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Versova (IAST: Varsovā, pronunciation: [ʋəɾsoːʋaː]) is an upmarket neighbourhood in north-western Mumbai. It is known for its beach and the Versova Fort. The beach of Versova recently undertook a massive clean-up effort, labelled as the largest ever beach clean-up.
History
Versova, originally named Vesave, is a small fishing village of the Kolis, situated to the north of the old Mumbai city. Britain used to call this vis-a-vis and locals gave it the name Visava.
The original name of the village is "Visava", which derives from the Marathi word for "rest" (as in resting place). Later, it was pronounced as "Vesava". The village is mentioned in the writings of Gemelli Careri in 1695.
Versova came under the Portuguese rule in the late medieval period. The Portuguese constructed the Our Lady of Health Church in Versova, and a number of Kolis converted to Christianity during this period. By 1720, it had emerged as a small town, with a small fort and a growing trade in dry fish. In 1739, the Portuguese lost the area to the Marathas, who strengthened the fort. A British force led by Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Keating defeated the Marathas in 1774.
In 1800, the British established a training facility for artillery and engineering cadets. However, the facility was moved to the old Bombay city after a fever epidemic affected nearly all the cadets, and killed many of them. The military establishment was completely removed in 1818. In 1875-86, the exports from the trade amounted to and the imports in 1876-77 were worth .
Kolis of Versova
The people who make Versova alive are the original inhabitants of Mumbai, "Kolis". Shores of the Versova creek area are surrounded by flourishing Mangroves which support different kinds of marine life, especially molluscs, crabs and fish. Kolis are the fisherfolk who sell their fish at Versova jetty at wholesale prices. They have their own cooperative society of Versova fishermen, wherein they manage all the fishing activities.
Kolis are believed to be the oldest and original inhabitants of the land that is now Mumbai.
The Versova Koli Seafood Festival was started in 2006 to help the Koli fishing community with extra income.
Environmental Clean-up Efforts
By 2015, Versova beach had become choked with up to 5.5 feet of rotting refuse and trash - most of it plastic.
In October 2015, Afroz Shah, a young lawyer and environmentalist in Mumbai moved into the area and along with Harbansh Mathur, an 84-year-old who has since died, began efforts to clean up the beach. Eventually Shah started a volunteer organization, Versova Residents Volunteers, and encouraged volunteers to show up for weekly "dates with the ocean" - so called because of how arduous the work was. Each Sunday the volunteers would gather to remove as much trash as possible. Over the course of 21 months, volunteers removed close to 11,684,500 pounds of trash, most of it plastic.
The volunteers also cleaned up 52 public toilets and planted over 50 coconut trees.
In 2016, Shah was honored with the "Champion of the Earth" award by the United Nations Environment Programme in recognition of his vision and hard work.
In early 2018, Olive Ridley sea turtles returned to the beach for the first time in 20 years to nest and hatchlings were observed heading toward the sea on March 22, 2018.
Recently, Afroz Shah has appeared on several platforms as a champion of the cause to ban plastics and has travelled across the country to several schools in a pledge to refuse, reduce and reuse plastic.World Environment Day 2019: Citizens have enormous power in bringing about climate action, says Afroz Shah
See also
Versova Fort
Aksa Beach
References
Neighbourhoods in Maharashtra
Environmentalism in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versova%2C%20Mumbai |
Eukanuba ( ) is the brand name of dog food and cat food owned and manufactured by Mars, Incorporated worldwide and by Spectrum Brands in European markets; previously handled by Procter & Gamble from 1999 through 2014. The company produces 17 different types for dogs and 13 formulas for cats.
Procter & Gamble announced in April 2014 that it would sell its Eukanuba, Iams and Natura pet food brands in all markets except Europe to Mars, Incorporated for $2.9 billion in cash. P&G said the deal would allow it to lose a slow performer and generate cash to grow core businesses. The deal for P&G Pet Care's operations in North America and Latin America was completed in August 2014. Mars, Inc also exercised options to acquire P&G’s pet food business in some parts of Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa, including Australia, Japan and Singapore. P&G sold its European pet care business to Spectrum Brands in December 2014.
History
In 1969, Paul Iams wanted to differentiate the new formula from other Iams products. Iams chose to name this new formula "Eukanuba", a term originated by jazz era personality Hoagy Carmichael, meaning "the tops" or "something supreme".
Manufacturing
When the Eukanuba manufacturing plant at Leipsic, Ohio was owned by P&G, it was P&G's largest dog food plant. Metal detectors are used to detect foreign objects that may have fallen in. Bags are marked by numbers to indicate the day and the hour the food was made by using the DD/MM/YYYY format, so that the bags can be traced in case of a recall.
The ingredients in Eukanuba products contain both animal and animal by-products, which are the non-rendered lungs, spleen, kidneys, brain, livers, blood, bone, partially de-fatted low temperature fatty tissue, and stomachs and intestines freed of their contents. By-products do not include hair, horns, teeth and hoofs. Most of the ingredients come from the United States, but a limited amount of nutritional supplements are imported from countries such as China.
Sponsorships
Eukanuba was the primary sponsor of the AKC/Eukanuba National Championship through December 2015.
In 2008, the show began hosting the Eukanuba World Challenge.
Eukanuba is also a sponsor of the Teva Mountain Games.
Eukanuba is the title sponsor for the Eukanuba Stage Stop Race in Jackson, Wyoming announced in July, 2015; formerly the International Pedigree Stage Stop Sled Dog Race.
The AKC National Championship sponsorship was officially converted in December 2016 to sponsorship by Eukanuba's new sister company, Royal Canin. The show was renamed "AKC National Championship presented by Royal Canin." The initial Royal Canin presence included Jerry O'Connell as a celebrity commentator, and a grand prize of $50,000 for the winning dog. The winner of the initial AKC/Royal Canin partnership event was from the Puli dog breed, nicknamed "Preston."
References
External links
Cat food brands
Dog food brands
Products introduced in 1969
Mars brands
Former Procter & Gamble brands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukanuba |
Our Economy (, ) is a foundational work on Islamic economics by the celebrated Shia cleric and martyr (shahid) Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr.
The book was written in Arabic between 1960 and 1961, and published in 1982. It was al-Sadr's main work on economics and one of his most significant works, and still forms much of the basis for modern Islamic banking. The first translation into English was done in 1982 by the Iranian government and after that the book was translated into German in 1984 by a young German orientalist. Muhammad Baqir Al-Sadr was born in Kadhimiyeh, Baghdad in 1935.
Content
Our Economy must be seen as the first comprehensive analytic book on economics that is written from an Islamic viewpoint. al-Sadr used legal Hukm (rulings) to provide an economic philosophy. The book was translated into English by the Iranian government in 1982. Our Economy written under three headlinings: Principles and methods, Distributions and the factors of production, and Distribution and justice. The book consist of three parts: the two first parts show that Islam has answers to problems of the modern world by presenting an Islamic alternative to both capitalism and socialism. In third part al-sadr explains the Islamic economy conception.
Al-Sadr book consist of Islamic economics theory which have differences with other theories. This theory is practical economic problems in line with its concept of justice. Islamic economic is a doctrine and justice has a critical role in this doctrine. Islamic economic included 'every basic rule of economic life connected with its ideology of social justice'. This doctrine based on Islamic beliefs, laws, sentiments, concepts and definitions drives from the sources of Islam.
The first parts of Iqtisaduna is dedicated to the discussion of historical materialism such as Marxism, socialism, communism, and capitalism, with historical materialism. Al-Sadr rejects socialism on the basis that Islam distinguishes between the individual and the ruler in an Islamic state in a manner that requires a distinction between private and public property. However, he also rejects capitalism's notion that private property is justified in its own right, arguing instead that both private and public property originate from God, and that the rights and obligations of both private individuals and rulers are therefore dictated by Islam. He also rejects the conclusion that this makes Islamic economics a mixture between capitalism and socialism, arguing that capitalism and socialism each come about as the natural conclusion of certain ideologies, while Islamic economics comes about as the natural conclusion of Islamic ideology and therefore is justified entirely independently of other systems of economics.
Reception
Lawyer Chibli Mallat wrote his comment about Iqtisaduna book, on FiveBooks as one of the top five on his subject. He said: "...Al-Sadr reshaped the whole field of Islamic law away from the monstrous idea of it, held by Eastern and Western ignoramuses alike. Iqtisaduna is the greatest illustration of Sadr's aggiornamento – bringing up to date – of classical Islamic law..."
Ermin Sinanović, the Director of Research and Academic Programs at the International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT), said: It is interesting to note that in Al-Sadr's Iqtisaduna was more dominant in the Arab academic and policy making circles at the time.
Further reading
Full text of the book: Book 1 Part 1 , Book 1 Part 2 , Book 2 Part 1 , Book 2 Part 2
Alternative Links
Volume 1, Part 1
Volume 1, Part 2
Volume 2, Part 1
Volume 2, Part 2
See also
Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr
Islamic banking and finance
Article on Islamic Economy
Islamic economics
History of Islamic economics
References
Economics books
1961 non-fiction books
Islamic economic jurisprudence
1982 non-fiction books
Islamic economics
Economic ideologies
Economic law
Eponymous economic ideologies
Schools of economic thought
20th-century Arabic books
1960s in Islam | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqtisaduna |
The Bakarwal (also Bakkarwal, Bakharwal, Bakrawala and Bakerwal) are a nomadic ethnic group who along with Gujjars, have been listed as Scheduled Tribes in the Indian Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh since 1991. Gujjar Bakerwal is the largest Muslim tribe in India and the third-largest ethnic community in the Indian part of Jammu and Kashmir.
As a nomadic tribe, they spread over a large area from Pir Panjal to Zanskar located in the Himalayan mountains of India to the Hindukush mountains of Afghanistan. They are goatherders and shepherds and seasonally migrate from one place to another with their herds. They are found in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh and in the Afghan province of Nuristan.
History
The Bakarwals claim the same origin as Gujjar. The Gujjars are known by many names: Ajjadh, Dohdhi Gujjars, Banhara Gujjars, and Van-Gujjars. Among Gujjars, those who rear goats and sheep are called Bakarwals. Gujjars and Bakarwals share the same history, culture, language, sub-caste and racial identity. They say that anthropological and genetic studies conducted on Gujjars and Bakarwals conclude that they are not separate identities in any way. In 1991 the Gujjar-Bakarwals were granted tribal status in Jammu and Kashmir by the Indian government after an exhaustive study. The study revealed that Bakarwal is another name for Gujjar and, as such, they were entered into revenue records as a separate tribal category according to the Indian constitution. Bakarwals belong to the same ethnic stock as the Gujjars, and inter-tribal marriages take place freely among them.
Etymology
The term Bakarwal is an occupational one and is derived from the Gojri word bakara meaning goat or sheep, and wal meaning "one who takes care of".
Society
The Bakarwals belong to the same ethnic group as the Gujjars, and inter-tribal marriages take place among them.
Economy
As sheep and goat rearing transhumants, the Bakarwals alternate with the seasons between high and low altitudes in the hills of the Himalayas. This is why the Bakarwals as a singular tribe are stretched from the hills of the Hindu Kush in Nuristan to the hills of the Himalayas in Uttarakhand. They are mainly found in the following areas of Nuristan Province, Kunar Province, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Azad Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. From here, it is clear to see that the Bakarwals mainly follow a migration route through the foothills of the Himalayas as they can be found on the Upper Himalayan Range all the way down into the Lower Himalayan Range.
Legal status
, the Bakarwal were classified as a Scheduled Tribe under the Indian government's general reservation program of positive discrimination.
References
Indigenous peoples of South Asia
Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir
Ethnic groups in India
Scheduled Tribes of Jammu and Kashmir
Transhumant ethnic groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakarwal |
MCI Systemhouse specializes in running Data centers for customers and is a subsidiary of the Washington, DC-based MCI Communications Corporation, the result of a 1995 $1 billion acquisition of Canadian company SHL Systemhouse and its subsequent integration with MCI's technical services branch. The new company was formed to provide systems integration and outsourcing services. SHL Systemhouse based in Ottawa, Ontario, had revenue of $1.2 billion Canadian dollars in 1994, or about $883 million at then current exchange rates.
On February 11, 1999, MCI Systemhouse was acquired by EDS of Plano, Texas for $1.65 billion. EDS was able to recoup almost 25% of the purchase price by selling SHL Systemhouse's stake in Commerce One for $400 million in January, 2000. Prior to the acquisition, MCI Systemhouse was one of several entities that formed UML Partners, a group devoted to the development of the Unified Modeling Language (UML).
History
Customers of MCI Systemhouse have included Vons, CSAA, Ultramar, and United States Postal Service.
References
http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1995/MCI-to-Acquire-SHL-Systemhouse-for-$1-Billion/id-feaa2ae99f147f83354a20d769fd18b9.html
http://news.cnet.com/EDS%2C-MCI-in-17-billion-services-deal/2100-1017_3-221552.html
http://www.crn.com/news/channel-programs/18802628/eds-retains-systemhouse-identity-for-canada.htm
https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/26/business/company-news-eds-to-sell-commerce-one-holding-for-400-million.html
Telecommunications companies of Canada
Telecommunications companies of the United States
MCI Communications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCI%20Systemhouse |
Parable of the Sower is a 1993 speculative fiction novel by American writer Octavia E. Butler. It is set in a post-apocalyptic Earth heavily affected by climate change and social inequality. The novel follows Lauren Olamina, a young woman who can feel the pain of others and becomes displaced from her home. Several characters from various walks of life join her on her journey north and learn of a religion she has discovered and titled Earthseed. The main tenets of Earthseed are that "God is Change" and believers can "shape God" through conscious effort to influence the changes around them. Earthseed also teaches that it is humanity's destiny to inhabit other planets and spread the "seeds" of the Earth.
Parable of the Sower was the winner of multiple awards, including the 1994 New York Times Notable Book of the Year, and has been adapted into an opera and a graphic novel. Parable of the Sower has influenced music and essays on social justice as well as climate change. In 2021, it was picked by readers of the New York Times as the top science fiction nomination for the best book of the last 125 years.
Parable of the Sower is the first in an unfinished series of novels, followed by Parable of the Talents in 1998.
Plot
Beginning in 2024, when society in the United States has grown unstable due to climate change, growing wealth inequality, and corporate greed, Parable of the Sower takes the form of a journal kept by Lauren Oya Olamina, an African American teenager. Her mother abused drugs during her pregnancy and left Lauren with "hyper-empathy" or "sharing": the uncontrollable ability to feel the sensations she witnesses in others, particularly the abundant pain in her world.
Lauren grows up in the remnants of a gated community in Robledo, California, twenty miles from Los Angeles, where she and her neighbors struggle but are separate from the abject poverty of the world outside. Outside of the community are numerous homeless and mutilated individuals who resent the community members for their relative affluence. Public services such as police or firefighters are untrustworthy, exploiting their positions for profit and making little effort to help. Lauren's father, a Baptist pastor, holds the community together through Baptist religion, mutual aid, and careful use of resources, such as making bread from acorns. However, Lauren is increasingly certain that despite all efforts, society will continue to deteriorate and the community will no longer be safe; Lauren secretly prepares to travel north, as many do in search of rare paid jobs. The newly elected radical, authoritarian President Donner loosens labor protections, creating a rise in company towns owned by foreign businesses. Lauren privately develops her own new belief system based on the belief that "God is Change" is the only lasting truth, and that humanity should "shape God" in order to aid themselves. She comes to call this religion Earthseed.
Lauren's younger half-brother, Keith, rebelliously runs away to live outside the walls of the community. For a time, he survives by joining a group of ruthless thieves who value him for his rare literacy, but he is eventually found dead after torture. Later, Lauren's father disappears while leaving the community for work and is accepted as dead.
When Lauren is eighteen in 2027, the community's security is breached in an organized attack by outsiders: most of the community is destroyed, looted, and murdered, including Lauren's family. She travels north, disguised as a man, with Harry Balter and Zahra Moss, two survivors from her community. Society outside the community walls has reverted to chaos due to resource scarcity and poverty. U.S. states have become akin to city-states with strict borders. Money still has value, but travelers constantly fear attacks for resources or by pyromaniac drug-users, cannibals, and wild dogs. Interracial relationships are stigmatized, women fear sexual assault, and slavery has returned in the form of indebted servitude.
Lauren gathers people to protect along her journey and begins to share the Earthseed religion, which is developing into a collection of texts titled Earthseed: The Books of the Living. She believes that humankind's destiny is to travel beyond the deteriorating Earth and live on other planets, forcing humankind into its adulthood, and that Earthseed is preparation for this destiny. Lauren begins a relationship with Bankole, an older doctor who joins the group, and agrees to marry him. Bankole takes the group to the land he owns in northern California, where the group settles and Lauren founds the first Earthseed community, Acorn.
Sequel novels
The sequel to Parable of the Sower, Parable of the Talents, was published in 1998.
Butler began to write a third Parable novel, tentatively titled Parable of the Trickster, which would have focused on an Earthseed community's struggle to survive on a new planet. Along with the third novel, Butler was planning several others titled Parable of the Teacher, Parable of Chaos, and Parable of Clay. She began Parable of the Trickster after finishing Parable of the Talents, and mentioned her work on it in a number of interviews, but at some point encountered writer's block. She eventually shifted her creative attention, resulting in Fledgling (2005), her final novel. The various false starts for the novel can now be found among Butler's papers at the Huntington Library, as described in an article at the Los Angeles Review of Books. Butler died in 2006, leaving the series unfinished.
Publication and award history
Published by Four Walls Eight Windows in 1993, by Women's Press Ltd. in 1995, by Warner in 1995 and 2000, and by Seven Stories Press in 2017.
2020 – became a New York Times best seller on September 3, 2020, appearing on the Trade Paperback Fiction list.
1995 – nominated for Nebula Award for Best Novel
1994 – New York Times Notable Book of the Year
Adaptations
Parable of the Sower was adapted into an opera by American folk/blues musician Toshi Reagon in collaboration with her mother, singer and composer Bernice Johnson Reagon. The adaptation's libretto and musical score combine African-American spirituals, soul, rock and roll, and folk music. An early concert version of the opera was performed as part of The Public Theater's Under the Radar Festival in New York City in 2015. The finished version had its world premiere in Abu Dhabi in November 2017 and has been performed in Boston, New York City, Los Angeles, Singapore, Amsterdam, and elsewhere.
In 2020, Parable of the Sower was adapted into a graphic novel by Damian Duffy and John Jennings, the team which had previously adapted Butler's novel Kindred, and published by Abrams ComicArts. The graphic novel was named to the Black Lives Matter Reading Lists compiled by the Graphic Novels & Comics Round Table and the Black Caucus of the American Library Association. It went on to win the 2021 Ignyte Award for Best Comics Team and the 2021 Hugo Award for Best Graphic Story.
In popular culture
The work of hip hop/R&B duo THEESatisfaction was influenced by Octavia Butler. The third track from their 2012 album awE NaturalE, "Earthseed", contains themes from the Parable series: "Change there are few words / That you can say / We all watch things morphing everyday."
In 2015, Adrienne Maree Brown and Walidah Imarisha co-edited Octavia's Brood: Science Fiction Stories from Social Justice Movements, a collection of 20 short stories and essays about social justice inspired by Butler. In June 2020, Brown and Toshi Reagon began hosting the podcast Octavia's Parables, which gives an in-depth dive into Parable of the Sower and Parable of the Talents.
See also
Climate fiction
Further reading
Agusti, Clara Escoda. "The Relationship between Community and Subjectivity in Octavia E. Butler's Parable of the Sower.' Extrapolation 46.3 (Fall 2005): 351–359.
Allen, Marlene D. "Octavia Butler's 'Parable' Novels and the 'Boomerang' of African American History". Callaloo 32. 4 2009, pp. 1353–1365. .
Andréolle, Donna Spalding. "Utopias of Old, Solutions for the New Millennium: A Comparative Study of Christian Fundamentalism in M. K. Wren's A Gift upon the Shore and Octavia Butler's Parable of the Sower." Utopian Studies 12.2 (2001): 114–123. .
Butler, Robert. "Twenty-First Century Journeys in Octavia E. Butler's Parable of the Sower." Contemporary African American Fiction: The Open Journey. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1998. 133–143.
Caputi, Jane. "Facing Change: African Mythic Origins in Octavia Butler's Parable Novels", Goddesses and Monsters: Women, Myth, Power, and Popular Culture. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2004. 366–369.
Dubey, M. "Folk and Urban Communities in African-American Women's Fiction: Octavia Butler's Parable of the Sower." Studies in American Fiction 27. 1, 1999, pp. 103–128.
Govan, Sandra. "The Parable of the Sower as Rendered by Octavia Butler: Lessons for Our Changing Times", FEMSPEC 4.2 (2004): 239–258.
Grant-Britton, Lisbeth. "Octavia Butler's Parable of the Sower.” Women of Other Worlds: Excursions through Science Fiction and Feminism. Ed. Helen Merrick and Tess Williams. Nedlands, Australia: University of Western Australia Press, 1999. 280–294.
Hampton, Gregory J. "Migration and Capital of the Body: Octavia Butler's Parable of the Sower.” CLA Journal 49 (September 2005): 56–73.
Harris, Trudier. "Balance? Octavia E. Butler s Parable of the Sower.” Saints, Sinners, Saviors: Strong Black Women in African American Literature. New York: Palgrave, 2001. 153–171.
Jablon, Madelyn. "Metafiction as Genre: Walter Mosley, Black Betty; Octavia E. Butler, Parable of the Sower." Black Metafiction: Self Consciousness in African American Literature. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1997. 139–165.
Jos, Philip H. "Fear and the Spiritual Realism of Octavia Butler's Earthseed", Utopian Studies 23. 2, 2012, pp. 408–429. .
Lacey, Lauren. J. "Octavia Butler on Coping with Power in Parable of the Sower, Parable of the Talents, and Fledgling." Critique 49.4 (Summer 2008): 379–394.
Mayer, Sylvia. "Genre and Environmentalism: Octavia Butler's Parable of the Sower, Speculative Fiction, and the African American Slave Narrative", Restoring the Connection to the Natural World: Essays on the African American Environmental Imagination. Ed. Sylvia Mayer. Munster, Ger.: LIT, 2003. 175–196.
Melzer, Patricia. "'All That You Touch You Change': Utopian Desire and the Concept of Change in Octavia Butler's Parable of the Sower and Parable of the Talents." Contemporary Literary Criticism Select. Gale, 2008. Originally published in FEMSPEC 3.2 (2002): 31–52.
Nilges, Mathias. We Need the Stars': Change, Community, and the Absent Father in Octavia Butler's 'Parable of the Sower' and 'Parable of the Talents, Callaloo 32.4, 2009, pp. 1332–1352. .
Phillips, Jerry. "The Institution of the Future: Utopia and Catastrophe in Octavia Butler's Parable of the Sower." Novel: A Forum on Fiction 35.2/3 Contemporary African American Fiction and the Politics of Postmodernism (Spring–Summer, 2002), pp. 299–311. .
Stanford, Ann Folwell. "A Dream of Communitas: Octavia Butler's Parable of the Sower and Parable of the Talents and Roads to the Possible." Bodies in a Broken World: Women Novelists of Color and the Politics of Medicine. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2003. 196–218.
Stillman, Peter G. "Dystopian Critiques, Utopian Possibilities, and Human Purposes in Octavia Butler's Parables", Utopian Studies 14.1 (2003): 15–35. .
Texter, Douglas W. "Of Gifted Children and Gated Communities: Paul Theroux's O-Zone and Octavia Butler's The Parable of the Sower." Utopian Studies 19. 3, 2008, pp. 457–484. .
References
External links
YouTube video of a map of the California odyssey in Parable of the Sower
1993 American novels
1993 science fiction novels
African-American novels
American science fiction novels
Climate change novels
Dystopian novels
Epistolary novels
Feminist science fiction novels
Fiction set in 2024
Hugo Award for Best Graphic Story-winning works
Literature by African-American women
Literature by women
Novels about poverty
Novels adapted into operas
Novels by Octavia Butler
Religion in science fiction
Social science fiction
Works about emotions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable%20of%20the%20Sower%20%28novel%29 |
The East Zone cricket team is a first-class cricket team that represents eastern India in the Duleep Trophy and Deodhar Trophy. It is a composite team of six first-class Indian teams from eastern India competing in the Ranji Trophy: Assam, Bihar, Bengal (West Bengal), Jharkhand, Odisha and Tripura.
East Zone has won the Duleep Trophy twice in the 2011/12 and 2012/13 seasons, as well as the Deodhar Trophy four times in the 1992/93, 1993/94, 1996/97 and 2003/04 seasons.
Current squad
Players with international caps are listed in bold. Updated as on 26 Jul 2023
Famous players from East Zone
Pankaj Roy
Sourav Ganguly
Arun Lal
Wriddhiman Saha
Mahendra Singh Dhoni
Deep Dasgupta
Rohan Gavaskar
Devang Gandhi
Debasis Mohanty
Shiv Sunder Das
Saurabh Tiwary
Manoj Tiwary
Ashok Dinda
Mohammed Shami
External links
East Zone at CricketArchive
Indian first-class cricket teams | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Zone%20cricket%20team |
is a Japanese whisky distillery located in Shimamoto, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. Opened in 1923, and owned by Suntory, it was Japan's first commercial whisky distillery. Seven thousand bottles of unblended malt whisky are on display in its "Whisky Library".
History
The Yamazaki distillery was opened in 1923 by Torii Shinjirō (鳥井 信治郎) as the first malt whisky distillery in Japan. The company founder and chairman of Kotobukiya (the predecessor company of Suntory) wanted to produce a serious whisky and therefore hired Taketsuru Masataka (竹鶴 政孝), whom he appointed factory director of the Yamazaki distillery in 1924. This descendant of a sake brewing family from the 17th century was in Scotland in 1918. He traveled to study at Glasgow University and learned how to make Scotch whisky on site. He married a Scottish girl, Jessie Roberta "Rita" Cowan († 1961), who went to Japan with him in 1920. Under Taketsuru (* 1894) the production of the first whisky was completed in 1929, which was sold as shirofuda (白札, English white label). Due to differences with Torii, Taketsuru left the company in 1934 and founded the Dai-Nippon Kaju KK company , later called Nikka Whisky Distilling, in Hokkaidō in the same year.
Styles of whisky
There are three primary variants of Yamazaki whisky:
Yamazaki Single Malt 12-Year-Old whisky
Yamazaki Single Malt 18-Year-Old whisky
Yamazaki Single Malt 25-Year-Old whisky
There are also other offerings outside of the US such as the 10-, 25-, 35- and 50-year-old whiskies. Some offerings are dated vintages such as 1980, 1984, 1993, and there are also Puncheon and sherry offerings.
Evaluation
Spirit ratings organizations, such as the Beverage Testing Institute and the San Francisco World Spirits Competitions, have reacted favorably to Yamazaki's offerings. Most notably, the 18-Year has earned six consecutive double gold medals at the San Francisco Spirits Competitions between 2008 and 2013. Ratings aggregator Proof66.com places the Yamazaki 18-Year in the 97th percentile among its rated whiskies.
Yamazaki 25 Year Old was awarded "Best Japanese Single Malt" at the 2013 World Whisky Awards. Jim Murray's Whisky Bible 2015 awarded Yamazaki Single Malt Sherry Cask 2013 the title of World Whisky of the Year.
See also
List of historic whisky distilleries
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Official website
Suntory Yamazaki Distillery Guide
Distilleries in Japan
Japanese whisky
Companies based in Osaka Prefecture
Food and drink companies established in 1923
Japanese brands
Tourist attractions in Osaka Prefecture
Japanese companies established in 1923
Suntory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamazaki%20distillery |
The 2006 NBA Finals was the championship series of the 2005–06 NBA season and the conclusion of the season's playoffs. The Dallas Mavericks were favored to win the championship over the Miami Heat. Despite these odds, the Heat won the title in six games over the Mavericks, becoming the third team—after the 1969 Celtics, the 1977 Trail Blazers and later the 2016 Cleveland Cavaliers and 2021 Milwaukee Bucks—to win a championship after trailing 0–2 in the series. Dwyane Wade of the Heat was named Most Valuable Player of the series.
The series featured two teams who had never previously appeared in the Finals for the first time since , and it was consequently the first Finals since where neither team had previously won an NBA title. The next Finals appearance for both franchises would come five years later in , with the Mavericks winning the rematch over the Heat.
This was the second NBA Finals match-up of teams from Florida and Texas, after the Houston Rockets and Orlando Magic contested the 1995 NBA Finals. Until the Miami Heat defeated the San Antonio Spurs in the 2013 NBA Finals, it was the last Finals loss by a team from Texas (Houston lost in 1981 and 1986) versus eight Finals victories (five by San Antonio, two by Houston, and one by Dallas). This was the only Finals of the 2000s not to involve the Los Angeles Lakers or the San Antonio Spurs, and the first since 1995 not to feature either Phil Jackson or Gregg Popovich as head coach. It was also the first Finals where the same company (American Airlines) owned the naming rights to both home arenas; however, the Miami arena is now known as the Kaseya Center.
Background
The Miami Heat joined the league in the 1988–89 season, but they did not rise to prominence until they hired Pat Riley to be their head coach and president before the 1995–96 season. In Riley's first stint, the Heat were playoff regulars between 1996 and 2001, however, the Chicago Bulls and New York Knicks always thwarted Miami's dreams of a championship or even a Finals berth. However, when the team drafted Dwyane Wade fifth overall in 2003, things started to look up for the Heat. They went 42-40 under interim coach Stan Van Gundy, making the playoffs after a 2-year hiatus. They defeated the New Orleans Hornets in the first round, but they ultimately fell to the Pacers in 6 games. The 2004 offseason saw the addition of Shaquille O'Neal, and with Wade and O'Neal performing well, the Heat won 59 games in the 2004–05 season, as they took the defending champions Detroit Pistons to seven games in the conference finals. The following season, after an early 11–10 start, Van Gundy resigned and Riley returned to coaching. Though injuries and lack of chemistry hobbled the Heat initially, they still managed to win 52 games that season. After a culmination of harmony and momentum came together just before the playoffs, they started their postseason run by defeating the Bulls in six games, then eliminated the New Jersey Nets in five games, and then ousted the 64-win 4 all-star Pistons in six games to reach the NBA Finals for the first time in franchise history.
Path to the Finals
Regular-season series
The Dallas Mavericks won both games in the regular season series:
Rosters
Miami Heat
Dallas Mavericks
Shaquille O'Neal and Gary Payton became the 6th and 7th players to play in the NBA Finals for three different teams. O'Neal played in the 1995 NBA Finals with the Orlando Magic and four times with the Los Angeles Lakers, while Payton played in the 1996 NBA Finals with the Seattle SuperSonics and with O'Neal on the 2004 Lakers team that lost to the Pistons. The other five players to play in the Finals for three teams are: Danny Ainge, Sam Perkins, John Salley, Horace Grant and Robert Horry.
Also, O'Neal and Alonzo Mourning achieved the rare feat of being the former first-round picks from the same year (1992) to win a championship with the same team. O'Neal was the first overall draft pick of the Orlando Magic, while Mourning went second to the Charlotte Hornets. Ironically, the third pick in that draft, Christian Laettner (who was selected by the Minnesota Timberwolves), was a member of the previous year's team, his final season before retiring.
Series summary
The Heat became the second team since 1985 to sweep the middle three games at home, the 2004 Detroit Pistons being the first. In 1985 the NBA switched the Finals to the 2-3-2 format, which was changed back to the 2-2-1-1-1 format for the 2014 NBA Finals.
Game summaries
All times are in Eastern Daylight Time (UTC−4). If the venue is located in a different time zone, the local time is also given.
Game 1
Dallas' Jason Terry scored a playoff-high 32 points as the Mavericks overcame a 31–23 deficit at the end of the first quarter.
Game 2
Dirk Nowitzki had a stellar 30 point and 12 rebound performance, and the Mavericks cruised past the Heat to take a 2–0 series lead.
Game 3
Led by Dwyane Wade's 42 points and 13 rebounds, the Heat rallied from a 13-point deficit with six minutes to go in the fourth quarter. The momentum-changing comeback was capped by a Gary Payton field goal from just inside the three-point line with 9.3 seconds left. Dirk Nowitzki had a chance to tie the game at the free throw line with 3.4 seconds to go, but missed 1 of 2, sealing the win for Miami.
Game 4
Dwyane Wade shined again for the Heat with 36 points, and Miami held Dallas to just seven points in the fourth quarter en route to a series-tying, blowout victory. The Mavericks' fourth quarter was the lowest ever by any team during the NBA Finals. Jerry Stackhouse caught Shaquille O'Neal with a flagrant foul that resulted in his suspension for Game 5. Stackhouse was the final NBA player to be suspended in the NBA Finals until Draymond Green was suspended in the 2016 NBA Finals.
Game 5
Dwyane Wade shot 25 free throws - as many free throws as all the Mavericks combined (a fact that did not sit well with Mavericks head coach Avery Johnson), leading the Heat to their third straight win over Dallas after being down 0–2 in the series.
With 9.1 seconds left in overtime and the Heat trailing by 1 point, they inbounded the ball to Wade, who caught the ball in the air and then landed in the backcourt. Mavericks' team owner Mark Cuban felt Wade had therefore committed a backcourt violation after receiving the ball.
Dallas was then penalized with a controversial foul call that sent Wade to the line to shoot the go-ahead free throws with 1.9 seconds left on the overtime game clock. Wade hit the first free throw, and Dallas Mavericks coach Avery Johnson signaled to his team to call a timeout after Wade's second attempt. Josh Howard then made a timeout gesture with his hands and began to walk off the floor, and the referees called the Mavericks' last remaining timeout, which prevented them from advancing the ball after the second attempt if Wade converted. After the timeout, Wade made the second free throw to give his team a one-point lead, after which Devin Harris missed a Hail Mary half-court shot as time expired. Wade finished the game with 43 points while setting an NBA Finals record for most made free throws in a game with 21. Shaquille O'Neal added a double-double with 18 points and 12 rebounds. Miami converted 32 of its 49 attempts from the free throw line.
Jason Terry led Dallas with 35 points in a losing effort, while Howard added 25. After the game, a frustrated Dirk Nowitzki kicked a ball into the stands and Mavericks owner Mark Cuban caused many "acts of misconduct" resulting in fines of $5,000 and $250,000, respectively, for the two men.
Game 6
Behind Dwyane Wade's 36 points, Miami rallied from a 14-point first half deficit to edge Dallas and win their first championship in franchise history as Jason Terry missed a critical 3-pointer that would've sent the game to overtime. Averaging 34.7 points per game in the championship series, Wade was named NBA Finals MVP (Most Valuable Player).
Player statistics
Miami Heat
|-
| align="left" | || 4 || 0 || 7.7 || .333 || .000 || .500 || 1.8 || 0.8 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 1.5
|-
| align="left" | || 1 || 0 || 1.2 || .000 || .000 || .000 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0
|-
| align="left" | || 6 || 6 || 29.2 || .500 || .000 || .300 || 6.2 || 0.3 || 1.2 || 0.0 || 6.5
|-
| align="left" | || 1 || 0 || 1.5 || .000 || .000 || .000 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0
|-
| align="left" | || 6 || 0 || 11.0 || .692 || .000 || .667 || 3.2 || 0.0 || 0.3 || 1.5 || 4.3
|-
| align="left" | || 6 || 6 || 35.2 || .607 || .000 || .292 || 10.2 || 2.8 || 0.5 || 0.8 || 13.7
|-
| align="left" | || 6 || 0 || 22.3 || .368 || .143 || .333 || 2.0 || 2.0 || 1.0 || 0.0 || 2.7
|-
| align="left" | || 6 || 0 || 29.5 || .419 || .400 || .769 || 6.0 || 0.3 || 1.0 || 0.0 || 7.3
|-! style="background:#FDE910;"
| align="left" | || 6 || 6 || 43.5 || .468 || .273 || .773 || 7.8 || 3.8 || 2.7 || 1.0 || 34.7
|-
| align="left" | || 6 || 6 || 36.6 || .391 || .270 || .556 || 5.5 || 2.2 || 0.7 || 0.5 || 13.8
|-
| align="left" | || 6 || 6 || 31.3 || .360 || .345 || .636 || 1.8 || 4.7 || 0.5 || 0.0 || 8.8
|}
Dallas Mavericks
|-
| align="left" | || 1 || 0 || 6.3 || .000 || .000 || .000 || 1.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0
|-
| align="left" | || 6 || 0 || 24.6 || .722 || .000 || .500 || 8.2 || 0.3 || 1.0 || 0.7 || 5.7
|-
| align="left" | || 6 || 0 || 8.8 || .545 || .333 || .800 || 0.5 || 1.3 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 2.8
|-
| align="left" | || 6 || 6 || 15.7 || .500 || .000 || .500 || 3.3 || 0.2 || 0.3 || 0.8 || 1.7
|-
| align="left" | || 6 || 3 || 13.7 || .563 || .000 || .000 || 3.2 || 0.8 || 0.8 || 0.0 || 3.0
|-
| align="left" | || 6 || 3 || 24.5 || .364 || .000 || .750 || 0.8 || 2.8 || 0.8 || 0.0 || 7.3
|-
| align="left" | || 6 || 6 || 38.4 || .388 || .263 || .808 || 8.2 || 1.8 || 1.2 || 0.7 || 14.7
|-
| align="left" | || 2 || 0 || 4.5 || .000 || .000 || .000 || 1.5 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0
|-
| align="left" | || 6 || 6 || 43.7 || .390 || .250 || .891 || 10.8 || 2.5 || 0.7 || 0.7 || 22.8
|-
| align="left" | || 1 || 0 || 3.6 || .000 || .000 || .000 || 1.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0
|-
| align="left" | || 5 || 0 || 30.0 || .355 || .368 || .929 || 3.4 || 3.0 || 0.8 || 0.6 || 12.8
|-
| align="left" | || 6 || 6 || 40.0 || .478 || .317 || .733 || 2.2 || 3.5 || 1.8 || 0.0 || 22.0
|-
| align="left" | || 5 || 0 || 7.8 || .273 || .167 || .0000 || 1.2 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 1.4
|}
Broadcasting
ABC had exclusive rights to televise the NBA Finals in the United States. Play-by-play announcer Mike Breen and color commentator Hubie Brown called the action, with courtside reporting by Lisa Salters and Stuart Scott. Radio counterpart ESPN Radio broadcast the Finals, with Jim Durham and Dr. Jack Ramsay calling the action. The featured song, aired throughout the playoffs, was Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers' "Runnin' Down a Dream."
This marked the first of 18 consecutive NBA Finals called by Breen, currently the most among NBA play-by-play voices; the only games he would not call during this period was Games 1 and 2 of the 2022 NBA Finals, when Mark Jones took over due to Breen's quarantine as a result of COVID-19. However, it was the only NBA Finals to feature Breen with Hubie Brown. The following season, Brown slid down to ESPN's secondary team with Mike Tirico (the pair would also call ESPN Radio's NBA Finals broadcasts that season), while Mark Jackson and Jeff Van Gundy (the latter after his dismissal as Houston Rockets head coach) joined Breen on the lead team.
Game 2 of the Finals, which took place the same evening as the 60th Tony Awards, was the most-watched program of June 11, 2006. ABC won the night with 3.5 rating and 10 share, CBS came in fourth with a 1.5/4 for the Tonys. On June 20, Game 6 had a 4.4/13 among viewers aged 18–49.
The finals were shown on Sky Sports in the UK and Ireland.
Aftermath
The Mavericks would post the league's best record with 67 victories in the 2006–07 NBA season but were ousted by the eight-seeded Golden State Warriors in a six-game first round of the 2007 NBA Playoffs. The Mavs' playoff defeat marked the first time a top seed was eliminated in a seven-game first round series since it was implemented in 2003. Still, Dirk Nowitzki was named the regular season MVP at season's end. After another playoff loss to the New Orleans Hornets in 2008, in which the Mavericks brought back Jason Kidd, head coach Avery Johnson was fired and replaced by Rick Carlisle. After another two early playoff exits, the Mavericks won 57 games in the 2010–11 season and returned to the Finals.
The Heat would lose convincingly by 42 points to the Chicago Bulls in the opening night of the 2006–07 season, the worst opening-day margin of defeat for a defending champion in NBA history. Injuries would keep the team from surpassing or even equaling last season's total, yet they still won the Southeast Division despite winning only 44 games. The Bulls would oust them in a four-game sweep in the first round of the playoffs, the first such occurrence since 1957. The following year, Miami completed its two-year turnaround from NBA champion to the NBA's worst team by winning only 15 games, equaling the mark set by the team in their inaugural season, which saw Shaquille O'Neal traded to the Phoenix Suns in mid-season and Dwyane Wade missing 31 games. The Heat gradually climbed back to contention in the Erik Spoelstra era, culminating in the much-publicized free-agent acquisitions of LeBron James and Chris Bosh. The Heat won 58 games in the 2010–11 season, and along with the Mavericks, returned to the Finals in 2011.
The 2011 NBA Finals, which was a rematch of 2006, saw the Mavericks win in six games after trailing 2–1 in the Finals. It was the Mavericks' first NBA championship, as well as both teams' second appearances in the Finals. Dirk Nowitzki was named Finals MVP. Like the Heat in 2006, the Mavericks experienced a post-championship letdown, getting swept by the Oklahoma City Thunder in the opening round of the 2012 NBA Playoffs, and then missed the postseason entirely in .
, this was Miami's fifth championship out of a total of seven among the Big Four sports leagues; the MLB's National League Florida (now Miami) Marlins won the World Series in 1997 and 2003 while the NFL's Miami Dolphins won the Super Bowl in 1973 and 1974. The Miami Heat would go on to win a second championship in 2012 against the Thunder in 5 games and a third championship in 2013 against the San Antonio Spurs in 7 games before falling in 2014 against the same Spurs team in 5 games.
This was the second "Big Four" postseason game or series to pit a team from Miami against a team from Dallas. In 1971, the Dallas Cowboys defeated the Dolphins to claim their first of five Super Bowls. As of 2020, the city's NHL teams, the Stars and Panthers, have not met in the playoffs, as are their MLB counterparts the Rangers and Marlins.
References
External links
National Basketball Association Finals
Finals
NBA Finals
NBA Finals
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2000s in Dallas
2006 in Texas
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Sports competitions in Miami
Sports competitions in Dallas
National Basketball Association controversies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20NBA%20Finals |
Keansburg High School is a four-year comprehensive community public high school serving students in ninth through twelfth grades from Keansburg, in Monmouth County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, operating as the lone secondary school of the Keansburg School District. The school is a candidate for accreditation by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Elementary and Secondary Schools.
As of the 2021–22 school year, the school had an enrollment of 382 students and 32.9 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.6:1. There were 154 students (40.3% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 12 (3.1% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.
KHS is located at 140 Port Monmouth Road. However, the school itself cannot be seen from Port Monmouth Road. The school is accessed via Titan Trail (the entrance road) into the parking lot. It is adjacent to Port Monmouth Road Elementary School (which should not be confused with Port Monmouth Elementary School in Port Monmouth), which was built well after the high school. One part of Port Monmouth Road Elementary School, once referred to as the "C-Wing," is slated to be returned for use for the high school following reconstruction. The reconstruction plans also plan to change the existing structure of the school district.
History
Prior to the opening of the high school, students from Keansburg had attended Middletown High School, with the Middletown district seeing a drop of more than 400 Keansburg students based on the high school's opening. The building was constructed at a cost of $2 million (equivalent to $ million in ) opened in September 1968. After the new school opened, the Middletown Township Public School District agreed that those Keansburg students who had previously been attending Middletown High School would be allowed to complete their education there on a tuition basis.
Awards, recognition and rankings
The school was the 281st-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 181st in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 184th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 147th in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 263rd in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which surveyed 316 schools across the state. Schooldigger.com ranked the school as 306th out of 376 public high schools statewide in its 2010 rankings (a decrease of 26 positions from the 2009 rank) which were based on the combined percentage of students classified as proficient or above proficient on the language arts literacy and mathematics components of the High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA).
Athletics
The Keansburg High School Titans compete in Division B Central of the Shore Conference, an athletic conference comprised of public and private high schools in Monmouth and Ocean counties along the Jersey Shore. The league operates under the jurisdiction of the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). With 282 students in grades 10–12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group I for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 75 to 476 students in that grade range. The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group I South for football for 2022–2024, which included schools with 200 to 463 students.
The school participates in joint field hockey and football teams with Keyport High School as the host school / lead agency. These co-op programs operate under agreements scheduled to expire at the end of the 2023–24 school year.
The football team was awarded the NJSIAA Central Jersey Group I state championship in 1973 based on power points, and won the sectional playoffs in 1976, 1994 and 1996. The 1976 team finished the season with a 9–2 record and won the Central Jersey Group I sectional title, its first in the playoff era, with a 14–0 win against Highland Park High School in the championship game. The 1994 team won the Central Jersey Group I state sectional title with a 10–0 victory against South Hunterdon Regional High School in the championship game. In 2016, Keansburg alumni beat Keyport alumni 32–6 in the first annual alumni football game between these two schools.
The boys cross country team won the Group I state championship in 2005.
The boys' bowling team won the NJSIAA Central Jersey Group I state sectional championships and the Group I state championships in 2010, 2011 and 2012; the team won the Tournament of Champions in 2011.
Administration
Core members of the school's administration are:
Michael John Herits, Principal.
Brian Kmak, Assistant Principal
Thomas Stark, Director of Athletics
References
External links
Keansburg High School
School Data for the Keansburg School District, National Center for Education Statistics
DigitalSports Keansburg Homepage
1968 establishments in New Jersey
Educational institutions established in 1968
Keansburg, New Jersey
Middle States Commission on Secondary Schools
Public high schools in Monmouth County, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keansburg%20High%20School |
Parable of the Talents is a science fiction novel by the American writer Octavia E. Butler, published in 1998. It is the second in a series of two, a sequel to Parable of the Sower.
It won the Nebula Award for Best Novel.
Plot
Parable of the Talents is told from the points of view of Lauren Oya Olamina, her daughter Larkin Olamina/Asha Vere, and Lauren's husband Taylor Franklin Bankole. The novel consists of journal entries by Lauren and Bankole and passages by Asha Vere. Five years after the events of the previous novel Parable of the Sower, Lauren has founded a new community called Acorn centered around her religion, Earthseed, which is predicated on the belief that humanity's destiny is to travel beyond Earth and live on other planets in order for humanity to reach adulthood.
The novel is set against the backdrop of a dystopian United States that has come under the grip of a Christian fundamentalist denomination called "Christian America" led by President Andrew Steele Jarret. Seeking to restore American power and prestige, and using the slogan "Make America Great Again", Jarret embarks on a crusade to cleanse America of non-Christian faiths. Slavery has resurfaced with advanced "shock collars" being used to control slaves. Virtual reality headsets known as "Dreamasks" are also popular since they enable wearers to escape their harsh reality.
During the course of the novel, Acorn is attacked and taken over by Christian American "Crusaders" and turned into a re-education camp. For the next year and a half, Lauren and the other adults are enslaved and forced to wear "shock collars". Their Christian American captors exploit them as forced labor under the pretext of "reforming" them. Lauren and several of the women are also regularly raped by their captors, who regard them as "heathen". In 2035, Lauren and her followers eventually rebel and kill their captors. To avoid retribution, they are forced to disperse into hiding. By 2036, President Jarret is defeated after a single term due to public dissatisfaction with the "Alaska–Canada War" and revelations of his role in witch burnings.
Lauren looks for Larkin for over a year, travelling throughout Northern California and Oregon in her search. At the same time, she decides to re-establish Earthseed by teaching individuals about the religion during her travels and training them to educate others. She gains a significant following among the affluent in Portland, Oregon, and one of her more ardent supporters helps her publish Earthseed: The First Book of the Living online, which contains the verses she wrote defining the religion. This launches both Earthseed and her influence nationwide and at the same time, as she is hopeful for the future of humanity amongst the stars, she gradually abandons hope that she will find Larkin and gives up her search.
Meanwhile, Larkin is adopted by an African American Christian America family and renamed "Asha Vere Alexander" after a popular Dreamask hero. Unloved and abused by her adoptive parents, Asha grows up never knowing who her biological parents are. As an adult, Asha reunites with her uncle Marcos "Marc" Duran, who was believed to have perished in the events of the previous novel and has since become a Christian America minister. With Uncle Marc's help, Larkin becomes an academic historian but leaves the Christian faith.
Unknown to Asha, Uncle Marc had previously re-established contact with his long-lost half-sister Lauren. Marc claimed that the "Crusaders" were rogue elements who do not represent Christian America. He tells Asha that her mother is dead, and never told Lauren he had found her daughter. With Jarret's legacy in disgrace, Lauren's Earthseed religion grows in popularity in a post-war United States and throughout the rest of the world, funding scholarships for needy university students and encouraging humanity to leave Earth and settle in other worlds.
After Asha learns that Lauren is her biological mother, she manages to meet with her. Though Asha is unable to forgive her mother for choosing to dedicate her life to Earthseed instead of continuing to look for her, Lauren tells her daughter that her door is always open. After learning that her half-brother Uncle Marc hid the fact that Asha was related to Lauren, Lauren severs all ties with her estranged brother, which further strains her relationship with Asha. They talk occasionally over the next 23 years but never truly bond as Asha decided "She never really needed us, so we didn't let ourselves need her." Lauren dies at the age of 81 after watching the first shuttles leaving Earth for the starship Christopher Columbus, which carries settlers in suspended animation to the first human colony on another world.
Reception
Parable of the Talents won the 2000 Nebula Award for Best Novel. The academic Jana Diemer Llewellyn regards it as a harsh indictment of religious fundamentalism and compares the novel to Joanna Russ' The Female Man and Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale. The Los Angeles Times op-ed editor Abby Aguirre has likened the religious fundamentalism and authoritarianism of President Jarret to the "Make America Great Again" rhetoric of the Trump Administration.
Proposed third Parable novel
Butler had planned to write several more Parable novels, tentatively titled Parable of the Trickster, Parable of the Teacher, Parable of Chaos, and Parable of Clay. Parable of the Trickster was the most developed and would have focused on the community's struggle to survive on a new planet, Bow. She began this novel after finishing Parable of the Talents and mentioned her work on it in several interviews, but at some point encountered writer's block that led to numerous false starts. She eventually shifted her creative attention, resulting in Fledgling, her final novel. The various false starts in the novel can now be found among Butler's papers at the Huntington Library, as described in an article in the Los Angeles Review of Books.
See also
Parable of the Sower
Further reading
Allen, Marlene D. “Octavia Butler's ‘Parable’ Novels and the ‘Boomerang’ of African American History.” Callaloo 32. 4 2009 pp. 1353–1365.
Caputi, Jane. "Facing Change: African Mythic Origins in Octavia Butler’s Parable Novels." Goddesses and Monsters: Women, Myth, Power, and Popular Culture. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 2004. 366–369.
Jos, Philip H. “Fear and the Spiritual Realism of Octavia Butler's Earthseed.” Utopian Studies 23. 2 2012 pp. 408–429.
Lacey, Lauren. J. "Octavia Butler on Coping with Power in Parable of the Sower, Parable of the Talents, and Fledgling.” Critique 49.4 (Summer 2008): 379–394.
Melzer, Patricia. "'All That You Touch You Change': Utopian Desire and the Concept of Change in Octavia Butler's Parable of the Sower and Parable of the Talents." Contemporary Literary Criticism Select. Gale, 2008. Originally published in FEMSPEC 3.2 (2002): 31–52.
Nilges, Mathias. “‘We Need the Stars’: Change, Community, and the Absent Father in Octavia Butler's ‘Parable of the Sower’ and ‘Parable of the Talents'.’” Callaloo 32.4 2009 pp. 1332–1352.
Stanford, Ann Folwell. "A Dream of Communitas: Octavia Butler’s Parable of the Sower and Parable of the Talents and Roads to the Possible." Bodies in a Broken World: Women Novelists of Color and the Politics of Medicine. Chapel Hill: The U of North Carolina P, 2003. 196–218.
Stillman, Peter G. "Dystopian Critiques, Utopian Possibilities, and Human Purposes in Octavia Butler’s Parables.” Utopian Studies 14.1 (2003): 15–35.
References
External links
Parable of the Talents: A Novel
1998 American novels
Novels by Octavia Butler
1998 science fiction novels
Dystopian novels
African-American novels
English-language novels
Nebula Award for Best Novel-winning works
Religion in science fiction
Climate change novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable%20of%20the%20Talents%20%28novel%29 |
Iran Ajr, formerly known as the Arya Rakhsh, was a Japanese-built landing craft used by Iran to lay naval mines during the Iran–Iraq War. Built in 1978, the 614-ton, 54-meter ship was powered by two diesel engines and featured a bow ramp for unloading cargo. She was scuttled in 1987.
Iran–Iraq War
On 21 September 1987, U.S. forces involved in Operation Prime Chance – the covert part of Operation Earnest Will, the mission to protect U.S.-flagged petroleum-carrying ships in the Persian Gulf – tracked Iran Ajr and dispatched United States Army helicopters from the United States Navy guided-missile frigate to shadow her. When the aviators reported that people aboard Iran Ajr were laying mines, the U.S. commander in the Persian Gulf ordered the pilots to "stop the mining." The helicopters fired on the ship, killing some of the crewmen and chasing others into the water. A team of United States Navy SEAL commandos later boarded the ship, confirmed the presence of mines, and detained the surviving Iranians. On 26 September, EOD MU5 Detachment 5 scuttled the ship in international waters.
When the U.S. Navy guided-missile frigate struck a mine in the Persian Gulf in April 1988, U.S. Navy explosive ordnance specialists matched the serial numbers of nearby unexploded mines to the ones aboard Iran Ajr. This evidence of Iranian involvement in the mining of Samuel B. Roberts led to the biggest surface-warfare naval battle since World War II, the retribution campaign of 18 April 1988 called Operation Praying Mantis.
The captured colors of Iran Ajr are in the U.S. Navy Museum.
References
Further reading
External links
The attack on the Iran Ajr
Another narration of the attack
Photos of the captured Iran Ajr and its detainees aboard U.S. Navy warships
Amphibious warfare vessels of Japan
Minelayers of Japan
Amphibious warfare vessels of the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy
Ships built in Japan
1978 ships
Iran–Japan relations
Minelayers of the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy
Operations involving special forces
United States Navy in the 20th century
Iran–United States relations
Shipwrecks in the Persian Gulf
Maritime incidents in 1987
Vessels captured by the United States Navy
Iran–Iraq War naval ships of Iran
Scuttled vessels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%20Ajr |
Zhaoxian or Zhao Xian may refer to:
Zhao County (), Hebei, China
Zhaoxian (Taoism) (), "illuminated immortals", who achieve transcendence through constant periods of thought and recollection
People with the name Zhaoxian or Zhao Xian include:
Bi Gui (died 249), courtesy name Zhaoxian (), official of the state of Cao Wei
Emperor Wenzong of Tang (809–840), posthumous name Emperor Zhaoxian ()
Empress Dowager Du (–961), posthumous name Empress Dowager Zhaoxian (), mother of Emperor Taizu of Song
Emperor Gong of Song (1271–1323), personal name Zhao Xian ()
See also
King Zhaoxiang of Qin (; 325–251 BC) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhaoxian |
Michael Dokeianos (), erroneously called Doukeianos by some modern writers, was a Byzantine nobleman and military leader, who married into the Komnenos family. He was active in Sicily under George Maniakes before going to Southern Italy as Catepan of Italy in 1040–41. He was recalled after being twice defeated in battle during the Lombard-Norman revolt of 1041, a decisive moment in the eventual Norman conquest of southern Italy. He is next recorded in 1050, fighting against a Pecheneg raid in Thrace. He was captured during battle but managed to maim the Pecheneg leader, after which he was put to death and mutilated.
Biography
The family name of Dokeianos is considered to derive from Dok[e]ia in the Armeniac Theme. The family only came into prominence in the mid-11th century, with Michael one of the first to be mentioned. He is generally considered as the Dokeianos who married an unnamed daughter of Manuel Erotikos Komnenos and sister of the future emperor Isaac I Komnenos (reigned 1057–59), probably ca. 1030. Together, they had a son, Theodore Dokeianos. According to the near-contemporary official and historian John Skylitzes, Michael Dokeianos was a simple man and not suited for command, and according to the modern scholar Konstantinos Varzos he owed his rise to high office to his family ties with the Komnenoi. It is known that he was wealthy, and possessed estates in Paphlagonia, possibly adjacent or part of the Komnenos family estates in the same region.
In Italy
Michael Dokeianos is first mentioned in 1040, as protospatharios and doux, when he was sent to southern Italy to assume command of the local Byzantine province as Catepan of Italy. Prior to that, he was apparently a member of George Maniakes' expeditionary force sent to conquer Sicily in 1038. Dokeianos arrived in the mainland in November 1040, and the situation he found was critical: his predecessor Nikephoros Dokeianos, probably a relative, had been killed in January at Ascoli in a mutiny of his troops, which was followed by a revolt in Taranto and the capture of the capital, Bari, by Argyrus, son of the Lombard leader Melus. Dokeianos hanged or blinded the ringleaders of the various revolts, but he failed to address the underlying cause, the widespread resentment at the oppressive taxation imposed by the Empire as part of the preparations for the Sicilian expedition under Maniakes. Dokeianos also offered the rule of strategic fortress of Melfi to the Milanese mercenary Arduin, with the title of topoteretes. Arduin had served under previous Byzantine commanders as part of a Norman contingent, but had been flogged in a dispute about the distribution of booty taken from the Muslims in Sicily (William of Apulia claims this was done by Dokeianos, but it is possible that it was done by one of his predecessors, perhaps George Maniakes). Arduin's grudge against the Byzantines now bore fruit. He sought the aid of the Normans who had been established at nearby Aversa since 1030, and received a contingent of 300 men, upon a promise to share his gains equally with them. Thus in March 1041 he and his men seized Melfi. The inhabitants initially opposed him, but eventually were won over by Arduin.
The rebels quickly extended their control over the neighbouring towns of Venosa, Ascoli, and Lavello. Dokeianos, who had just reimposed order in Bari and the surrounding region, marched to meet them with a hastily assembled and incomplete force: most of the imperial army was still in Sicily, so that Skylitzes writes that Dokeianos only took the Opsician and part of the Thracesian contingents with him, while other sources also add that his army comprised elements of the Varangian Guard. The two armies met at the Olivento river, where Dokeianos was defeated in a battle fought on 17 March. The rebels then moved south towards the coast, and on 4 May defeated another Byzantine force under Dokeianos in another battle near Cannae, a field that had served as the site for the famous battle of 216 BC and the first Norman engagement in southern Italy in 1018. The Annales Barenses claims, with obvious exaggeration, that 2,000 Normans defeated 18,000 Byzantines, but whatever the true numbers it does appear that the Byzantines considerably outnumbered the rebel forces. Dokeianos himself fell from his horse during the battle and was almost captured, until rescued by a squire. In the aftermath of the battle, both sides remained quiescent. The Lombards and Normans were probably exhausted and may have suffered heavy casualties, while the Byzantines regrouped: Dokeianos was recalled and replaced by Exaugustus Boioannes, while the garrisons in Sicily were withdrawn to the Italian mainland to face the rebel threat.
The withdrawal of the imperial forces from Sicily resulted in the rapid collapse of the imperial position there. Under Maniakes, the Byzantines had conquered the eastern portion of the island, but by 1042, only Messina remained in Byzantine hands. On the mainland, Boioannes did not fare better than his predecessor, as he was defeated and taken prisoner at the Battle of Montepeloso in September. This succession of defeats signalled the beginning of the end for Byzantine rule in southern Italy, a process which was completed three decades later with the fall of Bari to the Normans under Robert Guiscard.
In Thrace
Dokeianos re-appears in 1050, when he held the titles of patrikios and vestarches, as part of an imperial expedition against the Pechenegs who raided Thrace. The imperial commander-in-chief, the eunuch praipositos Constantine, a militarily inexperienced court favourite of Emperor Constantine IX (r. 1042–55), listened to his advice on fortifying the army's encampment, but when the Pechenegs appeared before Adrianople, he refused to heed the opinion of the magistros Constantine Arianites to wait and attack the Pechenegs on their return journey, and instead marched to meet them in the open field of Basilike Libas, resulting in a devastating defeat: Arianites fell, while Dokeianos was taken prisoner. As he was brought before the Pecheneg leader, however, Dokeianos seized a sword from one of his guards and slashed at the leader, cutting off one of his arms, whereupon the enraged Pechenegs killed him and, according to Michael Attaleiates, opened his belly, cut off his arms and legs and placed them in it.
References
Sources
1050 deaths
11th-century catepans of Italy
Byzantine prisoners of war
Executed Byzantine people
Patricii
Year of birth unknown
Vestarchai
Protospatharioi
People of the Byzantine–Norman wars
Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Pecheneg wars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Dokeianos |
Rasul Makasharipov (; 1972 – July 6, 2005), nicknamed Muslim and also known as Emir Rasul, was a Dagestani Islamist leader in southern Russia. He was the founder of the militant group Dzhennet and later created the rebel group Shariat Jamaat, which sought to unite Caucasian Muslims under Islamic rule and later became part of the Caucasian Front.
Biography
Rasul Makasharipov was a native of Dagestan's south-western Tsumadinsky District, bordering Chechnya and inhabited by Caucasian Avars. In 1997 his father expelled him from the house and he moved to Chechnya, where he became an Avar interpreter of Arab warlord Khattab and the rogue Chechen field commander Shamil Basayev during their abortive Invasion of Dagestan in 1999. Makasharipov surrendered to Dagestani authorities in 2000, but was released under an amnesty a year later.
Within a year he began assembling his own organization, finding willing recruits from young Dagestanis who had suffered at the hands of the police. According to one of his followers, "Makasharipov spoke about the necessity to stop persecution and humiliation of Muslims in Dagestan. He said this could be done by killing policemen." (The Moscow Times, March 15, 2005) The organization became known as the Dzhennet (Arabic: Paradise) group and soon started assassinating high-ranking police officials, investigators and prosecutors; the group was destroyed by the Russian crackdown in 2002, with Makasharipov being reportedly the sole survivor who remained free.
The same year, Makasharipov found his new group, the Shariat Jamaat, which in May 2005 became part of the Caucasian Front established by the new President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Abdul-Halim Sadulayev after the death of Aslan Maskhadov. On January 15, 2005, the FSB reported his death in an attack on a Jamaat safehouse, but Makasharipov surfaced four days later to refute these claims. Makasharipov was eventually killed in a shootout with Russian troops on July 6, 2005; his deputy Rappani Khalilov became his successor as the leader of the Shariat Jamaat.
References
1972 births
2005 deaths
Chechen Islamists
People from Tsumadinsky District
Avar people
Russian Sunni Muslims
Russian Islamists
Caucasian Front (militant group)
People of the Chechen wars
Deaths by firearm in Russia
Leaders of Islamic terror groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasul%20Makasharipov |
Pencey Prep was an American punk rock band from Belleville, New Jersey.
Background
Before Pencey Prep, two of the members played in local punk bands; Frank Iero from Sector 12 and Neil Sabatino from Stick Figure Suicide. While a student at Rutgers University, Iero was the guitarist and lead vocalist for Pencey Prep. Along with their label-mates Thursday, Pencey Prep was considered part of New Jersey's growing post-hardcore and punk scene, and in 2001, they signed with Eyeball Records. They performed multiple times alongside Nada Surf and one-off shows with Atom & His Package, The Strokes, and New Found Glory among others at New Jersey's 1st Surf and Skate Festival in Asbury Park, NJ. Pencey Prep released their only full-length album Heartbreak in Stereo in 2001 and was released by Eyeball Records. Low attendance during a three-week tour in the Midwest United States and fighting within the band led to the band's demise and by May 2002 the members parted ways.
According to the band's Myspace page, the name is taken from the book The Catcher in the Rye; Pencey Prep was the name of the school that the main character Holden was expelled from.
After Pencey Prep
Sabatino left Pencey Prep in 2001 and started Fairmont, originally a solo acoustic project; however, McGuire joined on bass shortly afterward. Looking back at the early days of Fairmont, Sabatino notes he "wanted it to be my former band Pencey Prep, I built the band up to being a five-piece with two guitars, keyboards, bass, drums, vocals, and a screamer. That lineup lasted very briefly[;] I had felt in a way that I was [...] trying to write heavy music just to fit in with the rest of the New Jersey scene of the time." From 2004–2007, McGuire played in Fairmont with Sabatino after reconciling and in 2007, McGuire joined Iero as touring bass player of the hardcore band Leathermouth.
Shortly after their 2002 release with Eyeball Records, Pencey Prep disbanded and Iero began playing with the bands I Am A Graveyard and Give Up The Ghost, before landing a spot as rhythm guitarist with My Chemical Romance. He joined My Chemical Romance days before they began recording their 2002 debut album I Brought You My Bullets, You Brought Me Your Love, also released under Eyeball Records. The experience Iero gained from playing live with Pencey Prep, according to Laura La Bella's biography My Chemical Romance "bec[a]me invaluable when the band eventually booked live shows other than basement parties." Keyboardist Simon went on to tour with My Chemical Romance, as well as co-author the 2013 comic-book series The True Lives of the Fabulous Killjoys with Gerard Way.
Members
Tim Hagevik – drums (1999–2002)
Frank Iero – lead vocals (2000–2002), guitars, backing vocals (1999–2002)
John McGuire – bass, backing vocals (1999–2002)
Shaun Simon – keyboards, moog (1999–2002)
Neil Sabatino – guitars, backing vocals (2000–2001)
Bruno Rocha – lead vocals (1999–2000)
Discography
Albums
Heartbreak in Stereo (2001/2007, Eyeball Records, 2020/2021 Mint 400 Records & B.Calm Press)
Singles
...Trying to Escape the Inevitable. (2000, Riversideriot)
Long Walk to Forever (2000, Self-Released)
List of songs recorded by Pencey Prep
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Musical groups established in 1998
Musical groups disestablished in 2002
Musical groups from New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencey%20Prep |
Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are stem cells found near the periodontal ligament of the teeth. PDLSCs have shown potential in the regeneration of not only the periodontal complex but also other dental and non-dental tissues. They are involved in adult regeneration of the periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and cementum. The cells are known to express STRO-1 and CD146 proteins.
PDLSCs play a role as progenitor cells. They are capable of generating into into osteoblasts, cementoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes.
References
Tissues (biology) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodontal%20ligament%20stem%20cells |
The West Zone cricket team is a first-class cricket team that represents western India in the Duleep Trophy and Deodhar Trophy. It is a composite team of players from five first-class Indian teams from western India competing in the Ranji Trophy: Baroda, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Mumbai and Saurashtra. West Zone has the best track record of all the zones in the Duleep Trophy, as they have won the Trophy 17 times, similar to North Zone. This included four consecutive titles from 1961-62 through to the 1964-65 season, although the third of these were shared with South Zone. Playing against South Zone at the Rajiv Gandhi Stadium in the 2009-10 Duleep Trophy final, West Zone set a new first-class record for the highest fourth innings total to win a match, scoring 541-7.
Current squad
Players with international caps are listed in bold. Updated as on 26 July 2023
Famous players from West Zone
Ajit Agarkar
Sairaj Bahutule
Sunil Gavaskar
Vijay Hazare
Wasim Jaffer
Vinod Kambli
Saurabh Chauhan
Vinoo Mankad
Vijay Merchant
Nayan Mongia
Parthiv Patel
Irfan Pathan
Yusuf Pathan
Rohit Sharma
Sachin Tendulkar
Zaheer Khan
Dilip Vengsarkar
Ravi Shastri
Ajinkya Rahane
Kedar Jadhav
Hardik Pandya
Krunal Pandya
Jasprit Bumrah
References
External links
West Zone at CricketArchive
Indian first-class cricket teams | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Zone%20cricket%20team |
I-Logix was a leading provider of Collaborative Model driven development (MDD) solutions for systems design through software development focused on real-time embedded applications. Founded in 1987, the Andover, Massachusetts-based company product line enhanced collaboration among engineers, graphically modeling the requirements, behavior, and functionality of embedded systems. In addition, I-Logix was a member of the UML Partners, a group devoted to the development of the Unified Modeling Language (UML).
History
I-Logix was founded in Israel as AdCad Ltd. in April 1984 by David Harel, Amir Pnueli and brothers Ido and Hagi Lachover to develop and commercialize a tool to support statecharts and their execution. This was based on work done by David Harel at the Weizmann Institute of Science, working as a consultant for the Lavi Aircraft project, which was being developed at the time by Israel Aerospace Industries. Specifically, Harel was hired to help develop a solution for clearly designing and defining the aircraft's avionics systems and came up with the concept of statecharts and a tool to support their development.
In 1986, the company completed the development of a software tool for statecharts called Statemate. At the heart of a Statemate model was a functional decomposition controlled by statecharts. The user could draw the statecharts and the model's other artifacts, could check and analyze them, could produce documents from them, and could manage their configurations and versions. Additionally, Statemate could fully execute statecharts. The tool could also generate from them, automatically, executable code; first in the Ada programming language and later also in the C programming language.
In 1987, the company was re-formed as a US entity, called I-Logix Inc., and AdCad Ltd. became its R&D branch, renamed as I-Logix Israel, Ltd.
In 1996, I-Logix released Rhapsody, a tool that, unlike Statemate (which is not object-oriented and is intended more for systems people and for mixed hardware/software systems), is object-oriented and is intended more for software systems.
In December 1999, I-Logix raised $10 million in funding from North Bridge Venture Partners and Deutsche Telekom to develop new worldwide sales channels.
In 2001, I-Logix acquired the iNOTION product life-cycle management (PLM) technology from KLA-Tencor.
During the 2000s, the company's sales grew quickly and it became a leader in the Embedded Systems and Software Development tools market; winning customers such as General Motors, Lockheed Martin (who uses the I-Logix tools in the Joint Strike Fighter F-35 program) and BAE Systems (who uses the I-Logix tools in the Eurofighter Typhoon program).
In March 2006, the company was acquired by Telelogic AB for $80 million and integrated as a business unit for embedded modeling, the I-Logix name ceasing to exist. In turn, Telelogic AB accepted IBM's offer on April 3, 2008, its products becoming part of IBM's Rational Software unit.
In 2007 the team that developed Statemate won the ACM Software System Award as:
Products
Major examples of the tools I-Logix created before it was acquired are Statemate and Rhapsody (now IBM Rational Rhapsody), which both was and is still used by all major automotive and aerospace/defence manufacturers and suppliers. Currently under IBM management Statemate is not gaining new market, while Rhapsody tends to gain its position as a replacement.
See also
Model driven development
IBM Rational Rhapsody
References
Software companies based in Massachusetts
Software companies of Israel
Defunct software companies of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Logix |
The Predmestky Festival (also known as Festival de la Predmestky) is a free music and puppet festival held annually in the mountains of western North Carolina. Early prototypes of the festival in the mid 1980s were called the Doc Locke Rock Fest; in 1995 giant puppets were created for the festival, and an original puppet rock opera was added.
Festivals in North Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predmestky%20Festival |
Hutchinson Commons (also known as Hutchinson Hall) at the University of Chicago is modeled, nearly identically, on the hall of Christ Church, one of Oxford University's constituent colleges. The great room (or main dining room) measures 115 feet by 40 feet, and was for many years the principal site of convocations of the university. It is located in Chicago's Hyde Park community and is currently used as a dining hall and lounge for university students and professors. The building was donated to the University by the banker, philanthropist and university trustee and treasurer Charles L. Hutchinson through a donation of $60,000 (about $1.7 million in 2015) for the purpose.
Gallery
References
External links
Buildings and structures in Chicago
University of Chicago | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutchinson%20Commons |
The murder of Karmein Chan is an Australian child murder case in which a 13-year-old Chinese-Australian girl was abducted at knifepoint from her Templestowe, Victoria, home during the night of 13 April 1991. Karmein's body was discovered at Edgars Creek in the suburb of Thomastown on 9 April 1992; the prime suspect for her abduction and murder is an unidentified serial child rapist known as "Mr. Cruel", who had abducted and sexually assaulted a minimum of three prepubescent and adolescent girls in circumstances markedly similar to Karmein in the years prior to her abduction.
Investigators believe Karmein may have been killed by Mr Cruel because she had either seen her abductor's face, or because he feared the child could identify him.
The manhunt to identify and locate Karmein's abductor and murderer remains one of largest in Victoria history. Despite intense publicity and repeated efforts to identify and locate her killer, her murder remains unsolved.
Background
Childhood
Karmein was a Chinese-Australian citizen. She was born on 5 November 1977 in Australia, to parents who had separately migrated from Hong Kong to Melbourne the year prior to her birth. Her parents, John and Phyllis Chan, had become engaged shortly after their arrival in Australia when both were in their early twenties. Both parents held strong work ethics, and by the time Karmein entered her teenage years, the Chan family owned and operated a lucrative Chinese restaurant and a Chinese takeaway, with both parents regularly working up to eighteen hours per day.
Karmein was the eldest of three daughters born to the couple, with sisters Karly (b. 1981) and Karen (b. 1983) completing the family. She spent her early years living in the suburb of Bulleen before the family relocated to Serpells Road in the suburb of Templestowe. All three sisters received a private education at the prestigious Presbyterian Ladies' College and her parents ensured all three of their daughters were fluent in both Chinese and English, with Chinese being the language predominantly — though not exclusively — used within the household.
By 1991, Karmein was a year-eight student at Presbyterian Ladies' College, where she was known as a bright and diligent student with ambitions to become a barrister. At the time of her abduction she was recuperating from a bout of glandular fever, from which she had largely recovered by mid-April.
13 April 1991
On the morning of 13 April 1991, Chan attended her regular Saturday tennis lessons at the Camberwell Tennis Centre in Balwyn North, where she had begun lessons the previous year. Her mother later drove her daughter to the Bulleen Plaza shopping centre, where the two ate breakfast. That afternoon, friends of the family drove Karmein and her sisters to the Lower Plenty Chinese takeaway their parents operated, where the sisters ate an afternoon meal with their mother before an employee drove the sisters home at approximately 6:30 p.m. The sisters spent approximately one hour at home with their father before he left to attend to business needs at the Lower Plenty takeaway, just ten minutes' drive from their home.
According to Karly and Karen, their sister then read stories to them before all three sisters watched a "television special" about Marilyn Monroe in Karmein's bedroom.
Kidnapping
At approximately 8:40 p.m., Karmein and Karly encountered a man dressed in a green tracksuit and wearing either a dark blue or dark green balaclava wielding a large knife in the family hallway; this individual informed the girls: "See this knife? Where's your mum and dad?" Both were forced into the bedroom at knifepoint, where the intruder discovered Karen hunched and whimpering behind the bedroom door. All three sisters were threatened with the knife before the intruder bound and gagged the two younger girls before forcing them into a wardrobe as he held Karmein by her hair, saying to the younger sisters, "I won't hurt you." This individual then barricaded the wardrobe with a bed before fleeing with Karmein, who was barefoot and wearing only a white floral nightdress and underwear, at approximately 9:30 p.m.
Investigators later determined Karmein was led across the family garden and tennis court, through a security gate and onto Serpells Road, where she was almost certainly forced into an unknown vehicle parked close to the family home.
Shortly thereafter, the younger Chan sisters freed themselves from their bindings and the wardrobe before phoning their father to report their ordeal and Karmein's kidnapping. This call was made at approximately 9:45 p.m., with Karly blurting to her father Karmein was missing. Their father rushed home to discover Karly and Karen cowering in the laundry room; he briefly searched the house for his oldest daughter before reporting her kidnapping to police, who arrived at the home within minutes.
Investigation
The Victoria Police launched an intense search to locate Karmein. All available resources were devoted to the manhunt, with numerous officers assigned full-time to locate the child. The search involved 160 police officers conducting house-to-house inquiries across eastern Melbourne in the hope of obtaining eyewitnesses, the search of nearby properties and locations of interest, and the questioning of all known sex offenders within Victoria and New South Wales by detectives trained to investigate sexual crimes against minors. Search and rescue dogs were also used in ground level searches and although the sniffer dogs did detect the scent of Karmein's abductor at her home, the trail he had taken with the child ended at a vacant block just 300 metres from the family home on nearby Church Road, suggesting he had bundled Karmein into a vehicle very close to her home.
An examination of the crime scene revealed that prior to entering the Chan household, the abductor had tampered with the electronically operated security gate to gain access to the property and either immediately before entering the Chan household to kidnap Karmein, or upon fleeing with the child, her abductor spray-painted "Asian drug dealer!", "Payback" and either "More and more to come" or "More anon. More to come" on the family's Toyota Camry in the front yard. No ransom demand was left at the household and although the family lived in a lavish A$1,000,000 home, no money or valuables had been stolen. Karmein's parents made several emotional televised pleas for their daughter's safe return—ultimately to no avail.
FBI profile
Within days of Karmein's abduction, Victoria Police contacted the FBI to request a psychological profile of her abductor. This profile was received on 24 April, and determined the individual most likely lived or worked close to the location of Karmein's abduction, worked either within a school or in a profession requiring frequent contact with educational academies, and that he would be diligent within his employment—having likely received awards of recognition for his achievements and/or performance. The individual would have created and retained pornographic material pertaining to his attacks which he would regard as of "great personal significance" to himself and, although regarded by neighbours and acquaintances as a polite and respectable — if somewhat introverted — individual, would have exhibited marked changes in his behaviour immediately following his abductions including "uncharacteristic" alcohol abuse and poor work attendance/performance in addition to a possible piqued religious interest.
Had this individual been in a relationship, the profile indicated his partner would have been aware of elements of his sexual dysfunction including avid pornography usage and a requirement for his partner to dress as or imitate a schoolgirl in periods of intimacy.
Prime suspect
The location of Karmein's abduction, the victim profile, the description of the abductor's clothing, and the modus operandi surrounding her abduction led police to rapidly link the abduction to a serial sex offender linked to several kidnappings and sexual assaults of girls in the suburbs of Melbourne known in the media as Mr Cruel, who is known to have taken extreme measures to both conceal his identity in the commission of his crimes and to avoid leaving forensic evidence at his crime scenes. This link was released to the media twenty-four hours after the commission of the abduction, with investigators also rapidly determining the graffiti left by the abductor upon one of the family vehicles had likely been an attempt to distract police attention from this true motive for kidnapping Karmein.
Mr Cruel
Prior to Karmein's abduction, Victoria Police had actively investigated the abduction and sexual assault of several prepubescent and adolescent girls between 1987 and 1990 linked to Mr Cruel, an offender who invariably struck on school holidays and who subjected his victims to repeated sexual assaults throughout their captivity but who had invariably released each of his victims after their abuse. This individual is believed to have been aged between 30 and 50 years old, between and (), of medium build, with fair or sandy hair and with a "small pot belly".
The degree of planning this perpetrator evidently devoted to the commission of his crimes suggested to investigators he had observed the movements and habits of his victim and her family for days or weeks prior to committing his abduction. This theory was corroborated by police reports received from several of the Chans' neighbours of a man in a parked sedan they had observed watching the bus stop close to the Chan household which Karmein invariably used to travel to and from her private school on successive mornings in the weeks prior to her abduction. The investigation to identify and apprehend this individual by Victoria Police was given the name Operation Challenge, although the day before Karmein's abduction, police had begun scaling down their investigation.
As prior to the abduction, Mr Cruel had invariably released his victims after up to fifty hours of captivity, detectives initially remained optimistic that Karmein would be released.
Spectrum Task Force
On 6 May 1991, 23 days after Karmein's abduction, Victoria Police formed the Spectrum Task Force to investigate her abduction; this task force subsumed the previous crimes investigated by Operation Challenge. Forty investigators were assigned full-time to the task force, and a reward of A$100,000 was also offered for information leading to her safe recovery and the apprehension of the offender. More than 10,000 public tips were received, 30,000 homes searched and 27,000 people — including doctors, teachers, journalists and policemen — interviewed. All leads of inquiry failed to bear fruition and by June 1991 — the reward sum by this stage having increased to A$300,000 for the apprehension of Mr Cruel — Karmein's mother had begun practicing a Chinese custom of standing at her front gate every midnight and ringing bells as she called her daughter's name in the hope her eldest child would return home.
Discovery
On 9 April 1992, Karmein's body was found in a section of wasteland close to the intersection of Mahoneys Road and High Street at Edgars Creek in the suburb of Thomastown by a man walking his dog. Her body was identified via DNA analysis and an autopsy revealed the child had died of three bullet wounds to the back of the head and that her body had lain at the site of her discovery for approximately twelve months.
Shortly after Karmein's identity was confirmed, her mother and sisters conducted a Buddhist ceremony at the site where her body was found.
Ongoing investigation
The Spectrum Task Force continued to investigate Karmein's abduction and murder for over two years following the discovery of her body. Public appeals for information yielded ample information, and the task force ultimately investigated over 10,000 public tips and searched over 30,000 properties. Seventy-three individuals were also arrested on suspicion of Karmein's murder, although all were ultimately cleared of involvement.
On 31 January 1994, the Spectrum Task Force was disbanded, although the investigation into Karmein's murder remained open.
Aftermath
Karmein Chan was laid to rest on 16 May 1992 following a service at the Bulleen Baptist Church officiated by the Reverend Bill McFarlane. Her funeral was attended by over eight hundred mourners, including pupils and teachers from the Presbyterian Ladies' College and all members of the Spectrum Task Force assigned to capture her murderer.
A 1997 inquest into Karmein's death ruled that the child met her death through foul play, but was unable to identify the person or persons responsible for her death. At the conclusion of the inquest, Karmein's mother publicly appealed for her daughter's murderer to give himself up, stating her primary concern is the safety of young girls "wherever [they] may be, and especially in their homes."
The offender was never brought to justice and is not known to have kidnapped or assaulted any further victims. A small number of detectives hold doubts as to whether Karmein was actually a victim of Mr Cruel—referencing the execution-style method of her murder as being indicative of a crime of retribution as opposed to a sexually motivated murder.
The case remains open, with cold case detectives regularly reviewing the investigation. On the 25th anniversary of Karmein's abduction and murder, a spokesman for the Victoria Police announced that the reward for information leading to the identity and conviction of her murderer had increased from the original sum of A$100,000 to A$1,000,000. A separate A$200,000 reward relating to the abductions and non-fatal assaults committed by Mr Cruel also remains in existence.
See also
Cold case
Crime in Victoria
List of kidnappings
List of solved missing person cases
Lists of unsolved murders
Notes
References
Cited works and further reading
External links
29 April 1991 news article pertaining to the abduction of Karmein Chan
Contemporary news article pertaining to the funeral of Karmein Chan
15 February 1993 news article detailing the ongoing hunt for Mr Cruel
Whoismrcruel.com: A website devoted to identifying the likely perpetrator of Karmein's abduction and murder
1977 births
1990s missing person cases
1991 deaths
1991 murders in Australia
April 1991 events
Child abduction
Child safety
Crime in Australia
Criminals from Melbourne
Deaths by firearm in Victoria (state)
Deaths by person in Australia
Female murder victims
Formerly missing people
Incidents of violence against girls
Kidnapped Australian children
Missing person cases in Australia
Murder in Victoria (state)
Unidentified rapists
Unsolved murders in Australia
Violence against children | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%20of%20Karmein%20Chan |
Lafayette County High School is an accredited comprehensive public high school located in Stamps, Arkansas, United States. The school provides secondary education in grades 7 through 12 for approximately of rural, distant communities of eastern Lafayette County, Arkansas, including Buckner, Falcon, Lewisville, Stamps and surrounding area. It is one of two public high schools in Lafayette County and the sole high school administered by the Lafayette County School District.
As of 2003, Lafayette County High School had over 900 students, and 45 instructors. Lafayette County has earned distinctions in Ingram's Magazine out of Kansas City for being the top 15 schools in the Texarkana area in average ACT composite scores.
Academics
Lafayette High School is a Title I school that is accredited by the ADE and has been accredited by AdvancED since 1931.
Curriculum
The assumed course of study follows the Smart Core curriculum developed by the Arkansas Department of Education (ADE), which requires students complete at least 24 units prior to graduation. Students complete regular coursework and exams and may take Advanced Placement (AP) courses and exam with the opportunity to receive college credit.
Students have participated in Academic Competitions, NASA's Great Moonbuggy Race, Speech and Debate.
Athletics
The Lafayette County High School mascot is the cougar with navy blue and silver serving as the school colors.
The Lafayette County Cougars compete in interscholastic activities within the 2A Classification, the state's 2nd smallest classification administered by the Arkansas Activities Association. The Cougars play within the 2A Region 7 Conference for football and the 2A Region 7 East Conference for basketball.
The Cougars fields junior varsity and varsity teams in golf (boys/girls), volleyball, basketball (boys/girls), tennis (boys/girls), track and field (boys/girls), baseball, and softball, along with cheer and dance.
School shootings
On January 7, 1980, 16-year-old Evan Hampton, high school freshman student at Stamps High School, waited in a classroom for 19-year-old student Mike Sanders, whom he immediately killed. Hampton went to the principal's office, turned in the gun and waited for his arrest by police. He was convicted of first degree murder, sentenced to 20 years and was released after only serving four.
On December 15, 1997, 14-year old Joseph "Colt" Todd shot two students with a .22-caliber rifle as he hid in the woods outside of campus. He told law enforcement that he was tired of getting bullied, 17-year old Grover Henderson and 15-year old LaTisia Finley survived. and he was sentenced to five years in prison with 2 1/2 years suspended.
References
External links
Public high schools in Arkansas
Public middle schools in Arkansas
Schools in Lafayette County, Arkansas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette%20County%20High%20School%20%28Arkansas%29 |
Kibbles 'n Bits is a brand name for dog food that The J.M. Smucker Co. decided to include among the pet food brands sold to Post Holdings. On April 28, 2023, PH announced that it had completed the acquisition of Kibbles 'n Bits, which is now marketed by Post Consumer Brands.
History
The brand was originally created in 1981 as the first dual textured dog food, having soft chewy pieces as well as hard crunchy ones. It was developed by Quaker Oats as part of their Ken'l Ration brand.
In 1983, more bits ingredients were added to the dog food and the brand was renamed "Kibbles 'n Bits 'n Bits 'n Bits." The addition of more bits and popular ads increased sales by double their estimates.
In 1995, Kibbles 'n Bits was acquired by the H.J. Heinz Company, which in turn sold their pet food division to Del Monte Foods later on. The Lawrence, Kansas plant produces around 1.7 million pounds a day, 9.9 million pounds a week and around 497 million pounds of Kibbles 'n Bits dog food a year.
The J.M. Smucker Co. took control of Kibbles 'n Bits in 2015, when it acquired the company that marketed it, Big Heart Pet Brands. In 2023, the brand was acquired by Post Holdings, Inc. and started to be marketed by Post Consumer Brands.
Kibbles 'n Bits was among several brands recalled in February 2018 due to FDA findings of sodium pentobarbital, a drug used in euthanasia.
References
External links
Products introduced in 1981
Dog food brands
1981 establishments in the United States
2023 mergers and acquisitions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibbles%20%27n%20Bits |
Volosovsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the seventeen in Leningrad Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast with Lomonosovsky District in the north, Gatchinsky District in the east, Luzhsky District in the south, Slantsevsky District in the southwest, and Kingiseppsky District in the northwest. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Volosovo. Population: 48,128 (2002 Census); The population of Volosovo accounts for 24.6% of the district's total population.
Geography
The area of the district is basically flat. Much of the area belongs to the drainage basin of the Luga River. The Luga itself forms the southern border of the district. Rivers in the minor areas in the north of the district drain into other tributaries of the Gulf of Finland. The biggest such tributary in the area of the district is the Sista.
History
Originally, the area of the district was populated by Finnic peoples, eventually, the Slavs began arriving. After the 9th century, the area was dependent on the Novgorod Republic. From the 15th century, it was annexed together with all Novgorod Lands by the Grand Duchy of Moscow; it belonged to the Vodskaya pyatina, one of the five pyatinas of Novgorod Lands. The area was constantly at the frontier and became the battleground between Germans and Swedes, on one side, and Russians, on the other side. In 1617, according to the Treaty of Stolbovo, the west of the area was transferred to Sweden, and in 1703, during the Great Northern War, it was conquered back by Russia.
In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great, the area was included into Ingermanland Governorate (known since 1710 as Saint Petersburg Governorate). It was later split between Yamburgsky and Petergofsky Uyezds. The governorate was renamed Petrograd in 1914 and Leningrad in 1924. In May 1922, Yamburgsky Uyezd was renamed Kingiseppsky. On February 14, 1923 Petergofsky Uyezd was merged with Detskoselsky Uyezd to form Gatchinsky Uyezd, with the administrative center located in Gatchina. On February 14, 1923 Gatchina was renamed Trotsk, and Gatchinsky Uyezd was renamed Trotsky Uyezd, after Leon Trotsky.
On August 1, 1927, the uyezds were abolished and Volosovsky District, with the administrative center in the settlement of Volosovo, was established. The governorates were also abolished, and the district was a part of Leningrad Okrug of Leningrad Oblast. It included parts of former Trotsky and Kingiseppsky Uyezds. On April 20, 1930 Kikerino was granted urban-type settlement status, and Volosovo became a suburban settlement. On July 23, 1930, the okrugs were abolished as well, and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast. On July 5, 1937 Volosovo was made an urban-type settlement. Between August 1941 and January 1944, during World War II, the district was occupied by German troops. On February 1, 1963 Volosovsky District was abolished and merged into Kingiseppsky District; on January 13, 1965 it was reestablished. It remained the last district of Leningrad Oblast with the administrative center not having the town status until April 14, 1999, when Volosovo was granted town status. On June 29, 2004 Kikerino was downgraded to a rural locality.
On August 1, 1927 Osminsky District with the administrative center in the selo of Osmino was established as well. It was a part of Luga Okrug of Leningrad Oblast. It included areas which were previously parts of Gdovsky, Luzhsky, and Kingiseppsky Uyezds. On July 23, 1930, the okrugs were abolished, and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast. Between March 22, 1935 and September 19, 1940, Osminsky District was a part of Kingisepp Okrug of Leningrad Oblast, one of the okrugs abutting the state boundaries of the Soviet Union. Between August 1941, and February 1944, Osminsky District was occupied by German troops. On August 2, 1961 Osminsky District was abolished and split between Slantsevsky and Volosovsky Districts. After the abortive administrative reform of the 1960s, its territory became split between Slantsevsky, Volosovsky, Luzhsky, and Kingiseppsky Districts.
Another district created on August 1, 1927 was Moloskovitsky District with the administrative center in the village of Moloskovitsy. It was a part of Leningrad Okrug of Leningrad Oblast and included areas which were previously part of Kingiseppsky Uyezd. On September 20, 1931 Moloskovitsky District was abolished and merged into Volosovsky District.
Economy
Industry
Timber industry is an important branch of economy of the district. Additionally, there are a limestone plant and a road metal plant, as well as the Gorn porcelain and ceramic works, a dairy mill, and Russia's leading mixed feed mill — the Agrofirma Volosovo.
Agriculture
The main agricultural specializations of the district are dairy farming, potato growing, and perennial herbs seed production.
Transportation
The railway connecting Saint Petersburg (Baltiysky railway station) with Tallinn via Narva crosses the district from east to west. The principal stations within the district are Volosovo and Kikerino.
The A180 highway, connecting Saint Petersburg and Ivangorod, crosses the northern part of the district. It coincides with the European route E20 connecting Saint Petersburg via Tallinn with Shannon Airport. Volosovo has access to M11, and is also connected by roads with Gatchina and Kingisepp. There are local roads as well.
Culture and recreation
The district contains eight cultural heritage monuments of federal significance and additionally 155 objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance. The federal monuments are the ensemble of postal station in the village of Chirkovitsy, the estate in the village of Kaskovo, as well as the pole in the village of Yablonitsy which lists the population of the village as of the 1870s.
The estate of the Russian artist and philosopher, Nicholas Roerich, was located in the village of Izvara. It is currently preserved as a museum and is the only state museum in the district.
References
Notes
Sources
Districts of Leningrad Oblast
States and territories established in 1927
States and territories disestablished in 1963
States and territories established in 1965 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volosovsky%20District |
S. Mark Young is a professor and writer focused on management accounting and control, particularly in relation to the entertainment industry. He was born in Sydney, Australia and attended Homebush Primary and High Schools. After he and his family moved to the United States, he graduated from Thomas Worthington High School. He holds an A.B. degree in Economics from Oberlin College, a Master's of Accounting degree from The Ohio State University, and holds a Ph.D. in Accounting from the University of Pittsburgh.
Young holds the George Bozanic and Holman G. Hurt Chair in Sports and Entertainment Business at the Marshall School of Business, University of Southern California. He is a Professor of Accounting at the Leventhal School of Accounting, also part of the Marshall School of Business, and holds courtesy appointments as a Professor of Journalism and Communication at USC Annenberg School for Journalism and Communication, and as a Professor of Management and Organization at the Marshall School. Young also serves as an instructor in management accounting for USC's Masters of Business for Veterans and USC's Executive MBA Programs.
Young is recognized as a Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Excellence in Teaching at USC, and received the Mellon Foundation Mentoring Award. In 2020, the Management Accounting Section of the American Accounting Association honored him with the Lifetime Achievement Award in Management Accounting.
As an avid high school and college tennis player, Young also serves as the Official Historian for USC Men's Tennis Team. Recently, Young published Trojan Tennis: A History of the Storied Men's Tennis Team at the University of Southern California (New Chapter Books, 2018).
Young has also done research on popular culture, which led to a collaboration with Mike Richardson and Steve Duin (columnist for The Oregonian newspaper), on Blast Off! Rockets, Robots, Ray Guns and Rarities from the Golden Age of Space Toys (Dark Horse Books, 2001). The book is a history of the role and influence of space toys on society through the late 1950s. Blast Off! has been used as a reference for sci-fi movies including Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow.
In October 2006, Young and Loveline 's Dr. Drew Pinsky published a study entitled Narcissism and Celebrity in the Journal of Research in Personality. This paper was the first to directly gather actual data from celebrities. The study was included as part of the New York Times Magazine's special issue, The Year in Ideas for 2006. In 2009, Young and Pinsky's book, The Mirror Effect: How Celebrity Narcissism is Seducing America, was published by Harper Collins (New York). The Mirror Effect describes the process by which the narcissistic behaviors of celebrities have become normalized by modern media, and the presumed impact of this rising narcissism on today's youth.
References
External links
S. Mark Young at USC's Marshall School of Business
Living people
Oberlin College alumni
University of Southern California faculty
Academics from Sydney
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.%20Mark%20Young |
Lilith's Brood is a collection of three works by Octavia E. Butler. The three volumes of this science fiction series (Dawn, Adulthood Rites, and Imago) were previously collected in the now out-of-print omnibus edition Xenogenesis. The collection was first published under the current title of Lilith's Brood in 2000.
Synopsis
Dawn (1987)
The first novel in the trilogy, Dawn, begins with Lilith Iyapo, a black human woman, alone in what seems like a prison cell. She has memories of this happening before, with an enigmatic voice that asks strange questions. She has no idea who this is or what they want. She remembers a nuclear war and an earlier traffic accident in which her husband and child had been killed.
The truth emerges by stages. The same questions are asked. She is then visited by humanoid beings whose appearance terrifies her, even though they behave well. She learns that the nuclear war had left the Earth uninhabitable. Humans are all but extinct. The few survivors were plucked from the dying Earth by an alien race, the Oankali. Lilith has awakened 250 years after the war on a living Oankali ship.
At first, she is repulsed by the alienness of her saviors/captors. The Oankali have sensory tentacles all over their bodies, including locations of human sensory organs, with which they perceive the world differently than humans. Stranger still, the Oankali have three sexes: male, female, and Ooloi. Oankali have the ability to perceive genetic biochemistry, but the Ooloi manipulate genetic material to mutate other beings and build offspring from their mates' genetic material.
Lilith eventually bonds to Nikanj, an Ooloi. The Oankali have made Earth habitable and obtain Lilith's help in awakening and training humans to survive on the changed Earth. In exchange, the Oankali want to interbreed with the humans to blend the human and Oankali races, a biological imperative they compare to a human's need to breathe. They perceive the interbreeding as mutually beneficial; in particular, it will solve what the Oankali think is the humans' fatal combination of intelligence and hierarchical tendencies. They are particularly attracted to humans' "talent" for cancer, which they will use to reshape themselves. The humans rebel against Lilith and the proposed "gene trade," and kill Joseph, Lilith's new mate. This group is sent to Earth without her. Nikanj uses Joseph's collected DNA to impregnate Lilith with the first Oankali/human child.
Adulthood Rites (1988)
The second book, Adulthood Rites, takes place years after the end of Dawn. Humans and Oankali live together on Earth, but not in complete peace. Some humans have accepted the bargain and live with the Oankali, giving birth to hybrid children called "constructs." Others, however, have refused the bargain and live in separate, all-human, "resister" villages. The Ooloi have made all humans infertile, so the only children born are those made with Ooloi intervention. This creates a great deal of tension and strain as the humans consider their lives meaningless without reproduction, especially as they see themselves being outbred by the Oankali-human constructs. Desperate humans often steal human-looking construct children to raise as their own.
The main character of this book, Akin, is the first male construct born to a human mother (Lilith). Akin has more human in him than any construct before him. Adulthood Rites focuses on Akin's struggle with his human and Oankali heritage. As a human, he understands the desire to fight for the survival of humanity as an independent race. As an Oankali he understands that the combination of the species is necessary and that humans would destroy themselves again if left alone. Akin is kidnapped by the resisters as an infant, when the only evidence of his construct status is a tentacle-like tongue through which he samples his world in the Oankali manner of identifying DNA. The Oankali allow the resisters to keep him for a sustained period of time so that he might understand his human nature more fully, but at the cost of the connection to his paired sibling that would have happened had he stayed with his family. His isolation is hugely painful to them both, and he is taken to the orbiting ship to experience whatever healing he and his insufficiently-paired sibling can be granted. During that time, he travels around the ship with an Akjai, an Oankali who has no human DNA.
Through these experiences, he realizes that humans, too, need an Akjai group, and his conviction ultimately persuades the Oankali. Humans will be given Mars, modified sufficiently to (barely) support human existence, despite the Oankali certainty that the Mars colony will destroy itself eventually. Akin returns to tell the resisters and begin gathering them up to have their fertility restored before transport to their new world.
Imago (1989)
The final book of the trilogy, Imago, is the shortest and the only one written from the first-person perspective. Imago shows the reader what has been hinted at for the last two books: the full potential of the new human-Oankali hybrid species. The story is in the first person from the perspective of Jodahs, the first Ooloi construct, and a child of Lilith. Through its unique heritage, it has unlocked latent genetic potential of humans and Oankali.
Akin's proposal for a Mars colony in the previous book has been realized, providing an opportunity for humans who wish to live independently from the Oankali. Many humans have already migrated there, though the most hateful and barbaric of them still resist so that the Oankali render them unconscious and store them on the ship for genetic material.
Imago brings a sense of completeness to the three books, by allowing the reader to understand the Oankali better by understanding Jodahs. Jodahs also builds upon Lilith and Akin's human-Oankali integration work from the previous two novels; the novel ends with the humans more willingly acquiescing to the Oankali.
Background
In her 2000 interview with Charles Brown, Butler identified the Cold War under the Reagan Administration as a main motivator for the trilogy: “I was pretty despairing when I began the Xenogenesis books. This was back during the first Reagan administration, when the guy was talking about ‘winnable’ nuclear wars, ‘limited’ nuclear wars and all that. It scared me that we were electing someone who was talking that way. What if he meant it?”
Butler later expanded her explanation in an interview with Joshunda Sanders:
I thought there must be something basic, something really genetically wrong with us if we're falling for this stuff [Reagan’s rhetoric]. And I came up with these characteristics. The aliens arrive after the war and they tell us that we have these two characteristics that don't work and play well together. They are intelligent, and they tell us we're the most intelligent species they've come across. But we're also hierarchical. And I put this after the big war because it's kind of an example. We've one-upped ourselves to death, just our tendency to one-up each other as individuals and groups, large and small.
Themes
Throughout the Xenogenesis trilogy themes of sexuality, gender, race, and species are explored. The Oankali believe that the human species have an inevitably self-destructive "Contradiction" between their high intelligence and their hierarchical natures. According to the Oankali, this is what caused the war that almost ended the human race, and this is why they cannot leave humans alone. Lilith and the Oankali-human hybrids are constantly battling with this inner conflict. According to Tor.com's Erika Nelson, the trilogy parallels the story of African slaves in America and the conflict that later generations of African Americans feel regarding their integration into American society. The human-Oankali hybrids feel that they have somehow betrayed their human side by integrating into Oankali society, but at the same time, because of the vast power imbalance, they never really had another viable option. In addition to allegorizing slavery, the trilogy more generally is written "in the context of colonization," as Nelson puts it, raising broad questions of coercion and agency. The relationship between the Oankali and the humans speaks to a range of imperialist relationships, from slavery to internment camps to eugenics. The series also draws upon elements of the myth of Lilith, the first wife of Adam.
The series also heavily draws on themes of consent and coercion.
In addition to the social themes, the possible results of developing genetic science and biologically based technology are shown by the Oankali's genetic mastery. Joan Slonczewski, a biologist, published a review of the series in which she discusses the biological implications of the ooloi and how they can, through genetic engineering, achieve positive effects from "bad" genes such as a predisposition for cancer. Biological determinism is another ongoing thematic concern in the trilogy that links Butler's use of social and scientific themes; because the Oankali believe above all in a species' innate biological tendencies, characters must constantly negotiate between their supposed biological capacities and the limits of their individual will.
Reception
Orson Scott Card commends the Xenogenesis trilogy as "more satisfying as hard science fiction" than Butler's earlier Patternist novels, specifically in that they show "how much power her storytelling has gained" in the intervening years. In terms of each novel, Adele Newson praises the prose of Dawn, as "engaging" and having "a single-minded intensity." She highlights the relationship among the novel's main characters, Lilith and Joseph, as being unusual for science fiction to the point of being "refreshing" and "sensuous." Calling Lilith "the epitome of heroic womanism," Newson argues that "Lilith's life, like that of the black woman's, is a metaphor for the quest which would resolve the problem of her being both revered and despised by those with whom she inhabits society. In contrast, Newson finds the story's development in Adulthood Rites "disappointing": Lilith, she points out, "does little more than sulk silently away" and the story relies so much on "laborious" dialogue that it becomes "more or less a treatise in on the contradictory and often violent nature of humankind." Similarly, Ted White from The Washington Post finds Imago verbose and "wandering" and concludes that, as an end to the trilogy, it is "anticlimactic."
Each of the three novels originally was nominated for the Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel in the year it was published (1987, 1988, and 1989), though none of the books won the award.
Adaptations
In September 2015, it was announced that producer Allen Bain had optioned the rights to make Dawn for television. On February 26, 2020, Amazon Studios acquired the streaming rights with Victoria Mahoney writing and directing the pilot episode based on Dawn, and will produce the series with Bain, Pearl, and Carter's Bainframe, Ava DuVernay's Array Filmworks and Charles D. King's MACRO.
Further reading
Scholarship
Mehta (2019) "Indigenous maternal and child health" Dawn by Octavia Butler used in course syllabus, University of Manitoba. Department of community health sciences. Family 4606.
Ackerman, Erin M. Pryor. "Becoming and Belonging: The Productivity of Pleasures and Desires in Octavia Butler's "Xenogenesis" Trilogy." Extrapolation 49.1, Spring 2008.
Belk, Nolan. "The Certainty of the Flesh: Octavia Butler's Use of the Erotic in the Xenogenesis Trilogy." Utopian Studies 19.3 Sept. 2008.
Bonner, Frances. "Difference and Desire, Slavery and Seduction: Octavia Butler's Xenogenesis." Contemporary Literary Criticism, edited by Jeffrey W. Hunter, vol. 230. Gale, 2007. Originally published in Foundation 48 (Spring 1990): 50–62.
Braid, Christina. "Contemplating and Contesting Violence in Dystopia: Violence in Octavia Butler's Xenogenesis Trilogy." Contemporary Justice Review 9.1 (Mar. 2000): 47–65.
Boulter, Amanda. "Polymorphous Futures: Octavia E. Butler's Xenogenesis Trilogy." American Bodies: Cultural Histories of the Physique. Ed. Tim Armstrong. New York: NYU P, 1996. 170–185.
Brataas, Delilah Bermudez. "Becoming Utopia in Octavia E. Butler's Xenogenesis Series." Foundation: The International Review of Science Fiction 35 (96) (Spring 2006): 84-101.
Curtis, Claire P. "Utopian Possibilities: Disability, Norms, and Eugenics in Octavia Butler's Xenogenesis. " Journal of Literary & Cultural Disability Studies 9.1 Jan. 2015, pp. 19–33.
Federmayer, Eva. "Octavia Butler's Maternal Cyborgs: The Black Female World of the Xenogenesis Trilogy." Hungarian Journal of English and American Studies 6.1 (Spring 2000): 103–118.
Freccero, Carla. "Octavia Butler's Xenogenesis." Popular Culture: An Introduction. New York: New York UP, 1999. 72–75.
Green, Michelle Erica. "'There Goes the Neighborhood': Octavia Butler's Demand for Diversity in Utopias." Contemporary Literary Criticism, edited by Jeffrey W. Hunter and Polly Vedder, vol. 121. Gale, 2000. Originally published in Utopian and Science Fiction by Women: Worlds of Difference, edited by Jane L. Donawerth and Carol A. Kolmerten, Syracuse University Press, 1994, pp. 166–189.
Goss, Theodora. "The Gothic Technological Imaginary in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and Octavia Butler's Xenogenesis." Modern Fiction Studies 53.3 (Fall 2007): 434–459.
Grewe-Volpp, Christa. "Octavia Butler and the Nature/Culture Divide: An Ecofeminist Approach to the Xenogenesis Trilogy." Restoring the Connection to the Natural World: Essays on the African American Environmental Imagination. Ed. Sylvia Mayer. Munster, Germany: LIT, 2003. 149–173.
Holden, Rebecca J. "The High Costs of Cyborg Survival: Octavia Butler's Xenogenesis Trilogy." In Foundation: The International Review of Science Fiction, No.72 (Spring 1998): 49–57.
Jacobs, Naomi. "Posthuman Bodies and Agency in Octavia Butler's Xenogenesis." Dark Horizons: Science Fiction and the Dystopian Imagination. Ed. Tom Moylan and Raffaella Baccolini. New York: Routledge, 2003.91-112.
Jesser, Nancy. "Blood, Genes and Gender in Octavia Butler's Kindred and Dawn." Contemporary Literary Criticism Select. Gale, 2008. Originally published in Extrapolation 43. 1, Spring 2002, pp. 36–61.
Jesser, Nancy. "Blood, Genes and Gender in Octavia Butler's Kindred and Dawn." Extrapolation: A Journal of Science Fiction and Fantasy 43.1 (2002): 36–61.
Johns, Adam. "Octavia Butler and the Art of Pseudoscience." English Language Notes 47. 2 Fall/Winter 2009.
Johns, J. Adam. "Becoming Medusa: Octavia Butler's 'Lilith's Brood' and Sociobiology." Science Fiction Studies, vol. 37, no. 3, 2010, pp. 382–400.
Magedanz, Stacy. "The Captivity Narrative in Octavia E. Butler's Adulthood Rites." Extrapolation 53. 1 2012 p. 45+.
Miller, Jim. "Post-Apocalyptic Hoping: Octavia Butler's Dystopian/Utopian Vision." Science Fiction Studies, vol. 25, no. 2, 1998, pp. 336–360.
Nanda, Aparajita. "Re-Writing the Bhabhian "Mimic Man": Akin, the Posthuman Other in Octavia Butler's Adulthood Rites." Ariel, 41. 3/4, Jul-Oct 2011, pp. 115-135.
Nanda, Aparajita. "Power, Politics, and Domestic Desire in Octavia Butler's Lilith's Brood." Callaloo 36. 3 2013 pp. 773–788.
Obourn, Megan. "Octavia Butler's Disabled Futures." Contemporary Literature. 54. 1 Spring 2013.
Osherow, Michele. "The Dawn of a New Lilith: Revisionary Mythmaking in Women's Science Fiction." NWSA Journal 12.1 (Spring 2000): 68–83.
Outterson, Sarah. "Diversity, Change, Violence: Octavia Butler's Pedagogical Philosophy." Utopian Studies 19. 3 2008, pp. 433–456.
Peppers, Cathy. "Origins and Alien Identities in Butler's Xenogenesis." Science Fiction Studies 22.1 (1995): 47–62.
Peppers, Cathy. "Dialogic Origins and Alien Identities in Butler's XENOGENESIS." Science Fiction Studies. No. 65, Vol. 22, 1995.
Plisner, Andrew. "Arboreal Dialogics: An Ecocritical Exploration of Octavia Butler's Dawn." African Identities 7. 2, May 2009.
Sands, Peter. "Octavia Butler's Chiastic Cannibalistics." Utopian Studies 14.1, 2003, pp. 1–14.
Schwab, Gabriele. "Ethnographies of the Future: Personhood, Agency, and Power in Octavia Butler's Xenogenesis." Accelerating Possession: Global Futures of Property and Personhood. Ed. Bill Maurer and Gabriele Schwab. New York: Columbia UP, 2006. 204–228.
Seed, David. "Posthuman Bodies and Agency in Octavia Butler' s Xenogenesis." Dark Horizons: Science Fiction and the Dystopian Imagination. Ed. Raffaella Baccolini and Tom Moylan. New York: Routledge, 2003. 91-111.
Smith, Stephanie A. "Morphing, Materialism, and the Marketing of Xenogenesis." Genders 18 (Winter 1993): 67–86.
Smith, Rachel Greenwald. "Ecology beyond Ecology: Life After the Accident in Octavia Butler's Xenogenesis Trilogy." Modern Fiction Studies 55. 3, Fall 2009, pp. 545–565.
Slonczewski, Joan. "Octavia Butler's Xenogenesis Trilogy: A Biologist's Response." Presented at SFRA, Cleveland, June 30, 2000.
Stickgold-Sarah, Jessie. "Your Children Will Know Us, You Never Will": The Pessimistic Utopia of Octavia Butler's Xenogenesis Trilogy." Extrapolation 51. 3, Fall 2010.
Talbot, Mary M. "'Embracing Otherness': An Examination of Octavia Butler's Xenogenesis Trilogy." Kimota 5 (Winter 1996): 45-49.
Tucker, Jeffrey A. "'The Human Contradiction: Identity and/as Essence in Octavia Butler's Xenogenesis Trilogy." Yearbook of English Studies 37.2(2007): 164-181.
Wallace, Molly. "Reading Octavia Butler's "Xenogenesis" After Seattle." Contemporary Literature 50.1 Spring 2009, pp. 94-128.
White, Eric. "The Erotics of Becoming: Xenogenesis and The Thing." Science Fiction Studies 20.3 (1993): 394-408.
Wood, Sarah. "Subversion through Inclusion: Octavia Butler's Interrogation of Religion in Xenogenesis and Wild Seed." FEMSPEC 6.1 (2005): 87–99.
Yu, Jeboon. "The Representation of Inappropriate/d Others: The Epistemology of Donna Haraway s Cyborg Feminism and Octavia Butler's Xenogenesis Series." Journal of English Language and Literature 50.3 (2004): 759–777.
Reviews
Card, Orson Scott. "Review of Mind of My Mind, Patternmaster, and Survivor." Contemporary Literary Criticism, edited by Jeffrey W. Hunter and Polly Vedder, vol. 121, Gale, 2000. Originally published in Fantasy & Science Fiction, Jan. 1992, pp. 52–54.
Constance, Joseph W and Nora Rawlinson. "Adulthood Rites (Book)." Library Journal 113. 11 15 June 1988 p. 70.
Mediatore, Kaite. "She Reads: SF/Fantasy." (Review of Dawn). Booklist 101. 16 15 Apr. 2005 p. 1443.
Nelson, Erica. "Sleeping With the Enemy: Octavia Butler's Dawn." Tor.com 30 September 2009.
Nelson, Erica. "Negotiating Difference in Octavia Butler's Adulthood Rites." Tor.com 12 October 2009.
Nelson, Erica. "Playing Human in Octavia Butler's Imago." Tor.com26 October 2009.
Newson, Adele S. "Review of Dawn and Adulthood Rites." Black American Literature Forum 23 Summer 1989, pp. 389–396.
White, Ted. "Love with the Proper Stranger." (Review of Imago). The Washington Post. 25 June 1989, p. X8.
Yescavage, Karen, David Lumb, and Jonathan Alexander. "Part Four of Imagining Alien Sex: Preparing for the Alien". Los Angeles Review of Books. January 5, 2014.
References
External links
Lilith's Brood reviews from Powell's
"Celebrating Dawn by Octavia Butler"
Biopunk novels
Science fiction book series
Science fiction novel trilogies
1980s science fiction novels
Novels by Octavia Butler
Feminist science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
Novels set during the Cold War
Novels about extraterrestrial life
Novels about genetic engineering
Sexuality in novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilith%27s%20Brood |
The North Zone cricket team is a first-class cricket team that represents northern India in the Duleep Trophy and Deodhar Trophy. It is a composite team of players from seven first-class Indian teams from northern India competing in the Ranji Trophy: Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab and Services. North Zone has the strongest track record of all the zones in the Duleep Trophy, as they have won the Trophy 17 times, with the next best team, West Zone having won 16 times. They hold the record for the most consecutive titles, five, from 1990-91 through to 1994-95.
Current squad
Players with international caps are listed in bold. Updated as on 24 Jul 2023
Notable players from North Zone
Kapil Dev
Gautam Gambhir
Dinesh Mongia
Virender Sehwag
Ishant Sharma
Navjot Singh Sidhu
Harbhajan Singh
Yuvraj Singh
Lala Amarnath
Surinder Amarnath
Mohinder Amarnath
Virat Kohli
Bishen Singh Bedi
Aakash Chopra
North Zone also had the services of some very famous Pakistani cricketers before partition, such as
Dr Jehangir Khan
Dilawar Hussain
Gul Mohammad
Nazar Mohammad
A H Kardar
Fazal Mahmood
Imtiaz Ahmed
Akshay Patel
External links
Lists of matches played by North Zone at CricketArchive
Indian first-class cricket teams | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Zone%20cricket%20team |
State Road 103 in the U.S. State of Indiana is a north–south route in Henry County.
Route description
State Road 103 nearly parallels its parent route, State Road 3, between U.S. Route 36 east of Mount Summit and U.S. Route 40 in Lewisville. It runs through downtown New Castle and past the Wilbur Wright Fish and Wildlife Area. It also crosses Interstate 70, but there is no interchange.
History
SR 103 from US 40 to SR 38 was SR 3, before a new four-lane highway was built and SR 3 was rerouted onto the new four-lane highway.
Major intersections
References
External links
103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%20103 |
West Mesa Airport, also known as Western Air Express Airport, TWA Airport, or Cutter-Carr Airport, was an airport on the West Side of Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States, which was the city's main commercial aviation facility during the 1930s. It was built in 1929 by Western Air Express as a stop on the airline's Los Angeles–Kansas City route, with a hangar and passenger terminal added in 1930. It was the city's second airfield after the original Albuquerque Airport, which was used by a rival airline, Transcontinental Air Transport (TAT). The two airlines merged in 1930 to form TWA, moving all of their operations to the West Mesa field. The merger gave TWA control of the nation's first coast-to-coast passenger airline route and allowed it to secure a lucrative federal airmail contract.
West Mesa Airport provided commercial passenger service on TWA's Los Angeles–New York route, with direct flights to Los Angeles, Winslow, Arizona, and Amarillo, Texas. The airport was also served by the El Paso–Pueblo, Colorado route operated by Mid Continent Air Express (later Varney Speed Lines and then Continental Airlines). All commercial airline service moved to the new Albuquerque Municipal Airport when it opened in 1939. The unused West Mesa Airport was subsequently used as a nightclub and auto racing venue for a brief period before being leased to Cutter-Carr Flying Service in 1940. The airport remained in use for general aviation until the 1960s, last appearing on aeronautical charts in 1967. It was subsequently abandoned and razed. A section of runway 11 and some foundations were still visible until 2021.
The airport was located about west of Downtown Albuquerque, on the north side of Central Avenue at what is now Airport Drive. The airport had four unpaved runways arranged in the shape of an eight-pointed star, the longest of which was the runway 16/34. The main buildings were the hangar, which was designed to house two Fokker F-32 aircraft, and the Pueblo-style passenger terminal. When built, the location on the West Mesa was surrounded by empty desert, though it has mostly been filled in with new development since the airport closed.
References
External links
Background on West Mesa Airport
Defunct airports in the United States
Airports in New Mexico
Airports established in 1929
Transportation in Albuquerque, New Mexico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Mesa%20Airport |
State Road 109 (SR 109) is a north–south discontinuous State Road in the US state of Indiana. The southern segment of the highway runs from U.S. Route 40 (US 40) in the town of Knightstown north to SR 9 in Anderson. The northern segment of SR 109 runs from US 30 in Columbia City northerly to US 33 in Wolf Lake. The total length of the highway is , including the southern segment which is and the northern segment at .
The first usage of the SR 109 designation dates back to 1934 with the original routing being between Columbia City and Wolf Lake. A southern section was added in 1940 between Knightstown and the Hancock–Madison County line. The southern segment was lengthened in the early 1940s and once again in the early 1950s extending the road north to just north of Anderson. The northern segment of SR 109 was shortened in Columbia City during the early 1970s. SR 109 in Madison County was moved to a new routing in the late 1990s.
Route description
Southern section
The southern segment of SR 109 begins at an intersection between Main Street (US 40) and McCullum Street in the town of Knightstown. SR 109 heads north along McCullum Street before leaving the town limits and curving towards the northwest. The road has an interchange with Interstate 70 (I–70) in rural Henry County. SR 109 enters Hancock County passing through the town of Wilkinson. After Wilkinson, SR 109 has a four-way stop with SR 234, before entering Warrington. In Warrington the road becomes north-south once again, passing through rural Hancock County, before entering Madison County. SR 109 passes through a four-way stop with SR 38, west of Markleville, before an intersection with US 36. North of US 36, SR 109 parallels a CSX railroad track, before crossing over the railroad tracks south of Anderson. The northern terminus is at the intersection of SR 9 with I–69 (exit 26) in Anderson.
Northern section
The northern section of SR 109 starts in Columbia City at the corner of US 30 and Line Street. It heads north leaving Columbia City and entering rural Whitley County. The roadway leaves Whitley County and enters Noble County. In Noble County SR 109 passes through the community of Big Lake, before entering rural Noble County. The state road passes east of Merry Lea environmental learning center and Bear Lake, before curving northeasterly towards the community of Wolf Lake. The state highway designation for SR 109 terminates at an intersection with US 33 and Market Street, where Market Street continues northeast.
History
The Indiana State Highway Commission authorized a state road following modern SR 109, between Columbia City and Wolf Lake, in 1934. Construction started in 1935 on the authorized segment with it being completed by 1942. A segment of state road was commissioned, between Knightstown and the Hancock–Madison County line, in March 1940. This section of roadway was originally planned as SR 7, but became a southern segment of SR 109. The northern end of the southern segment was moved north to SR 32 in Anderson in July 1941. Between late 1950 and early 1951 the northern end of the southern segment was moved north to an intersection with SR 9, just north of Anderson. The southern end of the northern segment was moved north to an intersection with the new alignment of US 30, just north of Columbia City, in late 1970 or early 1971. A new alignment for SR 109, from south of US 36 to Anderson, was constructed between 1997 and 1999.
Major intersections
References
External links
Indiana Highway Ends - State Road 109
Merry Lea Environmental Learning Center
109
Transportation in Henry County, Indiana
Transportation in Hancock County, Indiana
Transportation in Madison County, Indiana
Transportation in Whitley County, Indiana
Transportation in Noble County, Indiana
Knightstown, Indiana
Anderson, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%20109 |
Lok Sin Tong Leung Chik Wai Memorial School (Chinese: 樂善堂梁植偉紀念中學) is a secondary school on Tsing Yi Island in Hong Kong. Situated within the fifth phase of Cheung Hong Estate near Liu To, the school was founded on 8 April 1986 by Lok Sin Tong, a charity based in Kowloon. It was the fourth secondary school on the island.
External links
Official website
Educational institutions established in 1986
Secondary schools in Hong Kong
Lok Sin Tong
Tsing Yi
1986 establishments in Hong Kong | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok%20Sin%20Tong%20Leung%20Chik%20Wai%20Memorial%20School |
Griggstown is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Franklin Township, in Somerset County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP's population was 819. The area was first settled around 1733.
History
Many of the earliest European settlers of the area came from Gravesend, Brooklyn. Among these settlers were four sons born to John and Elizabeth Griggs: Benjamin (b. 1690), Daniel, Samuel, and Thomas. Griggstown was named after Benjamin Griggs, who established a grist mill on the Millstone River that served as a meeting place for the European farmers of the area and as such the center of the community that would become Griggstown.
From the 1970s to the early 2000s, Griggstown residents reported seeing a feral cow along the parallel Delaware and Raritan Canal and the Millstone River, said to be a ghost of one that was one of many herded along the canal. An actual cow believed to be the feral cow was found in a ditch in November 23, 2002, dying after being rescued.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 2.519 square miles (6.524 km2), including 2.447 square miles (6.338 km2) of land and 0.072 square miles (0.187 km2) of water (2.86%).
Griggstown is adjacent to the communities of Kingston, Rocky Hill, Montgomery Township, Kendall Park (in South Brunswick), and Franklin Park. The closest city of note is Princeton, New Jersey. The Millstone River and the Delaware and Raritan Canal both flow through Griggstown.
Griggstown is accessible via Route 27 (Lincoln Highway), County Route 518 and U.S. Route 206. The major roads in Griggstown are Bunker Hill Road and Canal Road. There is also a small access road with a one-lane bridge(at one time referred to as "twin bridges") known as the Griggstown Causeway that offers access to and from Griggstown as well. The D&R Canal State Park is located on this road in conjunction with the canal side tow-path.
Selected sites
Griggstown Quail Farm
Griggstown Cemetery where nineteen Irish canal workers who died of cholera in an 1832-1833 epidemic are buried.
Griggstown Volunteer Fire Company
Griggstown Lock of the Delaware and Raritan Canal
Griggstown Mine
Norseville
Sunset Hill Garden
Demographics
2010 census
The 2010 United States census counted 819 people, 346 households, and 230 families in the CDP. The population density was . There were 364 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup was 86.81% (711) White, 2.81% (23) Black or African American, 0.24% (2) Native American, 4.03% (33) Asian, 0.00% (0) Pacific Islander, 2.56% (21) from other races, and 3.54% (29) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.23% (51) of the population.
Of the 346 households, 25.7% had children under the age of 18; 57.2% were married couples living together; 6.6% had a female householder with no husband present and 33.5% were non-families. Of all households, 27.2% were made up of individuals and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.92.
18.1% of the population were under the age of 18, 4.6% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 32.4% from 45 to 64, and 17.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44.9 years. For every 100 females, the population had 101.7 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 101.5 males.
Historic district
The Griggstown Historic District is a national historic district encompassing the community along Canal Road from Old Georgetown Road to Ten Mile Run. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 2, 1984 for its significance in agriculture, architecture, commerce, industry, and transportation. The district includes 68 contributing buildings. The Griggstown Reformed Church was established in 1842 as the First Reformed Protestant Dutch Church of Griggstown. The building was dedicated on August 8, 1843, and features Greek Revival architecture. The Bridge Tender's House, the Bridge Tender’s Station and the Lock Tender's House, all built for the Delaware and Raritan Canal, are contributing buildings.
Notable people
People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Griggstown include:
Benjamin Griggs (1690-1768), founder of the grist mill after which Griggstown took its name.
John Honeyman (1729-1822), American spy for George Washington. He was primarily responsible for gathering the intelligence crucial to Washington's victory in the Battle of Trenton.
Paul Muldoon (born 1951) writer, academic and educator, as well as Pulitzer Prize-winning poet originally from County Armagh, Northern Ireland.
Gallery
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Somerset County, New Jersey
References
External links
Census-designated places in Somerset County, New Jersey
Census-designated places in New Jersey
Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griggstown%2C%20New%20Jersey |
The box, also known as a hot box or sweatbox, is a method of solitary confinement used in humid and arid regions as a method of punishment. Anyone placed in one would experience extreme heat, dehydration, heat exhaustion, or even death, depending on when and how long one was kept in the box. Another variation of this punishment is known as sweating, the use of a heated room to punish or coerce a person into cooperating with the torturers.
Use
The technique was used by prisons in the Southern United States until late in the 19th century and as punishment during times of slavery.
The technique, then known as the "sweat box", was used in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
The North Vietnamese Army used the technique at the infamous Hanoi Hilton.
The CIA claims that the Chinese government has used "extreme heat" and "sweating" against dissidents.
Use of a "sweatbox" has also been reported as a method of punishment in North Korean concentration camps, notably in Kang Chol-hwan's book The Aquariums of Pyongyang.
In 2008, it was revealed that the U.S. military was detaining Iraqi prisoners in wooden crates, arousing concern of their use as hotboxes.
In 2009, Marcia Powell, a prisoner at Arizona State Prison Complex – Perryville, United States, died of heat exposure after being placed in an outdoor cage for four hours.
The Tarrafal camp, in Cape Verde, used a small windowless shack as a form of torture against prisoners, most of them convicted of conspiring against Salazar's regime in Portugal.
Hot box torture has been portrayed in numerous films and television shows, including Leadbelly, Hell's Highway, Life, Life Is Beautiful, Cool Hand Luke, Stir Crazy, Take the Money and Run, Carbine Williams, The Longest Yard and its 2005 remake, Seven Days, The Bridge on the River Kwai, Von Ryan's Express, Prison Break, The X-Files, Oz, Firefly, Sullivan's Travels, My Name is Earl, The A-Team, Farscape, Burn Notice, Batman: The Animated Series, Bates Motel, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Django Unchained, Stranger Things, 1923 and Escape Plan. A parody of hot box torture was portrayed by a sandbox in Toy Story 3. Box torture was also used on Josh Groban in Muppets Most Wanted.
See also
Torture chamber
Sensory deprivation
Torture and the United States
References
Penal imprisonment
Modern instruments of torture
Contemporary instruments of torture
Torture in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box%20%28torture%29 |
The Italian Confederation of Trades Unions (, ; CISL ) is a national trade union centre in Italy representing various Catholic-inspired groups linked with Christian Democracy party.
It was founded on 30 April 1950, when Catholics in the Italian General Confederation of Labour (CGIL) left after they clashed with the Italian Communist Party on the issue of a general strike provoked by the latter. Like the French Force Ouvrière (FO) union, it received financial support from Irving Brown, leader of the international relations of the US AFL–CIO and a CIA contractee.
Structure
The CISL is formed on two levels: a vertical one, grouping workers according to employment (such as transport, banks, and teaching), and the confederation itself, representing all categories. The base of the latter is formed by districts (or Unioni territoriali), grouped in regions. On the national level, CISL ensures cooperation of various branch organisms within the territorial hierarchy. The confederation holds regular Congresses that elect members to leadership positions.
History
After a difficult start and numerous disagreements between various trade unions represented, CISL managed to gain a voice through its representatives in the Italian Parliament, asking for increased and autonomous presence of the companies partly owned by the state. In 1956, owing to CISL initiatives, the latter had separated from the employers' group Confindustria and had formed the Intersind – meant to establish a new base for relation between the state and trade unions. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the confederation coordinated strike actions of the metalworkers and workers in electromechanics, as well as the labour dispute in Milan. Its great success came in 1963, when it negotiated with electromechanics employers new bonuses, means of promotion, and awards in accordance with increased productivity. Nonetheless, trade union activities on factory grounds remained exceptionally difficult, and workers attempting them risked being sacked.
When the Italian economy sunk in the mid-1960s, CISL suffered an internal crisis as numerous of its branches believed the political function of the union to be incompatible with its labour goals. The 6th Congress it held in 1969 sanctioned the view, and renounced its activities in Parliament.
The following years proved to be especially tumultuous for Italy as a whole: while traditional trade unionism was being reshaped by the student movement and secondary impact of the decolonization and Third World ideologies, the local scene saw the advent of terrorism of the Red Brigades and the Neo-Fascist Strategy of tension (carried out by the National Vanguard). CISL doubled its specific activism with an advocacy of democracy, siding with the civil society. In July 1972, it co-founded the Federazione unitaria, meant as a transitional group, which became a rather bureaucratical institution. CISL signed an agreement with other national federations in 1975, calling for a readjustment of the salary-pension balance, as well as for a new minimum wage. Federazione unitaria also proposed a new tactic at its Congress in 1978, calling for a larger perspective of the unions – one mindful of the national economical policy. In 1983 CISL founded ISCOS, Trade Union Institute for Development Cooperation.
The gradual decrease of inflation in the 1980s and 1990s (again at under 10 per cent in 1984). The state intervention in the economy in order to decrease labour costs was sanctioned by the population in the 1985 Italian referendum, after being backed by accords in which the CISL played a major part (the policy was opposed by the confederation's left-wing, as well as by the CGIL and the Italian Communist Party). The CISL was part in two protocols with the Italian executive, in 1992 and 1993, both of which agreed to allow tight control of the inflation rate and government debt. From 1994 onwards, it convened to the creation of the Rappresentanze sindacali unitarie (Unitary Representatives of Trade Unions), a trans-federative organism meant to ensure a preliminary democratic agreement on all labour matters, and also intended as a step towards a new single trade union.
General Secretaries
Affiliates
Current affiliates
Former affiliates
See also
Italian Labour Union
References
External links
Official website
1950 establishments in Italy
Catholic trade unions
European Trade Union Confederation
International Trade Union Confederation
National trade union centers of Italy
Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD
Trade unions established in 1950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian%20Confederation%20of%20Trades%20Unions |
The Sierra Academy of Aeronautics is an aviation flight school headquartered in Atwater, California. It operates its training facility at the former Castle Air Force Base in Atwater, California. Sierra Academy was contracted by several foreign air carriers to perform pilot training, including Shanghai Airlines.
History
The Sierra Academy formerly was based at the Oakland International Airport, where it had hangars, offices, and classrooms. It was owned by the Everett family of Atherton, California.
In 1996, Hani Hanjour who would later fly a hijacked airliner into the Pentagon was admitted to the Sierra Academy of Aeronautics, but before beginning flight training, the academy arranged for Hanjour to take intensive English courses at ELS Language Center in Oakland. The flight school also arranged for Hanjour to stay with a host family, with whom he moved in with on May 20, 1996. Hanjour completed the English program in August, and in early September 1996, he attended a single day of ground school courses at the Sierra Academy of Aeronautics before withdrawing, citing financial worries about the $35,000 cost.
Two Korean business men, Dan and John Yoon, bought the company as open of an asset sale, and re-opened the flight school, operating under KS Aviation (KSA).
In 2004, the new owners moved its Oakland program to the former Korean Airlines facility at the airport in Livermore, California(KLVK). The company took advantage of the growing Indian market and began accepting students from all over India. This was mostly a result of the declining U.S. based students who could no longer find funding for flight training. While the Livermore campus was running, KSA also opened up a large campus at Castle Airport (KMER, formerly Castle AFB) in 2005.
In January 2007, the company started moving all remaining students and employees to its existing facilities at the former Castle AFB (KMER).
In February 2014, The FAA proposed a civil penalty of $204,050 against Sierra for "allegedly operating nine Cessna 152 airplanes when they were not in compliance with Federal Aviation Regulations." The FAA alleged that Sierra did not properly inspect the seat locking pins. An improperly engaged pin could lead to the seat slipping and the pilot losing control of the airplane.
Awards
In 1992 the National Air Transportation Association (NATA) honored Sierra Academy of Aeronautics with the Excellence in Pilot Training Award. This national award, sponsored by Jeppesen Sanderson, provides recognition for "outstanding contributions in safety, professionalism, leadership, and excellence in the field of pilot training."
Notes
External links
Aviation schools in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra%20Academy%20of%20Aeronautics |
State Road 111 (SR 111) in the U.S. State of Indiana is a rural two-lane highway that runs between New Boston and New Albany in the far southern portion of the state. It has existed since 1935. Part of the highway was decommissioned in October 2012 and more was decommissioned in January 2013.
Route description
The southern terminus of State Road 111 is at a dead end on the shores of the Ohio River, near the small community of New Boston. From there, it runs to the north and east, closely following the course of the river for about , at which point it intersects with the east–west State Road 211. It continues to follow the river toward Bridgeport. It continues north, entering downtown New Albany. From there, it turns to meet at its current northern terminus at the intersection of Main Street and State Street.
History
Before 1935, SR 111 was known as SR 133. When U.S. Route 33 (US 33) was commissioned in Indiana, SR 33 was decommissioned. SR 133 followed the same route as SR 111. In October 2012, the portion of SR 111 in Clark County was turned over to the county, with the Floyd County portion turned over to the county in January 2013.
Major intersections
See also
Indiana State Road 11
References
External links
111
Transportation in Harrison County, Indiana
Transportation in Floyd County, Indiana
Transportation in Clark County, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%20111 |
The prehnite-pumpellyite facies is a metamorphic facies typical of subseafloor alteration of the oceanic crust around mid-ocean ridge spreading centres.
It is a metamorphic grade transitional between zeolite facies and greenschist facies representing a temperature range of 250 to 350 °C and a pressure range of approximately two to seven kilobars. The mineral assemblage is dependent on host composition.
In mafic rocks the assemblage is chlorite, prehnite, albite, pumpellyite and epidote.
In ultramafic rocks the assemblage is serpentine, talc, forsterite, tremolite and chlorite.
In argillaceous sedimentary rocks the assemblage is quartz, illite, albite, and stilpnomelane chlorite.
In carbonate sediments the assemblage is calcite, dolomite, quartz, clays, talc, and muscovite.
References
Blatt, Harvey and Robert Tracy, 1995, Petrology: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic, Freeman,
Metamorphic petrology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehnite-pumpellyite%20facies |
State Road 114 (SR 114) is an east–west state road, that consists of three discontinuous sections, in the northern part of the US state of Indiana. The western portion of SR 114 is just under long and is routed between U.S. Highway 41 (US 41) and US 421. The central segment runs through rural Fulton County; it is approximately long and connects SR 17 at the west end with SR 25 at the east end. The eastern portion of SR 114 is just over long and is routed between SR 14 and US 24. SR 114 mostly passes rural agriculture land, but passes through a few towns and small cities.
The SR 114 designation was first used in the early 1930s along the route between SR 14 and SR 5, a route that later became SR 113. In the early to mid 1930s the eastern segment was rerouted to its modern route and the western segment was added, running between Illinois state line and SR 43. The central segment of SR 114 was commissioned in the early to mid 1950s along a similar route as it is today, but was north of the modern route. By 1960 the central segment was moved onto its current alignment. The entire roadway was paved by 1971. The western end was moved from the Illinois state line to US 41 in the late 2000s or early 2010s.
Route description
Western section
SR 114 begins at a J-turn type intersection with US 41 on the southeast town limits of Morocco, in Newton County. The road heads east passing through farmland before crossing into Jasper County and having an interchange with Interstate 65 (I-65). Past I-65, SR 114 passes south of the Jasper County Airport before entering Rensselaer, on Clark Street. The street passes through mostly residential properties before SR 114 turns southeasterly on Cullen Street. Cullen Street heads through downtown having an intersection with US 231 (Washington Street), on the north side of the Jasper County Court House. Past the courthouse SR 114 turns east onto Grace Street, passing the Rensselaer Central High school before leaving the city. East of Rensselaer SR 114 crosses over the Iroquois River and through agriculture land. The road enters Pulaski County before ending at a three-way intersection with US 421.
Central section
The central segment of SR 114 begins at a three-way intersection with SR 17, in rural Fulton County. SR 114 heads east towards Fulton passing farms and fields. The road bends southeasterly and enters the town of Fulton, concurrent with Center Street. The SR 114 designation ends at the intersection of Center Street and Liberty Avenue (SR 25), while SR 114 ends the roadway continues southeasterly as Center Street.
Eastern section
The eastern segment of SR 114 begins on the eastern edge of Akron, at a three-way intersection with SR 14. SR 114 heads towards the southeast leaving Akron and entering rural Fulton County, passing agriculture land. The road enters Wabash County and becomes east-west and has a rural intersections with SR 15. The road enters North Manchester having an intersection with SR 13 and begins to passes through a commercial area before curving onto Main Street. Main Street crosses a NS railroad track, while continuing through commercial properties, before passing through the North Manchester Historic District. East of the historic district SR 114 crosses over Eel River before leaving North Manchester. The road east of North Manchester passes through farms and fields before leaving Wabash County. After leaving Wabash County SR 114 becomes the county line between Huntington and Whitley Counties. While being the dividing line between the two counties SR 114 has rural intersections with SR 105, SR 5, and SR 9. The landscape becomes a little more wooded before the eastern end of SR 114, at an intersection with US 24, southwest of Fort Wayne.
History
SR 114 was first designated a state road in late 1931, this route was south of its modern eastern segment. It ran from SR 14 in Akron south-southeast to SR 5 east of Bippus, this route was originally part of SR 5 in early 1931. During 1932 SR 114 moved to modern route running from SR 14 in Akron to SR 9, this resulted in the original route of SR 114 becoming SR 113. At this time the road Between SR 9 and US 24 was a proposed addition. In late 1932 or early 1933 the western segment SR 114, between Illinois state line and SR 43 (now US 421), was authorized to be added to the state road system. SR 114 officially became a state road between SR 9 and US 24 between 1933 and 1934. By 1936 the western segment of SR 114 was officially added to the state road system as a gravel road surface.
The central segment of SR 114 was added to the state road system routed between SR 17 and SR 25, passing through Bluegrass, in either 1952 or 1953. By 1960 the central segment was realigned to its modern routing and paved. SR 114 east of SR 13 was paved between 1962 and 1963. Within the next few years SR 114 west of US 41, to the Illinois state line was paved. The rest of the western segment was paved between 1966 and 1967, while the road within Wabash County was paved. The last segment of roadway to be paved was the eastern segment, within Fulton County, and it was paved in either 1970 or 1971. Between 2009 and 2011 the western end of SR 114 was moved from the Illinois state line to US 41, the former route of SR 114 became a county road. In 2015 the intersection at US 41 and SR 114 became a restricted crossing U-turn type of intersection which was the first such type of intersection within the state of Indiana.
Major intersections
References
External links
Indiana Highway Ends - SR 114
114
Transportation in Fulton County, Indiana
Transportation in Jasper County, Indiana
Transportation in Huntington County, Indiana
Transportation in Newton County, Indiana
Transportation in Pulaski County, Indiana
Transportation in Wabash County, Indiana
Transportation in Whitley County, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%20114 |
State Road 115 (SR 115) is a State Road in the north section of the state of Indiana. Running for about in a general north–south direction, connecting rural portions of Wabash County. SR 115 was originally introduced in the early 1930s routed along its modern routing. The road became an intermediate road surface in the mid-1930s and it was upgraded to a high type of road surface shortly after. The southern end of SR 115 was moved north in the late 1970.
Route description
SR 115 begins at an intersection with U.S. Route 24 (US 24) and County Road 400 West, west of Wabash. The route head due north away from US 24, passing through rural Wabash County. The highway passes through farmland, with some houses, as a two-lane highway. The state road designation ends at an intersection with SR 15 and County Road 400 West. The entire route of SR 115 replaces Wabash County Road 400 West.
No segment of State Road 115 in Indiana that is included in the National Highway System (NHS). The NHS is a network of highways that are identified as being most important for the economy, mobility and defense of the nation. In 2016 the highest traffic count is at the southern end of SR 115, where 1,612 vehicles travel the highway on average each day. The lowest traffic count is at the northern end of SR 115, where 1,347 vehicles travel the highway on average each day.
History
SR 115 was first designated in late 1932. The original routing started at US 24 (now Old 24) and ran north through rural Wabash County to SR 15 much as it does today. By 1934 the road was constructed as an intermediate road surface of either stone or gravel. Within one year the road was upgraded to a high type of road surface, with a hard driving surface. Between 1979 and 1980 the new four-lane US 24 opened to traffic and the southern end of SR 115 was moved north to it.
Major intersections
References
External links
115
Transportation in Wabash County, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%20115 |
Po Leung Kuk Lo Kit Sing (1983) College () is a Hong Kong secondary school. Located in Cheung Hong Estate, Tsing Yi, New Territories, the subsidised secondary school was founded by Po Leung Kuk, a Hong Kong charitable organisation, in 1984. It was the first secondary school on the island. The school was named as Po Leung Kuk 1983 Board of Directors' College () before 2011.
Introduction
The school arranges numerous regular extracurricular activities for all students. Annual school events include reading activities, dance festivals, music festivals, drama performances, Chinese cultural week, swimming galas, sports days and summer camp.
The school has been a vanguard of project-based learning since the 1990s, when the approach was relatively new to many Hong Kong secondary schools. Students, divided into tetrads or pentads, have to finish a project throughout their summer vacation. Also, students need to complete various projects related to each subject they are studying.
The school adopted English as the medium of instruction (EMI) in September 2010, owing to its efforts to strengthen the role of English language in the school. For instance, one-third of the school's lessons in an academic year are conducted in English. Its morning assembly is also conducted in English.
Name change controversy
Background
Po Leung Kuk, founder of the school, announced an identified donor, Mr Lo, donated HK$10 million to the school, in January 2010. The school then proposed a change to its name to honor the donor. The school's proposal soon sparked controversy among students and alumni of the school, which later launched a Facebook campaign to ask for withdrawal of the proposal. During the consultation period, Po Leung Kuk held discussions with different stakeholders of the school, claiming the overall response to the name change was positive. Student union of the school, in response to the controversy, held a forum on 25 January 2010 to deliberate the issue. Hui Wing-ho, then-principal of the school, was invited to the forum.
Confirmation
Po Leung Kuk confirmed the long-speculated name change of the school after Lo Kit-sing, then-vice-chairman of Hong Kong Football Association, donated HK$7.8 million to the school, in June 2011. New name of the school, Po Leung Kuk Lo Kit Sing (1983) College, was unveiled on 14 September 2011 by a representative from Po Leung Kuk. Education Bureau approved the school's application for the name change on 28 November 2011 and informed the school can adopt the new name two days later. A naming ceremony, officiated by Michael Suen Ming-yeung, then-Secretary for Education, was held on 2 December 2011 to celebrate the name change.
Teaching overview
The development of major projects
The school actively promotes the four teaching reform programs of "專閱德訊". Thematic research courses have been introduced for more than a decade. In addition to reading programs, the school conducts annual reading harvest day promotion activities. In addition, teachers and students have fully applied IT in learning and teaching. The Civic and Moral Education Group has a wealth of standing activities, such as Voicing our values.
Information Technology Teaching
The school has more than 300 computers, each classroom is equipped with LCD projector and multimedia player system, and set the whiteboard. Together with all teachers completing the training in information technology, multimedia teaching has basically penetrated into various subjects. It is not uncommon for students to watch videos, presentations, and download materials from the internet in class.
Extracurricular activities / Co-curricular activities(CCA)
Extracurricular activities in the school are responsible for extracurricular activities. Activities include teams and interest groups, divided into five major categories of academic, arts, interests, sports, and services. Expansion of learning space as the main line, emphasizing the learning experience outside the classroom. The school has 5 layers of 59 extracurricular activities, namely four clubs, school teams, uniform team, academic society and interest groups. In the first and second levels, a one-person-one-team and one-two-team learning policy will be implemented. In the first one, the Music For All Program and the third, fourth and fifth executive training programs will be implemented.
School team: badminton team, women's volleyball team, men's volleyball team, women's basketball team, men's basketball team, swimming team, men's soccer team, women's soccer team, dodge team, choir, drama team, modern dance team, Chinese dance team, Visual Arts Team, Wind Orchestra, String Orchestra, Law Pioneers, Performing Arts Team, Creative Thinking Team, Musical Team, INLA Dance Team, Chinese Orchestra, Woodpipe Team, Hand Bell Team
Uniformed Teams: Girl Scouts (NT 234), Scout (Tsing Yi 12th Brigade)
Academic Society: Chinese Society, English Society, Mathematical Society, Science Society, Society of Social Sciences
Interest groups: English Debate Club, Chess Club, Broadcast Club, Christian Fellowship, Defense Science Club, Information Technology Club, English Learning Club of Painting, Geography Club, Home Economics Club, Magic Club, Creative Thinking Club, Model Production Club, Mandarin Club, Ping Pong Club, Handicraft Club, English Theater Club, Floral Society, Electronics Club, Campus TV Production Society, Journalism Training Club, Japanese Culture Club, Aviation Club, Creative Maths Club
Student union
Each year, the student union's cabinet is made up of schoolchildren, and the chairman / officer is pre-organized. And then by the school students from September to October each year to vote by the election form. If there is more than one student union officer to be elected, the voting form is one-person-one-vote voting for the cabinet to be elected, with the largest number of winners winning. On the contrary, if there is only one group of cabinet members participating in the election, the voting form will be changed to "trust / mistrust" voting and more than half of the "trust" votes must be obtained or there will be no cabinet in that year.
School principals
Terence Chang Cheuk-cheung (1984-1987)
Isaac Tse Pak-hoi (1987-2003)
Hui Wing-ho (2003-2014)
Lo Wing-chung (2014–present)
Notable alumni
(ascending order of admission year)
Karson Oten Fan Karno: a former English Language tutor in Hong Kong, he established All-star education and all branches winded up in October, 2008. He announced retirement in the same period.
Toni Wong Shan: a former journalist and reporter of ATV, TVB and Phoenix Hong Kong Channel.
Fong Fu Yeon: a secondary school teacher who published articles online about social issues.
Lam Lei Carrie: the second runner-up in the 2005 Miss Hong Kong pageant.
Lui Wing Kai, Eric: a Hong Kong poet, author and film critic. Doctor of Philosophy.
Mak, George Kam Wah: a linguistic and religious scholar, now working in HKBU as an assistant professor.
Sonia Kong: representative of Hong Kong Female Beach Volleyball Team, concurrently as a Now TV Hong Kong beach volleyball commentator and football program host, plane model, is a hospital nurse.
Tsang Kin Ho: one of the founders of Tower of Saviors.
Anson Lo: a member of Hong Kong boy band Mirror
Albert Lee: a platoon squads sergeant of Civil Aid Service
See also
Po Leung Kuk
Education in Hong Kong
List of secondary schools in Hong Kong
List of schools in Hong Kong
References
External links
Po Leung Kuk Lo Kit Sing (1983) College (in Chinese)
Alumni Association Website (in Chinese)
Alumni Association Facebook Page (in Chinese)
Po Leung Kuk
School Profile
Lo Kit Sing (1983) College
Educational institutions established in 1984
Secondary schools in Hong Kong
1984 establishments in Hong Kong
Tsing Yi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%20Leung%20Kuk%20Lo%20Kit%20Sing%20%281983%29%20College |
Marko Albrecht (born 23 June 1970), known by his stage name Mark 'Oh, is a German disc jockey and electronic music producer.
Biography
Starting out with a rock band titled "Line Up", Albrecht decided to turn to the ever-growing rave scene under the name "Mark'Oh".
Entering the scene as a DJ initially, Albrecht moved on to producing music - scoring chart success across Europe in 1993 with "Randy (Never Stop That Feeling)". The following year, hit single "Love Song" was to follow before scoring his first number one single in his native Germany and in Sweden with "Tears Don't Lie" (which samples the 1974 German hit "Tränen lügen nicht" by Michael Holm, which itself is a cover of the Italian hit "Soleado", released the same year).
Though this was his sole number one hit in Europe, nearly two decades on, Albrecht is still releasing singles and producing albums. He still achieves some level of success in his native country of Germany.
Discography
Albums
Singles
2012 "DJ Waiting For"
2018 "Someone To Love"
2018 "That Feeling" (feat. Corinna Jane)
2020 "Jean-Claude Van Damme"
.***Denotes: Released As Single Only***
References
1970 births
Living people
People from Dorsten
German DJs
Echo (music award) winners
Electronic dance music DJs
ZYX Music artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko%20Albrecht |
Gabriel Orozco (born April 27, 1962) is a Mexican artist. He gained his reputation in the early 1990s with his exploration of drawing, photography, sculpture and installation. In 1998, Francesco Bonami called Orozco "one of the most influential artists of this decade, and probably the next one too."
Biography
Early life and education
Orozco was born in 1962 in Veracruz, Mexico to Cristina Félix Romandía and Mario Orozco Rivera, a mural painter and art professor at the University of Veracruz. When Orozco was six, the family relocated to the San Ángel neighborhood of Mexico City so that his father could work with artist David Alfaro Siquieros on various mural commissions. His father took him along to museum exhibitions and to work with him, during which time Orozco overheard many conversations about art and politics.
Orozco attended the Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas between 1981 and 1984 but found the program too conservative. In 1986, he moved to Madrid and enrolled at the Circulo de Bellas Artes. There his instructors introduced him to a broad range of post-war artists working in non-traditional formats. He said of his time in Spain, "What's important is to be confronted deeply with another culture. And also to feel that I am the Other, not the resident. That I am the immigrant. I was displaced and in a country where the relationship with Latin America is conflicted. I came from a background that was very progressive. And then to travel to Spain and confront a very conservative society that also wanted to be very avant-garde in the 1980s, but treated me as an immigrant, was shocking. That feeling of vulnerability was really important for developing my work. I think a lot of my work has to do with that kind of exposure, to expose vulnerability and make that your strength."
Career
In 1987, Orozco returned from his studies in Madrid to Mexico City, where he hosted weekly meetings with a group of other artists including Damián Ortega, Gabriel Kuri, Abraham Cruzvillegas and Dr. Lakra. This group met once a week for five years and over time the artist's home became a place where many artistic and cultural projects took shape.
Orozco's nomadic way of life began to inform his work strongly around this time, and he took considerable inspiration from exploring the streets. His early practice was intended to break away from the mainstream work of the 1980s, which was often created in huge studios with many assistants and elaborate techniques of production and distribution. In contrast, Orozco typically worked alone or with one or two other assistants. His work revolves around many repeated themes and techniques that incorporate real life and common objects. The exploration of his chosen materials allows the audience's imagination to explore the creative associations between oft-ignored objects in today's world.
In 1995 he worked in Berlin on a Deutsche Akademische Austauschdienst grant."For him [Orozco], the decentralization of the manufacturing practice mirrors a rich heterogeneity of object and material. There is no way to identify a work by Orozco in terms of physical product. Instead it must be discerned through leitmotifs and strategies that constantly recur, but in always mutating forms and configurations." – Ann Temkin
"What is most important is not so much what people see in the gallery or the museum, but what people see after looking at these things, how they confront reality again."- Gabriel Orozco from an interview with Benjamin H. D. BuchlohHe is represented in New York by Marian Goodman.
Personal life
Gabriel Orozco married Maria Gutierrez on August 2, 1994, at City Hall in New York. They have one son, Simόn, born in November 2004. Orozco lives and works in New York, Mexico City, Tokyo, and France.
Selection of works
1981–91
Recaptured Nature, 1991
Recaptured Nature is one of Orozco's earliest sculptural works and is constructed entirely from the vulcanized rubber made to create the inner tubes of truck tires. Orozco cut the rubber down the middle, then opened it up, cut two circular lid shapes from another inner tube, and welded them together at a tire shop. This resulted in an inflatable ball. Orozco says the work is an “exercise in topology,” an area of mathematics concerned with the study of continuity and connectivity. Recaptured Nature plays with the idea that everything can become everything else. This piece informed future works like Elevator in which the artist reconstructed an elevator to be exactly his height.
Sleeping Dog, 1990
Orozco began working with photography around 1989. An early photograph, Sleeping Dog, evidences both Orozco's reverence for and his mistrust of the photographic medium. The print immobilizes a sleeping dog from an aerial perspective on a large rock. The perspective of the camera compresses the foreground and background in such a way that the dog becomes at once image and object, possessing weight and presence while simultaneously producing a memory of the event. The overall physical impression that the image produces is suggestive of Orozco's interest in photography as a means to inform sculptural representation.
Crazy Tourist, 1991
Crazy Tourist was a photograph taken by Orozco in Bahia Brazil. While wandering through the town of Cachoeira, Orozco came upon an empty marketplace. He spied some rotting oranges left over from the closed market and proceeded to position one on each table. Orozco then captured the intervention in a photograph. The locals who were watching him called him a "turista maluco". Crazy Tourist exemplifies Orozco's approach to photography. Orozco does not want his photographs to serve as documentation in the way of becoming a relic, but rather as a witness to an ephemeral event that often occurs while the artist is alone. You forget the photograph but see the phenomena.
My Hands are my Heart, 1991
My Hands are my Heart is a small heart-shaped sculptural work made in 1991 by the artist applying pressure with his fingers into a small lump of clay, leaving the impression of his fingers in the shape of a heart. The durable nature of hardened clay contrasts with the soft vulnerability of the object's identification as a human organ. The impression of the artist's fingers leaves a lingering trace of contact with the artist hands, a meditation on the creative process. My Hands are my Heart also refers to the diptych of photographs taken with the artist, bare-chested, holding the work near his actual heart.
1992–99
Yielding Stone, 1992
Yielding Stone was one of two works created for a group exhibition in 1992. The work consisted of a solid ball of grey plasticine that was rolled through the streets in Monterrey, collecting dirt, debris and pebbles on its surface. The work was then exhibited in a gallery space where it continued to collect dust and attract foreign objects to its surface, elevating the object to the point of focus. Orozco showed a second version of Yielding Stone in the group exhibition In Transit at the New Museum of Contemporary Art in New York in 1993. The work displays the process of its creation and embodies the imprints of its interactions.
Empty Shoe Box, 1993
For the 1993 Venice Biennale, Orozco placed an empty shoebox on the floor of the Aperto. The use of the shoebox could at first be thought of simply as a readymade but Orozco's use of this object is meant to instead draw the viewer's attention to his or her surroundings. The placement of such a highly familiar object within an otherwise empty environment allows for more of an awareness of what is and isn't in the space.
"The reasons for the quietly compelling attraction of an utterly banal object are of course manifold, yet one primary explanation could be found in the fact that the presentation of an empty container, rather than the object itself, traces the very shift from use value to exhibition value that has occurred in the culture at large." – Benjamin H.D. Buchloh
Home Run, 1993
Home Run was part of a larger exhibition—Projects 41: Gabriel Orozco—that took place at MoMA in September 1993. The parameters of the exhibition were founded upon experimentation with the spatial limitations of viewing art. For his part, Orozco asked occupants in the buildings adjacent to MoMA to place oranges in their windows, so that the viewer would encounter the exhibition even after leaving the typically defined space of the museum. The placement of the oranges introduced a playful element to the piece as viewers accidentally came upon the work: museum visitors could experience the installation beyond the walls of the institution. In this way Home Run disrupted the traditional notion of the exhibition “viewing space” and blurred the line between art and life.
La DS, 1993
La DS was first exhibited at the Galerie Chantal Crousel in Paris in 1993. In preparation for the exhibition, Orozco traveled to Paris and for nearly two months worked on the reconstruction of a Citroen DS with the aid of his assistant Philippe Picoli. Orozco intentionally used the 1950s classic French automobile due to its status in French popular culture as a symbol of post-World War II ingenuity. The fabrication and presentation of La DS reflects Orozco's interest in the mental and physical aspects of sculptural space and set a precedent for playful viewer-object relationships that Orozco continues to explore in his sculptural works. To create the work, Orozco cut an interior horizontal section from the automobile, and reassembled the remaining two halves so the car maintained its formal qualities. A mirror inserted on the driver's side of the automobile, furthers the illusion of the car still being drivable. The exchange between the physical perception of the object and the memory of how the object should behave in space determines the spectators' overall understanding of the work, creating a mental image of the car that has a photographic effect.
"I have been interested in this notion of space that is still there and how a thin line that divides two bodies is not measurable. Of course, physically it is very thin, but emotionally or mentally it is much bigger and is immeasurable. In my work, I think, it is that space which interests me as a sculptor." – Gabriel Orozco
Yogurt Caps, 1994
It is evident from works such as La DS, Home Run, and Empty Shoe Box that Orozco pays great attention to the space in which his viewers will interact with his work. For his first show with Marian Goodman in New York, Orozco placed four yogurt caps onto each opposing wall in the empty northern room of the gallery. Orozco has said a number of times that he aims to “disappoint the viewer.” In other words, his work can sometimes seem underwhelming to those who may have come to the experience with certain expectations. Yogurt Caps challenged the viewer's notion of space, emptiness, self-awareness, and the body.
"It was a poem about nothing, that beautifully, could thus be one about everything too. A presence, however slight, was the key to seeing the emptiness of the room, as just a single sound is needed to manifest silence." – Ann Temkin
Working Tables, 1996
Orozco's first Working Table was exhibited in Zurich in 1996. The working tables are accumulations of sketches, ideas, found objects, leftovers, and unfinished artworks. The tables offer up an intimate picture of the process of the artist; the conception of an idea, the experimentation, and sometimes the decision to discard a work and its idea entirely. These small objects, when shown together, give the viewer an understanding of the recurring themes and connections that can be found within Orozco's work.
Black Kites, 1997
Black Kites was conceived for Documenta X shortly after one of Orozco's lungs collapsed in 1996. After a week spent in the hospital, Orozco decided he wanted to make his next work via a "very slow process." He purchased a human skull from a nature store in NYC and for the next few months he worked at covering the entire skull in a checkerboard grid made of graphite. The grid follows the contours of the skull, leading the viewer in a circular pathway around it. There is a relationship formed between the rigidity of a system such as a grid and the naturally created shape of a human skull. Black Kites additionally embodies ideas of the memento mori and the iconographic skulls seen frequently within Mexican culture. The work brings to mind questions of our human fate and mortality.
2000–current
Lintels, 2001
Lintels was created for Orozco's solo show with Marian Goodman in 2001. The installation consists of numerous sheets of dryer lint collected over the course of a year. Orozco installed the sheets in the gallery to hang across the room as if on a clothesline. The fragile sheets are full of hair, dust, nail clippings and particles of clothing. They would sway ever so slightly when viewers walked through the installation. The Lintels are essentially the accumulation of residue left by the human body's presence. The work echoes Orozco's earlier sculpture Yielding Stone as both reflect upon corporeality and ephemerality. Both of the works continue to change within the environment they inhabit as new dust and debris gather on their surface.
Samurai Tree Paintings, 2004
In 2004, Orozco began creating geometric abstract paintings. The circular forms and diagrammatic design were similar to those which Orozco had been toying with for years on graph paper, currency, and airplane tickets. He debuted the first paintings at his solo exhibition at the Serpentine Gallery in London in 2004. Beginning at a single point in space, Orozco used computer software to draw a circle around the point and divide this circle into quadrants. He then drew another circle to touch the outer edge of the previous one (varying the size of the circle) and proceeded to divide those into quadrants. Orozco would then paint the halves and quadrants in red, blue, white, or gold, treating the sections of the circles as if they were squares on a chessboard. Circles play an integral part in Orozco's work and he sees them as instruments of movement. In the Samurai Tree paintings there is a centrifugal point from which the circles spin and rotate outwards.
Corplegados, 2011
The Corplegados are a series of large format drawings created for Orozco's most recent show with Marian Goodman in 2011. The word literally translates to mean folded bodies. The works are life-size sheets of paper that Orozco would fold up and take with him on his travels between 2007 and 2011. Orozco drew, paint and wrote all over the surfaces of the paper. The application and layering of the various media permeated the paper and soaked through to the back side forming an unpredictable, ghostly reflection of the front. The drawings were installed in two-sided glass frames that hung from the wall on hinges so the viewer could see both sides of the paper. Each drawing transitioned from bright, colorful, painterly gestures to linear, geometric shapes and a muted palette. These contrasts reflected the different psychological and environmental changes to which the artist and his drawings were exposed to over extended periods of time.
Exhibitions (selection)
The Museum of Modern Art in New York presented a solo show of the artist in 1993 and a mid-career retrospective exhibition in December 2009. The exhibition traveled to the Kunstmuseum Basel, the Centre Pompidou, Paris, and ended at the Tate Modern, London, in May 2011. Other more recent solo exhibitions include Asterisms at Deutsche Guggenheim (2012) and the Guggenheim, New York (2012); the Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City (2006); the Museum Ludwig, Cologne (2006); Palacio de Cristal del Retriro and the Museo Nacional Centre de Arte Reina Sofia, Madrid, (2005), the Hirshhorn Museum, Washington D.C. (2004), and the Serpentine Gallery, London (2004).
Among his most recent solo exhibitions we can mention: Gabriel Orozco (OROXXO), kurimanzutto, Mexico City, Mexico 2017; Gabriel Orozco, Aspen Art Museum, Aspen, United States (2016); Fleurs Fantômes, Domaine de Chaumont-sur-Loire, France (2015–2016); Gabriel Orozco – Inner Cycles, at the Museum of Contemporary Art Tokyo MOT, Tokyo, Japan (2015); Natural Motion at the Kunstahaus Bregenz, Bregenz, Austria (2013); which also travelled to the Moderna Museet in Stockholm, Sweden in 2014; Thinking in Circles at the Fruitmarket Gallery, Edinburgh, Scotland, (2013).
Orozco participated in the Venice Biennale in 1993, 2003, and 2005, the Whitney Biennial (1995 and 1997), as well as Documenta X (1997) and Documenta XI (2002). He has received numerous awards, including the Seccio Espacios Alternativos prize at the Salon Nacional de Artes Plasticas in Mexico City (1987), a DAAD artist-in-residence grant in Berlin (1995), and the second-awarded blueOrange prize (2006) in Germany.
Public collections (selection)
His work has been included in the permanent collection of several museum institutions such as the Pérez Art Museum Miami, Florida with the work Samurai Tree (Invariant 260) from 2020–21; Museum of Modern Art, New York; Aspen Art Museum, Colorado; the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; San Jose Museum of Art, California; Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (MOCA); Dallas Museum of Art, Texas; Philadelphia Museum of Art; Pennsylvania; Whitney Museum of American Art; New York; Noguchi Museum, Queens; Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, Illinois; Tate, London; Museo Reina Sofia, Spain.
Bibliography
A list of select publications include:
Art books
Art catalogs
Morgan, Jessica, and Gabriel Orozco (2011). Gabriel Orozco. London: Tate.
October Files: Gabriel Orozco. Bois, Yve-Alain, ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2009.
Gabriel Orozco. Orozco, Gabriel, Yve-Alain Bois, Benjamin H. D. Buchloh and Briony Fer. Mexico City, Mexico: Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes, 2006.
Gabriel Orozco. Orozco, Gabriel, Guillermo Santamarina and Marta González Orbegozo. Madrid, Spain: Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, 2005.
Filmography
Art:21 Film on Gabriel Orozco, 2003
Gabriel Orozco, 2002, directed by Juan Carlos Martin with music by Manuel Rocha Iturbide
References
External links
Guggenheim: Pelota en agua
MoMA: Horses Running Endlessly
Guardian Article: Orozco at White Cube, London
Gabriel Orozco at Marian Goodman, New York
Ping Pond Table
Sand on Table
Kurimanzutto Gallery: Orozco
Biography, interviews, essays, artwork images and video clips from PBS series Art:21 -- Art in the Twenty-First Century – Season 2 (2003).
Art Magazine site
NY Arts Magazine profile on Orozco's playful sculptures
Black Kites
La D.S.
Clam Shell
Ligne d'abandon
Lost Line
Installation views and exhibition reviews: Thinking in Circles, Fruitmarket Gallery, Edinburgh, 2013
Gabriel Orozco at Kadist Art Foundation
Gabriel Orozco Kapsul Image Collection
1962 births
Living people
Artists from Veracruz
Mexican contemporary artists
Mexican people of Basque descent
People from Xalapa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel%20Orozco |
Dennis Edward Neagle Jr. (; born September 13, 1968) is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher who played for six teams over a 13-year career. During the 1990s, he was one of the top pitchers in baseball, but his career, and personal life, deteriorated in the early 2000s. With the New York Yankees, he won the 2000 World Series over the New York Mets.
Career
Arundel Senior High School
Neagle attended Arundel Senior High School in Gambrills, Maryland and played on the baseball team.
University of Minnesota
Neagle attended the University of Minnesota and played on the baseball team. In 1988, he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League for the Yarmouth-Dennis Red Sox.
Minnesota Twins
Neagle was drafted in the 3rd round of the amateur draft by the Minnesota Twins. He saw some action in the summer of for the Twins, but was not on their postseason roster when the club won the 1991 World Series.
Pittsburgh Pirates
Neagle was dealt to the Pittsburgh Pirates during spring training in , and became a full-time starter for the Pirates in . The following season, Neagle posted a 13–8 record with a 3.43 ERA and became the ace of a mediocre Pittsburgh staff. That year, Neagle represented the Pirates at the All-Star Game and led the National League in innings pitched () and hits allowed (221). He got off to an impressive 14–6 start in . On August 27, 1996, he pitched eight innings giving up only two runs to the first place Atlanta Braves. The next day, the Braves traded a young Jason Schmidt to Pittsburgh for Neagle in the midst of their playoff run.
Atlanta Braves
Neagle was given the opportunity to start in Game 4 of the 1996 World Series, earning a no-decision.
Remaining with the Braves in , Neagle had his best season, going 20–5 with a 2.97 ERA. Neagle made the start for the Braves in the first regular season game at Turner Field, taking place on April 4, 1997. He earned another All-Star selection and finished third in Cy Young Award voting. In Game 4 of the 1997 National League Championship Series, Neagle pitched a complete-game shutout.
Neagle's 16–11 record and 3.55 ERA in were still solid numbers, but the emergence of Kevin Millwood made him expendable and he was traded to the Cincinnati Reds after the season.
Cincinnati Reds
Injuries limited Neagle to 19 starts in , but he stormed out to an 8–2 record in .
New York Yankees
The playoff-bound New York Yankees traded prospects Drew Henson, Jackson Melián and Ed Yarnall to acquire Neagle along with outfielder Mike Frank on July 12, 2000. He only registered a 7–7 record over the rest of the season with the Yankees, and his playoff performance was shaky, but his team triumphed in the 2000 World Series and Neagle earned a World Series ring.
Colorado Rockies, Tampa Bay Devil Rays and legal troubles
In December 2000, the Colorado Rockies signed Neagle and fellow left-hander Mike Hampton to expensive contracts. Neagle's contract was for five years and $51 million, and his 17–19 record and 5.31 ERA over the and seasons spelled disaster for the Rockies. Due to injuries, Neagle only started seven games in . He went 2–4 with a 7.90 ERA, pitching what was to be his last Major League game on July 20, 2003.
Neagle missed the season due to ligament and elbow surgeries. Then, in late November 2004, a Lakewood, Colorado, police officer ticketed him for soliciting a woman for oral sex. Less than a week later, the Rockies canceled the final year of his lucrative contract, citing a morals clause in his contract. The incident ultimately led to the end of Neagle's marriage.
He signed with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays before the 2005 season, but did not play due to injury.
Personal life
Denny Neagle was born and raised in the Annapolis, Maryland, suburb of Gambrills to Denny Sr. and Joanne Neagle. He has two sisters, Debbie and Diana, and a brother, Doug. He graduated from Arundel High School.
On January 24, 2006, Neagle pleaded guilty in Jefferson County, Colorado, on one charge of patronizing a prostitute. Although the sentence can carry a maximum of a $500 fine and up to six months in jail, Neagle was sentenced to only 40 hours of community service.
On August 27, 2007, Neagle was arrested for and later pleaded guilty to driving under the influence.
On December 13, 2007, Neagle was mentioned in the Mitchell Report in connection with steroids.
In 2012, he sued his financial adviser, William S. Leavitt, for placing 80% of his money in “alternative investments” without his consent. These investments incurred huge losses.
Neagle married hairstylist Jennifer Gray in 1996. They have three children, Denny III ("Trey") (b. January 6, 2000), and twins Chase and Avery (b. September 17, 2004). They divorced in 2006.
See also
List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders
List of Major League Baseball players named in the Mitchell Report
References
External links
1968 births
Living people
University of Minnesota alumni
National League All-Stars
National League wins champions
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Maryland
Pittsburgh Pirates players
New York Yankees players
Minnesota Twins players
Cincinnati Reds players
Colorado Rockies players
Atlanta Braves players
People from Gambrills, Maryland
Sportspeople from Anne Arundel County, Maryland
Minnesota Golden Gophers baseball players
Yarmouth–Dennis Red Sox players
Elizabethton Twins players
Kenosha Twins players
Visalia Oaks players
Orlando Sun Rays players
Portland Beavers players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Indianapolis Indians players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny%20Neagle |
Frank Fontaine (April 19, 1920 – August 4, 1978) was an American stage, radio, film and television comedian, singer and actor.
Early years and personal life
Born and raised in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Fontaine came from a family of entertainers. His father, Ray Fontaine, of French-Canadian descent, was a popular vocalist whose career in Canada resulted in his being compared to Bing Crosby. His mother, Anna McCarthy, of Irish and Scottish descent, performed as a dancer, and he had a brother who also became a singer. Fontaine left school and married at age sixteen. Two days before his 17th birthday, he married his childhood sweetheart, Alma Clair Wakeham, and moved to Medford. He went right to work as an all‐purpose singer‐dancer‐comedian in Boston area supper clubs. After Pearl Harbor, he spent three years in the Army.
He had a reputation as a family man, known for being devoted to his wife and children. He would rearrange his schedule so that he was never away from them for too long. In addition, he was well known for the size of his family: he and his wife Alma had two daughters and nine sons.
Career
Fontaine is best known for his appearances on television shows of the 1950s and 1960s, including The Jack Benny Program, The Jackie Gleason Show, The Tonight Show, and The Ed Sullivan Show. One of his earliest appearances was on the radio version of The Jack Benny Program. During an episode which aired on April 9, 1950, Fontaine played a bum (named "John L.C. Cervone") who asked Benny for a dime for a cup of coffee. The smallest coin Benny had to offer was a fifty-cent piece, so he gave it to him. The story Benny told about this event became a running gag during later shows. Fontaine's goofball laugh and other voice mannerisms made a hit with the audience, and Benny brought him back for several more radio shows between 1950-52. He also later appeared on four of Jack Benny's television shows between 1951 and 1961. In 1952, Fontaine starred in The Frank Fontaine Show, a weekly variety program on CBS radio. The program featured four other members of Fontaine's family in addition to singer Helen O'Connell and announcer Harry von Zell. He also was heard regularly on The Bob Hope Show on radio. On June 3, 1955, his comedy-variety television program, Frank Fontaine's Showtime, debuted on KTTV in Los Angeles.
On The Jackie Gleason Show, he played the always-inebriated character "Crazy Guggenheim" during Gleason's "Joe the Bartender" skits. His trademark was a bug-eyed grin and the same silly laugh he had done on Jack Benny's radio show. At the end of his Guggenheim sketch, he would usually sing a song, demonstrating a surprisingly strong baritone voice.
In 1963, he released an album Songs I Sing on The Jackie Gleason Show, with a collection of some of those songs, which reached number one on Billboard magazine's Top LP's chart in 1963. He also was the voice of Rocky the Rhino in Walt Disney's The Jungle Book until Disney cut the creature from the picture. Fontaine was a lifelong non-drinker in his private life.
Actor Lennie Weinrib imitated the "Crazy Guggenheim" character on The Dick Van Dyke Show episode "The Sam Pomerantz Scandals".
Legacy
Stan Freberg's voice characterization for Pete Puma, a would-be nemesis for Bugs Bunny in the 1952 cartoon short Rabbit's Kin, was based on Fontaine's character voice, along with Daws Butler's voice for Sam the Cat in the Sylvester cartoons Trick or Tweet in 1958 and Mouse and Garden in 1960 and Barney Gumble from The Simpsons. Muppet performer Jerry Nelson based the voice of one of his characters, Lew Zealand, off of Fontaine's "Crazy Guggenheim" voice.
Fontaine received mention in satirist Tom Lehrer's 1965 song "National Brotherhood Week", from the album That Was the Year That Was. In the live show, Lehrer mentioned National Make-Fun-of-the-Handicapped Week, "Which Frank Fontaine and Jerry Lewis are in charge of, as you know". He was credited in Bobby Rydell and Chubby Checker's song "Jingle Bells Imitations", which was the flipside of their Jingle Bell Rock record.
Death
In early August 1978, Fontaine was in Spokane, Washington, to perform at the Eagles International convention, headlining its Vaudeville Night with Arthur Godfrey and Corbett Monica at the Opera House on Friday, August 4, and was scheduled to lead the parade through the city the following afternoon as grand marshal. He had just completed a live stage benefit show, having accepted a check for $25,000 which he planned to donate for heart research, when he collapsed and died of a heart attack at age 58.
He was interred at Oak Grove Cemetery in Medford, Massachusetts, near his last residence in Winchester, a substantial house on Highland Avenue, now the home of Winchester Community Music School.
Filmography
References
External links
Jerry Haendiges Vintage Radio Logs: The Jack Benny Show
Information about Rocky the Rhino from The Jungle Book (1967)
1920 births
1978 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male comedians
United States Army personnel of World War II
Male actors from Boston
Singers from Boston
20th-century American musicians
20th-century American comedians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Fontaine |
State Road 121 (SR 121) is a part of the Indiana State Road that exists in two sections. The first runs between Metamora and Connersville and the second from Richmond to the Ohio state line in US state of Indiana. The of SR 121 that lie within Indiana serve as a minor highway. None of the highway is listed on the National Highway System. The entire route is rural two-lane highway that passes through farmland, residential and commercial properties.
Route description
No segment of State Road 121 in Indiana is included in the National Highway System (NHS). The NHS is a network of highways that are identified as being most important for the economy, mobility and defense of the nation. The highway is maintained by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) like all other state roads in the state. The department tracks the traffic volumes along all state roads as a part of its maintenance responsibilities using a metric called average annual daily traffic (AADT). This measurement is a calculation of the traffic level along a segment of roadway for any average day of the year. In 2010, INDOT figured that lowest traffic levels were 1,170 vehicles and 40 commercial vehicles used the highway daily at the Franklin–Fayette County line. The peak traffic volumes were 9,470 vehicles and 260 commercial vehicles AADT along the section of SR 121 that is concurrent with SR 227, on North J Street in Richmond.
Southern segment
The southern segment of SR 121 begins at US 52 and heads north as a rural two-lane curvy highway. The highway passes through most farmland and enters the town of Laurel, making a few sharp curves. The route passes through residential properties through town and makes another set of sharp curves leaving town. The highway heads northeast towards Connersville, on the way passing through farmland. The route enters Connersville from the southwest concurrent with Grand Avenue. The highway passes through residential and commercial properties, before ending at SR 44.
Northern segment
The northern segment of SR 121 begins at an intersection between US 27 and SR 227, just north of downtown Richmond. SR 121 heads east concurrent with SR 227, on North J Street. The two state roads leaves J Street for Middleboro Pike and heads northeast. The concurrent with SR 227 ends when SR 121 turns east onto New Paris Pike. The highway heads mostly east towards New Paris, Ohio and crosses over Interstate 70 on the way. SR 121 ends at the Ohio state line and becomes Ohio State Route 121.
History
SR 121 was commissioned in 1931 routed between Richmond and the Ohio state line. In 1932 a second segment was added to the state road system routed between US 52 and Connersville. The northern segment at the time of commissioning was a hard driving surface and the southern segment was a dirt driving surface. Between 1966 and 1967 the southern segment of SR 121 within Fayette County was paved. By 1970 the rest of SR 121, the section within Franklin County, was paved.
Major intersections
References
External links
Indiana Highway Ends - SR 121
121
Transportation in Fayette County, Indiana
Transportation in Franklin County, Indiana
Transportation in Wayne County, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%20121 |
Bangladesh Islami Chhatrashibir (), is an Islamic student organization based in Bangladesh. It was established on 06 February 1977. The organisation is generally understood to be the student wing of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami, and several of the leaders of the student organisation have gone on to become notable leaders within Jamaat. The organisation has a significant presence in higher educational institutions of the country such as University of Dhaka, University of Chittagong, Rajshahi University, SUST, BUET, DUET, Medical College. Recently however, the student Organisation has been under pressure from the Bangladesh government led by the ruling party Awami League and its student wing, the Bangladesh Chhatra League.
History
Bangladesh Islami Chhatrashibir was established on 6 February 1977 at the Dhaka University central mosque. Their stated mission is "to seek the pleasure of Allah (SWT) by moulding entire human life in accordance with the code, bestowed by Allah (SWT) and exemplified by His Messenger".
Overview
According to the group's policy, their activities are guided by five principles:
Dawah (Calling towards Allah) - Conveying the message of Islam to the students and inspiring them to acquire knowledge and to arouse in them the sense of responsibility to practice Islam in full.
Organization - To organize the students who are ready to partake in the struggle for establishing the Islamic way of life within the fold of this organization.
Training - To take appropriate steps to impart Islamic knowledge among the students integrated under the organization to make them men of character, capable of braving the challenges of Jahilyah and, thus, to prove the superiority of Islam.
Islamic Education Movement and Student-oriented Problems - To struggle for changing the existing system of education on the basis of Islamic values to build up ideal citizens and enhance leadership to solve real problems of the students.
Establishing Islamic Social Order - To strive tooth-and-nail to establish Islamic social order for freeing humanity from all forms of economic exploitation, political oppression and cultural servitude.
Funding
Shibir members, who are students of many educational institutions areas are expected to donate monthly in the name of baitul maal (the party fund). There are also several publications that it sells in educational institutions.
Controversy
Bangladesh Liberation War
In 1971, Shibir's predecessor, Islami Chattra Shangha, members of which led the formation of Al-Badr, which was involved in the 1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals; some members of Al-Badr had been convicted and executed by International Crimes Tribunal.
Politically motivated attacks
This student group was also involved in violent clashes with other student groups, was extremely militant and was linked to rumour numerous acts. The group was linked to a number of larger terrorist organizations, both in Bangladesh and internationally. Shibir activists are known to attack rival political party members by cutting their opponents' tendons.
Armed group designation
In February 2014, US-based defense think tank IHS Jane's published a report titled "IHS Jane's 2013 Global Terrorism & Insurgency Attack Index", where Shibir ranked third in a list of most active non-state armed groups in 2013. Chhatra Shibir protested the study findings, strongly condemning the ranking. Describing Shibir as a non-armed organization, it questioned the source behind the study, and said: “They did not mention any single incident in the report that could prove our involvement with any armed attack.”
Victims of enforced disappearance
On 5 February 2012 approximately at 1:00a.m. Al Mukaddas (22), fourth-year student of the Department of Al Fiqah and Mohammad Waliullah (23), a Masters candidate of Dawah and Islamic Studies Department of Islamic University, Bangladesh were allegedly arrested and disappeared by some persons who identified themselves as RAB-4 and DB Police members from Savar.
Both were members of the Islamic student organization Bangladesh Islami Chhatra Shibir and were allegedly detained by members of the RAB and the Detective Branch (DB) of the Bangladesh Police on 4 February. They have not been heard from since and their whereabouts are unknown. The RAB has denied detaining the two men in a statement to a Bangladeshi newspaper. However, reports from several sources and a pattern of disappearances thought to have been conducted by RAB in recent months cast doubt on RAB's denial. Amnesty International along with other rights organizations expressed their concern over this issue and called for urgent action
On 5 April 2013 at around 2:25am, members of Rapid Action Battalion-5 arrested Mr. Mohammad Anwarul Islam and Mosammat Nurjahan Begum of Angariapara village in Chapainawabganj from house number 175 of Bil-Shimla Moholla under Rajpara Police Station in Rajshahi district. Later, when family members contacted the RAB-5 office, RAB notified that Anwarul had never been arrested by them. An allegation of enforced disappearance was brought against the members of RAB by Anwarul's family members. Upon inquiry, it was found that Anwarul was a last year Master's student of Mathematics department of Rajshahi College. Moreover, he was the Office Secretary of the Islami Chattra Shibir of Rajshahi district.
Crackdowns
Since 2010, Shibir has been targeted by repeated crackdowns. The Awami League led government insists that it is necessary to maintain public order and stop attacks on police, but Amnesty International sees them as political crackdowns. Since 2010, raids on student residences have been carried out at random and any Shibir supporters found there have been detained. In 2010 Government agencies received orders to conduct operations necessary to identify Shibir elements in educational institutions all around Bangladesh and uproot their influence. Arbitrary arrests as police have made no efforts at the time of arrest to separate ordinary student members of the Chhatra Shibir from those suspected of involvement in the attacks and were denied Legal counsel. On 4 November 2018 Bangladesh police raided at the chittagong city headquarter of Bangladesh Islami Chattra Shibir and later filed case against 90 Chittagong Shibir men over explosives recovery. It was the biggest police crackdowns against Shibir in recent times. Although the organization denied any link to the incident and protested strongly against the case.
See also
Asian Federation of Muslim Youth
World Assembly of Muslim Youth
International Islamic Federation of Student Organizations
References
External links
1977 establishments in Bangladesh
Student organisations in Bangladesh
Student wings of conservative parties
Student wings of political parties in Bangladesh
Islamic organisations based in Bangladesh
Student organizations established in 1977 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh%20Islami%20Chhatra%20Shibir |
State Road 126 in the U.S. State of Indiana was a short east–west highway connecting former State Road 526 (McCormick Road) with the former alignment of U.S. Route 231 (Northwestern Avenue) in West Lafayette.
Route description
State Road 126 formed the northern boundary of the Purdue University campus. It was a child of, and ran parallel to, State Road 26 which was about a mile to the south. It was concurrent with Cherry Lane and passed just to the north of Ross–Ade Stadium before terminating at Northwestern Avenue. It was decommissioned on 9/13/13.
Major intersections
References
External links
126
Transportation in Tippecanoe County, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%20126 |
The Meadowcroft Rockshelter is an archaeological site which is located near Avella in Jefferson Township, Pennsylvania. The site is a rock shelter in a bluff overlooking Cross Creek (a tributary of the Ohio River), and contains evidence that the area may have been continually inhabited for more than 19,000 years. If accurately dated, it would be one of the earliest known sites with evidence of a human presence and continuous human occupation in the New World.
The site is located twenty-seven miles west-southwest of Pittsburgh in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area.
The site operates as a division of the Heinz History Center of Pittsburgh and has a museum and a reconstruction of a circa 1570s Monongahela culture Indian village. Meadowcroft Rockshelter is recognized as a National Historic Landmark, a Pennsylvania Commonwealth Treasure, and as an official project of Save America's Treasures.
Geology and location
The rockshelter is a natural formation beneath an overhanging cliff of Morgantown-Connellsville sandstone, which is a thick Pennsylvanian-age sandstone, brown in color. Meadowcroft is in the Allegheny Plateau, northwest of the Appalachian Basin.
Archaeology
Excavations
Native Americans left the site during the American Revolutionary War. It was not rediscovered until many years later, when, in 1955, Albert Miller found the first artifacts in a groundhog burrow. Miller delayed reporting his findings so as to not attract vandals, until he contacted James M. Adovasio, who led the first excavations of the site in 1973 until 1979 by the Cultural Resource Management Program of the University of Pittsburgh. Further University of Pittsburgh field school excavations were conducted through 1989. Since the 1990s, more recent work has also been undertaken by Adovasio through the Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute. The methods of excavation used at Meadowcroft are still seen as state-of-the-art. It is viewed as one of the most carefully excavated sites in North America.
Finds
Meadowcroft has produced what may be pre-Clovis remains, found as deep as 11.5 feet underground. The site also has yielded many tools, including pottery, bifaces, bifacial fragments, lamellar blades, a lanceolate projectile point, and chipping debris. Recoveries of note also include fluted points, which are a marker of the Paleoindian period. Remains of flint from Ohio, jasper from eastern Pennsylvania and marine shells from the Atlantic coast suggest that the people inhabiting the area were mobile and involved in long-distance trade. At least one basin-shaped hearth was reused over time.
Meadowcroft has also yielded the largest collection of flora and fauna materials ever recovered from a location in eastern North America. The arid environment provided the necessary and rare conditions that permitted excellent botanical preservation. In total, animal remains representing 149 species were excavated. Evidence shows that people gathered smaller game animals as well as plants, such as corn, squash, fruits, nuts, and seeds.
Dating
Radiocarbon dating of the site indicated occupancy beginning 16,000 years ago (14,000 BCE) and possibly as early as 19,000 years ago (17,000 BCE). However, the dates are still controversial. A recent (2013) survey carried out by the Society for American Archaeology reported support from 38% of archaeologists, with 20% rejecting the early dates. Criticism of these early radiocarbon dates has focused on the potential for contamination by ancient carbon from coal-bearing strata in the watershed. The samples, tested by an independent third party geomorphologist, concluded that the samples showed no evidence of groundwater activity. Tests performed via accelerator mass spectrometry also support the earlier dates. If authentic, these dates would indicate that Meadowcroft was used in the pre-Clovis era and, as such, provides evidence for very early human habitation of the Americas. Meadowcroft Rockshelter may be one of the oldest known sites of human habitation in North America, providing a unique glimpse into the lives of prehistoric hunters and gatherers. Paleoindian, Archaic, and Woodland remains have all been found at the site.
The Miller complex
An unusual type of arrowhead was found at the site, which has been named the Miller Lanceolate projectile point. Similar unfluted lanceolate points have also been found at the adjacent sites. As Goodyear writes:Enough lithic artifacts were recovered to define the Miller complex. This complex consists of thin bifaces, including one lanceolate point, the Miller Lanceolate; small prismatic blades; retouched flake tools and blades, and debitage related to late-stage core and biface reduction and tool kit maintenance.The Miller complex is further defined by surveys done in the Cross Creek watershed, where other lanceolate points, small prismatic blades, and small polyhedral blade cores have been recovered. According to Adovasio et al., this complex has a Eurasiatic and Siberian appearance. These authors also note that small blades and polyhedral cores are absent from subsequent Paleoindian fluted-point assemblages in this region, reinforcing the technological distinctiveness of the Miller complex.
The adjacent Krajacic Site is located about ten miles southeast of Meadowcroft, and it is also important in defining the Miller complex. This site yielded a great variety of distinctive Meadowcroft-style blade implements and several small, cylindrical polyhedral cores.
At Cactus Hill in Virginia, similar points have been found, where they are dubbed as the Early Triangular type. Some similar finds were made at the Page-Ladson site in Florida as well.
Because of the very long occupational sequence at Meadowcroft, it became a very important site and is seen as quite valuable for comparative analysis:
The Pre-Clovis artifacts from Meadowcroft Rockshelter include a lanceolate point (named the Miller Lanceolate), bifaces, unifaces, prismatic blades, core fragments, and debitage. Remains from other Pre-Clovis sites (e.g., Cactus Hill and Saltville, Virginia, Topper, South Carolina, etc.) are usually compared to the Meadowcroft assemblage. In addition, claims for Pre-Clovis inhabitants in other sections of the New World also are evaluated with Meadowcroft in mind.
According to some scholars, Clovis, Folsom, and other fluted point complexes may have derived from such unfluted lanceolate points.
Other relevant northeastern US sites
Other sites in the northeastern United States with evidence of possible pre-Clovis human presence include: Burning Tree Mastodon (Ohio), Mitchell Farm (Delaware), Barton (Barton Village Site, Maryland), Miles Point, and Parson's Island.
Tourism and historical designations
Renovations to the rock shelter in 2008 were made so that visitors can see some of the tools and campfires made by the first Americans thousands of years ago. The rockshelter is recognized as a Pennsylvania Commonwealth Treasure and is an official project of Save America's Treasures. The historic site also includes a recreation of a 16th-century Monongahela village as well as 18th and 19th century buildings from European and United States settlement.
The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. In 1999, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission installed a historical marker noting the historic importance of the site. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2005. It is also designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation.
See also
Chiquihuite cave
List of Native American archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
List of National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
References
Citations
Meadowcroft Rockshelter and Museum of Rural Life
"The Greatest Journey," James Shreeve, National Geographic, March 2006, p. 64. Shows dates 19,000 to 12,000 years ago; as well as Clovis (13,500 years ago) and Monte Verde 14,800 years ago.
Heinz History Center
Further reading
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette article on Meadowcroft expert
American Indian Village reenactment
Adovasio, J. M., with Jack Page. The First Americans: In Pursuit of Archaeology's Greatest Mystery. New York: Random House, 2002. Chapter 7 focuses on the Meadowcroft Rockshelter; the rest of the book sets the dig and the controversy surrounding it in a broader scholarly context.
Chandler, Graham. "The Dawn of Civilization" Equinox, 96 (1998): 18. A brief article about the site and its artifacts.
Shea, Neil. "The First Americans?" National Geographic, 207.5 (2005): 2.
"Who's Really on First?", Natural History, 109.9 (Nov 2000): 10. Presents differing opinions between James Adovasio and Anna Curtenius Roosevelt regarding the accuracy of dating artifacts from Meadowcroft.
External links
Meadowcroft Rockshelter and Historic Village official website
Archaic period in North America
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
History of Pennsylvania
Museums in Washington County, Pennsylvania
National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
Archaeological museums in Pennsylvania
Native American museums in Pennsylvania
Pre-Clovis archaeological sites in the Americas
Rock shelters in the United States
Paleo-Indian archaeological sites in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Pennsylvania
Western Stemmed Tradition | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadowcroft%20Rockshelter |
State Road 128 (SR 128) is a state road in the central part of the U.S. state of Indiana. Running for about in a general east–west direction, connecting Frankton and rural Madison County. The western terminus is at a junction with SR 13 and SR 37, south of Elwood. The eastern terminus is at an intersection with SR 9, south of Alexandria. The highway passes through mostly agricultural and residential properties, as a two-lane roadway. SR 128 was originally introduced in the late 1930s or early 1940s routed along its modern routing. The entire roadway was paved in the late 1960s.
Route description
SR 128 begins at an intersection with SR 13/SR 37 and County Road 600S, which heads west, while SR 128 heads east. SR 128 passes through agricultural land as it heads towards Frankton. As the state road enters Frankton it makes a sharp curve with the road heading north, before a second sharp curve with the road heading east again on Plum Street. The street passes through residential properties and turns north onto Center Street, before turning east onto Sigler Street. The street passes through downtown Frankton, before passing through a residential part of town. SR 128 turns south onto 11th street for a few blocks before turning east onto Clyde Street. The street passes Frankton Elementary School, before leaving Frankton. East of Frankton SR 128 passes through farmland, with some houses. The SR 128 designation ends at an intersection with SR 9 south of Alexandria. The roadway continues east as County Road 800N, which becomes McGalliard Road, in Delaware County, before becoming SR 332 at an interchange with Interstate 69.
No segment of State Road 128 in Indiana is included in the National Highway System (NHS). The NHS is a network of highways that are identified as being most important for the economy, mobility and defense of the nation. The highway is maintained by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) like all other state roads in the state. The department tracks the traffic volumes along all state roads as a part of its maintenance responsibilities using a metric called average annual daily traffic (AADT). This measurement is a calculation of the traffic level along a segment of roadway for any average day of the year. In 2010, INDOT figured that lowest traffic levels were 1,200 vehicles and 110 commercial vehicles used the highway daily west of Frankton. The peak traffic volumes were 3,490 vehicles and 150 commercial vehicles AADT along the section east of Frankton.
History
SR 128 was assumed into the state road system between 1939 and 1941. At the time, the highway started at the SR 13/SR 37 and ran east through Frankton to SR 9 much as it does today. The entire was paved between 1966 and 1967. Since its paving, the route has not undergone any major changes.
Major intersections
References
External links
128
Transportation in Madison County, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%20128 |
Riley Mackey Odoms (born March 1, 1950) is an American former professional football player who was a tight end for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at the University of Houston, where he had a highlight year in 1971 with 45 catches for 730 yards and 8 touchdowns after playing sparingly the two seasons prior.
Odoms played his entire NFL career with Denver. He was drafted fifth overall in the 1972 NFL Draft, which tied him with Mike Ditka for the highest drafted tight end ever in the NFL Draft. That record stood for 49 years until the 2021 NFL Draft, where Kyle Pitts was selected fourth overall.
Odoms was a four-time Pro Bowl selection and was a two-time All-Pro. He finished his career with 396 receptions for 5,755 yards and 41 touchdowns.
He is the grandson of Baseball Hall of Famer Biz Mackey.
References
External links
1950 births
Living people
People from Luling, Texas
American football tight ends
Houston Cougars football players
Denver Broncos players
American Conference Pro Bowl players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riley%20Odoms |
State Road 129 (SR 129) is a part of the Indiana State Road that runs between Vevay and Batesville in the US state of Indiana. The of SR 129 that lie within Indiana serve as a minor highway. Some of the highway is listed on the National Highway System. Various sections are urban two-lane highway and rural two-lane highway. The highway passes through residential and commercial properties.
Route description
SR 129 begins at SR 56 on the banks of the Ohio River on the west side of Vevay. The route heads northwest as a two-lane rural highway, passing through farmland and woodland. The route has an intersection with SR 250, in rural Switzerland County. The highway crosses into Ripley County and begins a concurrency with SR 62. The concurrency heads north-northeast passing through Cross Plains. North of Cross Plains, SR 62 turns east and SR 129 keeps heading north-northwest. The road enters Versailles from the southeast and begins a concurrency with U.S. Route 421 (US 421). The two routes head north towards downtown Versailles and US 50. At US 50, the concurrency with US 421 ends when it heads east concurrent with US 50. SR 129 heads east concurrent with US 50 and leaves town, entering Versailles State Park. After passing through Versailles State Park, the concurrency endS when SR 129 turns north towards Batesville. The highway enters Batesville and ends at an intersection with SR 46.
The only segment of State Road 129 in Indiana that is included in the National Highway System (NHS), is that concurrent with US 50. The NHS is a network of highways that are identified as being most important for the economy, mobility and defense of the nation. The highway is maintained by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) like all other state roads in the state. The department tracks the traffic volumes along all state roads as a part of its maintenance responsibilities using a metric called average annual daily traffic (AADT). This measurement is a calculation of the traffic level along a segment of roadway for any average day of the year. In 2010, INDOT figured that lowest traffic levels were 1,290 vehicles and 270 commercial vehicles used the highway daily near the intersection with SR 250. The peak traffic volumes were 10,190 vehicles and 610 commercial vehicles AADT along the section of SR 129 at is concurrent with US 421.
History
In 1930 the Indiana State Highway Commission authorized a state road from SR 56 near Vevay to Versailles. This state road was designated as SR 129 in 1931. Paving of the original section was completed between 1965 and 1967. Around 1977 the SR 129 designation was extended north from Versailles to SR 48. The route was extended north again from SR 48 to SR 46 in Batesville between 1990 and 1991.
Major intersections
See also
State Road 29
State Road 229
State Road 329
References
External links
129
Transportation in Ripley County, Indiana
Transportation in Switzerland County, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%20129 |
Duvenhage lyssavirus (DUVV) is a member of the genus Lyssavirus, which also contains the rabies virus. The virus was discovered in 1970, when a South African farmer (after whom the virus is named) died of a rabies-like encephalitic illness, after being bitten by a bat. In 2006, Duvenhage virus killed a second person, when a man was scratched by a bat in North West Province, South Africa, 80 km from the 1970 infection. He developed a rabies-like illness 27 days after the bat encounter, and died 14 days after the onset of illness. A 34-year-old woman who died in Amsterdam on December 8, 2007, was the third recorded fatality. She had been scratched on the nose by a small bat while travelling through Kenya in October 2007, and was admitted to hospital four weeks later with rabies-like symptoms.
Microbats are believed to be the natural reservoir of Duvenhage virus. It has been isolated twice from insectivorous bats, in 1981 from Miniopterus schreibersi, and in 1986 from Nycteris thebaica, and the virus is closely related to another bat-associated lyssavirus endemic to Africa, Lagos bat lyssavirus.
References
Lyssaviruses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duvenhage%20lyssavirus |
State Road 130 in the U.S. state of Indiana is a short, road that connects Lake Station with Valparaiso to the southeast.
Route description
State Road 130 runs 7.9 miles (17.9 km) from State Road 149 near Valparaiso to U.S. Route 6 and State Road 51 in Hobart. This highway mainly follows a major rail line for its entire length. It formerly followed Lincoln Way (sometimes spelled "Lincolnway") for its entire length in Valparaiso, except south of LaPorte Avenue, where it was called Sturdy Road.
State Road 130 passes through the following cities, and intersects with highways at those locations:
Hobart — U.S. Route 6/State Road 51
Valparaiso — State Road 149
State Road 130 is concurrent with SR 51 for one mile (1.6 km) south of its terminus on U.S. Route 6. State Road 51 then goes west into downtown Hobart, and State Road 130 goes southeast towards Porter County and Valparaiso.
State Road 130 can be considered a local spur of US 30. This differs from other highways, such as State Road 249, which exist outside of the grid system and are numbered according to the nearest grid number available.
History
State Road 130 south of LaPorte Avenue was at one point concurrent with State Road 2. When the Valparaiso Bypass (current State Road 49) was completed, State Road 49 was routed onto the bypass, and State Road 2 was routed with State Road 49 south to U.S. Route 30.
In 2015, State Road 130 was truncated at its intersection with State Road 149, and its remaining length was transferred to Porter County and Valparaiso.
Major intersections
References
External links
130
Lincoln Highway
Northwest Indiana
Transportation in Lake County, Indiana
Transportation in Porter County, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%20130 |
Fashion House is an American nighttime soap opera that aired at 9:00PM Eastern/8:00PM Central Monday through Saturday on MyNetworkTV stations. The series premiered on September 5, 2006, and concluded on December 5, 2006. It was produced by Twentieth Television with directors David Hogan, Alex Hennech, Jim Slocum and Jeremy Stanford.
Fashion House focused on greed, lust and ambition surrounding a corporate takeover of the business's hottest company. It starred Bo Derek as the ruthless head of the business and Morgan Fairchild as her long-time arch-rival.
Fashion House is an adaptation in the original Cuban script "Salir de Noche" written by Euridice Charadian & Osvaldo Huerta and was sold to MyNetworkTV by InjausTV.
As of 2021, the entire series can be seen on TubiTV.
Production
Fashion House aired for a 78-episode run. MyNetworkTV episode aired it Monday through Friday for 13 weeks, with a "recap" show on Saturdays airing at 9 p.m. Eastern. It was based on the Cuban telenovela Salir de Noche ("Out in the Night"), produced by Miami firm XYSTUS. MyNetworkTV originally planned to use the umbrella title Secrets, later changed to Secret Obsessions, for its telenovelas in the 9:00 p.m. ET timeslot, with Fashion House as its first installment. While the show is set in Los Angeles, it was filmed at Stu Segall Productions in San Diego. Logo design was done by design director Chris Hoffman.
Its debut week saw modest viewership; an average 1.3 household rating and 2 share, slightly higher than its lead in, Desire, according to Nielsen. The second week dipped to 1.1 million viewers. During the next few weeks, ratings stabilized at a 0.6 rating.
National advertising spots sold for between $20,000 and $35,000 for a 30-second spot as of September 2006.
Cast
Theme
The theme song played during the opening credits was Chesterwhites "Good At Being Bad".
Crossover
A later MyNetworkTV telenovela, American Heiress, made a brief reference to this show. In episode 17, which aired on June 6, Jordan Wakefield says that "since Maria Gianni died you can't find a decent dress in a store."
International
Africa
In Cameroon the show airs on LTM TV: show time 7pm (East Africa Time) from Mondays to Fridays, with reruns on Saturdays (22pm) & Sundays (17pm).
In Ghana, the show aires on Saturdays and Sundays at 4:00 pm.
In Kenya, KTN airs the show Sundays at 10:30.
In Togo, the show aired on Saturdays at 10:00 am.
Asia
In Hong Kong, China, Star World airs the show from Feb 6, 2007 weeknights at 10pm, plus weekdays and Saturday afternoons at 4.30pm.
In Iran, GEM TV at 6 pm
In India, Star World aired it at 11 pm and at 4:30 pm next afternoon.
In Israel, HOT3 finished airing on 11/10/07. Star World also aired the series.
In Malaysia, Star World airs it at 10 p.m. from Monday to Friday.
The series airs at 5:00 p.m. UTC, Saturday through Wednesday, in the Middle East on MBC 4.
In Nepal. Star World aired the show on weeknights at 11:15 pm and recapped it at 2:45 am and on 4:45 the next afternoon.
In Pakistan, Star World airs the show on weeknights at 11:00pm with recap on Sundays at 11pm.
In the Philippines, the show airs in Star World
In Sri Lanka, ARTv Wednesday @ 9.30 pm – 10.30 pm & Repeat on Friday @ 9.30 pm – 10.30 pm.
In Turkey, Fox Life weekdays at 05:00pm.
Europe
In Belgium, Punt. aired the series Monday through Friday at 8pm
In Bulgaria, bTV aired the series Monday through Friday at 6pm, with a "recap" show on Saturdays airing at 3pm. The series premiere was on January 1, 2007, and the last episode aired on March 27, 2007. Currently, reruns of the show can be seen on TV+.
In Finland, MTV3 6 pm – 7 pm.
In Italy, the series airs at 7:00 pm. from Monday to Friday on Sky Vivo. The series premiere was on March 12, 2007.
In Ireland, TV3 airs it at 11:30 a.m. from Monday to Friday.
In the Netherlands the show aired Monday – Friday 6.30pm on Tien until the station airing it was brought out by rival television network RTL 8. The show stopped airing on 17 August 2007, one day before the takeover.
In Norway, TV2 Zebra
In Portugal, the series airs from Monday to Friday on mornings (9:40 – 10:25) and late at night (2:55 – 3:40) on Fox Life.
In Serbia, the series runs weekdays at 6pm on FOX.
In Slovenia the show airs Weekdays at 5.45pm UTC+1 on TV3 Slovenia, reruns also Weekdays at 11.45am UTC+1. It premiered on November 6, 2007. More info:
In Spain, Cuatro started airing on September/17/07. 10:45 to 12:15 from Monday to Friday.
In Sweden, Kanal 5 airs it at around 1:15 pm.
North America
In El Salvador, Canal 12, Wednesdays @ 7 pm.
In Trinidad and Tobago, the show airs on CNMG on Saturdays and Sundays at 8:30 pm.
Oceania
In Australia, the complete series ran weekdays at 11am on the Seven Network in early 2007, and previously ran on Foxtel's W Channel and now is airing again at 4am.
South America
In Venezuela, Televen 3 pm – 4 pm.
Episodes
See also
MyNetworkTV telenovelas
References
External links
MyNetworkTV original programming
2006 telenovelas
2006 American television series debuts
2006 American television series endings
American telenovelas
American television series based on telenovelas
Fashion-themed television series
Television series by 20th Century Fox Television
Television shows set in Los Angeles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion%20House |
The South Zone cricket team is a first-class cricket team that represents southern India in the Duleep Trophy and Deodhar Trophy. It is a composite team of players from seven first-class Indian teams from southern India competing in the Ranji Trophy: Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Hyderabad, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry. South Zone has the third strongest track record of all the zones in the Duleep Trophy, as they have won the Trophy 11 times, with the best team, North Zone having won 17 times.
Squad
Players with international caps are listed in bold.
Updated as on 03 Aug 2023
International players from South Zone
Kris Srikanth
Roger Binny
S. Venkataraghavan
Syed Abid Ali
Mansur Ali Khan Pataudi
Syed Kirmani
Brijesh Patel
M. L. Jaisimha
Abbas Ali Baig
Mohammad Azharuddin
Lakshmipathy Balaji
Rahul Dravid
Dinesh Karthik
Anil Kumble
V. V. S. Laxman
Sreesanth
Javagal Srinath
Venkatesh Prasad
Pragyan Ojha
Bhagwat Chandrasekhar
Erapalli Prasanna
Kris Srikkanth
Gundappa Viswanath
Sunil Joshi
Murali Vijay
Vijay Bhardwaj
Ravichandran Ashwin
Robin Uthappa
Karun Nair
Manish Pandey
Stuart Binny
Vinay Kumar
Abhinav Mukund
Abhimanyu Mithun
Sreenath Aravind
Vijay Shankar (cricketer)
KL Rahul
Mayank Agarwal
Hanuma Vihari
Mohammad Siraj
Sanju Samson
Washington Sundar
T. Natarajan
Tinu Yohannan
External links
South Zone at CricketArchive
Indian first-class cricket teams | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Zone%20cricket%20team |
Bolivia is a predominantly Christian country, with adherents of Islam representing a very small minority. Due to secular nature of the Bolivia's constitution, Muslims are free to proselytize and build places of worship in the country. Statistics for Islam in Bolivia estimate a Muslim population of around two thousand, representing 0.017% out of the total population of 11,220,000 inhabitants.
In 2004 the first official Sunni mosque, the Yebel An Nur Mosque, was founded in 2004 in La Paz. The Yebel An Nur Mosque remains self-funded with close ties to the Sunni Bolivian Islamic Center of Santa Cruz while the As-Salam Mosque receives both Sunni and Shia followers, connections, and funding.
See also
Islam by country
References
External links
Islam in Bolivia
Sunnis in Bolivia
Bolivia
Bol | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Bolivia |
They Also Ran: The Story of the Men Who Were Defeated for the Presidency (1943) is a non-fiction book about United States presidential candidates by American writer Irving Stone, known for his popular biographical novels of artists and intellectuals. An updated edition was published in 1966, with brief analyses of the 1944 through 1964 elections.
Summary
Stone evaluates several unsuccessful candidates for President of the United States, from the elections of 1824 through 1940. He explores their places in history (and those of their victorious opponents), and tries to assess whether or not the American people made the "right" choice in choosing another candidate for that office.
Structure
Stone groups the also-rans by profession, rather than listing them in chronological order. For example, the first section assesses newspapermen Horace Greeley and James M. Cox. Coincidentally Stone happens to rate them favorably compared to the candidates who were elected: Grant and Harding.
Reception
The Chicago Tribune described They Also Ran as "a fascinating and challenging book." The New York Times praised it as "a brilliant idea ... brilliantly executed".
Boyd Lee Spahr, in The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, criticized the "lack of historical continuity" in the organization of the book, complaining that the grouping of candidates by profession did little to increase understanding. He particularly criticized the text for numerous errors related to several different candidates, and said that Stone did not reflect the consensus of historians on many candidates. He said:
Mr. Stone wields a trenchant pen but his penchant for striking sentences, and perhaps his prejudices, lead him into exaggerations and inaccuracies, with the result that some of the sketches seem like campaign propaganda, post-mortem pro or con, rather than impartial biography. In addition, factual errors are fairly numerous.
Spahr concluded that while Stone was entitled to his opinions, the inaccuracies decreased the book's value as a reference.
1966 edition
The book was published in an updated edition in 1966, incorporating material on elections from 1944 to 1964. It included the sections noted below:
Influence
The book inspired the Also-Ran Gallery, founded in Norton, Kansas in 1965, a collection of black-and-white portraits of unsuccessful presidential candidates that is displayed within the First State Bank building.
Notes
See also
The Contenders
1943 non-fiction books
Presidential elections in the United States
Books about politics of the United States
Non-fiction books about elections
Doubleday (publisher) books
Novels by Irving Stone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They%20Also%20Ran |
Justyna Maria Kowalczyk-Tekieli (Polish: ; born 19 January 1983) is a Polish cross-country skier who has been competing since 2000.
Kowalczyk is a double Olympic Champion and a double World Champion. She is also the only skier to win the Tour de Ski four times in a row and one of two female skiers (the other being Finn Marjo Matikainen) to win the FIS Cross-Country World Cup three times in a row. Kowalczyk holds the all-time record for wins in the Tour de Ski with 14, and had 29 podiums in total. She also won the Vasaloppet women's edition in 2015.
She is a member of cross country ski department of AZS AWF Katowice and is coached by Aleksander Wierietielny.
Career
Raised in the mountainous Goral village of Kasina Wielka, Southern Poland, Kowalczyk took up cross country skiing at the age of 10. She then competed in her first FIS World Cup race at Cogne (ITA) in December 2001.
In 2002 she came second in the individual sprint at the World Junior Championships. She finished 31st in the individual sprint at the 2003 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships. Kowalczyk's first World Cup Victory was the 10 km classic race at Otepää on January 27, 2007. Kowalczyk was 3rd overall in the 2007 World Cup.
She won the overall 2008–09 Cross-Country Skiing World Cup. On 24 March 2009, Kowalczyk was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta.
At the 2009 world championships in Liberec, Kowalczyk won two gold medals, one in the women's pursuit (7.5 km classical + 7.5 km free technique), and another one in the 30 km mass start. She also secured a bronze medal in the 10 km classical event.
On 27 February 2010, Kowalczyk beat Norway's Marit Bjørgen by 0.3 seconds to win the gold medal in the women's 30 km classical event in the 2010 Winter Olympics. She posted a time of one hour, 30 minutes, 33.7 seconds. She earned two more medals in Vancouver, taking silver behind Bjørgen in the individual sprint classic on 17 February 2010, and bronze in the 15 km pursuit on 19 February 2010.
Kowalczyk won the 10 km classical race in the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi on a broken foot. She did not finish 30 km freestyle race.
On 22 February 2015 won bronze medal of the World Championship 2015 in team sprint with Sylwia Jaśkowiec in Falun, Sweden.
She won the Vasaloppet ski marathon in 2015 with a time of 4:41:02. She also won the Birkebeinerrennet long-distance cross-country ski marathon held annually in Norway in 2017 and 2018.
Education
Kowalczyk graduated from the Jerzy Kukuczka University of Physical Education in Katowice with an M.A. and a Ph.D. degree in physical education in 2014 at the Bronisław Czech University of Physical Education in Kraków, where her dissertation was titled "The structure and volume of training load cross-country skiing on the background of the evolution of technology gear and different levels of sports".
2005 Suspension
At the 2005 World Championships, Kowalczyk competed but was subsequently disqualified for taking dexamethasone at the Under23 (U23) OPA (Alpine Nations) Intercontinental Cup competition in Oberstdorf, Germany back on 23 January 2005. Dexamethasone is a substance that is allowed Out-of-Competition but prohibited In-Competition. It acts as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant. Kowalczyk used the substance to alleviate an Achilles tendon condition.
On 13 June 2005, the FIS Doping Panel issued a two-year suspension (23 January 2005 – 22 January 2007) for Kowalczyk. In late June 2005 FIS determined that since dexamethasone was a glucocorticosteroid, it was classified as a specified substance on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) list of prohibited substances, and therefore the period of ineligibility for the first violation is at a maximum, one year's ineligibility. The FIS Doping Panel therefore reduced the suspension to one year.
Kowalczyk appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) which held that Kowalczyk did not use Dexamethasone to enhance her sport performance. However, she acted negligently, but the measure of the negligence did not justify a one-year term of ineligibility. According to CAS, a reduced period of ineligibility ending 8 December 2005 (the day of the hearing) provided the fair and proportionate measure of sanction.
CAS criticised the FIS Doping Panel that their decision excluded any consideration of Kowalczyk's defence that she did not use the substance to enhance her sport performance. According to CAS, Kowalczyk had disclosed and substantiated her defence that Dexamethasone was not intended to enhance performance. She had submitted corresponding medical certifications to the FIS Doping Panel as proof of use in alleviating an Achilles tendon condition. Upon Kowalczyk's prima facie showing that her use of the substance was for medical reasons, the burden of proof shifted to FIS to prove the contrary.
Criticism of anti-asthma drugs
Kowalczyk criticized Marit Bjørgen and other competitors during the Olympic Games in 2010 for using anti-asthma drugs. Bjørgen won five medals in the Olympics, three of them gold. The drug is allowed by FIS if prescribed by an Olympic team physician. Kowalczyk later apologized for the timing of her statements, since the Games were still going on at the time. The asthma medication Marit Bjørgen was using, Symbicort, has since been removed from WADA's list of banned substances.
Personal life
She has three elder siblings: sisters Ilona and Wioletta and brother Tomasz. In 2014, she revealed in an interview with Gazeta Wyborcza that she had a miscarriage and later struggled with depression.
In 2020, she married Polish mountaineer Kacper Tekieli with whom she has a son Hugon (born 2021). In May 2023, her husband died in an avalanche in Swiss Alps while descending from the summit of Jungfrau.
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
5 medals – (2 gold, 1 silver, 2 bronze)
World Championships
8 medals – (2 gold, 3 silver, 3 bronze)
World Cup
9 titles – (4 overall, 4 distance, 1 sprint)
Individual podiums
50 victories – (31 , 19 )
104 podiums – (64 , 40 )
Team podiums
1 podium – (1 )
See also
Sport in Poland
Tour de Ski
List of Polish people
References
https://www.olympic.org/justyna-kowalczyk - retrieved 16 January 2018
External links
June 13, 2005 FIS Doping Control statement on Kowalczyk (Digitized version). – Accessed 30 July 2006
July 13, 2005 FIS Newsflash statement on Kowalczyk's suspension (Digitized version). – Accessed 30 July 2006
December 14, 2005 FIS Newsflash on her overturned suspension (Digitized version). – Accessed 30 July 2006
Arbitration CAS 2005/A/918 Kowalczyk v/ FIS, award of 8 December 2005
Justyna Kowalczyk awarded the most beautiful woman in Poland
Justyna Kowalczyk Official Site
Unofficial Site in English and Swedish
1983 births
Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2007 Winter Universiade
Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Doping cases in cross-country skiing
Medalists at the 2007 Winter Universiade
Living people
People from Limanowa County
Polish Gorals
Polish female cross-country skiers
Polish sportspeople in doping cases
Olympic cross-country skiers for Poland
Olympic gold medalists for Poland
Olympic bronze medalists for Poland
Olympic silver medalists for Poland
Knights of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing
FIS Cross-Country World Cup champions
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Skiers from Lesser Poland Voivodeship
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Tour de Ski winners
Tour de Ski skiers
Universiade medalists in cross-country skiing
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justyna%20Kowalczyk-Tekieli |
Mike the Tiger is the mascot of Louisiana State University (LSU) in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and serves as the graphic image of LSU sports. Mike is the name of both the live and costumed mascots.
By tradition the tiger is a live Bengal tiger, although the current mascot and his two immediate predecessors are mixed-breeds. Mike V was a Bengal-Indochinese mix, Mike VI was a Bengal-Siberian hybrid, and Mike VII is also a Bengal–Siberian mix.
LSU teams are called the Fighting Tigers and Lady Tigers, with "Lady Tigers" used only for women's teams in sports that are also sponsored for men, and the university's football team plays its home games in Tiger Stadium. LSU first adopted its "Tigers" nickname in the fall of 1896. The moniker references Confederate era military regiments; the Louisiana troops of Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia became known as the Tigers during the Civil War after two New Orleans brigades, the Tiger Rifles and the Washington Artillery (whose logo featured a tiger's head since 1838).
History of Mike the Tiger
Mike I (1936–1956)
Born on October 10, 1935, the first Mike was purchased from the Little Rock Zoo with money raised by collecting 25 cents from each LSU student for a total of $750. Originally named Sheik, the new mascot was renamed in honor of Mike Chambers, LSU's athletic trainer at the time, who was the person most responsible for bringing him to the school. (It was later discovered that "Sheik" may have been fond of his original name, because even years later, handlers could get him to roar just by calling "Sheik!") Mike assumed his duties as the living symbol of LSU only three days after arriving on campus on October 21, 1936. In the 1950s, Mike was kidnapped by Tulane fans before a Tiger-Green Wave football game. He was found, and returned safely in New Orleans—he and his cage had been sprayed Tulane green. The original Mike lived 20 years before dying of kidney disease in 1956. He has been displayed in LSU's Natural Sciences Museum in Baton Rouge.
Mike II (1956–1958)
A few days after Mike I's death, a resolution endorsing the purchase of another tiger was introduced in the Louisiana legislature and a fund was set up by LSU students to underwrite the cost. Mike II had a short but somewhat mysterious life. He was born on February 28, 1956, at the Audubon Zoo in New Orleans and was chosen because his paws were larger than those of the other cubs. He was unveiled on September 29, 1956, during the opening game of the new football season. Legend has it that less than a month after his arrival at LSU, Mike II died of pneumonia, at only eight months of age, during a six-game losing streak and that a second Mike II was secretly brought in as a ringer. To explain Mike's absence, and after much rumor, the LSU student newspaper, The Daily Reveille, printed a statement that the young tiger needed time alone to adjust to his new home and position as mascot, with its attendant excitement. All rumors of Mike II's death and replacement were denied, and the school claimed that he had finally adjusted. On May 15, 1958, however, less than two years after his debut, Mike II (or his impostor) died at the Audubon Zoo due to pneumonia, while recovering from multiple fractures to his left rear leg.
Mike III (1958–1976)
Mike III was born on November 26, 1957, and arrived from the Seattle Zoo just in time for LSU's 1958 National Championship football season. During Mike III's 18-year reign, LSU won three Southeastern Conference football championships (1958, 1961, 1970) and eight of 13 bowl games. Mike III died of old age in 1976 after the only losing LSU football season of his lifetime. The mascot's death affected the students and faculty so greatly that the vet at the time, W. Sheldon Bivin, said he would never allow another tiger to die on campus.
Mike IV (1976–1990)
Mike IV, originally called Jerry, was born at Busch Gardens in Tampa, Florida in 1974. He was donated by August A. Busch III and was two years old when he came to LSU in August 1976. One memorable incident involving Mike IV began in the early-morning hours of November 28, 1981 when pranksters cut the locks on Mike's cage. The tiger roamed freely for hours, attacked a small tree, and appeared to be enjoying himself before becoming trapped in the Track Stadium near his cage. Three tranquilizer shots later, the wandering mascot was returned to his home without further incident and awoke without ill effects. Mike IV reigned for 14 years and retired in 1990 to the Baton Rouge Zoo where he lived until his death in 1995 at the age of 21, the oldest of the tigers serving as LSU's mascot.
Mike V (1990–2007)
Mike V was considered to have the best personality of all the tigers that have served as LSU's symbol. Originally named Stevie, he was donated by Dr. Thomas and Caroline Atchison of the Animal House Zoological Park in Moulton, Alabama. Born on October 19, 1989, the baby tiger was introduced to LSU fans at a basketball game in February 1990. In his 17-year reign, Mike V saw an LSU football team win another National Championship (in 2003) and received both a new trailer and a massive renovation of his enclosure.
In March 2007, Mike V officially began a three-stage retirement. His personal vet, David Baker, cited his age and health as reasons. Mike V retained his mascot status and lived in his on-campus habitat until his death.
Mike the Tiger died on May 18, 2007, at 2:23 AM, which coincided with the undergraduate commencement ceremonies. The cause of death was renal failure.
Mike VI (2007–2016)
After Mike V's death, PETA contacted the university and urged it not to replace him with a new tiger.
However, LSU chancellor Sean O'Keefe rejected PETA's request by stating that LSU would acquire a new tiger. O'Keefe further defended LSU's decision by noting that four of the previous five Mikes lived to be at least 17 years, nearly twice the normal 8–10 year lifespan of tigers in the wild. O'Keefe further explained that tigers were currently a critically endangered species in the wild, and any attempt to preserve them as a species would require some level of raising them in captivity, such as at LSU's veterinary school.
LSU did not wish to buy a tiger but instead sought for one to be donated to the school. On July 27, 2007, WBRZ ABC News 2 announced that LSU had located a tiger at Great Cats of (Idaville) Indiana, an Indiana-based large cat and carnivore rescue facility.
"Roscoe" arrived in Baton Rouge on Saturday, August 25, 2007, after a plane ride from Indiana and was kept quarantined in the "night house" in the LSU habitat, away from the public. On August 31, 2007, LSU officials decided that the tiger was adjusting well and allowed him into the public habitat during morning outings. He was returned to the night house each evening. On his first outing on September 1, 2007, LSU staff invited members of the media and the public to view and take photographs of the tiger.
On September 8, 2007, LSU staff acknowledged that "He's Mike VI" in a press release. A ceremony dedicating the tiger as officially "Mike VI" took place on September 14, 2007, Mike VI was to make his Death Valley debut at the September 22 game against the University of South Carolina, but LSU Veterinarian David Baker felt that a day game would be rough for the new tiger, delaying his anticipated debut until the October 6, 2007 night game against the University of Florida.
By 2015, Mike VI was a 10-year old Siberian-Bengal mix male weighing over 420 pounds. The product of an "unintended breeding" at Great Cats, University staff believed his youth, size and temperament may give the athletic department a "more ferocious mascot much sooner than watching a cub grow up at LSU." Estimates by LSU Veterinary staff were that Mike VI may top out at or more, making him LSU's largest tiger mascot ever.
In Mike VI's first year as the LSU tiger, the LSU Tigers football team won the BCS National Championship for the 2007 college football season.
On May 23, 2016, LSU issued a press release stating that Mike VI had been diagnosed with a spindle cell sarcoma, a type of cancer, which later spread. LSU announced on September 6 that despite treatment, the tiger's cancer was terminal, and that he would be expected to live at most two years. Mike VI would remain in his on-campus habitat, and would no longer attend games. On October 5, 2016, it was announced that Mike VI's cancer had returned and spread to his head. Vets at the LSU Veterinarian School announced that he had one to two months to live. Six days later, he was euthanized.
Mike VII (2017–present)
Following the death of Mike VI, LSU issued statements that they intended to seek another tiger to become Mike VII, in a similar manner to previous Mikes: to be donated to the university and not purchased or bred; and, like the acquisition of his would-be predecessors, that decision was also met with controversy.
On January 19, 2017, LSU announced a timeline concerning searching for a tiger to become Mike VII, hoping to have him join an incoming freshman class in August 2017. Additionally, they announced the would-be Mike VII would no longer visit the stadium during game days. The school also attempted to have Mike's habitat accredited as a tiger sanctuary.
On August 1, LSU announced that it had located a 9-month-old male Siberian–Bengal hybrid tiger that may become Mike VII. The tiger was donated from an Okeechobee, Florida sanctuary that had changed owners and practices after a prosecution of the previous owner. The tiger, named Harvey, arrived on campus on August 15 to begin a one-week quarantine before officially becoming Mike VII. LSU announced that Harvey had become the official Mike VII on August 21, the first day of classes in the fall semester. Mike VII oversaw LSU Football's first College Football Playoff National Title in his third season on campus.
Mike VII received two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine in the summer of 2021.
Notes: *—a superstition strongly tied to the line of Mikes is the success of the school's football program (LSU has won national championships during the first seasons of the reigns of Mike I, Mike III, and Mike VI, although the title under Mike I was not a consensus, despite being named champion by multiple selectors); **—contemporary accounts maintain the existence of only one tiger holding the title of Mike II, but modern research indicates the existence of two separate tigers; however, it is not immediately clear precisely when the reign of the first Mike II ended and the second Mike II began.
Mike the Tiger Habitat
In 2005, a new $3 million habitat was created for Mike. The Tiger Athletic Foundation (TAF) raised funds, entirely from private sources, to subsidize the construction project. The habitat (situated between Tiger Stadium and the Pete Maravich Assembly Center) features state-of-the-art technologies and includes among its amenities lush plantings, a waterfall, a flowing stream that empties into a wading pond, and rocky plateaus. The habitat ranks among the largest and finest tiger preserves in the country and expanded Mike's home from 2,000 to . It also features research, conservation, and husbandry programs, as well as educational, interpretive, and recreational activities. Mike's new home can be viewed via the live Tigercam.
Traditions
Until 2016, on home football game days, Mike's cage on wheels was topped by the LSU cheerleaders as it rode through Tiger Stadium before the start of the game, and was parked by the opponent's locker room at the southeast end of Tiger Stadium, forcing opposing players to pass by Mike's cage in order to reach their locker room (However, Mike is never forced into his trailer: if he does not go in on his own, he remains in his habitat. Mike VI was known for rarely entering his trailer). However, following the death of Mike VI in 2016, LSU announced that future Mikes will no longer leave their habitat.
According to folklore, LSU will score a touchdown for every one of Mike's roars on game day.
Many students seek to take a picture with Mike on graduation day wearing cap and gown.
Retirement
After the death of Mike III in 1976 while he was still LSU's active mascot, a three-stage retirement plan was instituted for the tigers:
Stage 1: He no longer participates in pre-game events such as the roar before the game.
Stage 2: He stops attending the games altogether.
Stage 3: He retires to another location.
Mike the Mascot
LSU has a costumed mascot also named Mike. Mike the Mascot appears at LSU sporting events (as the live Mike the Tiger does not leave his habitat as of 2016, and previously did not attend away games for some time) and also appears at several LSU-related functions. In August 2007, Mike the Mascot was featured on a This Is SportsCenter commercial with LSU alum Shaquille O'Neal. In 2005, Team Mike was formed by a group of students and has carried on its tradition at LSU. This team of students help Mike get to his games and events on time, help him with his costumes, and bring him to Walt Disney World every January to compete in a mascot competition.. Along with other college mascots, Mike was featured in the Brad Paisley video "Country Nation" in 2015.
See also
LSU Tigers and Lady Tigers
References
Further reading
David G. Baker and W. Sheldon Bivin, Mike the Tiger: The Roar of LSU, LSU Press (2003)
David G. Baker and Margaret Taylor Stewart, Tales of Mike the Tiger: Facts and Fun for Everyone LSU Press (2006)
Game Day: Mike the Tiger’s Way
Tiger Tales: Mike the Tiger
External links
Southeastern Conference mascots
Louisiana State University traditions
LSU Tigers and Lady Tigers
Tiger mascots
Individual tigers
Individual animals in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20the%20Tiger |
"Panama" is a song by the American rock band Van Halen. It was the third US single released from the album 1984.
Background
Despite its name, the song is not about the country. Instead, the song was reportedly written about a car. In an interview with Howard Stern, lead singer David Lee Roth explained the meaning behind the song. Although the song features some suggestive lyrics, it is about a car that Roth saw race in Las Vegas; its name was "Panama Express", hence the title of the song.
Panama was also the name of Roth's Opel Kadett.
Roth wrote the song after being accused by a reporter of "singing about only women, partying, and fast cars". He realized he had never written a song about fast cars and decided to write one.
In an interview with guitarist Eddie Van Halen, he said the song was musically inspired by AC/DC's straightforward three chord rock style.
During the bridge of the song where Roth says "I can barely see the road from the heat comin' off," Eddie Van Halen can be heard revving his 1972 Lamborghini Miura S in the background. The car was backed up to the studio and microphones were attached to the exhaust pipe to record the sound for the song.
The song is in the key of E♭ Major. However, the published score is in the key of E Major, having a moderate rock common time tempo of 144 beats per minute.
Musical style
Musically, "Panama" has been described as hard rock, glam metal, and heavy metal.
Music video
The music video for the song, directed by Pete Angelus, primarily features on-stage performances by the band. The bulk of the video was shot at The Spectrum in Philadelphia over two nights both during the show and at soundcheck. Portions of it were filmed at the tour dates prior during performances at the Providence Civic Center in Providence, Rhode Island.
The car shown in the music video is a heavily customized 1951 Mercury Eight convertible - notably not "Panama Express", the Opel or the Miura.
Reception
Chuck Klosterman of Vulture ranked it the fourth best Van Halen song, calling it the "strongest pure riff in the catalogue."
In popular culture
The song was prominently featured in "Coma Guy," a 2020 episode of the animated TV series Family Guy, in which Peter mistakes the album 1984 for a book-on-CD of George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four and becomes addicted to the song. It is also featured in the film Superbad.
The song is also featured as in-game music for the video game Gran Turismo 4, with the song prominently featured in the game intro of the North American version.
Personnel
David Lee Roth – lead vocals
Eddie Van Halen – guitar, backing vocals
Alex Van Halen – drums
Michael Anthony – bass guitar, backing vocals
Chart positions
References
1984 songs
1984 singles
Van Halen songs
Song recordings produced by Ted Templeman
Songs written by Eddie Van Halen
Songs written by Alex Van Halen
Songs written by Michael Anthony (musician)
Songs written by David Lee Roth
Songs about cars
Warner Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama%20%28song%29 |
Audita querela (Law Latin for "[the] complaint [having been] heard") is a writ, stemming from English common law, that serves to permit a defendant who has had a judgment rendered against him or her to seek relief of the consequences of such a judgment where there is some new evidence or legal defense that was not previously available. The writ is thus generally used to prevent a judgment from being executed where enforcement of that judgment would be "contrary to justice". At common law, the writ may be useful where a creditor engages in fraud before the judgment is rendered, or because the debt had been discharged, paid or otherwise satisfied after the judgment is rendered.
The writ has existed at various times in England, Canada and the United States, and possibly Scotland. In England, it fell out of use in favor of less expensive remedies, and was ultimately abolished in 1875. In Canada, the writ has either fallen into disuse or been abolished entirely. In United States federal civil law, it was abolished by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in 1948, but still exists in the civil procedure of some states. The writ has also been adopted to some specialized United States federal criminal practice, especially involving the effects of sentences on immigration law. As to Scotland, few records exist as to the writ, though equivalent actions exist.
History
English beginnings
The writ of audita querela defendentis (Law Latin for "[the] complaint [of the] defendant [having been] heard"), later shortened to audita querela, (Law Latin for "[the] complaint [having been] heard") was first authorized by Parliament in 1336, during the reign of Edward III, and may have existed as early as 1282. The writ would issue from the Court of Chancery, directed towards either the King's Bench or the Court of Common Pleas, and would direct the court to hear the parties and "do speedy justice to the debtor". In the Middle Ages, the writ became a general remedy for victims of forgery and similar issues, which development led to the importation of the writ to the United States. The writ was used to vacate a judgment rendered against a debtor where that debtor had paid the debt or the debt had otherwise been discharged. This was to ensure that a creditor could not collect the same debt twice.
A hearing on a writ of audita querela was a full trial on the merits of the case, rather than a simple procedural hearing, and could result in both equitable remedies as well as summary judgment. The expense of pursuing a full trial was one of the factors that led to the writ's decline by the late 1660s, particularly as many plaintiffs only sought summary judgment, and English courts became more willing to entertain much cheaper to pursue motions for summary judgment. Two English statutes in particular, in allowing relatively simple affidavits in ex parte proceedings to secure summary judgment, led to an increase in their use in place of audita querela: the Charities Procedure Act 1812 and the Summary Procedure on Bills of Exchange Act 1855. The former granted several English courts greater liberty to review affidavits and award summary relief in cases involving charitable trusts. The latter permitted bearers of promissory notes and endorsed bills of exchange to pursue ex parte proceedings for summary judgment through the filing of an affidavit.
The writ of audita querela was abolished entirely by the Rules of the Supreme Court in 1875 by Order 42, r. 22.
One question that has persisted is whether audita querela functioned in equity or at common law. William Searle Holdsworth argued the former position, whereas Theodore Plucknett argued the latter. Holdsworth's History of English Law cites an early legal opinion by John Stonor as well as Blackstone's Commentaries for the proposition that the writ was of an equitable nature. Plucknett's A Concise History of the Common Law argues that the writ provided no greater relief than was traditionally available at common law for abuse of process. He also offers a different interpretation of Stonor's statement, arguing that it means the writ permitted a defendant to assert common law defenses where a statute's intent was to make such defenses inaccessible. As such, Plucknett argues that the circumstances under which the writ was available were few and circumscribed.
Canada
By 1878, the writ of audita querela had fallen into disuse in Canada, and was considered obsolete by 1940.
Scotland
The writ may have been adopted in Scotland during the reign of Robert the Bruce under the name Breve de pauperibus quod dicitur Audita querela as a brieve, a Scots law writ issuing from chancery. The brieve may have involved a payment from the Exchequer, but did not appear to take root in Scots law. The text of the ancient brieve has been lost.
Prior to the abolition of audita querela in England, the equivalent action in Scots law was suspension to stay diligence. Subsequently, the English equivalent to the Scots action became stay of execution.
United States
In United States jurisprudence, the writ of audita querela functioned as a common-law action, sounding in tort. As in England, the writ had to be brought in the trial court that rendered the original judgment. An essential element of bringing an action at audita querela was injury or danger thereof, and it had to be brought between the two parties of the earlier proceeding that rendered the judgment. It also required that, if there were multiple defendants subject to the original judgment, they all take part in the proceeding unless the defendant bringing the suit was the sole defendant subject to execution and only brought the suit to vacate the judgment.
The writ saw use in a great variety of circumstances and situations, but there were two primary uses. First, like in England, the writ could be used when a defense was not brought during the earlier trial because it was unavailable, or if the debt subject to the judgment had since been discharged. Second, the writ started to be extended to situations arising prior to judgment, such as where a creditor sought and obtained a judgment in an improper way that deprived the debtor of the chance to defend against the case in court.
Modern status
Audita querela was abolished in United States federal civil procedure in 1948 by Rule 60(b), which provides the procedure for relief from a final judgment through a motion. The specific language of Rule 60(b) that abolished the writ was moved to 60(e) in 2007. Some states have abolished the writ, and in those that have not, where a motion may be used to accomplish the same outcome, the use of the writ has been almost completely replaced by an equivalent motion. The writ has been explicitly abolished in the states of Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina and Washington. In Ohio, it is said that audita querela is not part of the law.
In federal criminal procedure, the writ may sometimes be used to contest a conviction on legal grounds where there is no other postconviction remedy available. In this sense, audita querela, along with other common law remedies, serves to fill gaps in the system of postconviction remedies. A specific situation in which this has been used is to avoid the immigration consequences of a conviction. Another case in which it has been used has been to vacate a long-past conviction with a law which has since been judged unconstitutional. With respect to state criminal proceedings, while it has been said that the writ is inapplicable, there is authority to the contrary.
Practice
United States
Audita querela serves to permit a defendant who has had a judgment rendered against him or her to seek relief of the consequences of such a judgment where there is some new evidence or legal defense that was not previously available. The writ is thus generally used to prevent a judgment from being executed where enforcement of that judgment would be "contrary to justice". At common law, the writ may be useful where a creditor engages in fraud before the judgment is rendered, or because the debt had been discharged, paid or otherwise satisfied after the judgment is rendered.
Specific uses of the writ may include judgments that the debtor has paid, for debts that have been discharged in bankruptcy and that exceed the jurisdiction of the court. Default judgments rendered where there was no service of process may be set aside through the writ, as may writs of execution issued in an amount greater than the judgment and judgments for debts where the creditor has released his or her rights to the debtor. A judgment against a minor lacking a guardian ad litem or against someone mentally incompetent whose guardian has not been notified may also be voided by the writ.
The writ is distinguished from other remedies primarily in terms of the timing of the grounds for objecting to the judgment, rather than the actual nature of the grounds, such as whether they are purely equitable. It may be further distinguished from the writ of coram nobis in that the latter is used to vacate a judgment, rather than the consequences of a judgment. Thus, audita querela may issue against judgments that were valid when rendered, while coram nobis would be used against judgments that were never valid.
References
Further reading
Legal history of England
Legal documents with Latin names
United States immigration law
Legal history of Scotland
Legal history of the United States
Civil procedure
Writs
Writs of prevention | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audita%20querela |
The Latvian War of Independence (), sometimes called Latvia's freedom battles () or the Latvian War of Liberation (), was a series of military conflicts in Latvia between 5 December 1918, after the newly proclaimed Republic of Latvia was invaded by Soviet Russia, and the signing of the Latvian-Soviet Riga Peace Treaty on 11 August 1920.
The war can be divided into a few stages: Soviet offensive, German-Latvian liberation of Kurzeme and Riga, Estonian-Latvian liberation of Vidzeme, Bermontian offensive, Latvian-Polish liberation of Latgale.
The war involved Latvia (its provisional government supported by Estonia, Poland and the Western Allies—particularly the navy of United Kingdom) against the Russian SFSR and the Bolsheviks' short-lived Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic. Germany and the Baltic nobility added another level of intrigue, initially being nominally allied to the Nationalist/Allied force but attempting to jockey for German domination of Latvia. Eventually, tensions flared up after a German coup against the Latvian government, leading to open war.
Following a cease-fire, a ploy was developed by the Germans, nominally dissolving into the West Russian Volunteer Army led by Gen. Pavel Bermont-Avalov. This West Russian Volunteer Army included Germans and former Russian prisoners of war nominally allied with the White Army in the Russian Civil War, but both Bermondt-Avalov and von der Goltz were more interested in eliminating the nationalists than fighting the Bolsheviks.
Certain episodes of the Latvian Independence War were also part of the Polish-Soviet War, particularly the Battle of Daugavpils.
Soviet offensive
On 18 November 1918 the People's Council of Latvia proclaimed the Independence of the Republic of Latvia and created the Latvian Provisional Government headed by Kārlis Ulmanis.
On 1 December 1918, the newly proclaimed republic was invaded by Soviet Russia. Much of the invading army in Latvia consisted of Red Latvian Riflemen, which made the invasion easier. The Soviet offensive met little resistance.
In the north Alūksne was taken on 7 December, Valka on 18 December, and Cēsis on 23 December, in the south Daugavpils was taken on 9 December, and finally Pļaviņas on 17 December.
Riga was captured by the Red Army on 3 January 1919. By the end of January, the Latvian Provisional Government and remaining German units had retreated all the way to Liepāja, but then the Red offensive stalled along the Venta river.
The Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic was officially proclaimed on 13 January with the political, economic, and military backing of Soviet Russia and on 17 January, a constitution was made for the newly made puppet state.
During this period, on 15 January, occurred the battle of Lielauce, where the Latvian independent battalion, headed by Oskars Kalpaks managed to stop the Soviet offensive. This battle was crucial for the morale of the Latvian soldiers. The German forces on whom the Latvian temporarily relied, however, had lost a battle at Auce, so an order was received to retreat to the river Venta.
14 days later, on 29 January, the Latvian independent battalion was once again fighting a battle, this time near Skrunda. This time, however, Latvian troops were on the offensive. The Soviet forces had managed to establish a bridgehead over the river Venta, capturing the town of Skrunda on 22 January. The Venta defensive line had to be reestablished, so a counter-offensive maneuver was ordered to be overtaken. The Latvian independent battalion managed to retake the town in 3 hours. After the battle was won, the Soviet offensives ceased.
Liberation of Kurzeme and the coup d'etat
On 18 February, an agreement was signed between Latvia and Estonia, starting formation of the North Latvian Brigade led by Jorģis Zemitāns on Estonian territory.
On 3 March, the German and Latvian forces commenced a counterattack against the Red Latvian Riflemen. Tukums was recaptured from the Bolsheviks on 15 March, and Jelgava on 18 March.
On 16 April, the Baltic nobility organised a coup d'etat in Liepāja and a puppet government headed by Andrievs Niedra was established. The provisional national government took refuge aboard the steamship Saratov under British protection in Liepaja harbour.
On 22 May, Riga was recaptured by the Freikorps and organised persecution of suspected Bolshevik supporters began, with an estimated 174 (according to the head of Rīga's Gendarmerie) to 4,000–5,000 people (according to local social democrats and communists) being shot.
At the same time the Estonian Army including the North Latvian Brigade loyal to the Ulmanis government started a major offensive against the Soviets in north Latvia. By the middle of June, the Soviet rule was reduced to the area surrounding Latgale.
German–Estonian conflict
After the capture of Riga the Baltische Landeswehr and Iron Division advanced north towards Cēsis. The objective of the Landeswehr and Iron Division had now clearly become the establishment of German supremacy in the Baltic by eliminating the Estonian military and Latvian national units, not the defeat of the Bolsheviks. The Estonian commander General Johan Laidoner insisted the Landeswehr withdraw to a line south of the Gauja River. He also ordered the Estonian 3rd Division to seize the Gulbene railroad station.
On June 19, 1919, the Landeswehr and the Iron Division launched an attack to capture Cēsis. Initially, the Freikorps captured the town of Straupe and continued their advance toward the town of Limbaži. The Estonian division launched a counterattack and drove the Landeswehr out of the town. On June 21, the Estonians received reinforcements and immediately attacked the Landeswehr, who withdrew from an area to the northeast of Cēsis. The Iron Division attacked from Straupe towards Stalbe in an effort to relieve pressure on the Landeswehr. On the morning of June 23, the Landeswehr began a general retreat toward Riga.
The Allies again insisted that the Landeswehr and Iron Division withdraw their remaining troops from Latvia, and on July 3 intervened to impose an armistice between Estonia, Latvia, and the Landeswehr and Iron Division when the Latvians were about to march into Riga.
By its terms the legitimate government of Ulmanis was to be restored, the Baltic German Landeswehr be placed under the command of the British officer Harold Alexander and the Iron Division to leave Latvia. The government of Ulmanis returned to Riga on 8 July 1919 and the Landeswehr became a component of the Latvian National Army.
Bermondt offensive
The Iron Division, however, did not leave Latvia. Instead Major Bischoff created a German Legion from over a dozen Freikorps units and turned the units over to the West Russian Volunteer Army. In total, the Iron Division transferred over 14,000 men, 64 aircraft, 56 artillery pieces, and 156 machine guns. Six cavalry units and a field hospital were also transferred. The offensive by the reformed German Army was subsequently defeated by the Latvian Army, which received assistance from British and French warships and Estonian armoured trains.
Liberation of Latgale
In January 1920 the joint forces of Latvia and Poland launched an attack on the Bolsheviks in Latgale and took Daugavpils. The Soviet Latvian government escaped to Velikiye Luki where it announced its dissolution on January 13. Units from the Estonian and Lithuanian armies also saw action alongside the Latvians, as well as Latvian partisans. The push continued until Latvian forces took hold of Zilupe on February 1 with some skirmishes continuing a few days afterwards, since a secret truce had been agreed on by the Latvians and Soviet Russia on January 30.
Peace talks began on 16 April 1920 with the Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty being signed on 11 August 1920, officially ending the war.
Timeline
1918
11 November: The German Empire and Allies of World War I sign the November armistice, which marks the end of World War I; Soviet Russia launches an attack on German forces. The British Empire recognizes the de facto independence of Latvia (see Latvian Provisional National Council).
17 November: The first legislative institution of Latvia, the People's Council (Tautas Padome) and the provisional government are established. Jānis Čakste becomes the chairman of the People's Council, while Kārlis Ulmanis becomes prime minister.
18 November: The Republic of Latvia is proclaimed in Riga.
28 November: The Regency Council of the United Baltic Duchy is dissolved.
1 December: The Red Army invades Latvia.
7 December: An agreement is signed for the organisation of land defense forces between the Provisional Government of the Republic of Latvia and the German envoy August Winnig, representing the Baltische Landeswehr.
17 December: The government of the Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic, headed by Pēteris Stučka, is formed in Russia.
1919
5 January: The first military unit of Latvia — the 1st Latvian Independent Battalion, under command of Oskars Kalpaks — is formed. The provisional government retreats from Jelgava to Liepāja.
31 January: Most of Latvia is under the control of the Red Army; the Latvian government and German forces control the area around Liepāja.
18 February: An agreement is signed between Estonia and Latvia, which provides for the formation of the North Latvian Brigade, led by Jorģis Zemitāns, on Estonian territory.
3 March: The united German and Latvian forces commence a counterattack against the forces of Soviet Latvia.
6 March: Oskars Kalpaks, commander of all Latvian forces subordinated to German headquarters, is killed by German friendly fire. He is replaced by Jānis Balodis.
10 March: Saldus comes under Latvian control.
21 March: 1st Latvian Independent Battalion is reformed into the Latvian Independent Brigade.
16 April: The puppet Latvian Government established by the Baltic nobility organizes a coup d'etat in Liepāja, the provisional national government of Latvia takes refuge aboard the steamship Saratow under Allied protection.
16 May: The Estonian Army starts a major offensive against the Soviets in north Latvia.
22 May: The Baltische Landeswehr captures Riga.
23 May: The Latvian Independent Brigade marches into Riga.
3 June: The Baltische Landeswehr reaches Cēsis.
6 June: The Landeswehr's North Latvian campaign begins, commanded by Major Alfred Fletcher.
23 June: The Estonian 3rd Division commanded by Gen. Ernst Põdder, including the 2nd Latvian Cēsis regiment of the North Latvian Brigade defeats the Landeswehr in the Battle of Cēsis.
3 July: Estonia, Latvia and the pro-German Provisional Government of Latvia sign the Ceasefire of Strazdumuiža.
6 July: The North Latvian Brigade enters Riga.
10 July: The North Latvian Brigade and the Independent Latvian (or South Latvian) Brigade are merged to form the Latvian Armed Forces (Latvian Army) on the order of its first Commander-in-Chief, General Dāvids Sīmansons.
5 October: The German mission secretly leaves Riga for Jelgava, where an attack is prepared by the German-established West Russian Volunteer Army on Riga.
8 October: The West Russian Volunteer Army attacks Riga, taking the Pārdaugava district.
20 October: Battle of Talsi.
3 November: The Latvian Army, supported by Estonian armored trains and the British Royal Navy, launches its counterattack.
5 November: Battle of Liepāja.
11 November: The Latvian Army, supported by Estonian armored trains, the Royal Navy and the French Navy, defeats the West Russian Volunteer Army in Riga. The date is celebrated as Lāčplēsis Day ever since.
21 November: The Latvian Army liberates Jelgava from the West Russian Volunteer Army.
22 November: The Lithuanian Army defeats the remnants of the West Russian Volunteer Army in Lithuania near Radviliškis.
1920
3 January: The joint forces of Latvia and Poland launch an attack on the Bolsheviks in Latgale and take Daugavpils.
13 January: The government of the Latvian SSR announces its resignation.
1 February: Latvia signs a cease-fire with Soviet Russia.
17–18 April: Elections of the Constitutional Assembly of Latvia.
1 May: First session of the Constitutional Assembly.
15 July: Latvia signs a cease-fire with Germany.
11 August: The Latvian-Soviet Riga Peace Treaty is signed.
In fiction
Literature
Blizzard of Souls, by Aleksandrs Grīns
Film
Lāčplēsis (1930), directed by
Defenders of Riga (2007), directed by
Blizzard of Souls (2019), directed by
See also
Aftermath of World War I
Freikorps in the Baltic
West Russian Volunteer Army
Estonian War of Independence
Lithuanian Wars of Independence
United Baltic Duchy
Ober Ost
British campaign in the Baltic (1918–1919)
References
Bibliography
BischoffJosef, Die letzte Front. Geschichte der Eiserne Division im Baltikum 1919, Berlin 1935.
Darstellungen aus den Nachkriegskämpfen deutscher Truppen und Freikorps, Bd 2: Der Feldzug im Baltikum bis zur zweiten Einnahme von Riga. Januar bis Mai 1919, Berlin 1937; Bd 3: Die Kämpfe im Baltikum nach der zweiten Einnahme von Riga. Juni bis Dezember 1919, Berlin 1938.
Die baltische Landeswehr im Befreiungskampf gegen den Bolschevismus. Ein Gedenkbuch, herausgegeben vom baltischen Landeswehrein, Riga 1929.
Kiewisz Leon, Sprawy łotewskie w bałtyckiej polityce Niemiec 1914–1919, Poznań 1970.
Łossowski Piotr, Między wojną a pokojem. Niemieckie zamysły wojenne na wschodzie w obliczu traktatu wersalskiego. Marzec-kwiecień 1919, Warszawa 1976.
Paluszyński Tomasz, Walka o niepodległość Łotwy 1914–1920, Warszawa 1999.
Von den baltische Provinzen zu den baltischen Staaten. Beiträge zur Entstehungsgeschichte der Republiken Estland und Lettland, Bd I (1917–1918), Bd II (1919–1920), Marburg 1971, 1977.
Claus Grimm: "Vor den Toren Europas – Geschichte der Baltischen Landeswehr" Hamburg 1963
Conflicts in 1918
Conflicts in 1919
Conflicts in 1920
Russian Civil War
Wars of independence
1918 in Latvia
1919 in Latvia
1920 in Latvia
Wars involving Estonia
Wars involving Germany
Wars involving Latvia
Wars involving Poland
Wars involving Soviet Russia (1917–1922)
Wars involving the United Kingdom
Latvia–Russia relations
Wars involving Lithuania
Wars involving France
White movement | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian%20War%20of%20Independence |
The Central Zone cricket team is a first-class cricket team that represents central India in the Duleep Trophy and Deodhar Trophy. It is a composite team of players from seven first-class Indian teams from central India competing in the Ranji Trophy: Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Railways, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Vidarbha. Central Zone has the fourth strongest track record of all the zones in the Duleep Trophy, as they have won the Trophy 5 times, with the best team, North Zone having won 17 times.
Current squad
Players with international caps are listed in bold. Updated as on 30 Jul 2023
Famous players from Central Zone
Pravin Amre
Murali Kartik
Mohammad Kaif
Amay Khurasiya
Suresh Raina
R. P. Singh
Praveen Kumar
Piyush Chawla
Umesh Yadav
Naman Ojha
Bhuvneshwar Kumar
Ishwar Pandey
Pankaj Singh
References
Indian first-class cricket teams | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Zone%20cricket%20team |
Eshelman was a marque of small American automobiles (1953–1961) and other vehicles and implements including motor scooters, garden tractors, pleasure boats, aircraft, golf carts, snowplows, trailers, mail-delivery vehicles and more. The Cheston L. Eshelman Company was incorporated on January 19, 1942, and was based on the sixth floor of an industrial building at 109 Light Street in Baltimore, Maryland, with aircraft production facilities located in Dundalk, Maryland. The company president was Cheston Lee Eshelman, the first vice-president was Sidney S. Zell (July 30, 1900 – July 1978), and the first treasurer was Frank K. Kris (January 4, 1910 – March 1981).
The Eshelman company began production of commercial light aircraft in Dundalk after World War II, but was best known toward mid-century for its inexpensive light garden tractors and similar machines (including the Kulti-Mower) which were widely promoted in small advertisements in the back pages of mechanical and scientific magazines.
Children's cars
In 1953 the Cheston L. Eshelman Company, which had produced light aircraft immediately after World War II and then pleasure boats (including the spectacular "Rocket Boat", built from surplus military aircraft wing tanks), lightweight garden tractors and other implements, began producing a tiny air-cooled, one-cylinder automobile, the "Sport Car", in two versions: a basic $295 15 MPH "Child's Sport Car" (CSC) for two children and powered by a two-horsepower Briggs & Stratton #6 engine, and the $395 25 MPH Model 2 "Adult Sport Car" (ASC) for one adult which featured the three-horsepower Briggs & Stratton #8 engine, battery-operated head and tail lamps, seat-cushion upholstery, and trademark chrome "rocket" emblems on its flanks.
A factory brochure advertised 70 MPG fuel consumption and claimed the car was
Ideal for short trips. When it's too far to walk—to the shopping center, to the beach, to work—this little car is the perfect 'runabout'. Even the children can use it about your property. It's so easy to operate and sturdily built. Add an Eshelman trailer cart and it's perfect for hauling and light delivery.
Both models were in length, wide, and in height. With its heavy plate-steel platform frames, the CSC weighed while the Model 2 ASC (with its larger engine and added accessories) weighed nearly .
In the earliest models, power from the engine (which was mounted in front, started by rope, and operated with a hand throttle) was transferred by a long drive belt to a simple lever-operated forward/reverse transmission between the rear wheels. This transmission was under the bench seat, and drove power to serrated, cast iron "gears" which drove the wheels through contact friction atop the 2.25x10 semi-pneumatic tire treads. Braking action was accomplished by reversing the transmission.
This unsatisfactory system resulted in heavy tire wear and was soon replaced by a drive belt from an engine-mounted centrifugal clutch to a jackshaft under the seat, and from there by forward-only chain drive to sprockets on one or both rear wheels. The brake pedal mechanically applied paddles to the rear tire treads. Several basic colors were offered (and at least one two-tone combination), with contrasting-color interiors on Adult Sport Car models.
In 1955, vice president Richard M. Nixon was photographed at a gasoline pump "fueling" a Child's Sport Car in a March of Dimes "Fill 'Er Up for Polio" publicity campaign while holding the pump nozzle at the car's rear. Actually, most Eshelman cars were fueled under the hood.
There were a few Eshelman dealers—and customers could take delivery at the Baltimore factory showroom—but business was largely conducted by mail order.
The Sport Car was mostly advertised through postage stamp-sized advertisements in home-crafting and scientific magazines (and occasionally in coffee table magazines) and delivered to buyers in cartons by truck freight. However, the Eshelman company soon found that some customers were disappointed at first sight of the cars' tiny size and were repackaging and returning the cars to the factory. To counter this, the Eshelman company soon implemented a no-return purchase policy.
The cars were popular as gifts, advertising premiums and promotional novelties. US Congressman Francis E. Dorn campaigned for re-election using a specially lettered 1954 Eshelman Child's Sport Car.
Adult cars
By 1955 a second, larger model was added to the Eshelman line, a basic six-horsepower open car for two passengers also named the "Adult Sport Car". These ASCs were long, wide and in height and were powered by an air-cooled rope-started Briggs & Stratton #14 engine (electric starting was optional) that permitted a top speed of and a fuel consumption rate. Major ASC mechanical differences included 4.50x6 pneumatic tires with four-wheel cable-operated scrub brakes, a foot throttle, and a pedal-operated parking brake. Extra-cost options included a lawn sweeper ($39.95) and a hauling cart ($79.95). The Adult Sport Car was 40inches wide and was equipped with headlamps and taillamps powered by a separate battery that needed occasional charging, as there was no generator.
The following year saw a minor restyling on both models including an opening hood, cut-down sides for easier entry and exit, and fully opened rear wheel wells. A utility version of this car was offered for use on golf courses (and advertised as providing "36 holes per gallon"). Also from 1956, the smaller models were powered by Briggs and Stratton aluminum-block engines; the Model 6B engine of 2.25 horsepower in the standard series and the Model 8B engine of 2.75 horsepower in the deluxe cars.
But on Friday, February 10, 1956, a massive fire consumed the Eshelman factory. Two hundred firefighters and two fireboats helped to extinguish the blaze, and the fire resulted in $500,000 in damage.
At about that time, the city of Baltimore began taxing manufacturing inventories and equipment, and so in February 1957 Cheston Eshelman signed a ten-year contract with the Charles D. Briddell Company, makers of cutlery, to build Eshelman cars and other vehicles at its Crisfield, Maryland, facility. A decision was also made to upgrade the cars, and Eshelman introduced several versions of the new and more-streetworthy two-passenger "Sportabout", a 675-pound enclosed model of the Adult Sport Car with a Model 23 Briggs and Stratton 8.4 horsepower single-cylinder engine. The 72-inch-long Eshelman Sportabout had more appurtenances, including electric starting and windshield wiper, reverse gear, directional signals, a 60-inch tall aluminum top, doors, spring suspension, foam upholstery, and a horn. All Sportabouts were painted red with silver doors and were shipped to buyers' addresses in wooden crates. Television star Bob Cummings (The Bob Cummings Show) became a spokesman for the Eshelman company in newspaper and magazine ads, and often featured Child Sport Cars on his programs. A new battery-powered child's car, the Model 200, was added, and thousands of the company's blue Mailster mail-delivery vehicles were seen on the streets of America, closely resembling the very similar Cushman mail carrier design.
By 1959 the Eshelman company, now renamed the Eshelman Motors Corporation, introduced a trio of much larger $1,395 two-cylinder air-cooled closed models, the fiberglass-bodied Models 902 delivery vehicle, 903 coupe and 904 pickup truck, all advertised as seating three passengers abreast. However, according to reports only about twelve or so were produced.
Eshelman then turned to buying new fleet-model Chevrolet Corvairs in quantity, which were re-trimmed and re-badged with special gold-colored Eshelman insignia and other appearance changes and marketed to the public as "Eshelman Golden Eagles". When General Motors learned of this operation, it ordered Eshelman Motors to cease and desist, but Eshelman continued to market the appearance package for those who wished to apply them to their personal cars.
Concurrently, Cheston Eshelman moved to Miami, Florida, and worked on marketing his patented "crash absorber," a pioneering energy-absorbing front bumper fashioned from a vehicle's spare tire. He often demonstrated the bumper by ramming his own car into retaining walls.
In 1967, Eshelman produced the final Eshelman Golden Eagle Safety Cars based on new 1967 Chevrolets, all equipped with front "crash absorbers" and sold through several used-car agencies. This marked the end of Eshelman's automotive efforts and other operations, but he continued to invent and patent his ideas for decades. He died on November 7, 2004, in Hialeah, Florida.
Products
Aircraft
Eshelman FW-5
External links
Eshelman discussion group and photo archive
References
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1942
Manufacturing companies based in Baltimore
1942 establishments in Maryland
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1967
1967 disestablishments in Maryland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eshelman |
The University of Washington Department of Global Health is a department jointly run by the schools of Medicine and Public Health at the University of Washington in Seattle, Washington. Its aim is to provide a multidisciplinary venue to address issues of global health at the university.
The department was begun with funding supplied by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
About the Department
The Department of Global Health was launched in January 2007 with support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the state of Washington, and the University of Washington, with a mandate to harness the extraordinary expertise, energy, and creativity of faculty across all 17 UW schools and colleges to create one of the most comprehensive academic global health programs in the world.[1]
The pioneering work of UW researchers in sexually transmitted diseases in the 1970s and 1980s paved the way for the university's leading role in HIV/AID research and training, and, now, global health.
The department is housed in both the School of Medicine and School of Public Health and has formed linkages across campus and throughout the world to help address not only infectious diseases but a host of pressing global health issues, including health metrics and evaluation; the health of women, children, and adolescents; health system strengthening and implementation science; climate change and health; global trauma and violence prevention; and global medicines safety with a cross-cutting focus on social justice and equity. The Center for Integrated Health of Women, Children, and Adolescents, for example, includes at least 22 collaborations (13 on campus and partnerships in Kenya, Ethiopia, Mexico, and Peru). And the initiative on Climate Change and Global Health involves more than 25 collaborations on campus and beyond.
Its closely affiliated centers also include the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), the International Training and Education Center for Health (I-TECH), the International Clinical Research Center (ICRFC), the Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Health Alliance International (HaI), and the Global Health Resource Center (GHRC).
The department has strong ties in Kenya, Peru, Mozambique, and Ethiopia. But worldwide, the department works with nearly 250 collaborating organizations, including universities and hospitals, NGOs, government agencies, and ministries of health.
Quote from Howard Frumkin MD, MPH, Dean of the UW School of Public Health: "Global health represents the best of academic health sciences -- transdisciplinary systems thinking, cross-cultural sensitivity, rigorous scientific research, hands-on participatory training, effective service delivery with impact empirically measured, and sustainable collaboration. This Department is outstanding. "
Education
Master's Level: The department offers several global health tracks for a master of Public Health degree: General; Leadership, Policy, and Management; Health Metrics and Evaluation; Peace Corps; Epidemiology; and concurrent degrees.
Doctoral Programs: The department offers a doctoral program in Pathobiology. A doctoral program in global health with emphases on health metrics and evaluation and implementation science is in development.
Fellowship Programs: The department offers post-bachelor and post-graduate fellowship programs with the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation.
Certificate Programs: The department has a certificate program in Global Health and a program in AIDS and STIs. Medical students also can take a Global Health Pathway.
Undergraduate Programs: An undergraduate minor in global health was launched in January 2011.
Selection of the Chair
Jim Yong Kim, formerly of Partners in Health and the WHO HIV/AIDS program, was originally a candidate for director of the department, but was not selected. A controversial second selection process involving three new candidates took place in late 2005 and early 2006. The process was criticized for not being open, and there was concern among the student body and faculty about the chosen chair. Some feared that the department would be too heavily oriented towards biomedical research and biotechnology (e.g. vaccine development) and would neglect the broader issues of public health, such as social justice, health disparities, prevention, promotion, human resources in health, and public policy. Some also feared that the areas of education and service would be sacrificed for a research agenda, and pointed to the fact that one of the first steps in implementing the department was the leasing of a large facility off campus in Seattle's South Lake Union neighborhood - an area being developed as a biotechnology hub.
Those within the process argued that planning was open and that the department would be multidisciplinary and would live up to its stated vision of taking a broad approach to global health. They also noted that while the department would have some facilities off campus, it would be primarily based at the university; the deans of the schools committed to finding on-campus space to house the department's administrative offices, although much of the lab space was planned to be located in a building in the Eastlake neighborhood.
In Spring, 2006, Michael Merson of Yale University was offered the position of director. However, in July of that year it was announced that Merson had been appointed direct of Duke University's Global Health Institute.
On September 8, University of Washington announced King K. Holmes, MD, PhD, a world leader in AIDS and infectious disease research and training, to become the first chair of the University of Washington's new Department of Global Health. His leadership in global health research and training, and experience as a public-health practitioner, will serve Holmes well in leading the Department of Global Health, according to Paul G. Ramsey, dean of the School of Medicine.
See also
Dean Jamison
Disease Control Priorities Project
References
External links
Official website
Global Health
Public health organizations
Health education in the United States
University departments in the United States
2007 establishments in Washington (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Washington%20Department%20of%20Global%20Health |
State Road 135 (SR 135) in the U.S. State of Indiana is a road that connects Indianapolis with the Ohio River; for the most part it is a two-lane road except for near Greenwood and Indianapolis.
Route description
The southern terminus is the Matthew E. Welsh Bridge on the east side of Mauckport. The bridge connects to Kentucky Route 79 in Brandenburg, Kentucky on the south side of the river.
The road runs north along rolling terrain in Harrison and Washington counties. It continues north through hilly country, passing Starve Hollow Lake State Recreation Area in Jackson County and the Brown County State Park. It then passes into the flatter terrain of Johnson and Marion counties. The northern terminus is at U.S. Route 31 on the south side of Indianapolis, about south of its interchange with Interstate 465.
History
State Road 135 was known as State Road 35 until U.S. Route 35 was commissioned in Indiana in February 1935.
State Road 135 previously terminated a few miles farther north in the city, but was shifted down to its current northernmost location of Thompson Road when U.S. Highways and Indiana State Roads were all truncated at or rerouted around major cities onto available bypasses in the early 1990s. It followed Meridian St., Troy Ave., and ended at US 31 and SR 37 at the time (now Madison Ave.).
Major intersections
References
External links
135
Transportation in Indianapolis
Transportation in Brown County, Indiana
Transportation in Harrison County, Indiana
Transportation in Jackson County, Indiana
Transportation in Johnson County, Indiana
Transportation in Marion County, Indiana
Transportation in Washington County, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%20135 |
State Road 140 (SR 140) is a State Road in the eastern section of the state of Indiana. Running for about in a general north–south direction, connecting rural portions of Rush and Henry counties. SR 140 was originally introduced in 1932 to connect Indiana Soldiers and Sailors Orphans Home to US 40 in Knightstown. The road was paved by the late 1930s.
Route description
SR 140 starts in rural Rush County, just south of Hoosier Youth Challenge Academy, as a continuation of Rushville Road (CR 340 W). The state road heads generally towards the northwest, passing through Hoosier Youth Challenge Academy, before crossing the Big Blue River. After the river the road becomes more north–south and enters Henry County and the town of Knightstown. In Knightstown SR 140 follows Jefferson Street, passing through residential properties. SR 140 ends in downtown Knightstown at an intersection between Jefferson Street and Main Street (US 40). Jefferson Street continues north as a city street towards the north side of Knightstown. The highest traffic count is in downtown Knightstown, where 2,536 vehicles travel the highway on average each day. The lowest traffic count is at the southern end of SR 140, where 641 vehicles travel the highway on average each day.
History
SR 140 was first designated by September 1932. The original routing started at the Indiana Soldiers and Sailors Orphans Home, now Hoosier Youth Challenge Academy, and ran north to US 40 much as it does today. Between 1935 and 1937, SR 140 was reconstructed to be a high level of road, with a hard driving surface. Since its paving, the route has not undergone any major changes.
Major intersections
References
External links
140
Transportation in Henry County, Indiana
Transportation in Rush County, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%20140 |
State Road 144 (SR 144) in the U.S. state of Indiana is a highway that exists in two short disconnected segments south of Indianapolis.
Route description
The western segment of SR 144 begins at an intersection with SR 42 and SR 67 in Mooresville. Traveling southeast in the far northeast of rural Morgan County, SR 144 crosses over the White River before entering Johnson County and the town of Bargersville before terminating at a dogbone interchange with I-69.
The eastern segment begins at an intersection with SR 135 in central Bargersville. Continuing southeast through rural Johnson County, SR 144 terminates at a roundabout with SR 44 in Franklin.
The gap between the two segments is connected by a highway called County Road 144 (CR 144). It was previously signed with CR 144 signs at its west and east ends at I-69 and SR 135, respectively. It is also known as Old Plank Road in Bargersville. It is one of the very few county roads in Indiana with a numerical designation identical to that of an adjoining state road, similar to how it is done in Florida.
History
SR 144 was added to the state road system in 1930, running along its current routing between SR 35 (now SR 135) in Old Bargersville and US 31 in Franklin. SR 144 and SR 35 were commissioned to help relieve traffic on US 31 between Franklin and Indianapolis. This segment of SR 144 was paved in 1931. The segment between Mooresville and Waverly was added to the state road system between 1939 and 1941 with an intermediate road surface. SR 37 (now I-69) was rerouted around Waverly, and SR 144 was extended east to meet at the time the new SR 37 northeast of Waverly between 1963 and 1965. The western segment was paved between 1965 and 1966. SR 144 was rerouted to bypass Waverly between 1969 and 1970. In 2014, the eastern terminus of SR 144 was moved to the intersection with SR 44, with the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) transferring the segment of SR 44 and SR 144 on Jefferson Street to the city of Franklin.
Major intersections
References
Indiana Highway Ends: State Road 144
External links
144
Transportation in Morgan County, Indiana
Transportation in Johnson County, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%20144 |
Beardsley School District, in Bakersfield, California is a school district with four school facilities. The district consists of Beardsley Elementary School, North Beardsley School, San Lauren Elementary School and Beardsley Junior High School.
History
Foundation
The district traces its origins back to the late 19th century when Lewis A. Beardsley donated an acre of land and helped build a one-room schoolhouse in May 1882. Mr. Beardsley was a former teacher and principal at Bakersfield School and served as Kern County Superintendent of Schools from 1874 to 1877. Following his county superintendence, he went into farming and later donated an acre of land to establish Beardsley School District. Beardsley School began with two teachers, Louis Beardsley and C. M. Chadwick, with an average daily attendance of 25 students. In 1883, Alexander B. MacPherson was added to the staff. Mr. MacPherson also served as Kern County Superintendent of Schools from 1883.
1900-49
School enrollment remained relatively small during the first thirty years of the district. Then in 1911, the school’s population increased to sixty students. A teacher was added to the staff in a makeshift classroom created for the following school year. In 1913, a $20,000 school bond was approved by the voters to build a new school. The new two-story schoolhouse opened the following year.
With the opening of the new school, a hot lunch program was started in 1914. Lunches were prepared in the classroom and cost five cents. Many of the vegetables used in the lunches were grown in the school garden. The school’s garden products even earned Beardsley an award at the 1915 Panama Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco.
A PTA was established and meetings were held twice monthly. The PTA was also the first in the county to sponsor a fundraising carnival to benefit the school.
The school boasted an outstanding track and field program, often winning the County Track Meets from 1921-24.
Beardsley experienced rapid growth over the next ten years from (1925–35). Average daily attendance climbed from 121 to 384 students. In recognition of this growth, voters approved a $120,000 bond issue in 1927 to expand school facilities, including a new auditorium and cafeteria.
In 1937, a new building was constructed to house a classroom, music room and dining area. At this time, a primary school was constructed with eight classrooms and a kindergarten. Later, in 1940, additional classrooms were built to complete the primary school that is now known as the Intermediate School.
During World War II, Beardsley students were active in raising “victory gardens” as well as harvesting crops on the surrounding farms. Student assistance in the harvest was needed due to the shortage of labor caused by the war.
In 1947, attendance had increased to 1284 students and the Junior High School was opened. The Junior High consisted of eight classrooms, library, and art rooms. Four more classrooms were added to the Junior High in 1948. In 1955, additional facilities were built for home economics, industrial arts, music room, and Junior High Office.
1950-1999
In 1950 attendance increased to 1,550 students. Much of the increase came from the northwest portion of the district and North Beardsley School was built in 1952. The new school outgrew its eight classrooms in two years and an additional eight classrooms were built in 1954.
By 1967 enrollment had reached 1935 students and in 1968, two wings consisting of eighteen classrooms were added at North Beardsley School.
In 1969 the Intermediate and Junior High Schools additional facilities included a new multipurpose room/cafetorium and an educational service center.
In 1977 the district built a library between the Junior High School and Intermediate School, which serves both schools.
In 1996, the school district implemented the “Class Size Reduction Program” (CSR) for a ratio of no less than one teacher for twenty students. The CSR Program was implemented at North Beardsley School in grades K–3.
In 1998 a gymnasium was constructed with the support of the Beardsley School Community Foundation, Optimist Club, Kern Community Development Program, and County Board of Supervisors.
21st century
In 2001, the district converted the old intermediate cafeteria into a family resource center to house the Healthy Start and Head Start preschool programs.
An $8 million general obligation bond was passed in 2000 for modernizing all three school facilities and to build a new school.
In 2005, Beardsley opened San Lauren Elementary, its first new school in 53 years.
References
External links
school web site
Education in Bakersfield, California
School districts in Kern County, California
1882 establishments in California
School districts established in 1882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beardsley%20School%20District |
State Road 145 is a north–south road in the southwest portion of the U.S. State of Indiana.
Route description
State Road 145 begins at State Road 37 about to the northeast of Tell City, near the Perry County Municipal Airport. It runs north through the small towns of Bristow and Sassafras, and intersects Interstate 64 at exit 72 at Kitterman Corners. At Birdseye, it meets State Road 64 and is concurrent with that road for as it heads east to the Hoosier National Forest. It then strikes north again through the forest and across Patoka Lake, and terminates in French Lick at State Road 56.
Major intersections
References
External links
145
Transportation in Perry County, Indiana
Transportation in Crawford County, Indiana
Transportation in Orange County, Indiana
Transportation in Dubois County, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%20145 |
The InterContinental Athénée Palace Bucharest is a historic luxury hotel in Bucharest, Romania, originally opened in 1914. It was arguably Europe's most notorious den of spies in the years leading up to World War II, and only slightly less so during the Cold War.
Location
Located in the heart of Bucharest on Str. Episcopiei at the corner of Calea Victoriei on the former site of the Han Gherasi (Han is Romanian for "inn"), the hotel faces onto the small park in front of the Romanian Athenaeum on Revolution Square (originally Athenaeum Square, then Republic Square). It did not originally face onto a square: at the time the hotel was built, the space that is now a small park was occupied by the Splendid Hotel, destroyed by bombing on August 24, 1944, and there were a considerable number of other buildings on what is now the square.
History
Early years
The Athénée Palace was designed by the French architect Théophile Bradeau. It was built from 1912 to 1914 in the Art Nouveau style and was one of the last buildings built in this style. It was the first building in Bucharest to use reinforced concrete construction. It was constructed on the site of the 19th century Gherasi Inn. The hotel was completely modernized between 1935 and 1937, to designs by architect Duiliu Marcu, with the exterior redesigned in the Art Deco style.
Describing the hotel as it looked in 1938, A. L. Easterman of London's Daily Express and later of the Daily Herald referred to its "heavily ornate furnishings, marble and gold pillars, great glittering chandeliers, and the deep settees placed well back in the recesses of the lounge as if inviting conspiracy."
The New York Times foreign correspondent C. L. Sulzberger wrote in his memoir A Long Row of Candles that as World War II was approaching, he settled into the Athénée Palace "to enjoy my wait for war… This was a comfortable establishment with excellent service…a corrupt staff always seeking to change a customer's money at black-market rates, and continual competition by ladies of easy or nonexistent virtue to share the warmth of a client's bed." "Countess" R. G. Waldeck wrote of the hotel in the same era, "Here was the heart of Bucharest, topographically, artistically, intellectually, politically—and, if you like, morally." It was also home at the time to both British spies and the Gestapo. A. L. Easterman called it the "most notorious caravanserai in all Europe. …the meeting place of the Continental spies, political conspirators, adventurers, concession hunters, and financial manipulators. " Damaged by American air raids during World War II, in April 1944, the hotel was completely remodeled in 1945.
Communist era
In 1948 the Athénée Palace was nationalized by the new Communist government, who famously bugged every room, tapped every phone (and every pay phone within ), and staffed the entire hotel with informers. Dan Halpern writes, "The hotel's general director was an undercover colonel in the Securitate's Counterespionage Directorate; the hotel's deputy director was a colonel in the DIE, the Romanian external intelligence organization. The doormen did surveillance; the housekeeping staff photographed all documents in the guests' rooms. The prostitutes in the lobby and in the bar and in the nightclub reported directly to their employers; the free-speaking bons vivants and Romanian intellectuals hanging around the café, not to mention a number of the guests, had been planted."
A new wing was built behind the original hotel in 1965. The project team, comprising architect Nicolae Pruncu and engineers Radu Mircea and Mihai Ionescu, encountered severe technical difficulties in binding the old building with the new one. The hotel's interiors were remodeled in 1983.
The government-run Athénée Palace was damaged in the Romanian Revolution of 1989. Some of the worst violence occurred in the square immediately in front of the hotel. The hotel closed in 1994.
Restoration and modern era
The Athénée Palace underwent a $42 million renovation from 1995 to 1997, financed by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and reopened in October 1997, managed by an International brand, as the Athénée Palace Bucharest. In 2005, Romanian businessman George Copos, through his Ana Hotels entity, purchased a controlling interest in the hotel's ownership company, Athénée Palace SA from the EBRD. In 2021, the hotel rooms in the 1965 "new wing" were fully renovated. The hotel ceased to be operated by HHR as of midnight December 31, 2022 and joined InterContinental Hotels as the InterContinental Athénée Palace Bucharest on January 1, 2023.
In media
The hotel is a primary setting in Olivia Manning's Balkan Trilogy, which was later filmed as the 1987 BBC miniseries Fortunes of War, starring Kenneth Branagh and Emma Thompson. The miniseries was not shot at the hotel, but in Yugoslavia.
Notes
References
Alexander Easterman, King Carol, Hitler, and Lupescu, Victor Gollancz Ltd., London, 1942
Constantin C. Giurescu, Istoria Bucureștilor. Din cele mai vechi timpuri pînă în zilele noastre, Ed. Pentru Literatură, Bucharest, 1966
Institut Proiect București, Arta Grafică, Bucharest, 1968
Dan Halpern, The Walls Have Ears, Travel and Leisure, June 2005
List of Names and Places Explained: The Athenee Palace Hotel, the Splendid Hotel, in Bucharest Between the Wars: A Modernity With Fringes, Romanian Academy Library, accessed 4 January 2006.
External links
Athénée Palace Bucharest official website
Intercontinental Athénée Palace Bucharest official chain website
Hotels in Bucharest
Hotel buildings completed in 1914
Hotels established in 1914
Hotels established in 1997
Historic monuments in Bucharest
Calea Victoriei
Art Nouveau hotels
Art Deco hotels
Art Deco architecture in Romania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterContinental%20Athenee%20Palace%20Bucharest |
State Road 148 (SR 148) is a part of the Indiana State Road that runs between rural Dearborn County and Aurora in US state of Indiana. The of SR 148 that lie within Indiana serve as a minor highway. None of the highway is listed on the National Highway System. The whole road is a rural two-lane highway, passes through mostly woodlands. SR 148 was first designated as a state road in 1932. The highway replaced the original State Road 48 designation of the highway which dated back to 1926.
Route description
SR 148 begins at an intersection with SR 48, in rural Dearborn County. The highway heads southwest as a two-lane highway passing mostly through woodland, with some farmland. The route curves southeast and heads towards Aurora. The road enters Aurora, passing through mostly residential properties. SR 148 ends at a traffic signal with U.S. Route 50 (US 50), near the Ohio River.
No segment of State Road 148 in Indiana is included in the National Highway System (NHS). The NHS is a network of highways that are identified as being most important for the economy, mobility and defense of the nation. The highway is maintained by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) like all other state roads in the state. The department tracks the traffic volumes along all state roads as a part of its maintenance responsibilities using a metric called average annual daily traffic (AADT). This measurement is a calculation of the traffic level along a segment of roadway for any average day of the year. In 2010, INDOT figured that lowest traffic levels were 1,890 vehicles and 70 commercial vehicles used the highway daily near the intersection with US 50. The peak traffic volumes were 4,330 vehicles and 120 commercial vehicles AADT along the section of SR 148 at its western terminus near SR 48.
History
The route at SR 148 takes today became a state road in 1927 as SR 48 and the current SR 48 was signed as SR 46. In 1932 the number to the route was changed to SR 148 and SR 48 was moved onto its current route.
Major intersections
References
External links
148
Transportation in Dearborn County, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%20148 |
State Road 149 (SR 149) is a part of the Indiana State Road that runs between Valparaiso and Burns Harbor in the US state of Indiana. The of SR 149 that lie within Indiana serve as a minor highway. None of the highway is listed on the National Highway System. Various sections of the road are rural two-lane and urban four-lane undivided highways, passing through farmland and residential properties.
Route description
SR 149 begins at an intersection with SR 130, just north of the Chicago Fort Wayne and Eastern Railroad and Norfolk Southern Railroad tracks. The road heads north as a two-lane highway, passing through rural farmland with some houses. The highway has traffic lights at U.S. Route 6 (US 6). The route crosses under the Indiana Toll Road and has an at-grade crossing with the CSX Transportation railroad tracks. The road crosses another set of CSX Railroad tracks and has a traffic light at US 20. North of US 20, the highway becomes a four-lane undivided highway, with a wide median. The route crosses over Interstate 94 (I–94). The route curves northwest, becoming a four-lane undivided highway and having an intersection with US 12.
No segment of State Road 149 in Indiana that is included in the National Highway System (NHS). The NHS is a network of highways that are identified as being most important for the economy, mobility and defense of the nation. The highway is maintained by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) like all other state roads in the state. The department tracks the traffic volumes along all state roads as a part of its maintenance responsibilities using a metric called average annual daily traffic (AADT). This measurement is a calculation of the traffic level along a segment of roadway for any average day of the year. In 2010, INDOT figured that lowest traffic levels were 5,299 vehicles and 94 commercial vehicles used the highway daily between US 20 and US 12. The peak traffic volumes were 12,783 vehicles and 491 commercial vehicles AADT along the section of SR 149 between Lenburg Road and US 20.
Major intersections
See also
Indiana State Road 49
Indiana State Road 249
References
External links
Indiana Highway Ends - SR 149
Northwest Indiana
149
Transportation in Porter County, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%20149 |
An anti-halation backing is a layer found in many photographic films—and almost all film intended for motion picture cameras—usually a coating on the back of the film base, though it is sometimes incorporated between the light-sensitive emulsion and the base. Its purpose is to absorb light that passes through the emulsion, thus preventing any light from being reflected back through the emulsion from the rear surface of the base, or from anything behind the film, such as the pressure plate of the camera. This prevents a halo-like effect (halation) from forming around bright points or edges in the image.
Still cameras, which handle less film and thus contend with less wear, typically hold their film in the gate with components painted or treated to be black, so reflections are less of an issue and few still films made use of anti-halation backings. The notable exception was Kodak's Kodachrome, which incorporated such a backing to aid with a very sensitive innermost layer.
The anti-halation layer is rendered transparent or washed out during processing of the film, for example, the K-14 process for Kodachrome still film and the Eastman Color Negative (ECN2) process for color motion picture film both have steps which remove this layer.
The lack of an anti-halation layer in Kodak High-Speed Infrared (HIE) film caused the ethereal "glowing" effect often associated with infrared photography, rather than an artifact of IR itself.
Motion pictures
This effect is particularly pronounced in motion picture cameras. These cameras are subject to the constant motion of film being dragged through the film gate, so most motion picture cameras have film movements made or plated with wear-resistant alloys such as hard chrome. Given such a relatively reflective pressure plate behind the film, many motion picture films use an anti-halation (and anti-static) backing. Different kinds of effects can be achieved by removing the anti-halation backing. Halation is one of the properties unique to analog film stock and isn't found in digital footage unless modified in post-production. Despite anti-halation backing, most film stock still renders a slight red halo around the brightest elements in a picture, where the incoming light is so strong that it cannot fully be absorbed by the anti-halation backing, and instead is scattered back into the red layer of the stock, creating additional, halo-like exposure in that particular layer, before it gets fully absorbed.
Halation can be digitally imitated to some degree, as shown below:
References
Photography equipment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-halation%20backing |
North Zone or Northern Zone may refer to:
North Zone of Afghanistan
North Zone cricket team, an Indian first-class cricket team
North Zone cricket team (Bangladesh)
North Zone Cultural Centre in Patiala, Punjab, India
Northern Indo-Aryan languages
Northern Railway zone of Indian Railways
Zona Norte (LMB), of the Mexican Baseball League
Zona Norte, Tijuana, Mexico
Zone occupée, the occupied zone of France during the Second World War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Zone |
State Road 152 in the U.S. State of Indiana is a short connector highway in northwest Indiana.
Route description
SR 152 serves as a connector route through Hammond between US 41 and US 20, traveling entirely along Indianapolis Boulevard. The route begins at a combination interchange with I-80/I-94/US 6/US 41 (Borman Expressway). After US 41 turns west onto the expressway from Indianapolis Boulevard, the roadway continues north in a straight direction, now carrying SR 152. North of the interchange, SR 152 serves the Purdue University Northwest (Hammond campus). North of 165th Street, the route begins to transition into an industrial area. The route first encounters a railroad crossing and then crosses above a railyard as a four-lane overpass. Shortly after the road descends to street level, SR 152 ends at an intersection with US 20 (Michigan Street). The roadway still continues north as part of US 20.
History
SR 152 was once part of US 152 until that highway's decommissioning in 1938. The rest of US 152 is now US 52, US 231, and US 41.
Major intersections
References
152
Northwest Indiana
Transportation in Lake County, Indiana
Hammond, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%20152 |
"Unchained" is a song from Van Halen's fourth album, Fair Warning. The song was released as a single in various countries, including Germany, Spain, and Japan.
Writing and composition
Vocalist David Lee Roth's working title for the song was "Hit the Ground Running". The song features prominent use of the MXR M-117 flanger, which became a popular sound and spurred sales of the pedal. A preset for the flanger was also included on the EVH Flanger MXR pedal. It uses a Drop D tuning with suspended fourth chords interspersed. The song is notable for being producer Ted Templeman's only vocal contribution to the band, when he says "Come on, Dave, gimme a break!" during the interlude of the song.
Reception
Chuck Klosterman of Vulture.com named it the second-best Van Halen song, writing that it "merely feels like insatiable straight-ahead rock, but the lick is freaky, obliquely hovering above the foundation while the drums oscillate between two unrelated performance philosophies."
References
Further reading
1981 songs
1981 singles
Van Halen songs
Song recordings produced by Ted Templeman
Songs written by Eddie Van Halen
Songs written by Alex Van Halen
Songs written by Michael Anthony (musician)
Songs written by David Lee Roth
Warner Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unchained%20%28song%29 |
The genus Pelecinus is the only living member of the family Pelecinidae (there are also many fossil genera), and contains only three species, restricted to the New World. One species, Pelecinus polyturator, occurs from North through South America, and the others occur in Mexico (Pelecinus thoracicus) and South America (Pelecinus dichrous). The females are glossy wasps, very long (up to 7 cm) and the abdomen is extremely attenuated, used to lay eggs directly on scarab larvae buried in the soil.
References
Proctotrupoidea
Hymenoptera genera
Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille
Insects described in 1800
Hymenoptera of North America
Hymenoptera of South America | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelecinus |
Islam in Colombia is a minority religion, with most Colombians adhering to Christianity (Catholicism). According to a 2018 study conducted by Pew Research Center, the size of the Colombian Muslim population ranges from about 85,000–100,000 people out of a total population of 50.4 million. However, according to official estimates the Colombian Muslim community numbered just 10,000 people or 0.02% of the total Colombian population. Most Colombian Muslims are immigrants from the Arab World along with a small number of local converts.
There are a number of Islamic communities in Colombia, the most important of which, according to their size, are in Bogotá, Maicao and Buenaventura. There are also Islamic centers in San Andrés, Nariño Department, Santa Marta and Cartagena. There are also primary and secondary Islamic schools in Bogotá and Maicao. Maicao plays host to the continent's third largest mosque, the Mosque of Omar Ibn Al-Khattab. Most Muslims in Colombia are descendants of Arab immigrants from Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine during the late 19th to early 20th century. The Afro-Colombian Muslims in Buenaventura, Colombia's main Pacific port city, have over the years embraced the teachings of the Nation of Islam, mainstream Sunni Islam, and the Shia Islam denomination.
The Ahmadiyya Community also has a presence in the country.
Mosques
Abou Bakr Al-Siddiq Mosque
Mosque of Omar Ibn Al-Khattab
See also
Arab diaspora in Colombia
Lebanese Colombian
Palestinian Colombian
Religion in Colombia
References
Society of Colombia
Col | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Colombia |
The Patternist series (also known as the Patternmaster series or Seed to Harvest) is a group of science fiction novels by Octavia E. Butler that detail a secret history continuing from the Ancient Egyptian period to the far future that involves telepathic mind control and an extraterrestrial plague. A profile of Butler in Black Women in America notes that the themes of the series include "racial and gender-based animosity, the ethical implications of biological engineering, the question of what it means to be human, ethical and unethical uses of power, and how the assumption of power changes people."
Butler's first published novel, 1976's Patternmaster, was the first book in this series to appear. From 1977 until 1984, she published four more Patternist novels: Mind of My Mind (1977), Survivor (1978), Wild Seed (1980) and Clay's Ark (1984). Until Butler began publishing the Xenogenesis trilogy in 1987, all but one of her published books were Patternist novels (1979's Kindred was the exception).
Butler later expressed a dislike for the novel Survivor, and declined to bring it back into print.
Plot summaries
Wild Seed (1980)
Chronologically, the series starts with the fourth novel published, Wild Seed. Set in the 17th and 18th centuries, the story involves the relationship between two immortals - Doro, a man born in Africa thousands of years ago, who survives by transferring his consciousness from one body to another (feeding on each new victim's mental energy in the process), and Anyanwu, a shape-shifting healer with perfect control over her body. They struggle to live together over generations as Doro attempts to create a new race through a selective breeding program.
Mind of My Mind (1977)
The series' history continues with Mind of My Mind, in which Doro's breeding program has created a society of networked telepaths that he struggles to control. By the end of the novel Doro's thousands-of-years long breeding program has succeeded, but he is killed in the process, and the first patternmaster takes his place as leader of the patternists, establishing control over the fictional city of Forsyth, California, which is still the seat of their power during the time of Patternmaster.
Clay's Ark (1984)
Clay's Ark, the last book of the series to be published, deals with a colony of people who have been mutated by a disease that astronauts brought back to Earth from outer space. The group struggles to keep itself isolated enough to keep the disease from spreading throughout humanity.
'A Necessary Being' (2014)
'A Necessary Being,' a short story found in Butler's papers written in the early 1970s but posthumously published in her Unexpected Stories collection, deals with the world explored in the repudiated Survivor before the humans arrive from Earth.
Survivor (1978)
Survivor, the now out-of-print book in the series that Butler later disowned, depicts the Clay's Ark disease ravaging the Earth, and Doro's telepathic descendants asserting control over what remains of humanity. One group of regular humans decides to escape Earth to a new planet, where they struggle to co-exist with the species that already live there.
Patternmaster (1976)
Patternmaster, the first book to be published but the last in the series' internal chronology, depicts a distant future where the human race has been sharply divided into the dominant Patternists, their enemies the "diseased" and animalistic Clayarks, and the enslaved "mutes", regular humans without any enhanced abilities. The Patternists, bred for intelligence and psychic abilities, are networked telepaths. They are ruled by the most powerful telepath, known as the Patternmaster. Patternmaster tells the coming-of-age story of Teray, a young Patternist who learns he is a son of the Patternmaster. Teray fights for position within Patternist society and eventually for the role of Patternmaster.
Patternmaster explores the creation and maintenance of social and genetic hierarchies. For Gregory Jerome Hampton, Patternmaster "presents several questions about how race works in a social structure and how gender works in the function of race."
Themes
Butler on her goals in the series:
"I was trying to tell a good story about a strange community of people. I find myself doing that over and over again. That's not all I was trying to do. In each book, I was trying to do something a little different. But overall to gather these people and start this community that didn't work very well, if you noticed. There are people who think that they've won, so everything's fine. But they were really not very nice, the Patternists. When you get to Patternmaster, you'll see that. Really they were pretty awful. You wouldn't want to live in that society. And why were they so awful? Well, they were so awful because they had, shall we say, a bad teacher. And it didn't really occur to me until I had been working on the series for awhile that I might have been making some comment on Black America. Once the thought came to me, I realized that I probably was commenting on Black America. Then I had to ask myself how I felt about that – that I was perhaps making a comment on learning the wrong thing from one's teachers. I realized that maybe it was something that I needed to think about and maybe it was something that I needed to say, so I certainly wasn't going to stop saying it or deny having said it."
Compilations
Wild Seed, Mind of My Mind, Clay's Ark, and Patternmaster were published in a single volume titled Seed to Harvest in 2007.
References
Further reading
Bogstad, Janice. “Octavia E. Butler and Power Relations.” Janus 4.4 (197879): 2829.
Buckman, Alyson R. "“‘What Good Is All This To Black People?’: Octavia Butler's Reconstruction of Corporeality." FEMSPEC 4.2 (2004): 201-218. "Octavia Butler." For Women in Science Fiction and Fantasy, Vol. 2. Ed. Robin Reid. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2007. Octavia Butler. “Kindred.” In The Facts on File Companion to the American Novel. Edited by Abby H. P. Werlock. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 2006.
Colema, Letetia F. "Octavia E. Butler's Patternist Series: A Cultural Analysis". Dissertation Abstracts International, Section A: The Humanities and Social Sciences (DAIA): 58.6 (1997 Dec.), pp. 2201. 2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:9737929
Ferreira, Maria Aline. "Symbiotic Bodies and Evolutionary Tropes in the Work of Octavia Butler." Science Fiction Studies 37.3 [112] (2010): 401415.
Gant-Britton, Lisbeth. "Butler, Octavia (1947– )." African American Writers. Ed. Valerie Smith. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2001. 95110.
Holden, Rebecca J. "'I Began Writing about Power Because I Had So Little': The Impact of Octavia Butler's Early Work on Feminist Science Fiction as a Whole (and on One Feminist Science Fiction Scholar in Particular)." Strange Matings: Science Fiction, Feminism, African American Voices, and Octavia E. Butler. Ed. Rebecca J. Holden and Nisi Shawl. Seattle, WA: Aqueduct, 2013. 1744. MLA International Bibliography. Web. 1 Feb. 2016.
"Patternmaster." Novels for Students. Ed. Sara Constantakis. Vol. 34. Detroit: Gale, 2010. 258281.
Pfeiffer, John R. "Butler, Octavia Estelle (b. 1947)." Science Fiction Writers: Critical Studies of the Major Authors from the Early Nineteenth Century to the Present Day. Ed. Richard Bleiler. 2nd ed. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1999.
Pfeiffer, John R. "The Patternist Series." Magill's Guide To Science Fiction & Fantasy Literature (vol. 3). 1996.
Pfeiffer, John R. "Octavia Butler Writes the Bible." Shaw and other matters: A festschrift for Stanley Weintraub on the occasion of his forty-second anniversary at the Pennsylvania State University. Ed. Susan Rusinko. Selinsgrove, Pa.: Susquehanna University Press, 1998. 140–154.
Smith, Frances Foster. “Octavia Butler’s Black Female Fiction.” Extrapolation, Vol. 23, No. 1, Spring, 1982, pp. 3749.
Patternist Series
Science fiction novel series
Novels by Octavia Butler | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patternist%20series |
Those Who Trespass: A Novel of Television and Murder () is a 1998 novel by US television personality Bill O'Reilly. The story focuses on the revenge a television journalist exacts on network staff after disputes very similar to O'Reilly's real tensions with CBS (such as one involving Falklands War footage). The revenge takes the form of a series of graphically described murders.
The novel was first published in 1998 by a small publishing house, and rereleased in 2004 by Broadway Books as a trade paperback.
On July 13, 2011, in O'Reilly's "Backstage Conversation" video section of the BillOreilly.com website, he responded to a viewer who asked "Does Mel Gibson still own the rights to Those who Trespass?" O'Reilly replied, "He does not. We had two cycles with Mr. Gibson's production company—this was before he got into all the trouble—and now I own it again. So hopefully someone will step up."
Plot summary
The antagonist is a tall, "no-nonsense" television journalist named Shannon Michaels, described as the product of two Celtic parents, who is pushed out by Global News Network, and systematically murders the people who ruined his career.
Meanwhile, the protagonist, a "straight-talking" Irish-American New York City homicide detective named Tommy O’Malley, is charged with solving the murders that Michaels has committed, while competing with Michaels for the heart of Ashley Van Buren, a blond, sexy aristocrat turned crime columnist. Some reviewers have said that Michaels and O'Malley are "thinly veiled versions" of O'Reilly.
Michaels' first victim is a news correspondent who stole his story in Argentina, and got him into trouble with the network. He then stalks the woman who forced his resignation from the network and throws her off a balcony. After that he murders a television research consultant who had advised the local station to dismiss him by burying him in beach sand up to his neck and letting him slowly drown. Finally, during a break in the Radio and Television News Directors Association convention, he slits the throat of the station manager. After this, he is pursued by O'Malley and Van Buren, where he attempts to lose them by crossing a runway in front of a speeding jet. Although he makes it, his car's right back tire is cut by the jet's wing, causing the car to spin, flip over, and be subsequently melted by the exhaust from the jet, which explodes. Michaels dies in extreme agony, as his contacts (used to hide his identity) burn into his eyes and a chunk of the car crushes his head in.
Reception
The New Yorker called the book O'Reilly's "most ambitious and deeply felt piece of writing. 'Those Who Trespass' is a revenge fantasy, and it displays extraordinarily violent impulses". Michael Hastings, of Salon.com, commented that the book gave the reader a look inside the author's mind. "The talented talk-show host serves up characters who are paranoid, arrogant, insecure and supremely egotistical. On television, those qualities are O'Reilly's greatest assets".
The satirist Stephen Colbert, who parodies O'Reilly on his show The Colbert Report, stated that his sci-fi character Tek Jansen was originally inspired by O'Reilly and Those Who Trespass. The character originated in a fictional book that his political pundit character constantly referred to and promoted on his show. Tek Jansen, an idealised version of Colbert's character on The Colbert Report, is a reference to the accusations of the characters in Those Who Trespass being based on O'Reilly.
In his book Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them, former US Senator Al Franken, discussed O'Reilly's graphic depiction of a sexual encounter between Shannon Michaels and Ashley Van Buren, suggesting that this made O'Reilly guilty of hypocrisy when he later criticized rap artist Ludacris for indecent and profane lyrics in his songs. The encounter is referenced throughout the novel in different forms, such as a fictional sexual relationship between Florida Secretary of State Katherine Harris and Mac Stipanovich in 2000 and a dirty story O'Reilly tells Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas in Vietnam.
References
1998 American novels
American crime novels
Books by Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)
1998 debut novels
Broadway Books books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Those%20Who%20Trespass |
Steven Campbell (born 20 August 1986) is a Scottish central defender.
Career
The defender never made a first team appearance for Rangers but he was listed on the bench a number of times in the 2005–06 season. With Campbell's chances of breaking into the first team small, the then manager Paul Le Guen allowed him to gain experience in the First Division by moving to Partick Thistle for the first half of the 2006–07 season. He went on to make 15 senior league appearances for Partick Thistle and scored his first senior goal against Livingston.
On 27 January 2008, Campbell signed for Airdrie United after spending over six months without a club after leaving Rangers in the summer of 2007. On 22 May that year he signed for Football West State League side Perth SC in Australia. Campbell returned to Scotland to join Fife side East Fife 3 December 2009, and he was appointed club captain five-years later, on 26 July 2014.
References
External links
1986 births
Living people
Rangers F.C. players
Partick Thistle F.C. players
Airdrieonians F.C. players
East Fife F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
Scottish Professional Football League players
Men's association football defenders
Scottish men's footballers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20Campbell%20%28footballer%29 |
State Road 154, in the U.S. State of Indiana, is a short two-lane east–west highway located in western Sullivan County.
Route description
State Road 154 begins at the Wabash River bridge across from Hutsonville, Illinois and runs eastward through Graysville, where it crosses State Road 63. It ends where it meets U.S. Route 41 just west of Sullivan.
Major intersections
References
External links
Indiana Highway Ends - SR 154
154
Transportation in Sullivan County, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%20154 |
Mix 102.3 (call sign: 5ADD) is a commercial FM radio station in Adelaide, Australia, owned by ARN.
Mix 102.3 plays current hits and a variety of 1980s and 1990s music (Hot Adult Contemporary), primarily targeted at the 25-54 age group. Adelaide's Mix 102.3 is part of the KIIS Network with sister stations in other major Australian cities - KIIS 106.5 Sydney, KIIS 101.1 Melbourne, KIIS 97.3 Brisbane, 96FM Perth and Mix 106.3 Canberra.
History
Mix 102.3 began its life as AM (1310 later 1323 kHz) station 5AD in 1930, originally owned by the Advertiser Newspapers, who also owned local television station ADS-7 from 1959 until 1986.
During its early years, 5AD broadcast a wide range of programs, from orchestral concerts to comedies, serials and sporting events. Some programs, such as the comedy "Yes, What?" were produced in Adelaide for broadcast by other Major Broadcasting Network stations around Australia. (5DN was the Adelaide outlet for the Major Network.) Children's programs included "Search for the Golden Boomerang", and the "Kangaroos on Parade", for the Kangaroo Club, a 5AD sponsored children's club noted for support of children's charities.
Television was introduced to Adelaide in 1959, bringing major changes to radio programming, signalling the end of the kind of block programming 5AD and other stations had been playing. 5AD moved to music based programming, using a number of marketing slogans: "5AD, Action Radio", "Power Radio 5AD, Where Your Friends Are", among others.
5AD personalities of the 1960s and 1970s included Bob Francis, Alec Macaskill, Keith Conlon, Barry Ion who also voiced the hilarious Peter Plus character, Tony Pilkington, Malcolm T. Elliott, Sam Galea, Ken Dickin, John Vincent, Bob Byrne, Dean Jaensch, Jeff Sunderland, Kevin Crease, and many others.
5AD was also instrumental in bringing the Beatles to Adelaide in 1964 and Culture Club in 1984 after both bands had not originally included the city on their Australian tours.
As general manager, Bob Francis took the station into ratings records in the late 1970s and 1980s. He took over the role after his morning show ended in 1976 until stepping down to present the night show for radio 5AA. In the early 1980s 5AD was the number one radio station in Adelaide, spearheaded by the Bazz and Pilko breakfast show, rating at above 30% of the total Adelaide audience. As a top 40 station with its slogan "Rhythm of the City", 5AD was unstoppable as the clear market leader in Adelaide radio. 5AD won all day parts, including mornings with Peter Butler, afternoons with Sam Angelsea and the popular night show for teenagers "Dial a Hit" hosted by Steve Mill and Di Stapleton. But the station's ratings collapsed when its star breakfast duo of Bazz and Pilko defected to rival station 5KA in 1983. In 1985, after a number of poor surveys, 5AD decided to try something new and moved to an Easy Listening format, first as "Easy Listening 5AD", then "Today's easy listening 5AD" then "Adelaide's Best Place to Relax". By mid 1992, 5AD was again the number one station in Adelaide, with its breakfast show "Sundo & Keith" number one for a record 50 consecutive surveys.
Due to changes in media ownership laws which meant a newspaper and a TV or radio station could no longer be owned by the same company in the same market, 5AD was sold to Hoyts Media in 1987 (owners of the Triple M network in the Eastern States).
In 1991 5AD was sold again to Montclair Investments. The owners of Montclair included former 5DN personality and First Radio Limited investor Jeremy Cordeaux and former 5DN Station Manager Sue Fraser. In 1992 they made an offer to buy low rating FM radio station X102 (formerly 5DN and Radio 102 FM) from Mount Gambier businessman Alan Scott.
The transaction proceeded and 5AD was immediately simulcast on the 102.3 FM frequency from July 1993. It proved to be an instant success in both ratings and advertising terms with the station continuing to simulcast on the AM frequency.
However the Australian Government directed the simulcast must end as it provided the station with an unfair advantage in terms of audience reach. As the 5DN call sign remained aligned with the ownership of the FM frequency, 5AD FM's owners decided to place a hybrid talk format on the AM band and so launched Radio 1323 with a number of former 5DN personalities including Jeremy Cordeaux, Nan Witcomb and Bob Byrne. This new station proved equally challenging and the owners later decided to reinvent it as 5DN in 1994, then later SEN and finally as oldies music station Cruise 1323 in 2005.
At the end of 2007, the then breakfast team of Kym, Ali and Dzelde defected to rival radio station, Triple M Adelaide. A new breakfast show was announced consisting of John Riddell, Jodie Blewett & Jason 'Snowy' Carter.
In January 2015, Mix 102.3 rebranded with a new logo, along with sister stations in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. In recent years Mix has been the #1 station overall in Adelaide.
On Air Schedule:
6:00am–9:00am: The Ali Clarke Breakfast Show
9:00am–3:00pm: Michelle Murphy
3:00pm–4:00pm: 3pm Pickup
4:00pm–6:00pm: Will & Woody
6:00pm–7:00pm: The Kyle & Jackie O Hour Of Power
8:00pm–10:00pm: Jase & Lauren At Night
References
External links
Mix 102.3 website
5AD radio comedy 'Yes, What' was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia registry in 2013. Sounds of Australia
Radio stations in Adelaide
Hot adult contemporary radio stations in Australia
Australian Radio Network
Radio stations established in 1932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mix%20102.3 |
State Road 156 (SR 156) is a part of the Indiana State Road that runs between Vevay and Rising Sun, passing through Florence, in US state of Indiana. The of SR 156 that lie within Indiana serve as a minor highway. None of the highway is listed on the National Highway System. SR 156 is mostly a rural two-lane highway, passing through farmland and residential properties. SR 156 was first designated as a state road in 1931. The highway replaced the original State Road 58 designation of the highway which dated back to 1927. SR 58 ran from Vevay through Florence to Patriot and ended in Rising Sun.
Route description
SR 156 begins at an intersection with SR 56 in Vevay and it heads northeast. The highway passes through residential properties before leaving Vevay. After leaving Vevay the route enters rural farmland, with some woodlands, as a two-lane highway. The road has an intersection with SR 101 and passes by the Markland Dam. The dam carries SR 101 across the Ohio River and into Kentucky. After passing the dam SR 156 passes through Florence, parallel to the Ohio River. After passing through Florence the highway curves north, towards Patriot. In Patriot the route has an intersection with SR 250 and the highway begins to curve northeast again. After the Patriot the road curves west-northwest, before entering Ohio County. SR 156 ends at an intersection with SR 56 in rural Ohio County, just south of Rising Sun.
No section of State Road 156 in Indiana is included in the National Highway System (NHS). The NHS is a network of highways that are identified as being most important for the economy, mobility and defense of the nation. The highway is maintained by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) like all other state roads in the state. The department tracks the traffic volumes along all state roads as a part of its maintenance responsibilities using a metric called average annual daily traffic (AADT). This measurement is a calculation of the traffic level along a segment of roadway for any average day of the year. In 2010, INDOT figured that lowest traffic levels were 1,400 vehicles and 100 commercial vehicles used the highway daily between Florence and Patriot. The peak traffic volumes were 6,180 vehicles and 500 commercial vehicles AADT along the section of SR 156 at is within Vevay.
History
SR 156 was planned as SR 58 in 1927 and opened in 1928 as SR 58. SR 58 was changed to its current SR 156 in 1931 and SR 58 was moved to a new road in western Indiana. The route and number has not changed since 1931.
Major intersections
References
External links
156
Transportation in Ohio County, Indiana
Transportation in Switzerland County, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%20156 |
State Road 158 is a short connector route in Lawrence County in the southwest portion of the U.S. State of Indiana.
Route description
State Road 158 begins at the Martin County line, at the east edge of the Crane Naval Surface Warfare Center (which is west of Bedford). The road winds to the east through the small towns of Fayetteville and Eureka. It terminates at State Road 450 on the west edge of Bedford, near U.S. Route 50. It covers a distance of about 10 miles.
Major intersections
References
External links
158
Transportation in Lawrence County, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%20158 |
State Road 160 in the U.S. State of Indiana is a narrow two-lane road that crosses the scenic hill country of Washington, Scott and Clark counties.
Route description
The western terminus of State Road 160 is in Salem at its parent route, State Road 60. It passes to the south of the Clark State Forest just before reaching Henryville, where it intersects with Interstate 65 (Exit 19) and U.S. Route 31.
History
SR 160 from Charlestown to Henryville was number State Road 39. In September 2012, INDOT gave the section of roadway from US 31 to SR 403 to Clark County.
Major intersections
References
External links
160
Transportation in Clark County, Indiana
Transportation in Washington County, Indiana
Transportation in Scott County, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%20160 |
Annise Danette Parker (born May 17, 1956) is an American politician who served as the 61st Mayor of Houston, Texas, from 2010 until 2016. She also served as an at-large member of the Houston City Council from 1998 to 2003 and city controller from 2004 to 2010.
Parker was Houston's second female mayor (after Kathy Whitmire), and one of the first openly gay mayors of a major U.S. city, with Houston being the most populous U.S. city to elect an openly gay mayor until Lori Lightfoot was elected mayor of Chicago in 2019.
Following the voter-approval of Proposition 2 on November 3, 2015, which extended the terms of the Mayor, City Controller, and City Councilmembers to two four-year terms, Parker became the last Houston Mayor to be limited to serving three two-year terms.
Early life and education
Parker was born in Houston on May 17, 1956, and grew up in the community of Spring Branch, where she attended public schools. Her mother was a bookkeeper, and her adoptive father worked for the Red Cross. She lived briefly in Mississippi and South Carolina. In 1971, when Parker was 15, her family moved to a U.S. Army post in Mannheim, Germany for two years. In Germany, she volunteered in the Red Cross youth service organization and worked at the post library.
Growing up, Parker was extremely shy and suffered from extreme anxiety. Her family even nicknamed her "turtle", and she maintains a turtle collection today.
Parker began attending Rice University on a National Merit scholarship in 1974, working several jobs to pay for her room and board. While at Rice, Parker founded a lesbian student group. A member of Jones College, she graduated in 1978 with a bachelor's degree in anthropology, psychology and sociology. In 2005, Parker completed Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government program for Senior Executives in State and Local Government as a David Bohnett LGBTQ Victory Institute Leadership Fellow.
Career
Prior to serving as an elected official, Parker worked in the oil and gas industry as a software analyst for over 20 years, including 18 years at Mosbacher Energy. In addition, she co-owned Inklings Bookshop with business partner Pokey Anderson from the late 1980s until 1997 and served as president of the Neartown Civic Association from 1995 to 1997. In 1986 and 1987, she was president of the Houston GLBT Political Caucus.
City Council
Parker ran unsuccessfully for City Council District C in 1991 and again in 1995, finishing third in the special election for At-Large position 4, the seat vacated by Sheila Jackson Lee after her election to Congress.
In 1997, Parker prevailed in the runoff election for At-Large position 1 to become Houston's first openly gay elected official. She was re-elected twice to the same seat in 1999 and 2001 without being forced to a run-off. As a councilmember, she was recognized as "Councilmember of the Year" by the Houston Police Officers Union and earned the "Distinguished Local Elected Official Award" from the Texas Recreational and Park Society.
City Controller
In 2003, Parker was elected City Controller. She was re-elected in 2005 and 2007 unopposed. In addition, Parker also secured a seat for a controller's appointee on the Houston Municipal Pension System Board of Trustees, marking the first time the city's chief financial officer has had any involvement in the pension system."
Houston mayor
2009 election
In 2009, Parker announced her candidacy for the office of Mayor of Houston in a video posted online to her campaign website. She was endorsed by several organizations and campaigned on a platform of better city security and financial efficiency. Other people who were in the running for mayor included Houston City Council Member Peter Hoyt Brown and Harris County school board trustee Roy Morales; they were eliminated from the race on November 3, 2009. She entered the run-off election with the most votes to face former Houston City Attorney Gene Locke who garnered the second most votes. In the general election, the city's primary newspaper endorsed both Parker and Locke.
During the run-off election, Parker was endorsed by former rival Peter Hoyt Brown. The city's primary newspaper, the Houston Chronicle, endorsed Parker over Locke citing her experience. Parker was elected mayor on December 12, 2009, and assumed office on January 2, 2010. Houston became the largest U.S. city ever to have an openly gay individual serve as mayor. After the election, Parker declared that the top priorities of her administration would be improving transportation, balancing the city's budget, and selecting a new police chief.
2011 election
In the 2011 election, Parker won a second term as Houston's Mayor by defeating Fernando Herrera, Jack O'Connor, Dave Wilson, Kevin Simms, and Amanda Ulman without a runoff.
2013 election
In November 2013, Parker won a third term as Houston's Mayor by winning 57.22% of the vote, making a runoff unnecessary.
Parker was succeeded on January 2, 2016, by state legislator Sylvester Turner, who became the city's second African American mayor.
Houston Equal Rights Ordinance
On May 28, 2014, the Houston City Council passed the Houston Equal Rights Ordinance (HERO) which was authored by Parker, by a vote of 11 to 6. Mayor Parker had certified that "there exists a public emergency requiring that this Ordinance be passed finally on the date of its introduction". On July 3, 2014, opponents of the ordinance submitted 50,000 signatures to the city to force the ordinance to a vote of the public. The city announced that the opponents were 2,022 signatures short of the 17,269 needed to put the matter to a vote. HERO opponents filed a lawsuit against Mayor Parker and the city on August 5, 2014. In response, city attorneys defending the law filed subpoenas for sermons from local Christian pastors. Attorneys for the pastors called the subpoenas retaliation against Christians for opposing the ordinance. Parker maintained that the attorneys who dealt with the lawsuit for the city were outside lawyers (i.e., not city employees) and that she and City Attorney David Feldman had been unaware of the subpoenas. After what some news organizations called a "firestorm" of criticism over the subpoenas (Parker said that she had been "vilified coast to coast"), Parker directed the city's attorneys on October 29, 2014, to withdraw the subpoenas. After the subpoenas were withdrawn, local city pastors filed a civil rights lawsuit against Parker. The ordinance was later overturned by Houston voters by a 61%-39% margin.
Food sharing ban
As mayor, Parker voted for and then enacted an ordinance making it illegal to share food with the homeless in public spaces.
Recent career
After leaving the office of Mayor in 2016, she's been working for nonprofit organizations in Houston, including her role as Senior Vice President and Chief Strategy Officer for community development nonprofit BakerRipley. Since December 2017 Parker serves as CEO and President of the LGBTQ+ Victory Fund and Leadership Institute. She is also a professor at the Doerr Institute for New Leaders at Rice University.
Parker currently serves on the board of directors of the Holocaust Museum Houston and Girls Inc. and the advisory boards of the Houston Zoo, the Montrose Counseling Center, Bering Omega Community Services, and Trees for Houston. She is also involved in historic preservation efforts in Houston and received the "Good Brick Award" from the Greater Houston Preservation Alliance for her restoration of historic properties in the Old Sixth Ward.
Personal life
Parker and her wife, Kathy Hubbard, have been together since 1990. On January 16, 2014, Parker and Hubbard were married in Palm Springs, California. They have two adopted children together, as well as a then-teenage boy to whom they offered a home and consider their son.
Parker resides in East Montrose (a neighborhood of Houston) as of 2002; she had lived there since around 1991.
Awards and honors
In June 2020, in honor of the 50th anniversary of the first LGBTQ Pride parade, Queerty named her among the fifty heroes "leading the nation toward equality, acceptance, and dignity for all people."
Electoral history
2003
2005
2007
2009
2013
See also
LGBT community of Houston
References
External links
Annise Parker article in Ballotpedia
Annise Parker campaign website (archived)
CityMayors Mayor of the Month profile of Annise Parker (February 2015)
Parker, Annise and Madeline Appel. Mayor Annise Parker Oral History , Houston Oral History Project, December 29, 2010.
1956 births
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
Comptrollers in the United States
Houston City Council members
Lesbian politicians
LGBT people from Texas
American LGBT rights activists
Living people
Mayors of Houston
Rice University alumni
Texas Democrats
Women mayors of places in Texas
LGBT culture in Houston
Women city councillors in Texas
21st-century American LGBT people
LGBT mayors of places in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annise%20Parker |
State Road 161 in the U.S. State of Indiana is a rural undivided north–south highway in the southwestern portion of the state.
Route description
State Road 161 begins in Spencer County approximately nine miles southwest of Rockport at the northern end of the Owensboro Bridge across the Ohio River in the Ohio Township. It goes north to Reo. Which passes into Warrick County, where it has concurrencies with State Road 62 and State Road 68. At the north end of the county it passes over Interstate 64 three times in five miles (8 km), but the only interchange is at the last overpass. State Road 161 ends in Dubois County at State Road 64 approximately four miles west of Huntingburg.
History
The route of SR 161 was extended by nearly in the fall of 2002 when the Indiana Department of Transportation redesignated the former route of U.S. Route 231 in Spencer County.
Major intersections
References
External links
161
Transportation in Dubois County, Indiana
Transportation in Spencer County, Indiana
Transportation in Warrick County, Indiana
U.S. Route 231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%20161 |
State Road 162 in the U.S. state of Indiana is a route in Dubois and Spencer counties. Though an even-numbered route, in practice it is a north–south route for most of its length.
Route description
State Road 162 begins at SR 62 in Gentryville. Going east, it passes through Lincoln City near the Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial, then through Santa Claus (near Holiday World & Splashin' Safari), and then goes north through Ferdinand (near Interstate 64 exit 63). It terminates in Jasper where it re-joins U.S. Route 231.
History
The highway was designated the William A. Koch Memorial Highway in 2002 following the death of Bill Koch, who, along with his father, Louis J. Koch, was instrumental in creating the Holiday World & Splashin' Safari and the Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial. He was also the chief developer of the town of Santa Claus, Indiana, which has grown from less than 100 residents in 1960 to over 2,100 today.
Major intersections
{{INint
|mile=6.802
|road=
|type=concur
|notes=Eastern end of SR 245
References
External links
162
Transportation in Dubois County, Indiana
Transportation in Spencer County, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%20162 |
State Road 164 in the U.S. State of Indiana is a short east–west two-lane highway in the southwest portion of the state.
Route description
State Road 164 begins in downtown Jasper at the U.S. Route 231 and Courthouse Square intersection. Passing east out of town, the road winds through the country, passing to the south of Jasper Lake and through the small town of Celestine. Just before leaving Dubois County for Crawford County, it crosses an arm of Patoka Lake; it then passes through the small town of Wickliffe on the edge of the Hoosier National Forest before terminating at State Road 145 on the shores of another arm of the lake.
Major intersections
References
164
Transportation in Crawford County, Indiana
Transportation in Dubois County, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%20164 |
State Road 165 is a route in Gibson and Posey counties in the U.S. State of Indiana.
Route description
State Road 165 starts at State Road 66 near Wadesville then goes north through Poseyville where it intersects Interstate 64 at Exit 12. It is also concurrent with State Road 68 for about a mile in Poseyville. It then continues north before going east, ending at its parent route, State Road 65, at the Owensville town square.
Like many State Highways in the area SR 165 often sees heavy coal truck traffic as it also provides a shortcut between the mines around Owensville and Princeton and the Port of Indiana in Mount Vernon.
Major intersections
References
External links
165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%20165 |
State Road 166 in the U.S. State of Indiana is a short highway in southern Perry County. Though it has an even number, in practice it is a north–south highway for most of its length.
Route description
State Road 166 begins at the banks of the Ohio River just south of the small town of Tobinsport. Leaving the town, it heads straight north until the river bends to the west, at which point the road also bends to the west and hugs the banks of the river for a mile or so until it reaches State Road 66.
The highway is narrower than most state-maintained highways, and during times of high water levels on the Ohio River, it is often closed. The road surface is rough and undulating in places, this being caused by it being submerged for a prolonged period of time during the 1997 Ohio River Flood.
History
Until sometime in the 1950s, Route 166 previously connected with Kentucky Route 105 via a ferryboat across the Ohio River to and from downtown Cloverport, in northwestern Breckinridge County, Kentucky. Ferry service was since discontinued.
Major intersections
References
External links
166
Transportation in Perry County, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20State%20Road%20166 |
Patrick van Kerckhoven (born 1970, alias DJ Ruffneck) is a darkcore or gabber DJ and producer, originating from Alblasserdam, Netherlands. An active DJ since 1985, Kerckhoven has also been involved with various record labels. In 1989, he and Jayant Edoo formed 80 Aum Records. When that closed in 1991, he went on to form Ruffneck Records and its imprints Ruffex and Ruff Intelligenze.
After a disagreement with parent label XSV Music, Kerckhoven formed Gangsta Audiovisuals and its imprint Supreme Intelligence, then in 2001, Kerckhoven also closed these and moved all artists to Enzyme Records. Enzyme has three imprints: Enzyme K7, Enzyme VIP and Enzyme X. JUGGERNAUT, another pseudonym of van Kerckhoven during his Ruffneck years, has released a single, "Ruffneck rules da artcore scene!!!", borrowing the melody of In the Hall of the Mountain King, which reached eight in the Dutch top 40 in 1997 ().
His latest imprint is called Tainted Audio and was formed to fulfill his desire to keep on experimenting with drum and bass influenced underground hardcore music.
References
1970 births
Living people
Dutch DJs
Dutch electronic musicians
Dutch record producers
Hardcore techno musicians
People from Alblasserdam
Electronic dance music DJs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20van%20Kerckhoven |
Paul L. D. Blair (February 1, 1944 – December 26, 2013) was an American professional baseball player and coach. He played in Major League Baseball as an outfielder from through , most notably as the center fielder for the Baltimore Orioles dynasty that won four American League pennants and two World Series championships between 1966 and 1971. He also played for the New York Yankees and the Cincinnati Reds.
A two-time All-Star player, Blair excelled as a defensive player, winning the Gold Glove Award eight times, including seven consecutive years from to . One of the best defensive outfielders of his era, he had excellent range and was brilliant at tracking fly balls. He challenged hitters by playing shallow, then running down balls hit over his head. In 1984, Blair was inducted into the Baltimore Orioles Hall of Fame.
Early life
Blair was born in Cushing, Oklahoma but grew up in Los Angeles where he attended Manual Arts High School. An accomplished athlete, he played basketball, baseball and ran track while a student. Blair was originally signed by the New York Mets as an amateur free agent in . After spending the season in their farm system, he was selected by the Orioles in the 1962 first-year draft on November 26, 1962.
Major league career
Baltimore Orioles
He broke into the Orioles' lineup in and, despite hitting only .234 with five home runs and 25 runs batted in, impressed many with his defensive skills. In he batted .277 on an Orioles team that won the World Series. In Games 3 and 4 of that series, which the Frank Robinson-led Orioles swept from the defending champion Los Angeles Dodgers in four games, Blair played a major role in 1–0 shutouts by Wally Bunker and Dave McNally respectively, hitting a 430-foot home run off Claude Osteen in Game 3, and robbing Jim Lefebvre of an eighth-inning home run that would have tied Game 4. Blair also caught Lou Johnson's fly ball for the final out of the Series.
In Blair established a career high .293 batting average with 11 home runs and 64 RBIs, along with an American League-leading 12 triples. He also won the first of his eight Gold Glove Awards. After slumping to .211 in , Blair had perhaps his best season in . Batting second behind Don Buford in the Orioles' lineup, he hit .285 with career highs in home runs (26), runs batted in (76) and runs (102). His 26 homers along with 20 stolen bases made him the first Orioles player to achieve at least 20 in each category in the same season. He also made the All-Star team for the first time; he would repeat this feat in . His Orioles won the pennant, with Blair becoming the first player to have 5 hits in a post-season game, with 5 hits in 6 at-bats against the Minnesota Twins on October 6. The Orioles lost to the Miracle Mets in the World Series. Blair went 2-for-20 in that Series, including being the victim of one of Tommie Agee's two spectacular catches in Game 3 (Agee had also robbed Elrod Hendricks earlier in the game). On that Agee catch, Blair was the first batter Nolan Ryan faced in a World Series—the only World Series game the Hall of Fame pitcher would participate in. One of Blair's two hits came in the seventh inning of Game 2; it broke up Jerry Koosman's bid for a no-hitter.
Blair was beaned by Ken Tatum in the eighth inning of a 6–1 loss to the California Angels at Anaheim Stadium on May 31, 1970. He sustained a broken nose, orbital floor fractures below his left eye and a broken cheekbone. The beaning was unintentional, as Tatum had grazed the jersey front of the previous batter Boog Powell. Blair returned to the starting lineup three weeks later, finishing the season batting .267. After going 1 for 13 in the American League Championship Series, he had the World Series' highest batting average and on-base percentage with .474 and .524 respectively and shared with Series MVP Brooks Robinson the five-game Fall Classic record with nine hits apiece. Jim Palmer wrote that "ever since he got hit by a pitch, he isn't the hitter he was."
In Blair took up switch-hitting but stopped after batting only .193 (11-for-57). He finished the season hitting .262. His Orioles won another pennant, but lost the World Series to the Pittsburgh Pirates in seven games.
During the 1971 World Series, Blair earned a place in baseball history in Game 4 by being the first man to bat in a World Series night game. Leading off the top of the first inning, Blair singled off Pittsburgh's Luke Walker.
Blair's speed going back in the outfield enabled him to play shallow, and make catches à la Willie Mays. In each of the Orioles' three straight World Series seasons, Blair won a Gold Glove. He also won a Gold Glove over each of the next four seasons, his last Gold Glove in coinciding with teammate Brooks Robinson winning his 16th consecutive — and last — Gold Glove at third base.
New York Yankees
Blair was traded by the Orioles to the New York Yankees for Elliott Maddox and Rick Bladt on January 20, 1977. The transaction was driven by general manager Gabe Paul's desire to exile Maddox from the Yankees. Blair was primarily a defensive outfielder replacement in the late innings. On June 18 of that year in a nationally televised game against the Boston Red Sox at Fenway Park, he was tangentially involved in one of the most bizarre scenes in baseball history. Yankee manager Billy Martin took right fielder Reggie Jackson out of the game and replaced him with Blair after Jackson had misplayed Jim Rice's fly ball for a double. As the cameras watched, Jackson and Martin nearly came to blows. Blair's walk-off RBI single to left off Rick Rhoden won Game 1 of the 1977 World Series for the Yankees.
Actor Seth Gilliam played Blair in one episode of the ESPN mini-series The Bronx Is Burning. The mini-series chronicled the 1977 Yankees season.
Cincinnati Reds and second Yankees stint
After winning World Series titles with the Yankees in 1977 and , Blair was released early in the season. The Cincinnati Reds signed him as a free agent less than a month later, and Blair returned to the Yankees in May of . He retired after the Yankees released him a second time, on July 1 of that year.
Career summary
In his 17-year career, Blair, whose nickname, "Motormouth", came from his talkative nature, batted .250 with 134 home runs and 620 RBI, 1513 hits and 171 stolen bases in 1947 games played. He was also one of the top bunters in the game, recording at least 10 sacrifice hits four times in his career, including 17 during the 1975 season.
Palmer loved having Blair in the outfield because of his fielding ability. In his 1996 book Palmer and Weaver: Together We Were Eleven Foot Nine, he reminisced about the time Weaver gave him three batting lineups to choose from for a game. "I'm looking basically for one thing," Palmer wrote. "Center field. We've got Paul Blair, who I personally think can field anything." According to Palmer, Blair caught 12 fly balls that night. Palmer also thought Blair "was worth two runs, defensively, every game."
Coaching career
At the end of his playing career, Blair was hired as an outfield instructor for the Yankees in 1981. In August 1982, he was named the head coach at Fordham University. Blair coached only one season at Fordham with the team finishing with a 14–19 record. He then went back to work as an outfield instructor with the Houston Astros and as a third base coach for the Orioles Triple A team in Rochester and worked in that capacity until 1985.
In 1989, he played for the Gold Coast Suns in the newly formed Senior Professional Baseball Association, though the league folded after the season. Blair got his next shot at coaching in 1995 when he was named the manager of the Yonkers Hoot Owls in the newly formed Northeast League, an independent league of professional baseball. The team lasted just one season and finished a dismal 12–52.
Blair got his next, and last, shot at coaching in 1998 when he was named as the head coach for the Coppin State College baseball team. Blair coached the team from 1998–2002. Unfortunately, his overall record at Coppin State was a disappointing 30–185.
In the mid-1990s Blair was named the assistant general manager of the yet-to-be named New Orleans franchise in the United Baseball League (UBL) (which was a planned third major league).
Later life and death
After his retirement from coaching, Blair lived in Woodstock, Maryland with his wife, Gloria. In his retirement, Blair often appeared in celebrity golf and bowling tournaments. At the time of his death, he was known for working out at Triangle Fitness in Eldersburg, Maryland and bowling at Kings Point Lanes in Reisterstown, Maryland. His son Paul Blair III played eight years in the minors for the San Francisco Giants and the Chicago Cubs.
On December 26, 2013, Blair suffered a heart attack and lost consciousness while playing in a celebrity bowling tournament in Pikesville, Maryland. He was taken by ambulance to Sinai Hospital in Baltimore, where he was pronounced dead.
See also
List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders
References
External links
, or Retrosheet, or SABR Biography Project
1944 births
2013 deaths
African-American baseball players
American League All-Stars
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball players from Oklahoma
Cangrejeros de Santurce (baseball) players
Cincinnati Reds players
Coppin State Eagles baseball coaches
Elmira Pioneers players
Fordham Rams baseball coaches
Gold Coast Suns (baseball) players
Gold Glove Award winners
Liga de Béisbol Profesional Roberto Clemente outfielders
Major League Baseball center fielders
Minor league baseball coaches
New York Yankees players
People from Cushing, Oklahoma
People from Woodstock, Maryland
Rochester Red Wings coaches
Rochester Red Wings players
Santa Barbara Rancheros players
Stockton Ports players
Baseball coaches from Oklahoma
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American people
Baseball players from Baltimore County, Maryland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Blair%20%28baseball%29 |
The Carnival in Rio de Janeiro (Portuguese: Carnaval do Rio de Janeiro) is a festival held every year before Lent; it is considered the biggest carnival in the world, with two million people per day on the streets. The first Carnival festival in Rio occurred in 1723.
The typical Rio carnival parade is filled with revelers, floats, and adornments from numerous samba schools which are located in Rio (more than 200 approximately, divided into five leagues/divisions). A samba school is composed of a collaboration of local neighbours that want to attend the carnival together, with some kind of regional, geographical and common background.
There is a special order that every school has to follow with their parade entries. Each school begins with the "comissão de frente" (meaning "Front Commission"), that is the group of people from the school that appear first. Made of ten to fifteen people, the comissão de frente introduces the school and sets the mood and style of their presentation. These people have choreographed dances in elaborate costumes that usually tell a short story. Following the "comissão de frente" is the first float of the samba school, called "abre-alas" ("Opening Wing"). These are followed by the Mestre-sala and Porta-Bandeira ("Master of Ceremonies and Flag Bearer"), with one to four pairs, one active and three reserve, to lead the dancers, which include the old guard veterans and the "ala das baianas", with the drum line battery at the rear and sometimes a brass section and guitars.
History
The origins of the Rio Carnival celebration dates back to the 16th and 17th centuries. Carnival was brought to Brazil by Portuguese colonizers between the 16th and 17th centuries, manifesting itself initially through the 'Entrudo', a popular festival where public games and lighthearted mockery would run wild in the streets. Over time, the festival acquired other ways of manifesting itself, such as in the use of masks and costumes. The emergence of carnival societies created by the monarch elite also contributed to the popularization of the party among the poor.
In 1840, the very first Rio masquerade took place, and polka and waltz took center stage. Later in the beginning of the 20th century the Samba and Batucada rhythms classically associated with Rio carnival were introduced by afro-brazilians and pardos, by adapting different cultural inputs to produce a new musical genre. During this period, Carnival assumed its position as the biggest popular festival in Brazil.
There was no carnival in 1915–18 or 1940–45. Once more it was canceled with strict warnings against clandestine celebrations in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil and was postponed in 2022 for similar reasons. It returned in 2023.
Samba school parade
The pre-existing traditions of the 'Entrudos' and other popular festivities such as the 'ranches' and 'Cordão carnavalesco' that dated from the Empire would eventually be combined into carnival blocks by the 1920s, and evolve into their ultimate form - the Rio samba schools.
Estácio de Sá, together with Portela and Estação Primeira de Mangueira paraded for the first time in the city in 1929. All three were former carnival blocks which transformed into schools with professional staffing and city support. In 1930, seven schools were already active in the city. With the works of in Avenida Presidente Vargas, the parade moved there, and from 1942 to 1945 the parade was held in São Januário. From 1952 temporary stands for the public were annually assembled, and in 1961 paid tickets made their debut to take advantage of the rising international and national interest and the increasing tourist arrivals. In 1974, due to the works of the subway, the parade was held on Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, from where it was also broadcast for the first time in color television. In 1978, the parade was transferred to the Marquês de Sapucaí Avenue, where it remains up to this day. In 1983, the then governor Leonel Brizola commissioned the architect Oscar Niemeyer the project of a permanent local stadium for the parades in that same area, because until then the bleachers had continued to be temporary, and only assembled and disassembled for the event.
With the increase in the number of schools taking part, which made the parade longer and tiring for the public, in 1984 the parade was separated into two dates and categories: Friday evening into Saturday morning for the lower-level schools; and Sunday evening into Monday morning for the major schools, including the more recognizable ones. That year, a “super-champion” school was also announced following the parade of the champions that took place the following Saturday, which by that time were awarded for the best performances of the past nights of competition. Since this practice was never again repeated, Mangueira remains the only samba school to ever be awarded with the title and dignity of "super-champion" of the annual event. Portela is the samba school that has the largest number of championships with 22.
The schools of the Special Group under LIESA parade over two days (Sunday and Monday), while the A Series schools parade on Friday and Saturday under LIERJ, which also has the B Series, which parades on Fat Tuesday. Both organizations were under the AESCRJ banner before it lost organizing rights, thus also providing for the establishment of new organizations like LIESB and Samba é Nosso for the lower level divisions. The Gold Division (A Series) champion school which advances directly as a participant in the Special Group for the next year's Carnival parades last on Carnival Monday while the Special Group champion parades once more on the Saturday after Ash Wednesday.
As of 2018, LIESB handed over the management of the E series and its schools to ACAS, which now operates it as a rookie level organization for samba schools, in 2020 the C Series (Silver Division) fell under a new organization, LIVRES, with LIESB handling the divisions above and below it.
Dates
Rio's Carnival begins on the Friday preceding Lent and ends on Ash Wednesday, but the Winners' Parade happens on the Saturday after the carnival ends. The winning school and runners' up of the Special Group, as well as the A Series champion school, all march past one final time in front of their supporters on this night.
February 21 to 26, 2020
February 12 to 17, 2021 (cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic)
April 20 to April, 2022 (moved up due to COVID-19 and coincide with Tiradentes' Day)
February 17 to 22, 2029
Tickets
In 1984, the government decided to give Rio Carnival its new home in the Sambadrome. Today, some of the most famous events of Rio Carnival are ticketed events. There are different types of Sambadrome tickets that are available for purchase. Grandstand tickets are general admissions tickets that are available on a first-come, first-served basis and are not allocated ahead of time. Frisas are open air box seats located along the samba runway. Camarotes are luxury boxes situated between the frisas and the grandstands. Sector 9 is the tourist sector which are the same as grandstand tickets, with the difference being that they are allocated so people have assigned seats.
Carnival ticket prices can vary depending on the ticket type, sector and season. The cheapest sectors are 12 and 13. Tickets can be bought in advance through international brokers, or through local travel agents in Rio de Janeiro. 'Purchase of a ticket' normally means purchase of a voucher which is then exchangeable for the ticket close to the date. Ticket sales are organised by LIESA, who will often also make tickets available at late notice via a venue (often a bank) announced the day before. LIESA prices for grandstand tickets vary from Rs5 to Rs500 for the Tourist Sector (2014 prices) (Rs500 = approx. US$250). LIESA publish the base price of the tickets, and agents and brokers charge more (sometimes significantly more) but offer considerable convenience and other benefits.
Street carnival
As the parade is taking place in the Sambadrome and the balls are being held in the Copacabana Palace and beach, many carnival participants are at other locations. Street festivals are very common during carnival and are highly populated by the locals. Elegance and extravagance are usually left behind, but music and dancing are still extremely common. Anyone is allowed to participate in the street festivals. Bandas are very familiar with the street carnival especially because it takes nothing to join in on the fun except to jump in. One of the most well known bandas of Rio is Banda de Ipanema. Banda de Ipanema was first created in 1965 and is known as Rio's most irreverent street band.
Incorporated into every aspect of the Rio carnival are dancing and music. The most famous dance in brazilian carnival is samba. The samba remains a popular dance not only in carnival but in the ghettos outside of the main cities. These villages keep alive the historical aspect of the dance without the influence of the western cultures.
Music is another major part of all aspects of the carnival. As stated by Samba City, "Samba Carnival Instruments are an important part of Brazil and the Rio de Janeiro carnival, sending out the irresistible beats and rhythms making the crowd explode in a colourful dance revolution fantasy fest!" The samba that is found in Rio is Battucanada, referring to the dance and music being based on percussion instruments. It "is born of a rhythmic necessity that it allows you to sing, to dance, and to parade at the same time." This is why the batucada style is found in most all of Rio's street carnivals.
Street parades, blocos, and bandas take place throughout the city of Rio during Carnival, the most famous and largest carnival celebration of the world. There can be more than 300 bandas taking place at any given point in time. While the biggest street party takes place right outside the Sambadrome, the largest organized street dance is typically found on Cinelândia Square in Rio's Centro. In 2012, more than 2 million revelers took to the streets of Rio de Janeiro to participate in the Cordão da Bola Preta bloco. According to police estimates, more than 5 million people attended a bloco during Rio Carnival 2012 and there was not one reported incident of crime.
When the Sambadrome was built in 1984, it had the side-effect of taking street parades from the downtown area to a specific, ticketed performance area. Some samba schools have since been motivated by an agenda that focuses on regaining public space, and using the carnival tradition to occupy the streets with parades or blocos. Many of these represent a local community of the area but are open to all.
Several of the Rio street carnival blocks that hold the parties are affiliated to the Rio de Janeiro State Street Carnival Blocks Federation (FBCERJ), established in 1965.
Corte real
King Momo
Queens of Carnival
The Queen of the Carnival in Rio de Janeiro and up to two princesses having the duty to woo the revelry, along with the King Momo. Unlike some cities, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Queens of Carnival do not see a certain school of samba. In competitions, princesses are usually placed as second and third, and are correspondingly 1st and 2nd Princess. Some of them after the reign become queens or battery bridesmaids.
See also
Brazilian Carnival
Tourism in Brazil
Culture of Brazil
References
External links
Rio Carnival photos 2010,13*
Carnival in Rio: Crazy, Sexy, Weird – slideshow by Life magazineadvanced searcher of America by R.G.
Carnival in Rio: An Online documentary about the Carnival of Rio de Janeiro
Brasiltropicalshow.com | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio%20Carnival |
"Dance the Night Away" is a song by American hard rock band Van Halen, and written by its group members. It is the second song from their 1979 album Van Halen II. While the rest of the songs from this album had existed in various forms since their days doing demos and playing clubs, this song was possibly the only song written during the recording sessions for the album.
Background
The band members conceived the song during the recording sessions while they were standing in a circle humming to each other. It was inspired by Fleetwood Mac's "Go Your Own Way". Eddie Van Halen purposely left a guitar solo out of the final version of the song, replacing it instead with a riff of tap harmonics. David Lee Roth originally wanted to call the song "Dance, Lolita, Dance", but Eddie Van Halen convinced him that "Dance the Night Away" was more suitable and the chorus was changed to reflect that.
Roth claimed, during a 2006 performance in San Diego, California, that he wrote this song in tribute to an intoxicated woman who was having sex in the back of a truck and ran with her pants on backwards while escaping police officers into the bar where the fledgling band was playing. This was also mentioned at a 2006 performance in Detroit, Michigan.
Reception
Billboard described "Dance the Night Away" as "a melodically driving rocker spiked by blaring guitar riffs, keyboards, bass and a powerful lead vocal. Cash Box said it was "more melodic" with fewer "guitar pyrotechnics" than previous Van Halen songs. Record World praised the "slick guitar-percussion intro and break" and Ted Templeman's wall of sound production." Chuck Klosterman of Vulture.com ranked it the third-best Van Halen song, praising Michael Anthony's background vocals and writing that "this song just makes people feel good."
Charts
"Dance the Night Away" was Van Halen's first top 20 U.S. hit, peaking at number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100. It also reached number 95 on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1979
References
Further reading
External links
1979 songs
1979 singles
Van Halen songs
Music videos directed by Bruce Gowers
Song recordings produced by Ted Templeman
Songs written by Eddie Van Halen
Songs written by Alex Van Halen
Songs written by Michael Anthony (musician)
Songs written by David Lee Roth
Warner Records singles
Songs about dancing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance%20the%20Night%20Away%20%28Van%20Halen%20song%29 |
Rock Robert Scully (August 1, 1941 – December 16, 2014, aged 73) was one of the managers of the rock band the Grateful Dead from 1965 to 1985.
Living in Haight-Ashbury as a graduate student prior to the Summer of Love, Scully first saw the Grateful Dead play at one of Ken Kesey's Acid Tests, and signed on as the band's manager almost immediately. He started to book the band at local venues, like the Fillmore Auditorium and the Avalon Ballroom, where other bands such as Jefferson Airplane, Big Brother and the Holding Company, and Quicksilver Messenger Service got their start. Within a few years, the Dead became more successful, and Scully helped negotiate their initial contract with Warner Bros. Records. He also got them booked into larger concerts (including the Monterey Pop Festival and Woodstock) and was one of the principal organizers of the Altamont Free Concert.
Although he developed an opiate addiction alongside several others in the Grateful Dead's social network in the late 1970s, Scully was employed by the group in various capacities (including stints as director of advance, road manager and publicist) until 1984, when he was fired by the group, in part for enabling Jerry Garcia's cocaine and heroin addictions. For several years, he had also served as manager of the Jerry Garcia Band and Garcia's housemate; alleged embezzlement from the Garcia Band played a role in the group's decision. Following rehabilitation, he returned briefly in 1985.
Scully was the author of a 1995 memoir, Living with the Dead: Twenty Years on the Bus with Garcia and the Grateful Dead (written with David Dalton).
Personal life
Rock Scully was born on August 1, 1941, in Seattle, Washington. His stepfather was journalist and academic Milton Mayer. Due to Mayer's multifarious career, Scully was raised in Carmel, California (where he cultivated a close friendship with future politician Sam Farr) and various locales in Europe. He finished his secondary education at a Swiss boarding school, where he acquired a penchant for skiing, a lifelong avocation.
After studying under Kurt Adler at the University of Vienna, Scully graduated with a degree in history and literature from Earlham College in 1963. Although he provisionally accepted an administrative post with Farr's father (a member of the California State Senate), Scully refused to remit the required loyalty oath and was unable to assume his duties. Beginning in the fall of 1963, he completed graduate work in history at San Francisco State University, where he coordinated student dances.
Following a monthlong jail sentence for participating in a civil rights demonstration in 1965, Scully determined that aiding the incipient 1960s counterculture would provide "musical relief" to the civil rights movement. He dropped out of graduate school to manage The Charlatans and worked with other groups as a member of Chet Helms's Family Dog collective before joining the Grateful Dead's organization.
Although they never legally married, Scully was in a relationship with Kemetic priestess Nicki Scully from 1969 to 1984; they had a daughter, Sage. He also raised her daughter from a previous relationship (Acacia, also known as Spirit) and fathered a son (Luke) in a previous relationship. Luke died in the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami while vacationing in Thailand. During the Grateful Dead's 1974 European tour, he engaged in a brief liaison with and may have married Lady Carolyne Christie, the niece of Lawrence Dundas, 3rd Marquess of Zetland. Scully's brother has subsequently expressed doubts about the legality of the union, which Scully misrepresented to his common-law wife as a green card marriage. Christie later married Roger Waters of Pink Floyd.
Following his separation from the Grateful Dead, Scully worked as a concert promoter near Lake Tahoe before moving to Louisville, Kentucky, where he operated an automotive paint shop for three years with his longtime companion, former Grateful Dead associate Amy Moore. Shortly after relapsing, he broke up with Moore and returned to California in 1992. While he attempted to reclaim his old position, Scully found that his job "had been usurped by others." Nevertheless, he remained on amicable terms with the group, as evidenced by a 2010 group interview with Scully, Phil Lesh and Bob Weir.
Scully died of lung cancer at age 73 on December 16, 2014, in Monterey, California. There, he spent his final years serving as caregiver to his ailing mother following the death of his second wife, Frankie, while also participating in local civic life after regaining his sobriety. In a series of tweets, Grateful Dead lyricist John Perry Barlow eulogized his friend, culminating in the following observation: "Though occasionally fraudulent, you were always the real thing."
References
External links
1941 births
2014 deaths
American music managers
Earlham College alumni
Grateful Dead
People from Carmel-by-the-Sea, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%20Scully |
Sean Richard Burnett (born September 17, 1982) is an American former professional baseball relief pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, and Washington Nationals.
Amateur career
Burnett attended Wellington High School in Wellington, Florida. He was also a part of the 1999 State Champions.
Professional career
Pittsburgh Pirates
Burnett was drafted by the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first round in 2000 Major League Baseball Draft. Known for his change-up, remarkable control, presence, and a low-90s fastball. Burnett was the Pirates Minor League Pitcher of the Year in 2001 and 2002, and 2002 Carolina League Pitcher of the Year. Baseball America named him the Carolina League's #1 prospect, and the Pirates #2 prospect. Baseball America after 2002: “Burnett was anointed as the Hillcats' ace--and he rarely disappointed. A left-hander with a 91 mph fastball and the league's best changeup, he did his part to help create a winning attitude on the field. Batters found it difficult to drive the ball in the air against him because he pitches down in the strike zone.” His velocity improved in 2002, hitting . His changeup is his best pitch, he also has a good slider. Knowles: “He needs to improve his breaking ball, he makes a lot of mistakes with it, but he throws enough strikes with his other pitches that he gets by with it.”
After sporting a 14–6 record with the Double-A Altoona Curve in 2003, Burnett advanced to the Triple-A Nashville Sounds for 2004. He was recalled by the Pirates, and made his major league debut on May 30, 2004, against the Chicago Cubs. Burnett pitched five solid innings, allowing only one run, but did not get a decision in the game. He finished the 2004 season with a 5–5 record and a 5.02 ERA.
Burnett missed the entire 2005 campaign with shoulder and elbow problems which eventually culminated in surgery. He spent the 2006 and 2007 seasons with the Triple-A Indianapolis Indians. After a stellar 2008 spring training, Burnett was returned to Triple-A, as the Pirates decided to keep Rule 5 pitcher Evan Meek in his place.
Meek was designated for assignment on May 4, 2008, and Burnett was recalled to take his place. Burnett made his first major league appearance since August 21, 2004 on May 6, 2008, against the San Francisco Giants. He allowed 2 runs in of an inning. Said Burnett of his return: "Honestly, it might have been more nerve-racking than my debut because my debut came so easy. It was such an easy road coming up through the Minor Leagues. This one was so much more hard work, and harder to get here, and a lot more time."
Burnett had a 4.54 earned run average (ERA) in innings pitched for the Pirates from 2004 to 2009.
Washington Nationals
On June 30, 2009, the Pirates traded Burnett along with Nyjer Morgan to the Washington Nationals for Lastings Milledge and Joel Hanrahan.
Burnett had a 2.98 ERA in 145 innings pitched for the Nationals from 2009 to 2011.
In 2012, Burnett went 1–2 with 2 saves and a 2.38 ERA with 56.2 innings in 70 appearances. On November 1, Burnett declined his half of a 2013 mutual option worth $3.5 million. Since the Nationals exercised their half, Burnett wasn't paid a $250K buyout.
Los Angeles Angels
On December 5, 2012, Burnett agreed to a two-year, $9.5 million contract with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, pending a physical examination. The contract became official on December 12. On August 7, 2013, Burnett underwent elbow surgery and it prematurely ended his 2013 season.
After being almost a full year out, Burnett came back to pitch for the Angels in May 2014; after 3 appearances, Burnett was placed back on the DL. After an MRI, it was revealed Burnett had a torn UCL, ending his 2014 season. The Angels declined his 2015 option on October 30, making him a free agent.
Return to Washington
On November 16, 2015, Burnett signed a minor league contract with the Washington Nationals. While Burnett did not allow a run during spring training, he was informed on April 1, 2016, that he had not made the team. He chose to exercise an opt-out clause in his contract and become a free agent.
Los Angeles Dodgers
Burnett agreed to a minor league deal with the Los Angeles Dodgers on April 9, 2016.
Atlanta Braves
On May 2, 2016, Burnett opted out of his deal with the Los Angeles Dodgers and signed a minor league deal with the Atlanta Braves. He opted out of his contract and became a free agent on May 20, 2016.
Minnesota Twins
On May 23, 2016, Burnett signed a minor-league deal with the Minnesota Twins.
Third stint with Washington
Burnett was acquired by the Washington Nationals for cash considerations on August 19, 2016, moving from the Twins' Class-AAA affiliate, the Rochester Red Wings, to the Nationals' affiliate, the Syracuse Chiefs. His contract was purchased from Syracuse by the Nationals on September 2, 2016, and he made his first major league appearance since 2014 the following day, coming out of the Nationals' bullpen in a game against the division rival New York Mets at Citi Field. He faced one batter, Curtis Granderson, and retired him on a lineout.
Philadelphia Phillies
On December 10, 2016, Burnett signed a minor league contract with the Philadelphia Phillies. He was released on March 26, 2017.
Miami Marlins
On March 13, 2018, Burnett signed a minor league contract with the Miami Marlins. He was released on June 18, 2018.
New York Mets
On February 7, 2019, Burnett signed a minor league contract with the New York Mets.
Retirement
On May 26, 2019, Burnett retired from professional baseball.
References
External links
Burnett excited to be back on mound
1982 births
Living people
People from Wellington, Florida
Baseball players from Palm Beach County, Florida
Major League Baseball pitchers
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Washington Nationals players
Los Angeles Angels players
Gulf Coast Pirates players
Hickory Crawdads players
Lynchburg Hillcats players
Altoona Curve players
Nashville Sounds players
Indianapolis Indians players
Inland Empire 66ers players
Arkansas Travelers players
Oklahoma City Dodgers players
Gwinnett Braves players
Rochester Red Wings players
Syracuse Chiefs players
New Orleans Baby Cakes players
Águilas del Zulia players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Jupiter Hammerheads players
Syracuse Mets players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean%20Burnett |
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