home, the game was sold and more orders were placed.
Manufacturers
There are many types of the game. The defunct Munro Games of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, manufactured the original variant of the game in Burlington, Ontario. Stiga Games in Sweden are used in the table hockey sport administered by the International Table Hockey Federation.
The game has also been played using a variety of commercial boards in North America since the 1920s. Rick Benej, of Greenwich, NY, has built table hockey games since the 1980s. His model has gone through three different designs and refinements over the years. The most popular board for many years was manufactured by the now-defunct Coleco company, and most North American boards (such as those built by The Carrom Company and Irwin toys) are a variant of this model. However, the Stiga board has begun to tap the North American market, even as other new boards continue to be introduced.
Arcade version
The arcade version is called 'dome hockey' or 'bubble hockey', because of the large plastic dome that covers the playing surface in order to prevent the puck either becoming lost or stolen. The most popular of these 'bubble hockey' tables is Chexx (USA vs. Soviet Union) and its successor, Super Chexx (Canada vs. USA). Super Chexx was the company that originally developed this game in the early 1980s. Later other companies also began to produce similar items.
Game variations
Another table hockey game, called Do-To-Ho, is completely different from the other games specified here. The play figures are not fastened to bars, but are mobile on the whole playing field. In their bases, just like in the puck, there is a ball bearing, so they slide like ice skate runners over the board.
Moving a play figure is done via a short, unique knock against the figure with a small stick as in billiards. The play courses take place alternating, there are 'attack courses', with which the puck may be played by a play figure, and 'position courses' (defense courses as well as offside release courses), with which a play figure only may change position without touching the puck. Puck possession changes, if the aggressor misses the puck or hits an opposing play figure.
Do-To-Ho was developed in Germany and published in 1994.
Stiga also produces a similar board with a football theme.
See also
ITHF table hockey
Air hockey
References
External links
Virtual Museum Hockey Games : Table hockey virtual museum
General history of tabletop hockey games : Table hockey history
Stiga Table Hockey Game History : Stiga table hockey history
Games of physical skill
Variations of hockey
Variations of ice hockey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table%20hockey |
The is a breed of dog originating from Japan. Other names for the breed include Ainu-ken, Seta, Ainu dog, Hokkaidog. In Japan, its name is sometimes shortened to Dō-ken (道犬). The Hokkaido is native to the prefecture of the same name in Japan.
Appearance
The dog is medium in size, with small, triangular, upright ears. The small black eyes have a rising triangular outline. The Hokkaido has a coat of long, stiff fur, and a second, shorter coat of soft fur. Colors include red, white, black, brindle, sesame, black and tan, and wolf-gray. Males are typically 50 cm (20 in) tall at the withers, females slightly shorter, with body masses in the 20 kg (44 lb) range. Dogs bred on continents outside of their native Japan may be smaller.
History
The Hokkaido dog is thought to have originated from the medium-sized dogs brought by immigrants from the main island of Honshu in the 1140s. In 1869, the English zoologist Thomas W. Blakiston gave the breed the name Hokkaido. The breed was useful in the search for survivors of an Imperial Japanese Army regiment that was caught in heavy snow crossing the Hakkōda Mountains of Aomori Prefecture in 1902.
In 1937, the Ainu dog was designated in Japan as "a rare species protected by law" by the Ministry of Education and it was decided that the official name of the breed would be Hokkaido-Inu. However, the dogs are almost always called Hokkaido-Ken among the Japanese people.
The breed is extremely rare outside its native country.
Health
The Hokkaido dog has a very high rate of Collie eye anomaly (CEA). About 1/3 of Hokkaidos are affected by CEA while 2/3 are carriers.
References
External links
Hokkaido Dog Photos
Hokkaido Association of North America
Hokkaido Breed information website (including CEA info)
Ainu culture
Breeds originating from Indigenous people
Dog breeds originating in Japan
Mammals of Japan
Rare dog breeds
Spitz breeds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido%20%28dog%29 |
The Convention Concerning Statistics of Wages and Hours of Work, 1938 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1938:
Ratifications
As of 2013, the convention has been ratified by 34 states. Of the ratifying states, 20 have denounced the treaty by means of an automatic process that denounces the 1938 treaty when other superseding conventions are ratified by the same state.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
International Labour Organization conventions
Statistical data agreements
Treaties concluded in 1938
Treaties entered into force in 1940
Treaties of Algeria
Treaties of Barbados
Treaties of Chile
Treaties of Cuba
Treaties of Djibouti
Treaties of the Kingdom of Egypt
Treaties of the French Fourth Republic
Treaties of Kenya
Treaties of Myanmar
Treaties of Nicaragua
Treaties of South Africa
Treaties of Tanganyika
Treaties of the United Arab Republic
Treaties of Uruguay
1938 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention%20Concerning%20Statistics%20of%20Wages%20and%20Hours%20of%20Work%2C%201938 |
The Adelaide Lightning is an Australian professional women's basketball team competing in the Women's National Basketball League (WNBL). The club is based in the city of Adelaide, South Australia. The club was formed in 1993 and they play in the 8,000-seat Titanium Security Arena.
History
The Adelaide Lightning were formed in 1993 and started playing out of the Clipsal Powerhouse. Since the early 2000s the team has tended to alternate between their current home at the Adelaide Arena (formerly the Powerhouse) and the Wayville Sports Centre located within the Adelaide Showgrounds.
The Lightning have won the WNBL Championship five times (1994, 1995, 1996, 1998 and 2008). The club's captain during its glory years of the 1990s was three time Olympian, twice WNBL MVP and club games record holder (304) Rachael Sporn. Sporn is also the only Lightning player to have her number (14) retired by the club. Other Opals to have played with the Lightning include Jenny Whittle, Carla Boyd, Jo Hill, Kristi Harrower, Erin Phillips, Jae Kingi-Cross, Marina Moffa, Tracey Beatty and Suzy Batkovic-Brown.
As of the 2013–14 WNBL season, the Lightning and Adelaide's men's NBL team the Adelaide 36ers entered into a merger which saw the two teams share the same management team. This also saw the Lightning move their home games exclusively played at the Adelaide Arena where they would play a number of double headers with the 36ers, ensuring larger home attendances for the Lightning and raising the profile of the team. The return to the 8,000 seat Adelaide Arena gives the Lightning easily the largest current venue in the WNBL (the Arena seats some 2,800 more than the AIS Arena in Canberra, while most other WNBL venues can seat around 2,000 – 2,500).
On 5 March 2019, Mr Bruce Spangler, Chairman of Arena Stadium Management announced that he and another business person had negotiated with the WNBL to take over the licence from Adelaide Basketball who were going to hand in the WNBL Club licence at the end of the 2018–19 season. A new sustainable model has now been released for the public to be involved in.
Season-by-season records
Source: Adelaide Lightning
Statistics
Players
Current roster
Honour roll
References
External links
Official team website
Basketball clubs in Adelaide
Women's National Basketball League teams
Basketball teams established in 1993
1993 establishments in Australia
Sports clubs and teams in Adelaide | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide%20Lightning |
The wonga pigeon or wonga wonga (Leucosarcia melanoleuca) is a pigeon that inhabits areas in eastern Australia with its range being from Central Queensland to Gippsland, eastern Victoria, Australia.
Distribution and habitat
Previously they could be found as far north as Cairns and as far south as the Dandenongs, but due to land clearance, shootings in the 1940s for crop protection, and fox predation, they are rarely seen in these areas, but their populations have improved.
Description
The wonga pigeon is a large, plump pigeon that has a short neck, broad wings, and a long tail. Its length varies from 38 to 40 centimetres (15.2 to 16 inches). It has pastel blue-grey back feathers. The head fades to a creamy-white colour. The underside is white with dotted dark grey spots such that a white V can be seen on its chest. Their eyes are a dark red-brown colour and they have pink eye-rings that encircle them. Legs are red and the sexes appear identical but immature pigeons are browner with a less distinct V pattern.
Diet and behaviour
They are very elusive birds, more often being heard but not seen, producing explosive wing claps when disturbed. They tend to occur on the ground foraging and are located in rainforests, wet eucalypt forests, coastal forests, picnic areas, walking tracks, car parks and gardens. Their diet consists of fruit, berries, seeds from native forest trees and the odd insect.
Call
The call of the wonga pigeon is a loud, high-pitched 'coo' repeated over long periods of time for a number of seconds. When males are displaying mating, bowing occurs with a soft, trilling coo.
Breeding
The wonga pigeon is monogamous and breeds between October and January. It builds a twig platform nest with a diameter of about 30 centimetres, from about 3 to 20 metres above the ground, defended by breeding pairs. The pigeon will sometimes use abandoned nests from topknot pigeons or tawny frogmouths. Two eggs up to 4 centimetres long are normally laid.
References
The Wonga Pigeon: Breed Guide - Pigeonpedia
wonga pigeon
Birds of Queensland
Birds of New South Wales
Birds of Victoria (state)
Endemic birds of Australia
wonga pigeon
Articles containing video clips | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonga%20pigeon |
Operation Uzice was the first major counter-insurgency operation by the German Wehrmacht on the occupied territory of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia during World War II. The operation was directed against the Užice Republic, the first of several "free territories" liberated by the Yugoslav Partisans. It was named after the town of Užice, and is associated with the First Enemy Offensive () in Yugoslavian historiography. The security forces of the German-installed puppet regime of Milan Nedić also participated in the offensive.
After the offensive commenced on 20 September 1941, the Partisans initially received assistance from local Chetnik formations in opposing the Germans, but after weeks of disagreement and low-level conflict between the two insurgent factions about how the resistance should proceed, the Chetniks launched an attack on the Partisans in the towns of Užice and Požega on November 1 which resulted in the Chetniks being repulsed. The Partisans then counter-attacked decisively, but by early December had been driven from liberated area by the German and Serb collaborationist offensive.
Background
Užice Uprising
On July 7, 1941, while Chetnik forces were still inactive, Josip Broz Tito and the Partisans staged a large-scale uprising in the region between Šabac and Užice, in the Krupanj area of northwest Serbia One Žikica Jovanović Španac shot the first bullet of the campaign on 7 July 1941 – marking the start of armed resistance in occupied Yugoslavia. The uprising was successful and secured a defensible, self-sustained, independent region, the first of many "free territories" to be established by the Partisans during the course of the war, and was commonly called the "Užice Republic". Almost immediately, the Germans made a concerted effort to find out whether the Chetniks ("nationalists") supported the uprising, as they felt that only with nationalist support could it acquire a mass character. On August 14 the Headquarters of the Military Commander in Serbia reported to the OKW that the Partisan forces thus far enjoy no support from the nationalists. Despite this, the German military forces in the region were deemed insufficient to quell the uprising, which by August 27 had become "more acute" and was rapidly spreading. Because of this, and since no reinforcements could be expected, the German authorities decided to rely on enlarging Serbian auxiliary forces in order for the "Serbs themselves to crush the communist activity".
By September 1941, after seeing the considerable success of the uprising, and observing its wide, and growing, support among the populace, the Chetniks realized that if they did not join the fight, they would likely forfeit their standing as the leaders of Serbian resistance. On September 12, German intelligence reported that Chetnik units are taking up positions alongside the Partisans. Reporting on the events to the government-in-exile, Yugoslav politician Dr. Miloš Sekulić stated that the Chetnik resistance has a "defensive character", while the Partisans managed to unite elements of the Yugoslav people inclined toward active resistance.
In mid-September 1941, Josip Broz Tito and the Partisan General Staff moved from Belgrade to the Užice Republic where the Partisans had by now formed 25 new military detachments. A few days later on September 19, Tito met with Draža Mihailović in order to negotiate an alliance between Partisans and Chetniks, but they failed to reach an agreement. Tito was in favor of a joint full-scale offensive, while Mihailović considered a general uprising to be premature and dangerous, as he deemed it would trigger reprisals. Chetnik support for the rebellion was partial: of some 5,000–10,000 available men, the Chetniks fielded about 3,000 in the area, while an unknown proportion of these did not enter the fighting.
German reaction
In the meantime, on 16 September 1941 Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel issued an order applying to all Europe to kill 50–100 hostages for every German soldier killed. German commander Franz Böhme ordered Keitel's directive to be carried out in Serbia in the most drastic manner and that with no exception one hundred hostages would be executed for every German killed. Invested by Hitler with total authority and told to "restore order for the longer term in the entire area by the most radical means", Böhme made it clear from the beginning that he intended if necessary to wage war against the whole Serbian population by considering all civilians as enemies. He was also instructed to apply the order directive concerning the taking of hostages not just to attacks concerning German military personnel, but also ethnic Germans, Bulgarian military personnel, individuals in the service of the occupation authority, and eventually to members of the Serbian administration. Each act of insurgency was to be considered of "communist" origin. The German military declared Serbia a war zone, and villages began to be torched. Ten German soldiers having been killed in a joint Partisan-Chetnik attack on Kraljevo, 1,700 hostages were shot on 20 October. Several other thousand hostages were executed during the following weeks in reprisals against the insurgents’ attacks.
Initial operations
To clear this territory, the German Army employed its 113th Infantry Division and 342nd Infantry Division, and parts of 704, 714, 717 and 718 Infantry Divisions. They were assisted by Dimitrije Ljotić’s Serbian Volunteer Corps and Kosta Pećanac’s personal Chetnik faction. As German forces entered the territory they faced significant resistance, especially on Rudnik Mountain and in Kraljevo. As retribution for a lost man, Germans executed 7,000 people in Kragujevac between September 21 and September 23. On September 29, the offensive officially started when the 342nd Infantry Division attacked Partisans on the road between Šabac and Loznica. Concurrently, an offensive known as Operation Višegrad was launched in Bosnia and Herzegovina, then annexed as part of the Independent State of Croatia, as the Army of the Independent State of Croatia set to destroy the Partisan and Chetnik holdouts in and around Rogatica and Višegrad. Attacks by NDH troops went on for several weeks, without any side making substantial gains.
Chetnik attack
By the beginning of October, several small towns in Serbia were in the hands of Partisan or Chetnik groups. While distrustful of each other, Partisans and Chetniks started taking joint actions and besieging larger towns. Their respective commands were set in Užice and Požega, 15 km apart. During October, all hopes of a continued cooperation were drained away in sporadic bickering and outright violations of agreements. During these weeks it also became obvious that, while the Partisan command had no doubts about continuing the struggle, the Chetniks were wavering and looking for a way of giving up the fight against the Germans and directing all their power against the Partisans. A process of polarization took place, taking several weeks and producing shifts in loyalties. The Chetnik detachments of Rev. Vlada Zečević and Lieutenant Ratko Martinović switched to the Partisans during this time.
Tito and Mihailović met again on October 26 or 27, 1941 in the town of Brajići near Ravna Gora in a final attempt to achieve an understanding, but found consensus only on secondary issues. Mihailović rejected principal points of Tito's proposal including the establishment of common headquarters, joint military actions against the Germans and quisling formations, establishment of a combined staff for the supply of troops, and the formation of national liberation committees. Mihailović did not arrive at the meeting in good faith. The Chetnik command had already dispatched to Belgrade Colonel Branislav Pantić and Captain Nenad Mitrović, two of Mihailović's aides, where they contacted German intelligence officer Captain Josef Matl on October 28. They informed the Abwehr that they have been empowered by Colonel Mihailović to establish contact with Prime Minister Milan Nedić and the appropriate Wehrmacht command posts to inform them that the Colonel was willing to "place himself and his men at their disposal for fighting communism". The two representatives further gave the Germans their commander's guarantee for the "definitive clearing of communist bands in Serbian territory" and requested aid from the occupation forces in the form of "about 5,000 rifles, 350 machine guns, and 20 heavy machine guns".
After more than a month of disagreements and minor collisions, the events culminated on November 1 in a massed Chetnik attack in and around the town of Užice where the Partisans had their headquarters. Apparently underestimating the Partisans' numbers, the Chetnik forces were quickly beaten back. Captain Duane Hudson, British liaison officer in Yugoslavia, then advised the Allied command in Cairo to stop supplying the Chetniks so the British arms would not be used for civil warfare. The Chetniks, who had already received one shipment of weapons sent by parachute, then waited in vain for a second one, even though the British later resumed helping them. Both Tito and Mihailović, however, were still willing to reach a truce, although both were pressed by some of their officers to attack the other as soon as possible; ceasefires alternated with ultimatums, as bloody reprisals between the two resistance movements affected both sides' morals and alienated civilians. At one point, Mihailović's forces, after mounting a surprise attack on the Partisans, found themselves surrounded. The Partisans allowed them to go free, which political observers have attributed to military foresight, as the Chetniks would continue to attack German forces.
Aftermath
Mihailović eventually realized that his force was unable to protect civilians against German reprisals. The attitude of some of his officers had accelerated the breakup with the Partisans. Faced with indiscipline and a lack of ammunition, he soon found his troops decimated by the conflict with both Germans and Partisans.
Following the defeat, Mihailović was left with greatly reduced troops. German Captain Josef Matl and Chetnik Colonel Branislav Pantić (one of two Chetnik delegates to the occupation authorities in Belgrade) arranged a meeting between Mihailović and German military intelligence (Abwehr) representatives. The meeting took place in the village of Divci on November 11, while the exact circumstances of the meeting remain controversial. There are indications that Mihailović offered to cease activities in the towns and along the major communication lines, but ultimately no agreement was reached at the time due to German demands for the complete surrender of the Chetniks. After the negotiations, an attempt was made by the Germans to arrest Mihailović. Mihailović's negotiations with the enemy were carefully kept secret from both the Partisans, the Yugoslav government-in-exile, and from the British and their representative Captain Hudson.
German forces and their allies advanced from the north and east towards Užice, and by the 2nd half of November the Partisan forces were in full retreat. On November 25, the final phase of the German offensive against both rebel groups began. Tito and Mihailović had one last phone conversation: Tito announced that he would defend his positions, while Mihailović said that he would disperse. Ultimately, on November 29, the Partisans, including their headquarters which were stationed there, left Užice.
On December 10, a bounty was put on Mihailović's head, while he himself narrowly escaped capture. Faced with the impact of the German offensive, Mihailović decided to temporarily disband most of his forces and keep only a small staff. The remnants of his Chetniks retreated to the hills of Ravna Gora, but were under German attack throughout December.
Both Tito and Mihailović had suffered a heavy setback. Tito had been surprised by the scale of the uprising, and had found himself managing inexperienced peasant fighters who were reluctant to move away from their towns, or to accept authority and indoctrination. Mihailović had also been unable to impose discipline on his officers, and had not received sufficient help from the British.
After leaving Užice, the Partisans headed for Sandžak, into Italian-occupied territory. Some detachments failed to retreat on time and were dispersed or destroyed. After the main Partisan forces left for Sandžak, only parts of five Partisan detachments were present in Serbia.
See also
World War II in Yugoslavia
Seven enemy offensives
Resistance during World War II
Anti-partisan operations in World War II
Notes
References
Beckett I.F.W. (ed., 1988) The Roots of Counter-Insurgency, Blandford Press, London.
Seven Enemy Offensives
Military operations of World War II involving Germany
Conflicts in 1941
Anti-partisan operations of World War II
1941 in Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia in World War II
Battles of World War II involving Chetniks
Battles involving the Yugoslav Partisans
September 1941 events
October 1941 events
November 1941 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Uzice |
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