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Avalon is a village outside Pontcharra, Isère département, eastern France. It is part of the commune Saint-Maximin. It is notable for being the birthplace of Saint Hugh of Lincoln (1130s), and for the Tour d'Avalon, a tower in the village.
Villages in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon%2C%20France |
St. Anthony of Padua Church or commonly known as the Franciscan Church () or the Seminary Church (Slovak: Seminárny kostol) at Hlavná ulica (English: Main Street) is the second oldest church in Košice, Slovakia.
History
It was built for Franciscans by the Perényi family from Perín after a big fire in 1333. After the fire in 1556, the church was used as a military store-house. From 1596 to 1671, it was used as a cathedral for the bishop of Eger who settled here during the occupation of Eger by the Ottoman Empire.
When the Diocese of Košice was formed in 1804, the renovated Franciscan monastery became the St Charles Borromeo Seminary.
The monastery is now vacant and Franciscans no longer live there.
Interior
The interior is baroquized, the main altar has a valuable baldachin structure. The statue of Saint Charles Borromeo, a patron of the seminary, is on its cupola. Almost all the altars, the pulpit and other moveables are from years 1760–1770. Its preserved Gothic elements document a plaster Gothic decoration. The reliefs above the entrance, stone seats close to the altar and vaults above the sanctuary and former chancel (dedicated to Saint Nicholas) are original.
The founder of the first University of Košice, the bishop of Eger, Benedikt Kisdy, was buried in the crypt under the main altar. All the crypts were plundered by soldiers after World War II.
Galéria
See also
Košice
Archdiocese of Košice
St Charles Borromeo Seminary in Košice
References
Churches in Košice
Antony
14th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Slovakia
Gothic architecture in Slovakia
Baroque architecture in Slovakia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Anthony%20of%20Padua%20Church%2C%20Ko%C5%A1ice |
Cumari is a municipality in southeast Goiás state, Brazil. The population was 2,837 (2020) in a total area of 579.8 km2.
Connections and municipal boundaries
Cumari is 304 kilometers from the state capital, Goiânia. Highway connections are made by BR-153 / Aparecida de Goiânia / GO-217 / Piracanjuba / GO-139 / Caldas Novas / GO-139 / Corumbaíba / GO-210 / Nova Aurora / Goiandira / GO-305.
Municipal boundaries are with:
North: Nova Aurora and Goiandira;
South: Anhangüera and the state of Minas Gerais;
East: Catalão;
West: Corumbaíba
Political facts
Eligible voters: 2,382 (2007)
Mayor: Antônio Ferreira Leão
Vice-mayor: Georgeano Camilo de Sousa
Councilmembers: 09
Demographics
Population density: 5.27 inhabitants/km2 (2007)
Population growth rate 2000/2007: -0.23.%
Urban population: 2,440 (2007)
Rural population: 615 (2007)
Climate and geography
The climate is moist mesothermic tropical with an average annual temperature of 22 °C. The thermal amplitude is very small: 4 °C. The average annual rainfall is high, around 1,770 milliliters, and the relative air humidity is about 80%.
The elevation varies between 600 and 800 meters. The river system is made up of the Paranaíba and its tributaries, the Veríssimo, the Pirapitinga, and the Ribeirão.
The main touristic point is the bridge over the Rio Pirapitinga. It has an extension of 782.9 meters, a height of 65 meters, and is located on kilometer 51 of the railroad that connects Uberlândia with Anápolis.
History
During the colonial period the region was called Sesmaria das Rosas and was a stopping point for muleteers travelling from Minas Gerais to the old capital of Goiás. In 1904 there was already a primary school and in 1908 a general store was built. The railroad arrived in 1910 and the station opened in 1913. The town, originally called Samambaia and later Cumari, after an indigenous plant, grew around the station. The district was created in 1927 and it became a municipality in 1947. Later the district of Anhanguera separated to become a municipality.
The economy
Cumari has an economy based on cattle raising and agriculture. There was a herd of 56,500 head of cattle. About 80% of the production is for beef cattle. There is modest production (fewer than 200 hectares) of rice, bananas, coconut, manioc, hearts of palm, and rubber.
Economic indicators
State ranking of GDP in 2002: 186 out of 246 municipalities
Industrial units: 02 (2007)
Retail units: 24 (2007)
Banking institutions: none (2007)
Agricultural data
There were 290 farms with a total area of 30,926 ha., of which 23,040 ha. were pasture, 120 ha. were permanent crops, 916 were perennial crops, and 5,658 ha. were woodland. There were 620 persons dependent on agriculture. There were 63 tractors and 43 farms had tractors.
Education and health
Literacy rate: 87.6%
Infant mortality rate: 24.59 in 1,000 live births
In 2006 the school system had 4 schools, 22 classrooms, 46 teachers, and 852 students.
The health system had 1 hospital with 14 beds and 2 public health clinics (SUS).
Ranking on the Municipal Human Development Index
MHDI: 0.755
State ranking: 66 (out of 242 municipalities)
National ranking: 1,713 (out of 5,507 municipalities)
(All data are from 2000)
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Microregions of Goiás
Catalão Microregion
References
Frigoletto
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumari |
Marist College Ashgrove (abbreviated as MCA) is an independent Roman Catholic day and boarding primary and secondary school for boys, located in the northern Brisbane suburb of Ashgrove, in Queensland, Australia. The college caters for students from Year 5 to Year 12.
History
Marist College Ashgrove was founded by the Marist Brothers as a day and boarding College for boys on 17 March 1940.
Enrolment preferences are given to baptised Catholics, with participation in the Church given more consideration.
The College educates 1700 students from Years 5 to 12, 170 of whom are boarders, and provides wide-ranging programs encompassing academics, the visual and performing arts, sports and service projects.
The ethos and mission of the College are influenced by the founder of the Marist Brothers, Saint Marcellin Champagnat.
Campus
The college is situated on a campus and includes such facilities as:
McMahon Oval – used for both Rugby Union and cricket – featuring the John Eales Grandstand and Matthew Hayden scoreboard
Science Block
8 cricket / rugby union / soccer ovals containing:
2 multi-purpose courts basketball/tennis
6 floodlit hard tennis courts
Long jump/triple jump training track
Shot put/discus/javelin stations
Gymnasium – capacity for 2 indoor basketball courts/8 badminton courts
2 outdoor basketball courts
Weight room
Matthew Hayden cricket training complex
Olympic sized heated swimming pool with grandstand
A performing and visual arts center which houses a 340-seat theatre
Three distinct houses that contain the five boarding residences
Hall of Fame
Houses
In 1993, the House system was established. There are eight houses at Marist College Ashgrove:
Des Ridley (Also known as Ridley)
Ephrem
Foley
Gilroy
Harold
Ignatius
Rush
Slattery
Sport
Marist College Ashgrove is a member of the Associated Independent Colleges (AIC).
AIC premierships
Marist College Ashgrove has won the following AIC premierships.
Athletics (12) – 1999, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023
Basketball (10) – 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2016, 2017, 2018
Cricket (10) – 2003, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2018, 2023
Cross Country (13) – 2002, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022
Rugby (14) – 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020
Soccer (10) – 2000, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2019, 2020, 2021
Swimming (13) – 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016
Tennis (7) – 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011
Volleyball (6) – 2004, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2017, 2021
Esports (1) – 2022
AFL (1) – 2023
Boarding school
Marist College Ashgrove offers a boarding school for students from Years 6 to 12 and can cater for up to 220 boarders. The boarding community includes many students from the Greater Brisbane Region and South East Queensland, along with many country students from Outback Queensland and regional Australia. International students also board from the Asia-Pacific region from countries and territories such as Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Hong Kong.
Crest and motto
The crest of the college is based on the design of the crest of St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill in Sydney. The four quadrants of the shield are filled with: the Marist Monogram with its twelve stars in the top left; the Southern Cross in the top right; the MCA logo in the bottom left; and the lamp and book representing learning in the bottom right.
The college's motto is "Viriliter Age", which translates from Latin to "Act Courageously". The motto was adopted in 1957 and is displayed above the crest.
Notable alumni
Arts
Michael Bauer — novelist
Andrew McGahan — novelist
Humphrey McQueen — historian and author
Ray Meagher — actor
Business
Robert Deakin — social entrepreneur and cyber security expert
Bill Ludwig — trade union leader
Medicine
Michael Gabbett — clinical geneticist, paediatrician and academic
Music
Joel Adams — pop singer-songwriter
Law
David Jackson — Australian Federal Court judge
Nathan Jarro — Queensland District Court judge
Martin Moynihan — former Queensland Supreme Court judge
Politics
Sir Julius Chan — former Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea
Kevin Rudd — former Prime Minister of Australia
Taniela (Dan) Tufui — former Chief Secretary to the Government of Tonga and Secretary to Cabinet
Peter Lawlor — former Labor Member for Southport
Religion
James Foley — former Catholic Bishop of Cairns
Brian Heenan — former Catholic Bishop of Rockhampton
Sport
Australian Rules Football
Charlie Cameron — AFL player with the Brisbane Lions
Lachlan Keeffe — AFL player with Greater Western Sydney
Boxing
Paul Miller — boxer and Olympian
Cricket
Alex Cusack — Irish national cricket player
Matthew Hayden — Australian and Queensland cricketer
Peter McPhee — cricket player
Equestrian
Russell Johnstone — equestrian and Olympian
Rugby League
Billy Walters — rugby league player
Rugby Union
John Connolly — former Wallabies coach
Des Connor — former rugby union player
John Eales — rugby union player and former captain of the Australian Wallabies
Nick Frisby — rugby union player – scrumhalf – Queensland Reds
Richard Graham — Queensland Reds coach and Western Force coach
Bryce Hegarty — rugby union player – flyhalf – NSW Waratahs
Anthony Herbert — former rugby union player
Daniel Herbert — former rugby union player
Pat Howard — Australian rugby union coach,
Robert (Bob) Honan — former Australian national rugby union and rugby league player
Brendan McKibbin — rugby union player – scrum half – NSW Waratahs
Brendan Moon — former rugby union player for the Queensland Reds
Alex Rokobaro — rugby union player – Stade Francais, Melbourne Rebels
Alex Toolis — rugby union player – lock – Edinburgh Rugby, Melbourne Rebels
Ben Toolis — rugby union player – lock – Edinburgh Rugby
Emosi Tuqiri – rugby union player – Fijian Drua
Soccer
Corey Brown — football player
Ben Griffin — football player
Speed skating
Stephen Lee — speed skater and Olympian
Swimming
Michael Bohl — former Commonwealth Games swimmer and Australian Olympic coach
Triathlon
Ryan Fisher — triathlete and Olympian
Volleyball
Andrew Grant — volleyball player and Olympian
Water Polo
Pietro Figlioli — Olympian – Water Polo
Weightlifting
Lev Susany — powerlifter and Commonwealth record holder
Windsurfing
Sean O'Brien — windsurfer and Olympic Sailing team coach
See also
List of schools in Queensland
List of boarding schools in Australia
List of Marist Brothers schools
References
External links
Boys' schools in Queensland
Boarding schools in Queensland
Educational institutions established in 1940
Rock Eisteddfod Challenge participants
Catholic boarding schools in Australia
Catholic primary schools in Brisbane
Catholic secondary schools in Brisbane
Association of Marist Schools of Australia
Ashgrove, Queensland
1940 establishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marist%20College%20Ashgrove |
Henrik Kauffmann (26 August 1888 – 5 June 1963) was the Danish ambassador to the United States during World War II, who signed over part of Greenland to the US.
Career
Kauffmann started his foreign career by serving as envoy in Rome, 1921–1923. He afterwards served in Peking in 1924–1932 when he was succeeded by Oscar O'Neill Oxholm. During this period Kauffmann became notable for three things: political reports of high quality; an ability to gain close contacts with central Chinese decision makers; and his lavish spending. After his time in Peking, Kauffmann served as envoy in Oslo 1932–1939 (when he was, again, succeeded by Oxholm), where he helped soften the Danish-Norwegian relations following the Greenland case.
On 9 April 1941, the anniversary of the German occupation of Denmark, he signed on his own initiative "in the Name of the King" () an "Agreement relating to the Defense of Greenland" authorizing the United States to defend the Danish colonies on Greenland from German aggression. The treaty was signed by the United States Secretary of State Cordell Hull and approved by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on 7 June 1941.
Kauffmann's treaty was approved by the local officials on Greenland but declared void by the Danish government in Copenhagen. Kauffmann ignored this protest, citing the fact that Denmark was occupied by a hostile power; consequently, he considered the government incapable of protecting Danish interests. The government responded by charging Kauffmann with high treason and stripping him of his rank. Kauffmann ignored both actions. Kauffmann's line was supported by the Danish consuls general in the United States, as well as by the Danish ambassador to Iran. These diplomats were dismissed as well. Kauffmann replied by urging Danish diplomats around the world not to follow instructions from Copenhagen.
Kauffmann was nicknamed "the King of Greenland" for his independent political moves in the Greenland affair.
He was married to Charlotte MacDougall, the daughter of United States Navy Rear Admiral William Dugald MacDougall.
Rehabilitation
Revoking the sentence against Kauffmann was one of the first tasks done by the Danish Parliament following the Liberation of Denmark in May 1945. Kauffmann joined the Cabinet of National Unity and served as Minister without Portfolio from 12 May to 7 November 1945. While Kauffmann was unable to get Denmark to sign the Declaration by United Nations during the war, he was able as minister to join the San Francisco Conference from 25 April 1945 to 26 June 1945 and sign the Charter.
Kauffmann's treaty was adapted in the early 1950s and remains the legal basis for the U.S. Thule Air Base in Greenland.
Death
In June 1963, Kauffmann, suffering from prostate cancer, was killed by his wife in a "mercy killing". His wife, Charlotte, then took her own life.
In popular culture
The film The Good Traitor (Vores mand i Amerika) released in 2020, covers the signing of the agreement over Greenland between Henrik Kauffmann and the United States. Kauffmann is played by Ulrich Thomsen.
References
Sources
Further reading
External links
Agreement between U.S. Secretary of State and Danish Minister on the status of Greenland April 10, 1941
History of the Thule Air Base
1888 births
1963 deaths
Ambassadors of Denmark to the United States
Ambassadors of Denmark to China
Danish people of World War II
Government ministers of Denmark
Mariticides
People murdered in Denmark
Articles containing video clips | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik%20Kauffmann |
A buffet is a meal laid out on a table or sideboard so that guests may serve themselves.
Buffet may also refer to:
People
Buffet (surname)
Arts, entertainment, and media
The Buffet (Chardin), a 1728 painting by Jean Siméon Chardin
The Buffet (play), a 1968 Egyptian play by Ali Salem
The Buffet, a 2015 album by R. Kelly
Brands and enterprises
Buffet Crampon, a manufacturer of musical instruments
Buffets, Inc., American restaurant company, now known as Ovation Brands
Other uses
Buffet car
Buffeting, aerodynamic turbulence on a fixed-wing aircraft prior to and during a stall
Sideboard, a piece of furniture, often called a buffet
Strike (attack), or buffet, to strike repeatedly and violently
See also
Phoebe Buffay and her twin Ursula, fictional characters on Friends and Mad About You
Smorgasbord (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffet%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Operation Southeast Croatia () was a large-scale German-led counter-insurgency operation conducted in the southeastern parts of the Independent State of Croatia (, NDH; modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina) during World War II. It was the first of two German-led operations targeting mainly Yugoslav Partisans in eastern Bosnia between 15 January and 4 February 1942. Several days after the conclusion of Operation Southeast Croatia, a follow-up operation known as Operation Ozren was carried out between the Bosna and Spreča rivers. Both operations also involved Croatian Home Guard and Italian troops and are associated with what is known as the Second Enemy Offensive () in post-war Yugoslav historiography. The Second Enemy Offensive forms part of the Seven Enemy Offensives framework in Yugoslav historiography.
The insurgents in the area of operations included some groups of the communist-led Partisans and some of Serb–chauvinist Chetniks. Although the Partisans and Chetniks had already irrevocably split in the German-occupied territory of Serbia following Operation Uzice in late 1941, this had not yet happened in eastern Bosnia, and in some areas they were still cooperating. As a result, differentiating between the rank and file of the two groups was difficult, as even the communist-led insurgent groups consisted mainly of Serb peasants who had little understanding of the political aims of their leaders. While there were 20,000 Chetnik insurgents located within the area of operations, they offered no resistance to the German–NDH forces and many withdrew east across the Drina river to avoid being engaged. This contributed to the complete unravelling of Chetnik–Partisan cooperation in eastern Bosnia. The Partisan main force was able to evade the Germans, infiltrate through the Italian cordon to the south and establish itself around Foča.
The failure of the Axis forces to decisively engage the Partisans during these operations necessitated a further major offensive, Operation Trio, in the area immediately south of where Operations Southeast Croatia and Ozren had taken place.
Background
On 6 April 1941 the Axis powers invaded Yugoslavia from multiple directions, rapidly overwhelming the under-prepared Royal Yugoslav Army which capitulated 11 days later. In the aftermath of the invasion Yugoslavia was partitioned between the Axis powers through a combination of annexations and occupation zones. In addition, an Axis puppet state known as the Independent State of Croatia (, NDH) was established on the territory of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The NDH was divided by a German–Italian demarcation line, known as the "Vienna Line", with the Germans occupying the north and northeastern parts of the NDH, and the Italians the south and southwestern sections. The NDH immediately implemented genocidal policies against the Serb, Jewish and Romani population of the puppet state. Armed resistance to the occupation and the NDH itself initially formed into two loosely cooperating factions, the Partisans who were led by communists, and the Chetniks who were mostly led by Serb–chauvinist officers of the defeated Royal Yugoslav Army. In November and December 1941, almost all Partisan forces in the German-occupied territory of Serbia had been forced to withdraw into eastern Bosnia where they combined with local Partisan forces, mainly consisting of Serb peasants. Most of the Chetnik forces in eastern Bosnia were also local Serb peasants. The insurgency in eastern Bosnia meant that NDH authorities were unable to retain control of the region.
At the end of 1941, there were six Partisan detachments in eastern Bosnia, with about 7,300 fighters operating in the Majevica, Ozren, Birač, Romanija, Zvijezda and Kalinovik areas. According to Enver Redžić, in early January 1942, the Chetniks controlled a large portion of eastern Bosnia, including the towns of Zvornik, Višegrad, Vlasenica, Srebrenica, Drinjača, Bratunac, Foča, Ustikolina, Goražde and Čajniče. Due to continuing cooperation between the two groups, the Chetniks also shared control of the towns of Rogatica, Olovo and Han Pijesak with the Partisans.
Planning
The orders from General der Artillerie (Lieutenant General) Paul Bader, the German Military Commander in Serbia who also had responsibility for operational matters in the NDH, directed that Operation Southeast Croatia was to be an encirclement operation. All persons encountered within the area of operations were to be treated as the enemy. The population within the area to be targeted by the operation were almost all either Orthodox Serbs or Bosnian Muslims, although there was a small Catholic Croat minority. Bader believed that the Partisans and Chetniks were using the area as winter quarters, and that their presence there was a threat to major transport routes through eastern Bosnia. Time was a factor, as the 342nd Infantry Division was only available until 31 January, after which it was being withdrawn and sent to the Eastern Front.
The operation itself was led by the German 342nd Infantry Division, which had been relieved of its occupation duties in the occupied territory of Serbia by Bulgarian troops. The commander of the 342nd Infantry Division, Generalmajor (Brigadier General) Paul Hoffman, also had the 718th Infantry Division of Generalmajor Johann Fortner under his command for the duration of the operation. The German force was assisted by Croatian Home Guard units including seven infantry battalions and nine artillery batteries. The Axis forces available for the operation were 30,000–35,000 troops in total. Luftwaffe support included reconnaissance aircraft and a combat squadron. The offensive targeted areas held by the Romanija, Zvijezda, Birač, and Ozren Partisan detachments, between Sarajevo, Tuzla, Zvornik and Višegrad. To the south, along the "Vienna Line" separating the German-occupied zone of the NDH from the Italian-occupied zone, the Italians placed a cordon. In total, the area targeted by the operation was estimated by the Germans to contain around 8,000 Partisans and 20,000 Bosnian Chetniks.
On 9 January 1942, the 718th Infantry Division issued orders to both its regiments that defined the following groups as hostile: all non-residents and residents that had been absent from their localities until recently; all identifiable Chetniks or communists with or without weapons or ammunition; and anyone concealing, supplying or providing information to those groups. Any captured Partisans were to be briefly interrogated and summarily shot, as were any other insurgents that had attacked the Germans, been caught carrying ammunition or messages, or who resisted or fled. Also, any houses from which shots were fired at German troops were to be burned.
15–18 January
Operation Southeast Croatia commenced on 15 January 1942. The 342nd Infantry Division approached the area of operations from the Drina River valley to the east, with the 718th Infantry Division pushing east from assembly areas in Sarajevo and Tuzla.
In the first days of the operation, the 697th Regiment of the 342nd Infantry Division, supported by the Croatian 3rd Home Guard Regiment and four batteries of artillery, thrust out of their bridgehead over the Drina at Zvornik and cleared the high ground southwest and south of that town, and south along the Drina valley road, hindered by roadblocks and destroyed bridges. It then followed up the retreating insurgents, mopping up the Drinjača River valley, before pushing southwest through the mountains and reaching Vlasenica on 18 January. Parts of the 698th Regiment of the 342nd Infantry Division fought southwest from Višegrad along the upper Drina valley to Međeđa, while other elements pushed west towards Rogatica, reinforced by an Italian Alpini battalion from the 5th Alpine Division Pusteria. The 699th Regiment of the 342nd Infantry Division, reinforced by I. Battalion of the 202nd Panzer Regiment, advanced along the Drina valley past the confluence with the Drinjača to the area west of Ljubovija, clearing roadblocks as they went. In the area of Milići, they captured about 400 insurgents, mostly Chetniks loyal to Jezdimir Dangić, along with a tank, two machine guns, about 160 rifles and a large amount of ammunition. The regiment then mopped up the area west to Vlasenica and one battalion cleared the route to Srebrenica.
The 738th Regiment of the 718th Infantry Division (less its II. Battalion) was reinforced by two battalions of the Croatian 13th Home Guard Regiment, pioneers, four NDH artillery batteries and two-and-a-half German mountain gun batteries. It pushed east from Sarajevo along the Prača valley then through the Romanija mountains towards Rogatica. Fighting in very difficult terrain, it captured 240 insurgents and significant amounts of weapons and ammunition. It also freed 10 Italian and 57 NDH soldiers. The other regiment of the 718th Infantry Division, the 750th Regiment, was reinforced by a German artillery battery, I. Battalion of the Croatian Home Guard Regiment and a Croatian Home Guard mountain battery. It moved south from an assembly area southwest of Tuzla towards Olovo. It reached Kladanj on 16 January, and spent the following days clearing both sides of the road west towards Vlasenica. It had been planned that the Italian 3rd Mountain Infantry Division Ravenna would provide a cordon to the south, blocking any southerly withdrawal by the insurgents. This did not occur, as the Italians claimed the railroad near Mostar had been damaged, resulting in several weeks delay. A scratch force, consisting of two battalions of Croatian border guards, II. Battalion of the Croatian 7th Home Guard Regiment, and one battalion of Ustaše Militia, was deployed along the line Vijaka–Vareš–Visoko to prevent insurgents from crossing the Bosna River.
When the local leaders appointed by overall Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović, Majors Boško Todorović and Dangić, became aware of the commencement of Operation Southeast Croatia, they advised other Chetnik commanders that the operation was targeted at the Partisans, and there was no need for the Chetniks to get involved. Following this, their units withdrew from their positions on the front line, let the Germans pass through their areas, or went home. Many withdrew across the Drina into the German-occupied territory of Serbia to avoid being engaged, which severely weakened the Partisan positions with the result that they suffered significant casualties and lost a great deal of territory. These actions severed any remaining cooperative links that remained between the Chetniks and Partisans in eastern Bosnia.
The insurgents in the area of operations destroyed villages to deny supplies and shelter to the Germans who were operating in mountainous terrain with snow up to deep and facing extreme temperatures approaching . The Partisans proved very difficult to pin down, aided by excellent communication and supported by the local populace. During the operation, the decisive engagements with the Partisans were mainly in the Romanija region. The Romanija Detachment made up forty percent of all Partisans in eastern Bosnia and bore the brunt of most of the fighting during the operation.
19–23 January
After their initial advances, the 342nd Infantry Division spent the next few days mopping up the areas they had entered. The 697th Regiment advanced south from Vlasenica through the Javor Mountains, meeting little resistance and capturing Han Pijesak on 22 January. Elements of the 697th Regiment pushed west towards Olovo the same day. The 698th Regiment cleared the area around Rogatica, killing 50 and capturing 200 insurgents, and liberating 63 captured Croatian Home Guard soldiers. The 699th Regiment patrolled the area as far as Vlasenica and Srebrenica. These mopping up operations achieved little, as most of the insurgents had escaped the encirclement before it was completed.
The 718th Infantry Division was assisted in their subsequent operations by air support from the ZNDH, which bombed Sokolac on 20 January. On 21 January, the 738th Regiment captured the village of Podromanija south of Sokolac, and on the following day elements of the regiment drove through Sokolac and closed on Han Pijesak. On the same day, the 750th Regiment reached Olovo, but the insurgents had withdrawn from the area.
On 21 January, Bader dramatically altered his previous orders regarding the treatment of those encountered in the area of operations, directing that those who did not resist and surrendered or merely had weapons in their houses, were to be treated as prisoners of war. It is likely that this change was intended to assist Chetniks in the area of operations to avoid destruction. By the end of January, Bader's chief of staff was attempting to negotiate a cooperation agreement with Dangić, and in turn Dangić ordered the 4,500–10,000 Chetniks under his command to avoid the Germans or surrender their weapons immediately if they were unable to do so.
After temporarily improving the Partisan defences against the German and NDH forces, the Partisan Supreme Headquarters under Josip Broz Tito and the 1st Proletarian Brigade commanded by Koča Popović were unable to salvage the situation and retreated south towards Foča. The 1st Proletarian Brigade, less two battalions that were accompanying the Supreme Headquarters, crossed the Igman mountain plateau near Sarajevo with temperatures reaching . According to Popović, 172 Partisans suffered severe hypothermic injury and six died. When they approached the German-Italian demarcation line south of Sarajevo, the Partisans were able to infiltrate through the weak Italian cordon. Montenegrin Partisans crossed into the NDH to attack the Chetniks, capturing Foča on 20 January and Goražde on 22 January. The German and NDH forces were successful in recapturing Sokolac, Rogatica, Bratunac, Srebrenica, Vlasenica, Han Pijesak, Olovo, Bosansko Petrovo Selo, and some smaller settlements, and inflicted significant losses on the Partisans.
Because the Chetniks failed to assist the Partisans in the battle, the Central Committee of the Communist Party ceased all further attempts to cooperate with them and issued a declaration on 22 January to "Bosnians! Serbs, Muslims, Croats!" that Chetnik leaders Boško Todorović, Aćim Babić, and others were traitors. It further proclaimed that the Partisans fought alone "all across Bosnia and Herzegovina" and ended with "long live the united people's liberation struggle of all the peoples of Bosnia!". The Romanija Detachment's commander, Slaviša Vajner-Čiča, was killed in combat against the Germans. A member of the Supreme Headquarters of the Partisans, Svetozar Vukmanović-Tempo, reported that detachment had completely collapsed.
Faced with overly ambitious objectives and atrocious weather, the combined operation failed to destroy the Partisan forces and was called off on 23 January 1942, with the Germans having suffered casualties of 25 dead, 131 wounded, and one missing, as well as around 300 cases of frostbite. The NDH forces lost 50 soldiers killed or seriously wounded. The Germans captured 855 rifles, 22 machine guns and four artillery pieces, along with livestock and draft animals. The Partisans had lost 531 killed and between 1,331 and 1,400 captured, in addition to the frostbite casualties suffered by the 1st Proletarian Brigade while crossing Mt. Igman. A total of 168 NDH and 104 Italian troops that had been captured by the Partisans were freed during the operation. The Supreme Headquarters entered Foča on 25 January and stayed there for three-and-a-half months.
Operation Ozren
Operation Ozren () was aimed at clearing an estimated 2,000 Partisans from the area between the Bosna and Spreča Rivers, and was effectively an extension of Operation Southeast Croatia employing elements of the force used in that operation. The main force used was Fortner's 718th Infantry Division reinforced by a regiment of the 342nd Infantry Division, supported by a number of NDH units, including a battalion of the Ustaše Black Legion. The force was also supported by five tank platoons and an armoured train. Around 20,000 Axis troops were committed to the operation. It commenced several days after Operation Southeast Croatia ended on 23 January 1942.
The Germans advanced north and west from Kladanj towards a cordon established by ten Croatian Home Guard battalions supported by their own artillery. The Germans believed they had thoroughly sealed off the area, and checked the Croatian cordon every night, but the majority of Partisans were able to evade the cordon and escape by breaking up into small groups and infiltrating through the cordon via seemingly impassable terrain. The Germans also believed that some Partisans merely withdrew into the mountains, concealing their numbers by walking in each other's footprints in the snow, in order to return to the valleys when the Axis forces left. The operation concluded on 4 February 1942.
Aftermath
Both operations were hampered by the German need to rely on their Croatian allies as well as the fact that Axis forces were ill-equipped for operations in mountainous terrain during extreme winter conditions. The Croatian units had proven not to be a useful addition to the operation, as they possessed little in the way of fighting power, had little unit cohesion and suffered from serious supply problems.
Operations Southeast Croatia and Ozren were early opportunities for the Germans to learn lessons about the challenges their poorly equipped and often substandard occupation troops faced fighting in the difficult terrain and weather conditions of Bosnia. However, these lessons were to be repeated many more times in the following years as German commanders persisted with their encirclement tactics and unreasonable expectations of what could be achieved in a given time and space.
Following the conclusion of Operations Southeast Croatia and Ozren, German and NDH forces conducted Operation Prijedor in northwest Bosnia. The Germans inflicted considerable losses on the Partisans and captured extensive territory and population centres from them; however, they failed to eliminate them as a military factor and shortly afterwards had to undertake Operation Trio in the region immediately south of the area of operations for Operations Southeast Croatia and Ozren.
Footnotes
References
Southeast Croatia
Southeast Croatia
Southeast Croatia
Southeast Croatia
Southeast Croatia
Southeast Croatia
Southeast Croatia
1942 in Yugoslavia
Southeast Croatia
1942 in Bosnia and Herzegovina
January 1942 events
bs:Igmanski marš
fr:Opération Süd-Kroatien I | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Southeast%20Croatia |
Sir Francis Geoffrey Jacobs (born 8 June 1939) is a British jurist who served as Advocate General at the Court of Justice of the European Communities from October 1988 to January 2006. He was educated at the City of London School, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he read Mods and Greats (Classics), and Nuffield College, Oxford, where he read for a DPhil in Law. He practised as a barrister from Fountain Court Chambers in London. Jacobs has served as an official with the Secretariat of the European Commission of Human Rights, Professor of European Law at the University of London and Director of the Centre of European Law for King's College London School of Law. He is visiting professor at the College of Europe. He was appointed a Privy Councillor in December 2005.
On 4 December 2007, Jacobs was elected President of Missing Children Europe, the European Federation for Missing and Sexually Exploited Children.
He was President of the European Law Institute from 2011 to 2013.
He married in 1975 (as his second wife) Susan Cox, granddaughter of Michael Gordon Clark; they have three daughters and one son. He has one son by an earlier marriage.
See also
List of members of the European Court of Justice
List of cases
Case C-251/95 Sabel BV v Puma AG, Rudolf Dassler Sport
Case C-412/93 Leclerc-Siplec [1995] ECR I-00179
Case C-34-36/95 De Agostini [1997] ECR-I 3843
Case C-409/95 Marschall v Land Nordrhein Westfalen [1997] ECR I-06363
Case C-405/98 Gourmet International [2001] ECR-I 1795
Notes
Further reading
1939 births
Living people
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Alumni of Nuffield College, Oxford
Academics of King's College London
Academic staff of the College of Europe
Fellows of King's College London
English King's Counsel
Advocates General of the European Court of Justice
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Lawyers awarded knighthoods
People educated at the City of London School
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
British officials of the European Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Jacobs |
Jose Mari Kaimo (born January 21, 1960, in Manila, Philippines) is a veteran Filipino journalist, news anchor, host, television personality, actor, and voice-over artist.
Career
Kaimo started as a news reporter at the height of the Ferdinand Marcos dictatorship. After the EDSA People Power Revolution, he anchored various newscasts on different TV stations including People's Television Network, GMA Network, ABS-CBN and its sister channel, Studio 23.
He co-hosted for Vilma Santos' show Vilma! in 1989, and some years later, shows such as The Global Filipino on TFC and The Correspondents on ABS-CBN. Kaimo also anchored News Central on Studio 23 from its inception in September 1998 until June 2007.
since 2007, he is currently one of the regular hosts of the television program The 700 Club Asia, the Philippine franchise of the American program of the same name produced by CBN Asia.
Kaimo is also a voice-over artist, who narrated for some advertisements and AVPs.
He's been writing Christian apologetics posts in his blog site, ApoLogika in 2013.
Kaimo pursued an acting career in late 2016, where he mostly appeared in ABS-CBN and sometimes GMA.
Filmography
As a news anchor and host
News on 4 – PTV
(1992–1998) GMA Network News – GMA Network
(1989) Vilma! – GMA Network
(1991) 5th PMPC Star Awards for Television – IBC
The Correspondents – ABS-CBN
The Global Filipino – TFC
(1998–2007) News Central – Studio 23
(2000) Himig Handog sa Bayaning Pilipino – ABS-CBN
(2007–present) The 700 Club Asia – Q/GMA News TV/GMA Network
As a television actor
As a voice-over
PruLife UK: “The Stubborn Man” advertisement (2014)
Bangko Sentral: “New Money” advertisement series
PhilDev USA (formerly the Ayala Foundation USA) advertisement/AVP
Neurobion: "True Heroes" (2020)
References
External links
1960 births
Living people
Filipino male television actors
Filipino television news anchors
Filipino television evangelists
De La Salle University alumni
GMA Integrated News and Public Affairs people
ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs people
ABS-CBN personalities
GMA Network personalities
People's Television Network
Filipino male voice actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari%20Kaimo |
In the mathematical discipline of descriptive set theory, a coanalytic set is a set (typically a set of real numbers or more generally a subset of a Polish space) that is the complement of an analytic set (Kechris 1994:87). Coanalytic sets are also referred to as sets (see projective hierarchy).
References
Descriptive set theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coanalytic%20set |
Cain and Abel (often abbreviated to Cain) was a password recovery tool for Microsoft Windows. It could recover many kinds of passwords using methods such as network packet sniffing, cracking various password hashes by using methods such as dictionary attacks, brute force and cryptanalysis attacks.
Cryptanalysis attacks were done via rainbow tables which could be generated with the winrtgen.exe program provided with Cain and Abel.
Cain and Abel was maintained by Massimiliano Montoro and Sean Babcock.
Features
WEP cracking
Speeding up packet capture speed by wireless packet injection
Ability to record VoIP conversations
Decoding scrambled passwords
Calculating hashes
Traceroute
Revealing password boxes
Uncovering cached passwords
Dumping protected storage passwords
ARP spoofing
IP to MAC Address resolver
Network Password Sniffer
LSA secret dumper
Ability to crack:
LM & NTLM hashes
NTLMv2 hashes
Microsoft Cache hashes
Microsoft Windows PWL files
Cisco IOS – MD5 hashes
Cisco PIX – MD5 hashes
APOP – MD5 hashes
CRAM-MD5 MD5 hashes
OSPF – MD5 hashes
RIPv2 MD5 hashes
VRRP – HMAC hashes
Virtual Network Computing (VNC) Triple DES
MD2 hashes
MD4 hashes
MD5 hashes
SHA-1 hashes
SHA-2 hashes
RIPEMD-160 hashes
Kerberos 5 hashes
RADIUS shared key hashes
IKE PSK hashes
MSSQL hashes
MySQL hashes
Oracle and SIP hashes
Status with virus scanners
Some virus scanners (and browsers, e.g. Google Chrome 20.0.1132.47) detect Cain and Abel as malware.
Avast! detects it as "Win32:Cain-B [Tool]" and classifies it as "Other potentially dangerous program", while Microsoft Security Essentials detects it as "Win32/Cain!4_9_14" and classifies it as "Tool: This program has potentially unwanted behavior."
Even if Cain's install directory, as well as the word "Cain", are added to Avast's exclude list, the real-time scanner has been known to stop Cain from functioning. However, the latest version of Avast no longer blocks Cain.
Symantec (the developer of the Norton family of computer security software) identified a buffer overflow vulnerability in version 4.9.24 that allowed for remote code execution in the event the application was used to open a large RDP file, as might occur when using the program to analyze network traffic. The vulnerability had been present in the previous version (4.9.23) as well and was patched in a subsequent release.
See also
Black-hat hacker
White-hat hacker
Hacker (computer security)
Password cracking
Aircrack-ng
Crack
DaveGrohl
Hashcat
John the Ripper
L0phtCrack
Ophcrack
RainbowCrack
References
External links
Windows-only freeware
Password cracking software
Windows security software
Network analyzers
Windows network-related software | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain%20and%20Abel%20%28software%29 |
Birger Jarls torg is a public square on Riddarholmen in Gamla stan, the old town in Stockholm, Sweden.
History
The square used to be called Riddarholmstorget, but was in the mid-19th century renamed Birger Jarls torg after Birger Jarl, traditionally attributed as the founder of Stockholm. A statue of him was erected on the square in 1854. It was designed by Swedish sculptor
Bengt Erland Fogelberg (1786–1854).
The square is surrounded by six palaces, today mostly occupied by various governmental authorities. The area is isolated from the rest of the city by the artery traffic route Centralbron. (See Riddarholmen.)
Just south of the square is the church Riddarholm Church.
See also
List of streets and squares in Gamla stan
References
Squares in Stockholm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birger%20Jarls%20torg |
The Genève-Servette HC (also called Servette or GSHC) is a professional ice hockey club based in Geneva, Switzerland and competing in the National League (NL), the top tier of the Swiss hockey league system. The team plays their home games at the Patinoire des Vernets, which has a seating capacity of 7,135.
The team is currently the oldest team in the NL, being founded in 1905.
Team history
1905 : Foundation of Servette FC's ice hockey section.
1954 : The club plays on artificial ice for the first time, in the "Pavillon des Sports". Until then, Servette had to host its opponents in Lausanne or au Pont. The first match on the new artificial ice sees Servette play Urania Genève Sport (UGS).
1956 : First promotion in Swiss National League B.
1958 : Inauguration of the new ice rink called "Les Vernets".
1959 : Servette wins the "Swiss Cup" after beating Neuchâtel-Sports Young Sprinters HC 7–3 in the final, in front of fans, it is a crowd record for a hockey game in Les Vernets.
1963 : Creation of Genève-Servette HC after the fusion of the ice hockey sections of Servette & UGS.
1964 : Genève-Servette is champion of the Swiss National League B (second division), after beating the EHC Biel in the final, and is promoted to the top league in Switzerland, the National League A.
1975 : Relegated to the Swiss National League B.
1980 : Relegated to 1. Liga (3rd division).
1995 : Promoted to National League B again, after a victory over Luzern.
2001 : Promoted to National League A, after a successful series (4–0) over Chur in the final.
2008 : On March 24, the GSHC reaches the Swiss National League A final for the first time in its history, after a clear win over HC Fribourg-Gottéron in the semi-finals (4–1 in the series).
2010 : After a good season (2nd place), the GSHC defeated HC Fribourg-Gottéron in quarter-finals after being led 3–1 and EV Zug in semi-finals. Against SC Bern in Finals, the GSHC came back from 3–1 to 3–3 before losing the seventh game in Bern.
2011 : Were third-most attended team in Switzerland for the 2010–11 season with 6,971 spectators per game.
2013 : Winner of the Spengler Cup.
2014 : Second consecutive Spengler Cup win.
2017 : Fell to EHC Kloten in the Swiss Cup final.
2023 : finished first in the regular season of the Swiss National League and became the Swiss champions after defeating EHC Biel-Bienne in the playoffs
Team information
Les Vernets
The Patinoire des Vernets was built in 1959 and is located in the Geneva neighborhood of the same name. It serves as the main arena for the GSHC. It was renovated in 2009 in order to increase the spectator capacity from 6400 to 7140.
On January 24, 2012, local authorities and the club reached an agreement to build a new arena, in another part of town, with a seating capacity of 10,000. In 2012, it was scheduled to open by 2015, or possibly 2016. As of 2019, construction has yet to start.
Mascots
The official mascots of Genève-Servette are Calvin and Calvina, two anthropomorphic eagles that first appeared at the beginning of the 2006-2007 season. They are Switzerland's first and only mascot duet. Their names are derived from John Calvin, famous theologian of the Protestant reformation in Geneva.
In addition, Sherkan, a bald eagle, opens every home game by flying throughout the arena, reaching for his master standing in the center of ice. Sherkan is very popular amongst fans and players alike. Sherkan is Europe's first living animal to partake in an ice-hockey game opening ceremony.
Sherkan first appeared during the NLB playoffs of 2001 and has been present to every home game ever since, only missing two.
Head coaches
Chris McSorley served as head coach and general manager between 2001 and 2017 and was also co-owner until 2014, alongside Hugh Quennec. Chris McSorley is the brother of Marty McSorley, two times winner of the Stanley Cup with the Edmonton Oilers. On March 22, 2017, Chris McSorley stepped down as head coach to focus on his job as general manager. A position he assumed for the entire 2017–18 season. At the end of this season, it was announced that McSorley would return as head coach of Geneva for the 2018/19 season, while keeping his position as general manager. McSorley had signed a 15-year contract with the team in September 2016 worth CHF 10 million, while the club was still under Quennec ownership. The contract runs through the 2030/31 season.
On June 26, 2017, it was announced that Craig Woodcroft would replace McSorley at the helm of the team for the next three seasons. At the end of the 2017/18 season, Woodcroft was relieved of his duties as head coach after only one season. Geneva will still pay him the remaining CHF 2 million on his contract.
On April 17, 2019, Patrick Emond, the Junior Elite team's coach was promoted head coach. He worked with the Junior team for 9 years, winning recently 2 national titles with them. It will be his first experience with an adult team.
On November 10, 2021, Emond was fired by Servette as the team was sitting 11th in the standings after 23 regular season games at the time. Jan Cadieux, who was an assistant coach at the time, took over as head coach. Louis Matte, Sébastien Beaulieu, Mathieu Fernandes and Kevin Oulevey remained in the coaching staff.
Honors
Champions
National League (1): 2023
Swiss League (1): 2001
Swiss Cup (2): 1959, 1972
Spengler Cup (2): 2013, 2014
Basler Cup (1): 1962
Runners-up
NL Championship (3): 2008, 2010, 2021
NDA Championship (7): 1917, 1920, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1971
Swiss Cup (1): 2017
Basel Summer Ice Hockey (1): 2009
Players
Current roster
Notable alumni
Logan Couture
Yannick Weber
Tom Pyatt
Reto Pavoni
Philippe Bozon
Oleg Petrov
Kevin Romy
Goran Bezina
Juraj Kolník
Daniel Vukovic
Igor Fedulov
References
External links
Official site of Genève-Servette Hockey Club
Site officiel du Genève-Servette Hockey Club
Official Fan-club webpage
Fan-page
Ice hockey clubs established in 1905
Ice hockey teams in Switzerland
Sport in Geneva
1905 establishments in Switzerland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A8ve-Servette%20HC |
Bitterne Manor is a suburb of Southampton surrounding the manor house of the same name. It is located on the eastern bank of the River Itchen, across Cobden Bridge from St Denys.
History
Bitterne Manor is the site of the original Roman settlement of Clausentum, the forerunner to today's City of Southampton.
Archaeological evidence shows Saxon activity around Bitterne Manor and the area within the old Roman walls may have been the Burh of Hampton
The manor house has existed from Norman times and possibly earlier, and was built from the stones of Clausentum. The house was used by the Bishop of Winchester, who travelled from manor to manor with his court throughout each year. The manor house also operated as a farm, and was surrounded by parkland. Bitterne Park today, though, is a built-up area.
With its easy access to the River Itchen and the navigation to Winchester, Bitterne Manor was used by the bishops as a distribution centre for wine and salt, which was panned in the river.
Arrangements were made to determine the exact boundaries between the manor and the Abbey lands at Hound and Netley in January 1246. This boundary remained in place until the mid 19th century, and was used in part as the subsequent boundary between the Itchen Urban District Council and Bitterne Parish Council.
Robert Kilwardby, the Archbishop of Canterbury, visited Bitterne Manor in 1274 and spent Christmas there.
The scarcity of farm labourers resulting from the Black Death of 1348 led to higher running costs in manors across the country, and it became more profitable to let the house to tenants and sublet the farmland to tenant farmers. Bitterne Manor was tenant-occupied from the late 15th Century to the early 19th Century.
William Camden visited the manor in around 1586, describing it as "an ancient castle ... at every tide [it] is encompassed for three parts of it by water a great breadth."
The Bishop of Winchester sold the lease to the manor to a Mr. Simpson in 1802. The new owner did not wish to use the manor as a farm, and so in 1804–05 the farmhouse was demolished and a new manor house constructed. The defensive ditch that the Romans had constructed was filled in. The Northam Bridge was also built around this time, opening initially as a toll bridge.
This allowed the growing Southampton to expand, leading to the urbanisation of the Bitterne Manor area.
James Stuart Hall purchased Bitterne Manor in August 1818. On his death in 1822, the Manor was willed to his wife Jesse (Hunter) Stuart Hall and, on her death in 1847, to her sister Jane (Hunter) Eastmont. It later passed to her daughter Agnes Eastmont, who married Sir Steuert MacNaghten; thus, the property came into the MacNaghten Family.
The manor, including approximately of surrounding property, was purchased by Sir Steuert MacNaghten around 1863, and was used as the private residence of his family until his death in 1895. Following the death of Steuert MacNaghten, most of the land surrounding the manor house was sold to the Southampton Corporation for residential development. The MacNaghten family re-acquired the manor house and a few acres of grounds in 1902, and continued to use it as the family residence. Upon the death of Steuert MacNaghten's widow, Amy Katherine MacNaghten, in 1906, the manor house passed to their children. One of these, Lettice MacNaghten, purchased full title from her siblings and continued to live in the house, often taking in paying guests, who at one stage in the 1930s included the family of novelist Nicolas Freeling. The house was severely damaged by German bombing raids on Southampton during World War II. Lettice then abandoned the house, took refuge with her sister-in-law in Guildford, and refused to return to it in its damaged condition. The damaged manor house was vandalised and ultimately sold to an architect, who converted it into flats.
A scientific excavation of the site was carried out between 1951 and 1954 by the Ministry of Works, the results published in 1958 by Her Majesty's Stationery Office. The house is grade II listed, having first been listed on 14 July 1953.
Today, the manor house and its grounds are privately owned and split into fourteen apartments. Some of the surrounding grounds, consisting of grassland, woodland and a natural foreshore to the River Itchen, are maintained by the council as a public open space.
Geography
The area is bounded on the north, west and south by the River Itchen, and on the east by the railway line linking Southampton to Portsmouth. Northam Bridge crosses the river to the neighbouring suburb of Northam, whilst beyond the railway line is the suburb of Bitterne. The A3024 dual carriageway runs through the area, one of the primary commuter routes in and out of Southampton from the East.
Apart from the grounds of the manor house, the area immediately around the dual carriageway is mostly taken up by residential housing and Bitterne Manor Primary School. On the fringes of the suburb, where it meets the river, a number of industrial units can be found. There are also some small nature reserves lining the river banks. Chessel Bay has been designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest.
References
External links
Bitterne Manor Primary School
Picture of Roman Bath House at Bitterne Manor
Grade II listed buildings in Hampshire
Areas of Southampton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitterne%20Manor |
Bicol University (Bikol: Unibersidad nin Bikol, Tagalog: Pamantasan ng Bikol), also referred to by its acronym (BU or Bicol U), is a regional state, research and coeducational higher education institution in Legazpi City, Albay, Philippines, with external campuses scattered throughout the provinces of Albay and Sorsogon. BU is an ISO 9001:2008 certified public university.
The university is partly subsidized by the Philippine government. Students of the university and its graduates are referred to as "Mga Iskolar ng Bayan" ("Scholars of the Nation") but they are commonly called as Bueños. Students who wish to study in the university must pass the Bicol University College Entrance Test (BUCET). During the COVID-19 pandemic, the university implemented the Bicol University College Entrance Scoring System (BUCESS) for its admission of undergraduate students for academic years 2021-2022 and 2022–2023.
History
The Bicol University was founded on June 21, 1969, by virtue of Republic Act 5521 and was formally organized on September 22, 1970. It evolved out of six educational institutions integrated to form the first state university in the Bicol Region (Region V):
Bicol Teachers College (BTC) with its Laboratory School in Daraga, Albay, now the BU College of Education (BUCE) with its Integrated Laboratory School (ILS)
Daraga East Central School (DECS) also in Daraga, Albay, initially renamed as Bicol University Pilot Elementary School (BUPES), now integrated with the BUCE-ILS as its Elementary Department
Albay High School in Legazpi City, now the BUCE-ILS High School Department
Bicol Regional School for Arts and Trades (BRSAT) in Legazpi City, converted from the Albay Trade School by virtue of Republic Act 1129 on June 16, 1954, now the College of Industrial Technology and the College of Engineering.
Roxas Memorial Agricultural School (RMAS) in Guinobatan, Albay, which became the College of Agriculture, now renamed as the College of Agriculture and Forestry.
School of Fisheries in Tabaco, Albay, turned into the College of Fisheries, now the Bicol University Tabaco Campus.
These public schools and colleges, now part of Bicol University, had served the people of the region for more than half a century prior to their forming Bicol University.
As of 2023, the 9th Bicol University President issued the Bicol University Vision and Quality Policy:
Vision - A university for humanity characterized by productive scholarship, transformative leadership, collaborative service, and distinctive character for sustainable societies.
Quality Policy - Bicol University commits to continually strive for excellence in instruction, research, and extension by meeting the highest level of clientele satisfaction and adhering to quality standards and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements.
Organization and administration
The governance of the university is vested in the Board of Regents, abbreviated as BOR. The board, with its 12 members, is the highest decision-making body of the university.
The chairperson or its designated commissioner of the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) serves as the board's chairperson while the president of the Bicol University is the vice-chairperson. The chairpersons of the Committees of Higher Education of the Senate and the House of Representatives are also members of the Board of Regents which are concurrent with their functions as committee chairpersons.
The students of the Bicol University are represented by a student regent, who is also the chair of the University Student Council. The faculty regent is nominated by the faculty members of the whole university. Alumni are represented by the president of the BU Alumni Association.
As of 2023, the members of the Board of Regents are:
Campus
Legazpi West (Main) Campus
The Legazpi West (Main) Campus is located on the boundary of Daraga, Albay and Legazpi City along the national highway, Rizal St. Aside from the Administration Building, the campus also hosts the following colleges and institutes:
College of Education (BUCE)
Courses Offered:
Bachelor of Culture and Arts Education
Bachelor of Early Childhood Education
Bachelor of Elementary Education
Bachelor of Secondary Education majors in:
English
Filipino
Mathematics
Science
Social Studies
Values Education
2. College of Nursing (BUCN)
Course Offered: BS Nursing
3. College of Arts and Letters (BUCAL)
Courses Offered:
AB Broadcasting
BA Communication
BA English Language
BA Literature
BA Journalism
BA Performing Arts (BPEA) Theater
4. College of Science (BUCS)
Courses Offered:
BS Biology
BS Chemistry
BS Computer Science
BS Information Technology
BS Meteorology
5. Graduate School (BUGS)
This is divided into two categories:
Master of Arts Degree (Masteral or MA)
Doctoral Degree (Doctorate or PhD)
They are both offered with thesis or with no thesis.
6. Institute of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation (BUIPESR)
Courses Offered:
BS in Exercise & Sports Sciences
Bachelor of Physical Education
7. College of Medicine (BUCM)
Course Offered: Doctor of Medicine
8. College of Law (BUCL)
Course Offered: Juris Doctor
9. Jesse M. Robredo Institute of Governance and Development (BUJMRIGD)
Course Offered: Bachelor of Public Administration
10. Open University (BUOU)
Course Offered: BS Development Communication
11. College of Dental Medicine (CDM)
Course Offered: Doctor of Dental Medicine
The Doctor of Dental Medicine is the latest course that had been approved in this campus.
It also hosts the Bicol University College of Education Integrated Laboratory School-Elementary Department and Bicol University College of Education Integrated Laboratory School-High School Department (BUCEILS-HS). The Bicol University Main Library, Student Union Center, Amphitheater and the Little Theater are also found in this campus.
Legazpi East Campus
Located in Enlisted Men's Barrio (EM Barrio), Barangay 1 also in Legazpi City, the campus hosts the College of Engineering (BUCENG), College of Industrial Technology (BUCIT) and the Institute of Design and Architecture (BUIDeA).
Daraga Campus
Located in Sagpon, Daraga, Albay, and is less than a kilometer from the main campus, the campus consists of the College of Social Sciences and Philosophy (BUCSSP) and College of Business, Economics and Management (BUCBEM). This campus was formerly called College of Arts and Science (BUCAS).
The BUCSSP offers the following programs:
BS Psychology
BS Social Work
AB Philosophy
AB Political Science
AB Peace Studies
AB Sociology
The BUCBEM offers the following programs:
BS Accountancy
BS Economics
BS Entrepreneurship
BS Management
BS in Business Administration Major in Financial Management
BS in Business Administration Major in Human Resource Management
BS in Business Administration Major in Marketing Management
BS in Business Administration Major in Operations Management
BS in Business Administration Major in Microfinance
Tabaco Campus
Located in Tayhi, Tabaco, Albay. Courses offered in this campus are Bachelor of Science in Nursing, Food Technology, Social Work, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Marine Fisheries, Fish Technology, Coastal Resource Management, Secondary Education, and Entrepreneurship.
Guinobatan Campus
Located along the Pan-Philippine Highway in the town of Guinobatan, Albay, formerly known as Guinobatan Rural High School in 1927; Roxas Memorial Agricultural School in 1950; Bicol University College of Agriculture (BUCA) in 1969 through RA 5521; with the offering of Bachelor of Science in Forestry starting in 1991, is now known as Bicol University College of Agriculture and Forestry (BUCAF). BUCAF is a member of Philippine Agroforestry Education and Research Network (PAFERN)
Polangui Campus
Located in Centro Occidental, Polangui, Albay, this was formerly known as the School for Philippine Craftsmen and offered vocational courses. It was integrated into Bicol University, through R.A. 7722, R.A. 8292 & R.A. 8769, on December 14, 2000, and renamed as Bicol University Polangui Campus. From the five courses offered in 2000, it now offers fifteen courses including BS in Nursing, BS in Computer Engineering and BS in Electronics and Communications Engineering.
Gubat Campus
Located in Gubat, Sorsogon, the only campus outside of Albay, this campus offers bachelor's degrees in Agricultural Technology, Secondary and Elementary Education, Fisheries, Food Technology, Entrepreneurship, Peace and Security Studies and Computer Science are offered in this campus.
Facilities and services
Library System
The University Library System is for the use of students and other researchers. It has a collection of books in different fields of knowledge and all the published undergraduate and graduate research. It is composed of ten sub-libraries, namely:
The University Library
College of Education Library
College of Nursing Library
College of Agriculture and Forestry Library
ILS-Elementary Library
ILS-High School Library
East Campus Library
Polangui Campus Library
Tabaco Campus Library
Gubat Campus Library
Athletics
It organizes and facilitates the conduct of intercollegiate sports and the university's participation in sports events. It runs wellness and fitness programs. Some of its facilities for athletics include a soccer field, olympic-sized swimming pool, a rubberized track oval, and a grandstand.
Radio station
The university has its own radio station, BUFM 106.3.
Notable alumni
Venus Raj (BUCAL; ComArts, Major in Journalism) was Miss Philippines Earth 2008 (Miss Philippines Eco Tourism 2008), Binibining Pilipinas 2010 (Binibining Pilipinas Universe 2010), Miss Universe 2010 (4th Runner-Up)
References
External links
Bicol University High School Batch 2007 official website
Universities and colleges in Bicol Region
Universities and colleges in Albay
Education in Legazpi, Albay
Universities and colleges established in 1969
State universities and colleges in the Philippines
1969 establishments in the Philippines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicol%20University |
Blake Caracella (born 15 March 1977) is a former Australian rules footballer who played in the Australian Football League (AFL). He is currently serving as an assistant coach with the Essendon Football Club. He is the brother of Craig Caracella.
AFL career
Essendon
Selected by Essendon in the 1994 National draft at pick 10, Caracella finally debuted with the Bombers in 1997. What had held him back was his lack of bulk—he came to the club weighing only 74 kg—however, he rectified this by pushing his playing weight up to 83 kg prior to his AFL debut. Caracella quickly established himself in the side as a skilful small forward/goalsneak, who had patience and poise. He earned himself an AFL Rising Star nomination for his work.
He was a vital part of Essendon's premiership win in 2000, contributing 35 goals for the season.
Caracella was a late inclusion to represent Australia in the first Test of the two-Test series in the 2000 International Rules Series against Ireland. He starred in the first Test, kicking a hat-trick of three-pointers (overs) during the final quarter to help secure a come-from-behind victory, scoring four overs in total. He was also among the best players for the second Test, scoring an additional three overs and helping Australia break Ireland's three-match winning streak. Caracella returned the next year and scored the only goal for Australia in the first Test as well an over in the same Test. He was less impactful in the second Test when Ireland reclaimed the title.
At the end of 2002, he was controversially traded to the Brisbane Lions.
Brisbane
Caracella's stay in Brisbane only lasted two years, during which he played 34 games, including the Lions' 2003 premiership-winning team and also their unsuccessful 2004 AFL Grand Final side.
Reasons cited for his trade from both Essendon and Brisbane was to ease the strain of salary cap restrictions at both clubs.
Collingwood
Caracella was selected by Collingwood in the 2005 pre-season draft, the team that he supported as a child.
In 2005, Caracella had a solid year at Collingwood (apart from a lean patch in the final seven rounds where he only managed three goals, as well as missing Round 20), booting 34 goals in total and finished tenth in the Copeland Trophy.
Injury and retirement
In 2006, Caracella suffered a career-ending neck injury. Whilst contesting a loose ball against the Lions, Caracella slipped, and former teammate Tim Notting's hip accidentally collected his head, fracturing several vertebrae and bruising his spinal cord. At the time, field umpire Brett Allen did not consider the contact sufficient to award a free kick for high contact. The injury horrified the football community, drawing comparisons to the quadriplegia suffered by Footscray's Neil Sachse in the 1970s.
On Wednesday, 2 August, Caracella announced his retirement. At the press conference, Caracella revealed that scans had shown his spinal column was naturally narrower than average. This condition would have ruled out a career in any professional contact sport had it been diagnosed earlier.
Statistics
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1997
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 33 || 17 || 25 || 18 || 187 || 103 || 290 || 84 || 15 || 1.5 || 1.1 || 11.0 || 6.1 || 17.1 || 4.9 || 0.9
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1998
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 33 || 16 || 13 || 7 || 149 || 97 || 246 || 78 || 24 || 0.8 || 0.4 || 9.3 || 6.1 || 15.4 || 4.9 || 1.5
|-style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1999
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 33 || 24 || 31 || 26 || 210 || 122 || 332 || 77 || 26 || 1.3 || 1.1 || 8.8 || 5.1 || 13.8 || 3.2 || 1.1
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2000
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 33 || 24 || 35 || 17 || 270 || 219 || 489 || 138 || 43 || 1.5 || 0.7 || 11.3 || 9.1 || 20.4 || 5.8 || 1.8
|-style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2001
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 33 || 21 || 25 || 11 || 256 || 177 || 433 || 120 || 29 || 1.2 || 0.5 || 12.2 || 8.4 || 20.6 || 5.7 || 1.4
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2002
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 33 || 24 || 22 || 14 || 287 || 151 || 438 || 111 || 43 || 0.9 || 0.6 || 12.0 || 6.3 || 18.3 || 4.6 || 1.8
|-style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2003
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 1 || 18 || 17 || 16 || 177 || 95 || 272 || 86 || 33 || 0.9 || 0.9 || 9.8 || 5.3 || 15.1 || 4.8 || 1.8
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2004
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 1 || 16 || 16 || 11 || 139 || 86 || 225 || 61 || 25 || 1.0 || 0.7 || 8.7 || 5.4 || 14.1 || 3.8 || 1.6
|-style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2005
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 10 || 21 || 34 || 19 || 155 || 101 || 256 || 88 || 22 || 1.6 || 0.9 || 7.4 || 4.8 || 12.2 || 4.2 || 1.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2006
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 10 || 6 || 0 || 2 || 65 || 44 || 109 || 33 || 8 || 0.0 || 0.3 || 10.8 || 7.3 || 18.2 || 5.5 || 1.3
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 187
! 218
! 141
! 1895
! 1195
! 3090
! 876
! 268
! 1.2
! 0.8
! 10.1
! 6.4
! 16.5
! 4.7
! 1.4
|}
Coaching career
Caracella began working as an assistant coach at in 2007 after a neck injury forced him into early retirement.
In 2010, he moved to , where he was responsible for the development of forward-line players.
In September 2016, he accepted a position as an assistant coach at under former teammate Damien Hardwick.
On 6 August 2019, the Essendon Football Club announced Caracella would be joining their coaching department for the 2020 season. After Ben Rutten was sacked by the Essendon Football Club at the end of the 2022 AFL season, Caracella took over as the caretaker coach for . However, Caracella was quickly replaced by Brad Scott as head coach of Essendon.
References
External links
Australian rules footballers from Melbourne
Collingwood Football Club players
Brisbane Lions players
Brisbane Lions premiership players
Essendon Football Club players
Essendon Football Club premiership players
1977 births
Living people
Australian people of Italian descent
Northern Knights players
Australia international rules football team players
VFL/AFL premiership players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake%20Caracella |
Zero price may refer to:
Free of charge, a price of zero
The offering price of a Zero-coupon bond or its financial equivalent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero%20price |
Eleanor Veronica Elizabeth Sharpston, KC (born 13 July 1955) is an English barrister who served as an Advocate General at the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) from 2006 to 2020.
Life
Nominated by the UK to serve as an Advocate General from 10 January 2006, and renewed in 2009 and again in 2015, Sharpston studied economics, languages and law at King's College, Cambridge (1973–77), followed by university teaching and research at Corpus Christi College, Oxford (1977–80). She was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1980 and was a barrister in private practice from 1980 to 1987 and from 1990-2005; King's Counsel (1999); and Bencher of Middle Temple (2005). In the intervening years (1987–90) she worked as legal secretary (referendaire) in the Chambers of Advocate General, subsequently Judge, Sir Gordon Slynn later Lord Slynn of Hadley. She was also a lecturer in EC and comparative law and Director of European Legal Studies at University College London (1990–92), and then a lecturer (1992–98), and subsequently affiliated lecturer (1998–2005), in the Faculty of Law at the University of Cambridge. She was a senior research fellow at the Centre for European Legal Studies of the University of Cambridge (1998–2005) and remains a fellow of King's College, Cambridge (since 1992).
Sharpston is also a member of the Irish Bar and an Honorary Bencher of King's Inns, Dublin. She has published books and articles on EU law. Having spent her childhood in Brazil and then her adolescence and half her practising life in continental Europe, she speaks a number of European languages. She holds dual nationality: British and Luxembourgish.
She served as joint head of Hailsham Chambers in London, with her colleague Michael Pooles QC, from 2003 to 2006. Amongst her many high-profile cases at the Bar she was perhaps best known for acting (together with her colleague Philip Moser) for the prosecution in the case of the Metric Martyrs, Thoburn v Sunderland City Council, and for the appellants in the House of Lords case R v Brown, often referred to by its police name of 'Operation Spanner'.
In 1991, she married David Lyon, a maritime historian and also a King's College alumnus whom she met through their mutual nautical interests; he died in 2000.
On 7 October 2008, she was appointed First Advocate General of the CJEU for one year. In 2010, she was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Glasgow. On 21 July 2011, she was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from Nottingham Trent University. She holds further honorary doctorates from the University of Edinburgh and from Stockholm University.
She delivered three Hamlyn Lecturess in 2020, on-line, on the apt subject of The Great Experiment: Constructing a European Union under the Rule of Law from a Group of Diverse Sovereign States.
In 2020, she brought judicial review proceedings against the EU over her removal from the CJEU following Brexit. On 6 October 2020 the General Court dismissed her action. On 16 June 2021 the Court of Justice of the European Union dismissed her appeal against that decision on the basis that her removal by a decision of the 27 remaining Member States was not subject to judicial review by the EU Courts. The judgment received mixed reactions from scholars. Some disagreed with the Court's opinion. Others endorsed the outcome, although critically referring to how the Court approached its margins of judicial review.
See also
List of members of the European Court of Justice
References
Further reading
External links
Interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 27 November 2015 (video)
1955 births
Living people
English women lawyers
Advocates General of the European Court of Justice
Fellows of King's College, Cambridge
Members of the Middle Temple
English legal scholars
English King's Counsel
20th-century King's Counsel
British officials of the European Union
Women legal scholars
20th-century women lawyers
20th-century English women
20th-century English people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor%20Sharpston |
Lincoln School may refer to:
Nepal
Lincoln School, Kathmandu, Nepal
United Kingdom
Lincoln Grammar School was a boys' grammar and boarding school on Wragby Road in Lincoln, Lincolnshire which in 1974 became Lincoln Christ's Hospital School, a co-educational comprehensive school
Lincoln School of Art became part of De Montfort University in 1994, then part of the University of Lincoln in 2001
United States
Alabama
Lincoln School (Huntsville, Alabama), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)
Lincoln Normal School, a middle school in Marion, Alabama
California
Lincoln School (Paso Robles, California), listed on the NRHP in San Luis Obispo County, California
Colorado
Lincoln School (Erie, Colorado), listed on the NRHP in Weld County, Colorado
Lincoln School (Fort Morgan, Colorado), listed on the NRHP
Lincoln School (La Junta, Colorado), listed on the NRHP in Colorado
Idaho
Lincoln School (Twin Falls, Idaho), listed on the NRHP in Idaho
Illinois
Abraham Lincoln School for Social Science (Chicago, Illinois), defunct social workers school
Lincoln School (Rock Island, Illinois), listed on the NRHP
Iowa
Lincoln School (Davenport, Iowa), listed on the NRHP
Lincoln School (Farley, Iowa), listed on the NRHP
Lincoln School (Oskaloosa, Iowa), listed on the NRHP
Kansas
Lincoln School (Atchison, Kansas), listed on the NRHP in Kansas
Lincoln School (Newton, Kansas), listed on the NRHP in Kansas
Kentucky
Lincoln School (Paducah, Kentucky), listed on the NRHP in Kentucky
Maine
Lincoln School (Acton, Maine), listed on the NRHP
Massachusetts
Lincoln School (Winchester, Massachusetts), listed on the NRHP in Massachusetts
Michigan
Lincoln School (Iron River, Michigan), listed on the NRHP in Michigan
Minnesota
Lincoln School (Eveleth, Minnesota), a former elementary school, now home to the East Range Developmental Achievement Center
Lincoln School Building (Virginia, Minnesota), listed on the NRHP
Missouri
Lincoln School (Canton, Missouri), listed on the NRHP
Lincoln School (Springfield, Missouri), listed on the NRHP
Lincoln School (Vandalia, Missouri), listed on the NRHP
Montana
Lincoln School (Missoula, Montana), listed on the NRHP in Montana
New York
Lincoln School (Hornell, New York), listed on the NRHP
Lincoln School for Nurses, New York City, New York, a private nursing school in The Bronx (1898–1961)
New Lincoln School, New York City, New York, a private school in Manhattan (1948–1988)
Oregon
Lincoln High School (Portland, Oregon)
Rhode Island
Lincoln School (Providence, Rhode Island)
South Dakota
Lincoln School (Belle Fourche, South Dakota), listed on the NRHP in South Dakota
Lincoln School No. 12 in Meckling, South Dakota, listed on the NRHP in South Dakota
Tennessee
Lincoln School (Pikeville, Tennessee), listed on the NRHP
Wisconsin
Lincoln School (Madison, Wisconsin), listed on the NRHP in Wisconsin
Lincoln School (Racine, Wisconsin), listed on the NRHP
Lincoln School (Shawano, Wisconsin), listed on the NRHP
Wyoming
Lincoln School (Laramie, Wyoming), listed on the NRHP
Schools with related names
Schools named Lincoln Middle School
Lincoln County Middle School (disambiguation), multiple schools
Lincoln Middle School (disambiguation), multiple schools
K-8 schools
Abraham Lincoln Elementary School, Chicago, Illinois
Lincoln School in Brookline, Massachusetts
Lincoln Public Schools, Lincoln, Massachusetts
Lincoln Public Schools, Nebraska
See also
Lincoln Academy (disambiguation)
Lincoln College (disambiguation)
Lincoln Elementary School (disambiguation)
Lincoln High School (disambiguation)
Lincoln Institute (disambiguation)
Lincoln Law School (disambiguation)
Lincoln University (disambiguation)
Asociación Escuelas Lincoln, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Lincoln-Way Community High School District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%20School |
Eduard Roschmann (25 November 1908 – 8 August 1977) was an Austrian Nazi SS-Obersturmführer and commandant of the Riga Ghetto during 1943. He was responsible for numerous murders and other atrocities. As a result of a fictionalized portrayal in the novel The Odessa File by Frederick Forsyth and its subsequent film adaptation, Roschmann came to be known as the "Butcher of Riga".
Early life and career
Roschmann was born on 25 November 1908, in Graz-Eggenberg, in Austria.
He was the son of a brewery manager. He was reputed to have come from the Styria region of Austria, from a good family. From 1927 to 1934, Roschmann was a member of the Fatherland's Front, which in turn was part of the Austrian home guard ("Heimatschutz"). From 1927 to 1934, Roschmann was associated with an organization called the "Steyr Homeland Protection Force." Roschmann spent six semesters at a university. Contrary to a report that he was once a lawyer in Graz, Austria, he had studied to be a lawyer but failed. By 1931, he was a brewery employee, joining the civil service in 1935. In May 1938, he joined the Nazi Party NSDAP Number 6,276,402, and the SS the following year. In January 1941, he was assigned to the Security Police.
War crimes in Latvia
Within the SS Roschmann was assigned to the Security Service (Sicherheitsdienst), often referred to by its German initials SD. Following the German occupation of Latvia in the Second World War, the SD established a presence in Latvia with the objective of killing all the Jews in the country. To this end, the SD established the Riga ghetto.
Structure of the Riga ghetto
The Riga ghetto did not exist prior to the occupation of Latvia by the German armed forces. Jews in general lived throughout Riga before then. The ghetto itself was a creation of the SD. Surrounded by barbed wire fences, with armed guards, it was in effect a large and overcrowded prison. Furthermore, while it is common to see the Riga ghetto referred to as a single location, in fact it was a unified prison for only a very short time in autumn of 1941. After that it was split into three ghettos.
The first ghetto was the Latvian ghetto, sometimes called the "Big Ghetto", which was in existence for only 35 days, from late October to 30 November 1941. Men, women and children were forced into the ghetto, where at least for a short time they lived as families. On 30 November and on 8 December 1941, 24,000 Jews were force-marched out of the ghetto and shot at the nearby forest of Rumbula. Except for Babi Yar, this was the biggest two-day massacre in the genocides until the construction of the death camps in 1942. A few thousand Latvian Jews, mostly men, who were not murdered at Rumbula, were confined to a much smaller area of the former Latvia ghetto. This became known as the men's ghetto; about 500 Latvian Jewish women, who were also not selected for murder, were similarly confined to an adjacent but separated smaller ghetto, known as the women's ghetto.
A few days after the 8 December massacre, train-loads of Jews from Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia began to arrive in Riga, where, with some important exceptions, they were housed in a portion of the former Latvian ghetto, which then became known as the German ghetto.
Participation in Dünamünde Action
In March 1942, the German authorities in charge of the Riga ghetto and the nearby Jungfernhof concentration camp murdered about 3,740 German, Austrian and Czech Jews who had been deported to Latvia. The victims were mostly the elderly, the sick and infirm and children. These people were tricked into believing they would be transported to a new and better camp facility at an area near Riga called Dünamünde. In fact no such facility existed, and the intent was to transport the victims to mass graves in the woods north of Riga and shoot them.
According to a survivor, Edith Wolff, Roschmann was one of a group of SS men who selected the persons for "transport" to Dünamünde. (Others in the selection group included Rudolf Lange, Kurt Krause, Max Gymnich, Kurt R. Migge, Richard Nickel and Rudolf Seck). Wolff stated that only the "prominent people" made selections, and she was not sure whether Migge, Seck or Nickel had picked anyone.
Appointment as ghetto commandant
Starting in January 1943, Roschmann became commandant of the Riga ghetto. His immediate predecessor was Kurt Krause. Survivors described Krause as "sadistic","bloody", "monster", and "psychopath". Roschmann's methods differed from those of Krause. Unlike Krause, Roschmann did not execute offenders on the spot, but, in most cases, sent them to Riga's Central Prison. Whether this was a matter of having qualms about murder is not certain. However, being sent to the prison was likely to be, at best, only a brief reprieve, as conditions there were brutal.
At that time, Roschmann held the relatively low rank of Unterscharführer. Differing ranks are supplied for Roschmann. According to Ezergailis and Kaufmann, Roschmann held the rank of SS-Unterscharführer. According to Schneider, Roschmann was an SS-Obersturmführer, a higher rank. Schneider mentions no promotion for Roschmann.
Murders and other crimes
Historians Angrick and Klein state that in addition to the mass killings, the Holocaust in Latvia also consisted of a great number of individual murders.
Angrick and Klein name Roschmann among others as responsible for these individual murders. Historian Schneider, a survivor of the German ghetto, has stated that it is certain that Roschmann was a murderer, otherwise he never would have risen as high as he did in the SS. One documented murder committed by Roschmann, with his subordinates assisted by Scharführer Max Gymnich and Kurt Migge, was that of Arthur Kaufmann, the 17-year-old son of Max Kaufmann, who later came to write one of the first histories of the Holocaust in Latvia. Roschmann personally issued the order for this particular murder. Kaufmann himself described the murder, which occurred when both of them were housed outside the ghetto at the Sloka work camp, where among other things they were tasked with peat cutting:
Food for ghetto occupants was strictly rationed and generally inadequate. It was common for Jews assigned to work details to obtain and attempt to smuggle extra food into the ghetto. For this and other reasons, all returning work details were subject to search, although this was actually carried out only on a sporadic basis. When searches did occur, those smuggling food were forced to abandon it before it could be found on their person, which was a serious offence. Roschmann and his aide, Max Gymnich, accompanied by a trained attack dog, involved themselves in the details of the searches for contraband food, which included inspections of kitchens in the ghetto, again forcing people to discard food they had smuggled in, even when they were about to eat it. Survivor Nina Ungar related a similar incident at the Olaine peat bog work camp, where Roschmann found three eggs on one of the Latvian Jews and had him shot immediately. Kaufmann describes an incident, possibly the same one referred to by Ungar, where Roschmann, during a visit to the Olaine work camp with Gymnich in 1943, found a singer named Karp with five eggs and had him shot immediately.
Roschmann, together with Krause, who, although no longer ghetto commandant, was close at hand as the commandant of the Salaspils concentration camp, investigated a resistance plot among the Jews to store weapons at an old powder magazine in Riga known as the Pulverturm. As a result, several hundred inmates were executed, whom Kaufmann described as "our best young people."
While ghetto commandant, Roschmann became involved with the work detail known as the Army Motor Park (Heereskraftpark). This was considered a favourable work assignment for Jews, as it involved skilled labour (vehicle mechanics) necessary for the German army, thus providing some protection from liquidation, and it also gave a number of opportunities to "organise" (that is, to buy, barter for or steal) contraband food and other items. The Jews on the work detail benefited from the fact that the German in charge, Private First Class (Obergefreiter) Walter Eggers, was corrupt and wanted to use the Jews under his command to become rich. Consequently, better treatment could be had, at least for a time, by paying Eggers bribes. Roschmann heard rumours about the "good life", and attempted to prevent it by putting some of the workers into one of the prisons or transferring them to Kaiserwald concentration camp.
Roschmann himself was not above accepting bribes, or at least pretending to accept bribes. In one instance, a shoemaker whose two children had been incarcerated in the Riga prisons as a result of Roschmann's investigation, attempted to secure their release by paying Roschmann a large number of gold coins. Roschmann took the coins, but did not release the children.
Actions outside of the ghetto
Roschmann was later transferred to the Lenta work camp, a forced-labour facility in the Riga area where Jews were housed at the workplace. Originally this facility had been located on Washington (Ludendorff) Square in Riga and had been known as the "Gestapo" work detail. Lenta was considered a favoured work assignment. The original German commandant, Fritz Scherwitz, had determined to make a lot of money involving the work of highly skilled Jews in the tailoring trade. Scherwitz made efforts to protect Jews in the Lenta work detail. This changed when Roschmann became the Lenta commandant. According to Kaufmann:
Roschmann participated in the efforts of Sonderkommando 1005 to conceal the evidence of the Nazi crimes in Latvia by exhuming and burning the bodies of the victims of the numerous mass shootings in the Riga area. In the fall of 1943, Roschmann was made the chief of Kommando Stützpunkt, a work detail of prisoners which was given the task of digging up and burning the bodies of the tens of thousands of people whom the Nazis had shot and buried in the forests of Latvia. About every two weeks the men on the work detail were shot and replaced with a new set of inmates. Men for this commando were selected both from Kaiserwald concentration camp and from the few remaining people in the Riga ghetto.
Historian Ezergailis states that one Hasselbach, an SS officer, was the commander of the Stützpunkt commando, and does not mention Roschmann. As his source, Ezergailis cites a witness, Franz Leopold Schlesinger, who testified in the trial in West Germany of Viktors Arajs in the late 1970s, almost 35 years later. Schlesinger in turn appears to have only "thought" Hasselbach was the commander.
Roschmann is sometimes described as the commandant of the Kaiserwald concentration camp, which was located on the north side of Riga. Kaufmann however gives the Kaiserwald commandant as an SS man named Sauer who held the rank of Obersturmbannführer.
Jack Ratz, a Latvian Jewish survivor, came face to face with Roschmann in Lenta at the age of 17. According to Jack:
Character
According to Gertrude Schneider, a historian and a survivor of the Riga ghetto, Roschmann was clearly a murderer, but was not uniformly cruel. She records an instance where Krause, Roschmann's predecessor as commandant, had executed Johann Weiss, a lawyer from Vienna, and a First World War veteran, for having hidden money in his glove. A year later, when Roschmann was commandant, his widow and daughter requested of him that he allow them the Jewish custom of visiting the grave. Roschmann allowed the request.
Schneider, in describing this incident, characterised Roschmann as "that most peculiar SS man." According to Schneider, Roschmann would order food abandoned during searches for contraband to be sent to the ghetto hospital. Schneider particularly objected to Roschmann's modern image as the so-called "butcher of Riga". Up to the time of the publication of Forsyth's book in 1972, Herberts Cukurs, a famous Latvian pilot, had been the person known as "the Butcher of Riga" as a result of his actions during the occupation of Latvia from 1941 to 1944.:
However, other accounts assign a more malignant role to Roschmann. Historian Bernard Press, a Latvian Jew who was able to hide outside of Riga and avoid confinement in the ghetto, describes Krause, Gymnich and Roschmann as having engaged in random shootings of human beings. Press describes an incident where a woman was condemned to death for "illegal correspondence" with a friend in Germany. Roschmann had her confined in the Central Prison, where she was not in fact executed but released based on the recommendation of Krause, who had previously wanted the woman to become his mistress.
Also, Max Michelson described Roschman, Rudolf Lange and Kurt Krause as all being "notorious sadists." Michelson, a Riga ghetto survivor, described Roschmann:
Max Kaufmann, a survivor of Latvian ghetto, compared Roschmann to Krause, coming to a similar conclusion as Max Michelson:
Flight from Latvia
In October 1944, out of fear of the approaching Soviet armies, the SS personnel of the concentration camp system in Latvia fled the country by sea from Riga or Liepāja to Danzig, taking with them several thousand concentration camp inmates, many of whom did not survive the voyage.
Escape to Argentina
In 1945, Roschmann was arrested in Graz, but later released. Roschmann concealed himself as an ordinary prisoner of war, and in so doing obtained a release from custody in 1947. After visiting his wife in Graz, he was recognised with the assistance of former concentration camp inmates and arrested by the British military police. Roschmann was sent to Dachau concentration camp which had been converted to an imprisonment camp for accused war criminals. Roschmann succeeded in escaping from this custody;
in the process while running in hiding from a British patrol at the Austrian Border he was shot through the lung and also lost two toes of one foot to frostbite.
In 1948 Roschmann was able to flee Germany. He travelled first to Genoa in Italy, and from there to Argentina by ship, on a pass supplied by the International Red Cross. Roschmann was assisted in this effort by Alois Hudal, a strongly pro-Nazi bishop of the Catholic Church. Roschmann arrived in Argentina either on 10 February 1948 or 2 October 1948 (2/10/1948 or 10/2/1948, depending on date notation used). He founded a wood import-export firm in Buenos Aires. In 1955 in Argentina Roschmann married, although he was not divorced from his first wife. His second wife left him in 1958; the marriage was later declared null and void. In 1968, under the name "Frederico Wagner" (sometimes seen as "Federico Wegener") he became a citizen of Argentina.
Criminal charges
In 1959, a warrant was issued in Germany for Roschmann on a charge of bigamy. In 1960, the criminal court in Graz issued a warrant for the arrest of Roschmann on charges of murder and severe violations of human rights in connection with the killing of at least 3,000 Jews between 1938 and 1945, overseeing forced labourers at Auschwitz, and the murder of at least 800 children under the age of 10. However, the post-war Austrian legal system was ineffective in securing the return for trial of Austrians who had fled Europe, and no action was ever taken against Roschmann based on this charge. In 1963, the district court in Hamburg, West Germany, issued a warrant for the arrest of Roschmann. This would eventually prove a more serious threat to Roschmann.
Extradition negotiations
In October 1976, the embassy of West Germany in Argentina initiated a request for the extradition of Roschmann to Germany to face charges of multiple murders of Jews during the Second World War. This was based on the request of the West German prosecutor's office in Hamburg. The request was repeated in May 1977. On 5 July 1977, the office of the President of Argentina issued a communiqué, which was published in the Argentine press, that the government of Argentina would consider the request even though there was no extradition treaty with West Germany. The communiqué was reported to be a surprise to both the Argentine Foreign Ministry and the West German embassy. The Argentine Foreign Embassy had not received a request that Roschmann be arrested. Roschmann was in fact still not under arrest at the time the communiqué was issued.
At that time, a number of Germans had been arrested by the Argentine government, then under military control, and were facing charges before military tribunals. The Argentine government had also failed to account for the death of a West German citizen in unusual circumstances, apparently related to the conduct of the so-called Dirty War then being conducted by the Argentine government against alleged terrorists within the country. This was regarded by the West German government as a breach of international treaty obligations. In addition, the prominent Argentine journalist, Jacobo Timmerman, a Jew, had been arrested at that time and held incommunicado under circumstances which raised concern that he had been "subjected to ill-treatment" while in custody.
Roschmann then fled to Paraguay.
The U.S. Embassy in Argentina sent a cable to the State Department which reported the situation and contained the following comment:
Death
Roschmann died in Asunción, Paraguay, on 8 August 1977.
The body initially went unclaimed, and questions were raised as to whether the dead man was, in fact, Roschmann. The body bore papers in the name of "Federico Wegener", a known Roschmann alias, and was missing two toes on one foot and three on the other, consistent with Roschmann's known war injuries. Emilio Wolf, a delicatessen owner in Asunción who had been a prisoner under Roschmann, positively identified the body as Roschmann's. Simon Wiesenthal, however, was sceptical of the identification, claiming that a man matching Roschmann's description had been spotted in Bolivia only one month earlier. "I wonder who died for him?" he said.
On the other hand, a report made five days after his death stated that the international police agency Interpol had confirmed the fingerprints on the body as matching prints of Roschmann on file at Argentina's police agency in Buenos Aires, and Wiesenthal said at that time that although he at first had doubted Paraguayan reports, he was "75 percent sure" that the body was that of Roschmann.
Fictional portrayal
A fictionalised version of Roschmann was given in Frederick Forsyth's novel The Odessa File. A film version of the novel was released in 1974, where Roschmann was played by Austrian actor Maximilian Schell. In the book and the film, Roschmann is portrayed as a ruthlessly efficient killer. Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal was portrayed in the film by actor Shmuel Rodensky. Wiesenthal himself also functioned as a "documentary advisor". Historian Schneider sharply disputes this fictionalised image of Roschmann. She describes this fiction novel as "lurid" and containing "many inaccuracies". Among the inaccuracies of Forsyth's fictional version of Roschmann are:
Roschmann never murdered a Wehrmacht captain at the Latvian port of Liepāja to force his way onto an evacuation ship.
No mention is made of Rudolf Lange, whom Schneider describes as the real Butcher of Riga.
Krause is portrayed as Roschmann's deputy, rather than as his predecessor.
Alois Hudal is incorrectly identified as the "German apostolic nuncio" and a cardinal.
Roschmann is described as having been sheltered in a "big" Franciscan house in Genoa which apparently never existed.
ODESSA is portrayed as having purchased 7,000 Argentinian passports for people like Roschmann. No explanation is given for why, if this were so, Roschmann would need a travel document from the International Red Cross.
The head of ODESSA is identified as former SS General Richard Glücks, who in fact committed suicide in 1945.
Researcher Matteo San Filippo, who studied the issue of the discrepancies between the fictional and the real Roschmann, gives the following analysis:
"We cannot blame Forsyth for being inaccurate. He was writing a thriller, not an historical essay. The incidents were based on fact and the overall impression was not inaccurate (for example, some religious houses did shelter the wanted, just not in Genoa. Roschmann did murder many people, but not a Wehrmacht captain. ODESSA did supply faked travel documents of different kinds. And so on)."
The role of Wiesenthal in the genesis of the novel is more interesting. Later, the Nazi hunter confessed that he wanted to influence the writer. In fact, Wiesenthal was using the thriller to force Roschmann out into the open, which is what actually happened.
Wiesenthal himself, in his 1990 book Justice Not Vengeance, admitted that he had suggested, in response to Forsyth's inquiry, that Forsyth's book, and the later film, include fictional statements about Roschmann, and that he, Wiesenthal, had done so for the purpose of casting the light on Roschmann and forcing his arrest. Roschmann was eventually identified and denounced by a man who had just watched The Odessa File at the cinema.
See also
Riga Ghetto
The Holocaust in Latvia
The Odessa File, fictionalised 1972 novel by Frederick Forsyth that cast Roschmann back into public attention
References
Citations
Sources
Further reading
External links
Jewish Community in Latvia – Joint project of Latvia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Latvian Jewish Community, and the Democracy Commission of the US Embassy.
1908 births
1977 deaths
20th-century Austrian lawyers
Austrian expatriates in Argentina
Austrian Nazi lawyers
Bigamists
Escapees from British military detention
Fugitives wanted on crimes against humanity charges
Fugitives wanted on war crimes charges
Holocaust perpetrators in Latvia
Kaiserwald concentration camp personnel
Military personnel from Graz
Nazi concentration camp commandants
Nazi fugitives
Nazis in South America
People convicted of bigamy
Reich Security Main Office personnel
People of Reichskommissariat Ostland
Riga Ghetto
SS-Obersturmführer
Shooting survivors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard%20Roschmann |
Oliver Smithies (23 June 1925 – 10 January 2017) was a British-American geneticist and physical biochemist. He is known for introducing starch as a medium for gel electrophoresis in 1955, and for the discovery, simultaneously with Mario Capecchi and Martin Evans, of the technique of homologous recombination of transgenic DNA with genomic DNA, a much more reliable method of altering animal genomes than previously used, and the technique behind gene targeting and knockout mice. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2007 for his genetics work.
Early life and education
Smithies was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England, to William Smithies and his wife Doris, née Sykes. His father sold life insurance policies and his mother taught English at Halifax Technical College. He had a twin brother and a younger sister. He attended a primary school in the nearby village of Copley and then went to Heath Grammar School in Halifax. He said that his love of science came from an early fascination with radios and telescopes.
He attended Balliol College, Oxford on a Brackenbury Scholarship, initially reading medicine. He studied anatomy and physiology, winning a prize in anatomy, and graduated with a first-class Bachelor of Arts degree in animal physiology, including biochemistry, in 1946. Inspired by tutorials from Alexander G. Ogston on applying physical chemistry to biological systems, Smithies then switched away from medicine to earn a second bachelor's degree in chemistry. He published his first research paper, co-written with Ogston, in 1948. In 1951, he received a Master of Arts degree and a Doctor of Philosophy in biochemistry under Ogston's supervision; his thesis was entitled "Physico-chemical properties of solutions of proteins".
Career
Smithies was awarded a Commonwealth Fund fellowship to take up a post-doctoral position in the United States, in the laboratory of J. W. Williams at the University of Wisconsin–Madison's Department of Chemistry. A problem with acquiring a U.S. visa, due to a condition of the Commonwealth Fund fellowship, then forced him to leave the U.S. From 1953 to 1960, he worked as an associate research faculty member, under insulin researcher David A. Scott, in the Connaught Medical Research Laboratory at the University of Toronto in Canada. He learned medical genetics from Norma Ford Walker at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto.
In 1960, Smithies returned to the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he worked in the Department of Genetics until 1988 as, successively, assistant, associate and Leon J. Cole and Hilldale Professor of Genetics and Medical Genetics. Subsequently, he was the Excellence Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He continued to work in his lab there daily into his eighties. He co-authored a total of more than 350 research papers and reviews, dating from 1948 to 2016.
Research
Smithies developed the technique of gel electrophoresis using a starch matrix, as a sideline of (unproductive) research into an insulin precursor molecule, at the University of Toronto. This improved the ability to resolve proteins by electrophoresis. He was assisted technically in his later electrophoresis work by Otto Hiller. He used starch electrophoresis to reveal differences between normal human plasma proteins, and in collaboration with Norma Ford Walker, showed that the variation was inherited, which stimulated his interest in genetics.
While at the University of Wisconsin in the 1980s, Smithies developed gene targeting in mice, a method of replacing single mouse genes using homologous recombination. Mario Capecchi also developed the technique independently. This research is the basis of methods used worldwide to investigate the role of particular genes in a wide range of human diseases including cancer, cystic fibrosis and diabetes. In 2002, Smithies worked with his wife, Nobuyo Maeda, studying high blood pressure using genetically altered mice.
Awards and honors
Smithies won the 2001 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research, jointly with Martin Evans (Cardiff University) and Mario Capecchi (University of Utah), for their work on homologous recombination. He received the Wolf Prize in Medicine, with Capecchi and Ralph L. Brinster, in 2002/3. He won the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, jointly with Capecchi and Evans, "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."
His other awards include two Gairdner Foundation International Awards (1990 and 1993), the North Carolina Award for Science (1993), the Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. Prize from the General Motors Foundation, jointly with Capecchi (1994), the Ciba Award from the American Heart Foundation (1996), the Bristol Myers Squibb Award (1997), the Association of American Medical Colleges' Award for Distinguished Research, jointly with Capecchi (1998), the International Okamoto Award from the Japan Vascular Disease Research Foundation (2000), the O. Max Gardner Award, the highest award for faculty in the University of North Carolina system (2002), the Massry Prize of the Meira and Shaul G. Massry Foundation (2002), shared with Capecchi, the March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology, jointly with Capecchi (2005), and the American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal (2009).
Smithies was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences (1971), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1978), the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1986), the Institute of Medicine (2003), and as a foreign member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS; 1998). He received honorary degrees from the University of Chicago (1991), the University of São Paulo (2008) and the University of Oxford (2011).
A blue plaque to him was erected by the Halifax Civic Trust.
Personal life
Smithies married Lois Kitze, a virologist at the University of Wisconsin, in the 1950s; they separated in 1978. His second wife, Nobuyo Maeda, is a pathology professor at the University of North Carolina. Smithies was a naturalized American citizen, and, despite being color-blind, was a licensed private airplane pilot who enjoyed gliding. He described himself as an atheist.
Smithies died on 10 January 2017 at the age of 91.
References
External links
Smithies' Lab Page
1925 births
2017 deaths
American atheists
American Nobel laureates
British atheists
British biologists
British expatriates in the United States
British Nobel laureates
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Wolf Prize in Medicine laureates
Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
People from Halifax, West Yorkshire
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
English Nobel laureates
Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
Massry Prize recipients
Sloan Research Fellows
Members of the National Academy of Medicine
Alumni of the University of Oxford | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver%20Smithies |
Dmitri Vladimirovich Nabokov (; May 10, 1934February 22, 2012) was an American opera singer and translator. Born in Berlin, he was the only child of Russian parents: author Vladimir Nabokov and his wife Vera; they emigrated to the United States from France in 1940. He later was naturalized. In his later years, Nabokov translated many of his father's works into other languages, and served as the executor of his father's literary estate.
Early life and education
Dmitri Nabokov was born on May 10, 1934, in Berlin. He was the only child of Vladimir Nabokov and Véra Slonim Nabokov. Due to Nazi Germany's growing political and social repression, and the likelihood that the regime might target the family (his mother was Jewish), the family fled to Paris in 1937. With the Germans advancing into France, they emigrated to New York City by ship in 1940. Subsequently, Nabokov was raised in the Boston area during the years that his father both taught at Wellesley College and served as curator of lepidoptery at Harvard University's Museum of Comparative Zoology. When his father took a teaching job at Cornell University, Dmitri lived with his parents in Ithaca, New York.
In 1951, Nabokov entered Harvard College, where he was a resident of Lowell House. Nabokov studied History and Literature. Although he scored high on the LSAT and was accepted to Harvard Law School (while still an undergraduate), Nabokov declined admission because he was searching for a vocation. Nabokov graduated cum laude in 1955. He studied singing (bass) for two years at the Longy School of Music. Nabokov joined the U.S. Army as an instructor in military Russian and as an assistant to a chaplain.
Career
Nabokov translated many of his father's works, including novels, stories, plays, poems, lectures, and letters, into several languages. One of his first translations, from Russian to English, was Invitation to a Beheading, under his father's supervision. In 1986, Dmitri published his posthumous translation of a novella by his father that was previously unknown to the public. The Enchanter (Volshebnik), written in Russian in 1939, was deemed "a dead scrap" by his father and thought to have been destroyed. The novella has some similarities to Lolita. Consequently, it has been described as the Ur-Lolita ("The Original Lolita"), a precursor to Nabokov's best-known work, but Dmitri did not agree with this assessment.
Dmitri collaborated with his father on a translation of Mikhail Lermontov's novel, A Hero of Our Time.
In 1961, Nabokov made his operatic début by winning the Reggio Emilia International Opera Competition, basso division, singing the role of Colline in La bohème (this was also the début of his fellow cast member Luciano Pavarotti as Rodolfo; Pavarotti won the tenor competition). Among the highlights from his operatic career are performances at the Gran Teatre del Liceu with the soprano Montserrat Caballé and the tenor Giacomo Aragall.
In 1968, Nabokov was cast in the movie Una jena in cassaforte (A Hyena in a Safe), directed by Cesare Canevari. The film was shot at Villa Toeplitz, in Varese. The cast also included Maria Luisa Geisberger, Ben Salvador, Alex Morrison, Karina Kar, Cristina Gaioni, and Otto Tinard.
In Switzerland in 1980, Nabokov, also a semi-professional racecar driver, was driving a competition-model Ferrari 308 GTB when he crashed on the A9 motorway near Chexbres. He suffered third-degree burns over 40% of his body, and fractured his neck. Nabokov has said that he temporarily died: "[I am] enticed by a bright light at the far end of the classic tunnel, but restrain myself at the last instant when I think of those who care for me and of important things I must still do." The injuries suffered in the crash effectively ended his operatic career.
As executor of his father's literary estate, Nabokov wrestled for 30 years over whether to publish his father's final manuscript, The Original of Laura. It was published by Knopf on November 16, 2009.
In celebration of Vladimir Nabokov's centenary in 1999, Dmitri appeared as his father in Terry Quinn's Dear Bunny, Dear Volodya, a dramatic reading based on the personal letters between Nabokov and literary and social critic Edmund Wilson, whose words were read by William F. Buckley. Performances took place in New York City, Paris, Mainz, and Ithaca.
Dmitri Nabokov published his own writings under a pen name that he never revealed.
Later life and death
Despite "an active, colorful love life", Dmitri was a lifelong bachelor and had no children.
In his later years, he lived in Palm Beach, Florida and Montreux, Switzerland. He died in Vevey, Switzerland on February 23, 2012.
Notes
External links
"Как сын автора Лолиты заказал Анатолия Ливри" http://sisso.org/item/32127-kak-syn-avtora-lolity-zakazal-anatoliya-livri
Interview with Dmitri Nabokov, Nabokov Online Journal (April 2008). PDF file. Nabokov discusses with Suellen Stringer-Hye his decision to publish his father's unfinished work The Original of Laura.
Dmitri Nabokov's Weblog (since March 2006)
A rejoinder from Dmitri Nabokov Sins of the father ...
Dear Bunny, Dear Volodya. The Paris Review has a written extract of this at their web site. Unfortunately, there is no audio clip of an actual performance.
Una Jena in Cassaforte. (Also known as Hybrid) Nabokov appeared in this Italian film in the late 1960s (hence the extra "i" in his first name). The Internet Movie Database has a listing of it.
Dmitri as Synesthete. Although there is no audio interview available, The Infinite Mind (a public radio program) has a summary of their show on synesthesia, which includes a segment with Nabokov.
"I Will Sing When You're All Dead", The Morning News (November 2008). Dmitri Nabokov is the subject of a profile.
Anatoly Livry and Dmitri Nabokov http://www.russianlife.nl/analitika/bazel2.pdf and https://www.editions-hermann.fr/livre/9782705670559
1934 births
2012 deaths
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American opera singers
American translators
Russian–English translators
Harvard College alumni
Vladimir Nabokov
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
20th-century translators
Longy School of Music of Bard College alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri%20Nabokov |
The Nicolson Institute (Gaelic: Àrd-sgoil MhicNeacail) in Stornoway, is the largest school in the Western Isles, Scotland.
The Nicolson is the only six-year secondary school in Lewis. With the Sir E. Scott School in Harris, they provide education up to Advanced Higher level.
The student population is around 1000. The school has Gaelic-speaking pupils, although these are in the minority. There are five houses, named after five significant former rectors: Addison, Forbes, Gibson, Macrae and Sutherland. Addison contains only pupils who claim to be fluent in Gaelic.
The former rector, Dr. Frances Murray is an alumnus of the school and also a former dux of the school. She is the first former pupil to be appointed to the post in the school's history.
The Nicolson was re-built on the site of the original Stornoway Primary next to where the old Nicolson was. The old school comprised several different buildings, all built between 1904 (Matheson Hall) and the Main Building (1957) as well as a few other building that were demolished in the 1980s. The Main building was extended many times and a canteen was built in a second neighbouring building in the 1980s.
New School
In June 2010, the first part of the new school project started with the Springfield South (maths & geography) was demolished, (these subjects were housed in temporary portacabins at the back of the school). The project took 2 years and the new school opened on 16 August 2012 to staff and pupils. The old main building was then demolished to become the new bus park. The technical (Springfield North) and former Religious studies department (Matheson Hall) were retained, (technical is joint to the new building by a tunnel and Matheson hall is now used by the council.
Controversies
In 2006 the school was the site of an international custody battle after first year pupil Misbah Rana (also known as Molly Campbell) absconded to Pakistan.
In 2010, a cage/enclosure intended as a play area for a severely autistic pupil was removed, with the local authority claiming that the supplier had not understood the requirements.
The school has been at the center of multiple bullying controversies.
In 1997 two pupils were convicted after their bullying victim took her own life.
In 2006 a pupil spoke out about anti-English bullying she had experienced at the school
In 2018 video of another bullying incident went viral
In 2017 a student at the school committed suicide on school premises; his parents sued the health board for providing what they say is an inaccurate diagnosis from unsuitable tests.
Eight months later another pupil committed suicide amid what was described as an 'epidemic' of mental health issues within the school.
In September 2019, a teacher at the school was charged with sexual offenses.
Notable Pupils
Linda Norgrove, kidnapped by the Taliban in Afghanistan, and killed in rescue effort.
Angus MacNeil (born 1970), Independent, Member of Parliament (MP) for Na h-Eileanan an Iar since 2005
Anne MacKenzie (journalist) (born 1960), BBC political and current affairs presenter
Notes
External links
Nicolson Institute Homepage
Nicolson Institute's page on Scottish Schools Online
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-49126068https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-42337676
Stornoway
Secondary schools in the Outer Hebrides
Scottish Gaelic-language secondary schools
Buildings and structures in the Isle of Lewis
1873 establishments in Scotland
Educational institutions established in 1873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolson%20Institute |
In physics, an atomic mirror is a device which reflects neutral atoms in a way similar to the way a conventional mirror reflects visible light. Atomic mirrors can be made of electric fields or magnetic fields, electromagnetic waves or just silicon wafer; in the last case, atoms are reflected by the attracting tails of the van der Waals attraction (see quantum reflection). Such reflection is efficient when the normal component of the wavenumber of the atoms is small or comparable to the effective depth of the attraction potential (roughly, the distance at which the potential becomes comparable to the kinetic energy of the atom). To reduce the normal component, most atomic mirrors are blazed at the grazing incidence.
At grazing incidence, the efficiency of the quantum reflection can be enhanced by a surface covered with ridges (ridged mirror).
The set of narrow ridges reduces the van der Waals attraction of atoms to the surfaces and enhances the reflection. Each ridge blocks part of the wavefront, causing Fresnel diffraction.
Such a mirror can be interpreted in terms of the Zeno effect.
We may assume that the atom is "absorbed" or "measured" at the ridges. Frequent measuring (narrowly spaced ridges) suppresses the transition of the particle to the half-space with absorbers, causing specular reflection. At large separation between thin ridges, the reflectivity of the ridged mirror is determined by dimensionless momentum , and does not depend on the origin of the wave; therefore, it is suitable for reflection of atoms.
Applications
Atomic interferometry
See also
Quantum reflection
Ridged mirror
Zeno effect
Atomic nanoscope
Atom laser
References
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20mirror |
The Kolkata Suburban Railway (colloquially called Kolkata local trains or simply locals) is a suburban rail system serving the Kolkata metropolitan area and its surroundings in India. It is the largest suburban railway network in the country with the highest number of stations and also one of the largest suburban rail systems in the world. There are five main lines and nineteen branch lines. The suburban railway operates more than 1,500 services, carrying 3.5 million people daily and 1.2 billion people every year. It runs from 03:00 am until 02:00 am and the fares range from Rs.5 to Rs.25. The system uses power supply and runs on broad gauge track. It has interchange stations with the Kolkata Metro at various locations.
The Kolkata Suburban Railway is part of the second passenger railway constructed in British India during the mid 19th century. The first train ran between Howrah and Hooghly stations. A hundred years after the initial run, Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) services began. It is the largest suburban railway network in India by track length and the number of stations with 458 stations and a track length of .
The system is operated by two zones of Indian Railways; the Eastern Railway zone and the South Eastern Railway zone. These zones are further divided into the Howrah and Sealdah divisions for the Eastern Railway and the Kharagpur division for the South Eastern Railway. Howrah, Sealdah and Kolkata railway stations are the three major terminals serving the network in the city. Shalimar and Santragachi are also the termini stations for mail/express trains as well as passenger/fast passenger trains.
History
The Kolkata Suburban Railway is an offshoot of the second passenger railway to be built by the British in India. The first train ran between Howrah and Hooghly stations on 15 August 1854 and was operated by the East Indian Railway (EIR). Regular services on the line were introduced on the same day, with stops at Bally, Serampore and Chandannagore stations. The broad gauge Sheoraphuli–Tarakeswar branch line was opened by the Tarkessur Railway Company on 1 January 1885.
In 1951, all the railway companies, zone and divisions were integrated and recategorized. This led to the formation of the Eastern Railway (ER) and South Eastern Railway (SER) zones. These zones of Indian Railways currently operate the Kolkata Suburban Railway.
Eastern Railway zone
The Eastern Railway zone was formed on 14 April, 1952, by the amalgamation of the East Indian Railway Company and the entire Bengal – Nagpur Railway (later it formed the SER). It has four divisions; Howrah and Sealdah divisions operate the system. The Sealdah division was part of the Eastern Bengal Railway before the recategorisation. Howrah division is the oldest in the ER zone.
On 1 February, 1957, the EMU services were introduced on the Howrah – Bandel section of the Howrah division. In 1963, services were gradually extended to Barddhaman and on the Sealdah Division of Eastern Railway were introduced on the Sealdah – Ranaghat route. In 1968, the Howrah – Barddhaman main and chord line was totally converted to power supply from a 3000 V DC power supply. Howrah–Sheoraphuli–Tarakeswar line was electrified in 1957–58.
South Eastern Railway zone
The Bengal Nagpur Railway (BNR) Company was incorporated in 1887 to take over from the Nagpur Chhattisgarh Railway (NCR) and to convert the line to broad gauge. The work was completed in 1888. The extension of the main line from Nagpur to Asansol was completed by 1891. Later, it formed the Eastern Railway zone. On 1 August, 1955, the former Bengal Nagpur Railway portion was separated and a new zone, the South Eastern Railway (SER), came into existence. The SER comprises four divisions, and Kharagpur is the only division to operate the suburban railway.
In the SER zone, EMU service made its maiden run on 1 May, 1968 between Howrah – Mecheda of the Kharagpur division, and on 1 February, 1969, EMU services were extended to Kharagpur. Gradually the services were extended to eight other lines by 2003. The system under this zone was completely electrified by 1968.
Network
Kolkata is the smallest of India's six A-1 cities in terms of area. However, the Kolkata Suburban Railway is the largest suburban railway network in India by track length and number of stations. The overall track length is and has 458 stations. The system is operated by two zonal divisions (under Indian Railways), Eastern Railways (ER) and South Eastern Railways (SER). The fast commuter rail corridors on Eastern Railway as well as South Eastern Railway are shared with long-distance and freight trains, while inner suburban services operate on exclusive parallel tracks. SER operates the South Eastern Line and ER operates the Eastern Line, Circular Line, Chord link Line as well as the Sealdah South lines.
Junction stations are marked in bold
Lines
South Eastern line
The South Eastern line in Kolkata consists of three major corridors, which divide into two branches as they run into the suburban satellite towns. Two corridors—one local and the other through—follow the South Eastern Railway and run from Howrah Junction to Midnapore, a distance of . The mainline bifurcates (splits) into two branch lines—the Panskura–Haldia line at Panskura Junction to the south-east—and the Santragachi–Amta line at Santragachi Junction to the north. These corridors constitute the 'main' South Eastern line. The South Eastern line also includes two branch lines, and , connecting Santragachi with Shalimar and Tamluk to Digha, respectively.
The South Eastern line has one interchange station with the Eastern Line at Howrah Junction. Rolling stock consists of a fleet of AC as well as dual-powered AC/DC EMUs. The major car sheds on this line are at Tikiapara and Panskura.
On 6 September 2009, then Railway Minister, Mamata Banerjee announced the introduction of Ladies Special local trains, namely Matribhumi (i.e. motherland), in the Kolkata suburban section. The first local Matribhumi Special local ran from Howrah to Kharagpur.
Eastern line
The Eastern line in Kolkata, the largest network of the Kolkata Suburban Railway, consists of two divisions—Howrah and Sealdah divisions (named after their respective terminals)—which serve both sides of the Hooghly River.
In the Howrah division of the Eastern line, there are five corridors, which also bifurcates and runs into the northwestern suburbs. The first two corridors are the Howrah–Bardhaman main line and the chord line. On these two corridors, the Howrah–Tarakeswar branch line bifurcates at and terminates at Tarakeswar with a length of crossing over the chord line at . Kamarkundu now this line has been extended to Goghat from Tarakeswar as Tarakeswar - Bishnupur branch, under Tarakeswar - Bishnupur rail project. The Bandel–Katwa line bifurcates at Bandel Jn with a length of ; the Bardhaman–Katwa branch line bifurcates at Bardhaman Jn with a length of .
On the other side of the river, the Sealdah division of the Eastern line has seven corridors, splitting into branch lines to serve the northeastern suburbs. The Sealdah–Gede line, considered to be mainline, terminates in , a small town on the India–Bangladesh Border with a length of . On this corridor, the first branch line bifurcates from terminating at Bangaon Junction with a length of . The second branch line bifurcates at terminating at with a length of . The third branch line bifurcates at Ranaghat Junction terminating at passing through and with a length of or by bypassing Shantipur, passing only through Kalinarayanpur with a length of . And also there is an extension of the third branch line which starts from to with a line length of . The fourth branch line bifurcates at terminating at with a line length of . The fifth branch line bifurcates at terminating at with a line length of . The Eastern line also includes a connection from to with a length of which is an important link between the Howrah and Sealdah divisions.
The major car sheds (depots) on this line are at Howrah Jn and Bandel on the Howrah division and at Narkeldanga, Barasat and Ranaghat in the Sealdah division.
Sealdah division's first Matribhumi local started in October 2018; it was the first all-women passenger train in Indian Railway history. It had female motormen, guards, and security personnel. On 24 August 2015, train services were halted between the Barasat and Bangaon line after a protest by a group of passengers obstructed movement of the trains. They demanded that male passengers be allowed to travel on the Matribhumi ladies special trains. This occurred when Eastern Railway withdrew the decision to allow male passengers to travel on Matribhumi local.
Circular Railway
The Circular Railway corridor encircles the inner city neighbourhoods of Kolkata. At a length of with 20 stations, this line is under the jurisdiction of Eastern Railway's Sealdah Division. From Dum Dum Junction to Tala, the line is double-tracked, while from Tala to Majerhat, the line is single-tracked. Running by the side of the Hooghly River from Tala to Majerhat, it joins and runs parallel to the Sealdah South tracks after Majerhat and elevates at Park Circus in order to bypass Sealdah (which is a terminal station). After bypassing Sealdah, it rejoins the mainline at Bidhannagar Road and again terminating at Dum Dum Jn. The line is also known as Chakra Rail.
The circular line is a point of interest for tourists. As it runs under Howrah Bridge, Vidyasagar Setu and runs parallel to the Hooghly River, connecting multiple tourist places and ghats it provides access to a scenic view for daily commuters and visitors.
Sealdah South lines
The Sealdah South line is an important link to Sundarbans in West Bengal from Kolkata. It is also part of the Eastern Railway. This line has four corridors, and bifurcates as branch lines linking the southern suburbs to Kolkata. The main line starts at Sealdah terminating at Namkhana railway station with a length of . The main line is double-tracked until Lakshmikantapur railway station and single-tracked from Lakshmikantapur to Namkhana. The first branch line of this corridor starts at Ballygunge Junction terminating at Budge Budge railway station with a length of . A second branch line starts at Sonarpur Junction terminating at Canning with a length of . The third branch line starts at Baruipur Junction railway station terminating at Diamond Harbour railway station with the length of . This line has a sole depot at Sonarpur.
This line has three interchange stations, at Majerhat and Park Circus with Circular Railway and at Sealdah for Eastern line.
Chord link line
The Chord link line connects Sealdah to Dankuni Junction on the Howrah–Barddhaman Chord. This line plays an important role in connecting the Sealdah Division's mainline with the Howrah–Bardhaman chord, which is primarily used by freight and passenger trains heading towards North India(The Howrah–Bardhaman chord is part of the Howrah–Delhi mainline and the Grand Chord). The Chord link crosses the Hooghly River on the Vivekananda Setu road-rail bridge.
This corridor has a famous tourist spot, the Dakshineswar Kali Temple, where Ramakrishna Paramhansa served as a priest. It also includes the road-cum-rail bridge, Vivekananda Setu, also known as the Bally Bridge.
It has three interchange stations. Interchange is possible at Dum Dum Junction for the Eastern line (Sealdah–Gede mainline), at Dankuni Junction for the Eastern line (Howrah–Barddhaman Chord) and at Bally Halt (lying above Bally station) for the Eastern Line (Howrah–Barddhaman mainline). The extension of the Kolkata Metro Line 1 runs parallel to this line, and will have interchange facilities at Dum Dum, Baranagar and Dakshineswhar stations.
Expansion
A new line is under construction between Amta and Bagnan with a length of under the jurisdiction of the South Eastern Railway sanctioned in 2010–11. Another new line is in progress between the Dakshinbari and Tarakeswar with joint work by the ER and SER.
On the southern part of the Eastern Railways side, there is an expansion of the line between Canning and Jharkhali with a length of . The second expansion is at Kakdwip railway station and Budhakhali with a length of . It extends to Sagar Island on the Hooghly River delta. The island can only be reached by boat; expansion of this line is a boon for the people of island providing better connectivity. The third expansion is at Namkhana and Bakkhali with a length of , and a fourth expansion between Kulpi railway station and Bahrarat with a length of .
Operations
Services and security
Three types of local train services are operated. They are normal locals, trains which stop at every station; galloping locals, these trains have limited stops and skip the smaller stations; and women-only trains known as Matribhoomi local.
The Railway Protection Force (RPF) and Government Railway Police (GRP) are responsible for the security of Kolkata Suburban Railway. The major stations in Kolkata also have closed-circuit cameras.
Travel classes
There are three travel classes:
Class II: These are regular compartments, where anyone can travel. The last rows on both ends of the compartment are reserved for physically challenged and senior citizens.
Class L: These compartments are exclusively reserved for women. Men are not allowed in them. The second compartment from both ends is for ladies.
Vendor: These are for vendors to transport heavy goods and luggage. The compartments have seats along the walls and are made to haul goods. The third compartment from both ends is for vendors.
Ridership
During 2010–11, there was an average of 1,275 trains per day. The average passenger capacity per rake was 6,207. In 2014–15, the average number of trains was 1,511 with an average passenger capacity per rake of 4,141. In the last five years, there was an increase of three percent in the average number of trains per day and reduction of eright percent in the average number of passengers per rake. The number of passengers carried in 2013–14 was and in 2014–15 was —a reduction of three percent in total trips. The daily ridership as of 2017–18 is .
Fares and ticketing
In the 2013 Railway Budget, the Railway Board increased the Kolkata suburban ticket fare by eight paise per kilometre, although the railway ministry has hiked it by two paise per kilometre. The number of slabs has also been reduced to four—, , and —from the eight slabs earlier. Also, ticket denominations have been rounded off to multiples of . As per the revised slab, a person travelling up to will have to pay , between and , between and , and between and . One can buy a monthly, quarterly or season ticket if commuting regularly on a particular route. This allows unlimited rides on that route. Season tickets are the most cost-effective and time-efficient option for regular commuters.
Kolkata Suburban Railway uses a proof-of-payment fare collection system. Tickets can be bought for a single journey (one way) or a return journey. Travelling without a valid ticket is an offence and if caught can result in a penalty. As per the Indian Railway Report, in 2016–17, the Eastern Railway and the South Eastern Railway generated through penalties imposed on ticketless and irregular travelers, an increase from 2013 to 2014 with .
Offline tickets can be bought from the unreserved ticket counters present at every station and Cash/Smart Card operated Ticket Vending Machines (CoTVM) and Automatic Ticket Vending Machines (ATVM) installed in most of the stations. One can issue online tickets using the UTSOnMobile app.
Non-suburban routes
Some routes do not have any regular EMU services and therefore bypass the Kolkata Suburban Railway Network. To connect people on these routes, passenger trains run to help transport people from small towns and villages to the Kolkata Metropolitan Area and vice versa. There are two routes that bypass the Kolkata Suburban Railway and are not connected to any other network. The first route is from Tamluk to Digha, which is under the jurisdiction of South Eastern Railway with a length of . The second route is from Krishnanagar City Junction to Lalgola, which is under the jurisdiction of Eastern Railway with a length of .
Infrastructure
Rolling stock
The Electric Multiple Units (EMUs) for the Kolkata suburban services were built domestically at the Integral Coach Factory (ICF), Perambur; the first EMU rolled out in September 1962.
The Howrah division of Eastern Railways has a rolling stock of 12-coach EMUs made by Jessop, ICF and Titagarh Wagons. BEML EMU's have been purchased and are in use. A few Unique BEML stainless steel EMUs are also in service. A small fleet of 12-coach Siemens EMUs are also in service. MEMU Rakes from the Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala (RCF) and Diesel multiple units (DEMUs)) from the ICF are in service. Howrah division has 61 12-car rakes. The Sealdah division has rolling stock including nine and 12-coach EMUs, also made by Jessop, ICF and Titagarh Wagons. A small fleet of Siemens 12-coach EMUs is also in service. BEML EMU's have been purchased and are in use and a small number of unique BEML stainless steel EMUs are also in service. DEMU trains made by ICF and MEMU from Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala (RCF) are in service. The number of 9-car and 12-car EMU rakes Sealdah division are 49 and 66 respectively. There are 2 Mainline Electric Multiple Unit (MEMU) rakes also.
The South Eastern Railways uses 12-coach EMUs made by Jessop, Siemens, Titagarh Wagons and ICF. BEML EMUs have been purchased and are in use. A few unique BEML stainless steel EMUs are also in service. SER was the first Division in West Bengal to use the ICF Medha 3-phase rakes. DEMU rakes from ICF and MEMU from RCF are in service. In February 2018, SER launched Medha ICF Rakes on the Howrah–Kharagpur route and on 15 April 2018, Eastern Railway also started using them on the Howrah–Bandel Route. SER has 30 12-car EMU rakes.
Every division of the Kolkata Suburban Railway are rapidly replacing their old Jessop and ICF EMUs with the latest Medha 3-phase EMU rakes made by ICF with Bombardier Transportation. Almost all the EMU Units used by the Kolkata Suburban Railway are equipped with a GPS-based passenger information system. Some EMUs, which were previously in service with the Western Line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway, were later shifted to Kolkata for service.
Electrification and gauge
The Howrah to Bardhaman section of Eastern Railway, got equipped with 3000 V DC electrification by 1958. Following the research and trials by SNCF in Europe, Indian Railways decided to adopt 25 kV AC system as a standard in 1957, as it was found more economical, and by 1968 the mainlines of both zones were electrified with 25 kV AC traction. Branch lines and other lines were gradually electrified later. On 5 January 2015, the Kalinarayanpur to Krishnagar City Junction route via Shantipur was totally converted into electrified broad gauge from meter gauge with three phases, Phase-I was from Krishnanagar City Junction to Shantipur Junction which was commissioned on 7 February 2012; Phase II was from Shantipur Junction to Phulia which was commissioned on 30 January 2014; and the last, Phase III, for Phulia to Kalinarayanpur was commissioned and later EMU services begun. On 12 January 2018, the Barddhaman to Katwa line was totally converted to electrified broad gauge from narrow gauge with two phases—Phase-I Barddhaman to Balgona and Phase-II Balgona To Katwa began to be converted beginning on 30 May 2012. Currently, the network has a 25 kV overhead catenary electrification system, with Indian broad gauge tracks.
Signalling and telecommunication
An Electronic Interlocking signalling system is most widely used, replacing the old lever frames/panel interlockings system. To increase sectional capacity and efficiency, automatic signalling is being used. This is controlled by AC/DC track circuits, axle counters etc. The axle counter system is used to detect the presence of a train in an absolute block section, point zone area of a station and level crossings.
An optical fibre communication system is the backbone of the telecommunications network. The telecommunications facility is an omnibus circuit between stations and the central control hub at Sealdah and Howrah. For ground based mobile communication, Mobile Train Radio Communication (MTRC) is used.
Incidents
In the early 1980s, down Kalyani Simanta local overshot the down starter signal at Kalyani rail station and rammed into up Krishnagar City local which was coming into pf. 1 from the opposite direction. Eye-witnesses say the 'head' of the down local hit the 'belly' of the up local. Several coaches derailed, and passengers sustained injuries as both trains were going slow (10kmph). Services on the mainline were suspended for a few days and the derailed rakes kept laying in Kalyani outers for several months.
Two local trains (Sealdah– EMU local and Shantipur–Sealdah EMU local) collided on the same track at railway station on 7 January 2012. One person was killed and several were injured. Three coaches of both trains derailed.
On 12 December 2013, an accident was averted as two trains arrived on the same line at Sealdah Station. The driver of the Sealdah–Lalgola passenger train which left from platform seven had overshot the starter signal and entered the down main line but stopped because of the Bangaon–Sealdah local, which was coming from the opposite direction. This was reported to the control room and the passenger train was hauled back to platform seven of Sealdah Station.
Fourteen passengers were injured when an explosion took place inside a compartment of the Sealdah–Krishnanagar local train early on the morning of 12 May 2015. The blast took place just after a person boarded the train at Titagarh station, which is from Sealdah. Train services along the Sealdah Section were normal. However, two trains were cancelled as train movement was affected following the incident.
On 17 November 2015, a 40-year-old man, who had boarded the Howrah–Bandel Matribhumi special local for women only, fell off the train and died between Uttarpara and Hind Motor stations. This incident occurred when the man boarded the train. Some female commuters surrounded and abused him. He was eventually forced to get off the train. When the man realized a station was approaching, he ran to grab the handle but missed it and fell from the train to his death.
On 19 July 2017, a train from Sonarpur Jn to Sealdah (South) Station broke the buffer and hit the wall of platform number 13 in Sealdah (South) Station. This incident happened in the morning around 10:25 am (IST).
On 4 September 2018, Majerhat Bridge which was 40 years old, collapsed on the rail line between and at around 4:45 pm (IST), which results in the death of 3 people while injuring at least 25 others. After the collapse, Eastern Railways suspended train services via Majerhat railway station on the Kolkata Circular Railway and Sealdah-Budge Budge lines temporarily.
On 28 September 2018, one woman was killed while another woman sustained serious injuries after a slab of a foot over-bridge (FOB) at Baruipur railway station in South 24 Parganas fell on them from a height of . This incident happened at night. According to locals and daily passengers, the foot over-bridge was in bad condition due to lack of maintenance.
There was a stampede on a foot over-bridge at railway station in West Bengal on 23 October 2018. Two people died and twelve others were injured, including two children and two women. This incident occurred because of the arrival of two trains at the same time. People rushed to board the trains and that created a stampede-like situation on the bridge.
On 2 October 2019, A local train coming from Masagram was derailed, when it was entering on Platform no.6 of Howrah railway station. No casualties were reported. This incident happened around 8:10 pm (IST).
On 15 March 2020, a massive fire broke out in the Salimpur slum area which lies near the railway station track at around 8:30 am. No casualties were reported. After this incident, Sealdah South lines were suspended temporarily.
See also
Eastern Bengal Railway
Bengal Nagpur Railway
Trams in Kolkata
Transport in Kolkata
Mumbai Suburban Railway
Delhi Suburban Railway
Chennai Suburban Railway
Bengaluru Commuter Rail
Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System
List of suburban and commuter rail systems
References
External links
South Eastern Railway
Eastern Railway
Kolkata Suburban Railway timetable
1854 establishments in British India
Rail transport in Howrah
Transport in Kolkata
Rail transport in Kolkata
Eastern Railway zone
Indian companies established in 1854
Railway companies established in 1854
South Eastern Railway zone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata%20Suburban%20Railway |
EHC Kloten is an ice hockey team based in the city of Kloten in Switzerland. The team plays in the National League (NL). It has one of the best youth systems in Swiss ice hockey as its youth teams have won 19 championships during the last 50 years. EHC Kloten won four consecutive Swiss championships from 1993 to 1996. They had never been relegated until the 2017–18 season. They returned to the NL following the 2021-22 season.
The team was called the Kloten Flyers between 2000 and 2016.
History
EHC Kloten was founded by a group of seven members, led by Emil Hegner, on December 3, 1934. During the first few years, only exhibition matches were played. The home matches were played on the frozen Nägelimoos-Weiher.
When EHC Kloten began to participate in the championship, they had to start in the lowest league, as usual. In 1941, they were promoted into the Serie B and five years later into the Serie A. One year later, in 1947, the EHC Kloten was promoted into the Swiss League. In 1962, they joined the National League when the league expanded to 10 teams.
In 1967, they became the champions for the first time, headed by their Czech coach Vladimir Kobera.
The team has remained in the highest Swiss league since their promotion and are the longest-serving team in the NL.
For the 1998-99 season the former Russian ice hockey player Vladimir Yurzinov was asked to become the new coach. He introduced a new playing style and encouraged the development and promotion of young players. Even though many people liked this philosophy, the team remained unsuccessful. During the 2003-2004 season, the team reached the playoffs for the first time in their history. A year later, in the 2004-2005 playoffs, they again managed to remain in the highest league. However, this strategy is paying off today.
In October 2004, Yurzinov was released as their coach. He took on a new role as a youth promoter until the end of the season. Yurzinov's successor was former EHC Kloten defenseman Anders Eldebrink and assistant Felix Hollenstein. The new coaching duo managed to get the team back to success and are still in charge of the team.
During the 2008-2009 season, the Flyers swept both HC Geneve-Servette and EV Zug in the playoffs before losing the playoff final against HC Davos in seven games. They finished the regular season in 3rd place.
The club has a well known junior program. There’s a partnership between the Kloten Flyers and the teams of Bülach, Dielsdorf-Niederhasli and Winterthur. Since the founding of the elite-junior league, the teams have won 19 titles, the latest being in the 2005-06 season.
The team's name was reverted from Kloten Flyers to EHC Kloten for the 2016–17 NLA season after the club had been taken over by businessman Hans-Ulrich Lehmann, who bought the organization from the owner group Avenir Sports Entertainment. Pekka Tirkkonen from Finland was appointed new head coach for the 2016–17 season after Sean Simpson had parted company with the club.
The team had one of the worst attendances of the NL for the 2016–17 season, averaging only 5,229 spectators over their 25 regular season home games. It was also the only team which failed to sell out at least one game during the regular season.
On February 1, 2017, the team won the first Swiss Cup in club history, against Geneve-Servette HC, in a packed Swiss Arena.
The team won the Swiss League title in April 2022 against EHC Olten to gain automatic promotion to the NL.
Honors
Champions
NL Championship (5): 1967, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996
Swiss Cup (1): 2017
Swiss League (1): 2022
Runners-up
NL Championship (6): 1972, 1987, 1988, 2009, 2011, 2014
Players
Current roster
Honored members
NHL alumni
Dmitri Afanasenkov
Bruce Affleck
Jonas Andersson
Peter Andersson
Mark Bell
Patrice Brisebois
Aris Brimanis
Severin Blindenbacher
Rod Brind'Amour
Curtis Brown
Greg Brown
Brandon Convery
Tony Currie
Don Dietrich
Micki DuPont
Murray Eaves
Anders Eldebrink
Brian Felsner
Martin Gerber
Alexandre Giroux
Erik Gustafsson
Kari Haakana
Jeff Halpern
Radek Hamr
Timo Helbling
Chris Herperger
Bob Hess
Glenn Hicks
Jaroslav Hlinka
Peter Ihnacak
Calle Johansson
Bernie Johnston
Olli Jokinen
Marko Kiprusoff
Chad Kolarik
Chris Kontos
Kamil Kreps
Scott Lachance
Brooks Laich
Gary Lupul
Rick MacLeish
Kris Manery
Bill McDougall
Bob Mongrain
Peter Mueller
Brady Murray
Kent Nilsson
Niklas Nordgren
Mark Olver
Chris O'Sullivan
Lasse Pirjetä
Domenico Pittis
Vojtech Polak
Jame Pollock
Paul Ranger
Shawn Rivers
Deron Quint
Tommi Santala
James Sheppard
Gordon Sherven
Tommy Sjödin
Tobias Stephan
David Tanabe
Chris Tancill
Claude Verret
Roman Wick
Brian Willsie
Ron Wilson
Ross Yates
Notable coaches
Vladimir Kobera, champion 1967
Conny Evensson, champion 1993, 1994
Alpo Suhonen, champion 1995, 1996
References
External links
Official Website of the Kloten Flyers
Unity Kloten
Ice hockey teams in Switzerland
Kloten
Ice hockey clubs established in 1934
Swiss Women's League teams | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EHC%20Kloten |
Arturo Frias (born October 27, 1955) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1975 to 1985. He held the WBA lightweight title from 1981 to 1982.
Boxing career
Frias began his professional boxing career on February 7, 1975, one month and a half after he had turned eighteen years old. He beat Alfredo Medrano by a six round decision in San Diego that night. He made his Los Angeles debut defeating Victor de La Cruz on March 17 of that year. On his third fight, Frias obtained a six round technical decision win over Eddie Murray, who quadrupled Frias' experience, having held eight fights before their bout, compared to Frias' two fights. Murray was undefeated before losing to Frias.
On Frias' eighth bout, he won once again by a technical decision, defeating Basilio Onate in two rounds, on September 2, 1976, also in Los Angeles. Frias' first knockout victory came on his tenth fight, when he defeated Canelo Salinas in the second round on December 16 of that year.
On February 26, 1981, Frias entered the WBA's top ten rankings at the Lightweight division, with a ten round decision win over Jaime Nava, in Los Angeles. On May 30, he held his first fight abroad, and suffered his first professional defeat, at the hands of former world champion Ernesto España, who outpointed Frias over ten rounds in Caracas, Venezuela.
Despite suffering his first professional defeat, Frias was not dropped from the WBA's rankings at the Lightweight division, and, after two more wins, he received his first world title try, against WBA lightweight champion Claude Noel, on December 5 of 1981, in Las Vegas.
Frias, who was not generally known as a heavy hitter, became world champion when he knocked Noel out in the eighth round. On his first defense, held on January 30, 1982, in Los Angeles, he avenged his defeat to former world champion España, beating the Venezuelan by a nine round technical decision.
Frias then signed to defend his crown against Ray Mancini. An unclarified incident happened weeks before the fight, when some armed men came looking for Mancini at his hotel room as he trained for his challenge of Frias in the city of Tucson, Arizona. Frias himself was never signaled as a suspect in the incident, and Mancini-Frias took place on May 8, 1982, in Las Vegas. In what was often called the best first round in boxing history (until Marvin Hagler beat Thomas Hearns three years later), Frias wobbled Mancini and bloodied the challenger's nose in the fight's opening minute, only to have Mancini drop him and win the fight by knockout in the last minute of the first round.
On July 18 of that year, Frias bid for the USBA Lightweight title, losing by a fifth round knockout to Ruben Muñoz Jr., in Atlantic City, New Jersey.
Frias obtained four more victories before facing former world title challenger Kelvin Lampkins, on December 13, 1984, in Bakersfield. He lost by a ninth round knockout to Lampkins.
His next fight was also highly anticipated, as he faced former two division world champion and fellow Chicano Bobby Chacon, on August 15, 1985, in Sacramento. Despite dropping Chacon in the first round, Frias lost by a seventh round knockout.
Arturo Frias retired after that bout, with a record of 28 wins and 5 losses in 33 bouts, with 8 wins by knockout. He currently resides in Whittier, CA.
External links
1956 births
Living people
Boxers from California
American boxers of Mexican descent
World boxing champions
American male boxers
Lightweight boxers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo%20Frias |
Théodore Cornut, also Cornout, was a French mathematician and military architect of the 18th century, born in Avignon, who worked for the King of Morocco.
Cornut initially worked as an architect for military fortifications in Roussillon. He then entered the service of the English Crown, and participated to the Seven Years' War. Later, based in Gibraltar, he was invited by Sidi Mohamed ben Abdallah, an Alaouite Sultan, to build the city of Mogador (modern Essaouira) in 1766.
Cornut was to use the services of hundreds of French Christian prisoners, who had been taken during a failed assault in 1765 Larache expedition.
He designed the city of Essaouira, and built it with the help of the prisoners. He built the surrounding walls similar to those of St Malo, and organized the streets of the Medina quarter according to a grid system.
Cornut only designed and built the Royal quarters, or kasbah area, of the current city. The rest of the medina was built afterwards, as were the sqalas, such as the harbour fortifications and the northern sqala fortifications.
Overwhelmed by the amount of work involved in the construction of Essaouira, Cornut left his position after a year. He returned to France, where he drew his map of Essaouira with the planned constructions envisioned for the Sultan.
Notes
External links
18th-century births
18th-century deaths
French military engineers
18th century in Morocco
18th-century French mathematicians
French people of the Seven Years' War
People from Avignon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore%20Cornut |
Perín-Chym is a municipality (village) in eastern Slovakia near the town of Košice.
It arose in 1964 by a merger of the municipalities Perín (first written mention 1220; before 1927 called Perina) and Chym (first written mention 1294; also called Him in some periods in the past). The municipality Vyšný Lanec was merged with Perín-Chym in 1991.
The village Perín gave name to the Lords of Perín (Perényi), a noble family in the Kingdom of Hungary, whose oldest known member Urban was granted the domain of Perín in 1292.
Today the municipality is well-known thanks to ponds and fishery.
Statistics
Mayor: Adriena Baranová
Website
Population: 1,496
Region: Košice Region
District: Košice-okolie District
Villages in Slovakia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADn-Chym |
James William George Roycroft, OBE (17 March 1915 – 29 May 2011) was an Australian Olympic equestrian champion. He grew up on a dairy farm and learnt to ride horses there. After serving in the army in World War II, he moved with his family to a soldier's block in western Victoria near Camperdown, where he raised his three sons, all of whom went on to compete alongside their father in the Olympics. At his first Olympics, the 1960 Rome Games, he played a key role on the final day of the team three-day event, despite being thrown off his horse the day before, allowing Australia to win the gold medal in the competition. He went on to compete in four more Olympics from 1964 to 1976, winning bronze medals in team eventing at the 1968 Mexico City and 1976 Montreal Games. He later served as coach of the Australian eventing team.
Biography
Roycroft was born as one of seven children on 17 March 1915 in Melbourne and grew up in Flowerdale. His parents ploughed with horses in their dairy farm. Roycroft rode throughout his childhood, racing his horses over tree branches with his friend Lawrence Morgan, later an Olympic equestrian competitor.
At about the age of fourteen he left school and moved with his mother and father's brother to New South Wales, where he was a messenger for the Water Commission in Leeton and later a sharecropper. He then moved back to Flowerdale, where he did odd jobs on local farms while competing in riding.
While in Flowerdale he met Mavis Jones, a show jumper. He signed up as a soldier when World War II broke out, and married Mavis during his first substantial leave from duty. After the war, they moved with their son Barry (born 1944) to a soldier's block near Camperdown in western Victoria, where they set up a dairy farm. The couple had two further sons, Wayne (born 1946) and Clarke (born 1950). Roycroft trained them in riding from an early age while Mavis would select the horses. They also went on to compete in Olympic equestrian events alongside their father – Barry in 1964 (as a reserve rider), 1976, and 1988; Wayne in 1968, 1976, and 1984 ; and Clarke in 1972. Wayne's wife, Vicki, also competed in equestrian at the Olympics. Mavis died on 17 August 2007 at the age of 86.
As part of the Australian team's preparation for the 1960 Rome Olympics, they took part in the Badminton Horse Trials, and Roycroft was the first Australian to win the individual three-day event there. At the team three-day event at the Olympics, he was thrown from his horse and received a broken shoulder, a dislocated collarbone, and concussion. He completed the cross-country section, and was then airlifted to hospital. The eventing team needed three rider–horse combinations to finish the competition, but only had two remaining (excluding Roycroft) because one of their horses was unable to ride. Consequently, Roycroft left his hospital bed against his doctors' advice to finish the event the next day, allowing his team to win the gold medal. He competed at the next four Olympics, winning bronze medals in the team events at the 1968 Mexico City and 1976 Montreal Games, alongside his son Wayne. He and Wayne were the first father–son combination to win a medal together. At the 1976 Games, he became Australia's oldest Olympic competitor at the age of 61.
He was the Australian flag bearer at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics; Wayne would do the same thing 16 years later. He was also the equestrian team manager at the 1980 Moscow Olympics and later the national coach of the Australian eventing team; Wayne succeeded him in the latter role. He was one of eight Australian flag-bearers of the Olympic flag at the opening ceremony of the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.
Roycroft died in hospital at Camperdown on 29 May 2011, aged 96. At the time of his death, he was Australia's oldest surviving Olympian, having assumed that mantle at the death of shooter Neville Holt in 2008.
Recognition
Roycroft was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1969 New Year Honours for services in Sporting and International Spheres, and received an Order of Merit from the Australian Olympic Committee in 1978. In 1985 he was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame and was upgraded to legend status in 1996. He received an Australian Sports Medal in 2000 and a Centenary Medal in 2001. In 2011 he was inducted into the Equestrian Australia Hall of Fame.
References
External links
Bill Roycroft interview from Australian Biography at the National Film and Sound Archive
1915 births
2011 deaths
Olympic equestrians for Australia
Australian male equestrians
Equestrians at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Equestrians at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Equestrians at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Equestrians at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Equestrians at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Australia
Olympic bronze medalists for Australia
Australian Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal
Sportsmen from Victoria (state)
Australian event riders
Olympic medalists in equestrian
Australian Army soldiers
Australian Army personnel of World War II
20th-century Australian people
Military personnel from Victoria (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Roycroft |
John Ross Rosenblatt (December 25, 1907– October 29, 1979) was an American civic leader, the mayor of Omaha, Nebraska, from 1954 to 1961. His name remains synonymous with baseball in Omaha, and Rosenblatt Stadium was named after him. Rosenblatt led his hometown with warmth and optimism; one of six children born to Jewish immigrant parents, he started selling newspapers at age seven. He seemed a natural salesman, whether it was pitching papers, the municipal stadium project or the city at large.
Rosenblatt was more than just a baseball fan, he was a top outfielder in amateur and semipro leagues for nearly 20 years. He played many games at Rourke Park near 15th and Vinton, the predecessor to Municipal Stadium. As a semipro player, under the name Johnny Ross, Rosenblatt faced Satchel Paige, the famed Negro league pitcher. “I never saw a pitch travel so fast in all my life,” he said of the experience. He also played in a 1927 exhibition with Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig.
The mayor won many friends and accolades during his career in sports and politics. He was called “the supreme gentleman” by Archbishop Gerald T. Bergan. Longtime City Clerk Mary Galligan Cornett said he was “absolutely the greatest guy you ever knew.” City Planning Director Alden Aust described him as “one of the best and most successful mayors I have known.” Aust continued his praise, listing Rosenblatt’s attributes as friendly, gentle, optimistic, trusting and self-effacing.
After starring as an athlete at Tech High in Midtown Omaha, Rosenblatt attended the University of Iowa on a baseball scholarship but had to leave college to help support his family. He played basketball briefly at Omaha University. The young Rosenblatt played baseball in sandlot leagues for a few years, then Roberts Dairy came calling for the left-handed outfielder in 1933. The company wanted him for its fast-pitch Omaha League team. He got more than a position on the team, he landed a sales job. Thus began a relationship with Roberts that lasted more than 20 years. Rosenblatt even returned to the dairy after his political career.
In the early 1940s, Rosenblatt and several businessmen were seeking a AAA baseball franchise for Omaha. The idea for building a ballpark received major impetus in 1944 when Omaha was ruled out as a possible site for an American Association franchise because it lacked a suitable stadium. Rourke Park had burned to the ground in 1936.
Rosenblatt and his friend Eddie Jelen were the prime movers behind the stadium push. As chairman of the Municipal Stadium Sports Committee, Rosenblatt approached the city council to request a referendum in April 1945 for a stadium bond issue. By a 3 to 1 margin, voters approved a $480,000 bond issue. A second bond issue of $280,000 was needed in 1948 to complete the infield, install lights and finish parking lots.
Rosenblatt ran for city commissioner in 1948, primarily on platform to complete the stadium project properly. The inaugural event in October 1948 drew some 15,000 fans, who saw major leaguers and Nebraska natives Rex Barney, Richie Ashburn, and Johnny Hoop compete against a collection of sandlot and minor league players.
In his zeal to promote the new stadium, Rosenblatt proposed some outlandish proposals that did not materialize, such as Nebraska vs. Notre Dame and Army vs. Omaha University college football games. He did pull off a Los Angeles Rams–New York Giants exhibition football game that attracted 13,000 fans and generated $9,000 for Children's Hospital. He also arranged for the American Legion's Little World Series, which drew 47,000 fans over several days.
He joined Ed Pettis and Morris Jacobs in persuading the NCAA to relocate championship baseball series to Omaha's new stadium. In 1950 the College World Series settled into Municipal Stadium after two years in Kalamazoo, Michigan, and one in Wichita. In a 1971 B'nai B'rith salute, Rosenblatt said the College World Series has been "an inspiration to the youth of our community."
His original goal for the stadium was fulfilled in 1955, when the St. Louis Cardinals brought a AAA baseball team to Municipal Stadium. Formerly the Columbus Red Birds in Ohio, the Omaha Cardinals occupied the stadium for five seasons, through 1959. Rosenblatt then negotiated with the Los Angeles Dodgers, whose Omaha Dodgers farm team played two years at the stadium (1961 and 1962).
Though he threatened to resign in 1949, Rosenblatt served admirably in public life, first as public property commissioner and then as street commissioner. He was first elected mayor in 1954. In 1957, midway through his seven years tenure, he became the first mayor since James Dahlman directly elected by the people. A change in the city charter called for direct election of the mayor rather than the commissioner-appointed system that had been in place since 1912.
In a 1961 interview, Rosenblatt named diplomacy as perhaps the crucial skill that defined his political career. “My main effort has been aimed toward avoiding fights,” he said. “So much of the work of a city administrator is a matter of public relations or human relations.” Rosenblatt learned to compromise after the defeat of the Omaha Plan, a massive — and expensive — public improvement proposal in 1958. He was able to convince voters to approve bond issues for the most crucial needs, such as sewage treatment plants. The mayor was proud of the 20 percent growth Omaha recorded through annexations. The Interstate highway system was started in Omaha during his term.
In June 1961, just after James Dworak had assumed the mayor's office, Rosenblatt received a lifetime pass to the stadium he built. Three years later the city council voted unanimously to name it Rosenblatt Stadium.
Ironically, as head of the Chamber of Commerce Sports Committee in 1963, Rosenblatt appointed a subcommittee to review the possibility of a downtown stadium.
Parkinson's disease had started to slow Rosenblatt late in his mayoral term. He underwent brain surgery procedures and drug interventions, but the disease persisted. Rosenblatt died at age 71 on October 29, 1979, and was buried at Beth El Cemetery in Ralston.
Rosenblatt was married to the former Freeda Brodkey (1911–1973) for 39 years. His son, Steve, served on the Omaha City Council from 1973 to 1981 and as a Douglas County commissioner from 1981 to 1995, and later relocated to Phoenix, Arizona.
See also
List of mayors of Omaha
References
External links
Mayors of Omaha, Nebraska
Jewish mayors of places in the United States
1907 births
1979 deaths
20th-century American politicians
Burials at Beth El Cemetery (Ralston, Nebraska)
Jewish American people in Nebraska politics
20th-century American Jews | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny%20Rosenblatt |
Vileness Fats is an unfinished musical film project by avant-garde art collective The Residents, filmed primarily between 1972 and 1976. The Residents shot over fourteen hours of film and videotape for the project, but were not even two-thirds of the way through their incomplete script before they cancelled the production.
Sections of the film have been released on home video as the 30 minute Whatever Happened to Vileness Fats? featurette in 1984, and on the Icky Flix DVD in 2001 as a remastered 17 minute "concentrate", excising numerous plot points. Additional clips and outtakes from the production were seen in the 2015 documentary Theory of Obscurity: A Film About The Residents.
Plot
The village of Vileness Flats is constantly under attack by the Atomic Shopping Carts, armored carts with large drills. A bridge keeps the Carts away, but the villagers enlist the Siamese twin tag-team wrestlers, Arf and Omega, to protect them. Arf and Omega summon the immortal Indian priestess Weescoosa for assistance, who strafes the village from the sky in a fighter plane - unable to tell villager from villain as they are all so small. Arf and Omega fight off the invading Shopping Carts, and a banquet is held in their honor where the mayor thanks them. Steve, Vileness Flats' resident religious leader, gives a lengthy, boring speech. The twins heckle and throw their food at Steve, and he walks away, dejected.
Steve has his own problems. No one but his mother knows that he is actually two people – Steve, the religious leader of Vileness Flats, and Lonesome Jack, the leader of the Bell Boys and the mastermind of the meat raids. To complicate matters further, both Steve and Jack are deeply in love with Weescoosa, who has spent eternity searching for her one true love. Sadly, whenever it looks like she has found him, he dies.
The defeat of the Atomic Shopping Carts leads to another problem for Vileness Flats – the Bell Boys, a gang of midgets who live in the desert on the other side of the bridge. They disguise themselves as meat in order to cross the now-safe bridge, to steal the real meat from the village. These raids are depriving the villagers of necessary protein. The raids are causing unrest in the village and fights are breaking out, due to lack of food. The villagers ask Arf and Omega to deal with the Bell Boys, and they agree. Before they do anything, however, they head off to a local nightclub, Uncle Willy's, to relax.
The first act is The Mysterious N. Senada, performing the songs "Kamikaze Lady" and "Eloise", and the second is a performance of the Randy Newman song "Lonely At The Top" by the seductive singer Peggy Honeydew. Honeydew flirts with both twins, causing them to become jealous of each other. Honeydew is part of a plan to dispatch the twins so that Lonesome Jack and the Bell Boys will be safe to attack the village.
Steve, confused and worried about the whole mess, decides to jump into a local volcano to kill himself and thus get rid of the problems facing Vileness Flats, but his two selves end up facing off on the volcano top as most of the town of Vileness Fats, and Weescoosa, look on. At the nightclub, Arf and Omega become so enraged with each other that they become engaged in a knife fight. A closing benediction is offered by Uncle Willy, as the victorious brother drags his dead twin from the club.
History
The Residents had just moved into a studio at 20 Sycamore Street, San Francisco, which featured a completely open ground floor, perfect, it seemed, for a sound stage. The group felt that a film would be the perfect medium for the ideas they had been coming up with, and jumped at the idea. The studio was roomy, but not quite big enough to produce a film. In order to be able to fit sets into the ground floor space, the group made most of the characters in the film midgets (not real midgets – the costumes were designed so that full-height people could crouch down in them and waddle around).
The sets were very elaborate, in a sort of German Expressionist style reminiscent of The Cabinet Of Dr. Caligari. They were made of cardboard and the space limitations meant that each set had to be completely dismantled before the next one could be built. This affected the filming schedule and sometimes even the developing plot. The Residents hired people as they found a need, grabbing Graeme Whifler to do lighting and some directing, and J. Raoul Brody to act.
Without a film company in control of the project, the Residents were completely free in their artistic expression, something they felt was very important. They financed it all themselves (one of them selling his sports car for $1200) and could only work on it during evenings and weekends due to the jobs they were holding down in order to pay for it all. They used 1/2" black and white video tape in the filming, for a variety of reasons. They felt that video was the coming medium, and wanted to be on the leading edge of the technology. Also, with video tape they could see the results of their work immediately after filming, which was useful as it let them get right on with re-shooting when necessary. And most importantly, they didn't have to pay for developing.
Unfortunately, the lack of direction on the project meant that it dragged on for many years. By 1976 the band had fourteen hours of film and were not even two-thirds of the way through what they had of the incomplete script. To make things worse, 1/2" black and white video tape had become obsolete due to the introduction of the Beta and VHS colour formats, so the footage looked dated even though it was brand new. There was no way that the video could be transferred to film and re-shooting the footage was out of the question. The space limitations were becoming too restrictive, as well – it took a full year to build the set for and film the nightclub scene. Finally, shortly after the band released The Third Reich 'n' Roll, they abandoned the project. Not ones to let even failed projects go to waste, they proceeded to tease the outside world with stills from the film, incorporating the mysterious film that never was into their mythology.
Vileness Fats dominated the Residents' lives for the four years that it was in production. Even when they were taking breaks from the film and working on other projects, Fats would creep in. The "Arf & Omega, featuring The Singing Lawnchairs" track from Santa Dog is taken directly from the film's soundtrack; Margaret Smik joined the Residents as Peggy Honeydew for the "Oh Mummy! Oh Daddy! Can't You See That It's True; What the Beatles Did to Me, 'I Love Lucy' Did to You" performance in 1976; and the famous Third Reich 'n' Roll promotional video was filmed, for the most part, on the Vileness Fats sets using Vileness Fats props.
Releases
Whatever Happened To Vileness Fats? (1984)
In 1984, the Residents discovered that the state of video technology had advanced to the point where they could salvage their old 1/2" Vileness Fats work and transfer it to VHS. They created a half-hour video from their original fourteen hours of footage and created an all-new soundtrack, releasing the result as Whatever Happened to Vileness Fats?
The new video focused on Arf and Omega's story, from the Atomic Shopping Cart battle to the knife fight at the nightclub. It also spends a lot of time on Steve's mother, but touches only briefly on the Bell Boys, Lonesome Jack, and Weescoosa. Whatever Happened to Vileness Fats? has very little dialogue and is not very concerned with conveying a coherent story.
Icky Flix (2001)
In 2001, The Residents released their retrospective Icky Flix project on DVD and CD, the DVD featuring their classic music videos with the option of a brand new soundtrack. Also featured was a newly edited 17-minute "concentrate" of Vileness Fats, also with a new soundtrack.
This version focuses mainly on Steve, touches only briefly on the Atomic Shopping Cart battle, and features the Bell Boys and Lonesome Jack more prominently. This is considered the best place to see the Vileness Fats footage, as it has been cleaned up and restored to its best quality, taking into consideration the age of the tapes.
Chart
The Residents' website features a hidden page on Vileness Fats, which features a full plot outline with 35 numbered scenes. Many of these scenes have been released or have had excerpts released as bonus features for the Theory of Obscurity documentary. The following is a chart of which scenes are available where.
References
"Vileness Fats" at RzWeb archived via Internet Archive
"Vileness Fats" at The Residents Historical archived via Internet Archive
External links
"Whatever Happened To Vileness Fats?" at IMDb
"Icky Flix" at IMDb
1970s avant-garde and experimental films
1970s unfinished films
The Residents
1970s English-language films
Unreleased American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vileness%20Fats |
Gerard Casey (born 1951) is an Irish academic who is Professor Emeritus at University College Dublin.
Career
He holds law degrees from the University of London (LLB) and UCD (LLM) as well as a primary degree in philosophy from University College Cork, an MA and PhD from the University of Notre Dame and the higher doctorate, DLitt, from the National University of Ireland. He was formerly Assistant Professor at The Catholic University of America (Washington, D.C.) 1983–1986. He was a member of the School of Philosophy in University College Dublin (UCD) (Head from 2001 to 2006) from 1986 until he retired in December 2015. He is a Fellow of Mises UK, an Associated Scholar of the Ludwig von Mises Institute in Auburn, Alabama, and an Associate Editor of the Christian Libertarian Review. He is also a member of the Free Speech Union. He has been a member of the Royal Institute of Philosophy, the American Philosophical Association and The Aristotelian Society. In December 2006, Casey, along with host Pat Kenny and Richard Dawkins, appeared on The Late Late Show to discuss Dawkins's book The God Delusion.
Activism and authorship
He was active in Irish politics in the 1990s and led the Christian Solidarity Party between 1993 and 1999. He now holds libertarian and what he terms (philosophically) anarchistic views. His philosophical interests include political philosophy, philosophy of law and philosophy of religion. He has appeared from time to time on radio and TV in Ireland and the UK, contributing to discussions on topical social and political issues. More recently, some recordings of him speaking on different topics can be found online. He describes himself as Catholic in religion, in social matters, conservative, and in political matters, libertarian. His book Murray Rothbard (Vol. 15 in the series Major Conservative and Libertarian Thinkers) was published by Continuum in 2010 and became available in paperback in August 2013. Libertarian Anarchy: Against the State, was published by Continuum in July 2012 (UK) [September 2012 USA]. A comprehensive history of Western political thought from the perspective of liberty, Freedom's Progress?, was published by Imprint Academic in September 2017. ZAP: Free Speech and Tolerance in the light of the Zero Aggression Principle, was published by Societas in October 2019. After #MeToo: Feminism, Patriarchy, Toxic Masculinity and Sundry Cultural Delights, also published by Societas, appeared in March 2020. Hidden Agender: Transgenderism's Struggle against Reality, was published (again by Societas) in March 2021.
In an article, "Can You Own Yourself?" (2011), Casey argue that voluntary slavery contracts are logically possible if the concept of self-owned property is actively interpreted.
Books
Born Alive: The Legal Status of the Unborn Child (Barry Rose, 2005)
Murray Rothbard (Continuum, 2010) Vol. 15 in the series Major Conservative and Libertarian Thinkers
Libertarian Anarchy: Against the State (Continuum, 2012)
Freedom's Progress?: A History of Political Thought (Imprint Academic, 2017)
ZAP: Free Speech and Tolerance in the light of the Zero Aggression Principle (Societas, 2019)
After #MeToo: Feminism, Patriarchy, Toxic Masculinity and Sundry Cultural Delights (Societas, 2020)
Hidden Agender: Transgenderism's Struggle against Reality (Societas, 2021)
Notes
1951 births
Austrian School economists
Irish philosophers
Irish libertarians
Mises Institute people
Living people
Notre Dame College of Arts and Letters alumni
20th-century Irish philosophers
21st-century Irish philosophers
Critics of atheism
Alumni of University College Dublin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard%20Casey%20%28philosopher%29 |
Andrés Guglielminpietro (born 10 April 1974 in San Nicolas, Buenos Aires province), nicknamed Guly, is an Argentine football coach, agent and former player.
A midfielder, he has been capped for the Argentina national football team, and represented his country at the 1999 Copa América.
Club career
Guglielminpietro's club career reached its peak at the Italian club A.C. Milan, where he shared the limelight with some of the game's most notable stars, such as Paolo Maldini, Demetrio Albertini, Roberto Donadoni, Alessandro Costacurta, Leonardo, George Weah and Oliver Bierhoff. On the final matchday of the season, Guly scored the opening goal in a 2–1 away win against Perugia that won Milan the 1998–99 Scudetto. His play declined during the following seasons due to injuries, and he was transferred to different clubs around the globe, never recovering his top ability. His first port of call after leaving Milan was at rivals Internazionale whom he joined in 2001. He scored his first and what turned out to be his only goal for the club in a UEFA Cup tie against FC Brașov on 27 September 2001.
In 2004, he won the Copa Sudamericana with Boca Juniors. After a short spell back in his youth club Gimnasia in 2005, he retired.
International career
At the international level, Guly was capped 6 times for Argentina, although he was unable to score a goal. He was a remember of Argentina's 1999 Copa América squad that reached the quarter-finals of the tournament, losing out to eventual champions and South-American rivals Brazil.
Style of play
Although he lacked pace as a winger, Guly was known, however, for his accurate crossing ability from the flank. Although he usually played as a wide midfielder, he was also capable of playing as an outside forward.
Coaching career
In June 2007, Guly was added to the coaching staff of cross-town rivals Estudiantes de La Plata, under coach Diego Simeone, with a third former Argentine international, Nelson Vivas, as assistant coach. Diego Simeone left Estudiantes de La Plata in December 2007 claiming a supposed lack of the club's commitment to sign appropriate reinforcements for the 2008 Clausura and Copa Libertadores. Guly also took up the same position with the same coaching staff at River Plate in 2008 and San Lorenzo in April 2009, where he also was the manager of the club's reserve team. Simeone and his staff, including Guly, resigned in April 2010. In June 2013, he was the assistant manager of Nelson Vivas, who Guly formerly had worked together with in the coaching staff of Diego Simeone.
On 27 February 2014, Guly was appointed manager for first time, replacing Fernando Quiroz at Douglas Haig. Guly decided to resign on 21 July 2015. On 27 November 2015, he was appointed manager for newly relegated Primera B Nacional club Nueva Chicago. On April 3, 2016 after a 2-1 defeat against Guillermo Brown he decided to resign, leaving the team in fourteenth place, after just ten games with a total of 3 wins, 3 draws and 4 defeats. Later in April 2015, he was appointed manager of Central Córdoba. He left the position already two months later.
On 15 March 2017, he returned to Douglas Haig.
Post-playing career
In 2017, Guglielminpietro started working as a football agent, together with the former business team of Jorge Cyterszpiler, Diego Maradona's first agent.
Honours
Club
Milan
Serie A: 1998–99
Boca Juniors
Copa Sudamericana: 2004
References
External links
Internazionale profile
VoetbalInternational statistics
1974 births
Living people
Argentine men's footballers
Copa Sudamericana-winning players
Argentine football managers
Argentine people of Italian descent
Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata footballers
AC Milan players
Inter Milan players
Bologna FC 1909 players
Boca Juniors footballers
Al-Nasr SC (Dubai) players
Argentine Primera División players
Serie A players
Men's association football midfielders
People from San Nicolás de los Arroyos
Argentina men's international footballers
1999 Copa América players
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in the United Arab Emirates
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
UAE Pro League players
Club Atlético Nueva Chicago managers
Central Córdoba de Rosario managers
Primera B Nacional managers
Footballers from Buenos Aires Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s%20Guglielminpietro |
Cretan hieroglyphs are a hieroglyphic writing system used in early Bronze Age Crete, during the Minoan era. They predate Linear A by about a century, but the two writing systems continued to be used in parallel for most of their history. , they are undeciphered.
Corpus
As of 1989, the corpus of Cretan hieroglyphic inscriptions included two parts:
Seals and sealings, 150 documents with 307 sign-groups, using 832 signs in all.
Other documents on clay, 120 documents with 274 sign-groups, using 723 signs.
More documents, such as those from the Petras deposit, have been published since then. A four sided prism was found in 2011 at Vrysinas in western Crete.
These inscriptions were mainly excavated at four locations:
"Quartier Mu" at Malia (Middle Minoan II period = MM II)
Malia palace (MM III)
Knossos (MM II or III)
the Petras deposit (MM IIB), excavated starting in 1995 and published in 2010.
The first corpus of signs was published by Evans in 1909. The current corpus (which excludes some of Evan's signs) was published in 1996 as the Corpus Hieroglyphicarum Inscriptionum Cretae (CHIC). It consists of:
clay documents with incised inscriptions (CHIC H: 1–122)
sealstone impressions (CHIC I: 123–179)
sealstones (CHIC S: 180–314)
the Malia altar stone
the Arkalochori Axe
seal fragment HM 992, showing a single symbol, identical to Phaistos Disk glyph 21.
The relation of the last two items with the script of the main corpus is uncertain; the Malia altar is listed as part of the Hieroglyphic corpus by most researchers.
Since the publication of the CHIC in 1996 refinements and changes have been proposed. The main issue is that a number of symbols found on sealstones, tending to be more image-based, were deemed as purely decorative and not included in the sign list (or are transcribed when read). The concern is that this process may have resulted in actual signs being deprecated.
Some Cretan Hieroglyphic (as well as Linear A) inscriptions were also found on the island of Samothrace in the northeastern Aegean.
It has been suggested that there was an evolution of the hieroglyphs into the linear scripts. Also, some relations to Anatolian hieroglyphs have been suggested:
New exemplars continue to be found. During recent excavation at the Neopalatial area of the Cult Centre of the City of Knossos a seal stone was found in a foundation deposit. The steatite seal had four inscribed faces and the deposit dated to Final Palatial Period into LM III B. The room were the deposit was found had a "religious sceptre" inscribed all over with Linear A.
Signs
Symbol inventories have been compiled by , , and .
The glyph inventory in CHIC includes 96 syllabograms representing sounds, ten of which double as logograms, representing words or portions of words.
There are also 23 logograms representing four levels of numerals (units, tens, hundreds, thousands), numerical fractions, and two types of punctuation.
Many symbols have apparent Linear A counterparts, so that it is tempting to insert Linear B sound values. Moreover, there are multiple parallels (words and phrases) from hieroglyphic inscriptions that occur also in Linear A and/or B in similar contexts (words for "total", toponyms, personal names etc.)
It has been suggested that several signs were influenced by Egyptian hieroglyphs.
Chronology
The development of hieroglyphs passed three important stages:
Arkhanes script (signs look like pictograms, although their number and frequency rather suggest a syllabic script); this script was only described as a distinct stage in development of the Cretan hieroglyphic in the 1980s. Most of these seals contain a repetitive "Arkhanes formula" of 2–3 signs.
Hieroglyphic A (best represented in archaeological records; similar to Arkhanes, but images of animals are reduced to heads only)
Hieroglyphic B (mostly on clay, characters are essentially simplified, may have served as a prototype for Linear A and possibly the Cypro-Minoan script). Only this latter version of the hieroglyphic includes signs that can possibly match ideograms known from Linear A.
The sequence and the geographical spread of Cretan hieroglyphs, Linear A, and Linear B, the five overlapping, but distinct, writing systems of Bronze Age Crete and the Greek mainland can be summarized as follows:
Fonts
The Aegean and Cretan Hieroglyphs fonts support Cretan hieroglyphs.
See also
Eteocretan language
Notes
References
Works cited
Further reading
W. C. Brice, Notes on the Cretan Hieroglyphic Script: I. The Corpus. II. The Clay Bar from Malia, H20, Kadmos 29 (1990) 1-10.
W. C. Brice, Cretan Hieroglyphs & Linear A, Kadmos 29 (1990) 171-2.
W. C. Brice, Notes on the Cretan Hieroglyphic Script: III. The Inscriptions from Mallia Quarteir Mu. IV. The Clay Bar from Knossos, P116, Kadmos 30 (1991) 93–104.
W. C. Brice, "Notes on the Cretan Hieroglyphic Script", Kadmos 31, pp. 21–24, 1992
M. Civitillo, "La scrittura geroglifica minoica sui sigilli. Il messaggio della glittica protopalaziale", Biblioteca di Pasiphae XII, Pisa-Roma 2016.
Silvia Ferrara, "The Making of a Script: Cretan Hieroglyphic and the Quest for Its Origins", Bulletin of ASOR, vol. 386, pp. 1–22, November 2021
G. A. Owens, An Introduction to «Cretan Hieroglyphs»: A Study of «Cretan Hieroglyphic» Inscriptions in English Museums (excluding the Ashmolean Museum Oxford), Cretan Studies VIII (2002), 179–184.
I. Schoep, A New Cretan Hieroglyphic Inscription from Malia (MA/V Yb 03), Kadmos 34 (1995), 78–80.
External links
The Cretan Hieroglyphic Texts
Cretan Hieroglyphic Texts Explorer
Undeciphered writing systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan%20hieroglyphs |
Guly is a given name and a nickname. Notable people with the name include:
Andrés Guglielminpietro (born 1974, nicknamed Guly), Argentinian footballer and manager
Guly do Prado (born 1981), Brazilian footballer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guly |
A sister chromatid refers to the identical copies (chromatids) formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere. In other words, a sister chromatid may also be said to be 'one-half' of the duplicated chromosome. A pair of sister chromatids is called a dyad. A full set of sister chromatids is created during the synthesis (S) phase of interphase, when all the chromosomes in a cell are replicated. The two sister chromatids are separated from each other into two different cells during mitosis or during the second division of meiosis.
Compare sister chromatids to homologous chromosomes, which are the two different copies of a chromosome that diploid organisms (like humans) inherit, one from each parent. Sister chromatids are by and large identical (since they carry the same alleles, also called variants or versions, of genes) because they derive from one original chromosome. An exception is towards the end of meiosis, after crossing over has occurred, because sections of each sister chromatid may have been exchanged with corresponding sections of the homologous chromatids with which they are paired during meiosis. Homologous chromosomes might or might not be the same as each other because they derive from different parents.
There is evidence that, in some species, sister chromatids are the preferred template for DNA repair.
Sister chromatid cohesion is essential for the correct distribution of genetic information between daughter cells and the repair of damaged chromosomes. Defects in this process may lead to aneuploidy and cancer, especially when checkpoints fail to detect DNA damage or when incorrectly attached mitotic spindles do not function properly.
Mitosis
Mitotic recombination is primarily a result of DNA repair processes responding to spontaneous or induced damages. Homologous recombinational repair during mitosis is largely limited to interaction between nearby sister chromatids that are present in a cell subsequent to DNA replication but prior to cell division. Due to the special nearby relationship they share, sister chromatids are not only preferred over distant homologous chromatids as substrates for recominational repair, but have the capacity to repair more DNA damage than do homologs.
Meiosis
Studies with the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae indicate that inter-sister recombination occurs frequently during meiosis, and up to one-third of all recombination events occur between sister chromatids.
See also
Biorientation
Sister chromatid exchange
References
Cytogenetics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister%20chromatids |
Gisèle Prassinos (26 February 1920 – 15 November 2015) was a French writer associated with the surrealist movement.
Early life and education
Gisèle Prassinos was born in Istanbul, Turkey and emigrated to France with her family at the age of two, where they lived initially in Nanterre. At the age of fourteen, Prassinos began writing automatic texts to show the surrealists, who she met through Henri Parisot and her brother Mario Prassinos, who was a noted artist and designer. Prassinos captivated André Breton and Paul Éluard because of "the wonder of her poetry and her personality as a woman-child". They see in her texts "the true illustration of automatic language par excellence". Marianne van Hirtum observed that the surrealists of the time recognised these early writings as a "veritable illustration of automatic language par excellence."
Career
Her writing was discovered by André Breton in 1934, when she was just fourteen, and published in the French surrealist magazine Minotaure and the Belgian periodical Documents 34. Her first book, La Sauterelle arthritique (The Arthritic Grasshopper) was published by Éditions GLM in 1935 with a preface by Paul Éluard and a photograph by Man Ray, which captures her reading her poems to the surrealist authors at the Café Dynamo. In 1940, André Breton included ten of her texts in his Anthologie de l'humour noir (Gallimard, 1940). Prassinos also started creating plastic arts by illustrating Lewis Carroll's La chasse au snark, published by Éditions Belfond in 1946.
She then began her first forays into narrative with Le rêve (Fontaine, 1947), a novel about childhood and the tensions between the past and the present.
During the World War II and until the end of the 1950s, she stopped publishing. After the World War II Prassinos's association with organised surrealism was limited, but she continued to publish widely. She worked in kindergartens and translated with her husband Pierre Fridas several books by Níkos Kazantzákis such as La liberté ou la mort (Plon, 1953) or Alexis Zorba (Plon, 1958). Subsequently, she returned to writing poems and novels, in opposition to surrealist orthodoxy. However, these texts are unclassifiable. She then published Le temps n'est rien (Plon, 1958), an autofiction in which the conflict between the past and the present is still central, and Le visage effleuré de peine (Grasset, 1964). She also wrote short novels, such as Brelin le frou, ou le portrait de famille (Éditions Belfond, 1975), a volume of tales describing characters who live according to fantastic rules. This work was illustrated by the author and her drawings, caricatured and with exaggerated proportions, have the particularity of wearing a headdress in the image of her sex. The stories in Mon cœur les écoute (1982) show a poetic humour close to that of Henri Michaux or Joyce Mansour. She is also known for her drawings and tapestries, artworks made with pieces of coloured cloth.
After this stage, she published mainly fantasy novels, such as La table de famille (Flammarion, 1993) and poetry (La fièvre du labour, published by Motus in 1989). Subsequently, she participated in reprints of works such as Le visage effleuré de peine (Cardinal, 2000) and Mon cœur les écoute (Le mot fou Éditions, 2009).
Legacy
Prassinos bequeathed to the Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris a large collection of manuscripts. Her artistic work was bequeathed to her niece Catherine Prassinos.
Bibliography
La Sauterelle Arthritique (GLM, 1935)
Quand le Bruit Travaille (GLM, 1936)
La Revanche (GLM, 1939)
Sondue (GLM, 1939)
Le Temps n'est rien (Plon, 1958)
La Voyageuse (Plon, 1959)
La Gonfidente (Grasset, 1962)
Le Visage Effleuré de Peine (Grasset, 1964; Cardinal, 2000; Zulma, 2004)
Le Grand Repas (Grasset, 1966)
Les Mots Endormis (Groupe Flammarion|Flammarion, 1967)
La Vie la Voix - Poésie (Groupe Flammarion|Flammarion, 1971)
Le Verrou (Groupe Flammarion|Flammarion, 1987)
La Table de Famille (Groupe Flammarion|Flammarion, 1993)
References
Further reading
Surrealist Women - An International Anthology (1998) - by Penelope Rosemont
1920 births
2015 deaths
20th-century French painters
20th-century French women writers
20th-century translators
Constantinopolitan Greeks
French surrealist artists
French surrealist writers
French women poets
Greek–French translators
People from Nanterre
Surrealist poets
Turkish emigrants to France
Women surrealist artists
Writers from Istanbul | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gis%C3%A8le%20Prassinos |
The Dutch Gold Coast or Dutch Guinea, officially Dutch possessions on the Coast of Guinea (Dutch: Nederlandse Bezittingen ter Kuste van Guinea) was a portion of contemporary Ghana that was gradually colonized by the Dutch, beginning in 1612. The Dutch began trading in the area around 1598, joining the Portuguese which had a trading post there since the late 1400s. Eventually, the Dutch Gold Coast became the most important Dutch colony in West Africa after Fort Elmina was captured from the Portuguese in 1637, but fell into disarray after the abolition of the slave trade in the early 19th century. On 6 April 1872, the Dutch Gold Coast was, in accordance with the Anglo-Dutch Treaties of 1870–71, ceded to the United Kingdom.
History
The Dutch settle on the Gold Coast
The Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive in contemporary Ghana. By 1471, they had reached the area that was to become known as the Gold Coast because it was an important source of gold. The Portuguese trading interests in gold, ivory and pepper so increased that in 1482 the Portuguese built their first permanent trading post on the western coast of present-day Ghana. This fortress, a trade castle called São Jorge da Mina, was constructed to protect Portuguese trade from European competitors.
The Portuguese position on the Gold Coast, known as Portuguese Gold Coast, remained secure for over a century. During that time, Lisbon sought to monopolize all trade in the region in royal hands, though appointed officials at São Jorge, and used force to prevent English, French and Dutch efforts to trade on the coast. After Barent Eriksz successfully sailed to the Gold Coast in 1591, Dutch merchants began trading in the area. Pieter de Marees's publications greatly increased the interest of merchants in the region.
The Twelve Years' Truce between Portugal-Spain and the Dutch Republic, which lasted from 1609 to 1621, disrupted Dutch trade on the Gold Coast, as the Portuguese now had sufficient resources to protect their trade monopoly. Dutch traders then petitioned the States-General of the Dutch Republic to build a fort on the coast. The States-General were receptive of their demands, and sent Jacob Clantius, who was to become the first General on the Coast, to the Gold Coast in 1611. In 1612, after gaining permission of the local rulers through the Treaty of Asebu, he built Fort Nassau near Moree, on the site of an original Dutch trading post that had been burned down by the Portuguese.
After the Twelve Years's Truce ended in 1621, the Dutch West India Company was established, which tried to seize the Portuguese colonies in Africa and America as part of the Groot Desseyn plan. After failing in 1625, the company managed to capture Elmina Castle from the Portuguese in 1637. Fort San Sebastian at Shama and Fort Santo Antonio at Axim followed in 1640 and 1642 respectively.
Competition with other European powers
The Dutch West India Company was given the monopoly on trade in the West Indies, including the Gold Coast, in 1621. Mismanagement meant that several disillusioned employees of the Dutch West India Company left the company to work for another European power. Hendrik Carloff, for example, was a former high-ranking officer in the company, who joined the Swedish Africa Company, founded in 1649 by the Walloon-Dutch industrialist Louis De Geer. In the end, Carloff also left the Swedish company, this time for the Danish Africa Company, which he founded himself with Isaac Coymans and Nicolaes Pancras, also former Dutch West India Company employees.
Whereas Swedish presence on the Gold Coast turned out to be only temporary, British and Danish settlement in the area proved to be permanent. From 1694 until 1700, the Dutch West India Company fought the Komenda Wars with the British over trade rights with the Eguafo Kingdom. In addition, Brandenburgers also had forts in the area from 1682 onwards, until they were bought out by the Dutch in 1717. The Portuguese had completely left the area, but still the Gold Coast had the highest concentration of European military architecture outside of Europe.
Relationship with local peoples
The European powers were sometimes drawn into conflicts with local inhabitants as Europeans developed commercial alliances with local political authorities. These alliances, often complicated, involved both Europeans attempting to enlist or persuade their closest allies to attack rival European ports and their African allies, or conversely, various African powers seeking to recruit Europeans as mercenaries in their inter-state wars, or as diplomats to resolve conflicts. Another way conflicts with the local inhabitants was avoided was through marriage. European men often created alliances with the local African people through a practice known as cassare or calisare derived from the Portuguese casar meaning "to marry." Dutch men and other Europeans would marry African women whose families had ties to the Atlantic slave trade. In this way, both Africans and Europeans benefited from each other and allowed for peaceful trading partnerships. African wives could receive money and schooling for the children they bore by European men. Wives could also inherit slaves and property from their husbands when they returned to Europe or died.
Many coastal ethnic groups in Africa, such as the Ga and Fante, used this system to gain economic and political advantages. These African ethnic groups had been using this practice before the arrival of the Europeans with strangers of a different ethnicity, and extended the same privilege to European men by the late 1400s. Cassare enabled Africans to trust strangers, like the Europeans, when dealing within their trade networks. It made the transition between stranger and trade partner a lot smoother.
At Elmina, the Dutch had inherited from the Portuguese a system in which tribute was paid to the Denkyira, who were the dominant power in the region. After the Battle of Feyiase (1701), the Ashanti Empire replaced the Denkyira as the dominant power, and the Dutch began paying tribute to the Ashanti instead. Although the existence of the so-called "Elmina Note" is often questioned, the Dutch generally paid two ounces of gold per month to the Ashanti as tribute. This bond between the Dutch and the Ashanti, who through the port of Elmina had access to trade with the Dutch and the rest of the world, deeply affected the relations between the Dutch, the other local peoples and the British. The latter were increasingly tight with the Fante, to which the Denkyira and thus also Elmina were culturally and linguistically close. Several Ashanti-Fante wars followed and the rivalry between the two peoples were key in the events surrounding the transfer of the Dutch Gold Coast to Britain in 1872.
After the Dutch managed to dislodge the Swedes from Butre and began building Fort Batenstein at that site, the leaders of the Dutch West India Company thought it beneficial to negotiate a treaty with the local political leadership in order to establish a peaceful long-term relationship in the area. The local Ahanta leaders found it equally beneficial to enter into such an agreement, and thus on 27 August 1656, the Treaty of Butre was signed. This treaty established a Dutch protectorate in the area, and established diplomatic ties between the Dutch Republic and the Ahanta. The treaty's arrangements proved very stable and regulated Dutch-Ahanta diplomatic affairs for more than 213 years. Only after the Gold Coast was sold to Britain in 1872 were the provisions of the treaty abrogated.
On 18 February 1782, as part of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, the British attacked Elmina. Although this attack failed, Britain seized Fort Nassau, Fort Amsterdam, Fort Lijdzaamheid, Fort Goede Hoop and Fort Crêvecoeur from the Dutch. The Dutch Republic only managed to seize Fort Sekondi from the British. In the Treaty of Paris of 1784, all forts returned to their pre-war owners.
Disestablishment of the DWIC and the abolition of slave trade
In 1791, the Dutch West India Company was disestablished, and on 1 January 1792, all territories held by the company reverted to the rule of the States-General of the Dutch Republic. During the French occupation of the Netherlands between 1810 and 1814, the Dutch possessions on the Gold Coast held the rather unusual position—together with the island of Deshima in Japan—of being the only Dutch territories not occupied by either France or Great Britain.
The British Slave Trade Act of 1807 effectively ended all slave trade from the Gold Coast. William I of the Netherlands took over this abolition when he issued a royal decree to that effect in June 1814 and signed the Anglo-Dutch Slave Trade Treaty in May 1818. The abolition of slave trade was coupled with the arrival of Herman Willem Daendels as Governor-General. Daendels was a Patriot who played a major role in the Batavian Revolution, and subsequently became Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies for the Batavian Republic in 1807. This republican and revolutionist background made him controversial in the Kingdom of the Netherlands established in 1815, which effectively banned him from the country by assigning to him the rather obscure governorship of the Gold Coast in 1815.
Daendels tried to redevelop the rather dilapidated Dutch possessions as an African plantation colony driven by legitimate trade. Drawing on his experience in building the Great Post Road on the island of Java in the Dutch East Indies, he came up with some very ambitious infrastructural projects, including a comprehensive road system, with a main road connecting Elmina and Kumasi in Ashanti. The Dutch government gave him a free hand and a substantial budget to implement his plans. At the same time, however, Daendels regarded his governorship as an opportunity to establish a private business monopoly in the Dutch Gold Coast.
Eventually none of the plans came to fruition, as Daendels died of malaria in the castle of St. George d'Elmina, the Dutch seat of government, on 8 May 1818. His body was interred in the central tomb at the Dutch cemetery in Elmina town. He had been in the country less than for two years.
Recruitment of soldiers for the Dutch East Indies Army
In the remainder of the 19th century, the Dutch Gold Coast slowly fell into disarray. The only substantial development during this period was the recruitment of soldiers for the Dutch East Indies Army. This recruitment of the so-called Belanda Hitam (Indonesian for "Black Dutchmen") started in 1831 as an emergency measure as the Dutch army lost thousands of European soldiers and a much larger number of "native" soldiers in the Java War (1825–1830), and at the same time saw its own population base diminished by the independence of Belgium (1830). As the Dutch wanted the number of natives in the Dutch East Indies Army to be limited to roughly half the total strength to maintain the loyalty of native forces, the addition of forces from the Gold Coast seemed an ideal opportunity to keep the army at strength and loyal at the same time. It was also hoped that the African soldiers would be more resistant to the tropical climate and tropical diseases of the Dutch East Indies than European soldiers.
In 1836, the Dutch government had decided to recruit soldiers via the King of Ashanti. Major General Jan Verveer arrived for this purpose in Elmina on 1 November 1836, and went to the Ashanti capital of Kumasi with a delegation of about 900 people. After long negotiations, an agreement with King Kwaku Dua I was reached. A recruitment depot was established in Kumasi, and furthermore the king sent the young Ashanti princes Kwasi Boachi and Kwame Poku with General Verveer to take with him to the Netherlands, so that they could receive a good education. Kwasi Boachi later received education at the forerunner of Delft University and became the first black Dutch mining engineer in the Dutch East Indies. Dutch author Arthur Japin wrote a novel about the life of the two princes with The Two Hearts of Kwasi Boachi (1997).
Trade of forts with Britain and subsequent cession
Whereas the Dutch forts were a colonial backwater in the 19th century, the British forts were slowly developed into a full colony, especially after Britain took over the Danish Gold Coast in 1850. The presence of Dutch forts in an area that became increasingly influenced by the United Kingdom was deemed undesirable, and in the late 1850s British began pressing for either a buyout of the Dutch forts, or a trade of forts so as to produce more coherent areas of influence.
In the Dutch political landscape of the time, a buyout was not a possibility, so a trade of forts was negotiated. In 1867, the Convention between Great Britain and the Netherlands for an Interchange of Territory on the Gold Coast of Africa was signed, in which all Dutch forts to the east of Elmina were handed over to Britain, while the British forts west of Elmina were handed over to the Netherlands.
The trade proved a disaster for the Dutch, as their long-standing alliance with the mighty inland Ashanti Empire did not fare well with the coastal Fante population around the new forts assigned to them, who were allied with the British. To subject the local people around Fort Komenda, the Dutch had to send an expeditionary force to the local capital of Kwassie-Krom. Meanwhile, a Fante Confederacy was founded to drive the Dutch and their Ashanti allies out of Elmina. The confederacy founded an army, which marched to Elmina in March 1868. Although the army was deemed strong enough in April to begin the siege of the town, struggle between the various tribes united in the confederacy meant that the siege was lifted in May. In June, a peace treaty between the confederacy and Elmina was signed, in which Elmina pledged to be neutral if war was to break out between the Ashanti and Fante.
The blockade of the town by the confederacy was not lifted, however, and trade between Elmina and the Ashanti dropped to an absolute minimum. Attempts were made to persuade Elmina to join the confederacy, to no avail. Elmina and the Dutch sent a request for help to the king of Ashanti, whose army, under the leadership of Atjempon, arrived in Elmina on 27 December 1869. Unsurprisingly, the Ashanti army had an uncompromising attitude to their Fante rivals, making the prospect of a compromise between the Ashanti-backed Elminese and the new Fante-dominated forts transferred to the Dutch ever more difficult.
Meanwhile, in the Netherlands, the ongoing conflicts made the call for the transfer of the entire colony to Britain to become ever louder. The Dutch governor of Elmina, Cornelis Nagtglas, tried to persuade the Elminese to relinquish their city to the British. This was of course complicated by the presence of an Ashanti army in the town, which even arrested Nagtglas for a short while in April 1871. In February of that year, a treaty had been signed with the United Kingdom, under which terms the whole colony was to be ceded for a sum of 46,939.62 Dutch guilders. On 6 April 1872, after ratification of the treaty by parliament, Elmina was formally handed over to Britain.
Destruction of Elmina
As was to be expected, the Ashanti were less pleased by the handover of Elmina to the Fante-allied British. Ashanti king Kofi Karikari posited that the "Elmina Note", which governed the tribute paid by the Dutch to the Ashanti, asserted Ashanti sovereignty over the town. In June 1873, the situation escalated when an Ashanti army marched to Elmina to "win back" the town from Britain. The Third Anglo-Ashanti War had started, and Britain began bombing Elmina on 13 June 1873. The old town of Elmina was completely destroyed and leveled to make room for a parade ground.
Administration
Dutch West India Company
During the reign of the Dutch West India Company, the government of the colony was headed by a Director-General. The Director-General was assisted by a Council composed of senior colonial officers. Aside from being the supreme ruler of the colony, the Director-General was also the supreme commander of the land and sea forces, and highest judicial officer. The Director-General had a double mandate, being installed by both the States-General of the Dutch Republic and the Dutch West India Company. The colonial government was based at Fort Nassau in Moree between 1621 and 1637, and at Fort George in Elmina from 1637 onward.
When the Dutch conquered Luanda and São Tomé from the Portuguese in 1642, the Dutch West India Company's possessions on the coast of Africa were divided into two separate commandments. The government at Elmina was charged with the rule over "Guinea and its dependencies from Cabo Tres Puntas to Cabo Lopes Gonsalves," and the government at Luanda with the possessions south of the latter cape, including São Tomé. The title of the Director-General at Elmina was changed to "Director-General of the North Coast of Africa." When the Dutch lost Luanda to the Portuguese in 1648, Sao Tomé was shortly ruled from Elmina, until it was recaptured by the Portuguese as well in the same year.
With the establishment of the Second Dutch West India Company in 1675, the government structure was revised. The area under the authority of the Director-General was redefined as "the Coast of Africa, from Sierra Leone all exclusively to 30 degrees South of the equator, together with all the islands in between," thereby nominally reinstating the claim on the territories lost in this area to the Portuguese. The title of the Director-General was concurrently changed to "Director-General of the North and South Coast of Africa." This larger claim was not primarily meant to reclaim Luanda and Sao Tomé from the Portuguese, however, but merely to establish authority over Dutch trade in the area. This was especially relevant for Loango, from which the Dutch began buying slaves in large amounts from the 1670s onward. Until the liquidation of the Dutch West India Company in 1791, the title of the Director-General and the limits of jurisdiction remained the same.
Composition of the Council
According to the 1722 government instruction, the Council comprised the Director-General, who functioned as the council's president, the fiscal (Dutch: fiscaal), the senior merchant (Dutch: opperkoopman), and the senior commissioners (Dutch: oppercommies). These senior commissioners consisted of the head of Fort Saint Anthony at Axim, the head of Fort Nassau at Moree, the head of Fort Crèvecoeur at Accra, and the head of the factory at Ouidah, on the Dutch Slave Coast. Between 1746 and 1768, the Council consisted of the Director-General, the fiscal, and the seven highest ranking "first officials", which included the senior commissioners, the master of works (Dutch: equipagemeester), the bookkeeper-general (Dutch: boekhouder-generaal), and the ensign (Dutch: vaandrig). In 1768, the council was again reduced to the fiscal, the three senior commissioners (the trading post at Ouidah has since been abandoned), and the commissioner-and councillor. The composition of the council was changed for a final time in 1784, in the wake of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, now extending the membership to include the bookkeeper-general-and-commissioner.
Direct Dutch rule
After the liquidation of the Dutch West India Company in 1791, the Council of Colonies for the West Indies took over the government of the Dutch Gold Coast. Little changed in the first years, and the old administration of the Dutch West India Company was left largely intact.
This changed when the Batavian Republic replaced the Dutch Republic in 1795. The administration of the Dutch Gold Coast was reformed by a secret resolution of 12 May 1801. The office of Director-General was renamed Governor-General, and the council was split in a Great Council and a Small Council. The Small Council was responsible for the everyday government of the colony, and comprised the Governor-General, the administrator-and-Director-General (Dutch: administrateur en directeur-generaal), the master of stores, the master of works, and the bookkeeper of the general office (Dutch: boekhouder ten comptoir-generaal). The Great Council consisted of the Small Council, with the addition of the residents of Fort Crèvecoeur at Accra, Fort Saint Anthony at Axim, Fort Saint Sebastian at Shama, and Fort Amsterdam at Kormatin, and met every three months.
The administration of the Dutch Gold Coast was again reformed when the Kingdom of Holland replaced the Batavian Republic in 1806. By royal decree of Louis Napoleon, King of Holland, the office of Governor-General was demoted to Commandant-General in 1807, and the administration was overhauled in 1809. An even bigger change came with the establishment of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. Leaving behind the uncertain years of French occupation, and with slave trade abolished, the newly established kingdom put up a plan to transform the colony into a profitable plantation colony. For this purpose, the new governor Herman Willem Daendels was given an open mandate and a large budget. The project was cut short with Daendels early death in 1818, however.
Left without a visionary governor, budgets were cut for the colony. The new regulations of 1 November 1819 reduced the budget to the minimum necessary to keep the colony running, fired all unnecessary colonial officers, and pensioned of most of the slaves of the state. Most notably, the offices of bookkeeper, fiscal, secretary, cashier, and bailiff were combined into one office, the summation of functions actually being the office-holder's title (Dutch: boekhouder, fiscaal, secretaris, kassier en deurwaarder). Also, the office of Governor-General was demoted to Commander. When the Dutch decided to recruit soldiers for the Dutch East Indies Army in 1836, the government was strengthened again, something which was reinforced in the wake of the disastrous Ahanta War of 1838. By virtue of a royal decree dated 23 March 1838, the office of Commander was raised to Governor and extra officers were installed to make government more effective. The government itself was reformed in 1847, which among its most notable inventions included the establishment of a Court of Justice, legally separate from the council, although memberships often overlapped. The office of fiscal, responsible for public prosecution, was renamed Officer of Justice.
In the late 1850s, the administrative divisions into forts was changed into a division into districts (Dutch: afdelingen), asserting Dutch sovereignty (or suzerainty) over not only the forts, but also the territory surrounding the forts. District officers were instructed to make surveys of physical, economic, and socio-political situation of the districts. As a consequence of the tariff system set up in the Anglo-Dutch Gold Coast Treaty, a tax and customs office was established in Elmina in 1867. At the same time, a postal office was established as well.
Economy
Although the colony is nowadays primarily associated with Atlantic slave trade, this was not the reason for the first Dutch traders to trade with the Gold Coast. Barent Eriksz made a profit trading gold, ivory, and West African pepper, and these products remained the primary trading goods in the early 17th century. According to Joannes de Laet, the Dutch West India had transported West African goods worth 14 million Dutch guilders to the Dutch Republic by 1637, of which the most important was the trade in gold.
This changed with the gradual capture of Brazil from the Portuguese, from 1630 onward. Suddenly, the trade of slaves, for which there was no significant market earlier, became a necessity for the economic survival of Dutch Brazil. Nicolas van Yperen, Governor of the Dutch possessions on the Gold Coast, was instructed by his superiors of the Dutch West India Company to supply Dutch Brazil with slaves. In 1636, he managed to ship around a thousand slaves to Brazil from Fort Nassau, but to secure a continuous flow of slave labour, the company decided it was necessary to attempt once more to capture Elmina from the Portuguese. After Elmina was finally captured in August 1637, the focus of trade for the Dutch West India Company shifted to slave trade. The directors of the Dutch West India Company were not happy with the increasing slave trade on the Gold Coast itself, however, as it interfered with the profitable gold trade, and actively tried to move the slave trade to the Slave Coast, where they had trading posts from 1640 onward.
The loss of Brazil did not collapse Dutch slave trade, as in 1662, Dutch signed their first asiento with the Spanish Empire, pledging to provide slaves to Spanish America, primarily through their trading post in Willemstad, Curaçao. Furthermore, in 1664, the Dutch conquered Suriname, complementing Berbice and Essequibo as Caribbean plantation colonies depending on slave labour.
Meanwhile, the Dutch had tried in 1654 to directly control the mining of gold by building Fort Ruychaver far inland on the Ankobra River, but had left gold production to the locals since that fort was attacked and burned to the ground in 1660. The supply of gold declined dramatically at the turn of the eighteenth century, due to warfare among the states of the Gold Coast. While the Ashanti succeeded in the Battle of Feyiase of 1701 to establish their hegemony on the Gold Coast, it took them a few years to fully "pacify" their newly conquered territory. 1701 proved to be the historic low for the gold trade, with only 530 mark of gold exported, worth 178.080 guilders.
Whereas the supply of gold was declining, the supply of slaves boomed as never before. This was to a large part due to the Ashanti wars; Governor-General Willem de la Palma wrote to his superiors at the Dutch West India Company that the war had unleashed slave raids among the local peoples in the Gold Coast. Whereas between 1693 and 1701, 1,522 slaves were transported from Elmina to the Americas, an average of 169 slaves per year, 1,213 slaves were transported between 1702 and 1704, an average of 404 per year.
Apart from increased supply of slaves, the demand also increased due to the asiento trading with the Spanish. Between 1660 and 1690, the Dutch trading posts in Africa, which included the Slave Coast, Arguin, and Senegambia, shipped a third of the total number of slaves across the Atlantic. On the Gold Coast, Governor De la Palma actively tried to systemize the slave trade and improve the numbers of slave shipped to the Americas. To this purpose, he sent Jacob van den Broucke as "opperkommies" (head merchant) to the Dutch trading post at Ouidah, on the Slave Coast.
De la Palma was a difficult personality and often at odds with his merchants and local African leaders. He resigned from his position in September 1705, but died before he could return to the Dutch Republic. He was replaced by his deputy, Pieter Nuyts, who tried to revive the gold trade at the coast.
But by the beginning of the eighteenth century, even slave trade dwindled, with the Dutch becoming a rather small player in the trans-Atlantic trade. Since globally this trade peaked in the 18th century, this meant that the Dutch contribution to the Atlantic slave trade only amounts to 5% of the grand total, equalling around 500,000 slaves shipped from Africa to the Americas.
In 1730, the monopoly of the Dutch West India Company on the Atlantic slave trade was lifted. This contributed to the rise of the Middelburgsche Commercie Compagnie (MCC), which dominated the Dutch slave trade for much of the eighteenth century.
The Gold Coast economy in the 19th century
With the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814, the Dutch vowed to stop trading slaves. This meant a severe blow to the economy of the Gold Coast, which had increasingly relied on slave trade from the 18th century onwards. Attempts were made to establish a plantation colony and to open gold mines on the coast, but virtually all attempts proved failures.
One of the first attempts at establishing a plantation was made by the sons of Governor-General Herman Willem Daendels in 1816. They established a plantation named Oranje Dageraad in Simbo. The Governor-General himself tried to buy 300 slaves from Kumasi, which were to regain their freedom by cultivating farmland. Both projects failed.
Between 1845 and 1850, the colonial government once again, after the failure of Fort Ruychaver, tried to establish a gold mine on the coast. The Dutch government bought an open-air gold mine from the chief of Butre, and sent in 1845 an expedition of a director, three engineers, and nine workers
to the village of Dabokrom to establish a mine. Two engineers and all nine workers fell victim to tropical diseases and died, leaving the rest of the expedition to return to Europe. The second expedition of 1847 was not less successful, now with 11 out of 13 people dying. By 1850, the Dutch government ended the mining attempt.
Another attempt to develop the colony involved the establishment of a cotton plantation just outside Elmina. In light of this project, a Brazilian man by the name of La Rocha Vièra was brought to the Gold Coast. Due to the rude treatment of workers, La Rocha Vièra was unable to attract new labourers, and the plantation died an early death. In 1848, a tobacco plantation was attempted in the government's garden in Elmina, but failed due to bad soil conditions. A more successful tobacco plantation was established in Simbo, but fell victim to a lack of labourers wanting to work on the plantation. From February to October 1859, Dutch colonial government official J.S.G. Gramberg tried to develop the soil on the Bossumprah River, but also had difficulty attracting workers.
The only two plantations that were successful comprised a coffee plantation in Akropong, established by missionaries from Basel, and another coffee plantation in Mayra near Accra, owned by mulatto entrepreneur Lutterodt, worked by slaves.
Society
Until the destruction of Elmina in 1873, the town was the largest settlement on the Gold Coast, eclipsing Accra and Kumasi. In the 18th century, its population numbered 12,000 to 16,000 inhabitants, and in the 19th century, this figure rose to between 18,000 and 20,000. Most of these inhabitants were not European, however; their number peaked at 377 Dutch West India Company employees for the entire Dutch Gold Coast in the 18th century, before sinking back to a mere 20 officers in the 19th century.
Much more important were the African inhabitants of Elmina, who came from every region of the Gold Coast to Elmina to try their luck. Slaves formed a considerable portion of the population of Elmina as well, and were often in the possession of the Akan people inhabitants themselves. The third group in Elmina was of mixed race, and the result of interracial relations between Dutch West India Company employees and African women in Elmina. The illegitimate children of the employees were called "Tapoeijers" by the Dutch, for, according to them, the colour of their skin resembled those of native Americans. A decree from 1700 by the Governor-General at Elmina stipulated that employees of the Dutch West India Company who were to return to the Netherlands either had to take their (illegitimate) children with them, or had to pay a sum of money to provide for their "Christian upbringing". For the latter purpose, a school was established in Elmina.
Many people of mixed descent, also referred to as Euro-Africans, became wealthy merchants. The most prominent of these was Jan Niezer, who visited Europe on several occasions, and who traded directly with European and American companies.
The fourth group in Elmina was also of mixed descent, but had a different status as "Vrijburghers" (free citizens). They had the same rights as Europeans, and were organized in a separate in so-called Asafo company known as "Akrampafo". Their burgemeester had the power to conclude treaties with the Dutch, and all Vrijburghers had the right to wear a sword. Well known Vrijburghers include Carel Hendrik Bartels, Jacob Huidecoper and Jacob Simon. Many Vrijburghers worked in the lower ranks of the Dutch administration of Elmina, and in the 19th century, various Vrijburgher families sent their children (girls included) to Europe for education. In the 19th century, the Vrijburghers settled north of the Benya lagune, near Fort Coenraadsburg. This part of Elmina, also known as "the Garden" was spared from British bombardment in 1873.
Wilhelm Amo and Jacobus Capitein
The presence of European powers on the Gold Coast opened up the area to the outside world, and some Africans from the Gold Coast achieved a modicum of accomplishment in European society. Two Africans from the Gold Coast are especially notable in this regard, although one of them is notorious for defending slavery as compatible with Christianity.
Anton Wilhelm Amo was born near Axim in 1703 and sent to Amsterdam by the Dutch West India Company around 1707. He was given as a present to Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Amo was baptised, went to school at the Wolfenbüttel Ritter-Akademie (1717–1721) the University of Helmstedt (1721–1727), and the University of Halle (1727–1729), and subsequently gained a doctorate in philosophy at the University of Wittenberg in 1734 with the thesis On the Absence of Sensation in the Human Mind and its Presence in our Organic and Living Body, in which he argued against Cartesian dualism and in favour of a broadly materialist account of the person. In 1740, Amo took up a post in philosophy at the University of Jena, but in 1747 he returned to the Gold Coast where he died in 1759. Amo was the first black person to attend a European university. He lies interred in the graveyard of Fort San Sebastian.
Around 1717, Jacobus Capitein was born in the Gold Coast. He was forcibly taken to the Netherlands in 1725, where he was given to Jacobus van Goch. Capitein excelled at school and announced during his baptism in 1735 that he wanted to return to the Gold Coast as a missionary. To that effect, he studied at Leiden University between 1737 and 1742, graduating on a dissertation defending slavery. He was subsequently installed by the Dutch East India Company as a Christian minister at Elmina, where he married Antonia Ginderdros. Ashanti king Opoku Ware I demanded that Capitein teach his children, which he did. Capitein died in Elmina in 1747.
Legacy
After the Dutch East Indies gained independence as Indonesia in 1949, most Belanda Hitam migrated to the Netherlands, since they had been soldiers of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army. Other than that, the Dutch colonial history on the Gold Coast was more or less forgotten. This changed slightly after Arthur Japin published the earlier mentioned The Two Hearts of Kwasi Boachi in 1997. This attention also revealed that the head of Ahanta king Badu Bonsu II, taken to the Netherlands after his execution in 1838, was still in the possession of the Leiden University Medical Centre. The head of the king was handed over to the Ghanaian ambassador in a ceremony held on 23 July 2009 in The Hague.
In 2002, the 300 year anniversary of diplomatic ties between Ghana and the Netherlands was celebrated, with Dutch Crown Prince Willem-Alexander and his wife Máxima visiting Ghana between 14 and 17 April, and with Ashanti king Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II visiting the Netherlands in June. The anniversary referred to is the sending by the Dutch West India Company of David van Neyendael as envoy to the Ashanti Empire in 1701, after the Ashanti had become the dominant power on the Gold Coast by defeating the Denkyira at the Battle of Feyiase.
Remnants of Dutch presence in the Gold Coast, other than the forts along the coastline, are Dutch surnames which were taken on by the descendants of the children the Dutch slave traders had with their black mistresses. Bossman is a common surname in Ghana, and ultimately derives from the Dutch slave trader Willem Bosman. Other Ghanaian surnames derived from Dutch names include Bartels, Van Dyck, and De Veer. In an episode of Who Do You Think You Are?, British-Ghanaian actor Hugh Quarshie traced his ancestry to Pieter Martinus Johannes Kamerling, a Dutch official on the Gold Coast.
Settlements
Main forts
Trade of forts with Britain
In 1868, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands traded some forts in order to create more geographically contiguous areas of influence. The Netherlands ceded Fort Nassau, Fort Crêvecoeur, Fort Amsterdam, Fort Goede Hoop, and Fort Lijdzaamheid, and in return received Apollonia (renamed Fort Willem III), Fort Dixcove (renamed Fort Metalen Kruis), Fort Komenda (not to be confused with the already Dutch Fort Vredenburgh, also in Komenda), and Fort Sekondi (not to be confused with the already Dutch Fort Orange, also in Sekondi). This arrangement proved short-lived, as the colony was completely ceded to the United Kingdom in 1872.
Temporarily held forts
Apart from the main forts held for more than a century, other forts in the region have been temporarily occupied by the Dutch:
See also
Colonial Heads of Dutch Gold Coast
History of Ghana
Dutch Loango-Angola
Ministry of the Colonies (Netherlands)
Notes
Citations
References
In Dutch
External links
WorldStatesmen - Ghana - Dutch Gold Coast
Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Ghana
History of Ghana
Former colonies in Africa
Former Dutch colonies
Former settlements and colonies of the Dutch West India Company
Dutch colonisation in Africa
Dutch West India Company
17th century in Ghana
18th century in Ghana
19th century in Ghana
Danish Gold Coast
States and territories established in 1598
States and territories established in 1872
1598 establishments in Africa
1872 disestablishments in Africa
1598 establishments in the Dutch Empire
1872 disestablishments
19th-century disestablishments in the Dutch Empire
Gold Coast (British colony)
Ghana–Netherlands relations
Historical regions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%20Gold%20Coast |
The River Alre (also, occasionally, Arle) is a tributary of the River Itchen in Hampshire in the south of England. It rises in Bishop's Sutton and flows west for to meet the Itchen below New Alresford.
The river is a classic English chalk stream with a shallow gravel bed and fast flowing waters, fed year-round by chalk springs. Through Bishop's Sutton it forms a good natural trout fishery and later supports a watercress harvest after which the Watercress Line, a heritage steam railway, is named.
Course
The river rises at a spring in the parish of Bishop's Sutton, 800 metres east of the old core of the village. Flowing west, the lesser-populated north bank of the village has the first of its three little crossings, Water Lane, a ford. Here the Alre runs between the parish church of St Nicholas and the site of the former bishop's palace, owned by the Bishop of Winchester for centuries, that gives the village its name.
It runs through Western Court Farm, where it provides the waters for the farm's watercress beds, and soon after it runs under the railway bridge of the Mid Hants Railway, known as the Watercress Line as it used to transport watercress from New Alresford to Alton and London.
North east of Alresford, the river has been split with one channel running through the Old Alresford Pond, an artificial 12th-century stew pond that was dug to provide fish for the Bishop of Winchester. It may also have served as a balancing pond for a navigation channel dug to the south. It is now designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest.
The Alre runs just to the north of New Alresford, separating it from the smaller village of Old Alresford and forming the parish boundary between the two for much of its route. Here it runs under two water mills, Arle Mill and The Fulling Mill, as well as supporting additional watercress farms. Fulling is the process of removing oils from wool and the mill dates back to the 13th century. Derelict by the 19th century, it was saved from demolition in 1951 and is now a private residence.
Its final section flows a couple of hundred metres south west through fields into the meandering course of the River Itchen.
History
The river's name is derived from alor an Old English word for the alder tree. The name Alresford dates from at least the start of the 8th century and means 'alder tree ford', presumably an important ford of the river near a prominent alder tree, and so by extension the whole river became known by the same name, with the river named after the town rather than the other way round.
The river is still sometimes referred to as the Arle, but research suggests that this is due to 20th-century errors, rather than any earlier variation. The source of the confusion may be A J Robertson's 1937 book, History of Alresford incorrectly quoting Camden's 1586 Britannia.
Old English charter boundaries considered the River Alre to be the headwater of the Itchen. In addition, the Itchen itself was at one time referred to as the River Alre.
Daniel Defoe mentions the river in his book A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain.
"From thence we ride to Tichfield as above, where we pass the River Alre, which rises in the same County at Alresford, or near it, which is not above Twenty-two Miles off; and yet it is a large River here, and makes a good Road below, call'd Tichfield-bay."
Water quality
The Environment Agency measure water quality of the river systems in England. Each is given an overall ecological status, which may be one of five levels: high, good, moderate, poor and bad. There are several components that are used to determine this, including biological status, which looks at the quantity and varieties of invertebrates, angiosperms and fish. Chemical status, which compares the concentrations of various chemicals against known safe concentrations, is rated good or fail.
Water quality of the River Alre in 2019:
References
Rivers of Hampshire
1Alre | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Alre |
Lyons Hill or Lyons () is a townland and restored village in County Kildare. At a time when canal passenger boats travelled at Lyons was the nearest overnight stop to Dublin on the Grand Canal. On the hilltop is a trigonometrical point used by Ireland's Ordnance Survey. The name derives from the Irish language name for an elm tree, Liamhan.
History
Four families (FitzDermot, Tyrrell, Aylmer and Lawless), have held possession of Lyons through most of its history.
Royal Seat
Lyons Hill, a hill within the townland, was the inauguration site for members of one of three septs of the Uí Dúnlainge dynasty which rotated the kingship of Leinster between 750 and 1050, after which the family became Normanised as the FitzDermots. In that period 10 Uí Dúnchada Kings of Leinster established their base at Lyons. Their influence helped secure a placemyth for Cnoch Liamhna among 300 locations featured in Dinnshenchas Érenn, the poem Liamuin. The Toraíocht of Liamuin was based on the mythical pursuit of a beautiful daughter of King Dúbhthach Dubthaire. The Lyons kings were:
760–776 Cellach. Cellach mac Dunchad,
795–808 Finsnechta. Finsnechta Cethardec mac Cellach,
854–62 Ruarc. Ruarc mac Bran,
884–85 Muiredach. Muiredach mac Bran,
917–23 Fáelán. Faelan mac Muiredach,
942–43 Lorcán. Lorcan mac Faelan,
958–66 Cellach. Cellach mac Faelan,
978–84 Domnall Claen. Domnall Claen mac Lorcan,
984–1003 Donnchad. Donnchad mac Domnall Claen.
Royal Family
The arrangement of the three septs of the Uí Dúnlainge to exchange the kingship of Leinster in rotation was almost unique in Irish history. It meant that by the end of the three-century arrangement, monarchs who were seventh cousins were swapping the kingship. By then the dynasty, traditionally clients of the Uí Néill, had become weakened by the battle for control of the region between Brian Bóruma of Dál Cais, the Uí Néill king Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill and the Viking kingdom of Dublin, as well as the Uí Chennselaig of South Leinster.
The Uí Dúnchada dynasty held an important ecclesiastical role within the triumvirate, the Abbacy of Kildare, and Muiredach was simultaneously abbot and Kings of Leinster. The Uí Néill clientship dates to 806 when High King Aed Oirdnide mac Néill invaded Leinster and deposed Finsnechtae. Finsnechtae regained the kingdom, presumably with Uí Néill support until his death in 808 causing dynastic strife and a further invasion of the High King. Muirchertach mac Néill, King of Aileach, paid an official visit to Cnoch Liamhna in 941. After Cellach's death, the dynasty was weakened by dynastic rivalry with the Uí Chennselaig, from whom the Uí Dúnlainge had captured the Kingship of Leinster, and incursions from the Vikings in Dublin. Domnall Claen mac Lorcáin, who had according to the Annals of Ulster "deceitfully killed" Murchad mac Finn in 972 was taken prisoner in 978 by the Danes of Dublin and had to be freed by the intervention of former High King Máel Sechnaill. After he was killed by the Uí Chennselaig in 984 his son Donchada assumed the kingship and began a nine-year rivalry with his Uí Fáeláin rival, Máel Mórda mac Murchada and the Vikings of Dublin.
Battleground
This rivalry was responsible for provoking a war between Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill (948–1022), and Brian Bóruma (c.941–1014) for supremacy and the High Kingship. It began in earnest in 999 when Donnchad mac Domnaill Claen was captured by Máel Mórda and his nephew Sitric Silkbeard, the son of Olaf Cuaran. This was a challenge to Máel Sechnaill, as the province's overlord, and he ravaged Leinster. Brian saw an opportunity to intrude into Leinster's affairs, and late in the year, he led an army there which defeated the combined forces of Leinster and Dublin at the battle of Glenn Máma, on a site to the east of Oughterard Hill adjoining Lyons between Castlewarden and Windmill hill. It is noted as one of the few occasions when Brian engaged in open battle. Brian captured Dublin on New Year's Day 1000 and at Athlone in 1002 took the hostages of Connacht and Meath thus ending Máel Sechnaill's first possession of the high-kingship.
When Brian Bóruma campaigned again in Leinster in 1003, he deposed Donncha and set up in his stead an Uí Fáeláin rival, Máel Mórda mac Murchada. Ironically Mael Morda was to become Brian's foe and opponent at the Battle of Clontarf (1014). After Clontarf, the Kingship of the Uí Dúnlainge was held by the Uí Muiredaig and shortly afterwards the Kingship of Leinster reverted from the Uí Dúnlainge to the Uí Chennselaig dynasty based in Ferns, County Wexford.
FitzDermot Family
After the Norman invasion the Uí Dúnchada accepted Norman title and land grant and became the FitzDermot family. Carn Uí Dúnchada in Dublin was named for them and they later settled in Rathdown in South Dublin and North Wicklow.
Manor and Parish
Norman Lyons became an important manor, castle and parish. Anglicised names which occur in the calendar rolls are Lewan (Calendar of State papers) in 1217, Leuan in 1223, 1224, 1225, 1228, 1230 and 1260, Lyons in 1272, Lyons (Ecclesiastical Tax 1322), Lyons in 1332 (listed as "burned by the O'Tooles" in the Book of Howth), as Lions (Calendar of Carew MS 1535 and 1537) and eventually as Lyons after 1541. Lyons church, now a mausoleum for the Lawless family, was constructed around 1350. It has intricate carvings and a stone commemorating the marriage of Richard Aylmer to Eleanor Tyrrell in 1548. Lyons parish was united with the parish of Oughterard in 1541 and with Kill in 1691, although it remained the headquarters of the Catholic parish until 1817. The oldest headstone in Lyons churchyard dates to 1693, dedicated to Edmond Moore and his son James. Royal manors were created in Oughterard on an adjoining hill and Newcastle-Lyons, below the hill within the County Dublin boundary created in 1210. Newcastle-Lyons developed as a separate medieval town and was granted two seats in the Irish parliament in 1606. The seats were purchased by the Latouche family before the suppression of the Irish House of Commons in 1800.
Medieval Wars
Sir William Brereton, (d. 1541?), used Lyons as a military base for his campaigns during Silken Thomas rebellion in 1535. The original Lyons house and town were burned in 1641 on the orders of Lord Justice William Parsons (c.1570–1650), who ironically had sat for the borough of Newcastle-Lyons in the 1613–15 parliament, and his colleague Sir John Borlase.
Clonaghlis Church and Parish
Clonaghlis graveyard within the Lyons estate is also the seat of a former parish associated with female saints Fedhlim and Mughain. The Calendar Rolls record that Peter de Laermerd granted the Church of Clonacles to St Thomas Abbey near Dublin in 1206 and that in 1336 John Plunkett sued Hugh de Blound of Rathregan County Meath, for the Manor of Cluinaghlys, in possession of his grandfather Walter Plunkett and passed down by his father Henry Plunkett. Nothing remains of the church but some scattered stones, and the oldest headstone in Clonaghlis graveyard, still in use by local people, dates to 1729. Aviation pioneer Tony Ryan was buried in the graveyard after his death in 2007.
Lyons House
Michael Aylmer inherited the estate at the age of four in 1733 and became indebted to banker Nicholas Lawless (later Baron Cloncurry), eventually losing the house in 1796. First Nicholas Lawless (construction during 1786) and his son Valentine (construction 1804–10) combined to build a large country house in its own gardens, decorated in the Directoire style, of which there are few examples in Ireland, and with a private lake. Valentine Lawless, after 1799 the second Lord Cloncurry, spent £200,000 on renovation including frescoes by Gaspare Gabrielli and three shiploads of classical art imported from Italy. A fourth shipment was lost when it sank off Wicklow. Treasures which were successfully imported include three columns from the ruins of the Golden House of Nero in Rome, used in the portico, and a statue of Venus excavated at Ostia. His son, the third Lord Cloncurry, committed suicide in 1869 by throwing himself out of a third-floor window at Lyons
Grand Canal
When work on the Grand Canal began in 1756 Ardclough was one of the first sections to be dug. The canal reached Ardclough in 1763, when the 13th lock, a double lock built with Pozzuolona mortar, was opened, following the ambitious design of the canal's original engineer, Thomas Omer. When a new engineer, John Trail took over construction of the canal in 1768, the proposed canal capacity was reduced from 170-ton barges to 40-ton barges.
Thirteenth Lock
Canal records show that "Lyons or Clonaughles lock" was reduced in size in 1783, but the canal through the thirteenth lock serves as a reminder of Omer's original plan, wide, compared with the width adopted by Trail. Ardclough bridge was named in original plans for the Bruton family of Clonaghlis but constructed with a nameplate bearing the name of the Henry family of Straffan.
From 1777 a local river, the Morrel was proposed as a water feeder for the canal, construction resumed and the first passenger boats were towed to Sallins in February 1779.
Lock Yard
Local landowner Lord Cloncurry (1773–1853) was a canal enthusiast, constructing the Lyons mill and lockyard village complex in the 1820s and serving as chairman of the Grand Canal Company five times during his lifetime. The canal was an important, if slow, passenger thoroughfare feeding passengers to John Barry's hotel at Lyons.
When in 1834 Flyboats increased the average speed for passenger boats from to Ireland's first railway was already under construction. The canal peaked at 120,615 passengers in 1846, the year construction started on the Dublin-Cork railway line. When a Dublin-Galway railway line was opened in 1850 the closure of the rarely profitable passenger service followed in 1852.
Cargo traffic continued to use the canal for another 108 years, peaking at 379.045 tons in 1865 when an average of 90 barges a day passed through Ardclough. The canal was motorised 1911–24 and closed to cargo in 1960, but is still a popular thoroughfare for leisure boats. The tracks of the ropes of the horse-drawn barges can still be traced at Ardclough canal bridge.
Economic life
With the accidental burning of the mill in 1903 and the decline of the estate after the Cloncurry title became extinct, the area went into decline. Lyons estate was sold to UCD as an agricultural campus in 1962. In 1990 it was purchased by Michael Smurfit and in 1996 resold.
Artistic life
John Betjeman's (1906–1984) ode to a Lake was based on his stay in Lyons in 1958. Writer Emily Lawless (1845–1913) spent part of her childhood in Lyons house. Lydia Shackleton (1828–1914), botanical artist, lived in Lyons between April 1853 when she moved to the family's newly acquired mill at the 13th lock, where she was the housekeeper for her elder brother Joseph, until 1860.
Lyons today
Restoration
The fabric of the buildings in the lockyard beside the 13th Lock date to the 1820s and represent an important industrial heritage site. In the period after the burning of the mill and especially after the 1950s the buildings were allowed to fall into disrepair. Thanks to the interest of the owner of Lyons House Ryanair founder Tony Ryan (1936–2007), Lyons lockyard village was redeveloped and restored between 1999 and 2008.
The first phase, set around formal gardens and an artificial lake, was reopened in August 2006. The mill building was converted into a restaurant from 2006 until 2008. A second restaurant, La Serre, continued to serve meals. The mill building, called Shackleton House, is used as a venue for parties and corporate events.
Modern Village
Lyons village located at . was restored 1999–2007 from a deserted and depopulated state by the aviation pioneer Tony Ryan (1946–2007), and contains his mausoleum. The village consists of apartments based in the former canalside industrial heritage buildings dating to the 1820s, a small chapel, and Café la Serre. Between 2006 and 2008, another restaurant, The Mill, was run at the site by Irish celebrity chef Richard Corrigan. Other artisans dwellings were to be restored in the third phase of the scheme, 2007–2011. The development is beside the 13th lock on the Grand Canal and approached from a separate entrance to the entrance of Lyons House beside Kearneystown Bridge on the road from Newcastle to Ardclough.
Bibliography
W J Fitzpatrick: Life, Times and Contemporaries of Lord Cloncurry (1855). (Online version available)
Valentine Lawless, Personal recollections of the life and times, with extracts from the correspondence of Valentine Lord Cloncurry, Dublin: J. McGlashan; London: W.S. Orr, 1849. (Online version available)
Lyons House: A Guide (2001).
Annals of Ardclough by Eoghan Corry and Jim Tancred (2004).
Ardclough Churches 1985 Souvenir Brochure.
References
External links
Feature In Irish Times Property section, 2 October 2008
Lyons house to be put on sale, Irish Times, 18 June 2009
Brigid Maguire: Lyons House was haunt of poets and patriots
Townlands of County Kildare
Articles on towns and villages in Ireland possibly missing Irish place names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons%20Hill |
Saint Sigfrid of Sweden
(, , , ) was a missionary-bishop in Scandinavia during the first half of the 11th century. Originally from England, Saint Sigfrid is credited in late medieval king-lists and hagiography with performing the baptism of the first steadfastly Christian monarch of Sweden, Olof Skötkonung. He most likely arrived in Sweden soon after the year 1000 and conducted extensive missions in Götaland and Svealand. For some years after 1014, following his return to England, Sigfrid was based in Trondheim, Norway. However, his position there became untenable after the defeat of Olaf Haraldsson.
While in Norway, Sigfrid continued to participate in the Christianization of Sweden, to which he devoted the remainder of his life. According to Swedish and Icelandic tradition, he retired to Värend. Sigfrid later died in Växjö on an unknown date within the life-time of Adam of Bremen. Sigfrid's burial-place in Växjö became the centre of a cult. According to a statement by Johannes Vastovius, an antiquarian writing in the 17th century, Sigfrid was canonized by Pope Hadrian IV c. 1158. His feast day is 15 February.
Sigfrid is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on 15 February.
Historical background
In the ninth century, Anskar, 'Apostle of the North', had already made a missionary journey to Sweden and found Christians among those in captivity there. Subsequently, archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen, as Anskar's successors, and on the basis of papal documents which are now considered of varying degrees of authenticity, regarded themselves as likewise charged with the evangelization of the Far North. Attempts to bring Christianity to Sweden continued sporadically through the ninth and tenth centuries with a considerable measure of success, as is attested particularly by the archaeology of Västergötland.
At the time, the Swedish Kingdom comprised Svealand in the north and Götaland in the south, in addition to provinces bordering Norway, and various offshore islands including Gotland. For a short period after the Battle of Svolder (1000), the King of Sweden controlled a considerable part of Norway and throughout the period of Sigfrid's missions, control of Skåne was disputed between Sweden and Denmark. However, the Swedish Kingdom, as a whole, long remained a conservative bastion of traditional Nordic polytheism, defending itself against Christian missions by a law forbidding forcible conversion. The destruction of its principal cult-centre of Thor, Wodan, and Fricco in Uppsala was not carried out until late in the eleventh century, and the thorough Christianization of the kingdom had to wait until the twelfth century.
Sigfrid's career, therefore, belonged to a period when neither of these goals had yet been achieved, but his success, fame, and influence on younger missionaries nevertheless sufficed to earn him recognition as the primary 'Apostle of Sweden'. That he also worked in Norway, something not at all evident from his hagiography, is stated as a fact by Adam of Bremen, while an anonymous Historia Norvegie additionally reports that Sigfrid was transported from England to Norway, along with other bishops, by the future King and Saint, Olaf Haraldsson. This probably happened in the autumn of 1014. He visited Bremen on at least two occasions; one dates back to perhaps c. 1015, and the other, more certainly, to c. 1030. On the former occasion he entrusted a protégé called Osmund to the schools of Bremen for his education; on the latter, he brought good news to the Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen about the success of his most recent missions in Sweden. Two Swedish dioceses, Växjö and Skara, claim St Sigfrid as their founding bishop.
The problematic character of the evidence for Saint Sigfrid's career
Statements about the life of Saint Sigfrid that can be regarded as unimpeachable are hard to discover, either in medieval primary sources or in modern reference books; scholars agree in declaring that very little can safely be said about him. The main difficulty for historians is that none of this pioneering missionary's correspondence has survived and, to our knowledge, none of his colleagues in the Scandinavian mission-field wrote a memoir relating his achievements. While it is well-nigh inconceivable that any important pre-Reformation mission-leader originating from England would have set about his work without papal accreditation, in the case of St. Sigfrid, there are no known records of his dealings with Rome, or with the kings, or archbishops of England. The destruction by fire in 1069 of York Minster's archives has left it impossible to reconstruct in any detail the history of the Scandinavian missions dispatched from England before that date.
Hagiographical narratives of Sigfrid's work in Sweden
The sources which attest to the activity of Saint Sigfrid—late-medieval Vitae, king-lists of Sweden, and bishop-lists of Swedish dioceses— are generally dismissed today by academic historians both in Sweden and the English-speaking world as of dubious reliability. The two main Latin Vitae open with an episode in which envoys are sent by a king of the Svear (or Götar) called Olavus to a King of England named 'Mildred', entreating him to send Christian missionaries to his country—a request to which Sigfrid, 'Archbishop of York', responds positively. Rather less challenging to modern sceptical attitudes are traditions that, soon after his first arrival in Sweden, Saint Sigfrid was granted land for the church by the newly baptized King Olavus at Husaby (in Västergötland, not far from Skara), and also two more estates, called Hoff and Tiurby, in the vicinity of the future city of Växjö, this time in judicial compensation for the murder of three of his nephews, who had been assisting him in his mission. These are named in the Vitae as Unaman (a priest), Sunaman (a deacon) and Vinaman (a subdeacon). It is reported that their severed heads, deliberately plunged into a lake by the murderers, were miraculously discovered, minus their bodies, by their uncle. Already, before the triple murder, Sigfrid had been instructed by an angel, in a dream, to build a church at the place called Östrabo, later to known as Växjö.
Whereas Sigfrid's earliest days in Sweden are reported by the late-medieval hagiographers in some detail, with extreme specificity as regards names and locations, most of his subsequent long missionary career in the Swedish Kingdom is sketched in the extant Vitae with infuriating vagueness, and with no mention of any journeys and sojourns that he may have made anywhere outside that country after his initial journey there from England via Denmark. Vita I concludes with a report that, much later in his life, he elected to travel to Värend, 'the southernmost district in Götaland', for his retirement, where, as a very old man, he died at Växjö. This tradition is also touched upon in the late-medieval bishop-lists of Skara, and in an Icelandic tale, also late-medieval, about a composite saga-character called Bishop 'Sigurð'. 'Sigurð' appears to be an amalgam between Sigewéard, also known as Johannes, the first of three bishops from England reported by Adam of Bremen to have been based in Trondheim, and the third such bishop, identifiable as our Saint Sigfrid. The Icelandic text adds details about Bishop 'Sigurd's demise in Värend, which might suggest access by its author to richer authentic information about Saint Sigfrid than we possess, but unfortunately, not only is 'Värend' mistaken here for the name of a town, but other narratives by the same author about Bishop 'Sigurd' - his expedition to Jerusalem, and his courageous confrontation with the pagans of Sigtuna - are too novelistic in approach to inspire the trust of cautious scholars.
Vita II asserts that Sigfrid established separate bishoprics for the western and eastern parts of Götaland and also, further north, in Svealand, for Uppsala and Strängnäs. While there is no inherent improbability in the supposition that Saint Sigfrid 'from England' (supposing he been given papal authorization and the standing of a missionary archbishop) might have followed the example of Saints Augustine, Willibrord and Boniface in ordaining bishops for rural regions and population centres within his northern European mission-field, these reports of bishopric-foundation are not usually taken seriously. This is not only because the hagiographical context in which they are presented is easy to dismiss as a tissue of lying tales: the reports themselves appear to conflict with the account of Swedish church-history supplied by Adam of Bremen, a much earlier and seemingly more reliable authority. However, these considerations do not necessarily amount to conclusive disproof.
Disambiguation
For chronological reasons, Saint Sigfrid of Sweden cannot possibly be identifiable with Sigefrid, a monk of Glastonbury whose work as a missionary-bishop to Norway belonged to the days of England's King Edgar (regnal dates 959-975). Despite much confusion generated by Icelandic sources, this Saint Sigfrid also needs to be firmly distinguished from Sigewéard (also known as Johannes), the leading bishop in Olaf Tryggvason's Norway at the end of the tenth century, who seems very probably identifiable with a missionary bishop called 'Siwardus' who retired to the monastery of Ramsey in the abbacy of Eadnoth (993 - c.1008).
On the other hand, it seems safe to identify the Sigfrid of Swedish hagiography and bishop-list traditions with Adam of Bremen's 'Sigafridus', missionary to Sweden as well as Norway. However, it is also possible to identify the apostle to Sweden and 'bishop of the Norwegians', with Sigeferð, bishop of Lindsey, a signatory of certain charters of Æthelred II around the time of the millennium.
In his hagiography, Saint Sigfrid of Sweden is problematically described as having held the office of Archbishop of York. It is possible basis that Sigeferð of Lindsey could have been elected to that office in the late Spring of 1002, following the death of Archbishop Ealdwulf, but because of a call to evangelize Sweden, resigned before enthronement, whereupon Wulfstan, Bishop of London, took his place at York. One seeks in vain for an Archbishop of York signing English royal charters in the summer of 1002. But the possibility that one had been appointed, only to disappear abroad, is certainly not capable of proof. Alternative hypotheses regarding the alleged archiepiscopal rank of Saint Sigfrid can reasonably be mooted, as they have been in the past.
Adam of Bremen's perspective on the missions to Sweden
Adam of Bremen, master of the schools of Bremen in the third and fourth quarter of the 11th century, wrote about missionary activity in Scandinavia in the context of a history of the archbishopric of Hamburg-Bremen, the Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum. Unsurprisingly, he foregrounds the missions dispatched by the archbishops of that province, who regarded themselves as the rightful heirs of St. Anskar, claiming to have been given sole responsibility for the evangelization of the Far North in papal documents of varying degrees of authenticity. According to Adam's account, the only diocese founded in the Swedish Kingdom in the first half of the 11th century was that of Skara, in Götaland, endowed by Olof Skötkonung in his later years, with Thurgot, a nominee of Archbishop Unwan of Hamburg-Bremen, as its first bishop. Not until the 1060s was there to be another attempt by an archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen to found a bishopric in Sweden, this time at Sigtuna in Svealand, and the attempt failed. The reason for this failure was, according to Adam, pagan opposition, and we need not doubt that this was one factor. But another reason could have been the favour with which 'English' missionaries, as distinct from those dispatched from Bremen, had come to be regarded by those in the population of Svealand who had by that date embraced Christianity. The evidence of runic memorial stones datable to the relevant period suggests that such people were already quite numerous.
The date (not supplied by Adam) at which the Diocese of Skara was founded seems to have been c. 1020, if we may judge from traditions about near-contemporary events as recounted in the Saint Olaf Saga of Snorri Sturluson. Bishop Thurgot, after working for an unspecified length of time among the Götar, was, for some unexplained reason, recalled to Bremen, where he took sick and died in c. 1030. The man appointed to succeed him, Gottskalk, Abbot of Ramelsloh, declined ever to leave his north-German monastery for Sweden, and the result was a virtual vacancy-in-see at Skara. This seems to have lasted more than a quarter-century, coming to an end only with Gottskalk's death in c. 1055 and the eventual accession to the see of Bishop Adalward I in c. 1058. As bishop-elect, Adalward, formerly Dean of Bremen, first had to oust Osmund, court-bishop to Emund, king of Sweden, who was discovered behaving as if he were that country's archbishop. At first, furthermore, Osmund was successful in asserting that he had a better claim to ecclesiastical primacy in Sweden than Adalward, who had only Hamburg-Bremen's authorization for his mission, not that of Rome.
Bishop Osmund is known, from Adam's account, to have been educated at the schools of Bremen under the sponsorship of Sigafridus, bishop of the Norwegians, presumably, the same third bishop in Trondheim who was known also for his missions to Sweden. It is reasonable to surmise from this incident that this Bishop Sigfrid, though from England, was disposed to cultivate a good diplomatic relationship with the Hamburg-Bremen archbishopric. Another testimony of his courtesy in relation to the authorities in Bremen is the fact that he was on a visit there, reporting on his successes in Sweden, at the time of Thurgot's death and funeral. But plainly he was not an appointee of an archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen. Nor was his protégé and apparent successor, Osmund, who, by claiming papal authorization for his assuming of an archiepiscopal role in Sweden in the mid-1050s, incurred charges of insubordination and ingratitude towards the archdiocese which had provided him with his education.
Adam, the historian of that archdiocese, was broad-minded enough to acknowledge on many occasions the important part played by missionaries dispatched from places other than Bremen in the evangelization of the Far North. He vouches specifically for the fame of Sigfrid. But his information about the processes whereby Norway and Sweden were evangelized was impressionistic, patchy, and sometimes out of date, having been obtained at second-hand from well-travelled visitors to Bremen, rather than from personal travel and fact-finding.
His most distinguished informant was Svein Estrithsen, King of Denmark, who had spent his soldiering days in the service of Anund Jakob, son and heir of Olof Skötkonung. Svein Estrithsen had great respect for the missionaries working among the 'barbarians' in the remoter parts of the area which the Hamburg-Bremen archbishopric considered its province, pointing out once to Archbishop Adalbert that they had a distinct advantage over clergy from Bremen, in coming from a cultural background which gave them an affinity and a shared language with their prospective converts. Anglo-Scandinavians would have been among the people he had in mind, along with Christians actually of Danish, Norwegian or Swedish nationality. The general impression Adam had gained, most likely from Svein Estrithsen, was that 'among the Norwegians and Swedes, because the planting of Christianity is something new, no dioceses with fixed boundaries have so far been designated, but all of the bishops chosen by a king or the populace combine to build a church and, traveling around a region, draw as many people as they can to Christianity and govern them without rancour as long as they live'. Adam thus stresses the mobility and adaptability of the missionaries, whose leader Saint Sigfrid seems to have been, and the collaborative nature of their enterprises. He mentions no particular names of places in Sweden where bishops were installed in churches by common consent. But that is not to say that Sigfrid might not have initiated the building of churches at Uppsala and Strängnäs, which were from the beginning envisaged as at least potential cathedrals of those cities and the countryside surrounding them—or that he may not have, from the outset, envisaged the newly acquired Church properties at Husaby and in the district of Värend as headquarters for two distinct missions aimed at the two main sectors into which Götaland was divided. The question of whether the reports of bishopric-foundation in Vita Sigfridi II had a factual basis is ripe for re-examination.
The sequence of events in Saint Sigfrid's missionary career: an attempt at reconstruction
Medieval primary sources are unanimous in stating that Saint Sigfrid came from England (Latin: Anglia), "Anglia" being a geographical term which, for Adam of Bremen, meant the whole of the large island known to the Romans as Britannia, distinct from Ireland (Hibernia) 'to the left of it'. No information is given in any extant pre-modern text as to Sigfrid's exact place of birth within England, or about any attachment he may have had to a monastic community, English or continental.
The hagiographical traditions about Saint Sigfrid's first arrival in the Swedish Kingdom presuppose a political background in which a king called Olavus, desirous of his country's adoption of Catholic Christianity, was ruling in a kingdom which included both Svealand and Götaland. At the same time, England and Denmark were being ruled by two separate kings, not by one, as was the case during the ascendency of Cnut, who ultimately gained control of Norway as well as England and Denmark. The scenario evoked in the problematic opening episodes of Saint Sigfrid's Lives is thus suggestive of the situation, immediately after the Battle of Svolder in the year 1000, when Æthelred II was king of England, while the Danish king, Svein Forkbeard, and his Swedish counterpart, Olof Eriksson Skötkonung, had recently made a pact agreeing to promote Christianity in their respective realms and spread it abroad. A date early in the first decade of the new millennium may, therefore, be hypothetically suggested for St Sigfrid's first arrival in Sweden and the beginning of his missionary activities there.
Material evidence of Anglo-Saxon Christian influence on Olof Skötkonung from the beginning of his reign in c. 995 may be found in his coinage. The spread of the fashion for (mainly Christian) rune-stones northward from Denmark provides evidence of intensive missionary activity, particularly in Götaland in the first quarter of the eleventh century. This is a period to which the earliest of the liturgical manuscript fragments of English origin found in Sweden may also belong, though there is much dispute about the dating of particular examples.
Sigfrid's main sojourn in Norway evidently belonged to the years of the ascendancy of Olaf Haraldsson, who seized the throne there in 1015. According to an anonymous Historia Norvegie, Sigfrid was the name of one of the four bishops transported across the North Sea from England to Norway by this nautical war-lord, probably in the autumn of 1014, following an episode when he had helped restore Æthelred II to the throne of England. It is hence likely that, in Snorri Sturluson's saga-narratives, the activities credited to the bishop 'Sigurd' in the reign of Olaf Haraldsson (Saint Olaf), reflect actual events in the Norwegian ministry of Saint Sigfrid, whereas those attributed to an identically named bishop in the saga of Olaf Tryggvason reflect the achievements of an earlier English bishop, Sigewéard, otherwise known as Johannes.
Sigfrid was a 'bishop of the Norwegians' at the time when he entrusted the future bishop Osmund to the schools of Bremen. A birth-date for Osmund of c. 1000 is suggested by the fact that he seemed 'old' to the monks of Ely, when he spent his retirement in their company for a period between the years 1057 and 1072. Perhaps Sigfrid had brought the young Osmund over the North Sea from England with him late in 1014 and took him to Bremen in the following year. But other sequences of events, and hence different chronologies are possible to envisage.
Royal displeasure on the part of Olof Skötkonung is the most likely explanation for Sigfrid's departure from the Swedish Kingdom back to England and then to Norway. Certainly, in c. 1020, when that king, on retirement to Götaland, decided upon the foundation of a new bishopric based at Skara, it was to Bremen that he looked for a bishop, rather than to England. But the death of Olof Skötkonung, soon enough followed by the recall of Thurgot, Bishop of Skara, to Bremen, altered the church-political situation in Sweden in ways which could have encouraged Sigfrid, as early as the mid-1020s, to base himself once more exclusively in his old mission field.
The last appearance in Norway of Bishop 'Sigurð' in Snorri's Óláfs saga Helga, chapter 120, is implicitly dated to the tenth year of the reign of Olaf Haraldsson of Norway (1025); the death of Olof, King of Sweden, is reported, in chapter 114, as having happened earlier than this. We need not assume that Sigfrid's appointment as the third bishop to be based in Trondheim tied him exclusively to Norway: it is credible that all along he was at liberty to make visits to his colleagues working on the other side of the Norwegian-Swedish border—given that Olaf Haraldsson is said to have encouraged the bishops whom he ferried across the North Sea to travel on to 'Svealand, Götaland, and all the islands beyond Norway.' Adam of Bremen specifically states that Bishop Sigfrid preached to both the Swedes and the Norwegians 'side by side' (Latin 'iuxta'). The journey from one mission-field to the other, though arduous if undertaken overland, would have been tolerably easy by ship. So, possibly, Sigfrid was still based in Norway at the time of Olaf Haraldsson's defeat by Cnut of Denmark and Anund Jakob of Sweden at the battle of the Holy River (1027). But after that, Cnut's takeover of power in Norway was followed by a radical change in church leadership which would have made Sigfrid's previous position in Trondheim untenable. By c. 1030, he could look back on great successes specifically in his Swedish mission-field, which he was able to report to Archbishop Libentius when—in company with two fellow-bishops, Odinkar the Younger from Denmark and Rodolf from Norway—he made a courteous visit to Bremen at the time of Bishop Thurgot's funeral.
Sigfrid's movements after that visit are unrecorded, apart from his eventual move to Värend. Of the period prior to his retirement, Vita I merely tells us that: 'He traversed all parts of Sweden, preaching, baptizing and converting the people to the faith of Christ, and he also urged those who he had imbued with the faith by holy admonitions that they should persevere, for they would receive eternal rewards from God. In particular, he constructed churches, ordained clerics and gave them orders to gain people for the Lord by preaching and baptizing.'
By 1030, Sigfrid may well already have reached an age appropriate for retirement from a life of such demanding activity. However, the refusal of Bishop-elect Gottskalk to take up residence in Götaland brought about a prolonged crisis of leadership in the newly founded diocese of Skara, and there is some evidence that Sigfrid, presumably basing himself at Husaby, was the first to step into the breach.
In the late-medieval bishop-lists of Skara, 'Saint' Sigfrid 'from England', is commemorated as the first bishop of the diocese - with no mention of Thurgot, let alone Gottskalk. Sigfrid is also credited with having demarcated churchyards for three adjacent tiny villages in Västergötland: Friggeråker, (Östra) Gerum and Agnestad. This incident is unlikely to have happened before Christianization in the vicinity of Skara had reached an advanced stage, probably in the 1020s or early 1030s. By that time, rune-specialists believe that in Västergötland, though not yet further north in the Swedish Kingdom, the older custom of erecting wayside runic memorials to the dead had largely been abandoned in favour of churchyard burials. This episode about the three village churchyards sounds like a piece of short-term deputization for an absent bishop. Following this incident, so tradition says, Sigfrid went on his way to Värend. Maybe it was remembered at Skara because it was his last action in Västergötland.
It is implied, later in the bishop-list, that Sigfrid never actually 'sat' as bishop at Skara. Not until a somewhat later stage in the 'vacancy in see' crisis did Bishop Osmund, presumably Sigfrid's protégé, venture to do this, after being granted a residence on former common-land adjacent to that of the Dean, presumably with the consent of the local populace and the Cathedral Chapter. From an anglophile point of view expressed in Vita Sigfridi II, this move constituted transference of the Bishop's see, after a long elapse of time, from Husaby to Skara.
To the information conveyed by Sigefrid's Vita I, that he died and was buried in Växjö, the late-medieval author of Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar en mesta adds an anecdote about Bishop 'Sigurd', set in 'a town called Värend'. This story alleges that the bishop had become slightly forgetful about the niceties of Church discipline before his death in extreme old age. But, while it is doubtless the case that fuller accounts of the life of St Sigfrid were in circulation in the pre-Reformation era than now, a warning has already been given against trusting the reportage of this particular Icelandic author.
No primary source gives any precise date for Sigfrid's demise. The only reasonably safe chronological finding deducible from extant evidence is that Sigfrid lived on at or near Växjö in retirement for a considerable number of years after his attendance, in c.1030, at the funeral in Bremen of Bishop Thurgot.
Successors
With regard to Trondheim, Adam of Bremen names Tholf and Siwardus, both Hamburg-Bremen appointees, as the successors to the earliest three bishops, all of whom had come 'from England'. 'Tholf' may have been Throlf (Thorulf), a bishop who, according to Adam, was put in charge of the Orkney Islands (a day's sea-journey from Trondheim), while 'Siwardus' seems identifiable with the Danish Bishop 'Sigurð', who, according to Snorri, was appointed by Cnut as court-bishop to the jarl who became his first regent in Norway, but became so unpopular for his disparagement of Olaf Haraldsson that he left Norway, whereupon Grimkel, Sigfrid's predecessor in Trondheim, was recalled from a mission in the mountains to replace him.
That Sigfrid continued, even in his retirement, to be a director of Christian mission in Sweden, advising younger clergy in their choices of mission field, is the implication of hagiographical traditions linking him with Saint Eskil of Strängnäs and Saint David of Västerås. These two saints were prominent among the missionaries of English origin who carried on Sigfrid's work in Svealand in the period which followed the expulsion of Bishop Osmund (most probably in 1057) and the subsequent failure in c. 1060 of Archbishop Adalbert's attempt to set up a new diocesan see at Sigtuna. As for Götaland: several of the eleventh-century bishops in the succession-list of bishops of Skara are stated to have been from England, though others were definitely not.
Problematically, the bishop-lists of Skara state that Sigfrid's immediate successor in Västergötland was 'Archbishop Unni' or 'Saint Unno', specifying that he was an Englishman who was martyred by stoning. Critical scholars have to decide whether he should be presumed to be a genuine historical figure of some importance or a fictional doublet of a tenth-century Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen, who died in Sweden. Osmund is said to have succeeded him. In the Växjö bishop-list, Osmund is named as Sigfrid's immediate successor, but the list suffers from an evident lacuna, skipping as it does from the 'first' to the 'third' of Sigfrid's successors. It could be that, here too, the name of 'Unni'/'Unno' once appeared before that of Osmund, but was deleted by someone who thought him fictional.
The issue of the conflict of ecclesiastical interests between Hamburg-Bremen and England with regard to Sweden, which the success of Saint Sigfrid's had precipitated, was not finally settled until the twelfth century, when new archbishoprics were established within Scandinavia itself, successively at Lund (1104), Trondheim (1152) and Uppsala (1162). As Papal Legate to Scandinavia in 1150, Nicholas Breakspear, the future Pope Hadrian IV, was prominent in furthering the latter part of the process that led to the eventual settlement.
References
Bibliography
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Abrams, Lesley (1995), 'The Anglo-Saxons and the Christianization of Scandinavia', Anglo-Saxon England 24, pp.213–49.
Adam of Bremen, Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesie Pontificum: Latin text in Schmeidler (1917); Latin text and German translation in Trillmich 1961; English translation in Tschan 2002.
Beauchet, Ludovic (1894), Loi de Vestrogothie (Westgöta-lagen) traduite et annotée et precedée d'une étude sur les sources du droit Suédois (Paris).
Berend, Nora, ed. (2007), Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus' (Cambridge).
Bishop-lists of Skara = Chronicon Vetus Episcoporum Scarensium and Chronicum Rhythmicum Episcoporum Scarensium auctore Brynolpho . . . Episcopo Scarensi in Scriptores Rerum Suecicarum Medii Aevi, vol. III, part ii, pp. 112–120; for English translations of the earliest entries in these lists by Bishop Lars-Göran Lonnermark, see Fairweather 2014, pp. 210–11; 283; 286; 301.
Bishop-list of Växjö: Chronicon Vetus Episcoporum Wexionensium in Scriptores Rerum Suecicarum Medii Aevi, vol. III, part ii, pp. 129–32.
Brunius, Jan (2005) ed. Medieval Book Fragments in Sweden: an international seminar in Stockholm, 13–16 November 2003 (Stockholm)
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Dunn-Macray, W (1886) ed. Chronicon Rameseiensis, a saec. X usque ad an. circiter 1200, (Rolls Series LXXXIII, London)
Ekrem, Inger, Mortensen Lars-Boje & Fisher, Peter ed. & trans. (2003), Historia Norvegie (Copenhagen)
Fairweather, Janet (2014), Bishop Osmund, A Missionary to Sweden in the Late Viking Age (Skara Stiftshistoriska Sällskaps Skriftserie, volume 71, Skara).
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Gneuss, Helmut (2001), Handlist of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts: a list of manuscripts and manuscript fragments written or owned in England up to 1100
Goscelini Miracula Sancti Ivonis in Dunn Macray 1886 (Appendix II to Preface)
Hagiography of St Sigfrid = Historia Sancti Sigfridi Episcopi et Confessoris Latine et Suethice (= Vita I) and Vita Sancti Sigfridi Episcopi et Confessoris ( = Vita II) in Scriptores Rerum Suecicarum Medii Aevi, vol II, part 1, pp. 344–370 + the texts printed in Schmid 1942.
Halldorsson, Ólafur ed. (1958-2000) Oláfs saga Tryggvasonar en mesta, ed. (3 vols. København)
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Hervarar saga: see Tolkien
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External links
Sigfrid at Patron Saints Index
Orthodox church article
https://www.pase.ac.uk
10th-century births
11th-century deaths
Anglo-Saxon saints
Medieval Swedish saints
People from Växjö
Viking Age clergy
11th-century Christian saints
11th-century Swedish people
British emigrants to Sweden
Anglican saints
Swedish Roman Catholic saints | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigfrid%20of%20Sweden |
The white-browed scrubwren (Sericornis frontalis) is a passerine bird found on the New England Tablelands and coastal areas of Australia. Placed in the family Pardalotidae in the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, this has met with opposition and indeed is now known to be wrong; they rather belong to the independent family Acanthizidae.
It is insectivorous and inhabits undergrowth, from which it rarely ventures, though can be found close to urban areas. It is long and predominantly brown in colour with prominent white brows and pale eyes, though the three individual subspecies vary widely. Found in small groups, it is sedentary and engages in cooperative breeding. The larger Tasmanian scrubwren was formerly considered a subspecies of this species.
Taxonomy
The white-browed scrubwren was originally described by naturalists Nicholas Aylward Vigors and Thomas Horsfield in 1827. The specific epithet frontalis derived from the Latin frons "eyebrow". It is now divided into two subspecies:
S. f. frontalis, known as the white-browed scrubwren, is found in coastal eastern Australia from the New South Wales-Queensland border round to Adelaide in South Australia.
S. f. laevigaster, known as the buff-breasted scrubwren, is found in coastal Queensland from the New South Wales border north to the Atherton Tableland.
S. humilis, the Tasmanian scrubwren, is found in Tasmania and Bass Strait islands and was formerly considered a subspecies of the white-browed scrubwren. It is larger at 13.5 cm long and lays larger eggs.
S. maculatus, known as the spotted scrubwren, occurs in coastal southern Australia, from Kangaroo Island and Adelaide westwards to Shark Bay in Western Australia. It is known to intergrade with the nominate subspecies where their ranges overlap. Genetic analysis in a 2018 study of the family found that this taxon was more divergent from S. f. frontalis than the Tasmanian or Atherton scrubwrens and hence proposed its reclassification as a species. It was reclassified as a species in 2019.
Description
Mainland birds measure in length and olive brown upperparts (greyish brown in the spotted subspecies and dark brown in Tasmania), with prominent pale irises and a white brow. The throat is white with faint streaks in the subspecies frontalis and laevigaster and heavily spotted in maculatus. Ear coverts are grey in frontalis and black in laevigaster, and brownish in the other two subspecies. The underparts are pale, though buff in laevigaster. The thin bill is black. The females are duller overall and generally have pale gray lores, whereas males have blackish lores. This allows most individuals to be reliably sexed in the field. The call is a loud high-pitched ts-cheer or ch-weip, ch-weip, ch-weip.
Distribution and habitat
The species favours forested or scrubby areas with plentiful undergrowth, from which it rarely ventures. It is a common bird in bushland areas around Sydney, and the New England Tablelands. It is sedentary.
Behaviour
Scrubwrens are predominantly insectivorous. They can be hard to spot but are very vocal and easy to localise. They occur in small groups of up to six birds and engage in cooperative breeding; namely that group members all help to feed and rear the young.
Reproduction
Breeding season is June or July to November or December, with the nest a domelike structure of dried grasses and leaves, sticks, bark and ferns and feathers for lining. It is placed near or on the ground in dense cover. A clutch of two or three 20 x 15 mm eggs is laid; they vary from brownish-violet to brownish-white in colour with darker spots or blotches. The Tasmanian scrubwren lays larger eggs some 23 x 17 mm in dimensions.
References
External links
White-browed scrubwren factsheet Australian Museum online
Birds in Backyards - White-browed scrubwren - with call recording
white-browed scrubwren
Endemic birds of Australia
white-browed scrubwren | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-browed%20scrubwren |
Vyt Bakaitis (born 1940) is an American translator, editor, and poet born in Lithuania and living in New York City. His first collection of poetry City Country (1991) was followed by Deliberate Proof (2010). Thirst, the magazine he co-edited with Benjamin Sloan, lasted only a few issues, but his translations of Lithuanian poetry are significant; particularly the 20th-century anthology Breathing Free (2001), which he also edited. Three additional volumes he translated from the Lithuanian are by contemporary poets Jonas Mekas and Julius Keleras.
In 2022, he published Refuge and Occasion (SPD Press). He was married to the late artist Sharon Gilbert.
Poetry
Bakaitis, Vyt, City Country. New York City : Black Thistle Press, 1991. 146 p.
Bakaitis, Vyt, Deliberate Proof. Brooklyn, NY : Lunar Chandelier Press, 2010. 135 p.
Translations
Gyvas atodūsis : lietuvių poezijos vertimai / sudarė ir į anglų kalbą vertė Vyt Bakaitis = Breathing free : poems from the Lithuanian / selected and translated by Vyt Bakaitis. Vilnius : Lietuvos Rašytojų sąjungos leidykla, 2001. 524 p.
Keleras, Julius, Eilėraščiai XL English & Lithuanian. XL Poems; translated from Lithuanian by Vyt Bakaitis ; foreword by Rimvydas Šilbajoris. Vilnius : Lithuanian Writers' Association Press, 1998. 128 p.
Mekas, Jonas, Semeniškių idilės. English & Lithuanian. There is no Ithaca : Idylls of Semeniskiai & Reminiscences ; translated from Lithuanian by Vyt Bakaitis ; foreword by Czeslaw Milosz. New York City : Black Thistle Press, 1996. 181 p.
Mekas, Jonas, Daybooks 1979-1972; translated from Lithuanian by Vyt Bakaitis ; with illustrations. Brooklyn, NY : Portable Press at Yo-Yo Labs, 2003. Unpaginated
Notes
External links
Poems by Vyt Bakaitis
Druskininkai Poetic Fall 2001
Boston Review, December 1997/ January 1998 – Review by Mary Maxwell of There Is No Ithaca: Idylls of Semeniskiai and Reminiscences by Jonas Mekas, Translated by Vyt Bakaitis
The Drunken Boat, Poetry from Lithuania – Winter 2002, selected by J.C. Todd – includes translations by Bakaitis
Olson, Ray. "There Is No Ithaca: Idylls of Semeniskiai and Reminiscences." Booklist 93.n4 (Oct 15, 1996): 400(1). Expanded Academic ASAP. Thomson Gale. TORONTO PUBLIC LIBRARIES (CELPLO). 13 Dec. 2006 Review of book translated by Bakaitis
Living people
1940 births
Poets from New York (state)
Lithuanian translators
Lithuanian emigrants to the United States
Lithuanian–English translators
20th-century American poets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyt%20Bakaitis |
The Candover Brook is a chalk stream in the English county of Hampshire. It is a tributary of the River Itchen, which it joins near the town of New Alresford. The stream rises from springs just to the south of the village of Preston Candover.
It is one of the few rivers remaining in southern England that is home to the endangered native white-clawed crayfish.
Candover Brook is part of the Itchen Valley Countryside Heritage Area, recognising the distinctive features and biological richness of this area.
References
Candover Brook
1Candover | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candover%20Brook |
The Silvan Reservoir is located in Silvan about east of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It has a capacity of . The reservoir is operated by Melbourne Water.
Operations
Silvan is an off-stream storage reservoir, meaning that most of the water is sourced from other reservoirs as the actual catchment area of for Silvan is small. Water for Silvan is transferred from Upper Yarra, O'Shannassy and Thomson (via Upper Yarra) reservoirs.
In turn, Silvan directly supplies water to many of Melbourne's eastern suburbs as well as other off-stream storage reservoirs, including Cardinia and Greenvale.
History
A severe drought in 1914 forced the government to search for a new water supply to handle Melbourne's ever-increasing needs. Construction took place between 1926 and 1931. It was officially opened on 7 July 1931. The reservoir was long, wide, creating a reservoir that is deep.
In 1983, the wall started to show cracks and remedial works were undertaken. The picnic ground was added to the Silvan Reservoir Park at this time, which is now managed by Parks Victoria.
References
External links
Melbourne Water website - Silvan Reservoir
Reservoirs in Victoria (state)
Melbourne Water catchment
Rivers of Greater Melbourne (region)
1931 establishments in Australia
Buildings and structures in the Shire of Yarra Ranges
Dams completed in 1931 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvan%20Reservoir |
Gillian Rolton (3 May 1956 – 18 November 2017) was an Australian Olympic equestrian champion. She competed in two Olympic Games, the 1992 Barcelona Games and 1996 Atlanta Games, winning a gold medal in team eventing both times on her horse, Peppermint Grove. At the 1996 Atlanta Games, she broke her collarbone and ribs, but remounted and completed the course. She was only one of four Australians to win multiple equestrian Olympic gold medals.
Early life
Gillian Rolton was born in Adelaide, South Australia, on 3 May 1956, the daughter of a builder. She had an older brother, John. She was educated at Woodlands Girls Grammar School. She participated in swimming, qualifying for the South Australian sub-junior state team, but the school frowned on individual sports, and she had to give it up. She then took up equestrianism. She got her first horse at the age of ten, and soon began riding competitively, riding a pony at the Royal Adelaide Show in the children's class. She left Woodlands after being told to cut her fingernails in Year 10, and completed her schooling at Marion High School. She continued horse riding, and also enjoyed surfing. After completing Year 12, she entered Sturt College of Advanced Education, where she studied education, with the aim of becoming a teacher.
Rolton enjoyed coaching children in swimming and horse riding, and decided to become a riding instructor. As there was nowhere in Australia offering this qualification at the time, she had to pursue this overseas. Compensation for a motor vehicle accident in which she was thrown through the windscreen provided the money. Before departing, she bought her first event horse, Saville Row, for $200. She deferred her teaching course for a year, and in 1975 made her way via the United States, to Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, where she studied at Grant MacEwan Community College. Classes included equine anatomy, horse management, horse husbandry and stable management, and she learned show jumping, which she had never done before. The course was nominally a two-year one, but in view of her prior experience she was allowed to do it in just one. After three months, she passed the final exam, topping the class with a score of 98 per cent.
Equestrian
After returning to Australia, Rolton rode Saville Row at the 1978 Royal Adelaide Show, taking the prize for Champion Lady Rider. She began competing internationally in 1984, and participated in trials for the Australian team for the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, but Saville Row was injured, and she missed out. She married Greg Rolton, a fellow rider in September 1985. She competed at the 1986 FEI World Equestrian Games on a new horse, Benton's Way. The Australian team came third. A second attempt at Olympic selection in 1988 was also unsuccessful after Rolton dislocated her elbow before the final selection trial.
In 1987, Rolton bought a horse for $2,000 that she named Peppermint Grove after Peppermint Grove in Western Australia. She retired Benton's Way after winning the 1988 Australian Championships, and began competing on Peppermint Grove. In 1992, she was a last-minute inclusion in the Australian Olympic team, after beating all the male members of the team in the selection trials that were held at Savernake, Wiltshire, England. The Australian team went on to win gold at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. Rolton was the first Australian female to win an equestrian medal.
Rolton won the Australian championships again in 1995, and was selected for the team at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics. The Australians were on the brink of winning the gold medal when Peppermint Grove skidded during the endurance phase of the event. She remounted, unaware that she had broken her collarbone and ribs, but found herself unable to use her left arm. At the next jump, she fell in the water, but got back on her horse. She now had trouble breathing, as her lung was punctured. Nonetheless, she held on, riding Pepperment Grove over another 15 jumps for an excruciating . She was taken to hospital afterwards, but refused painkillers in case she had to ride again the next day. She did not have to, but her ride proved an inspiration to her team, which won gold. She told ABC Television's Australian Story: "You don't go to the Games to be a wuss, you don't go to the Games to be a wimp, you go to the Games because you've got to get through those finish flags no matter what."
Later life
Riding a new and inexperienced horse, Endeavour, Rolton failed to qualify for the 2000 Sydney Olympics, but was chosen as one of the eight flag-bearers of the Olympic flag at the opening ceremony. After the games, Rolton retired from competition, but remained involved with the sport. She opened her own riding school, and between 2001 and 2007 she initiated, co-ordinated and coached the Mitsubishi National Young Rider Squad, that helped talented young eventing riders to make the transition to senior level. She also helped establish the National Interschools Program. She was a national selector until 2007, when she stood down in order to become an International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI) judge. She served on the grand jury at the 2012 London Olympics, and was President of the Grand Jury at the 2014 FEI World Equestrian Games.
In 2015, Rolton was diagnosed with endometrial cancer. The doctors subsequently found metastatic cancer in her groin. Chemotherapy failed and she was informed that the disease was terminal. She was admitted to hospital in Adelaide in September 2017, and died in there on 18 November 2017. She was survived by her husband Greg. At the time of her death, she was Event Director of the Australian International Three Day Event held in Adelaide, a position that she had held for ten years. She had continued working on it from her hospital bed.
Recognition
Rolton was awarded the Order of Australia Medal in the 1993 Australia Day honours "for service to sport as a gold medallist in the equestrian three-day event at the Olympic Games". In 2000, she was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame. She was inducted into South Australian Sport Hall of Fame in 2010, and in 2016 was elevated to legend status alongside Sir Donald Bradman, Bart Cummings, Barrie Robran and Victor Richardson. She was inducted into the Equestrian Australia Hall of Fame for her service to the sport in 2016. In 2017, she was granted Adelaide's highest honour with the keys to the city. In January 2018, she was posthumously made a Member of the Order of Australia "For significant service to horse sports through roles with a range of national and international equestrian organisations".
Notes
References
External links
In Memoriam: FEI pays tribute to double Olympic gold medallist Gillian Rolton (AUS)
1956 births
2017 deaths
Australian female equestrians
Australian event riders
Olympic equestrians for Australia
Equestrians at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Equestrians at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Australia
Olympic medalists in equestrian
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
Sportswomen from South Australia
Sportspeople from Adelaide
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Deaths from endometrial cancer
Deaths from cancer in South Australia
Members of the Order of Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian%20Rolton |
Dana Schutz (born 1976 in Livonia, Michigan) is an American artist who lives and works in Brooklyn, New York. Schutz is known for her gestural, figurative paintings that often take on specific subjects or narrative situations as a point of departure.
Early life and education
Schutz was born and grew up in Livonia, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. Her mother was an art teacher in a junior high school and an amateur painter, her father a high school counselor. An only child, Schutz graduated in 1995 from Adlai E. Stevenson High School. In 1999, while pursuing her BFA at the Cleveland Institute of Art, Schutz then went abroad to attend the Norwich School of Art and Design in Norwich, England. That same year, she participated in Maine's Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture residency program, and in 2000 completed her BFA upon her return to Cleveland. In 2002, Schutz received her MFA from Columbia University in New York City.
Work
Schutz first came to attention in 2002 with her debut exhibition Frank from Observation (2002) at LFL gallery (which then became Zach Feuer Gallery). This show was based on the conceit of Schutz as the last painter, representing the last subject "Frank". Since then her fictive subjects have ranged from people who can eat themselves, a gravity fanatic, imaginary births and deaths, public/private performers, awkward situations, and mundane objects. On the occasion Schutz's museum retrospective at the Neuberger Museum, New York Times critic Karen Rosenberg wrote: "Ms. Schutz has become a reliable conjurer of wickedly grotesque creatures and absurd situations, willed into existence by her vigorous and wildly colorful brush strokes." She concludes, "Again and again Ms. Schutz has challenged herself to come up with a subject that's too awkward, gross, impractical or invisible to paint. But she has yet to find one that stumps her." In Shoe, 2002, Dana Schutz portrays a single grey shoe above a sticky blue material that resembles gum, seemingly stuck on a bold orange traffic line.
When asked where she comes up with her subject matter, Schutz told Mei Chin of Bomb magazine: "The paintings are not autobiographical [...] I respond to what I think is happening in the world. The hypotheticals in the paintings can act as surrogates or narratives for phenomena that I feel are happening in culture. In the paintings, I think in terms of adjectives and adverbs. Often I will get information from people or things that I see, a phrase, or how one object relates to another. I construct the paintings as I go along."
Jörg Heiser, who has compared Schutz to Austrian painter Maria Lassnig, describes the work in his 2008 book All of a Sudden: "Her canvases are 'too big,' the way showy gold chains are too big, but also skeptical and at times bad-tempered, the way intelligent teenagers are in their loathing of the bland aestheticism and brash sexuality of pop-modernity". With regard to color, Heiser adds: "Schutz's pictures favor a carefully chosen palette of vomit and mold and rot, between pink and purple, turquoise and olive, ocher and crap."
In an essay for Schutz's catalog, Dana Schutz: Paintings 2002–2005, New York-based curator Katy Siegel addressed Schutz's work as paintings that "speak so vividly of their making," claiming that the paintings are an "allegory for the process of making art." Siegel goes on to write "by rendering the process of creation as one of drawing on oneself, recycling oneself and making oneself, Schutz creates a model of creation that blurs beginnings and endings, avoiding the dramatic genesis of the modernist blank canvas, as well as the nihilistic cul-de-sac of the appropriated media image."
In 2012 Schutz presented her exhibition Piano in the Rain at Petzel Gallery in New York. In her review of the show, New York Times critic Roberta Smith praised it, writing: "More than ever, Ms. Schutz seems to want every stroke and smudge of paint to register separately so that you can see through to the bare canvas and reconstruct her every move as she fearlessly tackles life's flux."
Schutz has shown sculptures in 2019 at Petzel Gallery in New York that were first made in clay and then cast in bronze. Schutz's work was included in the 2022 exhibition Women Painting Women at the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth.
Frank From Observation
Held at Zach Feuer Gallery from November 23, 2002, to January 13, 2003, Schutz's exhibition Frank from Observation focuses on Frank: a middle-aged, pink male. In this exhibition, Frank acts as Schutz's imagination, imparting Schutz's idea of what the last man on Earth might look like, if she were the last observer. Schutz describes Frank as: "a character that I invented. He was the last man on earth and I was the last audience and his last witness. He would pose for me and I would make other people and events out of him."
One interpretation of Schutz's exhibit is the chance to start anew; no laws, no society, and no one else to hold oneself accountable.
In an interview with Mei Chin from Bomb Magazine, Schutz said her inspiration for this collection came from the question, "What would this person look like if there was only one other person on earth to say what he looked like?" Schutz continues her explanation with her perception of achieved sanity, "There is this sense that you always need someone else to check reality with."
Open Casket
Dana Schutz' painting of the corpse of Emmett Till, titled Open Casket, drew protests when shown in the 2017 Whitney Biennial, and there were demands that it be removed from the show.
Schutz's 2016 painting Open Casket derives from the photograph of the mutilated corpse of Emmett Till, whose mother, Mamie Till Mobley, insisted on an open casket at his 1955 funeral because she wanted her community to see what had happened to her son. She had said, "I wanted the world to see what they did to my baby." Photos of Till's open casket funeral were published in The Chicago Defender and Jet magazine; the murder was a seminal event in the civil rights movement. The artist has stated that she approached the painting from the perspective of a mother and partly based it on the verbal account of Till's mother about seeing her son after his death. Art.net critic Christian Viveros-Fauné described the work as "a powerful painterly reaction to the infamous [photograph] ... the canvas makes material the deep cuts and lacerations portrayed in the original photo by means of cardboard relief."
Some objected to the painting's inclusion in the 2017 Whitney Biennial, there were debates online, and protesters physically blocked the work from view. Artist and Whitney ISP graduate Hannah Black posted an open letter on Facebook, writing that "it is not acceptable for a white person to transmute Black suffering into profit and fun, though the practice has been normalized for a long time. Although Schutz's intention may be to present white shame, this shame is not correctly represented as a painting of a dead Black boy by a white artist ... The painting must go."
Schutz responded, "I don't know what it is like to be black in America, but I do know what it is like to be a mother. Emmett was Mamie Till's only son. The thought of anything happening to your child is beyond comprehension. [...] It is easy for artists to self-censor. To convince yourself to not make something before you even try. There were many reasons why I could not, should not, make this painting ... (but) art can be a space for empathy, a vehicle for connection."
Jo Livingstone and Lovia Gyarkye of the New Republic argued Open Casket is a form of cultural appropriation disrespectful toward Mobley's intention for the images of her son. Describing how the painting undermines the photograph they wrote, "Mobley wanted those photographs to bear witness to the racist brutality inflicted on her son; instead Schutz has disrespected that act of dignity, by defacing them with her own creative way of seeing." Scholar Christina Sharpe, one of 34 other signatories to Black's letter, argued for the destruction of the painting so that neither the artist nor future owners of the painting could profit off it. Schutz's work reportedly goes for up to $482,500 at auction, but the controversy made Schutz take the work out of circulation after the Biennial. Schutz says that "The painting was never for sale, and I didn't feel like it was appropriate for it to circulate in the marketplace." In addition, her former dealer, Zach Feuer told her she should take the piece out of the Biennial.
Artist, writer, and art professor at the University of Florida Coco Fusco responded by writing: "I find it alarming and entirely wrongheaded to call for the censorship and destruction of an artwork, no matter what its content is or who made it." She contextualized the painting within a history of anti-racist art made by white artists dating back to the 19th-century abolitionist movement. In weighing in on the discussion, Roberta Smith cited examples of "earlier works of art by those who crossed ethnic lines in their depiction of social trauma." Smith also positioned Open Casket in relation to other paintings Schutz has made of bodies that have endured suffering and violence. This includes Presentation (2005), a work based on dead American soldiers being returned home from war in Iraq and Afghanistan and their invisibility in the media due to a military ban on photographing them.
In January 2019, Ted Loos of The New York Times wrote that "the tremors from [the controversy around Open Casket] are still being felt." When asked whether she regretted making the work, she said that she did not wish she hadn't painted it but said: "I definitely feel conflicted about it and very bad about it," and the effect of the controversy has been for her to internalize the protesters' viewpoints in making new work.
Gary Garrels, senior curator at SFMoMA, said that "the debate was a 'wake-up call' for the art world. Reto Thüring who organized a solo exhibition of her work at the Cleveland Museum of Art and the Boston ICA said that he "welcomed" the negative feedback the institutions received for showing Open Casket and that it was "a learning experience" for them.
Exhibitions
Schutz is represented by Petzel Gallery in New York and Contemporary Fine Arts in Berlin. Solo museum exhibitions include SITE Santa Fe in 2005, the Rose Art Museum in 2006 (a show which later traveled to the Museum of Contemporary Art, Cleveland), Douglas Hyde Gallery in Dublin, Ireland in 2010, the Museo d’Arte Moderna e Contemporanea di Trento e Rovereto in Rovereto, Italy in 2010, the Neuberger Museum in Purchase, New York (which traveled to the Miami Art Museum and the Museum of Contemporary Art, Denver the next year), the UK's Hepworth Wakefield in 2013, the Kestnergesellschaft in Hannover, Germany in 2014, at the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston in 2017, and Eating Atom Bombs at the Transformer Station, Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio in 2018.
She has participated in group exhibitions including the Venice Biennial (2003), Prague Biennial (2003), Greater New York (2005) at MoMA PS1, Take Two. Worlds and Views (2005) at The Museum of Modern Art, Two Years (2007) at the Whitney Museum, Eclipse: Art in a Dark Age (2008) at Moderna Museet in Stockholm, After Nature (2008) at the New Museum, Riotous Baroque (2012) at Kunsthaus Zürich, Comic Future (2013) at Ballroom Marfa in Marfa, Texas, and at the Musée Rath In Geneva Le retour des ténèbres (2016).
Other solo exhibitions
Dana Schutz, Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal, Montréal, Canada, 2015
Dana Schutz, Kestnergesellschaft, Hannover, Germany, 2014
Götterdämerung, The Metropolitan Opera, New York, NY, 2012
Dana Schutz, Nerman Museum of Contemporary Art, Overland Park, Kansas, 2004
Self Eaters and the People Who Love Them, Galerie Emmanuel Perrotin, Paris, 2004
Run, Mario Diacono Gallery, Boston, 2004
Dana Schutz: Still Life, Shaheen Modern & Contemporary Art, Cleveland, 2003
Collections
Schutz's work is in museum and public collections including the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Museum of Modern Art, The Museum of Contemporary Art Los Angeles, Whitney Museum of American Art, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston and Tel Aviv Museum of Art.
Art market
Schutz's painting Civil Planning (2004), from the collection of New Jersey-based management consultant David Teiger and benefitting the arts-focused Teiger Foundation, sold for $2 million at a Sotheby's auction in New York, setting a world record for the artist.
Recognition
Rema Hort Mann Foundation Grant, 2002
Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation Award, 2003
American Academy of Arts and Letters Award, 2007
Columbia University's Medal for Excellence, 2010
Personal life
She is married to the artist Ryan Johnson, whom she met interviewing for entry into Columbia's MFA program. They have one child and own a building in Sunset Park, Brooklyn.
Bibliography
Hamza Walker, Dan Nadel, Lynne Tillman, Dana Schutz, Phaidon, London, 2023
Malou Wedel Bruun, Anders Kold, Poul Erik Tøjner, Jarrett Earnest, Lauren Groff and Anaël Pigeat, Dana Schutz: Between Us, Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, Humlebæk, Denmark, 2023
Cary Levine, Dana Schutz: If the Face Had Wheels, Prestel, Munich, 2011
Jorg Heiser, Katy Siegel,, Raphaela Platow, Dana Schutz: Paintings 2002-2005, Rose Art Museum, Boston, 2006
References
External links
Artist's profile at Petzel Gallery
Artist's profile at Contemporary Fine Arts, Berlin
Overview of 2010/2011 solo exhibition at Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Trento and Rovereto (MART), Italy
The Saatchi Gallery; About Dana Schutz and her art. Additional information on Dana Schutz including artworks, text panels, articles, and full biography
http://www.zachfeuer.com/artists/dana-schutz/
http://www.indexmagazine.com/interviews/dana_schutz.shtml
Interview with Mei Chin in Bomb Magazine
Dana Schutz, Lyon ENBA
Interview in Portland
1976 births
Living people
20th-century American painters
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American women artists
American women painters
American contemporary painters
Columbia University School of the Arts alumni
People from Livonia, Michigan
Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana%20Schutz |
Claus Christian Gulmann (born 1942) is a Danish judge who served as Advocate General and Judge at the European Court of Justice.
He has held the following positions:
Official at the Ministry of Justice
Legal Secretary to Judge Max Sørensen
Professor of Public International Law and Dean of the Law School of the University of Copenhagen
Private practice
Chairman and member of arbitral tribunals
Member of Administrative Appeal Tribunal
Advocate General at the European Court of Justice (7 October 1991 - 6 October 1994)
Judge at the Court of Justice (7 October 1994 - 10 January 2006).
See also
List of members of the European Court of Justice
References
1942 births
Living people
Danish jurists
Advocates General of the European Court of Justice
European Court of Justice judges
Danish judges of international courts and tribunals
Danish officials of the European Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus%20Christian%20Gulmann |
The Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier is a theatre located at 21, rue du Vieux-Colombier, in the 6th arrondissement of Paris. It was founded in 1913 by the theatre producer and playwright Jacques Copeau. Today it is one of the three theatres in Paris used by the Comédie-Française.
In May 1944 it saw the première of Jean-Paul Sartre's existentialist drama Huis Clos.
References
Sources
Marie-Françoise Christout, Noëlle Guibert, Danièle Pauly, Théâtre du Vieux Colombier, 1913-1993, Éditions Norma, Paris, 1993
External links
Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier, official site.
Vieux-Colombier, Theatre du
Buildings and structures in the 6th arrondissement of Paris | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre%20du%20Vieux-Colombier |
These are References for Labor unions in the United States.
To 1900
See also History of coal mining#Coal miners and unions
Arnold, Andrew B. Fueling the Gilded Age: Railroads, Miners, and Disorder in Pennsylvania Coal Country (2014) Excerpt and text search
Commons, John R. History of Labour in the United States - Vol. 2 1860-1896 (1918)
Commons, John R. "American Shoemakers, 1648-1895: A Sketch of Industrial Evolution," Quarterly Journal of Economics 24 (November, 1909), 39–83. in JSTOR
Grob, Gerald N. Workers and Utopia: A Study of Ideological Conflict in the American Labor Movement, 1865-1900 (1961)
John P. Hall, "The Knights of St. Crispin in Massachusetts, 1869-1878," Journal of Economic History 18 (June, 1958), p 161-175
Laslett, John H. M. Labor and the Left: A Study of Socialist and Radical Influences in the American Labor Movement, 1881-1924 (1970)
Mandel, Bernard. Samuel Gompers: A Biography (1963)
Orth, Samuel P. The Armies of Labor: A Chronicle of the Organized Wage-Earners (1919) short overview manybooks.net PDF
Voss, Kim. The Making of American Exceptionalism: The Knights of Labor and Class Formation in the Nineteenth Century (1993)]
Weir, Robert E. Beyond Labor's Veil: The Culture of the Knights of Labor (1996)
Bibliography of online resources on railway labor in late 19th century
Primary Sources
Gompers, Samuel. Seventy Years of Life and Labor: An Autobiography (1925)
1900-1932
See also History of coal mining#Coal miners and unions
Bernstein, Irving. The Lean Years: A History of the American Worker, 1920-33 (1966)
Brody, David. Labor in Crisis: The Steel Strike of 1919 (1965)
Dubofsky, Melvyn and Warren Van Tine. John L. Lewis: A Biography (1986)
Faue, Elizabeth. Community of Suffering & Struggle: Women, Men, and the Labor Movement in Minneapolis, 1915-1945 (1991)
Fraser, Steve. Labor Will Rule: Sidney Hillman and the Rise of American Labor (1993)
Gordon, Colin. New Deals: Business, Labor, and Politics, 1920-1935 (1994)
Greene, Julie . Pure and Simple Politics: The American Federation of Labor and Political Activism, 1881-1917 (1998)
Hooker, Clarence. Life in the Shadows of the Crystal Palace, 1910-1927: Ford Workers in the Model T Era (1997)
Laslett, John H. M. Labor and the Left: A Study of Socialist and Radical Influences in the American Labor Movement, 1881-1924 (1970)
Karson, Marc. American Labor Unions and Politics, 1900-1918 (1958)
McCartin, Joseph A. ’Labor's Great War: The Struggle for Industrial Democracy and the Origins of Modern American Labor Relations, 1912-1921 (1997)
Mandel, Bernard. Samuel Gompers: A Biography (1963)
Meyer, Stephen. The Five Dollar Day: Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company, 1908-1921 (1981)
Mink, Gwendolyn. Old Labor and New Immigrants in American Political Development: Union, Party, and State, 1875-1920 (1986)
Orth, Samuel P. The Armies of Labor: A Chronicle of the Organized Wage-Earners (1919) short overview
Quint, Howard H. The Forging of American Socialism: Origins of the Modern Movement (1964)
Warne, Colston E. ed. The Steel Strike of 1919 (1963), primary and secondary documents
Zieger, Robert. Republicans and Labor, 1919-1929. (1969)
Primary Sources
Gompers, Samuel. Seventy Years of Life and Labor: An Autobiography (1925)
1932 - 1955
Bernstein, Irving. Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941 (1970)
Campbell, D'Ann. "Sisterhood versus the Brotherhoods: Women in Unions" Women at War With America: Private Lives in a Patriotic Era (1984).
Dubofsky, Melvyn and Warren Van Time John L. Lewis (1986).
Faue, Elizabeth. Community of Suffering & Struggle: Women, Men, and the Labor Movement in Minneapolis, 1915-1945 (1991), social history
Fraser, Steve. Labor Will Rule: Sidney Hillman and the Rise of American Labor (1993).
Galenson, Walter. The CIO Challenge to the AFL: A History of the American Labor Movement, 1935-1941 (1960)
Gordon, Colin. New Deals: Business, Labor, and Politics, 1920-1935 (1994)
Jensen, Richard J. "The Causes and Cures of Unemployment in the Great Depression," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 19 (1989) p. 553-83
Kennedy, David M. Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945. (1999) recent narrative.
Lichtenstein, Nelson. Labor's War at Home: The CIO in World War II (2003)
Miller, Sally M., and Daniel A. Cornford eds. American Labor in the Era of World War II (1995), essays by historians, mostly on California
Seidman; Joel. Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen: The Internal Political Life of a National Union (1962)
Vittoz, Stanley. New Deal Labor Policy and the American Industrial Economy (1987)
Zieger, Robert H. The CIO, 1935-1955 (1995)
Fair Employment FEPC
William J. Collins, "Race, Roosevelt, and Wartime Production: Fair Employment in World War II Labor Markets," American Economic Review 91:1 (March 2001), pp. 272–286
Andrew Edmund Kersten, Race, Jobs, and the War: The FEPC in the Midwest, 1941-46 (2000) online review
Merl E. Reed. Seedtime for the Modern Civil Rights Movement: The President's Committee on Fair Employment Practice, 1941-1946 (1991)
Taft-Hartley and the NLRA
Abraham, Steven E. "The Impact of the Taft-Hartley Act on the Balance of Power in Industrial Relations" American Business Law Journal Vol. 33, 1996
Ballam, Deborah A. "The Impact of the National Labor Relations Act on the U.S. Labor Movement" American Business Law Journal, Vol. 32, 1995
Brooks, George W., Milton Derber, David A. McCabe, Philip Taft. Interpreting the Labor Movement (1952)
Gilbert J. Gall, The Politics of Right to Work: The Labor Federations as Special Interests, 1943-1979 (1988)
Fred A. Hartley Jr. and Robert A. Taft. Our New National Labor Policy: The Taft-Hartley Act and the Next Steps (1948)
Lee, R. Alton. Truman and Taft-Hartley: A Question of Mandate (1966)
Harry A. Millis and Emily Clark Brown. From the Wagner Act to Taft-Hartley: A Study of National Labor Policy and Labor Relations (1950)
Walter Reuther and UAW
Secondary sources
Boyle, Kevin. The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism, 1945-1968 (1995)
Kornhauser, Arthur et al. When Labor Votes: A Study of Auto Workers (1956)
Lichtenstein, Nelson. The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit: Walter Reuther and the Fate of American Labor (1995)
Lichtenstein, Nelson and Stephen Meyer, eds. On the Line: Essays in the History of Auto Work (1989)
Primary Sources
Christman, Henry M. ed. Walter P. Reuther: Selected Papers (1961)
Since 1955
Fantasia, Rick, & Kim Voss. Hard Work: Remaking the American Labor Movement (2004)
Galenson, Walter. The American Labor Movement, 1955-1995 (1996)
Goldberg; Arthur J. AFL-CIO, Labor United (1956)
Goldfield, Michael, and Amy Bromsen. "The Changing Landscape of US Unions in Historical and Theoretical Perspective." Annual Review of Political Science (2013) 16: 231-257.
Leiter, Robert D. The Teamsters Union: A Study of Its Economic Impact (1957)
Lichtenstein, Nelson. "Labour, liberalism, and the democratic party: a vexed alliance." Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations (2011): 512-534. online
Mort, Jo-Ann, ed. Not Your Father's Union Movement: Inside the AFL-CIO (2002)
Rosenfeld, Jake, and Meredith Kleykamp. "Organized Labor and Racial Wage Inequality in the United States1." American Journal of Sociology (2012) 117#5 pp: 1460-1502.
Steier, Richard. Enough Blame to Go Around: The Labor Pains of New York City's Public Employee Unions (2014)
Warren, Dorian T. "The American labor movement in the age of Obama: the challenges and opportunities of a racialized political economy." Perspectives on Politics (2010) 8#3 pp: 847–860.
labor unions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography%20of%20works%20on%20labor%20unions%20in%20the%20United%20States |
French bagpipes cover a wide range and variety of styles of bagpipes and piping, from the Celtic piping and Music of Brittany to the Northern Occitan's cabrette.
The Center-France bagpipes (called in French cornemuse du centre or musette du centre) are of many different types, some mouth blown, some bellows blown; some names for these instruments include chevrette (which means "little goat," referring to the use of a goatskin for its bag), chabrette, chabretta, chabreta, cabreta, bodega, and boha. It can be found in the Bourbonnais, Nivernais, and Morvan regions of France.
A distinguishing factor of most French bagpipes is the placement of the tenor drone alongside the chanter rather than in the same stock as the bass drone.
In the northern regions of Occitania: Auvergne, is found the (generally) bellows blown cabreta, and in Limousin the mouth blown chabreta. The cabrette is much played in areas of Paris where Auvergnats tended to settle; this bagpipe is in most cases played without a drone, and together with an accordion. The chabrette, while having a similar name, is a quite different pipe, with a triple-bored bass drone played across the player's arm rather than over the shoulder. The form of the chabrette chanter appears similar to early oboes, including a swallow-tail key for the lowest note which is placed under a fontenelle.
The Occitan names also refer to the goat. In the Occitan region of Languedoc, and especially in the Montanha negre (Black Mountain) area, the bodega is played. This is a very large mouth blown pipe made from the skin of an entire goat. In Gascony, a small mouth blown bagpipe called boha (from bohar meaning "to blow") is used.
There are a number of piping schools. One of the most important is the Conservatoire Occitan, located in the city of Toulouse (Occitania), but there are also important schools in Limoges, Aurillac, Belin, Mazamet, and other towns. There is also a school of cabrette playing in Paris, with around 50 pupils. Although Central French pipes are generally used to play traditional music, some Occitan pop groups use them as well. Such groups include La Talvera, Familha Artus, and Tenareze.
See also
Biniou
Bodega (bagpipe)
Boha
Bousine
Cabrette
Chabrette
Cornemuse du Centre
Loure (bagpipe)
Musette bechonnet
Musette bressane
Musette de cour
Pipasso
Samponha
Sourdeline
Veuze
Cornamuse
Bagpipes
French musical instruments
Breton musical instruments
Bagpipes by country | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20bagpipes |
Rafael Molina Sánchez (November 27, 1841 – August 1, 1900), called Lagartijo (lizard), was a Spanish bullfighter.
Early life
Rafael Molina was born in Córdoba on November 27, 1841.
Career
On September 29, 1865, Lagartijo became a full bullfighter (he took the alternativa) at Úbeda. His sponsor (padrino) was Antonio Carmona y Luque, called El Gordito; Lagartijo killed Carabuco, a bull from the ranch (ganadería) owned by the Marchioness of Ontiveros.
During his career he was seriously gored seven times.
In 1887, Lagartijo presented his sword at the alternativa of Rafael Guerra Bejarano, marking Guerra's elevation from an apprentice to a professional matador. A Spanish hand fan commemorating the occasion survives in the collection of the Staten Island Historical Society at Historic Richmond Town in New York.
Lagartijo retired from bullfighting in 1893.
Death
Rafael Molina died on August 1, 1900, in Córdoba.
Notes
External links
http://www.portaltaurino.com/matadores/lagartijo.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20060422101839/http://www.legadoandalusi.com/legado/contenido/rutas/personajes/8549.htm
Depiction of "Lagartijo" on a fan in the Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database
1841 births
1900 deaths
Sportspeople from Córdoba, Spain
Spanish bullfighters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael%20Molina%20S%C3%A1nchez |
UTC+08:45 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +08:45.
As standard time (Southern Hemisphere winter)
Principal town: Eucla
Oceania
Pacific Ocean
Australasia
Australia - Central Western Standard Time
Western Australia
Caiguna
Cocklebiddy
Eucla
Madura
Mundrabilla
South Australia
Border Village
Usage
UTC+08:45 is used as a time in Australia (Central Western Time, or CWT). It is used by some roadhouses along the Eyre Highway in Western Australia and South Australia. Although not legally defined by the state or federal governments, the boundaries where it commences and ends are clearly understood and recognised by the Shire of Dundas local government and are frequently shown on road maps of the area. Road signs at the western end of the time zone on the Eyre Highway advise travellers to reset their clocks by 45 minutes.
UTC+08:45 is used in 5 places in Australia, including Border Village in South Australia, as well as Cocklebiddy, Eucla, Madura and Mundrabilla in Western Australia. It runs from just east of the South Australian border to shortly east of Caiguna. It is included in the tz database with designator Australia/Eucla.
See also
UTC+09:45
References
External links
Find cities currently in UTC+08:45
UTC offsets
Time in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B08%3A45 |
Peru is a predominantly Christian country, with Muslims being a very small minority. Due to secular nature of the Peru's constitution, Muslims are free to proselytize and build places of worship in the country. The statistics for Islam in Peru estimate a total Muslim population of 15,000, largely based in the capital city Lima; this represents 0.015% out of total population of 32,555,000 inhabitants.
Islam was historically introduced by Spanish Moors, although today's population is almost entirely of Syrian, Lebanese and Palestinian origin.
History
In 1560, the Spanish rulers of Peru sentenced Lope de la Pena, described as a "Moor from Guadalajara", to life imprisonment for the crime of "having practiced and spread Islam" in Cuzco and was also required to wear the Sanbenito around his neck for his entire imprisonment. Other sources give his name as Alvaro Gonzalez.
His colleague, the mulatto "son of a Spaniard [Juan Solano] and a black woman", Luis Solano was similarly convicted of spreading Islam, but was executed for the offence.
As persecution increased in the Spanish dependencies, Muslims ceased identifying themselves by their religion and became nominal Christians; eventually Islam disappeared from the country entirely.
In 1911, Stuart McNairn, a British missionary based in Cusco, wrote about "God's call to His Church to go in and possess the land [in] Africa, in view of the great Moslem advance. We must take the Light to the Dark Continent before the apostles of Mohammedanism enshroud it in yet greater darkness".
Islam was reintroduced to Peru in the 1940s during the Palestinian exodus by Palestinian and Lebanese Muslims fleeing from the Arab-Israeli war.
In 1974, the Nation of Islam, through its counterpart in Belize, began importing Pacific Whiting fish from Peru to the United States, where it was sold as an Islamic alternative to mainstream fish markets.
A Peruvian by the name of Louis Castro converted to Islam and later studied at the Islamic University of Madinah in the 1980s. In 1993, the Muslim community opened a masjid in the Jesús María District of the capital, but it was later closed due to financial difficulty. Another location was opened in the Villa El Salvador district, but met with similar difficulties and also closed.
Present circumstances
There are a handful of Islamic organizations in Peru, including the Asociación Islámica del Perú, the Musulmanes Peruanos of Naqshbandi Haqqani tariqa and Asociación Islam Peru in Lima. A group of Muslims have also set up a webpage www.IslamPeru.org
In 2007, there were unsubstantiated claims that Islamist militant sympathisers were helping arrange entrance to the United States through their country.
The Latin American Muslim Unity (LAMU) organization, based in Fresno, California, United States, has drawn up a proposal for the first Islamic orphanage in Peru, although it has not yet materialized.
In January 2011, Peru joined a number of other Latin American countries in announcing its recognition of the State of Palestine as a legitimate nation. This decade also marked a migration of Muslims from Bangladesh and other Asian countries to Peru as well.
References
External links
Information about Islam en Perú (Spanish)
Peru
Peru
Religion in Peru | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Peru |
The Atheist Foundation of Australia (AFA) was established in South Australia in 1970, when The Rationalist Association of South Australia decided upon a name change to better declare its basic philosophy, namely atheism.
The foundation defines atheism as "the acceptance that there is no credible scientific or factually reliable evidence for the existence of a god, gods, or the supernatural." It rejects belief in a deity, the supernatural and superstition in general. The foundation considers religion unnecessary and often harmful. It favours the scientific method, and the discovery of physical laws, as the best way to understand the truth about reality. The foundation believes that humans are rational and ethical beings, capable of making responsible and creative contributions to society.
Aims
The objects of the Foundation are:
To encourage and to provide a means of expression for informed free-thought on philosophical and social issues.
To safeguard the rights of all non-religious people.
To serve as a focal point for the community of non-religious people.
To offer verifiable information in place of superstition and to promote logic and reason.
To promote atheism.
Activism
The foundation organised the 2010 Global Atheist Convention in conjunction with Atheist Alliance International, and also helped organise the second Global Atheist Convention in 2012.
The foundation ran a campaign encouraging people to mark "No religion" on the 2011 Australian Census. Then-President David Nicholls stated that many people "simply marked down the religion they were born into, despite not now being religious people at all", and that as census results are used to gauge public funding to religious groups, this was giving religion more tax-payers' money than its entitlement. The AFA hired billboards around the country promoting the campaign. The 2011 census results showed that the percentage of people declaring no religion had risen from 18.7% in 2006 to 22.3%, becoming the second largest response. The AFA ran a similar campaign for the 2016 census; results showed the percentage of people declaring no religion rose to 30.1%, becoming the top response. In 2016, then-President Kylie Sturgess objected to non-religious individuals answering with joke answers in the census in response to the Jedi census phenomenon, as this would result in an underrepresentation of non-religious Australians.
See also
Council of Australian Humanist Societies
Human rights in Australia
Irreligion in Australia
Religion in Australia - includes Australian Bureau of Statistics census information relating to religion and belief.
Rationalist Society of Australia
The Secular Party of Australia
The National Secular Lobby
Major world religions
List of secularist organizations
References
External links
Human Rights Brief No. 3 Assessment of international law pertaining to freedom of religion and belief from Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission
Atheism in Australia
Secularist organizations
Atheist organizations
Organizations established in 1970
Skeptic organisations in Australia
1970 establishments in Australia
Foundations based in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheist%20Foundation%20of%20Australia |
The Malia altar stone is a stone slab bearing an inscription in Cretan hieroglyphs. It was found by a farmer near Malia, Crete. Chapouthier describes the find from an archeologist point of view.
Olivier and Godard (1996) present several photographs of the Malia altar stone, which they list as item 328 in their inventory of Cretan hieroglyphs inscriptions.
The stone has a cuplike cavity and is thought to be a Minoan altar stone. The side of the Malia altar stone contains an inscription with sixteen glyphs. The inscription is the only known instance of Cretan hieroglyphs on stone and is significant as one of the longest Cretan hieroglyphic inscriptions. Of the sixteen glyphs of the inscription, three occur twice each. Some of the glyphs show similarities with those of the Arkalochori Axe and the Phaistos Disc. Revesz gives a translation of the text and discusses earlier translation attempts.
Literature
J.-P. Olivier, L. Godard, in collaboration with J.-C. Poursat, Corpus Hieroglyphicarum Inscriptionum Cretae (CHIC), Études Crétoises 31, De Boccard, Paris 1996, .
References
Cretan hieroglyphs
Stones
Minoan archaeological artifacts
Archaeological discoveries in Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malia%20altar%20stone |
A Man of Means is a collection of six short stories written in collaboration by P. G. Wodehouse and C. H. Bovill. The stories first appeared in the United Kingdom in The Strand Magazine in 1914, and in the United States in Pictorial Review in 1916. They were later published in book form in the UK by Porpoise Books in 1991. The collection was released on Project Gutenberg in 2003.
The stories all star Roland Bleke, a young man for whom financial success is always a mixed blessing. The plots follow on from each other, sometimes directly, and occasionally refer back to past events in Bleke's meteoric career.
Contents
"The Episode of the Landlady's Daughter"
UK: Strand, April 1914 (as "A Man of Means No. I: Landlady's Daughter")
US: Pictorial Review, May 1916 (as "A Man of Means: The Episode of the Landlady's Daughter")
Plot
Roland Bleke, an ordinary young man, is a clerk in a seed-merchant’s office in the town of Bury St. Edwards. Roland inadvertently got engaged to his landlady's daughter, Muriel Coppin, and does not want to marry her. He is supposed to marry her when his salary is large enough, so he asks his boss Mr. Fineberg to reduce his salary, which surprises Mr. Fineberg. Roland is disliked by Albert Potter, a strong and silent mechanic who loves Muriel.
Roland tells Muriel's family that his salary was reduced, which disappoints her parents and also her two lazy brothers, who hope to live off Roland's money. Roland learns that he won five hundred pounds in a sweepstake and will receive the cheque shortly. He keeps this secret. However, a week later, a newspaper article announces that Roland won 40,000 pounds. The Coppins all expect Roland to buy them gifts and make it difficult for him to leave.
Muriel insists Roland buy him a car, and with her brothers and Albert, they go to the nearby town of Lexingham to see French pilot Etienne Feriaud perform loops with his aeroplane. Feriaud offers to take a passenger for five pounds, but the spectators are worried it is too dangerous. Albert says that he would do it if he had five pounds, impressing Muriel. Roland offers Albert five pounds, but Albert refuses and tells Roland to do it. Roland agrees and gets into the plane with Feriaud. To the group's surprise, the plane simply flies away.
"The Episode of the Financial Napoleon"
UK: Strand, May 1914 (as "A Man of Means No. II: The Bolt From the Blue")
US: Pictorial Review, June 1916 (as "A Man of Means: The Episode of the Financial Napoleon")
Plot
The aeroplane which flew Roland Bleke to freedom at the end of "The Episode of the Landlady's Daughter" lands in the garden of the Sussex home of one Geoffrey Windlebird, financier of somewhat dubious standing. A perpetual juggler of near-bankrupt companies, Windelbird is on the edge of bankruptcy and scandal as a mining claim he has heavily oversold is about to be exposed. Bleke knows him by reputation, and he, having been shown Bleke's picture in the newspaper by his wife, knows of Bleke's recent windfall.
Bleke, sick after his cold flight, is taken in by the Windlebirds. Worried that his fiancee may object to his disappearance, he arranges with Windelbird to have her paid off, a deal on which Windelbird takes a handsome profit. Windelbird then talks Bleke into investing much of his fortune in his Wild-Cat Reef mining venture, selling him shares he says are owned by a friend.
Next day, Bleke finds Mrs Windlebird in a state of anxiety. The Wild-Cat Reef, she says, has dropped sharply in value, and her husband feels terrible for having persuaded Bleke to throw away his money. She will, she offers, buy back his shares with her small savings, that he may not be left totally penniless. Bleke, touched by her kindness, generously refuses the offer.
The newspapers arrive, and Bleke sees that Wild-Cat has become a huge success, being compared to Klondike. His shares have quadrupled in value overnight; he feels sorry, he says, for Mr Windelbird's friend, who had so recently sold his stock...
"The Episode of the Theatrical Venture"
UK: Strand, June 1914 (as "a Man of Means No. III: The Episode of the Theatrical Venture")
US: Pictorial Review, July 1916 (as "A Man of Means: The Episode of the Theatrical Venture")
Plot
Roland Bleke, a very wealthy man after the events of "The Episode of the Financial Napoleon", finds himself wowed by Miss Billy Verepoint, an attractive and domineering actress. He soon ends up the owner of a notoriously unsuccessful theatre, the Windsor, bought from its unscrupulous former owner, who found his insurance agent's attitude to keeping the place safe from fire a little too strict for his liking.
As her friends start working on a revue to be performed at the theatre and starring Miss Verepoint, Bleke proposes to her, mostly out of fear, and is accepted pending her making a success of her theatrical career. At rehearsals, Bleke is horrified by Miss Verepoint's behaviour and, in dread of having to spend his life married to her, goes away to Norfolk for a quiet week's rest.
Returning to London, he finds the theatre has been burnt to the ground – suffragettes having left their literature around the place. Miss Verepoint and her writer friends demand he rebuild it, but he demurs, explaining that he had not insured the building and was penniless. The theatrical types all leave in disgust, Miss Verepoint calling off the engagement on her way out. Bleke opens his desk and fondly caresses the insurance policies passed on to him by the theatre's previous owner...
"The Episode of the Live Weekly"
UK: Strand, July 1914 (as "a Man of Means No. IV: The Episode of the Live Weekly")
US: Pictorial Review, August 1916 (as "A Man of Means: The Episode of the Live Weekly")
Plot
Roland Bleke, his wealth further increased following the outcome of "The Episode of the Theatrical Venture", sees a pretty young girl crying in the park. Trying to comfort her, he learns she has lost her job as editor of the Woman's Page of Squibs magazine. His chivalry stirred, Bleke tells her he plans to buy the paper.
Visiting the offices, he meets the vibrant young chief editor, and learns the condition of the paper - financially crippled following a competition run by early staff, the prize for which was £5 a week for life. The winner of the prize continues to drain the income of the paper, bringing it to the verge of ruin. Bleke buys it anyway, restoring the girl to her position, but he soon finds his attraction to her drained by her clear affection for her boss.
Frustrated by yet another problematic venture, Bleke repairs to Paris for a month. Returning to London, he finds the place overrun with bizarre advertising stunts for the paper. Confronting the editor, he finds the sales are up, thanks to the campaigns and a new scandal page, which shocks Bleke. The editor explains the stories are all fake, except for one, about a notorious bookie named Percy Pook, who he assures Bleke will never sue.
Next day Bleke finds the editor has been hospitalised following a severe beating, presumably at the hands of the bookie's representatives - he has told the girl to continue his work and to "slip it to" Pook some more. While she prepares the rest of the paper, Bleke volunteers to write the scandal page, to prevent any further insult being meted out. He finds writing difficult, but on seeing a piece about Mr Windelbird, who he had encountered in "The Episode of the Financial Napoleon" and who he assumes is above suspicion, he is inspired to write a provocative piece on the financier's morals.
A week later he is approached with an offer to buy the paper. Happy to be rid of it, he nevertheless names a high price, which he is surprised to find accepted without quibble. He learns that the buyer is none other than his old friend, Mr Geoffrey Windelbird.
"The Episode of the Exiled Monarch"
UK: Strand, August 1914 (as "A Man of Means No. V: The Episode of the Exiled Monarch")
US: Pictorial Review, September 1916 (as "A Man of Means: The Diverting Episode of the Exiled Monarch")
Plot
A new dance craze, the caoutchouc, has hit town, and Roland Bleke quickly falls for the potent charms of its principal proponent, Maraquita. Finally meeting her, however, he soon realises that he has bitten off more than he can chew. She drags him to her house, which he finds filled with the former aristocracy of Paranoya, a small country reeling from a recent revolution. Bleke discovers that he is expected to fund the liberation of the country from it oppressors.
Plans for a bloody counter-revolution commence, and Bleke finds himself threatened by advocates of the new regime. Maraquita suggests they scupper the enemy by writing a will leaving all Bleke's money to her cause. Bleke finds himself beset with mysterious messages bearing only the word "Beware". Soon, he is brought before the exiled King himself, who reveals that he has no desire to be restored to power and is much happier in exile in England.
Baffled at how to talk his new friends out of their plans, he avoids them for a few days; when he finally visits once more, he finds the mood very different. Bombito, Maraquita's largest and most threatening co-conspirator, takes him aside and reveals all. There has been a political change in Paranoya, and Bombito himself has been made president, negating the need for a revolution. Maraquita, Bombito's wife, will be returning home with him forthwith. A relieved Bleke shakes the man's hand.
"The Episode of the Hired Past"
UK: Strand, September 1914 (as "A Man of Means No. VI: The Episode of the Hired Past")
US: Pictorial Review, October 1916 (as "A Man of Means: The Episode of the Hired Past")
Plot
Roland Bleke is once again engaged to be married, this time to Lady Eva Blyton, daughter of an Earl. Feeling utterly out of place in such exalted company, he cannot think of a way to break off the engagement honourably, until Teal, her father's butler, overhearing Bleke's despair, offers a suggestion.
Bleke pays £100 for the butler's niece Maud, a plebeian barmaid, to pose as a jilted former lover; he writes some compromising letters to the girl, and she appears at the house, creating a scene and satisfactorily, though painfully, bringing an end to Bleke's engagement.
Later, Bleke is in a happy reverie as he opens his post; one of the letters is from a solicitor, saying that Maud has several letters in her possession, as well as witnesses in the shape of Miss Blyton's family, proving that he had promised to marry her. To avoid the scandal of a breach-of-promise case, she will accept £10,000.
Publication history
In The Strand Magazine (UK), the stories were attributed to "C. H. Bovill and P. G. Wodehouse", and were illustrated by Alfred Leete. In Pictorial Review (US), the stories were attributed to "Pelham Grenville Wodehouse and C. H. Bovill", and were illustrated by John R. Neill.
See also
List of short stories by P. G. Wodehouse
References
Notes
Sources
External links
An alphabetical list of Wodehouse's shorts, with details of first publication and appearances in collections
Short story collections by P. G. Wodehouse
1991 short story collections
Works originally published in The Strand Magazine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Man%20of%20Means |
The Myshkin National Ethnographic Museum (, Myshkinsky Narodny Etnografichesky Muzey) is located in the ancient town of Myshkin in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia. Established in 1990, it is also uniquely known as the Mouse Museum for its collection of 2,000 mouse-related items from all over the globe. Mice made of various materials using diverse art techniques form a unique collection. Pieces have been gathered from different countries. In 1996, Myshkin held The International Festival "Mouse-96".
Every decade or so, when it is the Year of the Rat in the Chinese calendar, the town also holds a big celebration. The last such event was in 2008 and among the celebrants was President Dmitry Medvedev, who had a private tour of the town and was given a copy of The Town Named Mouse, an illustrated children's book in separate Russian and English editions written by Robert Aronson and illustrated by Marina Zorina.
The nonprofit Museum of the Mouse staff have also created and operate four other museums nearby—the Museum of Navigation, the Museum of Unique Machines (including an American school bus from Indiana), an outdoor Museum of Wooden Architecture and a Museum dedicated to the inventor of vodka, Pyotr Arsenievich Smirnov.
The website of the Museum of the Mouse is www.myshkingrad.ru (only in Russian, but with photos). The King-Myshaus site also operates a virtual Kingdom MouseLand. Contrary to reports, although there was a fire in one of the buildings near the museum, The Museum of the Mouse remains very much "alive and well" and is one of the main tourist sights in the Golden Ring of Russia. Each year more than 100,000 people visit the town and its many museums.
See also
Toy
Mickey Mouse
Fancy mouse
References
External links
Mouse Museum — Photos
Myshkin website
Children's museums
Museums in Yaroslavl Oblast
Toy museums
Ethnographic museums in Russia
Child-related organizations in Russia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse%20Museum |
The Balmain Power Station was located at Iron Cove, from Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. The station no longer exists and residential properties now occupy the site. This plant is often confused with the White Bay Power Station, the remains of which are still standing in Rozelle.
History
In 1903, the Public Health Department directed Balmain Council to find alternatives to the open tip dumping of local rubbish. The council invited tenders for a combined garbage destructor and power plant and on 30 September 1909, the newly constructed power station 'A' commenced operation. Power came from 2 Belliss and Morcom high-speed engines coupled to 5000-volt BTH generators. The output was 500 kW from one machine and 250 kW from the other. Steam came from two Babcox and Wilcox chain grate coal-fired boilers plus the destructor boiler. In 1913 two Willans & Robinson 900 kW turbo generators were added. These were further accompanied by a Curtis-BTH 2.5 MW turbine (Number 1) in 1914. A Curtis-BTH 3 MW machine (Number 2) was added in 1922. A 7.5 MW Fraser & Chalmers machine was added in 1923. Steam came from additional Babcox and Wilcox chain grate boilers. This brought "A" Station capacity to 15 MW. In 1928 a 10 MW Curtis - BTH machine (Number 3) was installed, and in 1935 an 18.75 MW AEG turbine (Number 4) was added, bringing total capacity to 41 MW. In 1947 and 1953 the first two Babcock+ Wilcox boilers were transferred to Muswellbrook power station.
'B' Station:- A second phase of construction took place between 1940 and 1950. A 9.4 MW English Electric back pressure turbine (Number 5) was installed. This was a high-pressure turbine that sent its exhaust steam to the "A" Station lower-pressure turbines. 1952 saw the addition of a 25 MW Parsons steam turbine (Number 6). Two more Parsons 25 MW machines (Number 7 and Number 8) were added by 1956. Steam for machines 5–8 was supplied by four high-pressure Babcox and Wilcox pulverized coal boilers. This doubled the generation capacity of the plant, bringing it to 126.2 MW.
The original station was a private facility, owned by the Electric Light and Power Supply Corporation (EL&PSC), which supplied electricity to consumers and businesses in Balmain, Leichhardt, Ashfield, Newtown and Petersham. It also supplied power to large enterprises in the local area including Mort's Dock and the Balmain Colliery.
The Balmain Electric Light Company Purchase Act 1950 (NSW) enabled the acquisition of the plant by the Electricity Commission of New South Wales. A legal dispute over the valuation of the power station then ensued which delayed the sale until January 1957 when the plant changed hands for £600,000. The plant continued to supply power until 1976 when it was decommissioned.
Today
The power station was demolished in 1998, and the Balmain Shores apartment complex was built on the site. Prior to its demolition, the 'B' Station was used as the set of an episode of the ABC program Police Rescue.
Only two of the original buildings remain as part of the new development:
Power Station 'A' pump house — This 1934 building is located on the foreshore and was used to house the generators powering the electric pumps taking cold water from the river to the station. The water was used to cool condensers before being pumped back to the river.
None of the original machinery exists in the well-preserved red brick building. However, the original copper letters spelling the words "Power Station" were salvaged from the main building prior to demolition and are hung at the eastern end of the pump house.
Administration block — The former administration block was built in the 1930s and housed offices for the EL&PSC. The building has been renamed The Villa and forms part of the Balmain Shores complex. It was declared a heritage building prior to the official re-opening in March 2003.
See also
Electric Light and Power Supply Corporation
Electricity
Electricity generation
Future energy development
Renewable energy
Environmental concerns with electricity generation
Notes
State Records NSW, Electricity Commission of New South Wales, Agency Detail
Solling, M; Reynolds, P; Leichhardt: On the margins of the city, Allen & Unwin, 1997, .
Pacific Power, Demolition of Balmain Power Station, Rozelle. Statement of Environmental Effects, Pacific Power Services, October 1994.
The Balmain Association, Peninsula Observer, Volume 28, Number 6, Issue 226, December 1993.
NSW Government - Department of Planning, Harbour Circle Walk - Loop and Alternate Walks
On-site Information Plaques, Balmain Shores Apartment Complex, Rozelle, NSW.
External links
Local Images at InnerWest ImageBank
Local History Collection, Leichhardt Council
[CC-By-SA]
Buildings and structures demolished in 1998
Former buildings and structures in Sydney
Coal-fired power stations in New South Wales
Demolished buildings and structures in Sydney
Demolished power stations
Decommissioned power stations in New South Wales
Rozelle, New South Wales
1909 establishments in Australia
Energy infrastructure completed in 1909 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmain%20Power%20Station |
Okan Buruk (born 19 October 1973) is a Turkish professional football manager and former player. He is currently the manager of Süper Lig club Galatasaray. As a former midfielder, he played for Galatasaray, Inter Milan, Beşiktaş, and İstanbul B.B. He was capped 56 times for the Turkey national team.
Club career
Okan Buruk played for Turkish giants Galatasaray between 1991 and 2001, winning six Turkish Süper Lig titles and the 1999–2000 UEFA Cup. He was also named man of the match as Galatasary upset Real Madrid 2–1 to win the 2000 UEFA Super Cup.
Inter Milan
In 2001, he was signed by Italian Serie A club Inter Milan along with his teammate Emre, where he played for three years. On August 26, 2001, Okan made his debut against Perugia coming in as a substitute for Seedorf. He made his first Champions League appearance for Inter in a home game win against Ajax on September 25, 2002.
On October 21, 2001, in the derby game against Terim's Milan, Okan made the assist to Kallon where Inter lost their home game 4–2 against their rivals.
Okan scored his first goal on the 89th minute helping his team to earn a 2–2 draw in an away game against Roma on November 16, 2002.
Okan was a non-stop running player with energy; he mentioned that his former coach Cuper yelled at him from the bench that he should stay at his position.
Besiktas
He played two seasons for Beşiktaş and he won the Turkish Cup in 2006.
Return to Galatasaray
In July 2006, Okan made his return to his former club Galatasaray by signing a two-year contract. After becoming Süper Lig winners in 2007–08 season his contract was not extended and Okan left the club.
İstanbul Başakşehir
After his contract expired with Galatasaray, Okan joined İstanbul B.B. in July 2008 for a two year deal.
Retirement
On May 22, 2010, he retired as a player after a friendly game against Czech Republic in Leipzig.
International career
Okan made 56 appearances for the Turkey national team, representing the country at UEFA Euro 2000 and the 2002 FIFA World Cup. He scored Turkey's first ever Euro goal, the equaliser of Euro 2000 in a 2–1 loss to Italy in Arnhem.
Okan was also part of the 2002 FIFA World Cup squad, but due to an injury he made his only appearance as a substitute in the 3–2 win against host nation South Korea in the third-place play-off. the third place is the best in turkey history
Managerial career
After his playing career, Okan became a professional manager. On 10 May 2018, he guided Akhisarspor to their second trophy in their history, the 2017–18 Turkish Cup.
After Akhisarspor, he managed Çaykur Rizespor from 2018 until 2019, before becoming the new manager of İstanbul Başakşehir on 11 June 2019. In his first season in charge, Buruk guided the club to their first ever league title.
In early 2021, he left İstanbul Başakşehir on "mutual agreement" after a string of poor results by the club under his management in the 2020–21 Süper Lig season.
Galatasaray
On 21 June 2022, Okan Buruk arrived in Istanbul from France for negotiations, and the next day, on 22 June 2022, it was officially announced to the public through KAP (Public Disclosure Platform) that he would be joining Galatasaray. On 23 June 2022, Galatasaray signed a two-year deal with Okan Buruk, with an option for an additional year.
Under Buruk's coaching, the Galatasaray achieved an impressive 14-game winning streak, setting a new record for the most consecutive wins in the league and also the longest winning streak in the club's history.
With just two weeks remaining in the 2022–23 season, Okan Buruk led the team to secure the championship, marking his second Süper Lig title in his coaching career.
Personal life
He is originally from Akçaabat, Trabzon. He married model and former Miss Turkey and Top Model of the World 2003 winner Nihan Akkuş on 3 July 2007. His brother, Fuat, was also a professional footballer and currently a coach.
Career statistics
Club
Source:
International
Source:
Managerial
Honours
Player
Galatasaray
UEFA Cup: 1999–2000
UEFA Super Cup: 2000
1.Lig/Süper Lig: 1992–93, 1993–94, 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2007–08
Turkish Cup: 1992–93, 1995–96, 1998–99, 1999–2000
Turkish Super Cup: 1993, 1996, 1997
Beşiktaş
Turkish Cup: 2005–06
Turkey
FIFA World Cup third place: 2002
Individual
UEFA Super Cup Man of the Match: 2000
Manager
Akhisarspor
Turkish Cup: 2017–18
İstanbul Başakşehir
Süper Lig: 2019–20
Galatasaray
Süper Lig: 2022–23
References
External links
1973 births
Beşiktaş J.K. footballers
Living people
Turkish men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Galatasaray S.K. footballers
Inter Milan players
Serie A players
Turkey men's international footballers
Turkey men's under-21 international footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Turkish expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Turkish expatriate men's footballers
UEFA Euro 2000 players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
İstanbul Başakşehir F.K. players
Süper Lig players
Turkey men's youth international footballers
Turkish football managers
Süper Lig managers
Elazığspor managers
Gaziantepspor managers
Sivasspor managers
Göztepe S.K. managers
Akhisarspor managers
İstanbul Başakşehir F.K. managers
UEFA Cup winning players
Galatasaray S.K. (football) managers
Footballers from Istanbul | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okan%20Buruk |
Harsh Mander (born 17 April 1955) is an Indian author, columnist, researcher, teacher, and social activist who started the Karwan-e-Mohabbat campaign in solidarity with the victims of communal or religiously motivated violence. He is the Director of the Centre for Equity Studies, a research organisation based in New Delhi. He also served as Special Commissioner to the Supreme Court of India in the Right to Food Campaign and was a member of the National Advisory Council of the Government of India, set up under the UPA government.
Career
Mander formerly worked in the Indian Administrative Services(IAS), serving in the predominantly tribal states of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh for almost two decades. After Gujarat Riot, Mander left the service in 2002, and started social activism.
He is a founding member of the National Campaign for the People’s Right to Information. He was a Member of the Core Groups on Bonded Labour and Mental Hospitals of the statutory National Human Rights Commission of India; and also on various national official National Committees such as those for Social Protection and the Below Poverty Line (BPL) populations.
From October 1999 to March 2004, he worked as Country Director, ActionAid India, a development support organization. He is Founder-Chairperson of the State Health Resource Centre, Chhattisgarh, which established the Mitanin Community Health Programme, the forerunner of the Asha Programme, and the Chairperson of INCENSE (The Inclusion and Empowerment of People with Severe Mental Disorders). He is also a member of the Working Group of the Project on Armed Conflict Resolution & People's Rights, University of California, Berkeley.
He was appointed a Member of India’s National Advisory Council by the council President Sonia Gandhi in June 2010. He convened the working groups on the Food Security Bill, Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation Bill, Child Labour Abolition, Urban Poverty and Homelessness, Disability Rights, Bonded Labour, Street Vendors and Urban Slums, and co-convened the groups on the Communal and Targeted Violence Bill, Dalits and Minorities and Tribal Rights, among others. His tenure was not renewed in 2012.
In March 2023, Ministry of Home Affairs has recommended a CBI inquiry into Aman Biradari, an organisation run by Harsh Mander to probe the alleged FCRA violations by Mandar’s organisation.
Teaching career
Harsh Mander teaches courses on poverty and governance at the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, and St. Stephen’s College, Delhi. He taught at the Nelson Mandela Centre for Peace and Conflict Resolution at Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi and at the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration, Mussoorie while he was Deputy Director of the institution, during which he also played a dominant role in the Right to Information Act (RTI). He has also lectured at the California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco; the Centre for Law and Governance, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi; Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, UK; NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad; MIT, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and at the Universities of Stanford, Washington (Stanford), Austin, among others.
Literary works
Harsh Mander has written and co-authored several books and regularly writes columns for newspapers like The Hindu, Hindustan Times and Dainik Bhaskar, and contributes frequently to scholarly journals. His stories have been adapted into films such as Shyam Benegal’s Samar, and Mallika Sarabhai’s dance drama, Unsuni.
Some of his selected publications include:
(2019) 'Between Memory and Forgetting: Massacre and the Modi Years in Gujarat' (New Delhi, Yoda Press)
(2019) 'Partitions of the Heart: Unmaking the Idea of India' (New Delhi, Penguin Viking)
(2018) 'The Right to Food Debates: Social Protection for Food Security in India' (New Delhi, Orient Blackswan) (authored with Ashwin Parulkar, Ankita Aggarwal)
(2018) 'Reconciliation: Karwan e Mohabbat’s Journey of Solidarity through a Wounded India' (New Delhi, Context) (co-authored with Natasha Badhwar).
(2016) 'Fatal Accidents of Birth: Stories of Suffering, Oppression and Resistance' (New Delhi, Speaking Tiger Books)
(2015) 'Looking Away: Inequality, Prejudice and Indifference in New India' (New Delhi, Speaking Tiger Books)
(2012) 'Ash in the Belly: India's Unfinished Battle Against Hunger' (New Delhi, Penguin India)
(2009) 'Fear and Forgiveness' (New Delhi, Penguin India)
Awards
Among his awards are the Rajiv Gandhi National Sadbhavana Award for peace work, the M.A. Thomas National Human Rights Award in 2002, the South Asian Minority Lawyers Harmony Award in 2012 and the Chisthi Harmony Award in 2012.
See also
Vijay Shankar Pandey, whistle blower IAS
Natasha Badhwar
References
External links
Harsh Mander's column in The Hindu
'Obedience Pushes You To Fascism' Harsh Mander interview, Outlook, 15 April 2002
Looking Away: Inequality, Prejudice and Indifference in New India at Speaking Tiger Books
http://www.yodapress.co.in/between-memory-and-forgetting
1956 births
Living people
Adivasi activists
Indian columnists
Indian male essayists
20th-century Indian essayists
Activists from Madhya Pradesh
Social workers from Chhattisgarh
Indian Administrative Service officers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsh%20Mander |
Marianne Van Hirtum (20 July 1935 – 11 June 1988) was a Belgian author writing in the French language, connected with the surrealist movement.
She was born in Namur, the daughter of Louis Van Hirtum, a doctor at a psychiatric hospital.
Van Hirtum met André Breton in 1959, the same year in which she participated in the International Surrealist Exhibition in Paris. She died in Paris, aged 52.
Bibliography
Poèmes pour les petits pauvres, Paris, Seghers 1953.
Les Insolites, Paris, Gallimard 1956.
La Nuit mathématique, Mortemart, Rougerie 1976.
Les Balançoires d'Euclide, Mortemart, Rougerie 1977.
Maisons, Parisod 1977.
Le Cheval-arquebuse, Orléans, Jean-Jacques Sergent 1978.
Le Trépied des algèbres, Mortemart, Rougerie 1980.
Le Papillon mental, Mortemart, Rougerie 1982.
John the Pelican, Hourglass, 1990.
Proteus volens, Hourglass 1991.
Peintures, dessins, objets, Hourglass 1991.
References
Marianne van Hirtum (French)
1935 births
1988 deaths
French surrealist writers
Belgian writers in French
20th-century Belgian women writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne%20Van%20Hirtum |
In music, parallel harmony, also known as harmonic parallelism, harmonic planing or parallel voice leading, is the parallel movement of two or more melodies (see voice leading).
Illustrative example
Lines with parallel harmony can be viewed as a series of chords with the same intervallic structure. Parallel means that each note within the chord rises or falls by the same interval.
Examples from works
Prominent examples include:
Claude Debussy's Beau soir (1880), Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune (1894), Nocturnes (1899), La Mer (1905), La cathédrale engloutie, "Voiles", "Feuilles mortes"
Maurice Ravel's Daphnis and Chloë Suite No. 2 (1913), "Menuet" from Le Tombeau de Couperin
Erik Satie's Le Fils des étoiles (1892)
Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring (1913)
Olivier Messiaen's music features abundant planing
Richard Strauss's Elektra (1909)
Arnold Schoenberg's Pierrot lunaire, "Columbine" (1914)
William Schuman's Three Score Set for Piano (1944)
John Williams's "Rebel Fanfare" from Star WarsIn the Schuman example (Three Score Set for Piano''), the inversions of the chords suggest a bichordal effect.
In the example on the top right, we see a series of quartal chords in parallel motion, in which the intervallic relationship between each consecutive chord member, in this case a minor second, is consistent. Each note in the chord falls by one semitone in each step, from F, B, and E in the first chord to D, G, and C in the last.
Usage in electronic music
Parallel harmony is frequently used in house music and other electronic music genres. Historically, this resulted from producers sampling chords from soul or jazz and then playing them at different pitches, or using "chord memory" feature from classic polyphonic synthesizers. Modern digital audio workstations offer similar chord-generating tools for achieving parallel harmony.
See also
Block chord
Consecutive fifths
Constant structure
Parallel key
Parallel chord
Side-slipping
Traditional sub-Saharan African harmony
Doubling (music)
References
Harmony | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel%20harmony |
is a 1972 manga by Leiji Matsumoto. It introduces Tochiro Oyama, best friend to Matsumoto's classic hero, Captain Harlock, who is in turn depicted as a gunslinger in the Old West. In sharp contrast to other Matsumoto's stories, Gun Frontier is a comedy adventure rather than a space opera. Also, unlike other Harlock stories, in Gun Frontier, Harlock is depicted as Tochiro's sidekick.
It is a harsh and barren wasteland, where the weak aren't allowed to dream. It is also a sacred land for true men, for there is no place a man can feel more alive. This is the Gun Frontier. Sea Pirate Captain Harlock and the errant samurai, Tochiro arrive in the United States on the Western Frontier. Along with a mysterious woman they meet along the way, the two friends challenge sex rings, bandits, and corrupt sheriff. They are searching for a lost clan of Japanese immigrants, and they will tear Gun Frontier from end to end until they find it.
Since the original manga, there has been a novel and a 2002 anime adaption of the series.
Characters
Tochiro Oyama
He is the main character. He is one of the survivors of Samurai Creek, a town of Japanese immigrants who were mysteriously all slaughtered, with only a few exceptions. Tochiro's purpose is to find the scattered remains of his people, no matter who or what he has to destroy to find them. Tochiro uses a Shikomizue very skillfully, but has awful aim with his gun, a fact which is often poked fun at throughout the series. Despite wearing glasses, he refers to himself as "not being able to see past the end of a shovel [he is] holding". He is also abnormally short, as well as bowlegged, and while he wears his cloak he can often avoid a fatal gunshot wound as his attacker would likely have no idea how small or awkwardly shaped he actually is. He is also a very heavy drinker.
Franklin Harlock Jr.
He is a sea captain turned gunslinger. He owes his life to Tochiro, and therefore takes him to America on his ship. Harlock is a master gunman, a quick draw like no other, and sharp as a tack. He is able to detect that Sinunora is trying to pry him and Tochiro apart for her own unclear reasons. He is very loyal to Tochiro. He is also quite enigmatic and silent, often grumbling and dismissing any mention of the past. Harlock has an x-shaped scar on his cheek, which is later revealed to be from a sword duel he and Tochiro had on Harlock's ship while they were still enemies.
Sinunora
She is a woman who joins Tochiro and Harlock at the end of the first episode. Beautiful and capable, she's not the damsel in distress as she is very good at using manipulation to get out of traps and get what she wants (It's revealed later in the series that she is an expert on human behavior). It also comes to Harlocks attention that Sinunora gets close to the pair so that she can spy on them and report back to the mysterious "Organization that guides the world" but in truth, she eventually is warmed by Tochiro's struggle and uses her position as their tracker to protect them instead. Her real name is never mentioned, except by a man named Baron De Noir F. Tat Endale, always referred with his full name and title, who is believed to be her husband. He mentions the first part of her name being "Anrei", but it is cut off and her real name is never mentioned again.
Shizuku
Darkmeister is the leader of the "organization" that guides the world. He desires Tochiro and all the other Japanese immigrants so that he can force them into slavery. He wants to use their superior knowledge of metalcraft (Known as Stardust Steel) to create unparalleled weapons to use in war to overthrow the American government. His face is never shown, but he is revealed to have incredibly long fingernails. It is also believed that he wears a mask of some kind.
Printing history
In 1975, the original manga series was compiled into three volumes. In 1988, the manga was reprinted and which Leiji Matsumoto added more content into. In 1999, Leiji Matsumoto published his first novel, Gun Frontier II. The novel was published by Daiwa Shobo and it was told in a non-erotic way compared to the original manga. The novel is now out of print.
Anime
In 2002, an anime adaptation of the original series aired on AT-X. The opening theme song is called "Style" by Grand Zero, while the ending theme song is called "Ame to Sanbika" by Umeno Yoshizawa.
It started being streamed in the US on Hulu in Fall 2009. In Latin America, it aired through Animax, beginning July 5, 2006. The title was translated to Frontera sin ley, except in Brazil where the original title was kept.
Episodes
References
External links
Gun Frontier at Enoki Films
1972 manga
1999 Japanese novels
2002 anime television series debuts
2002 Japanese television series endings
Adventure anime and manga
Akita Shoten manga
Anime and manga set in the United States
Captain Harlock
Discotek Media
Leiji Matsumoto
Science fiction anime and manga
Seinen manga
Western (genre) anime and manga | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun%20Frontier |
James Joseph Trelease (March 23, 1941 – July 28, 2022) was an American educator and author who stressed reading aloud to children to instill a love of literature.
Life
Jim Trelease was born on March 23 in Orange, New Jersey, to George Edward and Jane (Conlan) Trelease, a Cornish American family. In 1945, his family moved to Union, New Jersey, where he attended St. Michael Parish School. In 1952, his family moved to North Plainfield, New Jersey. Here, he attended Stoney Brook Junior High and North Plainfield High School. Three years later, he moved again to Springfield, Massachusetts, and attended Cathedral High School. He graduated in 1959. From 1959 to 1963, Trelease was enrolled in the University of Massachusetts, where he received a B.A. from the University of Massachusetts Amherst. In 1963, he married Susan Kelleher and had two children: Elizabeth Jane and James Joseph, Jr. Trelease. He served in United States Army Intelligence from 1964 to 1966 as a First Lieutenant.
Trelease lectured to school groups and educational gatherings across the nation from 1979 until 2008 (often in conjunction with purveyors of books for young people) about the fundamental importance of youthful reading to the entire process of education.
Career
1963–1983—Writer and Staff Artist, Springfield (MA) Daily News
1983–2008—Self-employed, owner of the education consultant company Reading Tree Publications
2008–2022—Retired from lecture, continued to maintain his website www.trelease-on-reading.com.
Wilt Chamberlain's 100-point game
Trelease helped put an end to a controversy over Wilt Chamberlain's 100-point game. In 1990, a reel-to-reel tape of Bill Campbell's entire fourth quarter call surfaced. He had recorded a 3 a.m. re-broadcast of the fourth quarter of the game. The NBA merged the reel-to-reel with the dictaphone tape, which also included a short postgame show.
The Read-Aloud Handbook
During his time working for the Springfield Daily News, now the Springfield Republican, Trelease began weekly volunteer visits to community classrooms to talk to children about journalism and art as possible careers. Trelease noticed that many of the students in these classrooms did not read much for pleasure, whereas those who did most often came from classrooms where teachers read aloud daily and incorporated Sustained Silent Reading (SSR) into the daily class routine. Trelease began to think that there may be a connection between reading to a child and its desire to read. It turned out that there was in fact a correlation. However, the information and research was published in education journals or written in academic language that exceeded the understanding of the average parent or teacher. So, Trelease was inspired to write and self-publish the first edition of The Read-Aloud Handbook in 1979.
The read aloud phenomenon
The first Penguin edition of The Read-Aloud Handbook led to six additional U.S. editions as well as British, Australian, Spanish, Chinese, Korean, and Japanese versions. Nearly two million copies of the Handbook have been sold worldwide. Moreover, it was the inspiration for PBS's Storytime series. It is also used as a text for future teachers, and is the basis for more than 3,000 elementary and secondary schools adopting sustained silent reading as a regular part of the academic day.
The Handbook was a pivotal force between 1979 and 2008 for read-aloud movements in the United States and abroad. Delaware, Virginia, West Virginia, Nebraska, Hawaii, and one European country (Poland) launched state- and country-wide campaigns based on Trelease's work and seminars. Poland launched its national campaign "All of Poland Reads to Kids" in 2001. By 2007, polls showed that over 85% of Polish people knew of the reading campaign, and 37% of parents of preschoolers reported that they were reading daily to their children.
Awards, honors, and publications
1979 – Self-published 32-page booklet "Read-Aloud Handbook for Parents and Teachers", which was subsequently published by Weekly Reader Books, Middletown, CT
1980 – First place for feature writing, Associated Press – New England for the feature “Trip to Fenway Drives Home Truth—Right Off the Bat,” Springfield Daily News
Last reprint – Read All About It! (Penguin Books, 1993)
1982 – The Read-Aloud Handbook, trade paperback edition (Penguin Books, US)
1983 – The Read-Aloud Handbook on New York Times bestseller list for 17 weeks
1983 – Read-Aloud Handbook (Penguin-Great Britain edition)
1985 – Read-Aloud Handbook (Penguin Australia edition)
1985 – Read-Aloud Handbook (Penguin, revised U.S. edition)
1988 – Read-Aloud Handbook (Japanese edition)
1988 – Jeremiah Ludington Memorial Award for outstanding contribution to reading, presented by Educational Paperback Publishers Association
1989 -Designated by International Reading Association as one of eight “Greats of the 80s” reading educators
1989 – The New Read-Aloud Handbook (Penguin, revised, third U.S. edition)
1992 – Hey! Listen to This (Viking Penguin), anthology, editor
1992 – International Reading Association Print Media Award (1st prize) for “Read Me a Story,” article in February 1991 Parents Magazine
1993 – Read All About It! (Viking Penguin), anthology, editor
1994 – Elms College, Honorary Doctor of Laws
1995 – Read-Aloud Handbook (Penguin, revised, fourth U.S. Edition)
1995 – The Read-Aloud Handbook audiobook (Penguin-Highbridge), narrated by Jim Trelease, named one of “Year’s Best Audiobooks” by Publishers Weekly
2001 – Read-Aloud Handbook (Penguin, revised, fifth U.S. Edition)
2002 – Western New England College, Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters
2004 – Read-Aloud Handbook (Spanish edition), Bogota, Colombia
2005 – “Turning On the Turned-off Reader,” audio recording by Jim Trelease (Reading Tree Productions)
2006 – Read-Aloud Handbook (Chinese edition)
2007 – Read-Aloud Handbook (Korean edition)
2007 – “Jim Trelease on Reading Aloud,” DVD lecture for parents, teachers, Reading Tree Productions
2008 – Read-Aloud Handbook (Indonesian edition)
2009 – Read-aloud brochures (series on reading-related issues), produced for use by non-profit organizations for free distribution to parents, teachers, and secondary students www.trelease-on-reading.com/brochures.html
Bibliography
The Read-Aloud Handbook, 1982, The New Read-Aloud Handbook, 1989,The Read-Aloud Handbook, Sixth Edition, 2006.
Reading Aloud: Motivating Children to Make Books Into Friends, Not Enemies (film), 1983.
Turning On the Turned Off Reader (audio cassette), 1983.
(Editor) Hey! Listen to This: Stories to Read Aloud, 1992.
(Editor) Read all About It!: Great Read-Aloud Stories, Poems, and Newspaper Pieces for Preteens and Teens, 1993.
Jim Trelease on Reading Aloud, DVD, 2007.
Notes
References
"James J(oseph) Trelease". Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2006.
Schwartz, David M. "Ready, set, read – 20 minutes each day is all you'll need". Smithsonian, February 1995 v25 n11 p82(8).
External links
Jim Trelease Home Page
1941 births
2022 deaths
American book editors
Reading skill advocates
American male journalists
American non-fiction writers
American people of Cornish descent
People from Orange, New Jersey
University of Massachusetts Amherst alumni
Educators from New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Trelease |
Lorraine Joyce Thurlow, (born 1 October 1938), née Crapp, is a former Olympic swimming champion representing Australia. In world swimming history, Crapp earned a place as the first woman to break the five-minute barrier in the 400 m freestyle.
Born in 1938, as a young girl Crapp lived with her parents at Jervis Bay where her father was with a Royal Australian Air Force Air Sea Rescue Unit. By the age of five she was a competent swimmer. When the family moved to Mortlake she joined the Cabarita Swimming Club and by the age of 12 was the winner of all her age events in freestyle, backstroke and breaststroke.
In 1952, Crapp was selected in the New South Wales team for the Australian Championships in Melbourne, where she came second to Olympian Judy Davis in the senior 880 yards. She won the junior 200 yards and she was still only 13 years old.
In 1954, Crapp won the 110 yard freestyle and 440 yard freestyle gold medals and a bronze medal in 3×110 yard medley relay at the British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Vancouver at the age of 15.
In 1956, Crapp broke 17 world records and by the end of the year she was the world record holder for 110 yards, 200 m, 400 m and 880 yards. She was the first Australian swimmer, male or female, to hold world records in all freestyle distances at the same time. On 25 August 1956 at the Australian National Training Camp at Tobruk Pool in Townsville, Queensland, she became the first woman to break the five minute barrier for 400 m freestyle; along the way she broke three other world records – 200 m, 220 yd and 440 yd. Although she improved on all times later in her career, her four world records in one swim (she slashed 18.2 seconds from the previous 400 m record to clock 4 min 47.2 seconds), made headlines around the world.
She competed in two Olympic Games — the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 1960 Summer Olympics. She won two Olympic gold medals and one Olympic silver medal in 1956 and one Olympic silver medal in 1960. Crapp's 16-year-old cousin Robert Crapp was one of the 1956 Olympic Torch Bearers selected to relay the Olympic Flame 2750 miles from Cairns to Melbourne with each runner carrying the flame 1 mile.
In 1956, Crapp won the Olympic 400 m freestyle (Olympic record) title easily when she beat teammate Dawn Fraser by 7.9 seconds in a time which was 17.5 seconds inside the previous Olympic record. Fraser reversed this result in the 100 m freestyle (both beating the previous world record) and the pair then combined with Faith Leech and Sandra Morgan to win gold for Australia in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay (world record).
In 1957, Crapp was awarded the city of Genoa Christopher Columbus Trophy as the outstanding athlete in the world.
In 1958, Crapp won a gold medal in the 4×110 yards freestyle relay, a silver medal in the 110 yards freestyle and a bronze in the 440 yards freestyle at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Cardiff but she was never again a world record breaker.
In 1960, Crapp bowed out of international competition with a silver medal in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay at the Rome Olympics. On the eve of her departure for the 1960 Rome Games, Crapp married Dr. Bill Thurlow, a medical officer attached to the Australian team. In 1964, Thurlow won a 100,000 pounds lottery prize, which he planned to use for setting up a health centre for disabled people.
During her career Crapp set 23 world records and won 9 Australian championship titles. In 1972, she was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame, and in 1986 into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame. On 8 June 1998, she was named as Member of the Order of Australia for "service to sport, particularly swimming at national and international levels, and to the community through the promotion of sport and the benefits of a healthy lifestyle."
On 8 February 2000, Crapp was awarded the Australian Sports Medal in recognition of her and teammates' efforts in winning the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay at the 1956 Olympics. The same year she was one of the eight flag bearers at the opening ceremony of the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. On 1 January 2001, Crapp was awarded the Centenary Medal for "service to Australian society through the sport of swimming."
Lorraine Crapp is one of nine "Legends" of the Path of Champions at Sydney Olympic Park Aquatic Centre.
See also
List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame
List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)
World record progression 100 metres freestyle
World record progression 200 metres freestyle
World record progression 400 metres freestyle
World record progression 800 metres freestyle
World record progression 4 × 100 metres freestyle relay
References
Further reading
1938 births
Living people
Sportswomen from New South Wales
Australian female freestyle swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Australia
Swimmers at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Swimmers at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Olympic gold medalists for Australia
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Australia
World record setters in swimming
Members of the Order of Australia
Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
People educated at MLC School
Swimmers from Sydney
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists in swimming
Olympic silver medalists in swimming
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Medallists at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine%20Crapp |
Belgium participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 with the song "Je t'adore" written by Kate Ryan, Niklas Bergwall, Niclas Kings and Lisa Greene. The song was performed by Kate Ryan. The Belgian entry for the 2006 contest in Athens, Greece was selected through the national final Eurosong '06, organised by the Flemish broadcaster Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie (VRT). The competition featured twenty-eight competing entries and consisted of seven shows. In the final on 19 February 2006, "Je t'adore" performed by Kate Ryan was selected as the winner via the votes of seven jury groups and a public televote.
Belgium competed in the semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 18 May 2006. Performing during the show in position 7, "Je t'adore" was not announced among the top 10 entries of the semi-final and therefore did not qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Belgium placed twelfth out of the 23 participating countries in the semi-final with 69 points.
Background
Prior to the 2006 contest, Belgium had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest forty-seven times since its debut as one of seven countries to take part in . Since then, the country has won the contest on one occasion in with the song "J'aime la vie" performed by Sandra Kim. Following the introduction of semi-finals for , Belgium had been featured in only one final. In 2005, Nuno Resende represented the country with the song "Le grand soir", placing twenty-second in the semi-final and failing to advance to the final.
The Belgian broadcaster for the 2006 contest, who broadcasts the event in Belgium and organises the selection process for its entry, was Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie (VRT). The Belgian participation in the contest alternates between two broadcasters: the Flemish VRT and the Walloon Radio Télévision Belge de la Communauté Française (RTBF). Both broadcasters have selected the Belgian entry using national finals and internal selections in the past. In 2004 and 2005, both VRT and RTBF organised a national final in order to select the Belgian entry. On 19 June 2005, VRT confirmed Belgium's participation in the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest and announced that the Eurosong national final would be held to select their entry.
Before Eurovision
Eurosong '06
Eurosong '06 was the national final that selected Belgium's entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006. The competition consisted of seven shows that commenced on 8 January 2006 and concluded with a final on 19 February 2006 where the winning song and artist were selected. All shows took place at the Studio 100 in Schelle, hosted by Bart Peeters and were broadcast on Eén.
Format
Twenty-eight entries were selected to compete in Eurosong. Four heats took place on 8, 15, 22 and 29 January 2006 with each show featuring seven entries. The top three as determined by an expert jury, a press jury, two radio jury groups from the stations Radio 2 and Radio Donna and public televoting qualified to the semi-finals. The expert jury also selected two wildcards out of the non-qualifying acts in the heats to advance. Two semi-finals took place on 5 and 12 February 2006 with each show featuring seven entries. The top three as determined by the four jury groups and public televoting qualified to the final, while the expert jury also selected a wildcard out of the non-qualifying acts in the semi-finals to advance. The final took place on 19 February 2006 where the winner was chosen by an expert jury, a press jury, two radio jury groups from the stations Radio 2 and Radio Donna, three international jury groups and public televoting. Each jury group had an equal stake in the result during all shows, while the public televote had a weighting equal to the votes of two jury groups in the heats and the semi-finals and three jury groups in the final.
During each of the seven shows, the expert jury provided commentary and feedback to the artists as well as selected entries to advance in the competition. The experts were:
Yasminesinger and television presenter
Marcel Vanthiltsinger and television presenter
André VermeulenBelgian commentator at the Eurovision Song Contest
Johnny LoganIrish singer-songwriter, winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 1980 and 1987
Competing entries
A submission period was opened on 19 June 2005 for artists and songwriters to submit their entries until 28 September 2005. The twenty-eight acts selected by VRT for the competition from 321 entries received during the submission period were announced on 6 December 2005. Among the competing artists were former Eurovision Song Contest participants Barbara Dex, who represented Belgium in 1993, and Vanessa Chinitor, who represented Belgium in 1999.
Shows
Heats
The four heats took place on 8, 15, 22 and 29 January 2006. In each show seven entries competed and the combination of results from an expert jury, a press jury, two radio jury groups and a public televote determined the top three that qualified to the semi-finals. An additional two entries were awarded wildcards by the expert jury from the remaining non-qualifying acts in the heats to proceed to the semi-finals.
Semi-finals
The two semi-finals took place on 5 and 12 February 2006. In each show seven entries competed and the combination of results from an expert jury, a press jury, two radio jury groups and a public televote determined the top three that qualified to the final. "P.O.W.E.R." performed by Brahim was awarded a wildcard by the expert jury from the non-qualifying acts in the semi-finals to proceed to the final.
Final
The final took place on 19 February 2006 where the seven entries that qualified from the preceding two semi-finals competed. The winner, "Je t'adore" performed by Kate Ryan, was selected by the combination of results from an expert jury, a press jury, two radio jury groups, three international jury groups and a public televote. The international jury groups were selected following a study conducted by two independent professors in statistics on the three best forecasters of the Eurovision Song Contest in recent years.
Ratings
Promotion
Kate Ryan made several appearances across Europe to specifically promote "Je t'adore" as the Belgian Eurovision entry. Ryan took part in promotional activities in Macedonia on 7 April and performed during the HRT 1 programme Studio 10 in Croatia on 8 April. On 9 April, Ryan appeared in and performed during the TV SLO1 programme Spet doma in Slovenia. Ryan also took part in promotional activities in Greece on 13 and 14 April which included performances during the ANT1 show Proinos Kafes, and in Malta between 15 and 17 April where she appeared during the special Eurovision shows Lejn il-Eurovision on NET TV and Eurovision Fever on Super One TV. On 22 April, Ryan performed in Turkey during the Star TV show Popstar Türkiye. On 4 May, Ryan completed promotional activities in the Netherlands where she appeared during the talk shows RTL Boulevard on RTL 4 and Jensen! on RTL 5. The promotional tour also featured television and radio appearances in Cyprus, Germany, Latvia, Sweden and Switzerland, and was financially supported by Flemish Minister of Culture Bert Anciaux and Kate Ryan's record company EMI with each of them allocating a subsidy of €60,000.
At Eurovision
According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country, the "Big Four" (France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom) and the ten highest placed finishers in the 2005 contest are required to qualify from the semi-final on 18 May 2006 in order to compete for the final on 20 May 2006; the top ten countries from the semi-final progress to the final. On 21 March 2006, a special allocation draw was held which determined the running order for the semi-final and Belgium was set to perform in position 7, following the entry from Albania and before the entry from Ireland. At the end of the semi-final, Belgium was not announced among the top 10 entries and therefore failed to qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Belgium placed twelfth in the semi-final, receiving a total of 69 points.
The semi-final and the final were broadcast in Belgium by both the Flemish and Walloon broadcasters. VRT broadcast the shows on één with commentary in Dutch by Bart Peeters and André Vermeulen. RTBF televised the shows on La Une with commentary in French by Jean-Pierre Hautier. All shows were also broadcast by VRT on Radio 2 with commentary in Dutch by Michel Follet and Sven Pichal, and by RTBF on La Première with commentary in French by Patrick Duhamel and Thomas Gunzig. The Belgian spokesperson, who announced the Belgian votes during the final, was Yasmine who held up a placard with the words "We Love Kate Ryan" during the final.
Voting
Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Belgium and awarded by Belgium in the semi-final and grand final of the contest. The nation awarded its 12 points to Armenia in the semi-final and the final of the contest.
Points awarded to Belgium
Points awarded by Belgium
References
2006
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006
Eurovision | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202006 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 with the song "Lejla" written by Željko Joksimović, Fahrudin Pecikoza and Dejan Ivanović. The song was performed by the band Hari Mata Hari. Songwriter Željko Joksimović represented Serbia and Montenegro in the Eurovision Song Contest 2004 with the song "Lane moje" where he placed second in the grand final of the competition. On 9 February 2006, the Bosnian broadcaster Radio and Television of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BHRT) revealed that they had internally selected Hari Mata Hari to compete at the 2006 contest in Athens, Greece. Their song, "Lejla", was presented to the public during a show entitled BH Eurosong 2006 on 5 March 2006.
Bosnia and Herzegovina competed in the semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 18 May 2006. Performing during the show in position 22, "Lejla" was announced among the top 10 entries of the semi-final and therefore qualified to compete in the final on 20 May. It was later revealed that Bosnia and Herzegovina placed second out of the 23 participating countries in the semi-final with 267 points. In the final, Bosnia and Herzegovina performed in position 13 and placed third out of the 24 participating countries, scoring 229 points.
Background
Prior to the 2006 contest, Bosnia and Herzegovina had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest eleven times since its first entry in . The nation's best placing in the contest was seventh, which it achieved in 1999 with the song "Putnici" performed by Dino and Béatrice. Following the introduction of semi-finals for the , Bosnia and Herzegovina has, up to this year, managed to qualify on each occasion the nation has participated and compete in the final. Bosnia and Herzegovina's least successful result has been 22nd place, which they have achieved in .
The Bosnian national broadcaster, Radio and Television of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BHRT), broadcasts the event within Bosnia and Herzegovina and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. BHRT confirmed their intentions to participate at the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest on 5 January 2006. In , the broadcaster had set up a national final to choose both the artist and song to represent the nation, while the Bosnian entry was selected through an internal selection process in . This marked the first time that both the artist and song that would represent Bosnia and Herzegovina was internally selected; previously the broadcaster had used a national final to choose the artist, song or both to compete at the contest.
Before Eurovision
Internal selection
The broadcaster directly invited composers to submit songs in one of the official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina up until 23 January 2006. On 9 February 2006, BHRT announced that they had internally selected the band Hari Mata Hari to represent Bosnia and Herzegovina in Athens. The announcement occurred during a press conference which was held at the UNITIC center of the University of Sarajevo. Hari Mata Hari were due to represent Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Eurovision Song Contest 1999 with the song "Starac i more" before its disqualification as the song was previously released in Finland in 1997. The song to be performed at the contest was also selected internally and was written by Željko Joksimović, Fahrudin Pecikoza and Dejan Ivanović. Joksimović previously represented Serbia and Montenegro in the Eurovision Song Contest 2004, placing second with the song "Lane moje".
The song, under three working titles "Lejla", "Sakrivena" and "Zar bi mogla ti drugog voljeti", was presented during a television special entitled BH Eurosong 2006 on 5 March 2006, which was held at the Sarajevo National Theatre and hosted by Mario Drmac and Dejan Kukrić. The show was broadcast on BHT 1 as well as streamed online via the broadcaster's website pbsbih.ba. In addition to the presentation of the song, the show featured guest performances by Željko Joksimović, 1964 Yugoslav Eurovision entrant Sabahudin Kurt, 1976 Yugoslav Eurovision entrant Ambasadori, 2003 Bosnian Eurovision entrant Mija Martina, 2004 Bosnian Eurovision entrant Deen and 2005 Bosnian Eurovision entrant Feminnem. Following the show, the public was able to vote for their favourite song title on pbsbih.ba and "Lejla" was selected with 3,501 votes; "Zar bi mogla ti drugog voljeti" received 660 votes and "Sakrivena" received 462 votes.
At Eurovision
According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country, the "Big Four" (France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom) and the ten highest placed finishers in the 2005 contest are required to qualify from the semi-final on 18 May 2006 in order to compete for the final on 20 May 2006; the top ten countries from the semi-final progress to the final. On 21 March 2006, an allocation draw was held which determined the running order for the semi-final and Bosnia and Herzegovina was set to perform in position 22, following the entry from and before the entry from .
During Hari Mata Hari's performance at the contest, the band members were joined on stage by backing vocalists Ksenija Milošević and Ivana Čabraja. At the end of the semi-final, Bosnia and Herzegovina was announced as having finished in the top 10 and subsequently qualifying for the grand final. It was later revealed that Bosnia and Herzegovina placed second in the semi-final, receiving a total of 267 points. The draw for the running order for the final was done by the presenters during the announcement of the ten qualifying countries during the semi-final and Bosnia and Herzegovina was drawn to perform in position 13, following the entry from and before the entry from . Bosnia and Herzegovina placed third in the final, scoring 229 points.
The semi-final and the final were broadcast in Bosnia and Herzegovina on BHT 1 with commentary by Dejan Kukrić. The Bosnian spokesperson, who announced the Bosnian votes during the final, was Vesna Andree-Zaimović.
Voting
Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Bosnia and Herzegovina and awarded by Bosnia and Herzegovina in the semi-final and grand final of the contest. The nation awarded its 12 points to Turkey in the semi-final and to Croatia in the final of the contest.
Points awarded to Bosnia and Herzegovina
Points awarded by Bosnia and Herzegovina
References
2006
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006
Eurovision | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202006 |
Michael Vincent Wenden, (born 17 November 1949) is a champion swimmer who represented Australia in the 1968 Summer Olympics and 1972 Summer Olympics. In 1968 he won four medals: gold in both the 100- and 200-metre freestyle (setting world records in each) and a silver and a bronze in freestyle relays.
Wenden was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 1979. He was one of the eight bearers of the Olympic Flag at the opening ceremony of the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.
Wenden was appointed an MBE in 1969 and made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in the 2006 Australia Day Honours for "service to the Olympic movement as an administrator and competitor".
Wenden holds a Bachelor of Commerce from the University of New South Wales. His daughter Karen Baildon (née Wenden) competed in swimming at the Queensland state level and won the 1989 Miss Universe Miss Photogenic title. She is married to Olympic swimmer Andrew Baildon.
See also
List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame
List of Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming (men)
List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)
World record progression 100 metres freestyle
World record progression 4 × 200 metres freestyle relay
References
External links
1949 births
Living people
People educated at Patrician Brothers' College, Fairfield
Swimmers from Sydney
Olympic swimmers for Australia
Swimmers at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Australia
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Olympic bronze medalists for Australia
World record setters in swimming
Australian Members of the Order of the British Empire
Members of the Order of Australia
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Australia
University of New South Wales alumni
Olympic bronze medalists in swimming
Australian male freestyle swimmers
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Swimmers at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Swimmers at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games
Swimmers at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists in swimming
Olympic silver medalists in swimming
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
20th-century Australian people
Medallists at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games
Sportsmen from New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Wenden |
The Senedd building () in Cardiff houses the debating chamber and three committee rooms of the Senedd (Welsh Parliament; ; formerly the National Assembly for Wales). The Senedd building was opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 1 March 2006, Saint David's Day, and the total cost was £69.6 million, which included £49.7 million in construction costs. The Senedd building is part of the Senedd estate that includes Tŷ Hywel and the Pierhead Building.
After two selection processes, it was decided that the debating chamber would be on a new site, called Site 1E, at Capital Waterside in Cardiff Bay. The Pritzker Prize-winning architect Lord Rogers of Riverside won an international architectural design competition, managed by RIBA Competitions, to design the building. It was designed to be sustainable with the use of renewable technologies and energy efficiency integrated into its design. The building was awarded an "Excellent" certification by the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM), the highest ever awarded in Wales, and was nominated for the 2006 Stirling Prize.
The Senedd building was constructed in two phases, the first in 2001 and the second from August 2003 until it was handed over to the then National Assembly for Wales in February 2006. Between phases, the National Assembly changed contractors and the project's management structure, but retained Lord Rogers of Riverside as the scheme architect. The building was nearly six times over budget and four years and 10 months late, compared to the original estimates of the project in 1997. Total costs rose due to unforeseen security measures after the 11 September attacks, and because the National Assembly did not have an independent cost appraisal of the project until December 2000, three years after the original estimate. Phase 2 costs rose by less than 6% over budget, and that phase was six months late.
Architecture
The Senedd building is in the former Cardiff Docks, about south of Cardiff Castle. Cardiff Docks had been the largest coal-exporting port in the world, but by the 1980s with the decline of the south Wales coalfield, the area had gradually become derelict. By the 1990s the area was being transformed with the construction of the Cardiff Bay Barrage and was renamed Cardiff Bay.
The building faces southwest over Cardiff Bay, it has a glass façade around the entire building and is dominated by a steel roof and wood ceiling. It has three floors; the first and second floors are accessible to the public and the ground floor is a private area for officials. The building was designed to be as open and accessible as possible, the architects, the Richard Rogers Partnership (RRP) said "The building was not to be an insular, closed edifice. Rather it would be a transparent envelope, looking outwards to Cardiff Bay and beyond, making visible the inner workings of the Assembly and encouraging public participation in the democratic process." The main area in the building is the debating chamber, called the Siambr, including a public viewing gallery. Other areas of the building are the Neuadd, which is the main reception area on the first floor and the Oriel on the second floor. The three committee rooms and the Cwrt are on the ground floor.
Environmental features
The design criteria required sustainability, including a design life of 100 years, the use of local Welsh materials, minimal energy consumption and waste, the use of renewable technologies and for it to be an exemplar in terms of sustainability.
In total, 36% of all materials and labour costs were spent in Wales, with about 1,000 tonnes of Welsh slate used. The environmental features of the building have allowed energy savings of between 30% and 50% compared to buildings without these features. The features include 27 pipes that were drilled 100m below ground, so that during cold spells, water is pumped through the pipes and heated to 14 °C by geothermal energy. The hot water is then pumped back up to the slate floor to warm the building to a constant temperature. In warm spells, the same system helps to keep the building cool. A biomass boiler was installed to use wood chips from recycled waste wood to heat the building, and rainwater is collected from the roof to flush the toilets in the building.
Interior and contents
Y Siambr (The Chamber; ) is a debating chamber, which holds all 60 Members of the Senedd (MSs) in a circular configuration under the cowl. The Siambr can be increased to accommodate 80 MSs in the future, by removing temporary walls. On the level above is the public viewing gallery, which looks down on the debating chamber and is separated by security glass. The public gallery holds 128 people on two rows of seats. The MSs' desks and public gallery seating are made of Welsh oak in a circular configuration so that all MSs can see each other, which, it is claimed, makes debating less confrontational.
In front of the Llywydd’s desk is the ceremonial mace. Melbourne goldsmith Fortunato Rocca was commissioned by the Parliament of New South Wales in 2002 to design it. The mace took 300 hours to craft and is made from gold, silver and brass. In 2006, it was worth around £10,500 (A$25,000) and was handed over to the National Assembly during the opening ceremony.
All committee meetings are held in three committee rooms. Each can accommodate 24 people, although committee rooms 1 and 2 can both hold 34 when fully opened. Members of the public can access the committee room viewing galleries from the Neuadd, which holds 31 people.
Members of the public enter the building through Y Neuadd ("The Hall" ). This first floor level houses the public reception and information area. The reception desk features a large slate and glass desk and a canopy. Stairs to the left of the desk lead to the Oriel on the second floor.
Yr Oriel ("The Gallery", from ; ) is a public sitting and exhibition area with views down to Y Siambr and committee rooms. The glass flooring, which surrounds a large funnel feature, enables visitors to look down into the Siambr two floors below. The Swan chairs selected for the Neuadd and Oriel areas were from Fritz Hansen, a Danish company, and originally designed by Arne Jacobsen in 1958.
Y Cwrt ("The Courtyard"; ) is an area on the ground floor with a members' tea room, a media briefing room, and access to the Siambr and committee rooms. It is accessible only to MSs, officials of the Senedd and members of the press.
An undulating ceiling made of Canadian-sourced Western Redcedar timber spans across the various sections of the building. It was manufactured and installed by BCL Timber Projects (sub-contracted by Taylor Woodrow).
Artwork
Four pieces of art were originally commissioned by the National Assembly to be both decorative and functional; they cost £300,000 in total. The Swansea-based artist Alexander Beleschenko designed and created the circular and domed Heart of Wales for the centre of the Siambr. It is wide, made out of blue and gold glass, and lit from beneath. Martin Richman designed and created 270 fabric-covered acoustic absorption panels, which were dyed and painted. American sculptor Danny Lane designed and created the wind hedge, Assembly Field. It has five parallel rows of 32 glass plates and was designed to have the practical use of protecting the public from high winds coming off Cardiff Bay. Devon-born sculptor Richard Harris created The Meeting Place on the Plinth, which is 45 tonnes of slate machine-cut into 39 slate slabs; the slate was from Cwt y Bugail Quarry in north Wales. It is an informal seating area south of the building. Harris said of the work, "I wanted to create a space that was to the side of the building, that related closely to the building but was very inviting for people to use – somewhere quieter that people could sit and spend some time."
In 2008, two temporary tinplate portraits were commissioned by the National Assembly for Wales. The artist was Dylan Hammond, and each portrait, one of Aneurin Bevan and the other of Margaret Thatcher measured x . They were on display for 3 months.
The Welsh sculptor and blacksmith Angharad Pearce Jones designed and created the Three Maps of Wales () that were unveiled in 2021. They were made from Port Talbot steel at her workshop near Brynamman and are on permanent display. They consist of three large steel maps of Wales, the smallest shows the boundaries of the 5 electoral regions of the Senedd, the other the 40 constituencies of the Senedd and the largest being the landscape of Wales and weights and is wide and just over 2 metres high. The largest map of the Welsh landscape is on wheels so it can be displayed in other parts of the building if needed.
Etymology
The Welsh word means 'senate' or 'parliament'. The Roman Senate () used the word Senatus in its name, which is derived from the Latin word , meaning 'old man', 'old age', 'elder' or 'council of elders'.
Background and construction
First site selection process
Under the Laws in Wales Act 1536 Wales was fully incorporated into England and administered as a single sovereign state (the Kingdom of England) with a single legal system (English law). It was in 1964 that the Secretary of State for Wales was created as a Cabinet post, which gave some powers to Wales. A referendum was held in 1979 to decide whether there was support for a Welsh Assembly among the Welsh electorate. This was defeated with a majority of 20.2% for and 79.7% against.
After the 1997 United Kingdom general election, the Labour Government published a white paper in July 1997, called A Voice for Wales; in it, the UK Government proposed that "(the Welsh Assembly) headquarters will be in Cardiff ... (the) setting up (of) the Assembly is likely to cost between £12M and £17M. Additional running costs should be between £15M and £20M a year." On 18 September 1997, Wales voted in favour of a National Assembly for Wales in the Welsh devolution referendum, with 50.30% for and 49.70% against. The Government of Wales Act 1998 was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and was granted Royal Assent on 31 July 1998.
Before the referendum took place, the Welsh Office asked Symonds Facilities Management (later known as Capita Symonds) to investigate possible sites for a new Welsh Assembly. The study was carried out in June 1997, and it considered 20 sites. By August 1997, the Welsh Office and the Property Advisors to the Civil Estate (now part of the Office of Government Commerce) produced a shortlist of five sites for selection: the Cathays Park Building (the existing Welsh Office buildings); the Coal Exchange in Cardiff Bay; a site next to County Hall in Cardiff Bay; the former Glamorgan County Hall, Cathays Park; and Cardiff City Hall, Cathays Park, owned by Cardiff Council. In making their decision they considered the need for a space of that would be ready to use by May 1999. The building was to be of appropriate stature, location and quality, and provide good access for the disabled and good staff accommodation that would avoid disruption to existing staff.
From the five on the shortlist, two sites were selected for further consideration: the Cathays Park Building and Cardiff City Hall. Cardiff City Hall was favoured because the executive and legislative functions would be separated; Cardiff City Hall was more widely recognised by the Welsh public and was a more prestigious building compared with the Cathays Park Building. The move to Cardiff City Hall would have also avoided a disruptive move for Welsh Office staff at the Cathays Park Building. The Welsh Office concluded that Cardiff City Hall would only remain an option if the initial costs were £17M or less, which was the top end of the estimate figure given in the White Paper. This would only be possible if essential works were carried out immediately and the remainder of the work carried out later. Cardiff Council would need to agree a selling price of £5M or less for this to be possible.
There were discussions between the leader of Cardiff Council, Russell Goodway, and the Secretary of State for Wales, Ron Davies MP. The two disagreed on the valuation of the site: Davies offered what was believed to be the market price of £3.5 million; Goodway demanded £14 million for the relocation of Council staff. In October 1997, both the Welsh Office and Cardiff Council agreed to the District Valuer providing an independent assessment of the market value of Cardiff City Hall and the cost of staff relocating to an equivalent standard of accommodation. The District Valuer advised that the open market value of Cardiff City Hall was £3.5 million. There was not enough information available for the District Valuer to make a decision. A bid of £2.5 million was made by the Welsh Office on 14 November 1997, which was rejected on 21 November 1997. A final offer of £3.5 million was made on 24 November and this too was rejected by Cardiff County Council. Davies later announced his decision not to go ahead with the Cardiff City Hall site for the National Assembly.
Second site selection process
In December 1997, the Welsh Office invited proposals from Wales for the National Assembly building. 24 proposals were received; 14 came from the private sector and government-owned corporations including HTV Group, Grosvenor Waterside (owned by Associated British Ports), Tarmac Developments, Cardiff Bay Development Corporation and Cardiff Airport. Nine local authorities in Wales made proposals including the Guildhall proposed by Swansea Council, Cardiff City Hall by Cardiff Council, Margam Castle by Neath Port Talbot Council, Cyfarthfa Castle by Merthyr Tydfil Council; proposals also came from Wrexham Council, Flintshire County Council who proposed two sites at Ewloe and Mold, Rhondda Cynon Taf Council, Powys County Council and five sites from Bridgend Council. The Grosvenor Waterside proposal, known as Capital Waterside, included the Pierhead Building, Crickhowell House and Site 1E, which would become the site of the new debating chamber.
All the proposals were reviewed by the Welsh Office, who rejected sites due to poor location, accommodation or cost. A shortlist of ten sites were further reviewed. These were: Capital Waterside (now known as Cardiff Waterside); Cardiff City Hall; a site next to County Hall; Bute Square (now known as Callaghan Square); Prospect Place; Cardiff Gate Business Park; Kingsway and the Coal Exchange all in Cardiff, with the HTV site at Culverhouse Cross, and the Guildhall in Swansea.
Davies announced on 13 March 1998 that the new National Assembly building would be in Cardiff. He said that the Cardiff proposals were "too compelling to resist", because "in making this decision, I am mindful that Wales has invested 40 years in promoting Cardiff as our capital city." The National Assembly building would be either in Bute Square or Capital Waterside. The Welsh Office decided that the Capital Waterside proposal carried less risk and would cost less than the Bute Square proposal. Capital Waterside would cost £43.9M, while Bute Square would cost £52.5M. On 28 April 1998, Davies announced that the site of the National Assembly building would be Capital Waterside. The site was acquired by the National Assembly from Grosvenor Waterside Investments Ltd, which was owned by Associated British Ports. The agreement covered extending the lease of Crickhowell House, later known as Tŷ Hywel, until 2023, renting the Pierhead Building for 15 years and purchasing Site 1E for £1, which would be where the Senedd building was built.
Design selection process
Before deciding on Capital Waterside as the site of the National Assembly, Davies announced on 13 March 1998 that an international competition would be held to select the design of the building for the debating chamber. Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Competitions would oversee the competition and a design panel would recommend a design to the Secretary of State for Wales. The Design Competition Advisory Panel was made up of seven members and was chaired by Lord Callaghan of Cardiff, the former MP for Cardiff South and Penarth and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The chair and four other members were appointed by Davies and the remaining two members were appointed by the RIBA. The competition was advertised in the Official Journal of the European Communities on 13 June 1998.
Davies wanted a building "to capture the imagination of the Welsh people". The criteria of the competition were that the building should have a functional specification and a price tag of no more than £12 million including fees. In total, 55 architects had shown interest in the project: nine came from Wales, 38 from the rest of the UK and the remaining eight from the rest of the world. The Design Competition Advisory Panel selected 12 architects for interview in August 1998; from those a shortlist of six architects were chosen to submit concept designs; they were: Benson & Forsyth; Eric Parry Associates; Niels Torp and Stride Treglown Davies; Richard Rogers Partnership (now known as Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners); Itsuko Hasegawa Atelier and Kajima Design Europe; and MacCormac Jamieson Prichard.
Each architect submitted designs by 5 October 1998; 10 days later the Design Competition Advisory Panel met and unanimously recommended that the Richard Rogers Partnership (RRP) design should be selected. Davies announced RRP as the scheme architects on 16 October 1998. Richard Rogers said, "The idea was that steps rise out of the water and there is a whole public domain where people meet each other and look down on the Assembly Members." Richard Rogers had previously designed the Lloyd's building in London and the Pompidou Centre in Paris with Renzo Piano. 11 days later, Davies resigned as Secretary of State for Wales.
It was planned that the outline design would be completed by June 1999, and the detailed design completed by February 2000. Construction of the building was due to begin in November 2000 and be completed in April 2001. On 1 July 1999, The National Assembly for Wales (Transfer of Functions) Order 1999 came into effect: this transferred all powers from the Secretary of State for Wales to the National Assembly for Wales; responsibility for the construction of the debating chamber transferred at the same time. Cardiff Council granted planning permission for the building on 8 November 1999, and by 26 January 2000 the National Assembly voted to progress the project to the next stage.
First phase of construction
Rhodri Morgan AM replaced Alun Michael AM as the First Secretary (now known as the First Minister) of the National Assembly on 15 February 2000. On 22 March, Morgan stopped all work on the project to carry out a complete review. The decision to stop the project was supported by a vote in the National Assembly on 6 April 2000. The review included the costs and construction risks of the new building, the timetable for the completion of the project and consideration of possible alternatives to the new building.
The review was carried out by the Assembly's Management Services Division, the Property Advisors to the Civil Estate and Symonds Group Ltd. They considered the following options: cancel the project; continue with the existing design; design a building on Site 1E; improve the existing debating chamber; construct a small chamber in the courtyard of Crickhowell House; and relocate to Cardiff City Hall. On 21 June 2000 it was agreed that the original proposal using the RRP design should proceed.
An international competition was held to select the main contractor. It was advertised in the Official Journal of the European Community, and in December 2000 Skanska Ltd was selected as the main contractor. Edwina Hart AM, the Minister for Finance, Local Government and Communities, approved the final project design on 18 January 2001 and by 1 March 2001, the groundbreaking ceremony took place to mark the beginning of construction.
Six months after construction had begun and with only the piling and a temporary road around the site having been completed,
Hart announced on 17 July 2001 that the National Assembly had terminated the contract of RRP. She said that despite the termination of the contract, the debating chamber should still be built to RRP's design. RRP said of the project that "From the outset, RRP has advised that the project could not be built within a construction budget of £13.1M due to client changes, the political requirement to use indigenous materials at any cost and exceptional contractor changes. RRP's advice was consistently ignored. It is plainly untrue for the Finance Minister to assert that RRP underestimated the costs." Hart said she stopped the project because of the "significant underestimates in the cost plan prepared by RRP", and that RRP "had hidden costs from the Assembly".
A legal dispute then arose between RRP claiming £529,000 in fees, and the National Assembly claiming £6.85M in damages. On 10 December 2001 RRP requested an appointment of an adjudicator from the Construction Industry Council to resolve the issue. The adjudication took place in February 2002, and ruled that RRP was entitled to £448,000 of its claim, while the National Assembly was not entitled to any of the damages they had claimed.
Second phase of construction
In August 2001, the National Assembly appointed Francis Graves Ltd as the project managers, to review the whole project up until the termination of the RRP contract and to propose how the project should progress in the future. They reported that the "lines of accountability were complex and insufficiently clear", that no project costs were obtained by the National Assembly, independent of RRP, until December 2000, and that the project "was highly susceptible to cost over runs". The report recommended that the National Assembly appoint project managers, which they did when they appointed Schal International Management Ltd (part of Carillion) in May 2002. Northcroft Group Ltd were appointed as a subcontractor, responsible for cost management and they reported directly to Schal. Schal had full responsibility to manage the main contractor and subcontractors. Schal reported to a Project Board, who reported to the Minister for Finance, Local Government and Communities. The Project Board was made up of National Assembly and Welsh Government officials and a representative from Schal.
The Welsh Government decided that a design and build fixed-price contract would be used for the second phase of construction, while phase one of construction made time the important factor over cost certainty. The overall aim was to "deliver a landmark building…to time, to an appropriate quality and within budget". On 23 October 2002 an invitation to tender was issued through the Official Journal of the European Community. Eight companies submitted an interest in the tender process, including Taylor Woodrow, David McLean, Laing and Skanska, of these only David McLean and the Taylor Woodrow Strategic Alliance Partnership with RRP as a subcontractor, submitted tenders. David McLean's tender did not comply with the tender requirements, so the Assembly Government negotiated a fixed-price contract with Taylor Woodrow for £48.2M. The contract was signed between Taylor Woodrow and the First Minister on 1 July 2003 and construction began for a second time on 4 August 2003.
The topping out ceremony took place on 25 November 2004 by the Presiding Officer, Dafydd Elis-Thomas, Privy Counsellor (PC), AM, which included the lifting into place of the world's largest free rotating wind driven cowl, which was the tallest point of the building. The cowl sits above the roof line and rotates when the wind changes direction to ventilate the debating chamber. Construction of the Senedd building ended on 7 February 2006 when the National Assembly took control of the building. The project was six months late, due to the National Assembly not producing a detailed specification on time. The 10-year ICT contract, known as Merlin, was between the National Assembly and Siemens Business Services Ltd, now known as Siemens IT Solutions and Services. Other subcontractors on the project included Arup (structural engineers), BDSP Partnership and MJN Colston (services engineers), and BCL Timber Projects (timber ceiling).
The Senedd building was opened by Queen Elizabeth II, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall on 1 March 2006 (St. David's Day). After an address by the Queen, the Parliament of New South Wales presented a ceremonial mace to the National Assembly to recognise the links between Wales and New South Wales. Addresses were later given by John Price MP, the Deputy Speaker of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Morgan and Elis-Thomas. A set of commemorative envelopes and postmarks were issued by the Royal Mail to mark the opening of the Senedd building, in the form of a souvenir sheet.
Two years after the opening ceremony in 2008, Taylor Woodrow Construction were fined £200,000 and ordered to pay costs of £71,400, after being prosecuted by the Health and Safety Executive for breaching the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 at Cardiff Crown Court. The breach contributed to the death of John Walsh, a foreman working for Ferson Construction Services Ltd, a subcontractor of Taylor Woodrow. The accident occurred on 14 March 2004 and was due to a cavity wall that Mr Walsh was filling, collapsing on him, even though Taylor Woodrow Construction had recognised the risks before the contract had begun. Judge Neil Bidder QC said "No-one seriously disputes it was an unsafe construction and Ferson (Construction Services) must share blame for that construction."
Timeline of cost increases and time delays
The cost of the Senedd building increased from £12 million in 1997 to £69.6 million in 2006, an increase of 580%. In a report published in March 2008 by the Wales Audit Office, the reason for the increase was that the original estimate of £12 million was not based on any detailed design of the final requirements of the building. In addition, there were unforeseen security measures after the September 11 attacks in the United States.
After the project was stopped in 2001, the contract for the construction of the second phase of the building used a fixed-price design and build contract, which meant a much tighter control of costs than in the first phase.
Ongoing cost of repairs
In 2008, two years after the Senedd building had opened, the cost of repairs to the building had reached £97,709. Repairs have been for windows, doors, plumbing and electrics. A spokesman for the National Assembly said, "The repair figures are not excessive for a public building that has hundreds of thousands of visitors each year. The costs are within estimated levels and covered by existing budgets." In 2011, the official figures show that more than £157,000 had been spent on repairing the building since it had opened, with £29,000 having been spent on electrical repairs, £25,000 on fixing doors and almost £19,000 on plumbing. In addition, other repairs were also paid for by Vinci Construction under the terms of the contract. In was reported that rain water had leaked into a steel and glass staircase reserved for members and staff and in September 2008, a committee meeting was halted after water started dripping through the ceiling.
Senedd estate in Cardiff Bay
The Senedd building is part of the Senedd estate in Cardiff Bay, along with Tŷ Hywel (Howell House) and the Grade 1 listed Pierhead Building. Tŷ Hywel houses staff of the Senedd Commission, AMs, the First Minister and other ministers. Tŷ Hywel is named after Hywel Dda (Howell the Good), King of Deheubarth in South West Wales. On 26 June 2008, the Prince of Wales officially opened Siambr Hywel, the then National Assembly's youth debating chamber and education centre. It is based in the debating chamber that was used by the National Assembly between 1999 and 2006, while the Senedd building was being constructed. Two covered link bridges connect the Senedd building to Tŷ Hywel. Construction of the link bridges began in September 2004 and they were completed by December 2005.
The Pierhead Building was opened in 1897 and designed by William Frame. It was originally the headquarters of the Bute Dock Company and by 1947 it was the administrative office for the Port of Cardiff. The building was reopened in May 2001 as 'The Assembly at the Pierhead', which was a visitor and education centre for the National Assembly. The exhibition provided visitors with information on the National Assembly. On 1 March 2010, the building was again reopened to the public as a Welsh history museum and exhibition.
In 2008, Elis-Thomas announced that the Pierhead Building would display the history of the Black community in Butetown, Cardiff Docks and Welsh devolution.
In popular culture
The Senedd building was involved in what is called the "Sex and the Senedd" controversy. An episode of Caerdydd, the S4C Welsh language television programme set in Cardiff, which started when the broadcast of the episode shot a sex scene was filmed in a toilet room of the Senedd, and not in a television studio. The National Assembly for Wales Commission, who approved filming in the Neuadd area, the corridors of the Senedd building and for one scene in the baby-changing room, were not made aware of the nature of the scene.
The Doctor Who episode "The Lazarus Experiment" was filmed in the Senedd building, along with the ending of "The Almost People" as was the Doctor Who spin-off programme Torchwood, which used the Senedd building in the episode "Meat", where Gwen Cooper and Rhys Williams sit on the steps of the Senedd building.
In March 2015 it emerged that the makers of Spectre, the 24th James Bond film, had requested use of the Senedd building's debating chamber for the filming of some scenes, but that this had been declined by Senedd officials, who said the debating chamber was "not a drama studio". Several Welsh politicians, including First Minister Carwyn Jones and Welsh Conservatives leader Andrew RT Davies, cited the decision as a missed opportunity that would have boosted tourism for Wales.
Nominations and awards
Building
Nominated for the 2006 Stirling Prize awarded by the Royal Institute of British Architects. The award was won by Terminal 4, Barajas Airport, Madrid, also an RRP design.
Nominated for the 2006 Prime Minister's Better Public Building Award.
Listed as Architects' Journals top 50 favourite buildings.
Awarded "Excellent" certification by BREEAM, the highest ever awarded in Wales.
Awarded Major Project of the Year in the 2006 Building Services Awards, organised by Building Sustainable Design and Electrical and Mechanical Contractor magazines.
Awarded the 2006 Gold Medal winner from the National Eisteddfod of Wales.
Awarded the Slate Award in the 2006 Natural Stone Awards.
Awarded the British Constructional Steelwork Association's 2006 Structural Steel Design Award.
Awarded the 2006 Excellence on the Waterfront from the Waterfront Center, in the category Commercial and Mixed Use.
Civic Trust Award winner in 2008.
Awarded a Chicago Athenaeum 2007 International Architecture Awards.
Individual award
Jeremy Williams (of Taylor Woodrow Construction) won the Construction Manager of the Year Award in 2006 for his work on the Senedd building by the Society of Professional Engineers. He also won a gold medal in the New Build/Refurbishment Projects Over £25 million category.
See also
Politics of Wales
Senedd on television
Owain Glyndŵr's Parliament House (Senedd-dy Owain Glyndŵr)
Notes
External links
The Senedd on the National Assembly for Wales website
The Senedd on the Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners website
The Senedd on the Arup website
The National Assembly for Wales on the BBC website
Live feeds from the Senedd
Politics of Cardiff
Economy of Cardiff
Landmarks in Cardiff
Buildings and structures in Cardiff
Government buildings in Wales
Government buildings completed in 2006
Wales
Senedd buildings
2006 establishments in Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senedd%20building |
Greater Than One is an English electronic music band, founded by husband and wife Michael Wells and Lee Newman in 1985. They released many albums under this name, and also under the names Tricky Disco, GTO, John + Julie, Church of Extacy, Signs of Chaos, T.D.5, Salami Brothers, Killout Squad, Technohead and L.E.D.. Only a few of their singles were commercially successful. Since Newman's death on 4 August 1995 from cancer, Wells continues to release music under some of these names, and also as The Man and S.O.L.O.
1985: Greater Than One
In 1985, Newman and Wells met at the Royal College of Art in London, formed Greater Than One, and released their first album Kill the Pedagogue on cassette. During the late 1980s they organised art installations and exhibitions accompanied by their own music: "When the whole audience were in, we started a soundtrack ... war sirens and searchlights. This was designed to disorientate the audience, throwing them into an unexpected nightmare. After the shock, Islamic chanting began which then changed to Song For England, during which we came onstage wearing illuminous skull masks...". They formed their own label Kunst=Kapital and released four further albums under this alias between 1987 and 1990.
1990: First hits
Their first hit single was the trance record "Pure" as GTO on Chrysalis Records, a club hit around Europe, closely followed by "Tricky Disco" as Tricky Disco on Warp Records, which peaked at number 14 in the UK Singles Chart in July 1990.
They used many aliases because, releasing so much material, they feared the press would not write about it all, if they knew it all came from the same band. As Newman said, "if you give them a Tricky Disco one week and then a John and Julie two weeks later and GTO a month later they’ll write about all of it". Their aliases also allowed them to release different types of material on different record labels. The single "Double Happiness" as John and Julie appeared on XL Recordings; the 12 inch single "Listen to the rhythm flow" as GTO was released on Jumping Man Records in 1991; the 1993 Tip of the Iceberg album as GTO was released on REACT, and the 1995 album Headsex as Technohead appeared on Mokum Records.
1995: Technohead
Headsex contained their biggest hit, "I Wanna Be a Hippy". The remix by Flamman & Abraxas was accompanied by a video featuring three youths with shaved heads, wearing Mokum T-shirts and carrying inflatable hammers, chasing a hippy on a bicycle around a park in Amsterdam. However, Newman later died that year in August, after a brief battle with cancer. It reached number 1 in 12 countries including Germany, Netherlands, Belgium and Switzerland, and number 6 in the UK in February 1996, which culminated in two performances on Top of the Pops in January and February of the same year.
Two Technohead follow-up singles followed in 1996. "Happy Birthday" fared mildly well in Europe, cracking the top 20 in the UK and Finland in April at No. 18 and No. 20, respectively, reached the top 40 in Ireland and the Netherlands with peaks at No. 23 and No. 28, respectively, and managed to chart in Germany at No. 100. The follow-up single, "Banana-na-na", which was released in October, cracked the top 40 in the Netherlands at No. 38 and peaked at No. 64 in the UK.
Wells has recorded many singles and three more albums since, including two Tricky Disco singles in February 2007 and two Technohead singles in 2010 and 2014, both of which were released on Mokum Records.
In 2019, Wells returned to Mokum Records to release the song "Hands Up!" in order to commemorate the label's 200th release and also to release the "Wasted EP" as MOK202.
Discography
Studio albums
Greater Than One
Kill the Pedagogue (1985)
All the Masters Licked Me (1987)
Trust (recorded 1987 as the first attempt of All the Masters Licked Me)
Dance of the Cowards (1988)
London (1989)
G-Force (1989)
Index (1991) (EP)
Duty + Trust (1991 - recorded 1987/1988)
GTO
Tip of the Iceberg (1993)
Church of Extacy
Technohead (1993)
Technohead
Headsex (1995)
Wasted (EP) (2019)
Signs Ov Chaos
Frankenscience (1996)
The Man
Phunk Box (1997)
Signs of Chaos
Departure (1998)
S.O.L.O.
Out Is In (1999)
Singles
Technohead
References
External links
Official site
1985 establishments in England
Musical groups established in 1985
English techno music groups
English electronic music groups
Hardcore techno music groups
Wax Trax! Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater%20Than%20One |
The pastoral pipe (also known as the hybrid union pipes, organ pipe and union pipe) was a bellows-blown bagpipe, widely recognised as the forerunner and ancestor of the 19th-century union pipes, which became the uilleann pipes of today. Similar in design and construction, it had a foot joint in order to play a low leading note and plays a two octave chromatic scale. There is a tutor for the "Pastoral or New Bagpipe" by J. Geoghegan, published in London in 1745. It had been considered that Geoghegan had overstated the capabilities of the instrument, but a study on surviving instruments has shown that it did indeed have the range and chromatic possibilities which he claimed.
History
This bagpipe was commonly played in the Lowlands of Scotland, the Borders, and Ireland from the mid-18th until the early 20th century. It was a precursor of what are now known as uilleann pipes, and there were several well-known makers over a large geographic area, including London, Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Dublin, and Newcastle upon Tyne. Therefore, it is difficult to say which country the pastoral pipe and its later adapted union pipe specifically come from, although the earliest known piping tunebook — "Geoghegan's Compleat Tutor" — refers to a maker in London in 1746. As the pastoral pipe was modified it developed into the union pipe in the period 1770–1830; makers in all three countries contributed ideas and design improvements. Both pipes were played by gentlemen pipers of the period in Scotland, England and the Anglo-Irish Protestants in Ireland, people in society who could afford an expensive hand made set of pipes.
The term “new bagpipe” refers to the expanded compass and improvements to the instrument. Although the term "pastoral" is not historically found outside Geoghegan's London context, it is evocative of a style of music played at the time. Originally the label “pastoral” may refer to the “ancient pastoral airs" played on the instrument composed in a "gentle, very sweet, easy manner in the immolation of those airs which Shepard’s are supposed to play". This style would suit the sweet tone of the pastoral pipes union/uilleann pipes of the late 18th century, when literature, art and music romanticized rural life. In the 19th century oboes were being marketed in London as “pastoral” to fit the music styles of the times. The pastoral bagpipe may have been the invention of an expert instrument maker who was aiming at the Romantic market. The pastoral pipes, and later union pipes, were certainly a favourite of the upper classes in Scotland, Ireland and the North-East of England and were fashionable for a time in formal social settings, where the term "union pipes" may originate.
The first reference to a pastoral pipe comes from popular and fashionable pastoral dramas of the time with music such as the Gentle Shepherd in 1725 by the writer and poet Allan Ramsay, and the English Ballad The Beggar’s Opera in 1728, as a counter-measure against the influx of Pastoral Italian music. The opera featured an “en masse” dance led by a pastoral pipe and the scene was engraved by William Hogarth (1697–1764) who clearly shows a bellows blown bagpipe similar to the one later depicted in the Geoghegan tutor. The Geoghegan repertoire draws on contemporary compositions namely the London organist John Ravenwood (1745), composer John Grey (1745), the musical collection of William Thomson's Orpheus Caledonius in 1733, as well as operatic arrangements for the Ossian cycle. The pastoral pipes were regarded in a classical or neo-baroque setting, played by gentlemen pipers and spread across the upper circles of polite society as the instrument of choice. An established bellows pipes with an extended range is noted to be played across Scotland no later than 1760 in the “Complete Theory of the Great Highland bagpipe” by Joseph MacDonald.
—Oscar and Malvina
The first reference to the instrument in Ireland is provided by John O'Keefe in 1760 as an instrument of polite society and the emerging pastoral and prototype union pipe influenced the folk tradition of the 18th and 19th century in Scotland and Ireland. This can be thought of as a shared tradition which served a neo-baroque orchestral and concert fashion but also drew strongly on the ‘native traditions’ of both Scotland and Ireland and the music styles of the times.
The pastoral pipes can be played either standing or in a seated position using a set of bellows, and the chanter is similar to the later union pipes, but it had an added foot joint that extended its range one tone lower. This added foot joint had holes in its sides in addition to the hole at the bottom of the bore. The pastoral pipes are like the Highland pipes in that the sound is continuous; notes are articulated by finger techniques such as gracenotes. The union pipes, which evolved from the pastoral pipes, enable the player to interrupt the flow of air by stopping the end of the chanter on his knee; this doesn't work for the pastoral instrument because of the side tone holes. Many later pastoral sets, though, have a dismountable foot joint; when this is removed they can be played as union pipes. The surviving instruments indicate that the pastoral pipes had two or three drones and generally one regulator.
Tuning
The conventional view was that the pastoral pipes were difficult to shift between the lower and upper registers. Recent reconstructions and refurbishments have shown that this is not the case. In modern Uilleann pipes, the player will move from the lower to the upper register by stopping the chanter momentarily while increasing the bag pressure, causing the reed to double-tone. However, in the pastoral pipe, the same effect can be achieved by increasing the bag pressure while playing a suitable gracenote. For example, to go from first octave A to second octave A the player can use an E gracenote. Surviving Pastoral pipe manuscripts have many tunes that leap vigorously between registers. The ability to stop the chanter does help, though; it also gives the instrument much better dynamics, as the chanter can be raised and lowered from the knee to modulate the volume. This may have motivated the evolution into the union pipe by removing the foot joint from the pastoral pipes.
The pastoral pipe had a narrow throat bore of 3.5–4 mm and an exit bore seldom larger than 11 mm. Its bore was very similar to later flat set Union pipe chanter bores made in the early 18th century. The reeds had a head width of 9.5–10.5 mm and staple bores of 3.6 mm. The chanters were made in a variety of pitches with a quiet tone and an E flat pitch being very common among surviving instruments. Later examples include a slide on the foot joint to change the lower leading note from flat to sharp as required and on a further set an on/off mechanism is fitted to control the drones with the two regulators fitted neatly to the top of the common stock and the addition of key in "e" to increase the compass of the chanter in the second octave.
Chanter
The Pastoral chanter is used to play the melody and is similar to later flat set union pipe chanters in tone. It has eight finger holes giving middle C, D, E, F♯, G, A, B,C or C♯, D' using open fingering in the first register. Most of the accidentals can be obtained by cross-fingering and a second register is available by increasing the bag pressure. With a suitable reed, a few third-octave notes can also be played. Later sets included fully chromatic chanters using as many as seven keys. The chanter uses a complex double-bladed reed, similar to that of the oboe or bassoon. This must be crafted so that it can play two full octaves accurately, without the fine tuning allowed by the use of a player's lips; only bag pressure and fingering can be used to maintain the correct pitch of each note.
Removal of the footjoint
The Pastoral pipes gradually evolved into the union pipes as baroque musical tastes favoured a more expressive type of instrument. The foot joint may have fallen out of use as early as the 1746–1770s as oboists of the period, who usually played pastoral pipes, would frequently removed or invert the foot joint in order to remove the low C# foot joint to play the chanter upon the knee. The fall from grace of the open chanter was slow to take effect as pastoral pipes with removable foot joints were still being made till the 1850s and played until after the First World War. In time the instrument would be tuned for performance on the knee rather than off it, and the foot joint remnant today is the tenon cut around the foot of the modern uilleann chanter.
Instrument makers of the pastoral and Union pipes
Some of the oldest surviving instruments date from the 1770–1790s, notably James Kenna of Mullingar, Hugh Robertson of Edinburgh and later Robert Reid of North Shields. Pipemakers started to optimise the instrument for performance on the knee rather than off it, so that players could take advantage of the better dynamics this offered. It is possible that the performer community diverged for a while into union pipers playing without the foot joint, and old-style pastoral pipers who retained it and could play in both styles. In any case, both "long" and "short” pastoral/union chanters were documented in both Scotland and Ireland until around World War One. The evolution of the union and uilleann (a term originating in 1904 by Irish nationalists) pipes was also driven by competition between makes; throughout the late 18th and early 19th century, pipemakers in Aberdeen, Dublin, Edinburgh and Newcastle competed and copied each other's ideas and innovations. It is now thought that the existence of regulators, already a common feature of the pastoral pipes, a characteristic keyed stopped ended system, was the inspiration for the keyed Northumbrian smallpipes, probably first produced by John Dunn, who made both pastoral and Northumbrian pipes in Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
Instrument variations
Historical examples of various designs have turned up over a wide geographical area, and several pipemakers have offered reconstructions. They are not widely played, though research and interest in them is currently increasing.
References
External links
A video sample of Rémi Decker playing a set of Pastoral Pipes.
Pastoral Pipes the forerunner of the Uilleann pipes
Ross's Music Page
National origin of the Union Pipes
uksearch
Uilleann pipe development history and design (pdf)
Chris Bailey, one of the few modern makers of Pastoral pipes
Wayback Machine
Bagpipes
English musical instruments
Northumbrian music
Scottish musical instruments
Irish musical instruments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral%20pipes |
Bulgaria participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 with the song "Let Me Cry" written by Dani Milev and Elina Gavrilova. The song was performed by Mariana Popova. The Bulgarian broadcaster Bulgarian National Television (BNT) organised the national final Bŭlgarskata pesen v „Evroviziya 2006” in order to select the Bulgarian entry for the 2006 contest in Athens, Greece. 24 entries were selected to participate in the national final which consisted of two shows: a semi-final and a final, held on 25 February 2006 and 11 March 2006, respectively. The top twelve songs of the semi-final as determined by a fifteen-member jury panel qualified to the final. In the final, public televoting exclusively selected "Let Me Cry" performed by Mariana Popova as the winning entry with 4,700 votes.
Bulgaria competed in the semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 18 May 2006. Performing during the show in position 2, "Let Me Cry" was not announced among the top 10 entries of the semi-final and therefore did not qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Bulgaria placed seventeenth out of the 23 participating countries in the semi-final with 36 points.
Background
Prior to the 2006 contest, Bulgaria had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest one time since its first entry in when Kaffe and their song "Lorraine" failed to qualify to the final. The Bulgarian national broadcaster, Bulgarian National Television (BNT), broadcasts the event within Bulgaria and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. BNT confirmed Bulgaria's participation in the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest on 20 December 2005. In 2005, the broadcaster organised a national final in order to select the Bulgarian entry for the competition, a selection procedure that continued for their 2006 entry.
Before Eurovision
Bŭlgarskata pesen v „Evroviziya 2006”
Bŭlgarskata pesen v „Evroviziya 2006” (The Bulgarian song in Eurovision 2006) was the national final format developed by BNT which determined the artist and song that would represent Bulgaria at the Eurovision Song Contest 2006. The competition consisted of a semi-final on 25 February 2006 and a final on 11 March 2006, held at the National Palace of Culture in Sofia. Both shows were hosted by Dragomir Simeonov and broadcast on Channel 1.
Competing entries
On 20 December 2005, BNT opened a submission period for artists and songwriters to submit their entries until 23 January 2006. By the end of the deadline, the broadcaster received 126 entries. On 3 February 2006, the twenty-four artists and songs selected for the competition by a fifteen-member committee were announced. The committee consisted of Vili Kazasyan (conductor and composer), Nayden Andreev (composer), Toncho Rusev (composer), Yordanka Hristova (singer), Zhivko Kolev (lyricist and screenwriter), Veselin Todorov (musician), Ana-Maria Tonkova (music journalist), Alexander Petrov (poet), Slavcho Nikolov (musician and composer), Momchil Kolev (musician and composer), Jivko Petrov (musician), Vasko Stefanov (director) and Petar Dundakov (composer).
On 6 February 2006, "Merak" performed by Vanya Kostova and Boyan Mihaylov was disqualified from the competition after the song had been performed in September 2005 and replaced with "Nevŭzmozhna tishina" performed by Mariana Pashalieva and Marin Yonchev. Pashalieva and Yonchev withdrew their song on 10 February 2006 by the decision of Yonchev's producer and replaced with "Lyubovta e otrova" performed by Slavi Trifonov and Sofi Marinova. On 13 February 2006, Trifonov and Marinova withdrew their song in protest of the selection of the committee and replaced with the song "V nyakoi drug zhivot" performed by Plamen Petrev and Angel.
Shows
Semi-final
The semi-final took place on 3 February 2006. Twelve entries qualified to the final based on the votes of a jury panel. The fifteen-person jury consisted of Vili Kazasyan, Nayden Andreev, Toncho Rusev, Yordanka Hristova, Zhivko Kolev, Veselin Todorov, Anna-Maria Tonkova, Alexander Petrov, Slavcho Nikolov, Momchil Kolev, Zhivko Petrov, Vasko Stefanov and Petar Dundakov. In addition to the performances of the competing entries, guest performers were 2005 Serbian and Montenegrin Eurovision entrant No Name, 2006 Maltese Eurovision entrant Fabrizio Faniello and 2006 Norwegian Eurovision entrant Christine Guldbrandsen.
Final
The final took place on 11 March 2006. The twelve semi-final qualifiers competed and "Let Me Cry" performed by Mariana Popova was selected as the winner exclusively by public televoting. In addition to the performances of the competing entries, guest performers were Elitsa Todorova and Stoyan Yankoulov.
Controversy
Following the Bulgarian national final, a letter signed by nine of the finalists demanded a revote due to their lines being blocked during the voting window. They also accused BNT for fixing the voting in favour of Mariana Popova. The broadcaster later denied such claims and stated that the ranking remained the same even after the late votes were processed.
At Eurovision
According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country, the "Big Four" (France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom) and the ten highest placed finishers in the 2005 contest are required to qualify from the semi-final on 18 May 2006 in order to compete for the final on 20 May 2006; the top ten countries from the semi-final progress to the final. On 21 March 2006, a special allocation draw was held which determined the running order for the semi-final and Bulgaria was set to perform in position 2, following the entry from Armenia and before the entry from Slovenia. At the end of the semi-final, Bulgaria was not announced among the top 10 entries and therefore failed to qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Bulgaria placed seventeenth in the semi-final, receiving a total of 36 points.
The semi-final and the final were broadcast in Bulgaria on Channel 1 with commentary by Elena Rosberg and Georgi Kushvaliev. The Bulgarian spokesperson, who announced the Bulgarian votes during the final, was Dragomir Simeonov.
Voting
Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Bulgaria and awarded by Bulgaria in the semi-final and grand final of the contest. The nation awarded its 12 points to Russia in the semi-final and to Greece in the final of the contest.
Points awarded to Bulgaria
Points awarded by Bulgaria
References
2006
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006
Eurovision | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202006 |
John W. Bunn (September 26, 1898 – August 13, 1979) was an American basketball coach and key contributor to the game of basketball. The Wellston, Ohio native played three seasons under coach Phog Allen at University of Kansas while earning his bachelor's degree (1917–21). He later became an assistant to Allen for nine seasons (1921–30). His In 1930, he became men's basketball head coach at Stanford University, where he coached college all-time great Hank Luisetti. His 1936–37 team finished the season with a 25–2 record and was retroactively named the national champion by the Helms Athletic Foundation and the Premo-Porretta Power Poll. After he left Stanford, Bunn went on to coach Springfield College (1946–56) and Colorado State College (now the University of Northern Colorado) (1956–63).
Bunn served as chairman of the Basketball Hall of Fame from 1949 to 1963. On October 1, 1964, Bunn was inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame as a contributor. For his contribution, the Basketball Hall of Fame annually presents an award in his name.
Bunn died on August 13, 1979, in Newbury Park, California.
Head coaching record
Basketball
References
External links
1898 births
1979 deaths
American football halfbacks
American football quarterbacks
American men's basketball players
Baseball coaches from Ohio
Baseball players from Ohio
Basketball coaches from Ohio
Basketball players from Ohio
Forwards (basketball)
Guards (basketball)
Kansas Jayhawks baseball coaches
Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball coaches
Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball players
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
Northern Colorado Bears men's basketball coaches
People from Wellston, Ohio
Players of American football from Ohio
Springfield Pride baseball coaches
Springfield Pride men's basketball coaches
Stanford Cardinal men's basketball coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Bunn%20%28basketball%29 |
Nicholas David Green OAM (born 4 October 1967) is an Australian former rower, a dual Olympic gold medallist and four time World Champion. From 1990 to 1998 he was a member of Australia's prominent world class crew – the coxless four known as the Oarsome Foursome. Now a sports administrator, since 2014 he has been Chief Executive of Cycling Australia.
Rowing career
Educated at Xavier College in Kew, Melbourne and at Melbourne High School, Green competed in two Olympic Games — 1992 Summer Olympics and 1996 Summer Olympics, winning gold medals at each in the "Oarsome Foursome".
Accolades
He was one of the eight flag-bearers of the Olympic Flag at the opening ceremony of the 2000 Sydney Olympics.
He was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in 1993 for services to rowing and the Australian Sports Medal in 2000. In 2010 Green was inducted as a member of the Rowing Victoria Hall of Fame.
Sports administrator
In 2008 Nick was appointed as director of game and industry development for Golf Australia.
He was appointed the Chef de mission for the Australian team at the 2012 Olympic Games.
In September 2014 he was appointed as Chief Executive of Cycling Australia.
Achievements
Olympic Medals: 2 Gold
World Championship Medals: 4 Gold
Olympic Games
1996 – Gold, Coxless Four (with James Tomkins, Drew Ginn, Mike McKay)
1992 – Gold, Coxless Four (with James Tomkins, Andrew Cooper, Mike McKay)
World Championships
1998 – Gold, Coxed Four (with James Tomkins, Mike Mckay, Drew Ginn and Brett Hayman (cox))
1998 – Gold, Coxed Pair (with James Tomkins and Brett Hayman (cox))
1995 – 5th, Coxless Four (with James Tomkins, Drew Ginn, Mike McKay)
1991 – Gold, Coxless Four (with James Tomkins, Andrew Cooper, Mike McKay)
1990 – Gold, Coxless Four (with James Tomkins, Sam Patten, Mike McKay)
References
External links
Golf Australia, official site
1967 births
Living people
Australian male rowers
Olympic rowers for Australia
Rowers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Australia
Rowers from Melbourne
People educated at Xavier College
People educated at Melbourne High School
Olympic medalists in rowing
World Rowing Championships medalists for Australia
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
Sportsmen from Victoria (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Green%20%28rower%29 |
John Williams Stoddard (October 1, 1837 – September 18, 1917) was an American manufacturer of agricultural implements and automobile pioneer. He was a cousin of General William Tecumseh Sherman.
Biography
John Williams Stoddard was born in Dayton, Ohio to Henry and Susan (Williams) Stoddard. Henry Stoddard (1788–1869) was a pioneer citizen and distinguished lawyer of Dayton. John was educated in the private schools of Dayton, and spent his freshman and sophomore years at Miami University. He next entered the junior class at Princeton College, where he graduated in the class of 1858. Following his father's profession, Mr. Stoddard graduated from Cincinnati Law School in 1860. He practiced law in Dayton for two years but decided to abandon the legal profession for a business career. On May 7, 1861 John W. Stoddard married Susan Keifer (1841–1921).
In 1862 John Stoddard began the manufacture of linseed oil in partnership with his brother Henry, and Charles G. Grimes, under the firm name of Stoddard & Grimes. That business was continued for three or four years when it was enlarged, and the manufacture of varnishes was added, the firm also dealing by wholesale in paints, oils, window glass, etc., under the name of Stoddard & Company. In 1869, Stoddard sold his interest to his brothers. The company later became part of the Lowe Brothers Company of Dayton.
In 1869, John Stoddard then began the manufacture of agricultural implements in partnership with John Dodds, under the firm name of John Dodds & Company. The Farmers Friend Manufacturing Company was incorporated as a stock company in 1871 as producers of high class agricultural implements constituting a complete line of planting, harvesting and tilling machinery under the Farmers Friend, Excelsior, Monarch brands. This was succeeded by J. W. Stoddard & Company and in turn, in 1884, was incorporated as the Stoddard Manufacturing Company, of which Stoddard was the president and principal stockholder. Their distinctive brand of "Tiger" was a mark of excellence in agricultural machinery the world over. The chief implements made by the Stoddard Manufacturing Company were mowers, hay rakes, press drills, and disc harrows. The best known of these were the famous Tiger Rake, Tiger Harrow, and Havana Press Drill. More than 200,000 of the Tiger Rake had been sold by 1890. In the mid-1890s, they diversified to take advantage of the bicycle craze then sweeping the United States, manufacturing the Tiger (and Tigress), Cygnet, and Tempest lines of bikes until 1898.
His interest in the financial possibilities of transportation was revealed by his involvement as Secretary in the Third Street Railway, five miles (8 km) of urban streetcar rails that ran the full length of Third Street in Dayton, and which gradually acquired other urban rail operators in Dayton. In the 1880s, Stoddard was also Vice President of Milburn, a Toledo, Ohio wagon manufacturer that originally built farm wagons but then evolved to produce bodies for Willys & Pope-Toledo in 1909 and then several models and styles of its own electric vehicles from 1915-1923 called the Milburn Light Electric. Milburn was sold to General Motors in 1923.
In 1903, John W. Stoddard and his son Charles (1866–1921), having made a fortune in agricultural equipment, turned to making automobiles. John sent his son to Europe where he toured continental auto manufacturers. In 1904, Stoddard Manufacturing Company was reincorporated as Dayton Motor Car Company and they began the manufacture of the Stoddard-Dayton automobile. It became the second largest employer in Dayton, second only to Barney & Smith, occupying the plant at Third and McDonough Streets that had been built for the agricultural implements forerunner in 1871. That landmark stood until 1994.
The Stoddards competed in those years with other local Dayton companies including the Speedwell Motor Car Company, the Dayton Electric Car Company, the Darling Motor Car Company, the Apple Automobile Company, and the Custer Specialty Company, but without question, the Stoddard-Dayton was one of the highest quality automobiles made in its time. In 1909, the Stoddards formed the Courier Car Company (effectively a division of Dayton Motor Car) to manufacture smaller, cheaper automobiles, heavy trucks and taxicabs. The Courier company occupied an earlier Stoddard building at Fourth Street and Wayne Avenue.
A Stoddard-Dayton won the first race at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in 1909 and was the pace car in 1911 for the first Indianapolis 500. In 1910, the Dayton Motor Car Company was sold to United States Motor Company of Detroit, a rival of General Motors.
John W. Stoddard died in Dayton in 1917. His son and partner Charles Grimes Stoddard died less than four years later and Susan Stoddard, John's wife, died a few months after Charles. The Queen Anne-style Stoddard mansion stood on Grafton Hill overlooking the Great Miami River and the city of Dayton. In 1926, it was razed to make way for the Dayton Masonic Temple (now Masonic Center).
The John W. Stoddard family, including his parents, brothers and children, are interred at Woodland Cemetery, Dayton, Ohio.
Patents
Stoddard used patent protection on his agricultural products. A sample of one of the later patents, issue to his brother E. Fowler Stoddard, is below.
Combined Horse Rake and Tedder, Issued: July 14, 1885
References
The History of Montgomery County, Ohio. Chicago: W.H. Beers & Co., 1882.
Guide To the Central National Soldiers' Home For Visitors and Citizens: With Sketches of Dayton. Dayton, Ohio: Press of the U.B. Publishing House, 1891.
Conover, Frank, ed. Centennial Portrait and Biographical Record of the City of Dayton and of Montgomery County, Ohio. A. W. Bowen & Co., 1897.
Drury, The Rev. A.W. History of the City of Dayton and Montgomery County, Ohio. Chicago-Dayton: The S.J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1909.
Kline, Benjamin. "Historic site coming down – Structure housed auto plant". Dayton Daily News, 24 June 1994, 1B.
1837 births
1917 deaths
American automotive pioneers
Businesspeople from Dayton, Ohio
Burials at Woodland Cemetery and Arboretum
Miami University alumni
19th-century American businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Williams%20Stoddard |
Wilhelm Sasnal (born December 29, 1972) is a Polish painter, photographer, poster artist, illustrator and filmmaker. Sasnal graduated in painting from the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków in 1999. He is considered one of the most prominent and internationally successful Polish contemporary artists.
Early life and career
Wilhelm Sasnal was born in Tarnów, Poland, in 1972. He studied architecture for two years at the Tadeusz Kościuszko University of Technology in Kraków, beginning in 1992, and then became a painting student at the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków, Poland. While there, he helped form an artist's collective that exhibited together as the Ładnie Group until 2000. Named after the Polish word meaning "pretty" or "nice," the members made paintings of their contemporary, often banal surroundings, using a deskilled aesthetic that countered the style valued by their instructors. Sasnal finished his studies in 1999, and then worked briefly for advertising companies in Kraków while also making paintings, graphic novels (his strips are regularly published in Machina and Przekroj, two Polish periodicals), photographs, and films.
Work
Sasnal produces pencil drawings, ink drawings, photographs, videos and paintings. In his art he employs a variety of media and cultivates a non-uniform practice.
Sasnal is primarily a painter. He paints a wide variety of subjects: More or less banal everyday objects, portraits of historical figures, views of his home town Kraków, snapshots of friends and family members and very often existing images from the internet or mass media are his starting point. Other sources include Art Spiegelman's 1973 graphic Holocaust novel Maus, and stills from Claude Lanzmann's 1985 documentary Shoah as source material. Even if, over the years, one can make out a number of overarching themes, there are always new paintings that shift the emphases and connections once again. The same is true of his painting style. His approach is unpredictable and his methods range from graphic reduction and a pointedly two-dimensional, illustration-oriented style to seemingly autonomous gestures with brush and paint. Like Neo Rauch, however, Sasnal makes the grip of the Communist era on the post-Communist imagination his subject.
While painting is still at the centre of Sasnal's work, he has also increasingly turned to photography and film in recent years. The video work The Band (2002) was made during a live performance of indie rock band Sonic Youth. A 2007 piece is a product many times removed from the 1961 Polish movie on which it is based – a fictionalized account of a historical event in which a railway worker accidentally sold industrial methyl alcohol as vodka, causing widespread illness, blindness and death. The 16-mm film projection Untitled (2007) is based on found-footage from the late 1970s of Elvis Presley. Swiniopas (Swineherd) (2008), his first ever feature-length film, is an adaptation of an 1842 Hans Christian Andersen fairytale of the same name yet radically deviates from the original. Shot in black and white, Sasnal's version is set in bleak, rural Poland. It concerns a swineherd who smuggles letters back and forth between a farmer's daughter and her lesbian lover. Also in 2008, Sasnal caused controversy in Scotland with his film The Other Church, which focused on the brutal murder of the Polish student Angelika Kluk in Glasgow.
Collections
Sasnal's art work is in collections of such institutions as the Guggenheim Museum, the Saatchi Gallery and Tate Modern in London and Museum of Modern Art in New York.
Recognition
In 1999 Sasnal received the Grand Prix prize on the Bielska Jesień Painting Biannual and in 2003 the Pegasus (pol. Pegaz) award. In 2006, he claimed first place on the list of 100 emerging artists compiled by Flash Art magazine devoted to contemporary art. He is also the winner of the 2006 Vincent van Gogh Biennial Award for Contemporary Art in Europe. In 2014, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta in recognition for his outstanding achievements in the field of art.
See also
List of Polish artists
Igor Mitoraj
Paweł Althamer
Alina Szapocznikow
Notes
Further reading
Dominic Eichler, Joerg Heiser and Andrzei Przywara, Wilhelm Sasnal, Phaidon Press, 2011,
Heynen, Julian (ed.), Wilhelm Sasnal, Munich: Prestel Verlag, 2009
Nomination for the Vincent Award, by Beatrix Ruf, director of the Kunsthalle Zürich
Michael Zeeman, The Vincent Van Gogh Award for Contemporary Art in Europe, Veenman Publishers (2006),
Wilhelm Sasnal, Wilhelm Sasnal: Paintings & Films, Veenman Publishers (2006),
Carina Plath and Beatrix Ruf (ed.), Wilhelm Sasnal. Night Day Night, Ostfildern-Ruit: Hatje Cantz Verlag, 2003
20th-century Polish painters
20th-century Polish male artists
21st-century Polish painters
21st-century male artists
Polish contemporary artists
Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts alumni
1972 births
Living people
Polish male painters
People from Tarnów
Neo-expressionist artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20Sasnal |
The Night & Day Café is a café bar and live music venue in Manchester, England.
Location
It is located in the city's Northern Quarter on Oldham Street, opposite Piccadilly Records. It is near the Afflecks palace shopping arcade and a few minutes' walk from the Market Street/Arndale Centre shopping areas.
History
The Night & Day opened in 1991 in a former chip shop in what was (at the time) one of the more desolate parts of town. First owned by Jan Oldenburg, it slowly developed into a music venue and gained a reputation for pioneering live music and supporting alternative bands. When the venue faced the threat of closure Elbow’s Guy Garvey told radio station XFM that the venue had been crucial to his band's career and that it deserved protected status and a blue plaque.
As of 2018, the venue is managed by Oldenburg's daughter and her husband.
Live music
The café has played an important role in the Manchester music scene, with many successful bands playing early gigs there. Elbow played at the venue before it had a proper stage and lead singer Garvey claims he used to give out Night & Day's phone number as a contact number because members of the band were so often in the venue.
Other artists who have played at the venue include Lizzo (Reference - https://www.last.fm/festival/3840597+BETA:+All-Dayer), Kasabian, Jessie J, Paulo Nutini, the Arctic Monkeys and the Manic Street Preachers. It was also used as the filming location for the music video which accompanied Johnny Marr's single "Dynamo".
Threats of closure
In January 2014, the Night & Day was threatened with permanent closure after a resident in the neighbouring flats complained about noise, and Manchester City Council issued a nuisance notice. Speaking to the Manchester Evening News, the Night & Day's promoter and booker said that having to turn noise levels down would discourage bands from playing, and that a fine would ruin the venue. Musicians including Johnny Marr, Frank Turner and Tim Burgess stepped in to show their support for the venue and a petition was set up which gained thousands of signatures. However, the fight quickly became inflamed with the then owner Jan Oldenburg saying that he felt he was being portrayed as uncooperative and the complainant revealing that he had received death threats.
In May 2014, it was reported that the Music Venue Trust had lent their support to the Night & Day's campaign, with a national petition which called for an urgent review of noise abatement legislation for bars and venues in the UK and in September of the same year it was reported that the Night & Day would be able to keep its licence if staff agreed to regularly meet with residents to discuss any issues.
In November 2021, the venue was served with a noise abatement notice from Manchester City Council. This was following ongoing complaints from a local resident who had moved into the area during the COVID-19 pandemic, when the venue was not open as usual. The owners of Night & Day have said that the venue faces closure as a result.
Subsequently, a petition was launched to remove the abatement order and has gained over 94,000 signatures. In addition, various local businesses, residents and local bands as well as some high profile Musicians took to social media in support of the venue. These included Elbow, The Charlatans and Johnny Marr.
References in popular culture
The venue was mentioned in the hit American TV drama Lost in the season three episode 21 "Greatest Hits" as the place where Mancunian character Charlie's band DriveShaft played their first gig.
In 2018, the venue doubled as "Heaven", a bar in the Michael C. Hall Netflix drama Safe.
References
External links
The Night & Day website
The Night & Day Twitter
Buildings and structures in Manchester
Restaurants established in 1991
Music venues in Manchester
1991 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Night%20and%20Day%20Caf%C3%A9 |
The Brian Boru bagpipe was invented and patented in 1908 by Henry Starck, an instrument maker (who also made standard Great Highland Bagpipes), in London, in consultation with William O'Duane. The name was chosen in honour of the Irish king Brian Boru (941–1014), though this bagpipe is not a recreation of any pipes that were played at the time of his reign.
The Brian Boru pipe is related to the Great Highland Bagpipe, but with a chanter that adds four to thirteen keys, to extend both the upper and lower ends of the scale, and optionally adds chromatic notes. His original pipes changed the drone configuration to a single tenor drone pitched one octave below the chanter, a baritone drone pitched one fifth below the tenor drone, and a bass drone pitched two octaves below the chanter, following the drone set-up of the Northumbrian Smallpipes. Some later designs of these pipes reverted to the Great Highland Bagpipe configuration of two tenor drones and one bass drone.
The Brian Boru bagpipe was played for a number of years by the pipe band in the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers. They are still played by a number of civilian pipe bands including Ballygowan Pipe Band (Based in Co. Down, Northern Ireland), Crimson Arrow Pipe Band (based in Newcastle Co. Down, NI) among others in Northern Ireland. It is still played in Ireland but has lost most of its former popularity. Bagpipe makers in both the United Kingdom and Pakistan still make the chanters.
See also
Bagpipes
References
Bagpipes
Experimental musical instruments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Boru%20bagpipes |
This Conversation Seems Like a Dream was the first solo album by American rock artist Kip Winger. The album was released by Domo Records in 1997. A limited edition bonus disc was included with the Japanese release of the album, which also featured alternate cover art.
Track listing
"Kiss of Life" (Kip Winger, Noble Kime) – 4:23
"Monster" (Winger) – 5:47
"Endless Circles" (Winger, Joel Tippie) – 5:31
"Angel of the Underground" (Winger, Andy Timmons, Kime) – 5:37
"Steam" (Winger, Paul Winger) – 3:58
"I'll Be Down (Winger, Kime) – 4:33
"Naked Son" (Winger) – 3:56
"Daniel" (Winger) – 4:18
"How Far Will We Go?" (Winger) – 4:45
"Don't Let Go" (Winger) – 4:44
"Here" (Winger) – 5:20
Limited Edition Japanese-Only Bonus Disc
"Kiss of Life" (Demo) – 5:00
"Monster" (Demo) – 4:37
"Free" (Instrumental) – 3:47 otherwise unreleased track
"Headed for a Heartbreak" (Demo 1987) – 4:58
"Hour of Need" (Demo) – 4:54
"Now and Forever" – 4:52 otherwise unreleased track
Personnel
Kip Winger – vocals, guitars, bass guitar, keyboards, sound effects, mandolin
Andy Timmons – guitars
Marc Sculman – guitars
Rich Kern – guitars
Rod Morgenstein – drums
Robby Rothschild – Percussion
Mark Clark – Percussion
Alan Pasqua – piano
Noble Kime – piano
Greta Rose – backing vocals
Beatrice Winger – backing vocals
Paul Winger – backing vocals
Nate Winger – backing vocals
Pete Cotutsca – sound effects
Jordan Rudess – announcer voice on "Ill Be Down"
Jonathan Arthur – flute
Chris Botti – trumpet
Adam Gonzalez – cello
David Felberg – violin, viola
Willy Sucre – strings
Jonathan Amerding – strings
Album credits
Produced and engineered by Kip Winger
2nd Engineer, Computer/Midi Technician: Pete Cotutsca
Mixed by Mike Shipley, except "Daniel" mixed by Kip Winger
Recorded and mixed at Rising Sun Studios, Santa Fe, NM
Mastered by Doug Sax and Gavin Lurssen at The Mastering Lab
All arrangements by Kip Winger, except "I'll Be Down", "Naked Son" by Kip Winger and Noble Kime, "Endless Circles" by Kip Winger and Pete Cotutsca
All string arrangements by Kip Winger
Cover art and design by Beatrice Richter-Winger
Cover photography by Chris Corrie
See also
Winger
External links
The official Kip Winger website
1997 debut albums
Albums produced by Kip Winger | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This%20Conversation%20Seems%20Like%20a%20Dream |
Panamanian culture is a hybrid of African, Native Panamanian, and European culture - specifically Spanish. For example, the tamborito is a Spanish dance that was blended with Native American rhythms and dance moves. Dance is a symbol of the diverse cultures that have coupled in Panama. The local folklore can be experienced through a multitude of festivals, dances and traditions that have been handed down from generation to generation.
Panamanian cuisine
Panamanian Cuisine is a mix of African, Spanish, and Native American techniques, dishes, and ingredients, reflecting its diverse population. Since Panama is a land bridge between two continents, it has a large variety of tropical fruits, vegetables and herbs that are used in native cooking.
Typical Panamanian foods are mildly flavored, without the pungency of some of Panama's Latin American and Caribbean neighbors. Common ingredients are corn, rice, wheat flour, plantains, yuca (cassava), beef, chicken, pork and seafood.
Literature
Panamanian historian and essayist Rodrigo Miró (1912–1996) cites Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés as the author of the first Panamanian literary work, the story of a character named Andrea de la Roca, which was published as part of the "Historia General y Natural de Las Indias" (1535). However, the first manifestations of literature written in Panama come from the 17th century with the title of "Llanto de Panamá a la muerte de don Enrique Enríquez" (Crying from Panama at the Death of Don Enrique Enríquez). Although this anthology was formed during the Colony, most of the poems in it were written by authors born in Panama.
Other Panamanian writers working during Spanish Colony: Mateo Rosas de Oquendo, author of an autobiographic romance; Juan de Miramontes y Zuázola, author of "Armas Antárticas" (Antarctic Weapons); Juan de Páramo y Cepeda, author of "Alteraciones del Dariel" (Dariel Alterations); and others.
During the 19th century, the romantics: Manuel María Ayala (1785–1824) and Tomás Miró Rubini (1800–1881). Subsequently appeared José María Alemán (1830–1887), Gil Colunje (1831–1899), Tomás Martín Feuillet (1832–1899), José Dolores Urriola (1834–1883), Amelia Denis de Icaza (1836–1911), Manuel José Pérez (1837–1895), Jerónimo de la Ossa (1847–1907), Federico Escobar (1861–1912) and Rodolfo Caicedo (1868–1905).
The modernists: Darío Herrera (1870–1914), León Antonio Soto (1874–1902), Guillermo Andreve (1879–1940), Ricardo Miró (1883–1940), Gaspar Octavio Hernández (1893–1918), María Olimpia de Obaldía (1891–1985), and Demetrio Korsi (1899–1957).
The Avant-garde movement: Rogelio Sinán (1902–1994), Ricardo J. Bermúdez (1914–), Mario Augusto Rodríguez (1917–2009), José María Núñez (1894–1990), Stella Sierra, Roque Javier Laurenza, Ofelia Hooper, Tobías Díaz Blaitry (1919–2006), Moisés Castillo (1899–1974), Gil Blas Tejeira (1901–1975), Alfredo Cantón (1910–1967), José María Sánchez (1918–1973), Ramón H. Jurado (1922–1978), Joaquín Beleño (1921), Carlos Francisco Changmarín (1922), Jorge Turner (1922), and Tristán Solarte (1924)
Working during the second half of the 20th century: Tristán Solarte (1934), José de Jesús Martínez, Diana Morán (1932), Alvaro Menéndez Franco (1932), José Guillermo Ross-Zanet (1930), José Franco (1931), Elsie Alvarado de Ricord (1928–2005), Benjamín Ramón (1939), Bertalicia Peralta (1939), Ramón Oviero (1939–2008), Moravia Ochoa López (1941), Dimas Lidio Pitty (1941-2015), Roberto Fernández Iglesias (1941), Eric Arce (1942), Enrique Jaramillo Levi (1944), Jarl Ricardo Babot (1945), Ernesto Endara (1932), Enrique Chuez (1934), Justo Arroyo (1936), Rosa María Britton (1936), Victoria Jiménez Vélez (1937), Pedro Rivera (1939), Gloria Guardia (1940), Dimas Lidio Pitty (1941), Mireya Hernández (1942–2006), Raúl Leis (1947–2010), and Giovanna Benedetti (1949).
And the most recent writers: Manuel Orestes Nieto (1951), Moisés Pascual (1955), Consuelo Tomás (1957), Yolanda Hackshaw (1958), Allen Patiño (1959), Ariel Barría Alvarado (1959), Héctor Collado (1960), Gonzalo Menéndez González (1960), David Robinson Orobio (1960), Erika Harris (1963), Rogelio Guerra Ávila (1963), Carlos Fong (1967), Alexander Zanches (1968), Katia Chiari (1969), Porfirio Salazar (1970), Aura Sibila Benjamin (1970), Javier Stanziola (1971), Carlos Oriel Wynter Melo (1971), José Luis Rodríguez Pittí (1971), Eyra Harbar Gomez (1972), Melanie Taylor (1972), Salvador Medina Barahona (1973), Roberto Pérez-Franco (1976), Gloria Melania Rodríguez (1981), and Javier Alvarado (1982).
Music
Present day Panamanian music has been influenced first by the Cuevas, Gunas or Kunas, Teribes, Ngöbe–Buglé and other indigenous populations, since the 16th century by the European musical traditions, especially those from the Iberian Peninsula, and then by the black population who were brought over, first as slaves from West Africa, between the 16th and 19th centuries, and then voluntarily (especially from Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Trinidad, Saint Lucia) to work on the Panamanian Railroad and Canal projects between the 1840s and 1914. With this heritage, Panama has a rich and diverse music history, and important contributions to Cumbia, Saloma, Pasillo, Punto, Tamborito, Mejorana, Bolero, Jazz, Salsa, Reggae, Calypso, Rock and other musical genres. Not all people in Panama choose to listen to Spanish music. Some choose to listen to something they call "soca" music. So to summarize, Panamanians are considered mixed: American, Hispanic, and from the islands.
The arts
Visual arts
Another example of Panama’s blended culture is reflected in the traditional products, such as woodcarvings, ceremonial masks and pottery, as well as in its architecture, cuisine, history and festivals. In earlier times, baskets were woven for utilitarian uses, but now many villages rely almost exclusively on the baskets they produce for the people.
The Kuna people are known for molas, the elaborate embroidered panels that make up the front and back of a Kuna woman's blouse. Originally the Kuna word for blouse, the term mela now refers to the several layers of cloth varying in color that are loosely stitched closely together made using a reverse appliqué process.
The most renowned Panamanian painters are (1592–1646), (1869–1952), Alberto Dutary (1928–1997), Etanislao Arias Peña (1952–2003), Adriano Herrerabarría, Roberto Lewis, Pablo Runyan and (1926–2004).
Panamanian Conte Bowl
Ancient Panamanian art has been lost throughout history; a few artifacts have been stored and saved from deterioration thanks to methods of burial or by being placed in ancient elite interments. Socio and cosmological Panamanian concepts can be learned by studying these types of ceramic pieces. This Pedestal Plate which is in Conte style is estimated to be from around A.D 600 to A.D. 800. This specific Bowl is held in a private collection and was photographed in 1991. Different interpretations can be made depending on what point of view the piece is studied. Mary W. Helms, an author on Panamanian history, studies the colors and shapes in the Conte Bowl to tell the story behind the beautiful artwork. This Conte Bowl consists of the colors black, dark red, and brown. In Helms' evaluation the color black represents a Panamanian serpent, to be more exact a boa constrictor. The Panamanian serpent can be traced back to cosmic or mythological Mayan version of rainbow serpent, commonly known in indigenous mythology. The rainbow serpent to many ancient people connects the rainbow and snake, demonstrating how important it is for life to have water. The red portion of the bowl is representing mammals; small appendages can be seen, representing the presence of life. The red and black work together to show ingenious appreciation of the mystical and the living. The brown in this piece makes its way around the appendages, glorifying the female anatomy. Museums all around North America possess many such artifacts; they encode different stories and meanings.
Nuchukana of the Kuna
The Kuna people, originally referred to as the Guna people, are natives to the land which is now known as Panama and Guatemala. These people often have sacred rituals or traditions, one of them being the Nuchukana. Paolo Fortis writes about Nuchukanas in his 2012 book "Kuna Art and Shamanism : An Ethnographic Approach". Nuchukana are carved wooden human-like figures. They are used to cure people from illness or to bring back the dead. Although they are a mythological practice; these wooden figures hold a sentimental and cultural value that the Kuna people hold near to their hearts. When a person is in need a proper ritual is done involving chanting and tobacco smoking. The Nuchukana are asked to search for the cause of a person's illness. When the Nuchukana are not being used they are kept in a bundle in the house. The Kuna believe that evil spirits will be kept out of the home. For this same reason the Nuchukana figures are respected and sometimes even shown to visitors and friends. Each Nuchukana holds a story or a tale of why it was created and why it is so special. Elder Kuna respect the Nuchukana and treat them as part of the family. It is important for the Kuna to keep Nuchukana sacred—only young girls or elderly grandmothers may wash and clean Nuchukanas. It is possible for some Kuna to prefer a specific Nuchukana, making a special personal connection between a human and a wooden figure. Nuchukanas are so valuable that they are inherited from generation to generation. Once a Nuchukana wooden figure has deteriorated, it is simply tossed away, sometimes accompanied with a chant. Today, these Nuchukanas can be found in the rural homes of the Guna people, or in local museums that were able to take care of these objects.
Museums
The best overview of Panamanian culture is found in the Museum of the Panamanian, in Panama City. Other views can be found at the Museum of Panamanian History, the Museum of Natural Sciences, the Museum of Religious Colonial Art, the Museum of Contemporary Art, the Museum of the Interoceanic Canal, and the national institutes of culture and music.
A number of museums located in smaller communities throughout Panama's interior strive to preserve numerous aspects of the country's pre-Columbian, colonial and post-independence heritage. Examples include the Museum of Nationality in Los Santos, located in an original colonial home and exhibiting relics from the region’s pre-Columbian inhabitants, colonial period and nascent struggle for independence from Spain. The Herrera Museum was ranked #2 of six things to do in Chitre by Lonely Planet travelers. The two-story museum includes permanent exhibits covering the pre-Hispanic period, the region’s first mammals, and the contact between the Spanish and the natives. The main highlight of the second floor is a carefully constructed replica of the burial site of the Indian chief (Cacique) Parita.
An additional museum will soon be opening in Chitre as part of a unique tourism/residential project currently being developed. The Cubitá Museum will explore the variety of cultural influences that have shaped the history, art and folklore of the Azuero Peninsula, and to appreciate the unique and painstakingly crafted work of local artisans.
A scholarly analysis of Panamanian Museums, their history, exhibitions and social, political and economic contexts is available in the 2011 book "Panamanian Museums and Historical Memory".
See also
Public holidays in Panama
Pollera, national dress
Señorita Panamá
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture%20of%20Panama |
Frederick Busch (August 1, 1941 – February 23, 2006) was an American writer who authored nearly thirty books, including volumes of short stories and novels.
Early life and education
Busch was born in Brooklyn, New York City on August 1, 1941. He graduated from Muhlenberg College in 1962, and earned a master's degree from Columbia University in 1967. Busch and his wife lived briefly in Greenwich Village, where they scraped by until Busch got a job teaching at Colgate University in 1966.
Career
Academia
Busch was professor of literature at Colgate University in Hamilton, New York, from 1966 to 2003. He also served as acting director of the University of Iowa Writers’ Workshop in 1978–79.
Writing
Busch had more than 30 books published in his lifetime. He won numerous awards, including the Harry and Ethel Daroff Award in 1985 for Invisible Mending; the American Academy of Arts and Letters Fiction Award in 1986; and the PEN/Malamud Award in 1991.
Personal life
Busch met his future wife Judith Burroughs in Allentown, Pennsylvania while attending Muhlenberg College in 1962. They married in 1963.
Busch and his wife had two sons, Benjamin and Nicholas.Benjamin Busch is an acclaimed actor. In 1995, Nicholas Busch also graduated from Muhlenberg College.
Death
On February 23, 2006, Busch died of a heart attack in Manhattan, New York City, aged 64.
Honours and awards
1962: Fellowship, Woodrow Wilson Foundation
1981: Fellowship, Guggenheim Foundation
1981: Fellowship Ingram Merrill Foundation
1985: National Jewish Book Award for Fiction, Jewish Book Council
1986: American Academy of Arts and Letters Fiction Award
1991: PEN/Malamud Award for Excellence in Short Fiction
1997: New York Times Notable Book for "Girls: A Novel"
1999: National Book Critics Circle Award Nomination for The Night Inspector
2000: PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction finalist, for "The Night Inspector
Bibliography
Novels
I Wanted A Year Without Fall - a novel, London: Calder & Boyars, 1971
Manual Labor - a novel, New York: New Directions, 1974
Domestic Particulars: a Family Chronicle, New Directions, 1976
Mutual Friend, New York: Harper & Row, 1978
Rounds, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1980
Take This Man, Farrar, Straus and Giroux (1981)
Invisible Mending: a novel, David R. Godine, 1984
Sometimes I Live in the Country, David R. Godine 1986
War Babies, New Directions, 1989
Harry and Catherine, Knopf, 1990
Closing Arguments, Ticknor & Fields, 1991
Long Way From Home, Ticknor & Fields, 1993
Girls: A Novel, Harmony Books, 1997
The Night Inspector, Harmony Books (1999)
A Memory of War, W. W. Norton & Co (2003)
North: A Novel, W. W. Norton & Co (2005) (sequel to Girls)
Short story collections
Hardwater Country - stories, New York: Knopf (1979)
Too Late American Boyhood Blues: ten stories, David R. Godine (1984)
Absent Friends, NY: Knopf (1989)
Children in the Woods: New and Selected Stories, Ticknor & Fields (1994)
Don't Tell Anyone: Short Stories and a Novella, W. W. Norton & Co (2000)
Rescue Missions, W. W. Norton & Co (2006)
The Stories of Frederick Busch, W. W. Norton & Co (2013)
Non-fiction
Hawkes: A Guide to his Fictions, Syracuse University Press (1973)
A Dangerous Profession: A Book about the Writing Life, St. Martin's Press (1998)
Letters to a Fiction Writer, edited by Frederick Busch; W. W. Norton & Co (1999)
References
External links
Donald J. and Ellen Greiner collection of Frederick Busch at the University of South Carolina Irvin Department of Rare Books and Special Collections
Interview with Frederick Busch
featured author page at The New York Times
"Frederick Busch, Author of Poetic Fiction, Dies at 64", The New York Times, February 25, 2006
"Colgate professor, novelist Frederick Busch dies at age 64", Colgate University, February 26, 2006
"A Writer’s Writer: A Eulogy for Frederick Busch", Lost Writers, March 12, 2007
"Stealth Maneuvers: The Stories of Frederick Busch", ''The New York Times Book Review, December 29, 2013
1941 births
2006 deaths
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American short story writers
American male novelists
American male short story writers
Colgate University alumni
Jewish American novelists
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Muhlenberg College alumni
Novelists from New York (state)
PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction winners
PEN/Malamud Award winners
Writers from New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Busch |
Oughterard (, “a high place”) is an ecclesiastical hilltop site, graveyard, townland, and formerly a parish, borough and royal manor in County Kildare, nowadays part of the community of Ardclough, close to the Dublin border. It is the burial place of Arthur Guinness.
Foundation
The round tower and ancient monastery is associated with a nunnery established 5 AD by foundress Saint Briga (feast day 21 January).
Bríga, daughter of Congall, who is also associated with Brideschurch near Sallins (), and possibly with Kilbride in County Waterford (), is not to be confused with Brigit of Kildare daughter of Dubhthach, the famous St Brigid whose feast day was 1 February; St Brigid, daughter of Doma, whose feast day was 7 February; or the earlier St Brigid, daughter of Neman, also associated with Kildare and said to have been veiled by St Patrick, whose feast day was 9 March (Seathrún Céitinn's History of Ireland 1841 edition edited by Dermod O'Connor lists 14 saints gleaned from the martyrologies and heroic literature each called Brigid, not including Bríga or Brigit of Kildare.). The Martyrology of Donegal lists Brighit daughter of Diomman (feast day 21 May), Brighit of Moin-miolain (feast day on 9 March), and what may be five more: Brigid the daughter of Leinin (associated with Killiney, feast day 6 March), Brighit of Cillmuine (12 November), Brighe of Cairbre (feast day 7 January). and two other Brighits (feast days 9 March, the second Brigit of that date, and 30 Sept).
The pre-Christian site stands on a ley line between the Longstone Rath and running north to a ford over the River Liffey at Donaghcumper Church, Celbridge. The early Christian Church often built upon formerly druidic sites.
Derchairthinn
The site is also associated also with another sixth-century female saint, Saint Derchairthinn (feast day 8 March) "of the race of Colla Uais, Monarch of Érinn." Colla was a son of Cairbre Lifechair and High King in 306–310.
Political patronage
This monastery was under the patronage of a local branch of the Uí Dúnlainge dynasty which rotated the kingship of Leinster between 750–1050. In that period a sub-dynasty known as Uí Fáeláin formed, which included ten Uí Dúnchada Kings of Leinster. They established their base at nearby Lyons Hill. Their cousins patronised the monastery of Kildare and Glendalough.
Royal manor
Ougherard became a royal manor and borough in the 12th century and a ruined castle nearby dates to 1300. Plough headlands from medieval times can still be seen in fields adjoining the churchyard.
Medieval landmarks
Recent research by archaeological historian Mike O'Neill has established the ruined church on the site dates to c. 1350 and not, as previously thought, 1609. The ruined church is now entered through one of the windows, as both original doorways serve as mausoleums. The 8th century round tower, one of five in County Kildare, is in a good state of repair, but it is topless and only the first 8 metres remain. A small ruined castle tower stands about 300 metres southeast of the graveyard.
Destruction and restoration
The hilltop monastery and round tower were burned by the Dublin Vikings under Sigtrygg Silkbeard in 995. During the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169–71, the parish was a part of the large estates given as a dowry by Dermot McMurrough on the marriage of his daughter Eva (Aoife) to Strongbow in 1170. Next, it was owned by Adam de Hereford, who willed all his lands to St Thomas monastery in Thomas Street, Dublin, and died in 1210. For several centuries the monastery rented the land to tenant farmers until the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1536–41. The 1303 Papal taxation listed it as 'Outherard' and it was also spelt as 'Wochtred' before 1500. The parish of Oughterard was eventually united with Lyons in 1541. The calendar rolls reference 1609, which led to its mistakenly being cited as a foundation date by Walter Fitzgerald in 1898. This was followed by another which described the church as being "in ruins" by 1620. It is not clear when the church fell into disuse.
Civil survey 1654–56
Sir Philip Perceval (d.1647) owned Castlewarden when listed in the Survey of 1640. Some of his estate papers were published in the "Egmont Manuscripts" in 1905.
Following the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649–53, land had to be surveyed and then often confiscated from Parliament's opponents to pay its debts under the Adventurers' Act 1640. The survey listed four townlands in Oughterard parish; Oughterard, Bishopscourt, Hutton Read and Castlewarden. Oughterard was valued at £82 p.a. rental value and it belonged to four men. Its 410 acres were under arable crops except for of pasture and meadow; today it is mostly grassland.
Arthur Guinness and other notable burials
Until the construction of the turnpike road in the adjoining valley in 1729, Oughterard was situated on the main road from Dublin to Limerick and Cork. According to "Arthur's Round" (see below) Arthur Guinness's grandfather William Read, a local farmer, started selling home-brewed ale from a roadside stall in 1690 to troops en route to the battles in the Jacobite wars. Guinness was taken back to Oughterard to be buried in the Read family plot in January 1803. Local tradition holds that Guinness was born at the Read household, where his mother returned to her childhood home, in the tradition of the time, to give birth. Three prospective birth sites have been identified, most likely at Oughterard , but also possibly at Read homesteads the adjoining townlands of Boston , Castlewarden and Huttonread , which takes its name from the Read family, all within Oughterard parish.
Later in 1803 Arthur Wolfe, Lord Kilwarden who lived at Newlands, County Dublin—the most famous victim of Robert Emmet's 1803 rebellion—was buried here in the Wolfe mausoleum, a grave that dates to 1650. James Phipps, "A Captain of Insurgents" who took part in the Battle of Ovidstown in 1798, and then moved to America where he died in 1826, is commemorated, as is William Kennedy from nearby Bishopscourt, who was posthumously decorated for bravery having died in the Battle of the Bulge during World War II.
Duel
Daniel O'Connell (1775–1847) fought a duel with John D'Esterre on 1 February 1815 in an adjoining field, then a part of the Ponsonbys' Bishopscourt estate, now owned by the King family. O'Connell described a Dublin Corporation provision for the poor as "beggarly" on 24 Jan and was issued the challenge from John D'Esterre, a champion of the conservative and Protestant cause at the time. D'Esterre died as a result of his wounds. A detachment of cavalry sent out from Dublin arrived too late to prevent the duel from taking place. A commemorative boulder having been removed, the exact site was re-established in 2007 after consultations with local people.
Trivia
In the film Mission: Impossible , Tom Cruise's character is told that a US senator is unavailable "because he is fishing at the Oughter Ard Slew in County Kildare." The Grand Canal holds fish and runs about 1 km to the north. There is no river in Oughter Ard, and mostly refers to Oughterard, County Galway.
Bibliography
Eoghan Corry and Jim Tancred; Annals of Ardclough (2004).
DN Hall M Hennessy and Tadhg O'Keefe; Medieval Agriculture and Settlement in Castlewarden and Oughterard. Irish Geography, Vol 18 (1985) pp. 16–25.
Kildare Archaeological Society Journal. Volume I: pp. 84–86. Volume II: pp. 179, 183, 395. Volume III: pp. 361, 364, 456. Volume IV: pp. 255. Volume XII: pp. 339–341.
P Guinness; Arthur's Round: The Life and Times of brewing legend Arthur Guinness. Peter Owen, London 2008; pp. 17–20, 218.
References
External links
Oughterard Round Tower and cemetery
GAA club website featuring local information
Civil parishes of County Kildare
Religion in County Kildare
Cemeteries in County Kildare
Townlands of County Kildare | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oughter%20Ard |
Albert Oehlen (born 17 September 1954) is a German artist. He lives and works in Bühler, Switzerland and Segovia, Spain.
Early life and education
Born in Krefeld, West Germany, in 1954, Oehlen moved to Berlin in 1977, where he worked as a waiter and decorator with his friend, the artist Werner Büttner. He graduated from the Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg in 1978. Along with Martin Kippenberger and Georg Herold, Oehlen was a member of Berlin "bad boy" group.
Work
Closely associated with the Cologne art scene, Oehlen was a member of the Lord Jim Lodge, along with Martin Kippenberger among others. His art is related to the Neue Wilde movement. He has more recently been described as a 'free radical'.
Influenced by other German painters such as Georg Baselitz, Sigmar Polke and Gerhard Richter, Oehlen focuses on the process of painting itself. During the 1980s he began combining abstract and figurative elements of painting in his works, as part of a reaction to the prevailing Neo-Expressionist aesthetic of the time. In the following years, he worked within self-imposed, often absurd, parameters. He used only gray tones for his "Grey" paintings and limited himself to red, yellow, and blue for another series of what he calls "bad" paintings that included his infamous 1986 portrait of Adolf Hitler. In his paintings of the late 1990s, each piece consists of smears and lines of paint Oehlen brushed and sprayed over collaged imagery that had been transferred to canvas by the type of gigantic inkjet printers used to manufacture billboards.
In 2002, Oehlen exhibited the "Self-Portraits" series which included eight self-portraits among them Frühstück Now (Self-Portrait)(1984), Self-Portrait With Open Mouth (2001) and Self-Portrait as a Dutch Woman (1983).
In Oehlen's recent work, flat, figurative cut-outs-all the products of computer-aided design (CAD), and gestural strokes of oil paint trade places in the service of collage. In his recent Finger Paintings, color-blocked advertisements are an extension of the canvas, providing fragmented, readymade surfaces for Oehlen's visceral markings, made with his hands, as well as brushes, rags, and spray-cans.
In 2014 Skarstedt Gallery, New York hosted Oehlen' "Fabric Paintings" exhibition, featuring fourteen of the twenty paintings made from 1992 to 1996, and mostly kept in his studio. In 2015 Oehlen had his first major New York exhibition, "Albert Oehlen: Home and Garden" at the New Museum of Contemporary Art a self-portraits selection from 1980s and 1990s.
Music
In the 1990s, Oehlen briefly ran his own independent label, Leiterwagen, putting out experimental electronica. Since the late 1990s Oehlen has played in the bands Red Krayola and Van Oehlen. References to music are frequent in his paintings and drawings. His artwork is on CDs by Gastr del Sol, Arthur Russell, and Brooklyn-based band Child Abuse.
Teaching
Oehlen was Professor of Painting at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf from 2000 to 2009.
Personal life
Oehlen is the brother of fellow artist Markus Oehlen, and their father is also an artist. He lives with his wife, Esther Freund, and their three children in a village near Bühler.
Reception
Criticism
In 2013 ArtDaily described Oehlen as "one of the most influential, but also one of the most controversial of contemporary painters". His paintings are also frequently compared with David Salle's. However his work has not been met with universal approval. Philippe Dagen, writing in Le Monde about Oehlen's 2011 exhibition in Nîmes, concluded that he was "of only limited importance. With about 30 canvases he reveals his system with absolute, but unfortunately appalling, clarity." His paintings were devoid of "any form of expression or psychic density". His 2007 painting, Loa, is now part of the UK's Tate Collection.
Art market
The Galerie Max Hetzler gave Oehlen his first solo show in 1981. At a 2014 Christie's auction in London, one of Oehlen's self-portraits from 1984 was sold for $1.8 million, roughly three times its $670,000 high estimate. At a March 2017 Christie's auction, Albert's Self-Portrait with Palette sold for $3,623,230. In June 2019, at a Sotheby's auction in London, his Self-Portrait with Empty Hands sold to dealer Per Skarstedt for $7,542,157, a new record for the artist.
Exhibitions
Oehlen has shown work internationally in many exhibitions including I Will Always Champion Good Painting at Whitechapel Art Gallery in London (2006), Grounswell at the Museum of Modern Art in New York (2005), Provins – Legende at Museet for Samtidskunst in Roskilde, Denmark and Spiegelbilder 1982–1985 at Max Hetzler gallery in Berlin (2005). In 2013 a retrospective of his entire oeuvre from the 1980s to 2005 consisting of over 80 works was held at MUMOK, Vienna. Oehlen's work was included in the 2013 Venice Biennale. A survey of more than 30 years of work was exhibited at the Cleveland Museum of Art from 4 December 2016 until 12 March 2017.
Selected solo exhibitions
Sculptures and Works on Paper, Galerie Max Hetzler, Marfa, 2022
Works on Paper and a Sculpture, Gagosian, Athensa, 2022
Carroll Dunham / Albert Oehlen, Galerie Max Hetzler, London, 2021
unverständliche braune Bilder, Galerie Max Hetzler, Berlin, 2021
Ömega Man, Reena Spaulings, Los Angeles
Tramonto Spaventoso, Gagosian, Beverly Hills, 2021
Carroll Dunham / Albert Oehlen. Bäume / Trees, Sprengel Museum Hannover, Hanover (travelled from Kunsthalle Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf) (catalogue), 2020
Carroll Dunham / Albert Oehlen. Bäume / Trees, Kunsthalle Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 2019
Spiegelbilder, Galerie Max Hetzler, London, 2019
New Paintings, Gagosian, Hong Kong, 2019
UNFERTIG, Kunstmuseum St. Gallen, St. Gallen, 2019
Drawings, Gagosian at 420a North Camden Drive, Beverly Hills, 2019
Sexe, Religion, Politique, Gagosian Gallery, Paris, 2018
Cows by the Water, Pinault Collection, Palazzo Grassi, Venice
Albert Oehlen / Julian Schnabel, Galerie Max Hetzler, Berlin (catalogue), 2018
Albert Oehlen and Peppi Bottrop: Line packers”, Marciano Art Foundation, Los Angeles, 2018
Elevator Paintings: Trees, Gagosian Gallery, New York, 2017
Ö, Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, Havana, 2017
Jahn und Jahn, Munich, 2017
Recent Works, Guggenheim Bilbao, Bilbao, 2016
Works on Paper, Galerie Max Hetzler, Berlin (catalogue), Gagosian Gallery, London, 2016
Gagosian Gallery, New York, 2015
Albert Oehlen: Rawhide, Corbett vs. Dempsey Gallery, Chicago, 2015
Albert Oehlen: Home and Garden, New Museum, New York (catalogue, 2015
An Old Painting in Spirit, Kunsthalle Zürich, Zurich, 2015
Fabric Paintings, Skarstedt Gallery, New York, 2014
Die 5000 Finger von Dr. Ö, Museum Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, 2014
Interieurs, Galerie Max Hetzler, Berlin, 2013
Albert Oehlen / John Sparagana, Studiolo, Zurich, 2013
Albert Oehlen - Recent work, Gagosian Gallery, Geneva, 2013
Drawings, Gagosian Gallery, Rome, 2012
New Paintings, Gagosian Gallery, New York, 2012
Albert Oehlen Painting, MUMOK, Vienna 2013
Albert Oehlen, Carre d'Art, Nîmes, 2011
Albert Oehlen, Galerie Nathalie Obadia, Paris, 2011
Albert Oehlen, Thomas Dane Gallery, London, 2011
Albert Oehlen, Galerie Max Hetzler, Berlin, 2011
Albert Oehlen- Fingermalerei, Emil Schumacher Museum, Hagen, Germany 2010
Albert Oehlen, Alfonso Artiaco, Naples 2010
Museo di Capodimonte, Naples (retrospective) 2009
Galerie Nathalie Obadia, Paris 2008
Thomas Dane Gallery, London (catalogue) 2008
Galerie Max Hetzler, Berlin (catalogue) 2008
Paintings 1988–2008, John Berggruen Gallery, San Francisco, 2008
Juana de Aizpuru, Madrid 2008
Drei Amigos!, Galerie Bärbel Grässlin, Frankfurt, 2007
Prints (with Christopher Wool), 1018 ART, New York City 2007
Albert Oehlen- I Will Always Champion Good Painting, Whitechapel Gallery, London 2006
Painter of Light, Luhring Augustine Gallery, New York 2006
Galerie Max Hetzler, Berlin 2006
Albert Oehlen – I Will Always Champion Bad Painting, Arnolfini, Bristol, 2006
Museum Dhondt-Dhaenens, Deurle, Belgium 2006
Albert Oehlen – New Paintings and Collages, Thomas Dane, London, 2005
I know whom you showed last summer, Museum of Modern Art, Miami, 2005
Albert Oehlen. Paintings 1980–1981, Skarstedt Fine Art, New York 2005
FRAC Auvergne – Ecuries de Chazerat, Clermont-Ferrand, France (catalog) 2005
Spiegelbilder 1982–1985, Galerie Max Hetzler, Berlin 2005
Galerie Nathalie Obadia, Paris 2005
Albert Oehlen, Malerei 1980–2004, Selbstportrait mit 50millionenfacher Lichtgeschwindigkeit, Kunsthalle Nürnberg, Nuremberg, 2005
Selbstportrait mit 50millionenfacher Lichtgeschwindigkeit, Musée Cantonale des Beaux Arts, Lausanne (catalog) 2004
Albert Oehlen, Malerei 1980–2004, Contemporary Fine Arts, Berlin 2004
Luhring Augustine Gallery, New York 2004
Spezialbilder – Albert Oehlen / Jonathan Meese, Galerie Max Hetzler, Berlin 2004
Nolan/Eckman Gallery, New York, 2003
Musée d'Art Moderne et Contemporain de Strasbourg (catalogue) 2002
Galerie Nathalie Obadia, Paris 2002
Patrick Painter, Inc., Santa Monica 2002
Pinturas y Dibujos 2002
Terminale Erfrischung: Computercollagen und Malerei, Kestner-Gesellschaft, Hannover (catalog) 2001
Der Ritt der sieben Nutten – das war mein Jahrhundert (with Markus Oehlen), Städtisches Museum Abteiberg, Mönchengladbach (catalogue) 2000
Höre auf zu arbeiten, die Erregung nimmt Dir die Kraft, Galerie Gisela Capitain, Cologne 2000
Albert Oehlen. Malerei, Kunsthalle Vierseithof, Luckenwalde (catalog) & Bernier / Eliades, Athens, 2000
refuse, light and a joke invented in drunkenness, Luhring Augustine, New York 1999
Albert Oehlen. Malerei, Kunsthalle Vierseithof, Luckenwalde (catalogue) 1997
IVAM Centre del Carme, Valencia (catalogue) 1996
Abortion of the Cool, Gesellschaft für Gegenwartskunst, Augsburg (catalogue) 1995
Oehlen Williams 95 (with Christopher Williams), Wexner Center for Arts, Columbus, Ohio (catalogue) 1995
Recent Paintings, The Renaissance Society at the University of Chicago, Chicago 1995
Realidad Abstracta (with Markus Oehlen), Universidad Internacional Menendez Pelayo, Santander (catalogue) 1990
Linolschnitte, Forum Stadtpark, Graz (catalogue) 1989
Abräumung – Prokrustische Malerei 1982 – 84, Kunsthalle Zürich, Zürich (catalogue) 1987
Public collections
Tate, London
Fondazione Prada, Milan
Albertina, Vienna
Fondation Louis Vuitton, Paris
Centre Pompidou, Paris
Städel Museum, Frankfurt am Main
Kunsthalle Würth
Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago
Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago
Hill Art Foundation, New York
ICA, Miami
Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles
Museum of Modern Art, New York
Sammlung Falckenberg – Kulturstiftung Phoenix Art, Hamburg
Museum Ludwig, Cologne
Kunstmuseum Bonn
Kunstraum Grässlin, St. Georgen
MUDAM-Musée d'Art Moderne Grand-Duc Jean, Luxembourg
ZKM Museum für Neue Kunst & Medienmuseum, Karlsruhe
Neue Galeria Graz am Landesmuseum Joanneum, Graz
Inhotim Centro de Arte Contemporânea, Brumadinho, Brazil
Sammlung Essl-Kunsthaus, Klosterneuburg
Museum für Moderne Kunst (MMK), Frankfurt/Main
Museet for Samtidskkunst, Roskilde, Denmark
Daimler Contemporary, Berlin
Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig- MUMOK, Vienna
FRAC- Ile-de-France Le Plateau, Paris
Städtisches Museum Abteiberg, Mönchengladbach
FNAC Fonds National d'Art Contemporain, Puteaux
The Saatchi Gallery, London
Musée d'Art Moderne et Contemporain (MAMCS), Strasbourg
Tervi Flash Art Museum of Contemporary Art, Trevi
CAC Centro de Arte Contemporáneo Malága, Malága
de la Cruz Collection – Miami, Florida
Ståhl Collection, Norrköping, Sweden
References
External links
Albert Oehlen at Gagosian Gallery
Galerie Max Hetzler, Artist Page
Albert Oehlen exhibition catalogue to accompany his show at Thomas Dane Gallery, London in 2008
(O'Brien, Glen) Interview Magazine article
Oeheln – Patrick Painter
Luhring Augustine Gallery.
The Saatchi Gallery; About Albert Oehlen and his art Additional information on Albert Oehlen including artworks, text panels, articles, and full biography
1954 births
Abstract painters
Living people
20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
German male painters
21st-century German painters
21st-century German male artists
People from Krefeld
German contemporary artists
Red Krayola members
University of Fine Arts of Hamburg alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Oehlen |
Rafael Guerra Bejarano (Professionally known as Guerrita , a diminutive nickname of his surname) (January 1862 – 6 February 1941) was born in Cordoba. He was a professional Spanish bullfighter who achieved fame during the 1890s. His uncle, José "Pepete" Damaso Rodriguez Rodriguez, also a professional bullfighter, was killed in Madrid by a bull called Jocinero, on March 6, 1862. In 1878 he started a long apprenticeship as banderillero (banderilla-man) and second swordsman. He became a full bullfighter on September 29, 1887, in Madrid. His sponsor (apoderado) was the bullfighter "Lagartijo" Rafael Molina). On that occasion "Guerrita" said "I trust rather the benevolence of the public than my own merits and will try to fulfil my task by doing my best".
A Spanish hand fan commemorating the 1887 event—Rafael Guerra's "alternativa"—survives in the collection of the Staten Island Historical Society at Historic Richmond Town in New York. It features a depiction of "Guerrita" receiving the sword of "Lagartijo". This ceremony marked the elevation of Rafael Guerra Bejarano from an apprentice to a professional matador.
He is also known for having killed nine bulls in three separate cities on the same day. On May 19, 1895, at six o'clock in the morning, he got dressed (he wore a gold and green costume that he would not take off until nightfall) to kill three of Saltillo's bulls at 7 a.m. in San Fernando. Guerrita then proceeded to nearby Jerez de la Frontera and killed three bulls of the Cámara livestock at 10:30 a.m. At 5:30 p.m., on that same killed three more bulls in Seville from the Murube livestock.
From 1890 to 1899, the Cordovan bullfighter was thought to be on top of his profession, sharing top billing with Lagartijo and Frascuelo. However, he surprisingly announced his retirement on October 15, 1899, in Zaragoza: "I quit bullfighting, but not of my own accord, I'm jinxed.". During his career, Guerrita took part in 891 bullfights, killed 2547 bulls and never had the three warnings, a 15-minute limit in which the matador must kill the bull.
Quotes about him
(TEN MASTERS by Bernardo V. Carande, Los Toros by Ed. Indice, page 117)
Notes
External links
http://www.portaltaurino.com/matadores/guerrita.htm
http://www.legadoandalusi.com/legado/contenido/rutas/personajes/10208.htm
Portrayal of Rafael Guerra's alternativa, from the Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database
1862 births
1941 deaths
Sportspeople from Córdoba, Spain
Spanish bullfighters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael%20Guerra%20Bejarano |
Eberhard Havekost (1967 – 5 July 2019) was a contemporary German painter based in Berlin and Dresden, who exhibited internationally.
Biography
Born in Dresden, Havekost was the son of a sculptor and a taxidermist. He completed an internship as a stonemason in 1985. In 1989, he fled to the West via Budapest and lived in Frankfurt. He studied at the Hochschule für Bildende Künste in Dresden from 1991 to 1996, where he became a master student under Professor Ralf Kerbach in 1997. In 1999 he was awarded the Karl Schmidt-Rottluff grant. He lived in Berlin, and was a professor at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf.
Work
Havekost was one of a new generation of painters who used a digitalized, multimedial visual language in their work. Working from photographic sources – shots from TV and video, images culled from magazines and catalogues and his own photographs – he selected subjects ranging from anonymous buildings, trains and trailers, and modified them to make inkjet prints as the departure point for his paintings. Among the subjects which regularly recur are nature, portraits or figures, architectural interiors and exteriors, and means of transportation such as caravans, aeroplanes and automobiles. He often painted series of repetitive images to replicate the serial change of visual effect in nature. The theme of a 2007 25-part series of paintings is zensur or censorship, and the artist applies the concept of blocking or erasing something thematically or formally. Retina is a 2010 series of six oil paintings that deal with the optical perception of the world of objects and their abstraction.
In 2005, art critic David Pagel described Havekost in the Los Angeles Times as "a promising painter so deeply indebted to Richter's version of abbreviated Photorealism that it appears he has not yet come into his own". In The New York Times, Roberta Smith wrote that "the blunt dispatch and immediacy of Mr. Havekost's surfaces, while suitably laconic, run counter to the randomness and remove of the images, providing a necessary disconcerting tension."
Collection
Works by Havekost are found in the stock of the Museum of Modern Art, the Denver Art Museum as well as in the Marx Collection, the Rubell Family Collection, the Frieder Burda Collection, and the Tate Collection. He is represented by Anton Kern in New York and Galerie Gebr. Lehmann in Dresden and Berlin. He had solo exhibitions at the Kunsthalle Schirn in Frankfurt, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden, Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg, and the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam.
Art market
Havekost is represented by Contemporary Fine Arts in Berlin, Anton Kern Gallery in New York, Roberts Projects in Los Angeles, and White Cube in London, among many other international venues.
Solo exhibitions
2008 Eberhard Havekost, FRAC Auvergne
2008 Zensur 2, Galerie Gebr. Lehmann, Dresden/Berlin
2007 Zensur, Anton Kern Gallery, New York
2007 Background, White Cube, London
2006 Paintings from the Rubell Family Collection, American University Museum, Katzen Arts Center, Washington DC
2006 Harmony 2, Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
2006 backstage, Galerie Gebr. Lehmann, Dresden
2005 Sonnenschutz, Roberts & Tilton, Los Angeles
2004 Brandung, Galerie Gebr. Lehmann, Dresden
2004 Graphik 1999-2004, Kupferstich-Kabinett Dresden
2004 Marvel, Anton Kern Gallery, New York
2003 Centre d`art contemporain Georges Pompidou, Cajarc
2003 dynamic UND, Inside the White Cube, London
2003 Beauty walks a razors edge, Galerie Gebr. Lehmann, Dresden
2003 Square, Anton Kern Gallery, New York
2001 DRIVER, Museu de Arte Contemporanea de Serralves, Porto
2001 Dimmer, Galerie Gebr. Lehmann, Dresden
2001 Pressure-Pressure, Anton Kern Gallery, New York
2000 Kontakt, Galerie Gebr. Lehmann, Dresden
1999 Statements, Art Basel, Basel
1998 ZOOM, Anton Kern Gallery, New York
1998 Fenster-Fenster, Kunstmuseum Luzern
1997 Frieren, Galerie Gebr. Lehmann, Dresden
References
External links
Eberhard Havekost Anton Kern Gallery
Roberts Projects / Eberhard Havekost Roberts & Tilton, Culver City, CA
Eberhard Havekost – Painting Saatchi Gallery
Eberhard Havekost Galerie Gebr. Lehmann
Eberhard Havekost Artcyclopedia
Eberhard Havekost artnet.de
1967 births
2019 deaths
20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
German male painters
21st-century German painters
21st-century German male artists
German contemporary artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard%20Havekost |
Michael "Mic" Christopher (21 September 1969 – 29 November 2001) was an Irish singer-songwriter, best known for his posthumously-released debut album Skylarkin'.
Early life
Michael Christopher was born in The Bronx, New York City, to Irish parents Harry Christopher from Dublin and Vaun Heaney from Sixmilecross, County Tyrone. They moved back to Dublin in 1972 when Michael was still a toddler. He later attended Coláiste Chilliain in Clondalkin. He started playing traditional Irish music with school groups until he was about fifteen years old when he started busking. Busking in Dublin over the next five years, Christopher made friends with many of the musicians on the Dublin circuit, including brothers Karl and David Odlum, Glen Hansard and others.
Musical career
In 1990, Christopher formed the band The Mary Janes with former Kila bass player and fellow busker Karl Odlum, and added Simon Good on guitar and Steven Hogan on drums. The band's line-up evolved over the next nine years, becoming a three piece without drums when Hogan left the group. It was the three-piece version that recorded the band's first album, Bored of Their Laughing. In 1994, the Mary Janes signed a publishing deal with Warner-Chappell. In 1996 the band acquired the drumming talents of Australian Mark Stanley, with this line-up recording their second album, Sham, in 1998. Over the years The Mary Janes played everywhere from the Feile and Fleadh music festivals in Ireland, to Glastonbury Festival in England, to the CMJ in New York City. The band also performed a six-week stint in Bosnia with the War Child charity. The Mary Janes split in 1999 and Christopher embarked on a three-month solo tour of Victoria, Australia. In 2001, having recovered from a bad motorbike accident, Christopher released his solo Heyday EP and announced that he would be supporting The Waterboys on their next tour.
Death
Christoper's 2001 tour with The Waterboys performed in in Groningen, Netherlands, on 16 November 2001. That night, after he had played his set supporting The Waterboys, Christopher was found unconscious, having apparently struck his head on some steps during an accidental fall. On arrival at a local hospital, he was found to have lapsed into a coma as a result of severe swelling to the brain. He never regained consciousness, and died on 29 November 2001.
== Skylarkin''' ==
Christopher had been working on a solo album entitled Skylarkin' prior to his death. The album was incomplete but Christopher had made notes as to how the recordings could be improved. During November 2002, work from many of his friends and family resulted in the posthumous release of Christopher's first and only solo album. Skylarkin' later won Best Album at the 2003 Meteor Awards. His family were present to collect the award.
Legacy
Since Christopher's death, Glen Hansard of The Frames has dedicated each of that band's albums to him. They also dedicate their cover version of his hit "Heyday" to him when played live.
Damien Rice dedicated his album O, released eight weeks after Christopher's death, to his departed friend.
Lisa Hannigan dedicated the song "Splishy Splashy" to him on her debut album Sea Sew (2008).
Rónán Ó Snodaigh from Kíla, who co-wrote the song Friends with Mic and shared a flat with him in the years before his death, wrote the song "The dream I haven't shown her" on his album The Playdays for Mic, it is a medley of the W.H. Auden poem; Funeral Blues and a song written by Mic Christopher Embrace the Day.
In 2021, The Mary Janes released a previously unrecorded track named "Heartbreaker" about Christopher.
In 2021, Christopher's friends and family held a tribute concert, titled Happy Birthday Mic Christopher. The concert was held at Whelans, Dublin. On 21 September 2021, a live album, recorded by Christopher in 2001, was released.
Discography
Studio albums Skylarkin' (2002)
Live albums Live at the Lobby'' (2021)
References
External links
Mic Christopher's official site
Mic Christopher at Irish Music Central
1969 births
2001 deaths
Accidental deaths in the Netherlands
American street performers
Irish buskers
American people of Irish descent
Musicians from the Bronx
Musicians from Dublin (city)
20th-century American musicians
American emigrants to Ireland
People from Clondalkin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mic%20Christopher |
Northern Europe
Ireland
Uilleann pipes: Also known as Union pipes and Irish pipes, depending on era. Bellows-blown bagpipe with keyed or un-keyed 2-octave chanter, 3 drones and 3 regulators. The most common type of bagpipes in Irish traditional music.
Great Irish Warpipes: One of the earliest references to the Irish bagpipes comes from an account of the funeral of Donnchadh mac Ceallach, king of Osraige in AD 927. Bagpipes were a noted instrument in Irish warfare since medieval times, but only became standardized in Irish regiments in the British Army in the last century, when the Great Highland Bagpipe became standard. The Warpipe differed from the latter only in having a single tenor drone. Irish warpipes fell out of use for centuries due to the British outlawing them; whence the Scottish bagpipes took the place of the Irish bagpipes role in the British army. Warpipes today are rarer specialty instruments in military and civilian pipe bands, or private players.
Brian Boru bagpipes: Carried by the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers and had three drones, one of which was a baritone, pitched between bass and tenor. Unlike the chanter of the Great Highland Bagpipe, its chanter is keyed, allowing for a greater tonal range.
Pastoral pipes: Although the exact origin of this keyed, or un-keyed chanter and keyed drones (regulators), pipe is uncertain, it developed into the modern uilleann bagpipe.
Scotland
Great Highland Bagpipe: This is perhaps the world's best-known bagpipe. It is native to Scotland. It has acquired widespread recognition through its usage in the British military and in pipe bands throughout the world. The bagpipe is first attested in Scotland around 1400, having previously appeared in European artwork in Spain in the 13th century. The earliest references to bagpipes in Scotland are in a military context, and it is in that context that the Great Highland bagpipe became established in the British military and achieved the widespread prominence it enjoys today.
Border pipes: also called the "Lowland bagpipe" or "reel pipes", commonly confused with smallpipes, but louder. Played in the Lowlands of Scotland it is conically bored, made mostly from African blackwood like Highland pipes. Some makers have developed fully chromatic chanters.
Scottish smallpipes: a modern re-interpretation of an extinct instrument.
Pastoral pipes: Although the exact origin of this keyed, or un-keyed chanter and keyed drones (regulators), pipe is uncertain, it developed into the modern uilleann bagpipe.
Zetland pipes: a reconstruction of pipes believed to have been brought to the Shetland Islands by the Vikings, though not clearly historically attested.
England and Wales
English bagpipes: with the exception of the Northumbrian smallpipes, no English bagpipes maintained an unbroken tradition. However, various other English bagpipes have been reconstructed by Jonathan Swayne and Julian Goodacre.
Northumbrian smallpipes: a bellows-blown smallpipe with a closed end chanter played in staccato.
Border pipes: also called the "Half-long pipes" in the North East, commonly confused with smallpipes, but louder. Traditionally played in Northern England as well as the Lowlands of Scotland. English border pipes have been reconstructed by Swayne, and they have in common with the Lowland Scottish pipes above 2-4 drones in a single stock, but the design of the chanter (melody pipe) is closer to the French cornemuse du centre and uses the same "half-closed" fingering system.
Cornish bagpipes: an extinct type of double chanter bagpipe from Cornwall (southwest England); there are now attempts being made to revive it on the basis of literary descriptions and iconographic representations.
Welsh pipes (, pibgod): Of two types, one a descendant of the pibgorn, the other loosely based on the Breton veuze. Both are mouthblown with one bass drone.
Pastoral pipes: Although the exact origin of this keyed, or un-keyed chanter and keyed drones (regulators), pipe is uncertain, it was developed into the modern Uilleann bagpipe.
Yorkshire bagpipes, known in Shakespeare's time, but now extinct
Lincolnshire bagpipes, a one-drone pipe extinct by 1850, with one reproduction made in the modern era
Lancashire bagpipes, widely mentioned in early-Modern literature and travel accounts
Finland
Säkkipilli: The Finnish bagpipes died out but have been revived since the late 20th century by musicians such as Petri Prauda.
Pilai: a Finnish bagpipe, described in 18th century texts as similar to the Ukrainian volynka.
Estonia
Torupill: an Estonian bagpipe with one single-reeded chanter and 1-3 drones.MP3
Latvia
Dūdas: Latvian bagpipe, with single reed chanter and one drone.
Lithuania
Dūdmaišis, or murenka, kūlinė, Labanoro dūda. A bagpipe native to Lithuania, with a single reed chanter and one drone.
Sweden
Säckpipa: Also the Swedish word for "bagpipe" in general, the name is commonly used for the revived Swedish bagpipe, based on surviving säckpipor of the Dalarna region. It has a cylindrical bore and a single reed, and usually a single drone in the same pitch as the bottom note of the chanter. There are around 20 surviving historical instruments in various museums and private collections.
Walpipe, according to some 19th century anglophone sources a type of bagpipe used alongside "the Sakpipe" in Lapland during the 18th and 19th centuries. The only known description, as well as the name, in addition to it not being mentioned in any Swedish sources, suggests it's not a bagpipe but another name for the Swedish cowhorn.
Southern Europe
Italy
Zampogna (also called ciaramella, ciaramedda, or surdullina depending on style and or region): A generic name for an Italian bagpipe, with different scale arrangements for doubled chanters (for different regions of Italy), and from zero to three drones (the drones usually sound a fifth, in relation to the chanter keynote, though in some cases a drone plays the tonic).
Piva: used in northern Italy (Bergamo, Emilia), Veneto and bordering regions of Switzerland such as Ticino. A single chantered, single drone instrument, with double reeds, often played in accompaniment to a shawm, or piffero.
Müsa: played in Pavia, Alessandria, Genova and Piacenza.
Baghèt: similar to the piva, played in the region of Bergamo, Brescia and, probably, Veneto.
Surdelina: a double-chantered, bellows-blown pipe from Naples, with keys on both chanters and drones
Launeddas: is a typical pipe from Sardinia but it is characterised by the absence of bags: the mouth works as bag.
Malta
Żaqq (with definite article: iż-żaqq): The most common form of Maltese bagpipes. A double-chantered, single-reed, droneless hornpipe.
Il-Qrajna: a smaller Maltese bagpipe
Greece
The ancient name of bagpipes in Greece is Askavlos (Askos Ασκός means wine skin, Avlos Αυλός is the pipe)
Askomandoura (): a double-chantered bagpipe used in Crete
Tsampouna (): Greek Islands bagpipe with a double chanter. One chanter with five holes the second with 1,3 or 5 depending on the island. The tsambouna has no drone as the second chanter replaces the drone.
Gaida (): a single-chantered bagpipe with a long separate drone, played in many parts of Mainland Greece. The main center is Thrace, especially around the town of Didymoteicho in the Northern Evros area. In the area of Drama (villages of Kali Vrisi and Volakas) a higher pitched gaida is played. Around Pieria and Olympus mountain (Rizomata and Elatochori) another type of gaida is played. Each of these regions have their distinct sound, tunes and songs.
Dankiyo or Tulum: traditional double-chantered bagpipes played by Pontic Greeks
North Macedonia
(pronounced guy'-da) also known as () is the Macedonian name of the bagpipe (). It's a folk musical wind instrument composed of a bag (), with three or four tubes for blowing and playing. The Macedonian bagpipe can be two-voiced or three-voiced, depending on the number of drone elements. The most common are the two-voiced bagpipes. The three-voiced bagpipes have an additional small drone pipe called slagarche (pronounced slagar'-che) (). They can be found in certain parts of Macedonia, most of them in Ovče Pole ().
On the territory of Macedonia, there are two variants of the placement of the elements:
The first variant, which is the most widespread, is when the blow pipe and the drone are place of the front legs, and the chanter goes at the head. The small drone goes between the blow pipe and the drone slightly towards the chanter.
The second variant is found only in Radoviš and differs from the first in that the drone goes at the animal head while the chanter and the blow pipe are inserted at the legs. The small drone goes between the two legs.
All bags for these types a bagpipes are made usually from the entire skin of a goat or sheep. The use of donkeyskin has also been reported in the past..
Central and Eastern Europe
Dudy (also known by the German name Bock): Czech bellows-blown bagpipe with a long, crooked drone and chanter (usually with wooden billy-goat head) that curves up at the end.
Dudy or kozoł (Lower Sorbian kózoł) are large types of bagpipes (in E flat) played among the (originally) Slavic-speaking Sorbs of Eastern Germany, near the borders with both Poland and the Czech Republic; smaller Sorbian types are called dudki or měchawa (in F). Yet smaller is the měchawka (in A, Am) known in German as Dreibrümmchen. The dudy/kozoł has a bent drone pipe that is hung across the player's shoulder, and the chanter tends to be curved as well.
Parkapzuk (Armenian պարկապզուկ)
Cimpoi is the name for the Romanian bagpipes. Two main categories of bagpipes were used in Romania: with a double chanter and with a single chanter. Both have a single drone and straight bore chanter and is less strident than its Balkan relatives.
Magyar duda or Hungarian duda (also known as tömlősíp, bőrduda and Croatian duda) has a double chanter (two parallel bores in a single stick of wood, Croatian versions have three or four) with single reeds and a bass drone. It is typical of a large group of pipes played in the Carpathian Basin.
Poland
Dudy is the generic term for Polish bagpipes, though since the 19th century they are usually referred to as kobza due to the confusion with koza and the relative obscurity of kobza proper in Poland. They are used in folk music of Podhale (koza), Żywiec Beskids and Cieszyn Silesia (dudy and gajdy), and mostly in Greater Poland, where there are four types of bagpipes:
Dudy wielkopolskie, "Greater Polish bagpipes", with two subtypes: Rawicz-Gostyń and Kościan-Buk;
Kozioł biały (weselny), "white (wedding) buck (used during wesele, the lay part of the wedding)";
Kozioł czarny ((do)ślubny), "black (wedding) buck (used during ślub, the religious part of the wedding)";
Sierszeńki, "hornets", a bladder pipe used as a goose (practice pipes).
The Balkans
Kaba gaida: Kaba Gaida – low pitched single-drone bagpipe from the Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria
Gaida: Southern Balkan (e.g. Bulgarian, Greek and Albanian) bagpipe with one drone and one chanter. Also found in Macedonia and Serbia.
Istarski mih (Piva d'Istria): a double chantered, droneless Croatian bagpipe whose side by side chanters are cut from a single rectangular piece of wood. They are typically single reed instruments, using the Istrian scale.
Gajdy or gajde: the name for various bagpipes of Eastern Europe, found in Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, and Croatia.
Duda, used in some parts of Croatia
Belarus
Duda () or Mutsianka () are the names of a Belarusian bagpipes.
Russia
Volynka () is a Russian bagpipe.
Finno-Ugric Russia
Shyuvr, a bagpipe of the Volga-Finnic Mari people
Puvama, a bagpipe of the Mordvin people
Turkic Russia
Shapar, a bagpipe of the Turkic Chuvash people of the Volga region
Ukraine
Duda () is a Ukrainian bagpipe.
Western Europe
France
Musette de cour: A French open ended smallpipe, believed by some to be an ancestor of the Northumbrian smallpipes, used for classical compositions in 'folk' style in the 18th Century French court. The shuttle design for the drones was recently revived and added to a mouth blown Scottish smallpipe called shuttle pipes.
Biniou (or biniou kozh "old style bagpipe"): a mouth blown bagpipe from Brittany. The great Highland bagpipe has also been used since the 20th century in marching bands called bagadoù and known as biniou braz ("great bagpipe").
Veuze, found in Western France around Nantes, into the Breton marshes and in the very north of Poitou (Vendée).
Cabrette: bellows-blown, played in the Auvergne region of central France.
Chabrette (or chabretta): found in the Limousin region of central France.
Bodega (or craba): found in Languedoc region of southern France, made of an entire goat skin.
Boha: found in the regions of Gascony and Landes in southwestern France, notable for having no separate drone, but a drone and chanter bored into a single piece of wood.
Musette bressane: found in the Bresse region of eastern France
Cornemuse du Centre (or musette du Centre) (bagpipes of Central France) are of many different types, some mouth blown. They can be found in the Bourbonnais, Berry, Nivernais, and Morvan regions of France and in different tonalities.
Chabrette poitevine: found in the Poitou region of west-central France, but now extremely rare.
Caramusa: a small bagpipe with a single parallel drone, native to Corsica
Musette bechonnet, named from its creator, Joseph Bechonnet (1820-1900 AD) of Effiat.
Bousine, a small droneless bagpipe played in Normandy. (:fr:Bousine)
Loure, a Norman bagpipe which gives its name to the French Baroque dance loure.
Pipasso, a bagpipe native to Picardy in northern France
Sourdeline, an extinct bellows-blown pipe, likely of Italian origin
Samponha, a double-chantered pipe played in the Pyrenees
Vèze (or vessie, veuze à Poitiers), played in Poitou
Spain and Portugal
Gaita is a generic term for "bagpipe" in Castilian (Spanish), Portuguese, Basque, Asturian-Leonese, Galician, Catalan and Aragonese, for distinct bagpipes used across the northern regions of Spain and Portugal and in the Balearic Islands. In the south of Spain and Portugal, the term is applied to a number of other woodwind instruments, a trait that the moroccan ghaita also shares, since its name origin comes from the southern iberian peninsula. Just like the term "Northumbrian smallpipes" or "Great Highland bagpipes", each region attributes its toponym to the respective gaita name. Most of them have a conical chanter with a partial second octave, obtained by overblowing. Folk groups playing these instruments have become popular in recent years, and pipe bands have been formed in some traditions.
Gaita alistana: played in Aliste, Zamora, north-western Spain.
Gaita asturiana: native to Asturias, north-western Spain. Very similar to the gaita galega but of heavier construction with an increased capability for octave jumps and chromatic notes.
Gaita de boto: native to Aragon, distinctive for its tenor drone running parallel to the chanter.
Gaita cabreiresa (or gaita llionesa): an extinct but revived pipe native to León.
Galician gaita: traditional bagpipe used in Galicia, north-west Spain and the Minho river valley, northern Portugal.
Gaita de saco: native to Soria, La Rioja, Álava, and Burgos in northwestern-central Spain. Possibly the same as the lost gaita de fuelle of Old Castile.
Gaita sanabresa: played in Puebla de Sanabria, in the Zamora province of north-western Spain.
Gaita-de-foles mirandesa or gaita transmontana: native to the Miranda do Douro, Vimioso, Mogadouro and Braganza in Tras-os-Montes region, northern Portugal.
Gaita-de-fole Coimbrã: native to Coimbra in Beira Litoral region, center Portugal.
Odrecillo: a small medieval bagpipe, with or without drones.
Sac de gemecs: used in Catalonia (north-eastern Spain).
Xeremies: played in the island of Majorca, accompanying the flabiol and drum.
Germany
Dudelsack: German bagpipe with two drones and one chanter. Also called Schäferpfeife (shepherd pipe) or Sackpfeife. The drones are sometimes fit into one stock and do not lie on the player's shoulder but are tied to the front of the bag. (see: :de:Schäferpfeife)
Marktsackpfeife: a bagpipe reconstructed from medieval depictions
Huemmelchen: small bagpipe with the look of a small medieval pipe or a Dudelsack.
Dudy or kozoł (Lower Sorbian kózoł) are large types of bagpipes (in E flat) played among the (originally) Slavic-speaking Sorbs of Eastern Germany, near the borders with both Poland and the Czech Republic; smaller Sorbian types are called dudki or měchawa (in F). Yet smaller is the měchawka (in A, Am) known in German as Dreibrümmchen. The dudy/kozoł has a bent drone pipe that is hung across the player's shoulder, and the chanter tends to be curved as well.
The Low Countries
Doedelzak (or pijpzak): found in Flanders and the Netherlands, this type of bagpipe was made famous in the paintings of Pieter Brueghel the Elder; died out, but revived in the late 20th century.
Muchosa (or muchosac): found in the Hainaut province of Wallonia, in southern Belgium, and previously known down into the north of France as far as Picardy
Switzerland
Schweizer Sackpfeife (Swiss bagpipe): In Switzerland, the Sackpfiffe was a common instrument in the folk music from the Middle Ages to the early 18th century, documented by iconography and in written sources. It had one or two drones and one chanter with double reeds.
Austria
Bock (literally, male goat): a bellows-blown pipe with large bells at the end of the single drone and chanter
West Asia
Turkey
Dankiyo: A word of Greek origin for "bagpipe" used in the Trabzon Province of Turkey.
Tulum or Guda: double-chantered, droneless bagpipe of Rize and Artvin provinces of Turkey. Usually played by the Laz and Hamsheni people.
Karkm, a bagpipe of the Turkish Turkmen nomads (Yörük)
Armenia
Parkapzuk (): A droneless horn-tipped bagpipe played in Armenia
Azerbaijan
Tulum () or Tulug (): double-chantered, droneless bagpipe native to Azerbaijan. Used to be common in Nakhchivan, Karabakh and Gazakh. Now only used in Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. Sometimes used alongside Balaban.
Georgia
Gudastviri (): A double-chantered horn-tipped bagpipe played in Georgia. Also called a chiboni or stviri.
Iran
Ney anban (): a droneless double-chantered pipe played in Southern Iran
Bahrain
Jirba (): a type of double-chantered droneless bagpipe, primarily played by the ethnic Iranian minority of Bahrain.
Arabian Peninsula
Habbān (): a generic term covering several types of bagpipes, including traditional Bedouin bagpipes in Kuwait, and a modern version of the Great Highland Bagpipes played in Oman.
North Africa
Egypt
Zummarah-bi-soan, a small Egyptian double-bagpipe
Libya
Zukra (): famous in Libya bagpipe with a double-chanter terminating in two cow horns.
Tunisia
Mizwad (; plural مَزاود mazāwid): Tunisian bagpipe with a double-chanter terminating in two cow horns.
Algeria
Tadghtita, a Berber bagpipe
South Asia
India
Mashak, a bagpipe of Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, and Uttar Pradesh in northern India. The term is also used for the Highland pipes which have displaced the traditional bagpipe over time, such as the mushak baja (Garhwali : मूषक बाजा): in Garhwal region. or masak-been (Kumaoni : मसकबीन): of the Kumaon Division.
Titti (bagpipe), a Telugu bagpipe of Andhra Pradesh
Sruti upanga, a bagpipe of Tamil Nadu primarily used for drone accompaniment
Non-traditional bagpipes
Electric bagpipes, bagpipes fitted with an amplifying pickup
Electronic bagpipes, an electronic musical instrument designed to look and sound like bagpipes
References
Bagpipes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20bagpipes |
The Dave Gallaher Trophy is a rugby union trophy contested between and . It is named after Dave Gallaher, the 1905–06 All Black captain who was killed in Belgium during World War I.
History
When it comes to rugby, France and New Zealand have a very rich common history. France played their first ever test match in 1906 against the famous "Originals" New Zealand team, on their way home after an eventful tour of the British Isles.
Between 1906 and 1999 both teams met a total of 34 times, New Zealand winning 25 times and France 9, including two games in the Rugby World Cup with New Zealand winning the 1987 final and France taking their revenge in the semi-final 12 years later in what remains one of the most famous upsets in the sport's history.
In 2000 it was decided that a new trophy would be created to emphasize the two teams' great rivalry. The trophy would be named after Dave Gallaher, the charismatic captain of the 1906 New Zealand team, who died 11 years later during the Battle of Broodseinde in World War I.
Challenges and defences
The Dave Gallaher Trophy is based on a challenge system, the holding union must defend the trophy in challenge matches, and if the other union defeats them, they become the new holder of the trophy. If both teams draw then the holder retains the trophy.
Rugby World Cup games between both teams - such as the 2003 RWC 3rd place play-off won by New Zealand or the 2007 RWC quarter final won by France and 2011 RWC final won by NZL - do not qualify as challenge matches.
France won the 2009 challenge 37–36 on aggregate score over two matches, having won the first test 27–22 and lost the second 10–14. The New Zealand team had assumed the series would be drawn if each team won one test, and were upset to discover that aggregate was taken into account, which their coaching staff had deliberately withheld from them.
New Zealand would retain the trophy for 12 years until being defeated 40–25 by France in Paris.
Matches
Results
– Summer Test
– Autumn International
Other trophies
The All Blacks compete with three other nations for the attribution of a similar kind of trophy. The Bledisloe Cup, versus Australia, being the most famous. The other two are the Freedom Cup against South Africa and the Hillary Shield against England.
As for France, they compete with Australia for the Trophée des Bicentenaires and with Italy for the Garibaldi Trophy.
Notes and references
External links
The Dave Gallaher Trophy results
Rugby union international rivalry trophies
International rugby union competitions hosted by France
International rugby union competitions hosted by New Zealand
History of rugby union matches between France and New Zealand
2000 establishments in France
2000 establishments in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Gallaher%20Trophy |
Matthias Weischer (born 1973) is a German painter living in Leipzig. He is considered to be part of the New Leipzig School.
Life
Born in Elte, North Rhine-Westphalia, Weischer studied painting from 1995 to 2001 and received his MA in 2003 from Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst (HGB) in Leipzig. He was a student in the master class of Professor Sighard Gille. In 2002, he was a co-founder of the artist-initiated gallery LIGA in Berlin that was run by eleven former HGB students, among them Christoph Ruckhäberle, Tim Eitel, David Schnell and Tilo Baumgärtel. LIGA was closed after two years in 2004. After cooperating with Galerie Kleindienst (Leipzig), Anthony Wilkinson (London) and EIGEN + Art (Leipzig/Berlin) Weischer is currently represented by König Gallery (Berlin) and Grimm Gallery (Amsterdam). His studio is located at the Leipzig Cotton Mill.
Work
Weischers works oscillate between abstract and figurative painting. Until 2006, his paintings depicted deserted interiors like stage settings that are infused with abstract elements. Furniture, everyday objects, and large-scale ornaments stylistically refer to the 1950s and 1960s. In their collage-like appearance, they establish a complex and ambiguous relationship.
During his residency in Rome in 2007, Weischer concentrated on drawing and studies on nature and landscape. Since then, he predominantly works on and with paper, in smaller formats and with a lighter range of colors. He also explores different printing techniques and, recently, three-dimensional sculptural arrangements.
Since 2001, his work has been exhibited worldwide, e.g. in London (2003), Miami (2004), at the Venice Biennale, the Cleveland Museum of Art, in Chungnam, Korea (2005), The Hague, Málaga (2008), Ponce, Puerto Rico (2011), Hong Kong (2015) and Amsterdam (2017).
Among the public and private collections holding works by Matthias Weischer are the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, Gemeentemuseum Den Haag, The Hague, Arken Museum of Modern Art, Denmark, Arario Collection, Corea, Museum der bildenden Künste, Leipzig, Rubel Family Collection, Miami and Susan and Michael Hort, New York.
Solo exhibitions
2001: Galerie Kleindienst, Leipzig
2002: Räumen, Kunsthaus Essen
2003: Anthony Wilkinson Gallery, London
2003: 3 Zimmer, Diele, Bad, LIGA, Berlin
2004: simultan, Künstlerhaus Bremen
2005: Museum der bildenden Künste Leipzig (Art award of the Leipziger Volkszeitung)
2006: Ludwig Forum für Internationale Kunst, Aachen
2006: Galerie EIGEN + ART, Berlin
2006: Arbeiten auf Papier, Kunstverein Konstanz; Kunstverein Ulm
2007: Der Garten – Arbeiten auf Papier, Neuer Berliner Kunstverein
2007: Museum zu Allerheiligen Schaffhausen; Kunsthalle Mannheim
2008: Gemeentemuseum Den Haag
2008: Der Garten – Arbeiten auf Papier, Kloster Bentlage, Rheine
2008: Room with a view, CAC Málaga - Centro de Arte Contemporáneo de Málaga
2009: Room with a view, Kunsthalle Mainz
2010: In Monte Carlo, Galerie EIGEN + ART, Leipzig
2011: Alice, Armin und all die anderen. Auf Papier, Museum der bildenden Künste Leipzig; Kunstverein Bremerhaven
2011: Obra nueva/New works, Museo de Arte de Ponce, Puerto Rico
2013: Thicket, GRIMM Gallery, Amsterdam
2014: The Vincent Award Room: Matthias Weischer., Gemeentemuseum Den Haag
2014: Matthias Weischer, TAJAN, Paris
2015: Matthias Weischer: Das druckgraphische Werk, Akademie Franz-Hitz-Haus, Münster
2015: traces to nowhere, Lehmann Maupin Gallery, Hong Kong
2015: Matthias Weischer, König Gallery, Berlin
2016: Matthias Weischer - Grafik von 2005-2016, Thaler Originalgrafik, Leipzig
2016: In und auf Papier, Kloster Bentlage, Rheine
2017: Bankett, Grimm Gallery, Amsterdam
2019: Matthias Weischer, König Gallery, Berlin
2020: Stage, Grimm Gallery, New York
2020: Matthias Weischer, König Tokio Gallery, Tokyo
2020: Bühne, Drents Museum, Assen, Netherlands
Selected group exhibitions
2000: "LIGA", Steibs Hof, Leipzig
2000: "lokal", Galerie EIGEN + ART, Leipzig
2001: "Szenenwechsel XX", Museum für Moderne Kunst Frankfurt am Main
2001: Galerie Kleindienst, Leipzig
2002: Galerie EIGEN + ART, Leipzig
2002: "6 aus 11", LIGA, Berlin
2003: "sieben mal malerei", Neuer Leipziger Kunstverein im Museum der bildenden Künste Leipzig
2004: "Northern Light", Rubell Family Collection, Miami
2004: "Life After Death. New Leipzig Paintings from the Rubell Family Collection", Rubell Family Collection, Miami; MASS MoCA, North Adams; SITE Santa Fe, New Mexico; Katzen Arts Center Museum, Washington D.C.; Frye Art Museum, Seattle; Salt Lake Art Center, Salt Lake City; Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art, Kansas City (bis 2008)
2005: "David, Matthes und ich", Kunstverein Nürnberg; Kunstverein Bielefeld
2005: "Cold Hearts. Artists from Leipzig", Arario Gallery, Cheonan, Korea
2005: "51. Biennale di Venezia. The Experience of Art", Venice
2005: "The Triumph of Painting. Part 3", Saatchi Gallery, London
2006: "Deutsche Wandstücke. Sette scene di nuova pittura germanica", Museion Bozen
2006: "Netherlands v. Germany - Painting/Malerei", GEM Museum voor actuele kunst, The Hague
2006: "Artists from Leipzig", Arario Beijing
2006: "Imagination Becomes Reality. Part V: Fantasy and Fiction", Sammlung Goetz, Munich
2007: "Rockers Island. Werke aus der Sammlung Olbricht", Museum Folkwang Essen
2007: "Weischer meets Beckmann", Kunsthalle Mannheim
2008: "Germania contemporanea. Dipingere è narrare", MART - Museo d'arte moderna e contemporanea di Trento e Rovereto
2008: "The Leipzig Phenomenon", Műcsarnok Kunsthalle, Budapest
2008: "New Leipzig School", Cobra Museum, Amstelveen
2008: "Interieur/Exterieur. Wohnen in der Kunst", Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg
2010: "Parallels: Young contemporary painting from Norway/Leipzig", Kistefos Museum, Jevnaker
2010: "'Die Bilder tun was mit mir ...'. Einblicke in die Sammlung Frieder Burda", Museum Frieder Burda, Baden-Baden
2012: "Sidetracks – Painting in the paramodern continuum", Stavanger Art Museum
2012: "Atelier + Küche – Labore der Sinne", Marta Herford
2013: Nightfall, Rudolfinum, Prag* 2012: "Paintings/Pinturas. The Rubell Family Collection", Sala de Arte Santander, Madrid
2013: The inevitable figuration, Centro per l'arte contemporanea Luigi Pecci, Prato
2013: Schöne Landschaft - Bedrohte Natur: Alte Meister im Dialog mit zeitgenössischer Kunst, Kunsthalle Osnabrück
2013: Ortsbestimmung - Zeitgenössische Kunst aus Sachsen, Kulturhistorisches Museum Görlitz
2013: Donation Florence et Daniel Guerlain, Centre Pompidou, Paris
2014: This side of Paradise, S|2 Sotheby's, London
2015: All the worlds a stage - works from the Goetz Collection; Fundacion Banco Santander, Madrid
2015: Offen auf AEG: Druckgrafische Arbeiten Auf AEG, Nürnberg
2015: Camera Obscura - Malerei von David Schnell, Matthias Weischer und Christoph Ruckhäberle, Neuer Pfaffenhofener Kunstverein, Pfaffenhofen
2015: Made in Germany, Highpoint Printmaking Center, Minneapolis
2016: "Maroc", ASPN Gallery, Leipzig
2016: Aufschlussreiche Räume - Interieur als Portrait, Museum Morsbroich, Leverkusen
2017: Künstlerräume II, Gallery Karsten Greve, Cologne
2017: Three Positions. Six Directions, König Gallery, Berlin
2017: Germany 8: Next Generation - Young German Art, White Box Art Center, Peking
2019: Away in the Hill, Grimm Gallery, New York
Awards
2001: Scholarship Junge Kunst, Kunsthaus Essen
2003: Scholarship Stiftung Kunstfonds zur Förderung der zeitgenössischen bildenden Kunst, Bonn
2004: Protégé of Mentor David Hockney - Rolex Mentor and Protégé Arts Initiative
2005: August Macke Prize
2005: Art award of the Leipziger Volkszeitung
2007: Scholarship of the Deutsche Akademie Rom Villa Massimo, Rome
2012: Scholarship Civitella Ranieri Foundation
2017: Eduard Arnhold Scholarship
Publications
Michael Hametner: Auf der Bühne. 15 Gespräche – ein Porträt des Malers Matthias Weischer. Mitteldeutscher Verlag 2016. (German/Englisch) .
Matthias Weischer. Obra nueva/New work, exh. cat. Museo de Arte de Ponce, Puerto Rico 2011. (Spanish/English)
Kunstwerkstatt Matthias Weischer, Prestel Verlag, Munich 2011. (German)
Matthias Weischer. Room with a view, exh. cat. Kunsthalle Mainz, Sparkasse Essen 2009. (German/English)
Matthias Weischer. In the Space Between, exh. cat. CAC Málaga 2008. (Spanish)
Matthias Weischer. Der Garten. Arbeiten auf Papier/The Garden. Works on Paper, exh. cat. Neuer Berliner Kunstverein; Kloster Bentlage, Rheine 2007. (German/English)
Matthias Weischer. Malerei/Painting, exh. cat. Museum zu Allerheiligen Schaffhausen, Kunsthalle Mannheim, Gemeentemuseum Den Haag 2007. (German/English)
The triumph of painting. Matthias Weischer, Eberhard Havekost, Dexter Dalwood, Dana Schutz, Michael Raedecker, Inka Essenhigh, London 2005.
Matthias Weischer. Simultan, exh. cat. Künstlerhaus Bremen 2004. (German/English)
References
External links
Official website
Matthias Weischer at König Gallery
Matthias Weischer at GRIMM Gallery
David Hockney and Matthias Weischer, Rolex Mentor and Protégé Arts Initiative 2004/05
1973 births
Living people
People from Rheine
20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
German male painters
21st-century German painters
21st-century German male artists
German contemporary artists
Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig alumni
Artists from Leipzig | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias%20Weischer |
Unions have been compared across countries by growth and decline patterns, by violence levels, and by kinds of political activity.
Union density
The following is a comparison of union density among OECD countries. Note that this is normally lower than the rate of collective bargaining coverage (for example, France reported a union density of 9% in 2014, while collective bargaining covered 98.5% of workers in the same year).
Union growth and decline
In the mid-1950s, 36% of the United States labor force was unionized. At America's union peak in the 1950s, union membership was lower in the United States than in most comparable countries. By 1989, that figure had dropped to about 16%, the lowest percentage of any developed democracy, except France. Union membership for other developed democracies, in 1986/87 were:
95% in Sweden and Denmark.
85% in Finland
Over 60% in Norway and Austria
Over 50% in Australia, Ireland and the United Kingdom.
Over 40% in Italy.
Over 30% in West Germany.
In 1987, United States unionization was 37 points below the average of seventeen countries surveyed, down from 17 points below average in 1970. Between 1970 and 1987, union membership declined in only three other countries: Austria, by 3%,
Japan, by 7%, and the Netherlands, by 4%. In the United States, union membership had declined by 14%.
In 2008, 12.4% of U.S. wage and salary workers were union members. 36.8% of public sector workers were union members, but only 7.6% of workers in private sector industries were. The most unionized sectors of the economy have had the greatest decline in union membership. From 1953 to the late 1980s membership in construction fell from 84% to 22%, manufacturing from 42% to 25%, mining from 65% to 15%, and transportation from 80% to 37%.
From 1971 to the late 1980s, there was a 10% drop in union membership in the U.S. public sector and a 42% drop in union membership in the U.S. private sector. For comparison, there was no drop in union membership in the private sector in Sweden. In other countries drops included:
2% in Canada,
3% in Norway,
6% in West Germany,
7% in Switzerland,
9% in Austria,
14% in the United Kingdom,
15% in Italy.
Europe
Britain
France
CGT
The General Confederation of Labour (CGT) is a national trade union center, the first of the five major French confederations of trade unions. Until the 1990s it was closely linked to the French Communist Party (PCF).
It is the largest in terms of votes (32.1% at the 2002 professional election, 34.0% in the 2008 election), and second largest in terms of membership numbers.
Its membership decreased to 650,000 members in 1995–96 (it had more than doubled when Socialist François Mitterrand was elected President in 1981), before increasing today to between 700,000 and 720,000 members, slightly fewer than the Confédération Française Démocratique du Travail (CFDT).
According to the historian M. Dreyfus, the direction of the CGT is slowly evolving, since the 1990s, during which it cut all organic links with the Communist Party, in favour of a more moderate stance. The CGT is concentrating its attention, in particular since the 1995 general strikes, to trade-unionism in the private sector.
CFTC/CFDT
The French Democratic Confederation of Labour, CFDT is one of the five major confederations. It is the largest French trade union confederation by number of members (875,000) but comes only second after the Confédération générale du travail (CGT) in voting results for representative bodies.
The CFDT was created in 1964 when a majority of the members of the Christian trade union Confédération Française des Travailleurs Chrétiens (CFTC) decided to become secular. The minority kept the name CFTC.
Asia
Japan
Labour unions emerged in Japan in the second half of the Meiji period, after 1890, as the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization. Until 1945, however, the labour movement remained weak, impeded by lack of legal rights, anti-union legislation, management-organized factory councils, and political divisions between “cooperative” and radical unionists. In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, the US Occupation authorities initially encouraged the formation of independent unions. Legislation was passed that enshrined the right to organize, and membership rapidly rose to 5 million by February 1947. The organization rate peaked at 55.8% of all workers in 1949 and subsequently declined to 18.5% as of 2010.
The labour movement went through a process of reorganization from 1987 to 1991 from which emerged the present configuration of three major labour union federations, along with other smaller national union organizations.
North America
US and Canada
The unionization rate in the U.S. and Canada followed fairly similar paths from 1920 to the mid-1960s; both peaked at about 30%. However the U.S. rate declined steadily after 1974 to 12% in 2011. Meanwhile, the Canadian rate dropped from 37% the mid-1980s to 30% in 2010. Part of the reason is the different mixture of industry, and part is due to more favourable Canadian laws. In the United States, the national trade union center is the AFL-CIO, representing about 12.4 million workers, while the Canadian Labour Congress represents over 3 million Canadian workers. In Canada, the CLC is both historically and constitutionally affiliated with the New Democratic Party, while the AFL-CIO has no formal political affiliation.
In 1937 there were 4,740 strikes in the United States. This was the greatest strike wave in American labor history. The number of major strikes and lockouts in the U.S. fell by 97% from 381 in 1970 to 187 in 1980 to only 11 in 2010. Companies countered the threat of a strike by threatening to close or move a plant.
Costa Rica
Labor unions first developed in Costa Rica in the late 1880s. The first unions were organized with the help of the Catholic Church. By 1913, the first International Workers Day was celebrated and unions, supported in particular by the Popular Vanguard Party, pushed for Alfredo González Flores' tax reforms. Unions grew in number and coverage. A major historical event for Costa Rican labor was the 1934 United Fruit Company, a national strike involving more than 30 unions which ended with many labor leaders imprisoned. Head of state Teodoro Picado Michalski violently repressed union leaders, leading to the tensions that created the 1948 Costa Rican Civil War. Labor unions continued to grow, supported by the Catholic church, and the first collective bargaining agreement was reached in 1967. Óscar Arias fought fiercely to dissolve and reduce the power of private sector unions in the 1980s. Arias' austerity measures
led to a period of increased labor activity as poverty and unemployment increased. Despite the resurgence, unions, particularly in the private sector, still faced opposition and repression. During the 2007 Central American Free Trade Agreement referendum, labor unions unsuccessfully organized to encourage its rejection.
They received a boost in political influence when Luis Guillermo Solís and his Citizens' Action Party earned the Presidency and several seats in the Legislative Assembly.
Labor unions are active in both the public and private sectors. Major concerns include salaries increased to reflect inflation, regulation of public commodities, and a stronger Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social (Costa Rican Social Security Department). Many labor unions are also asking for increased environmental regulation, and increased oversight of cooperative banks. One important issue for Costa Rica unions is passage a new labor law. Former president Laura Chinchilla vetoed it, but Solís appears to want the issue passed, as do many members of the Legislative Assembly.
Unemployment
Economists have explored the linkage between unionization and levels of overall GDP growth and unemployment, especially in light of the high unemployment in Europe since the 1980s and the stagnation in growth rates. On both the theoretical and the empirical sides, experts have not reached any consensus.
Violence in labor disputes
Between 1877 and 1968, 700 people have been killed in American labor disputes. In the 1890s, roughly two American workers were killed and 140 injured for every 100,000 strikers. In France, three French workers were injured for every 100,000 strikers. In the 1890s, only 70 French strikers were arrested per 100,000. For the United States, national arrest rates are simply impossible to compile. In Illinois, the arrest rate for the latter half of the 1890s decade was at least 700 per 100,000 strikers, or ten times that of France; in New York for that decade it was at least 400.
Between 1902 and 1904 in America , at least 198 people were killed, 1,966 workers were injured. One worker was killed and 1,009 were injured for every 100,000 strikers. Between 1877 and 1968, American state and federal troops intervened in labor disputes more than 160 times, almost invariably on behalf of employers. Business was disrupted, usually by strikes, on 22,793 occasions between 1875 and 1900.
Other examples of the violence both by and against U.S. union members in the late 19th and early 20th centuries include the Centralia Massacre, the Great Railroad Strike of 1922, and the Copper Country Strike of 1913-1914
See also
Trade union
Public-sector trade union
Union affiliation by U.S. state
References
Further reading
Bach, Stephen, et al., eds. Public service employment relations in Europe: transformation, modernization or inertia? (Routledge, 2005)
Blanke, Thomas. "Collective Bargaining Wages in Comparative Perspective: Germany, France, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom," Bulletin of Comparative Labor Relations (July 28, 2005)
Campbell; Joan, ed. European Labor Unions (1992); covers 31 countries online
Cheung, Anthony, and Ian Scott, eds. Governance and Public Sector Reform in Asia: Paradigm Shift or Business as Usual? (Routledge, 2012)
Galenson, Walter, ed. Comparative Labor Movements (1968)
Lamo, Ana, Javier J. Pérez, and Ludger Schuknecht. "Public or Private Sector Wage Leadership? An International Perspective," Scandinavian Journal of Economics 114.1 (2012): 228-244. online
Lucifora, Claudio, and Dominique Meurs. "The public sector pay gap in France, Great Britain and Italy." Review of Income and Wealth 52.1 (2006): 43-59.
Martin, Andrew, et al. The Brave New World of European Labor: European Trade Unions at the Millennium (1999) online
Montgomery, David. "Strikes in Nineteenth-Century America," Social Science History (1980) 4#1 pp. 81–104 in JSTOR, some comparative data
Murillo, Maria Victoria. Labor Unions, Partisan Coalitions and Market Reforms in Latin America (2001) online
Silvia, Stephen J. Holding the Shop Together: German Industrial Relations in the Postwar Era. Cornell University Press (2013)
Sturmthal, Adolf. Comparative labor movements: ideological roots and institutional development (1972)
Wrigley, Chris, ed. British Trade Unions, 1945-1995 (Manchester University Press, 1997)
External links
OECD comparative data
Trade unions by country
Trade unions
Comparative economic systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20comparisons%20of%20trade%20unions |
Johann Parler the Younger (, , ; c. 1359 – 1405/06), was a Bohemian architect of German origin from the prominent Parler family of architects, master builders, and sculptors. He was the son of famous Gothic architect Peter Parler, the builder of Saint Vitus Cathedral and Charles Bridge in Prague. His uncle (i.e. Peter’s brother) was Johannes von Gmünd also known as Johann Parler the Elder, a German Gothic master builder who was architect of Freiburg Minster and also rebuilt the damaged Basel Minster.
Johann Parler was born in Prague where he received his education. He worked alongside his father and older brother Wenzel Parler on St. Vitus. In 1398, he was first mentioned as the cathedral's master builder (). After his father died in 1399, Johann continued work on St. Vitus Cathedral. He oversaw construction of the South Tower and was probably the designer of the tracery balustrade, which completes the facade.
He then moved to Kutná Hora (), where he became master builder of St. Barbara's Church. He was the first architect of the church, construction of which had already been started in 1388 but interrupted. He is the principal designer of the choir. The design of the closed wall that surrounds the choir chapels and the triangular buttresses standing in the central axis clearly follow the Parler family tradition, which became known as the "Parler style." The late Gothic Cathedral is now listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
References
Further reading
D. Libal (1978). "Die Baukunst" (in German). DIE PARLER und der schöne Stil 1350-1400. Europäische Kunst unter den Luxemburgern. Führer zur Ausstellung von Uwe Westfehling. ed. v. A. Legner. Köln: Schnütgen-Museum und Außenreferat der Museen der Stadt Köln 2. pp. 619-21.
External links
14th-century people from Bohemia
14th-century architects
Gothic architects
Czech architects
German architects
German Bohemian people
Architects from Prague
1359 births
1400s deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Parler |
HRB may refer to:
HRB (gene)
HRB Systems, an American defense contractor
Boeing HRB-1, a helicopter
Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood (Croatian: )
FBI Human Resources Branch, US
H&R Block, NYSE symbol
Harbin Taiping International Airport, Heilongjiang, China
Health Research Board, Ireland
House of Responsibility, in Hitler's birth house, Braunau am Inn, Germany
HRB, a Rockwell scale of materials' hardness | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HRB |
Mario Prassinos (30 July 1916 – 23 October 1985) was a French modernist painter, printmaker, illustrator, stage designer, and writer of Greek-Italian descent.
Life and work
Prassinos was born in Constantinople, Ottoman Empire (now Turkey) in 1916, the son of Victorine and Lysandre Prassinos. In 1922, at the age of six, he immigrated to France with his family, who had escaped the brutal persecution of Greeks and other ethnic minorities by the Ottoman government. Prassinos became a naturalized French citizen in 1949.
He attended the Sorbonne in Paris beginning in 1932 and briefly trained in the studio of the French painter Clement Serveau (1886–1972).
Through his father's literary interests Prassinos became acquainted with Surrealism, meeting Paul Eluard, André Breton, Salvador Dalí, Man Ray. Max Ernst, Marcel Duchamp and others in 1934, and decided to become an artist. From 1932 to 1936 he worked in a Surrealist style, introducing procedures of automatism and formal ambiguities that he retained in his later work.
His first exhibition took place in 1938 at the Galerie Billiet-Pierre Vorms in Paris. That same year he married Yolande Borelly (1915-2015). His daughter Catherine Prassinos was born in 1946.
Prassinos volunteered for military service in 1940, was seriously wounded and later received the Croix de Guerre (Cross of War). He also worked with the French Resistance during World War II, helping Allied soldiers escape Nazi-occupied France.
During the period 1942 to 1950 he met Raymond Queneau and Albert Camus and produced work for Editions Gallimard.
Prassinos' work is found in major art museums in Europe and North America, including the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam; Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris; Kunsthalle Bremen, Germany; Victoria and Albert Museum, London; Museum of Modern Art, New York; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Art Institute of Chicago, and others.
Prassinos died at his home in Eygalières, France, on 23 October 1985. After his death, a donation of 800 of the artist's works was made to the French state. The "Donation Mario Prassinos" collection is housed in the Chapel of Notre-Dame de Pitié (also called Notre-Dame des Sept Douleurs) in Saint Remy de Provence, France.
His sister Gisèle Prassinos (1920-2015) is a noted surrealist writer.
Solo exhibitions
1938 Galerie Billiet-Pierre Vorms, Paris
1944 Galerie de la Pleiade N.R.F., Paris
1948 Galerie Billiet-Caputo, Paris
1950 Perspectives Gallery, New York
1952 Galerie Apollo, Brussels
1953 Galerie de France, Paris (and 1955, 1957, 1960, 1964, 1966, 1972, 1976)
1956 Galerie la Demeure, Paris (and 1961, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1968, 1971, 1974)
1958 Galleria Blu, Milan
1960 Auckland City Art Gallery, Auckland, New Zealand
1961 Haaken Gallery, Oslo; Chateau Grimaldi, Antibes, France
1962 Galerie Spinazzola, Aix-en-Provence, France
1963 Arnhem Museum of Modern Art, Arnheim, Netherlands; Haarlem Museum, Haarlem, Netherlands
1963 La Chaux-de-Fonds Museum, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
1964 Colette Ryter Gallery, Zurich (and 1967, 1971, 1973)
1965 New Museum of Fine Arts, Le Havre, France
1966 Merlin Gallery, Athens
1968 Cantini Museum, Marseilles, France
1970 Chicago Arts Club, Chicago
1970 Musée Réattu, Arles, France
1971 Galerie Noella Gest, Saint-Remy-de-Provence, France
1972 Ateneo, Madrid
1973 Athens Art Gallery, Athens (and 1978)
1974 Le Couvent Royal de Saint Maximin, Fondation Royaumont, Abbaye de Senanque, Abbaye de Montmajour, Arles, France
1979 French Institute, Athens
1980 Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais, Paris
1983 Presence Contemporaine, Aix-en-Provence, France
1984 Le Musee Departemental de la Tapisserie, Aubusson, France; French Institute, Athens; Grand Magister Palace, Rhodes, Greece; Museum of Contemporary Art, Thessaloniki, Greece; Medusa Art Gallery, Athens (and 2007)
1986 Inauguration of the donation of Mario Prassinos to the French State, and then annual exhibitions, Saint-Remy-de-Provence, France
1987 OMAC, La Malmaison, Cannes, France
1988 Musee des Beaux-Arts d'Ixelles, Brussels; Musee Jean-Lurcat et de la tapisserie contemporaine, Angers, France
1989 Galerie Inard, Paris
1991 Pavillon des Arts, Paris
1991 Titanium Gallery, Athens
1995 Galerie Thessa Herold, Paris (and 1997)
1996 Espace 13, Aix-en-Provence, France
1998 Musee Toulouse-Lautrec, Albi, France
1998 Musee de l'Hospice Saint-Roch, Issoudun, France
1999 Musée Réattu, Arles, France
2000 Galerie Etats d'Art, Paris (and 2005)
2001 Kydonieos Foundation, Andros, Greece
2005 Galerie Andre Dimanche, Marseilles, France
2006 Galerie La Hune-Brenner, Paris
2009 Chapelle des penitents noirs, Aubagne, France
2011 Medusa Art Gallery, Athens
Notes
References
Prassinos, Arbres et bouquets, préface de Myriam Prévot, Galerie de France, Paris, 1960.
Jean-Louis Ferrier, Prassinos, Le Musée de Poche, Paris, Éditions Georges Fall, 1962.
Mario Prassinos, peintures et dessins récents, textes de Mario Prassinos, Raymond Queneau, François Nourissier, René Char, Albert Camus, Marc Alyn, Jean-Louis Ferrier, Pierre Seghers, Jean Boissieu, Jean-Jacques Lévêque, Jean Lescure, Pierre Cabanne, Gisèle Prassinos et Pierre Emmanuel, Paris, Galerie Nationale du Grand Palais, 1980.
Prassinos, textes de Jean-Louis Ferrier, Gisèle Prassinos et Mario Prassinos, entretien avec Mario Prassinos, Aix-en-Provence, Présence contemporaine, 1983, 144 p. ().
Mario Prassinos, Levallois-Perret, Les amis de Valentin Brû [Raymond Queneau], n° 28–29, 1984 [Raymond Queneau et Mario Prassinos].
Hélène Parmelin, Les Peintres de Jean Vilar : Calder, Chastel, Gischia, Jacno, Lagrange, Manessier, Pignon, Prassinos et Singier, Fondation Jean Vilar, Avignon, 1984.
La donation Mario Prassinos (catalogue raisonné), Catherine Prassinos et Thierry Rye, préface de Pierre Cabanne, Saint-Rémy de Provence, FMP Donation Mario Prassinos, 1990, 158 p. ().
Lydia Harambourg, Mario Prassinos, dans L'École de Paris 1945–1965, Dictionnaire des peintres, Neuchâtel, Ides et Calendes, 1993, ().
Correspondance d'Henri Parisot avec Mario et Gisèle Prassinos, 1933–1938, Prassinos Catherine, Rye Thierry (éd.), Joelle Losfeld, 2003, 212 p. ().
Monographie Mario Prassinos, peinture et dessin, préface de François Nourissier, Catherine Prassinos (expert de l'Union Française des Experts, UFE) et Thierry Rye (éd.), Actes Sud, 2005, 342 p. ().
External links
Mario Prassinos official website
1916 births
1985 deaths
Greek emigrants to France
Modern artists
French surrealist artists
Greek surrealist artists
French abstract artists
Greek scenic designers
French scenic designers
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
French male painters
French illustrators
French people of Greek descent
20th-century French sculptors
French male sculptors
20th-century French printmakers
Constantinopolitan Greeks
Artists from Istanbul | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Prassinos |
Strike Fighter Squadron 11 (VFA-11) is a United States Navy strike fighter squadron stationed at Naval Air Station Oceana, Virginia, United States. The squadron was established in 1950 and is nicknamed "Red Rippers" (call sign "Ripper"). VFA-11 is equipped with the Boeing F/A-18F Super Hornet and currently assigned to Carrier Air Wing One.
Insignia and nickname
The Red Ripper squadron insignia as described by an early member: "The boar's head is taken from the one that graces the label of the Gordon's Gin bottle. The scroll effect under the head is a string of link sausage, a good line of bologna which all members of the squadron were to be adept at 'shooting.' The balls on the shield might be called balls of fire; actually, they were supposed to typify good, strong masculinity. The bolt of lightning was the bar sinister of bastardy. The whole theme was worked into a sort of toast or creed with which the squadron members were to begin and end all good drinking bouts. The official Ripper toast is, 'Here's to us, the RED RIPPERS – a damn bunch of gin drinking, bologna slinging, two-balled, he-man bastards'." In 2011, while on liberty in Bahrain, high ranking authorities declared the toast inappropriate and offensive; the toast was banned shortly thereafter. Slowly since, the toast has returned in more informal settings.
History
Three distinct squadrons have been designated VF-11, and two distinct squadrons have been known as the Red Rippers. The first VF-11 (never known as the Red Rippers) was established in 1942, was redesignated VF-111 in 1948, and was disestablished in January 1959. The second VF-11, known as the Red Rippers was established in 1927 and went through numerous redesignations before being disestablished in February 1959. The third distinct squadron was established as VF-43 in 1950, was eventually redesignated VFA-11, and is the primary subject of this article. Officially, the US Navy does not recognize a direct lineage with disestablished squadrons if a new squadron is formed with the same designation. Often, the new squadron will assume the nickname, insignia, and traditions of the earlier squadrons.
1950s
On 1 September 1950, Fighter Squadron 43 (VF-43), known as Rebel's Raiders, was established at NAS Jacksonville, Florida. They moved to NAS Cecil Field on 18 September 1950, and were initially outfitted with new F4U-5N Corsair night-fighters. The squadron traded its night fighters for F4U-5s (day fighters) in October 1950. The squadron's first deployment was aboard to the Mediterranean from April–October 1951.
In February 1952, the squadron transitioned to the F4U-4 and deployed to the Med aboard .
In the mid-1950s, the squadron transitioned to the F9F-8 Cougar, and later shifted to F2H Banshees. In February 1958, the squadron deployed to the Mediterranean aboard with McDonnell F2H-4 Banshees. They provided air cover for the landings in Lebanon and were sent through the Suez Canal to the Taiwan Straits during the Quemoy-Matsu shelling by Communist Chinese. Upon returning to the states, they were stationed at NAS Jacksonville to be disestablished on 15 February 1959, however; instead, on 16 February 1959 (the day after the second VF-11 was disestablished), VF-43 was redesignated as VF-11 at NAS Cecil Field, flying F-8 Crusaders. They adopted the traditions and insignia of the first Red Rippers (although they do not claim the lineage).
1960s
VF-11 deployed aboard , where during the unrest in the Dominican Republic following the assassination of Rafael Trujillo in 1961. VF-11 was the first operational squadron to receive the F8U-2NE, receiving its first aircraft on February 8, 1962.
In January 1966 the squadron traded their F-8Es for F-8Ds. In the late 1966, they moved to NAS Oceana and transitioned to the F-4B Phantom.
The squadron saw its first combat on July 25, 1967 over North Vietnam operating from USS Forrestal. The brief combat period on Yankee Station was cut short when, on July 29, 1967, the Forrestal fire occurred. VF-11 lost 47 men in the catastrophe.
1970s
The squadron made several Mediterranean cruises in the 1970s aboard Forrestal. In 1972, they landed an F-4B aboard in a cross-deck exercise.
On 20 August 1973, the squadron received its first F-4J, beginning the transition from the F-4B.
1980s
The squadron transitioned to the F-14 Tomcat in 1980 and deployed in 1982 to the Indian ocean through the Suez canal returning on July 14th. two years later the squadron's combat debut in the F-14 occurred in early December 1983 when VF-11 aircraft engaged eight Syrian Air Force MiGs over Lebanon and were fired upon by Syrian Surface-to-air missiles (SAM) and anti-aircraft artillery. On 4 December 1983 the squadron flew combat air patrols over a Navy strike force from the carrier , while A-6E Intruders from the John F. Kennedy attacked Syrian positions in the Bekaa Valley. The strikes were in response to the Syrian SAM and AAA engagements. Two of the twenty-eight strong strike package were shot down, one A-7 from and one A-6 from the John F. Kennedy. The pilot of the A-6 crew died while the bombardier/navigator Lt Bobby Goodman was held prisoner by the Syrians for 30 days before being released. While they were deployed for operations in Lebanon, one aircraft sustained damage from a suspected surface-to-air missile. VF-11 and three other squadrons from CVW-3 and the USS John F. Kennedy won Battle E's for 1983. VF-11 also won the Safety 'S'.
After three cruises with Carrier Air Wing Three and the Kennedy Battle Group, VF-11 and its sister squadron transferred to Carrier Air Wing Six and USS Forrestal. In 1985 VF-11 won the Battle E award as the best fighter squadron in the Atlantic Fleet and the Joseph C. Clifton award as the best fighter squadron in the Navy. They deployed again in 1986, and stayed with CVW-6/Forrestal until its last cruise in 1991, making a total of five deployments.
1990s
In January 1992, VF-11 and VF-31 moved to NAS Miramar and transitioned to the F-14D Tomcat. VF-11's F-14As were transferred to VF-24 and VF-211.
In February 1994, VF-11 and CVW-14 deployed aboard , in support of Operation Southern Watch, returning to NAS Miramar on August 15.
In late 1994, VF-11 acquired Night vision goggles requiring substantial changes to the F-14's internal and instrument lighting.
In 1995, VF-11 received upgrades to their mission computers, providing air-to-ground ordnance capability. VF-11 sent their first aircrews to Forward Air Controller school in September 1995. Also in 1995, VF-11 was aboard Carl Vinson when she visited Hawaii for the 50th anniversary of Victory over Japan Day
In May 1996, CVW-14 deployed with Carl Vinson in support of Operation Southern Watch. On 31 August, the Iraqi army attacked the town or Irbil in northern Iraq and several SAM missiles were launched against U.S. aircraft. The United States responded with Operation Desert Strike by attacking targets in the southern no-fly zone with cruise missiles launched from B-52s escorted by VF-11 Tomcats. USS Carl Vinson left the Gulf on 1 October.
Upon return from deployment, VF-11 moved to NAS Oceana as the United States Marine Corps took over Miramar. At the same time, VF-11 transitioned to the F-14B and changed air wings to Carrier Air Wing Seven.
In 1997, VF-11 was awarded the Battle E and Clifton Awards as the squadron celebrated their 70th Anniversary. Also that year, VF-11 received the LANTIRN infrared targeting pod and dropped their first GBU-16 laser-guided bomb.
In February 1998, the squadron deployed from Norfolk with CVW-7 aboard on its maiden voyage/world deployment. They supported Operation Southern Watch, travelled to Australia and Pearl Harbor before the carrier arrived at its new home, Naval Air Station North Island.
2000s
VF-11 made a deployment in 2000 aboard , in support of Operation Southern Watch.
Seven hours after the September 11 attacks, VF-11 emergency sortied all squadron aircraft aboard to support Operation Noble Eagle.
They deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in early February 2002, and employed the first JDAM bombs from F-14s in combat on 11 March 2002.
In 2004 VF-11 deployed for the last time with the F-14 aboard in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. During that cruise, VF-11 F-14s participated in the bombing of Fallujah during a 48-hour period between 28 and 29 April.
On 20 April 2005, VF-11 delivered the last of their F-14s to the “boneyard” at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson, Arizona.
The squadron reported to VFA-106 for F/A-18 Super Hornet transition training, completing on 5 November 2005.
In May 2006, VFA-11 deployed to the Caribbean Sea supporting the Partnership of the Americas for two months as part of Carrier Air Wing Seventeen.
VFA-11 transferred to Carrier Air Wing Three and deployed with in November 2007 to the Persian Gulf. VFA-11 and the rest of CVW-3 returned home on 4 June 2008.
2010s
In January 2011, VFA-11 joined CVW-1 on board for a deployment supporting Operation Enduring Freedom in the U.S. 5th Fleet area of responsibility. Following the retirement of USS Enterprise in December 2012, CVW-1 was reassigned to .
On 11 March 2015, the Theodore Roosevelt Carrier Strike Group departed Naval Station Norfolk for around the world tour with deployments to the U.S. 5th, 6th and 7th Fleets, before arriving in their new homeport of San Diego, California.
See also
Naval aviation
List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons
List of Inactive United States Navy aircraft squadrons
References
VF-11 History
Squadron History VF-11 Red Rippers
Lebanon: VF-11 and VF-31 in Lebanon
US Multinational Force (USMNF) Lebanon
VFA-11 Red Rippers Web Page
Tony Holmes (2005). US Navy F-14 Tomcat Units of Operation Iraqi Freedom, Osprey Publishing Limited.
Notes
Strike fighter squadrons of the United States Navy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFA-11 |
Franz Ackermann (born 1963 in Neumarkt-Sankt Veit, Bavaria) is a German painter and installation artist based in Berlin. He makes cartoonish abstraction.
Life
He attended the Akademie der Bildenden Kunste in Munich from 1984 to 1988 and the Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg from 1989 to 1991.
He has shown work internationally in many exhibitions including the 2003 Venice Biennale, "Drawing Now: 8 Propositions" at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, "Hybrids" at Tate Liverpool, "Global Navigation System" at Pace le aloghy de Tokyo in Paris and "Seasons in the Sun" at the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam. He is represented by neugerriemschneider in Berlin, Gavin Brown's Enterprise in New York, Meyer Riegger gallery in Karlsruhe, Galeria Fortes Vilaca in Sao Paulo and Gio Marconi in Milan.
His works are held in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art, in New York.
See also
List of German painters
References
External links
Franz Ackermann Mai 36 Gallery
Franz Ackermann White Cube Artists
Artforum, April, 2001.
Franz Ackermann
1963 births
Living people
People from Mühldorf (district)
20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
German male painters
21st-century German painters
21st-century German male artists
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
German contemporary artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%20Ackermann |
Futures exchanges establish a minimum amount that the price of a commodity can fluctuate upward or downward. This minimum fluctuation (trade increment) is known as a tick or commodity tick. Hence, a tick is any fluctuation in the price of a security.
Each futures contract has a different size, quantity, valuation etc., so each tick size that can be applied to anyone's futures contract, is dependent on the previous variables. Tick size is important as it determines the possible prices available. For example, each "tick" for the grain market (soybeans, corn and wheat) is 0.25 cents per bushel, on one 5,000-bushel futures contract.
See also
Percentage in point (PIP)
Tick size
NASDAQ futures
References
External links
Futures Contract Specifications (Tick Values)
Derivatives (finance)
id:Bursa komoditi#Daftar nilai kode | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity%20tick |
Luther Hamilton Holton (January 22, 1817 – March 14, 1880) was a Canadian businessman and political figure. He represented Châteauguay as a Liberal member in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1880. He became Minister of Finance, Governor of McGill University, board member of the Montreal Board of Trade, and an early developer of the railroads in Canada.
Early life and education
He was born at Sheffield's Corners in Leeds County, Upper Canada in 1817 and went to Montreal to live with his uncle after his father's death in 1826. At the age of 12, after completing his schooling, he became a clerk in his uncle's business. Seven years later, he joined the firm of Henderson and Hooker, who were involved in transporting goods and passengers along the St. Lawrence and lower Great Lakes; in 1845, he became a senior partner in the firm, now Hooker and Holton, on Henderson's death.
In 1842, he helped found the Unitarian Society of Montreal. In 1846, he was elected to the Montreal Board of Trade. He supported reciprocity in trade with the United States and, for a time, he supported annexation. During the 1850s, he became involved in railway development and played an important role in the development of the Grand Trunk Railway in Canada. For a time, he was a director for the Grand Trunk and, in 1853, formed a firm with Alexander Tilloch Galt and others which was contracted to extend their tracks from Toronto to Sarnia. Both Holton and Galt were heavily criticized for taking advantage of their government connections to win the contract and gain government subsidies.
He was a member of the city council for Montreal from 1850 to 1851. In 1854, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada and represented the city of Montreal. He supported an elected Legislative Council, secularization of the clergy reserves and putting an end to seigneurial tenure. In 1857, he retired from his association with the Grand Trunk with the intention of devoting his attention to politics but was defeated in the next general election.
In 1862, he was elected to the Legislative Council for Victoria District. In 1863, he resigned to become minister of finance in the government of John Sandfield Macdonald and Antoine-Aimé Dorion; when he ran for a seat in the Legislative Assembly, he was defeated in Montreal Centre but elected in Châteauguay. In 1864, Holton transferred the public accounts from the Bank of Upper Canada to the Bank of Montreal, which led to the failure of the Upper Canada bank a few years later. He opposed Confederation because of his concerns about its effect on Lower Canada, but, after 1867, helped promote its acceptance in Quebec.
He represented Montréal-Centre in the Quebec Legislative Assembly from 1871 until 1874, when the dual mandate became illegal (holding seats both federally and provincially). He supported amnesty for Louis Riel.
He also served as a Governor of McGill University from 1876 to 1880.
He died in office at Ottawa in 1880.
His son Edward succeeded him as representative for Châteauguay in the House of Commons.
Electoral history
References
1817 births
1880 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada East
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Quebec Liberal Party MNAs
Anglophone Quebec people
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther%20Hamilton%20Holton |
Gaston Gallimard (; 18 January 1881 – 25 December 1975) was a French publisher.
He founded La Nouvelle Revue Française in 1908, together with André Gide and Jean Schlumberger.
In 1911 the trio established La Nouvelle Revue Française. In 1919, he created his own publishing house, named Librairie Gallimard, though he continued to work closely with the NRF. Éditions Gallimard is one of the leading French publishing houses.
In World War II during the German occupation of Paris a "round-table" of French and German intellectuals met at the Georges V Hotel including Gallimard, the writers Ernst Jünger, Paul Morand, Jean Cocteau, and Henry Millon de Montherlant and the legal scholar Carl Schmitt.
Gallimard, in October 1932, founded the Marianne (magazine: 1932-40).
Works
Texts by Gaston Gallimard
Friedrich Hebbel, Judith, five-act tragedy translated from German by Gaston Gallimard & Pierre de Lanux. Paris, Éditions de la Nouvelle Revue française, 1911.
« Il a inventé des auteurs, un public », En souvenir de René Julliard, Paris, René Julliard, 1963, .
Correspondences
Jean Paulhan / Gaston Gallimard, Correspondance, edition established, presented and annotated by Laurence Brisset, Gallimard, 2011.
Marcel Proust / Gaston Gallimard, Correspondance, edition, presented and annotated by Pascal Fouché, Paris, Gallimard, 1989.
Jacques Rivière / Gaston Gallimard, Correspondance 1911-1924, edition, presented and annotated by Pierre-Edmond Robert in collaboration with Alain Rivière, Paris, 1881
Bibliography
Pierre Assouline, Gaston Gallimard : Un demi-siècle d’édition française, Balland, 1984, Folio, 2006
Catalogue Gallimard. 1911-2011, 1711 p.
Gallimard. Un siècle d'édition, Bibliothèque nationale de France/Gallimard, 2011
, Gallimard. Un éditeur à l'œuvre, Gallimard, 2011, series "Découvertes Gallimard" #569
References
External links
Gaston Gallimard on Babelio
Gaston Gallimard on Encyclopædia Britannica
Gallimard: 100 years in publishing on The Guardian (26 March 2011)
1881 births
1975 deaths
Businesspeople from Paris
French book publishers (people)
Lycée Condorcet alumni
Nouvelle Revue Française editors
Gaston | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston%20Gallimard |
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