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Beau Hill is an American record producer who is best known for his work with Alice Cooper, Kix, Winger, Streets, Warrant, Fiona, Europe, and Ratt. He also played instruments and sang backing vocals for some of the artists that he produced, as well as for his own bands Airborne (which had a record released in 1979 on Columbia), and Shanghai, who both released albums in the early 1980s. Hill was one of the founding partners of Interscope Records.
Biography
At age six Beau entered The Texas Conservatory of Music and studied classical piano and composition. Five years later he was playing guitar in local groups and began learning how to write pop and rock music. He graduated from Jesuit College Preparatory School of Dallas and was accepted to Yale but declined to attend in order to pursue a career in recording and production. Beau attended the University of Colorado from 1971 to 1974, majoring in music and history, while working as an engineer at Applewood Recording Studios.
After being promoted to head engineer at Applewood, Hill got his first production job working for Chicago producer and Caribou Ranch Studios owner James William Guercio. During this period, Hill honed his production skills with hours at Applewood doing demos with his band Airborne, featuring the guitar work of David Zajicek. These demos caught the ear of veteran producer Keith Olsen (Fleetwood Mac, Foreigner, Whitesnake and Grateful Dead).
In 1978 Airborne signed a major recording contract with Columbia Records and a management contract with Irving Azoff and Bob Buziak at Frontline Management. Keith Olsen produced the debut album in L.A.. An Airborne demo of the song "Bored with Russia", written by Hill, found its way into the hands of Welsh band Budgie who recorded it for their 1982 album Deliver Us from Evil.
Hill moved to New York City in 1980, signed with Chrysalis Records and Aucoin Management (Kiss, Billy Idol), and recorded the debut album with his new group Shanghai, produced by Bruce Fairbairn and engineered by Bob Rock.
An opportunity presented itself for Hill to develop and record Houston-based singer/songwriter Sandy Stewart. Stewart’s demos found their way to Stevie Nicks, immediately after her first platinum solo effort, and resulted in Stewart getting signed to Modern / Atlantic Records (Nicks’s label), with Hill as the producer. Stewart and Hill went on to co-write three songs with Nicks for her next solo venture The Wild Heart.
In 1983, Atlantic Records president Doug Morris recruited Hill to produce the newly signed group Ratt. The debut effort sold over 3 million copies domestically alone, and made Hill an internationally acclaimed producer. He went on to produce the next three Ratt albums, all of which enjoyed multi-platinum success. In 1985, while still working with Ratt, he also produced Midnite Dynamite by Kix and Crimes in Mind by Streets, and in London in 1986, he produced and arranged the original motion picture soundtrack to Hearts of Fire. The recording featured three new songs by Bob Dylan with Eric Clapton and Ron Wood.
In 1987, the formation of 'Control Management' found Hill's career moving in a new direction, working with Winger, whose debut album sold 1.8 million copies. He also worked with multi-platinum band Warrant and the Japanese female rock band Show-Ya.
In 1990, Hill was recruited by Doug Morris to form a new label for Atlantic Records with multi-platinum producer Jimmy Iovine. Shortly after the introduction of Ted Field, Interscope Records was born. Hill also produced Bad Reputation for the band Dirty White Boy. In 1991 he produced Prisoners in Paradise, Europe's fifth album.
Since 1994, Hill has continued producing, mixing and developing new artists, including up and coming Michigan rockers Bad Side. He mixed some songs for the band's 2007 CD, Bad Side II (released 18 September 2007). He has also been involved with several successful international business ventures, but his main focus is working with up-and-coming artists. In 2007, Hill mastered "1.0" by Never Enough (featuring members of Lylah and 18 Visions). In 2010 Hill mixed Bipolar Echo's EP "Weird Days," and in 2012, Hill remixed the song "Pamela" by Finnish glam rock band Stala & SO., and in 2014, mixed Irish rock band Nine Lies' track "Save Me", from their 2015 album 9 Lies. In 2015, Hill mixed the album "Happily Neverafter" by Murder FM, featuring a remix by Tommy Lee of Mötley Crüe. In 2016 and 2019 Hill mixed 3 song from portuguese band Redlizzard, The Answer, Shake It and Back Together. In 2023, Hill mixed Crucible Divine's second album "Righteous Crusade" featuring Dale Thompson of Bride, and Timothy Gaines formerly of Stryper.
Affiliations
Hill is a voting member of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, which organizes the Grammy Awards, as well as being affiliated with the Audio Engineering Society, American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers, and Broadcast Music, Inc. as a writer and music publisher.
References
External links
Beau Hill Productions
American record producers
Living people
University of Colorado Boulder alumni
Jesuit College Preparatory School of Dallas alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau%20Hill |
Sri Lankan Mukkuvar () is a Tamil speaking ethnic group found in the Western and Eastern coastal regions of Sri Lanka. They are primarily concentrated in the districts of Batticaloa, Ampara and Puttalam. They are also related to "Sri Lankan Moors". Sri Lankan Mukkuvars along with Eastern tamils of Sri Lankan claim their origin from Kerala and matrilineal in practice. Recent studies show their habits and clan structure, as well as dialects, show affinity towards the Northern Kerala regions.
It is still unclear when did this group migrated from South Western India to Sri Lanka.Mukkuvars traditionally involved in fishing, conch shell pearl diving and but are also rendered their service as Mercenaries and Naval Mariners to Kings of Sri Lanka, today most of them involved in agriculture. They also include the major landlords in the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka who historically also served as mercenaries in medieval era.
Etymology
The name of the caste has several etymology theories. According to one is Mukkuvar derived from Tamil word mukku (means tip or corner) and the suffix ar (people), thus the term denotes "those from tip of the landmass". Another theory states that the word Mukkuvan (singular form), means "diver" derived from the Dravidian word muluku (to immerse or to dive). Other titles used by the community are Kukankulam, Murkukan and Mukkiyar. Their titles Kukankulam (Kukan clan) and Murkukan (foremost Kukan) are literary references to Kukan, the mariner who ferried Hindu god Rama across Ganges from Ayodhya whose descendant they claim.
History
The earliest mention of the Mukkuvar is in the Sinhalese panegyric called Dambadeni asna (13th century AD), mentioning them as soldiers under the army of Parakramabahu II. Their folk origin varies from region to region. According to the legend of the Mukkuvar from Kerala, they emigrated to and from Sri Lanka. The Mattakallappu Manmiyam text and other local palm-leaf manuscripts attribute the emigration of the Sri Lankan Mukkuvar from South India under the rule of Kalinga Magha in 12th century AD, who delegates the power to local petty kings whose successors are identified as belonging to Kukankulam. The conch shell trade flourished in the ancient and medieval era. The Mukkuvars of Jaffna region were traditionally involved in conch shell diving, however took to fishing with the decline of the conch shell trade.
The Mukkuvar are found in Northern Western Province and Eastern Province of Sri Lanka. Mukkuvar tribes migrated from Malabar Coast in Kerala to cities in Puttalam and Jaffna in the 12th century. They established a local polity in Puttalam, Mannar, and Jaffna. However, they and the Sonakar were defeated in a three-month siege by the Karaiyar chieftains, sponsored by the Kingdom of Kotte in the 15th century. This event is celebrated in a Sinhalese palm leaf manuscript called the Mukkara Hatana (The Mukkuvar War). The Jaffna chronicle, Yalpana Vaipava Malai, mentions the exile of Mukkuvars from Jaffna Kingdom to Batticaloa during the 15th Century after the invasion of Jaffna by Sampumal Kumarayya.
According to a popular folklore, is the Delft Island linked to the Mukkuvar king Vedi Arasan. Vedi Arasan had forts at Kayts, Kankesanthurai and Keerimalai, and was in possession of a Naga gemstone. The Karaiyar king Meekaman with his Chola army defeated Vedi Arasan and the Moor chief Meera and earned his Naga gemstone for the Chola princess Kannika. Ruins in Delft island such as Meekaman kottai and Vedi Arasan kottai are local names identified with this event.
The Mattakallappu Manmiyam refers to the defeat of the Thimilar by the Mukkuvar and the Sonakar in eastern parts of the island. Several places in Eastern Province bear names related to this event. The theme of the Mukkuvar seeking the aid of Muslim Sonakars was always present and at that time alliances and intermarriage between the communities took place. The Batticaloa region was under the leadership of Mukkuvar Vannimai chiefs.
Religion
One of the earliest tribes to get converted to Catholicism by the Portuguese were the Mukkuvars from Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala. The Mukkuvar practising Islam are known as Pusalan, Pulasar, Puislam or "New muslims", derived from the Tamil word putiya (new) and Islam. The Mukkuvars of Sri Lanka from North Western Province are mostly Roman Catholic with a strong minority of Muslim Mukkuvars who are known as Sonakars, however they are mostly Hindus in the Northern and Eastern provinces.
Customs
The Mukkuvars of eastern parts of Sri Lanka follow the Mukkuva laws, also known as Mukkuva Ēṟppāṭu, which applies to marriage and property. The Mukkuvars in Eastern Sri Lanka are, like other castes, also divided into kudi's (matrilineal clans). According the study conducted by McGilvray, Kudi system of Mukkuvars and Eastern Muslims has greater resemblances to Northern Kerala Nayars, Tiyyars, and Mappillas.
See also
Caste in Sri Lanka
History of Eastern Tamils
Seerpadar
References
17. Could Marthanda Varma have won the Colachel War without the fishermen
english.manoramaonline.com
Further reading
The ancient myths of the aborigines Kerala Calling, July 2004 by Dr. M.V Vishnu Namboodiri
External links
Mukkuvas in India
The effect of 2004 Tsunami
Social groups of Kerala
Indian castes
Fishing communities in India
Social groups of Tamil Nadu
Sri Lankan Tamil castes
South Indian communities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri%20Lankan%20Mukkuvar |
Sichuanese or Szechwanese (; Sichuanese Pinyin: Si4cuan1hua4; ), also called Sichuanese/Szechwanese Mandarin (), is a branch of Southwestern Mandarin spoken mainly in Sichuan and Chongqing, which was part of Sichuan Province until 1997, and the adjacent regions of their neighboring provinces, such as Hubei, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hunan and Shaanxi. Although "Sichuanese" is often synonymous with the Chengdu-Chongqing dialect, there is still a great amount of diversity among the Sichuanese dialects, some of which are mutually unintelligible with each other. In addition, because Sichuanese is the lingua franca in Sichuan, Chongqing and part of Tibet, it is also used by many Tibetan, Yi, Qiang and other ethnic minority groups as a second language.
Sichuanese is more similar to Standard Chinese than southeastern Chinese varieties but is still quite divergent in phonology, vocabulary, and even grammar. The Minjiang dialect is especially difficult for speakers of other Mandarin dialects to understand. Sichuanese can be further divided into a number of dialects: Chengdu–Chongqing, Minjiang, Renshou–Fushun, and Ya'an–Shimian. The dialect of Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province and an important central city, is the most representative dialect of Southwestern Mandarin and is used widely in Sichuan opera and other art forms of the region.
Modern Sichuanese evolved due to a great wave of immigration during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644): many immigrants, mainly from Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi and Guangdong, flooded into Sichuan bringing their languages with them. The influence of Sichuanese has resulted in a distinct form of Standard Chinese that is often confused with "real" Sichuanese. Sichuanese, spoken by about 120 million people, would rank tenth among languages by number of speakers (just behind Japanese) if counted as a separate language.
Geographic distribution and dialects
Sichuanese is mainly spoken in and around the Sichuan Basin, which includes almost all of Sichuan Province and Chongqing Municipality except for some Tibetan and Yi inhabited areas. It is also spoken in the border regions of Sichuan's neighboring provinces: northern Yunnan and Guizhou, southern Shaanxi and western Hubei.
However, it is possible to divide Sichuanese into four sub-dialects according to the preservation or distribution of the Middle Chinese checked tone: the Minjiang dialect (), which preserves the checked tone; the Chengdu-Chongqing dialect (), in which the checked tone has merged into the light level tone; the Renshou-Fushun dialect (), which merges the checked tone into the departing tone; and the Ya'an-Shimian dialect (), in which the checked tone is merged into the dark level tone.
The Minjiang, Ya'an-Shimian and Renshou-Fushun dialects are spoken mainly in South and West Sichuan, regions in which the inhabitants have significantly more indigenous Sichuanese descent than those of North and East Sichuan. Thus, these dialects are often referred as Old Sichuanese, as the preserve many characteristics of Bashu, the extinct language formerly spoken by the first Sichuanese Han Chinese people. The Chengdu-Chongqing dialect, named after the two largest cities in greater Sichuan, are spoken in a contiguous area mainly in North and East Sichuan. It is often referred as New Sichuanese because it exhibits fewer characteristics of the Bashu language.
History
Like many of the southern provinces in China, Sichuan was fully sinicized by the end of the Tang dynasty. The modern variety of Chinese spoken in the region formed relatively recently. In the thirteenth century, the population of Sichuan dropped precipitously, suspected to be due in part to a series of plagues and Mongol invasions. The population did not recover until it was replenished by subsequent migrations from Hubei, as well as Xiang, Gan and Hakka-speakers in the following centuries. These varieties largely supplanted the earlier varieties of Chinese in Sichuan, known as Ba–Shu Chinese or Old Sichuanese. Like Min Chinese, Ba-Shu Chinese was different from the Middle Chinese of the Sui, Tang and Song dynasties, but instead a divergent dialect group independently descended from the Old Chinese of the Han dynasty, which formed a substratum that influenced the formation of the modern dialect group and helps to explain the distinctiveness of Modern Sichuanese within the Mandarin dialect continuum.
Phonology
Tones
There are five phonemic tones in Sichuanese: dark level tone, light level tone, rising tone, departing tone and entering tone (or checked tone). In some regions the checked tone of Sichuanese has been merged into another tone, which is very different from standard Mandarin, whose checked tone has been merged irregularly into the other four tones. According to Phonology of Sichuan dialect (), among all the 150 Sichuanese-speaking cities and counties, 48 keep the checked tone while the other 102 have only four tones. Particularly, in some sub-dialects of the Minjiang dialect (such as the Yingjing dialect), the departing tone has developed into two different tones: a colloquial tone (which is similar to the second tone as a characteristic of Ba-Shu: ) and a literary tone (which is the same as the Chengdu dialect).
The tone contours of the Sichuanese dialects are highly and quite different from those of Beijing Mandarin. In Sichuanese, the first tone (dark level tone) is a high level tone (like Beijing), the second tone (light level tone) is a low falling tone (the mirror image of Beijing), the third tone (rising tone) is a high falling tone and the fourth tone (departing tone) is a low or mid rising tone (interchanged compared to Beijing) and the fifth tone (entering tone) is mid or high if it's not merged, as shown in the chart below.
In the areas which keep the entering tone, the five tones of Sichuanese are nearly identical to the values of 5 of the 6 tones of the indigenous Southern Qiang language.
Initials
Initials (or syllable onsets) are initial consonants of possible syllables. There are 21 initials in the Chengdu dialect of Sichuanese (academically referred as Standard Sichuanese). Four Sichuanese initial consonants do not exist in Beijing: and . On the other hand, five initials in Beijing do not exist in Sichuanese: and .
The following is the initial consonant inventory of Sichuanese, transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet, and under every IPA symbol in the inventory below there is the transcription of that sound in Sichuanese Pinyin and a Chinese character using that initial:
Finals
A final, the remainder of syllable after the initial, consists of an optional medial glide, a vowel and an optional final consonants. There are 36 finals in the Chengdu dialect of Sichuanese. Four Sichuanese finals do not exist in Beijing: , , , and . On the other hand, three Beijing finals do not exist in Sichuanese: , , and .
The following is the inventory of Sichuanese finals, transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet, and under every IPA symbol in the inventory below there is the standard orthography of that sound in Sichuanese Pinyin and a Chinese character using that final:
Tense vowels for checked tone
There is a discrepancy between Old Sichuanese and New Sichuanese in terms of finals. In the "old" Minjiang dialect, the stop consonants for checked-tone syllables in Middle Chinese have developed into tense vowels to create a phonemic contrast, and in several cities and counties the tense vowels are followed by a glottal stop to emphasize the contrast. Meanwhile, the checked tone has disappeared in other Sichuanese dialects. The following table shows the tense vowels of Minjiang dialect's three sub-dialects, spoken in Luzhou, Qionglai and Leshan, and a comparison with other Sichuanese dialects is also presented.
Literary and colloquial readings
The existence of literary and colloquial readings (), is a notable feature in Sichuanese and some other Sinitic varieties, such as Cantonese or Hokkien. In Sichuanese, colloquial readings tend to resemble Ba-Shu Chinese (Old Sichuanese) or Southern Old Mandarin, while literary readings tend to resemble modern standard Mandarin. For example, in the Yaoling dialect (), the colloquial reading of "" (means "things") is , which is very similar to its pronunciation of Ba-Shu Chinese in the Song dynasty (960–1279). Meanwhile, its literary reading, , is relatively similar to the standard Mandarin pronunciation . The table below shows some examples of Chinese characters with both literary and colloquial readings in Sichuanese.
Vocabulary
Only 47.8% of Sichuanese vocabulary is in common with the Beijing dialect on which Standard Chinese is based; indeed Sichuanese shares more vocabulary with the Xiang and Gan varieties of Chinese, even though Sichuanese is usually classified as a dialect of Mandarin.
The vocabulary of Sichuanese has three main origins: Ba-Shu (or Ancient Sichuanese), Middle Chinese and the languages of the immigrants, including Proto-Mandarin from Hubei, Xiang, Gan and Hakka, which were brought to Sichuan during the Ming and Qing dynasties. Recently, many loanwords have been introduced to Sichuanese from standard Mandarin and English. Meanwhile, new Sichuanese words are developing in large cities, such as Chengdu and Chongqing, which then spread at a dramatic speed through Sichuan. "" (xiong2qi3) (meaning "to cheer someone on") is a typical example of a novel Sichuanese word, equivalent to "" () in standard Mandarin.
"耙耳朵" (Pá ěr duo) is a word exclusive to Sichuanese, which means "henpecked husbands". A standard Mandarin equivalent of "" is "" (qī guǎn yán). The prototype of "" comes from a kind of bicycle with "ears" in Chengdu, which was first invented by men in Chengdu in order to make their wives sit more comfortably. There are still a few such bikes on streets of Chengdu.
Relation with other Chinese languages
The Chengdu dialect is usually taken as a representative of Sichuanese. Sichuanese shares the most similar vocabulary with Yunnanese, a dialect of Southwestern Mandarin spoken in the neighboring province. However, the relationship between Sichuanese and Northern Mandarin dialects, including the standard language, is weaker than the relationship between Xiang and Gan.
In terms of vocabulary, Sichuanese has the second closest relationship with Xiang. The two varieties share a large number of exclusively unique words. This is mainly because many Xiang-speaking immigrants from Hunan moved to Sichuan during the great wave of immigration during the Ming and Qing dynasties, so Xiang does not have such a close relationship with other southwestern varieties of Chinese, such as those spoken in Yunnan, Guangxi or Hubei. For example, in both Sichuanese and Xiang the verb "to squat" is "" (gu1) but "" (dūn) in standard Mandarin, the noun "kitchen" is "" (zao4vu2) but "" (chúfáng) in standard, and the adjective "thick" is "" (nyian4) but "" (nóng) in standard. Furthermore, the Sichuanese vocabulary also contains words from Old Xiang and Middle Xiang, such as "" (sloppy), "" (old) and "" (son).
Status
Though Sichuanese is not as endangered as some other languages of China, the prevalence of Sichuanese has dramatically lessened as the popularity of Standard Chinese has risen. Government policy limits the use of Sichuanese in broadcasting, television and many public places. Furthermore, the use of Sichuanese as a teaching medium is not permitted in the curriculum, which has resulted in a reduction of fluency among young people in Sichuanese-speaking areas since the 80s and 90s. The Sichuanese spoken by them is greatly influenced by the national language.
See also
Ba–Shu culture
References
External links
Sichuan Provincial Gazetteer: dialects 四川省志: 方言志
Grainger, Adam. Western Mandarin, or, The spoken language of western China; 1900. American Presbyterian Mission Press
Kilborn, Omar Leslie. Chinese lessons for first year students in West China. Kilborn (1917)
Mandarin Chinese
Varieties of Chinese | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuanese%20dialects |
There are eleven time zones in Russia, which currently observe times ranging from UTC+02:00 to UTC+12:00. Daylight saving time (DST) has not been used in Russia since 26 October 2014. From 27 March 2011 to 26 October 2014, permanent DST was used.
List of zones
Since 27 December 2020, the time zones are as follows:
Daylight saving time
Daylight saving time in Russia was originally introduced on 1 July [14 July, ] 1917 by a decree of the Russian Provisional Government. However, it was abandoned by a decree of the Soviet government six months later.
Daylight saving time was re-introduced in the USSR in 1981, beginning on 1 April and ending on 1 October each year, until mid-1984, when the USSR began following European daylight saving time rules, moving clocks forward one hour at 02:00 local standard time on the last Sunday in March, and back one hour at 03:00 local daylight saving time on the last Sunday in September until 1995, after which the change back occurred on the last Sunday in October.
On 27 March 2011, clocks were advanced as usual, but they did not go back on 30 October 2011, effectively making Moscow Time UTC+04:00 permanently. On 26 October 2014, following another change in the law, the clocks in most of the country were moved back one hour, but summer daylight saving time was not reintroduced; Moscow Time returned to UTC+03:00 permanently.
History
Russian Empire
In the Russian Empire, most of the nation observed solar time. From 1740s to 1867, Alaska belonged to Russia (Russian America) which used the Julian calendar which was 11 or 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar as the rest of Russia and had local times up to GMT+15:10. The westernmost area of Russia was Congress Poland, with local times down to GMT+01:10.
During the late 19th century, Moscow Mean Time was introduced on 1 January [13 January, N.S.] 1880, originally at GMT+02:30:17. 2:30:17 corresponds to 37.6166667°, the longitude of Moscow. Other parts of Russia kept solar time for several years.
Russia adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1918, when Wednesday 31 January (O.S.) was followed by Thursday 14 February (N.S.), which dropped 13 days from the calendar.
Soviet Union
After the Soviet Union was created, Moscow Time became UTC+02:00 and the various other time zones (up to UTC+12:00) were introduced throughout Russia and the rest of the Soviet Union, for example Irkutsk Time UTC+07:00 (Irkutsk has since this always been MSK+5). Between 1917 and 1922 the time was less ordered, with daylight saving time some of those years, some with two hours addition, and some of those years with one or two hours extra winter time.
On 21 June 1930, the Soviet Union advanced all clocks by one hour, effectively making the nation run on daylight saving time all year (the so-called decree time).
On 1 April 1981, 00:00:00, Oymyakonsky District changed its time zone from MSK+6 to MSK+8. The change occurred during DST effectively changing the offset from UTC+09:00 to UTC+12:00, the offset without DST was therefore changed from UTC+09:00 to UTC+11:00.
On 1 April 1982, 00:00:00, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug changed its time zone from MSK+10 to MSK+9, thus eliminating Anadyr Time (MSK+10 or UTC+13:00 without DST). The change occurred during DST effectively changing the offset from UTC+14:00 to UTC+13:00, the offset without DST was therefore changed from UTC+13:00 to UTC+12:00.
On 27 March 1988, 02:00:00, Saratov and Volgograd oblasts changed its time zone from MSK+1 to MSK. The change occurred during DST effectively changing the offset from UTC+05:00 to UTC+04:00, the offset without DST was therefore changed from UTC+04:00 to UTC+03:00.
On 26 March 1989, Kaliningrad Oblast switched from Moscow Time to Eastern European Time, and the following areas switched to Moscow Time (thus eliminating Samara Time; MSK+1 or UTC+04:00 without DST):
Astrakhan Oblast
Kirov Oblast
Kuybyshev Krai
Ulyanovsk Oblast
Russian Federation
Russia and most republics in the Soviet Union abolished the decree time (not moving the clocks) on 31 March 1991, but Russia reversed this the following year (except Samara Oblast which was already in UTC+04:00).
On 20 October 1991, Samara Oblast changed its time zone from MSK to MSK+1 (thus reinstating Samara Time; MSK+1), so from UTC+03:00 to UTC+04:00.
On 23 May 1993, Novosibirsk Oblast changed its time zone from MSK+4 to MSK+3. The change occurred during DST effectively changing the offset from UTC+08:00 to UTC+07:00, the offset without DST was therefore changed from UTC+07:00 to UTC+06:00.
On 28 May 1995, Altai Krai and Altai Republic changed its time zone from MSK+4 to MSK+3.
On 30 March 1997, Sakhalin Oblast changed its time zone from MSK+8 to MSK+7.
In May 2002, Tomsk Oblast changed its time zone from MSK+4 to MSK+3.
The following time zone changes occurred on 28 March 2010, which, in particular, led to abolition of two of the eleven time zones.
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and Kamchatka Krai started using Magadan Time, thus eliminating Kamchatka Time (MSK+9 or UTC+12:00 without DST).
Kemerovo Oblast started using Omsk Time.
The Udmurt Republic and Samara Oblast started using Moscow Time, thus eliminating Samara Time (MSK+1 or UTC+04:00 without DST).
Although the Russian government wanted to reduce the number of time zones even further, there were protests in far-eastern Russia on the changes, including a 20,000-strong petition in support of Kamchatka returning to UTC+12:00.
Decree No. 725 of 31 August 2011 changed the UTC offset for Moscow Time and the other time zones. Moscow Time Zone began using UTC+04:00 all year around. The notions of decree time and daylight saving time were abolished, but in fact, this decree mandated permanent daylight saving time (or even double daylight saving time in regions that had not abolished the decree time).
The decree also changed the offset of some parts of the Sakha Republic from Moscow. Oymyakonsky District switched from Magadan Time (MSK+8) to Vladivostok Time (MSK+7), and the following areas switched from Vladivostok Time (MSK+7) to Yakutsk Time (MSK+6):
New Siberian Islands
Tomponsky District
Ust-Maysky District
As a result of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, local authorities in the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol decreed that clocks in the newly proclaimed Russian federal subjects should jump ahead two hours at 10 p.m. on 29 March 2014 to switch from Eastern European Time (UTC+02:00) to Moscow Time (UTC+04:00).
In July 2014, further changes were passed, which took effect on 26 October 2014. Almost all of Russia moved back one hour, so Moscow Time became UTC+03:00 again. Some areas changed offset from Moscow:
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and Kamchatka Krai remained on UTC+12:00 (thus reinstating Kamchatka Time, MSK+9)
Magadan Oblast moved back two hours to UTC+10:00 (went from Magadan Time, MSK+8 to Vladivostok Time, MSK+7)
Zabaykalsky Krai moved back two hours to UTC+08:00 (went from Yakutsk to Irkutsk Time)
Kemerovo Oblast remained on UTC+07:00 (went from Omsk to Krasnoyarsk Time)
Udmurtia and Samara Oblast remained on UTC+04:00 (thus reinstating Samara Time, MSK+1)
The parts of the Magadan Time zone that remained on MSK+8 were given a new time zone name, Srednekolymsk Time, UTC+11:00. Annual DST changes were not observed.
The following time zone changes occurred on 27 March 2016:
Sakhalin Oblast moved forward one hour from UTC+10:00 to UTC+11:00 (from Vladivostok to Srednekolymsk time), except Severo-Kurilsky District, which was already in UTC+11:00 (Srednekolymsk Time)
Zabaykalsky Krai moved forward one hour from UTC+08:00 to UTC+09:00 (from Irkutsk to Yakutsk time)
Altai Krai and Altai Republic moved forward one hour from UTC+06:00 to UTC+07:00 (from Omsk to Krasnoyarsk time)
Astrakhan and Ulyanovsk oblasts moved forward one hour from UTC+03:00 to UTC+04:00 (from Moscow to Samara time)
On 24 April 2016, Magadan Oblast moved forward one hour from UTC+10:00 to UTC+11:00 (from Vladivostok to Srednekolymsk time). After this change, the UTC+11:00 time zone was again called Magadan Time.
On 29 May 2016, Tomsk Oblast moved forward one hour from UTC+06:00 to UTC+07:00 (from Omsk to Krasnoyarsk time).
On 24 July 2016, Novosibirsk Oblast moved forward one hour from UTC+06:00 to UTC+07:00 (from Omsk to Krasnoyarsk time).
On 4 December 2016, Saratov Oblast moved forward one hour from UTC+03:00 to UTC+04:00 (from Moscow to Samara time).
On 28 October 2018, Volgograd Oblast moved forward one hour from UTC+03:00 to UTC+04:00 (from Moscow to Samara time), but this change was reverted on 27 December 2020.
After the Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts in September 2022, the parts of these oblasts under Russian administration remained on Moscow Time (UTC+03:00) and did not revert to UTC+02:00 with the rest of Ukraine at the end of its daylight saving time period in October 2022. In April 2023, the Russian time zone law was changed to formally include these oblasts in Moscow Time.
Railway time
Until 2018, all timetables on Russian Railways (except Sakhalin railways) followed Moscow Time. From 2018 time tables follow local time.
Airports and flights follow local time.
Tz Database
For Russia, the tz database contains several zones in the file zone.tab.
List of zones
The list below shows the 16 zones for Russia as defined in the file zone.tab of the database. The database aims to identify regions that had the same time offset rules since 1970.
Two federal subjects are contained in more than one tz zone. The Sakha Republic is divided into three: west, central, east. Sakhalin Oblast is divided into two: Sakhalin Island with Kurilsky and Yuzhno-Kurilsky districts in the Kuril Islands, and Severo-Kurilsky District in the Kuril Islands.
On the last Sunday in October 2011, daylight-saving time ended in tzdata, but all zones moved forward one hour. In other words, the clocks did not change, but the names of the time zones reverted permanently to their standard time variants and there will be no more daylight-saving time.
If available, the change column lists the offset changes that caused a creation of a new zone in the tz database.
"Initial zone" means that in 1970 there was already a difference in time offset from the offsets in any other zone.
Deleted zones
Asia/Ulan Ude was a time zone identifier from the zone file of the tz database. The reference point was Ulan-Ude. It was added in tz version 2011e. Edition 2011i did not contain it anymore. The area remained at Asia/Irkutsk.
The contained data in zone.tab was:
RU
+5150+10736
Asia/Ulan_Ude
Moscow+05 - Buryatia
The covered area was Republic of Buryatia.
See also
Decree time
References
External links
Map of time zones in Russia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20in%20Russia |
The marsupial family Peramelidae contains the extant bandicoots. They are found throughout Australia and New Guinea, with at least some species living in every available habitat, from rainforest to desert. Four fossil peramelids are described. One known extinct species of bandicoot, the pig-footed bandicoot, was so different from the other species, it was recently moved into its own family.
Characteristics
Peramelids are small marsupials, ranging in size from the mouse bandicoot, which is 15–17.5 cm long, to the giant bandicoot, which at 39–56 cm in length and up 4.7 kg in weight, is about the size of a rabbit. They have short limbs and tails, smallish, mouse-like ears, and a long, pointed snout.
Peramelids are omnivorous, with soil-dwelling invertebrates forming the major part of their diet; they also eat seeds, fruit, and fungi. Their teeth are correspondingly unspecialised, with most species having the dental formula
Female peramelids have a pouch that opens to the rear and contains eight teats. The maximum litter size is, therefore, eight, since marsupial young are attached to the teat during development, although two to four young per litter is a more typical number. The gestation period of peramelids is the shortest among mammals, at just 12.5 days, the young are weaned around two months of age, and reach sexual maturity at just three months. This allows a given female to produce more than one litter per breeding season and gives peramelids an unusually high reproductive rate compared with other marsupials.
Classification
The listing for extant species is based on The Third edition of Wilson & Reeder's Mammal Species of the World (2005), except where the Mammal Diversity Database and IUCN agree on a change.
Family Peramelidae
Subfamily Peramelinae
Genus Crash†
Crash bandicoot† (fossil)
Genus Isoodon: short-nosed bandicoots
Golden bandicoot, Isoodon auratus
Northern brown bandicoot, Isoodon macrourus
Southern brown bandicoot, Isoodon obesulus
Genus Perameles: long-nosed or barred bandicoots
Western barred bandicoot, Perameles bougainville
Desert bandicoot, Perameles eremiana† (extinct)
New South Wales barred bandicoot, Perameles fasciata† (extinct)
Eastern barred bandicoot, Perameles gunnii
Southwestern barred bandicoot, Perameles myosuros† (extinct)
Long-nosed bandicoot, Perameles nasuta
Southern barred bandicoot, Perameles notina† (extinct)
Ooldea barred bandicoot, Perameles papillon)† (extinct)
Perameles allinghamensis† (fossil)
Perameles bowensis† (fossil)
Perameles sobbei† (fossil)
Subfamily Peroryctinae
Genus Peroryctes: New Guinean long-nosed bandicoots
Giant bandicoot, Peroryctes broadbenti
Raffray's bandicoot, Peroryctes raffrayana
cf. Peroryctes tedfordi† (fossil)
cf. Peroryctes sp.† (fossil)
Subfamily Echymiperinae
Genus Echymipera: New Guinean spiny bandicoots
Long-nosed spiny bandicoot, Echymipera rufescens
Clara's spiny bandicoot, Echymipera clara
Menzies' spiny bandicoot, Echymipera echinista
Common spiny bandicoot, Echymipera kalubu
David's spiny bandicoot, Echymipera davidi
Genus Microperoryctes : New Guinean mouse bandicoots
Mouse bandicoot, Microperoryctes murina
Western striped bandicoot, Microperoryctes longicauda
Arfak pygmy bandicoot, Microperoryctes aplini
Papuan bandicoot, Microperoryctes papuensis
Genus Rhynchomeles
Seram bandicoot, Rhynchomeles prattorum
References
External links
Peramelemorphs
Mammal families
Taxa named by John Edward Gray | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peramelidae |
Bad Sobernheim is a town in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the like-named Verbandsgemeinde, and is also its seat. It is a state-recognized spa town, and is well known for two fossil discovery sites and for the naturopath Emanuel Felke. Bad Sobernheim is also a winegrowing town.
Geography
Location
Bad Sobernheim lies on the middle Nahe about halfway between the district seat of Bad Kreuznach (roughly 20 km southwest of that town) and the gemstone town of Idar-Oberstein. Looming to the north is the Hunsrück, and to the south, the North Palatine Uplands. The municipal area stretches as far as the Soonwald. One notable feature of Bad Sobernheim's municipal area is that it is split geographically into two non-contiguous pieces. The part to the southeast containing the main town holds most of the population, whereas the part to the northwest is only thinly populated, but nevertheless makes up more than half the town's area. This came about as a result of the former Bundeswehr airfield in what is now the northwest part of the town. A great number of the people there chose to move house to Bad Sobernheim to escape the continual noise from aircraft, and the town annexed the land where they had formerly lived, up on the Nahe Heights. Since the residents of Nußbaum did not give their village up, Bad Sobernheim now has a great swathe of land to the northwest of its original municipal area, separated from it by Nußbaum's municipal area.
Neighbouring municipalities
Clockwise from the north, Bad Sobernheim's neighbours are the municipalities of Waldböckelheim, Oberstreit, Staudernheim, Abtweiler, Lauschied, Meddersheim and Nußbaum. Bad Sobernheim also holds an outlying swathe of territory, not contiguous with the piece containing the actual town – Nußbaum lies between the two areas – and even greater in area, although very thinly populated. Its neighbours, again clockwise from the north, are the municipalities of Sargenroth, Winterbach, Ippenschied, Rehbach, Daubach, Nußbaum, Monzingen, Auen, Langenthal, Seesbach, Weitersborn, Schwarzerden and Mengerschied, the first and last of these both lying in the neighbouring Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis (district).
Constituent communities
Bad Sobernheim's only outlying Stadtteil is Steinhardt, lying north-northeast of the main centre. Also belonging to Bad Sobernheim, however, are a number of other outlying centres. Some of these lie within the same patch of municipal territory as the main town, namely Dörndich, north-northwest of the main centre, and also Freilichtmuseum, Kurhaus am Maasberg and Neues Leben. Dörndich was once a Bundeswehr facility with barracks that belonged to the Pferdsfeld airfield. Today the area is used by various companies and private citizens. Other centres are also to be found in the municipal exclave lying to the northwest: Eckweiler, Birkenhof, Entenpfuhl mit Martinshof, Forsthaus Alteburg, Forsthaus Ippenschied, Hoxmühle, Kallweiler, Pferdsfeld and Trifthütte. This piece of land was once two former municipalities’ municipal areas. They were the municipalities of Eckweiler and Pferdsfeld.
Climate
A mild, bracing climate, many sunny days, a long autumn and a mild winter all contribute to the area's being one of Southwest Germany's sunniest regions.
History
In the New Stone Age (roughly 3000 to 1800 BC) and during the time of the Hunsrück-Eifel Culture (600 to 100 BC), the Bad Sobernheim area was settled, as it likewise was later in Roman times. Beginning about AD 450, the Franks set up a new settlement here. However, only in 1074 was this "villa" (that is, village) of Suberenheim first mentioned in a document, one made out to Ravengiersburg Abbey. The Sobernheim dwellers then were farmers (some of whom were townsmen) and craftsmen, and into modern times they earned their livelihoods mainly at agriculture, forestry and winegrowing. Businesses and trades existed, but they were often linked with farming. Several monastic orders held landholds in the town. Furthermore, several noble families were resident, such as the Counts of Sponheim, the Raugraves and the Knights of Steinkallenfels. Administration was led by an archiepiscopal Schultheiß, who by 1269 at the latest also had three Schöffen (roughly "lay jurists") at his side. They also formed the first town court. In 1259, Sobernheim was split away from Disibodenberg; only the pastoral duties remained in the monks' hands. Sobernheim was from the Early Middle Ages a centre among the estates held by the Archbishopric of Mainz on both the Nahe and the Glan. It was subject to the vice-lord of the Rheingau. The archbishop transferred Saint Matthew's Church (Kirche St. Matthias) to the monks at Disibodenberg. The Romanesque-Early Gothic building was newly built about 1400 and renovated in the 19th century. The town was granted town rights on the Frankfurt model in 1292 by King Adolf of Nassau and again in 1324 by Emperor Louis the Bavarian. It was, however, the town rights on the Bingen model granted by Archbishop Baldwin of Trier in 1330 that became operative and remained so until the French Revolutionary Wars. Until 1259, Sobernheim was administered by Disibodenberg, and thereafter until 1471 by the Burgraves of Böckelheim. In the Nine Years' War (known in Germany as the Pfälzischer Erbfolgekrieg, or War of the Palatine Succession), the fortifications and most of the town's buildings were destroyed by the French. Named in 1403, besides the archiepiscopal Schultheiß, were a mayor and 14 Schöffen drawn from among the townsmen. At that time, there were also Jews living here, who worked at trading. A stone bridge spanned the Nahe beginning sometime between 1423 and 1426, but after a flood shifted the riverbed towards the south in 1627, it sat high and dry in the meadows and was only replaced with the current bridge in 1867–1868. In 1471, Elector Palatine Friedrich I's conquests for Electoral Palatinate included Sobernheim, ending Burgravial rule. Two great fires laid almost the whole town waste in 1567 and 1689. The oldest part of the town hall (Rathaus) was built in 1535, with later expansions being undertaken in 1805, 1837 and 1861–1862. There was already a school sometime after 1530. Despite efforts by the Archbishopric of Mainz, Sobernheim remained with Electoral Palatinate until the French Revolution, then passing to France's Department of Rhin-et-Moselle after the French conquest in the years 1792–1797, which ended the Elector's own rule. Sobernheim became the seat of a mairie ("mayoralty") that included not only the town itself but also the outlying villages of Waldböckelheim, Thalböckelheim, Schloßböckelheim, Steinhardt, Boos, Oberstreit, Bockenau, Burgsponheim and Sponheim as well as a Friedensgericht ("Peace Court"; in 1879 this became an Amtsgericht). After the Napoleonic Wars had ended and the Congress of Vienna had been concluded, the town passed to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1815. The mairie became a Bürgermeisterei (also "mayoralty") under Prussian administration. The year 1817 saw the two Protestant denominations, Lutheran and Reformed, united. In 1857, the King of Prussia once more – for the fourth time in the town's history – granted Sobernheim town rights. In 1858, members of the town's Jewish community built a synagogue. This lasted for 80 years before it was destroyed by Brownshirt thugs on Kristallnacht (9–10 November 1938). Industrial development took a long time to make itself felt in Sobernheim, even after the town was linked to the new Rhine-Nahe-Saar Railway in 1859. A cardboard packaging printshop opened for business in 1832, a stocking factory in 1865 and a gelatine factory in 1886/1887. There was also a factory that made sheet-metal articles, and after 1900 there were two brickworks. The Kreuznach district savings bank (Kreissparkasse Kreuznach) was founded in Sobernheim in 1878 and moved to Bad Kreuznach in 1912. A Catholic hospital opened in 1886, as did a location of the Rhenish Deaconry in 1889. In 1888, the Prussian government split the outlying villages from the town, making them a Bürgermeisterei in their own right, called Waldböckelheim. A new development began after 1900 with the introduction of the Felkekur ("Felke cure"). From 1915 until his death in 1926, Pastor Emanuel Felke worked in Bad Sobernheim. He was a representative of naturopathy who developed the treatment so named, which now bears his name. This cure is to this day still applied at Bad Sobernheim's many spa houses. His student Dhonau established a Felke treatment house across the Nahe that began operations in 1907. Further such houses sprang up in 1924 (Stassen), 1926 (Neues Leben) and 1928 (Menschel). The small Amt of Meddersheim was in 1935 brought into joint administration with Sobernheim and, as of 1940, was wholly merged with the town to form the new Amt of Sobernheim. The Second World War brought not only a toll in human lives but also damage from Allied air raids. Reconstruction began with the 1948 currency reform and brought into being a town of some 7,000 inhabitants in which trade, industry, services and public institutions defined economic life. Several central schools, extensive sport facilities and the raising to a Felke spa town are more recent milestones in the town's development. In the course of administrative restructuring in Rhineland-Palatinate in 1969 and 1970, the Verbandsgemeinde of Sobernheim was formed. Belonging to this originally were 20 Ortsgemeinden and the town of Sobernheim, but the number of Ortsgemeinden dropped to 18 in 1979 with the dissolution of the Ortsgemeinden of Pferdsfeld and Eckweiler, whose municipal areas made up the swathe of non-contiguous municipal territory lying to the northwest. The German Air Force was stationed at the outlying centre of Pferdsfeld from 1960 with the Leichtes Kampfgeschwader ("Light Combat Squadron") 42 and from 1975 with the Jagdbombergeschwader 35 (Jagdgeschwader 73). On 1 January 1969, a tract of land with 121 inhabitants was transferred from the municipality of Waldböckelheim to Sobernheim. On 10 June 1979, the hitherto self-administering municipalities of Eckweiler and Pferdsfeld were amalgamated with Sobernheim. Since 11 December 1995, the town has borne the designation "Bad" (literally "bath") in recognition of its tradition as a healing centre.
Jewish history
As early as the Middle Ages, there were Jews living in Sobernheim, with the first mention of them coming from 1301. During the persecution in the time of the Plague in 1348 and 1349, Jews were murdered here, too. In 1357, Archbishop Gerlach of Mainz took two Jews into his protection and allowed them to settle in either Bingen or Sobernheim. Jews were mentioned as being in the town once again in 1384. In the earlier half of the 15th century, there were four or five Jewish families. These families earned their livelihoods at moneylending. In 1418, four Jewish families each paid 10 Rhenish guilders, a woman 4 guilders and three poor Jews 4 guilders in yearly tax to the Mainz stewardship or the Empire. In 1429, all the Jews at Sobernheim (named were Hirtz, Gomprecht, Smohel, Mayer, Smohel's mother and others), together with those throughout the Archbishopric of Mainz, were taken prisoner. It is not believed that this resulted in banishment. Nonetheless, there were clearly no Jews living in Sobernheim in the mid 16th century. The founding of the modern Jewish community came sometime in the 16th or 17th century. Then living in the town were up to five families with all together 20 to 30 persons. After the French Revolution, the community grew from 64 persons in 1808 to a peak of 135 persons in 1895. Beginning in the late 19th century, though, the number of Jews in the town shrank as some either moved away or emigrated. Among Sobernheim's Jews in the 19th and 20th centuries were livestock dealers, butchers, textile sellers, farm product sellers, shoemakers, leather dealers, shop owners and stocking manufacturers. Of particular importance in this last field of business was the Marum stocking factory. In the way of institutions, there were a synagogue (see Synagogue below), a Jewish elementary and religious school with a teacher's dwelling at the house at Marumstraße 20 (this house had been donated after the synagogue's consecration in 1859 by Isaac Werner as a school building), a mikveh (while a supposedly mediaeval one was also unearthed at the house at Großstraße 53 in 1996) and a graveyard (see Jewish graveyard below). To provide for the community's religious needs, an elementary schoolteacher (but later only a religion teacher) was hired, who also busied himself as the hazzan and, although this is not known for sure, as the shochet. Preserved is a whole series of job advertisements for such a position in Sobernheim from such publications as the Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums. This one appeared in that newspaper on 1 August 1853:The local Jewish community seeks for 1 September of this year an efficient elementary teacher and cantor. He must be a native, receives 160 Thaler as salary along with free dwelling and heating. Interested parties please announce themselves as soon as possible, and include a copy of their examination and service records. Sobernheim in Rhenish Prussia. School board J. Werner, J. Klein. The successful applicant for this job was Alexander Cahn, who then worked in Sobernheim for several decades and was the figure who characterized Sobernheim's Jewish community life in the latter half of the 19th century. He also established a successful Jewish boarding school for boys in the town. Beginning in 1890, schoolteacher Simon Berendt was active in the community. With him, the community celebrated the synagogue's reconsecration in 1904. He celebrated his own 25 years of service in Sobernheim in 1915. In the First World War, four men from Sobernheim's Jewish community fell:
Rudolf Hesse (b. 26 July 1876 in Sobernheim; d. 24 April 1917)
Gefreiter Richard Feibelmann (b. 26 November 1889 in Meddersheim; d. 21 November 1917)
Dr. Joseph Rosenberg (b. 4 April 1886 in Sobernheim, d. of war wounds on 4 May 1922)
Kurt Metzler
Their names appear on the memorial to the fallen at the Jewish graveyard. In the mid 1920s, Sobernheim's Jewish community still had some 80 persons within a total population of roughly 3,850 (2.1%). Also belonging to the town's Jewish community were the Jews living in Meddersheim (in the mid 1920s, this amounted to 16 persons). The synagogue was then headed by Leopold Loeb, Heinrich Kallmann and Gustav Hesse. In the meantime, Julius Katzenstein had been hired as the cantor and religion teacher. He taught religion at the town's public school to 14 Jewish children. In the way of Jewish clubs, there were a Jewish women's club whose task it was to see to the community's welfare, the club Chewroth whose task it was to see to care of the sick and burials and a Liberal Youth Association. The community belonged to the Koblenz Rabbinate Region. In the early 1930s, the community's leaders were Alfred Marum, Heinrich Kallmann and Mr. Haas. For representation, nine members were part of the leadership, under Richard Wolf's and Moses Fried's chairmanship. The cantor by this time was Felix Moses. In 1933, there were still 83 Jewish inhabitants among the town's population. After 1933, the year when Adolf Hitler and the Nazis seized power, though, some of the Jews moved away or even emigrated in the face of the boycotting of their businesses, the progressive stripping of their rights and repression, all brought about by the Nazis. By Kristallnacht (9–10 November 1938), only 45 were left. In 1942, the town's last 12 Jewish inhabitants were deported. According to the Gedenkbuch – Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945 ("Memorial Book – Victims of the Persecution of the Jews under National Socialist Tyranny") and Yad Vashem, of all Jews who either were born in Sobernheim or lived there for a long time, 40 were victims of Nazi persecution (birthdates in brackets):
Rosa Bergheim née Schrimmer (1868)
Frieda Cohen née Gerson (1887)
Anna (Anni) Feibelmann née Bergheim (1895)
Emmy Frankfurter née Metzler (1878)
Bertha Fried née Kahn (1876)
Moses Fried (1866)
Elisabeth Gerothwohl née Herz (1889)
Ignatz Gerothwohl (1881)
Klementine Haas née Abraham (1877)
Anna Hartheimer née Siegel (1880)
Selma Heimbach née Glaser (1885)
Benno Heymann (1910)
Therese Kahn (1869)
Elise Kallmann née Herz (1873)
Friedel Katzenstein (1920)
Markus Klein (1868)
Johanna Mayer (1880)
Emilie Landau née Gerson (1882)
Nathan Landau (1878)
Clara Lehmann née Wolf (1885)
Johanna Lichtenstein née Herz (1877)
Heinrich Marum (1848)
Johanna Mayer (1880)
Clementine Mendel (1883)
Ernst Metzler (1895)
Gertrud(e) Metzler née Kann (1888)
Judith Metzger (1933)
Jakob Ostermann (1872)
Johanna Ostermann née Mayer (1872)
Dorothea Pappenheim née Klein (1875)
Rita J. Rothschild née Wolf (1879)
Paula Salm née Wolf (1886)
Melanie Schönwald née Haas (1905)
Martha Sondermann née Wolf (1892)
Arthur Wolf (1890)
Bertha Wolff née Oppenheimer (1856)
Emilie Wolff (1885)
Friederike Wolff née Fröhlich (1873)
Hugo Wolf (1881)
Otto Wolf (1890)
Criminal history
Like many places in the region, Bad Sobernheim can claim to have had its dealings with the notorious outlaw Schinderhannes (or Johannes Bückler, to use his true name). The "Steinhardter Hof", an estate in the constituent community of Steinhardt, served him and his sidekick Peter Petri, known as "Schwarzer Peter" ("Black Peter"), as a hideout for a while in the late 18th century.
Religion
The two big church communities are the Evangelical community of St. Matthias Bad Sobernheim and the Catholic community of St. Matthäus Bad Sobernheim, which belongs to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Trier. As at 31 October 2013, there are 6,420 full-time residents in Bad Sobernheim, and of those, 3,176 are Evangelical (49.47%), 1,582 are Catholic (24.642%), 8 belong to the Greek Orthodox Church (0.125%), 2 belong to the Russian Orthodox Church (0.031%), 5 are Lutheran (0.078%), 1 belongs to the Alzey Free Religious Community (0.016%), 2 belong to the North Rhine-Westphalia Jewish community (0.031%), 335 (5.218%) belong to other religious groups and 1,309 (20.389%) either have no religion or did not disclose their religious affiliation.
Politics
Town council
The council is made up of 22 council members, who were elected by proportional representation at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.
Mayor
Bad Sobernheim's mayor is Michael Greiner (SPD), and his deputies are Alois Bruckmeier (FWG) and Ulrich Schug (Greens).
Coat of arms
The German blazon reads: Auf Schwarz ein goldener Löwe, rot bekront und bewehrt, rote Zunge, ein silbernes Rad haltend. Auf Silber im Schildfuß ein blaues Wellenband. Die dreitürmige Festungsmauer in grau-braun.
The town's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: On an escutcheon ensigned with a wall with three towers all embattled grey-brown, sable a lion rampant Or armed, langued and crowned gules between his paws a wheel spoked of six argent, in base argent a fess wavy azure.
As suggested by the blazon, the official version of Bad Sobernheim's coat of arms has a wall on top of the escutcheon, not shown in the version in this article.
The two main charges in the escutcheon are references to the town's former allegiance to two electoral states in the Holy Roman Empire, the Wheel of Mainz for the Electorate of Mainz and the Palatine Lion for Electoral Palatinate. The wavy fess in base symbolizes the Nahe. The "wall crown" in the more up-to-date version recalls the granting of town rights. The arms met with the requirements for the granting of such in 1924.
Town partnerships
Bad Sobernheim fosters partnerships with the following places:
Louvres, Val-d'Oise, France
Edelény, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County, Hungary
Culture and sightseeing
Buildings
The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate’s Directory of Cultural Monuments:
Bad Sobernheim (main centre)
Evangelical parish church, Igelsbachstraße 7 – Late Gothic hall church, west tower about 1500 by Peter Ruben, Meisenheim, nave 1482–1484, quire about 1400, converted towards 1500, Romanesque tower; in the churchyard tombs from the 19th century
Evangelical Philip's Church (Philippskirche) and Kaisersaal ("Emperor’s Hall"), Kreuzstraße 7 – Baroque quarrystone building, 1737–1741, 1901 conversion into inn, 1905 addition of Baroque Revival Kaisersaal, architect Friedrich Otto, Kirn; belonging to the area a building with mansard roof no. 9
Catholic Maltese Chapel (Malteserkapelle), Malteser Straße 9 – Late Gothic chapel of the former Sovereign Military Order of Malta commandry, about 1426 to about 1465, nave reconstructed in 1671
Saint Matthew's Catholic Parish Church (Pfarrkirche St. Matthäus), Herrenstraße 18 – Late Gothic Revival hall church, 1898–1900, architect Ludwig Becker, Mainz; on the churchyard wall cast-iron hearth heating plates with reliefs and Baroque figure of Saint John of Nepomuk, 18th century
Town fortifications – built after 1330, destroyed 1689, reconstructed in altered form; preserved parts of the town wall: between Kirchstraße 9 and 13; near Kapellenstraße 5 (former Disibodenbergerkapelle); behind Poststraße 39 and 41; between Großstraße 91 and Ringstraße 3; behind Ringstraße 35 and 37; behind Ringstraße 59 and 61; near Wilhelmstraße 37; behind Bahnhofstraße 24; behind Bahnhofstraße 2 and 4
Bahnhofstraße – Felke Monument; standing figure, bronze, marked 1935
Bahnhofstraße 4 – shophouse; Late Classicist plastered building, open-air stairway with porchtop terrace on columns, mid 19th century, addition crowned with gable about 1910
Bahnhofstraße 21 – former savings bank building; Late Historicist hewn-stone building, marked 1900
Bahnstraße 1 – railway station; sandstone-block buildings with one- to two-floor reception building, slated hip roofs, latter half of the 19th century
Dornbachstraße 20 – former town mill; unified group of dwelling and commercial buildings, partly timber-frame, half-hip roofs with off-centre ventilation zones, one marked 1810; millrace, waterwheel
Eckweiler Straße, at the graveyard – group of tombs: in the shape of an oak stump, 1868; two others of the same type; Gothicized stele, 1855; two Classicist grave columns, mid 19th century; E. Felke tomb, granite block with bronze image, 1926 (?); Families Liegel and Schmitt tomb, façade, Art Nouveau, about 1910; J. Müller tomb, electrotyped angel, wrought-iron fencing, about 1910; Morian tomb, ancient stele, urns, 1898
Felkestraße 76–96 – former Kleinmühle ("Little Mill"); 19th and early 20th centuries; no. 76/78: three- to four-floor former factory building, no. 86: mill building, Heimatstil, about 1910/1920, next to it a quarrystone building, 19th century; no. 94, 96: originally possibly tenant farmers’ dwelling belonging to complex; hydraulic engineering facilities
Großstraße 6 – Late Classicist house, partly timber-frame, mid 19th century
Großstraße 7 – shophouse; Baroque timber-frame building, partly solid, essentially 18th century
Großstraße 10 – timber-frame house, partly solid, possibly earlier half of the 19th century
Großstraße 19 – shophouse; timber-frame building, partly solid, essentially possibly 16th/17th century
Großstraße 35 – shophouse; Late Baroque timber-frame building, partly solid, marked 1754
At Großstraße 36 – Baroque wooden relief, 18th century
Großstraße 37 – estate complex; timber-frame house, partly solid, essentially Baroque, marked 1700, remodelled in the early 19th century, gateway arch marked 1772, side building 18th century
Großstraße 40 – shophouse, essentially 16th/17th century, stairway tower, gateway arch marked 1720, façade remodelled in Classicist form about 1820/1830
In Großstraße 53 – former mikveh, after 1850
Großstraße 55/57 – so-called Russischer Hof ("Russian Estate"); three-floor former noble estate, partly timber-frame, stairway tower, marked 1597
Großstraße 67 – former Gasthaus Deutsches Haus (inn); long Baroque timber-frame building, partly solid, early 18th century
Großstraße 88 – former house; Late Baroque building with mansard roof, mid 18th century
Großstraße 2–52,1–57, Marumstraße 26, Marktplatz 2 (monumental zone) – two- to three-floor shophouses, partly timber-frame, mainly from the 16th to 19th centuries
Gymnasialstraße 9 – former synagogue; Late Classicist building with hip roof, sandstone-block, marked 1859
Gymnasialstraße 11 – former Realschule; two-wing Baroque Revival building with mansard roof, 1911/1912, architect Friedrich Otto, Kirn
Gymnasialstraße 13 – former Teutonic Knights commandry; Late Baroque building with hip roof, marked 1750
Herrenstraße 16 – Catholic rectory; Baroque plastered building, marked 1748
At Herrenstraße 24 – Renaissance stairway tower, about 1600
Igelsbachstraße – warriors’ memorial 1914–1918, soldier, bronze, sandstone steles, 1936, sculptor Emil Cauer the Younger
Igelsbachstraße 8 – Ehemhof, former noble estate; three-floor part with stairway tower, marked 1589, two-floor Baroque part with gateway, 18th century
Igelsbachstraße 14 – Evangelical rectory; two-part Baroque building, 18th century, expanded in late 19th century; monumental tablet to Wilhelm Oertel
Kapellenstraße 5 – former Disibodenberg Chapel (Disibodenberger Kapelle); Late Gothic vaulted building, 1401 and years that followed, 1566 conversion to storehouse, vaulted cellar
Kirchstraße – warriors’ memorial 1870–1871, column with eagle, after 1871
Kirchstraße 7 – house, architectural part, essentially 16th century, expanded towards the back, remodelled in Late Classicist in mid 19th century; on the north gable a Renaissance window, 16th century
Kleine Kirchstraße 2 – Baroque building with mansard roof; gateway arch with armorial stone, marked 1722; with Saarstraße 30 the former Malteserhof (estate); barn with gateway arch, 16th century (?)
At Marktplatz 2 – Madonna, Baroque, 18th century
Marktplatz 6 – shophouse; three-floor Late Gothic timber-frame building, partly solid, possibly from the 16th century
Marktplatz 9 – shophouse; Late Baroque building with hipped mansard roof, mid 18th century
Marktplatz 11 – town hall; representative Late Gothic Revival hewn-stone building, 1861–1863, architect Peters, Bad Kreuznach; belltower and two Late Classicist additions, 1860s
Meddersheimer Straße 37 – Baroque Revival villa, marked 1893, expanded on the garden side about 1910/1920
Meddersheimer Straße 42 – villa; two-and-a-half-floor Late Gründerzeit clinker brick building, Renaissance motifs, marked 1890
Poststraße 5 – villa; Late Gründerzeit two-and-a-half-floor building with hip roof, Renaissance Revival motifs, sandstone and clinker brick, marked 1894
Poststraße 7 – villa; Late Gründerzeit clinker brick building, Renaissance motifs, about 1890
Poststraße 11 – two-and-a-half-floor solid building, partly timber-frame, about 1900
Poststraße 26 – former municipal electricity works; administration building; villalike Late Gründerzeit clinker brick building, about 1900
Poststraße 30 – villa; one-floor building with mansard roof, Heimatstil, 1914.
Poststraße 31 – villa; Heimatstil, about 1910
Priorhofstraße 16/18 – former Priorhof; Renaissance building with stairway tower, marked 1572, oriel window marked 1609, gateway arch 16th or 17th century, addition with cellar arch and Baroque relief
Ringstraße 36 – former hospital; three-and-a-half-floor villalike Gothic Revival quarrystone building, marked 1893, commercial building
Saarstraße 17 – timber-frame house, 16th or 17th century
Saarstraße 30 – former Malteserhof; Baroque building with hipped mansard roof, gateway arch, portal with skylight marked; joined with Kleine Kirchstraße 2 by a gateway arch
Staudernheimer Straße – signpost/kilometre stone; sandstone obelisk, 19th century
Staudernheimer Straße 13 – villa; Baroquified building with hip roof, about 1920; town planning focus
Steinhardter Straße 1/3 – Gründerzeit pair of semi-detached houses; building with hipped mansard roof with Late Classicist elements, about 1870
Steinhardter Straße 2 – former Villa Zens; Late Classicist plastered building with knee wall, addition with conservatory; in the garden wall the pedestal of a wayside cross, marked 1753
Wilhelmstraße 3 – Haus „Zum kleinen Erker“; opulent Renaissance building, marked 1614 and 1622; gabled building belonging thereto, essentially 16th century, remodelled in the 19th century in Late Classicist
Wilhelmstraße 8 – former Steinkallenfelser Hof and “Hohe Burg” inn: building with half-hip roof, essentially 16th century (marked 1532 and 1596); Late Classicist inn, latter half of the 19th century
Wilhelmstraße 13 – Baroque timber-frame house, partly solid, 18th century, ground floor marked 1840
Jewish graveyard, “Aufm Judenkirchhof” ("At the Jews’ Churchyard") (monumental zone) – laid out about 1785, area with 140 gravestones beginning from 1829; memorial from 1950 with warriors’ memorial plaque 1914-1918
Kurhaus Dhonau south of town (monumental zone) – Heimatstil buildings, 1907 until about 1930: Kurhaus ("spa house"), former commercial building, about 1920; Hermannshof with timber framing and covered walkways, before 1920; teahouse not far from the Nahe; Haus Waldeck, villa 1907 (addition in 1958), Haus Helge, about 1930; Arngard group of houses (mud hall and bathhouse); whole complex of buildings
Eckweiler
Evangelical church; formerly Holy Cross (Heilig-Kreuz) – Late Gothic aisleless church, about 1500, expanded 1908, ridge turret 1907
Pferdsfeld
Alteburgturm, in the Soonwald – four-floor round tower, quarrystone, 1893
Alteburg forester's house, in the Soonwald – Gründerzeit estate complex along the road, late 19th century
North of Landesstraße 230 – New Royal Forest Office of Entenpfuhl (nowadays Soonwald Forest Office), one-floor Heimatstil building, about 1900/1910
South of Landesstraße 230 – Alte Oberförsterei Entenpfuhl ("Old Entenpfuhl Chief Forest Office"), Baroque timber-frame building, partly solid, half-hip roof, earlier half of the 18th century, 1760-1795 residential seat of the Electoral Palatinate hereditary forester . Utsch was thought to be the subject of "Ein Jäger aus Kurpfalz", a popular folk song.
South of Landesstraße 230, Entenpfuhl – monument to the "Ranger from Electoral Palatinate"; limestone, 1913, sculptor Fritz Cleve, Munich
Steinhardt
Bockenauer Straße 19 – estate complex; building with half-hip roof, timber-frame, plastered, marked 1810, timber-frame barn
Kreuznacher Straße 19 – estate complex; Classicist house, marked 1835
More about buildings and sites
Saint Matthias Evangelical Parish Church
Bishop Willigis consecrated Saint Matthias Church (Pfarrkirche St. Matthias) about 1000. The oldest parts (north tower base) are Romanesque, if not Carolingian; the quire is Early Gothic. The main nave was built in the late 15th century, and the tower in 1500, by Peter Ruben from Meisenheim. Besides sumptuous altar baldachin capitals with representations of angels and colouring from the time of building, the organ built by Johann Michael Stumm in 1739, largely preserved in its original state and restored, and the windows by Georg Meistermann are worth viewing.
Disibodenberg Chapel
The Late Gothic Disibodenberger Kapelle (chapel) was built to a plan by Heinrich Murer von Beckelnheim for the Cistercians of Disibodenberg Abbey on an estate that lay between the town wall and Großstraße, and which had already been presented to the abbey by Archbishop Willigis of Mainz in 975. The estate, which functioned as a tithe-gathering place for the landholds on the middle Nahe and the Glan, grew into the abbey's most important settlement. The chapel, bearing an imprint of the Frankfurt school, was according to dendrochronological studies, in the area of the quire, roofed about 1455, while the nave got its roof somewhat later, about 1493. Both roof frames, given their age, size, quality and completeness are held to be among the most important witnesses to the carpenter's craft in Rhineland-Palatinate. The means of financing the construction of this 23.25 m-long, 7.65 m-wide building came from an inheritance from Katharina von Homburg, widow of Antilmann von Scharfenstein, called von Grasewege, an Electoral Mainz Amtmann at Schloss Böckelheim, who died on 24 December 1388, and whom Catholics revere as Blessed. After the Reformation was introduced under Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, the chapel was profaned in 1566 by being converted into a storehouse. A vaulted cellar with a height of about 3.90 m was built in, taking in the space between the base of the foundation and the windowsills and thus leading to the loss of the original ground floor's floor level and pedestal zone. Therefore, the chapel can now no longer be entered through any doorway dating from the time of building. The new "high ground floor" thus created lies at the level of the sills of the Gothic windows. Likewise about 1566, in an attempt to gain more stabling room, a wooden middle floor was built in, which is now important to the building's history for both its age and its shaping in the Renaissance style. Since both the later building jobs – the vaulted cellar and the middle floor – came to be in the course of the chapel's profanation after the Reformation was introduced, they can also be considered witnesses to the local denominational history. The west portal's outer tympanum, which shows, under a mighty ogee, in the style of the Frankfurt School, a calvary with Jesus, Mary Mother of God and John the Apostle as well as two thurible-swinging angels attending, is the only one with carved ornamentation in the Nahe-Glan region that has been preserved from the Middle Ages. The artwork is stylistically akin to the tomb carving in nearby St. Johannisberg (constituent community of Hochstetten-Dhaun) and at the Pfaffen-Schwabenheim collegiate church. The motif of the crockets along the ogee, on the viewer's left turned away and on his right opened towards him, are otherwise only found on the west portal of St. Valentin in Kiedrich in the Rheingau. Brought to light in 1985 during restoration work beneath the tympanum was an atlas in the shape of a male figure, which because of his arm warmers reaching down over his palms is described as the Bauhandwerker – roughly "construction worker". The atlas was, after painstaking analysis, walled up again for conservational reasons. After the chapel had been hidden for 111 years behind a print shop's walls, it came back to public awareness in 2010 with the opening of a retail park on the former print shop's property. The Förderverein Disibodenberger Kapelle Bad Sobernheim e.V. (Förderverein means "promotional association" in German) has since set itself the task of finding a cultural use for the old chapel in keeping with its dignity as a former ecclesiastical building, and of permanently opening it to the broader public. In the spring of 2013, however, plans were put forth to turn the Disibodenberg Chapel into a brewpub.
Maltese Chapel
The Late Gothic Malteserkapelle arose as a church of a settlement of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta/Knights Hospitaller. The quire was built in 1456 and the nave completed in 1465. The chapel's quire stands taller than the nave. The building's exterior is framed by stepped buttresses and windows with fish-bladder tracery. After the Reformation was introduced, the Knights had to leave Sobernheim. The chapel was used as a commercial building and fell into disrepair. After the reintroduction of the Catholic faith in 1664, the chapel, now renovated from the ground up, served as the Catholic parish church. At the Maltese Commandry in 1821, a Progymnasium was established (the Höhere Stadtschule or "Higher Town School"); the chapel was restored in 1837 and was then used as the school chapel. This school is considered the forerunner to the current Gymnasium. After the new Catholic parish church, Saint Matthew's (St. Matthäus) was built in 1898/1899, directly opposite the chapel, six tombs, the baptismal font made about 1625 and a Sacramental shrine from the 15th century were all transferred to the new parish church. The chapel building was converted into a clubhouse. The last renovation work was undertaken in 1999–2003, and since then the Catholic parish of St. Matthäus has been using the building as its Haus der Begegnung ("Meeting House"). The building is under monumental protection.
Saint Matthew’s Catholic Parish Church
Saint Matthew's Catholic Parish Church (Pfarrkirche St. Matthäus), a Gothic Revival church built by master church builder Ludwig Becker from 1898 to 1899, was consecrated by Bishop Michael Felix Korum. It is a great, three-naved hall church built out of yellow sandstone. It has a Gothic Revival triptych altar from 1905, a Sacramental shrine from the 15th century and an historic organ from 1901/1902 built by Michael Körfer from Gau-Algesheim. The organ is one of Körfer's few still preserved works. In the sanctuary stands the baptismal font made about 1625 and taken from the Maltese Chapel. The 59 m-tall churchtower looms over the town and can be seen from far beyond. Among the glass windows, those in the sanctuary stand out from those elsewhere in the church with their special images and colouring. The middle window uses mediaeval symbolism to describe the Last Judgment. The left window shows church patron Saint Matthew's calling at the tax office, under which are shown Hildegard of Bingen and Simon Peter. Displayed on the right window is the Maltese Chapel's patron, John the Baptist, and underneath, among others, Saint Disibod. On each side of the chancel are wall surfaces shaped in local forms. To the right, the lower part shows the town with the town hall's façade, the parish churches’ towers (both Catholic and Evangelical) and the town's coat of arms. The populace standing before this is shown in the four ages of life and as representatives of ecclesiastical and secular worlds. The historic Körfer organ was thoroughly restored in 2011–2012. The parish church itself is slated to be renovated inside beginning in January 2014
Marketplace
Worth seeing, too, is the historic marketplace (Marktplatz) with the town hall (Rathaus) from the 16th century, whence all other historical places, leisure facilities and restaurants in town can be easily reached. The marketplace and the neighbouring streets are also the venue for Bad Sobernheim's yearly traditional Innenstadtfest ("Inner Town Festival"), held on the first weekend in September.
Noble estates
Bad Sobernheim is home to several former landholds once belonging to noblemen or monasteries in bygone centuries. The Steinhardter Hof temporarily served as a hideout towards the end of the 18th century for the robbers Johann Peter Petri, called "Schwarzer Peter" ("Black Peter") and Johannes Bückler, called "Schinderhannes".
Paul Schneider Monumental Column
In Pferdsfeld, one of the centres in Bad Sobernheim's northwest exclave, stands the Paul-Schneider-Gedenksäule in memory of the martyr Paul Schneider, who was born here.
Synagogue
About any mediaeval institutions, nothing is known, but there might have been a prayer room on hand in the earlier half of the 15th century, when there were four or five Jewish families in town. The modern Jewish community, too, began with a prayer room in the 17th or 18th century. Beginning in 1816, this was to be found in a private house (the Werner house at Marumstraße 20). As early as the late 1830s, the building police were threatening to close the roughly 25 m2 room as it had become too small for the swelling Jewish community. First, the community strove to secure a plot on Marumstraße (later the site of the Bottlinger house), but this proved to be too small for a new building. Only in 1858, amid great financial sacrifice, was a synagogue built on what is now called Gymnasialstraße, on a piece of land where once had stood a barn. It was a Late Classicist sandstone-block building with round-arched windows and a pyramid roof. The original building was – in comparison with the one that has been preserved – smaller by one window axis; this area was to be occupied by a schoolhouse. About the synagogue's consecration on 18 June 1858, performed by Chief Rabbi Dr. Auerbach together with the Sobernheim cantor and schoolteacher Alexander Cahn, a newspaper report from the Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums survives from 19 June 1858, written by "Master Bricklayer S. Hadra":Sobernheim, 18 June 1858. On this day, the local Jewish community celebrated the consecration of its newly built House of God. This is, in relation to the not very numerous Jewish population, built very roomily, so that in the case of growth thereof by as many again, there would still not be a lack of room. The building itself is built in a suitable modern style. The community spared no expense furnishing its House of God in the worthiest way. They even enjoyed valuable donations and contributions from non-resident members. The consecration celebrations were conducted with great pomp. Many friends from near and far attended to participate on this festive day. The festive procession moved from the old prayer house to the new synagogue. Forth under the grand baldachin of the Chief Rabbis, Dr. Auerbach from Bonn and the local cantor and schoolteacher, Mr. Cahn, followed by the bearers of the Scroll of Law. Hereupon followed the choir that has been newly instituted here by Sobernheim’s young women and men, the officials who were invited to the festivities and other members of the community. The synagogue at this memorable celebration was adorned with leaves and wreaths of flowers by the teacher. Chief Rabbi Dr. Auerbach gave a deeply gripping sermon characterizing the day’s importance. On Saturday, the Jewish community’s schoolteacher and cantor Mr. Kahn preached on the theme “Build me a House of God and I shall live among you.” S. Hadra, Master Bricklayer.In 1904, the synagogue was thoroughly renovated and expanded towards the west. About the completion of this work and the synagogue's reconsecration on 11 and 12 November 1904, a magazine report from Der Israelit survives from 24 November 1904:Sobernheim. 14 November 1904. The 11th and 12th of November were high festive days for the local community, as on these days, the expanded and beautified synagogue was consecrated. To the festivities, many guests from here and elsewhere were invited and they showed up. The consecration service held on Friday afternoon, at which, among others, the mayor, the town executive, the Royal District School Inspector, the principal of the local Realschule and representatives of the schoolboards took part, was opened with the motet “Gesegnet sei, wer da kommt im Namen des Herrn” (“Blessed be He who Cometh in the Lord’s Name”), presented by the synagogue choir. Hereupon, the community’s schoolteacher, Mr. Berendt, read out, in an upliftingly expressive voice, Psalm 110. After the choir then sang Ma Tovu (מה טבו), leadership member Mr. Michel’s eldest daughter presented a prologue in exemplary fashion and handed the community head, Mr. M. Marum, the key to the holy ark. He then gave a speech thanking, in brief but heartfelt words, all those who had contributed to the completion of the building work. Upon this, Mr. Marum opened the holy ark and bestowed upon it its ceremonial function. While the choir sang Vaychi benisa (ויחי בנסע), leadership member Mr. Löb took out one of the Torah scrolls and handed it to Mr. Berendt, who with a festive voice spoke the following: “And this is the teaching that Moses set before the Children of Israel, and in this teaching is the Word that served Israel as a banner on its long wandering through history, around which it gathered, the Word, which was its guiding star in friendly and dreary days: Hear, O Israel, the Everlasting, our God, the Everlasting, is the only one.” After the choir and the community had repeated the last words in Hebrew, the Torah scroll was put into the holy ark amid song from the choir for that occasion. Deeply moving and seriously thought-out was Mr. Berendt’s celebratory sermon that followed about the Word of the prophet Isaiah: “ביתי בית תפלה יקרא לכל העמים” (“My house shall be a house of prayer and a house for all people”). After the consecration hereafter performed by him and the reading of the general invocation, the aaronitic blessing was then conferred in Hebrew and German and the consecrational song was presented by the choir. The celebratory service obviously left all participants with an impression fully matching the dignity of the celebration. After a short break, קבלת שבת took place (onset of Shabbat), at which our splendid House of God shone as surely as it had at midday in glorious electric light. On Saturday morning, the main service was held, whereupon the religious celebration concluded. At four o’clock in the afternoon, a banquet began in the hall at the “high castle”. This event, too, went off in the loveliest way, making the festival into a harmonic whole, honouring its organizers and giving all participants a lasting memory. To the following goes credit for the embellishment of the House of God: Mrs. Jakob Kaufmann née van Geldern, who by collections among the women made possible a magnificent parochet; Mr. Ferdinand Herz, who endowed a sumptuous shulchan cover (for the lectern); Mrs. Else Jakobi née Marum from Grünstadt and Mr. B. Steinherb from Aachen, who each donated a richly ornamented Torah mantle. The Family Jakob Marum from Karlsruhe gave a rare carpet that decorates the inside of the House of God.In 1929, the synagogue's roof was renovated. In August 1930, a memorial tablet to the fallen from Sobernheim in the First World War was put up at the synagogue. On Kristallnacht (9–10 November 1938), the synagogue was demolished and desecrated. The prayer books were burnt. Somebody managed to save the Torah scrolls and the parochet. The memorial tablet to the fallen was broken to bits, but Alfred Marum safely gathered up the bits (he put it back together and on 15 October 1950, set it in the memorial at the graveyard, fractured though it still was; the Jewish worship community of the Bad Kreuznach and Birkenfeld districts replaced it with a replica of the original in January 2005). In 1939, the synagogue was sold to the town, who had in mind to turn the building into an atrium for the Gymnasium. In the Second World War, however, the synagogue was used as a storage room by the Wehrmacht. In 1953, after the war, the building was sold to the owner of the Schmidt department store and thereafter used for furniture storage. Intermediate floors were built inside. In 1971, the building was threatened with being torn down. A broad bypass road was, according to the plans then put forth, to lead right across the plot occupied by the synagogue. Only with great effort could the application to put the building under monumental protection be put through. The town and the owner objected, albeit unsuccessfully. In 1986, the building was once again sold, and then used for drink storage and stockpiling. On 9 November 1989 – the 51st anniversary of Kristallnacht – the Förderverein Synagoge Sobernheim e.V. (Sobernheim Synagogue Promotional Association) was founded. It set itself the goal of conserving the legacy of Jewish culture in Bad Sobernheim. Central to its purpose from the outset were the preservation and renovation of the synagogue. The House of God was to be led to a use that was wise and in line with its dignity. The use to which the building was to be led turned out to be as the new home for the town's public library, which would allow the space formerly used for worship to keep its original shape (the intermediate floors were to be torn out). In 2001, the town of Bad Sobernheim acquired the synagogue. Through a usage and maintenance agreement, the building passed into the promotional association's care. In 2002, the roof and the windows were repaired. The Family Marum's descendants donated a new Star of David for the roof. At once, several memorial events, concerts and even Jewish religious services took place inside, even though at first, it did not look very appealing. In connection with this, close contacts were developed between the promotional association, the Zentralwohlfahrtsstelle der Juden in Deutschland (Central Welfare Post of the Jews in Germany, represented locally by Max-Willner-Haus in Bad Sobernheim) and the Jewish worship community in Bad Kreuznach. In 2003, the first Jewish religious service in 65 years took place at the synagogue. Between 2005 and 2010, the restoration of the old synagogue was undertaken, and it was turned into the Kulturhaus Synagoge. This was festively dedicated on 30 May 2010. The address in Bad Sobernheim is Gymnasialstraße 9.
Jewish graveyard
The Jewish graveyard in Bad Sobernheim is believed to have existed since the early 19th century. Its earliest appearance in records was in the original 1825 cadastral survey. Rural cadastral names such as "Auf'm Judenkirchhof" or "In der Judendell", however, may mean that it has existed longer. If the Bad Sobernheim graveyard was only laid out in 1820 or thereabouts, it is unclear where the town's Jewish families would have buried their dead before that, although candidates include the central graveyards in Bad Kreuznach, Gemünden and Meisenheim. Registered as the graveyard's owner in 1826 was the horse dealer Philipp Werner (at the time, the Jewish community could not function as an incorporated body and thus could not own things). The graveyard was still in the Family Werner's ownership in 1860. In 1856, a field beside the Jewish graveyard was named that was in the Jewish community's ownership, which became the new annex to the graveyard (the new Sobernheim and Monzingen section). The oldest preserved gravestone is from 1829, bearing the aforesaid Philipp Werner's name. The last three burials were in the time of the Third Reich, shortly before the deportations began. Those buried were Ida and Hermann Wolf and also Jonas Haas. No further gravestones were ever placed. The graveyard's area is 6 979 m2, making it the second biggest in the Bad Kreuznach district. The graveyard is divided into four parts, the old and new Sobernheim sections, the Waldböckelheim section and the Monzingen section. Standing in the Monzingen section are gravestones from the Monzingen graveyard, which was levelled in 1938. The gravestones were transferred to Bad Sobernheim. In the Waldböckelheim section, members of the Jewish community in Waldböckelheim were buried in the 19th century. There was a relationship between Waldböckelheim and Sobernheim especially in the Family Marum: Anselm Marum the Younger was born in Waldböckelheim, but he later became leader of the Jewish community in Sobernheim. The old Sobernheim section is where the dead from Sobernheim were buried in the 19th century. Beginning in 1902, the new Sobernheim section was used. The first burial there was Sara Marum, who had founded the Marum stocking factory. In the middle, among the sections, stands the 1950 monument where the memorial tablet to the fallen from the First World War is set. This was to be found at the synagogue (see Synagogue above) until 1938, and it was replaced with a replica in 2005. There was another, smaller Jewish graveyard at the northwest edge of the town graveyard "Auf Löhborn", behind the chapel, that was laid out in 1925. This new burying ground was secured through community leader Leopold Loeb's efforts. Buried there were his wife's siblings and in 1930, Loeb himself. In 1937 – in the time of the Third Reich – the dead buried at this graveyard had to be removed and buried once again at the "Domberg" graveyard. Within the municipal graveyard, Jews were now "unwanted". During the time of the Third Reich, the "Domberg" graveyard was heavily defiled and ravaged. The worst destruction happened on Kristallnacht (9–10 November 1938), wrought by 10 or 15 men, mostly Brownshirt thugs. They threw the gravestones about and shattered stones and inscription tablets. Quite a few pieces of stone were rolled down the hill or thrown over into neighbouring fields. Parts of the graveyard (among them the left side of the Waldböckelheim section) were then or in the time that followed almost utterly removed. After 1945, the stones – wherever possible – were put back up, but this left some of the stones in the older sections no longer standing in their original places. Many bits of rubble could not be identified and therefore could not be placed. On 15 October 1950, the memorial was dedicated, and now remembers not only the local Jews who fell in the First World War but also those Jews from Bad Sobernheim who died. Even after 1945, the graveyard was defiled several times – at least four – the last time in January 1983, when some 40 gravestones were thrown about and heavily damaged. The plaque at the graveyard reads as follows:Jewish graveyards “Auf dem Domberg” in Sobernheim. In 1343, the first Jewish fellow townsfolk in Sobernheim were mentioned in documents. Their burial places are unknown. Likely their burials took place outside the town wall. In Napoleonic times about 1800, there was a new burial order. Thereafter, no more dead could be buried in residential areas. At about the same time as the graveyard “Auf Löhborn” was laid out, so was the Jewish graveyard “Auf dem Domberg”. The oldest gravestone comes from 1829. The graveyard is made up of three parts. In the oldest part, the dead are buried with their heads towards Jerusalem, thus eastwards. In the middle part of the graveyard, the dead were buried turned towards the synagogue, which can be seen well from the graveyard. Since the former Jewish graveyard at Monzingen was closed at the NSDAP’s instigation, the available stones from Monzingen were “symbolically” set up at the Sobernheim graveyard. Also worthy of mention is the tablet at the graveyard honouring the fallen Jewish soldiers from the First World War 1914-18. Beginning in 1930, Jewish families buried their dead at the town graveyard “Auf Löhborn”. On the NSDAP’s orders in 1933-34, exhumations of the buried Jews were carried out, and they were eventually buried at the Jewish graveyard “Auf dem Domberg”. With regard to the care of graves, Jewish people have different customs to Christians. After setting the gravestone, the rest of the dead should for ever be undisturbed. It is customary to plant ivy or periwinkle on the graves. When visiting a relative’s grave, one lays a stone on the gravestone, or on the anniversary of his death, a grave candle is lit. The graveyard is closed on all Saturdays as well as on all Jewish holidays. The Jewish graveyard lies on the Domberg (mountain) east of the town centre, not far from the road "Auf dem Kolben".
Museums
Bad Sobernheim is home to two museums. The Rheinland-Pfälzisches Freilichtmuseum ("Rhineland-Palatinate Open-Air Museum") has translocated buildings, old cattle breeds (Glan Cattle) and old equipment, showing how the people who lived in the countryside in Rhineland-Palatinate, in the Hunsrück and on the Nahe and other rural places lived and worked in bygone centuries. It is of importance well beyond the local region. The local history museum (Heimatmuseum) has pictures, sculptures and notes made by well known Bad Sobernheim artists such as Jakob Melcher, Johann von der Eltz and Rudolf Desch on display. Many magazines, documents and books by the spa founder and pastor Emanuel Felke can be found here. His works are presented on display boards. Also found here is an extensive collection about the region's geological history.
Palaeontology
Bad Sobernheim is also known as the discovery site for a number of fossils. Named after its main discovery site, a sand quarry in the outlying centre of Steinhardt, are Steinhardter Erbsen, or "Steinhardt Peas", sandstone concretions containing fossils, mostly plants. These ball-shaped sandstones contain plant and animal remnants that are roughly 30,000,000 years old, from the Oligocene. Wrapping the fossils inside one of these "peas" is baryte. The peas presumably formed inside hot springs that apparently were linked with a geological remoulding near Steinhardt and bore barium chloride. When plants and animals decay in an oxidizing environment, hydrogen sulphide forms, which reacts with barium chloride to form baryte. In the process, sand is locked around the fossils. Plant remnants like wood and conifer cones are mostly converted into baryte, and only leaves show up as imprints. In the pit of a former Bad Sobernheim brickworks, superb fossils of plants from Rotliegend times (Permian) some 290,000,000 years ago have been unearthed. The name of one of these species, Sobernheimia, recalls its discovery site. At times, whole phyla of horsetails and sequoias have come to light there. Fossil plants from Sobernheim are presented at the Palaeontological Museum in Nierstein. Moreover, small agate druses are now and then found within the town's limits. Other fossils have been found at a basalt quarry near Langenthal.
Sport and leisure
In Bad Sobernheim there are an adventure swimming pool, a 3.5 km-long Barfußpfad ("Barefoot Path") on the riverside flats with adventure stations, among them river crossings, one at a ford and another at a suspension bridge, as well as many cycle paths and hiking trails, tennis, golf and miniature golf facilities. There is also a campground.
Parks
In the inner town lies the Marumpark, once the family Marum's private garden. This family owned a stocking factory located in Bad Sobernheim from 1865 to 1982, which was later donated to the town. Near the middle stands a memorial stone to Arnold Marum, factory founder Sarah Marum's great-grandson.
Clubs
The following clubs are active in Bad Sobernheim:
Freundeskreis Partnerschaft Bad Sobernheim - Louvres — "circle of friends" for Bad Sobernheim-Louvres town partnership
Förderverein Synagoge e.V. — synagogue promotional association
Förderverein des katholischen Kindergartens Bad Sobernheim e.V. — kindergarten promotional association
Förderverein Sowwerummer Rosenmontagszug e.V. — Shrove Monday parade promotional association
Gemischter Chor "Edelweiß" Steinhardt e.V. — mixed choir
Kulturforum Bad Sobernheim — culture forum
Economy and infrastructure
Winegrowing and tourism
Bad Sobernheim belongs to the Nahe wine region. The winemaking appellation – Großlage – is called Paradiesgarten, while individual Sobernheim wineries – Einzellagen – are Domberg and Marbach. Winegrowing and tourism go hand in hand here. The Weinwanderweg Rhein-Nahe ("Rhine-Nahe Wine Hiking Trail"), the Nahe-Radweg ("Nahe Cycle Way") and the Naheweinstraße ("Nahe Wine Road") all run through the town's municipal area and on through the Verbandsgemeinde. Even today, agriculture still defines part of the region's culture, giving rise to, among other things, a great grape and fruit market in the town each autumn. Many winemakers also have gastronomical enterprises. The traditional grape variety is Riesling.
Established businesses
Among the more important enterprises in Bad Sobernheim are the following:
Hay, a manufacturer of automotive technology with roughly 1,300 employees at two plants, in Sobernheim and Bockenau;
Polymer-Chemie, an independent family business with roughly 300 employees, which serves as a link between resource-based manufacturers and the plastic-processing industry, compounding, refining and modifying polymers;
Ewald, an enterprise founded in 1886 by Carl Ewald in Sobernheim, which has specialized in making sheet and powder gelatine and gelatine hydrolyzates;
BAZ Spezialantennen, a manufacturer in antenna technology with focus on ferrite antennae for receiving low frequency, very low frequency, sferics, geophysical sferics and Schumann resonances; the firm was founded in 1994 in Bad Bergzabern with the head office moving to Bad Sobernheim in 2012.
Retailers
Bad Sobernheim's Innenstadtzentrum ("Inner Town Centre") stands on land once occupied by the Melsbach cardboard packaging factory, and is a big shopping centre with branches of Rewe, NKD and Netto as well as a café and two bakeries. On the town's outskirts are found the companies Real, Lidl and Aldi Süd.
Financial services
The Sparkasse Rhein-Nahe (savings bank) and the Volksbank Rhein-Nahe-Hunsrück both have branches in the town.
Healthcare and spa facilities
The therapeutic facilities founded by the Bad Sobernheim citizens Felke and Schroth are an important economic factor for the town. Listed here are some of the town's healthcare facilities:
Asklepios Katharina-Schroth-Klinik Bad Sobernheim – orthopaedic rehabilitation centre for scoliosis and other spinal deformities and for intensive scoliosis rehabilitation using Katharina Schroth's methods
Romantikhotel Bollant’s im Park & Felke Therme Kurhaus Dhonau
Hotel Maasberg Therme
Menschel Vitalresort (near Meddersheim)
Seniors’ residences: Seniorenresidenz Felkebad
Pharmacies: Kur-Apotheke at the marketplace and Felke-Apotheke at Saarplatz
Education
Bad Sobernheim has a state G8 Gymnasium, the Emanuel-Felke-Gymnasium. Moreover, there is a big school centre (Münchwiesen) that houses a primary school and a coöperative Realschule plus. Both schools at the school centre and the Gymnasium have all-day school. The folk high school rounds out the educational offerings for adults. Bad Sobernheim also has two Evangelical kindergartens, Albert-Schweitzer-Haus and Leinenborn. There are also one municipal kindergarten and a Catholic one belonging to the Catholic parish of St. Matthäus.
Libraries
At the renovated former synagogue, there has been since April 2010 the public municipal library, the Kulturhaus Synagoge. The two former libraries, the Evangelical parish library and the old municipal library, were then brought together at the old synagogue to form a new municipal library.
Media
Amtsblatt – public journal
Allgemeine Zeitung (AZ) – newspaper
Öffentlicher Anzeiger – flyer
Wochenspiegel – "Weekly Mirror"
Transport
Running by Bad Sobernheim is Bundesstraße 41. Serving the town is a railway station on the Nahe Valley Railway (Bingen–Saarbrücken). The bus route BusRegioLinie 260 Bad Sobernheim – Meisenheim – Lauterecken with a connection on to Altenglan runs hourly (every two hours in the evening and on weekends). The town lies within the area of the Rhein-Nahe-Nahverkehrsverbund (RNN; Rhine-Nahe Local Transport Association). Frankfurt-Hahn Airport lies some 30 km away from Bad Sobernheim as the crow flies.
Famous people
Sons and daughters of the town
August Wiltberger (1850–1928), composer and seminary professor of Post-romanticism, honorary citizen of the town
Bruno Ernst Buchrucker (1878–1966), officer
Paul Robert Schneider (1897–1939), clergyman, member of the Confessing Church and victim of National Socialism, died at Buchenwald
Wilhelm Breuning (b. 1920), theologian and dogmatist
(1930–2009), computer scientist
Gerhard Engbarth (b. 1950), German storyteller, cabaret artist and musician, lives in Bad Sobernheim
Harro Bode (b. 1951), sailor
Elke Kiltz (b. 1952), politician
Heinz-Peter Schmiedebach (b. 1952), medical historian
Michael Klostermann (b. 1962), musician
Michaela Christ (b. 1966), singer
Guido Henn (b. 1970), musician
Udo Schneberger (b. 1964), pianist, organist and today music professor in Japan
Famous people associated with the town
Friedrich Wilhelm Utsch (1732–1795), hereditary forester to the Elector of Mainz, lived for a long time in Bad Sobernheim
Philipp Friedrich Wilhelm Oertel (1798–1867), writer, from 1835 Evangelical pastor and superintendent in Bad Sobernheim
Leopold Erdmann Emanuel Felke (1856–1926), pastor, representative of naturopathy (developed the Felke cure), active in Bad Sobernheim from 1915 to 1925 and also buried here, honorary citizen of the town
Katharina Schroth (1894–1985), physiotherapist; found in Bad Sobernheim is the Asklepios Katharina-Schroth-Klinik founded by her in 1961
Rudolf Desch (1911–1997), composer and professor, lived in Bad Sobernheim
Karl-Heinz Gottmann (1919-2007), medic and superior in a Buddhist order, lived and worked in Bad Sobernheim
Werner Vogt (1924–2006), "local scientist" and historian, lived in Bad Sobernheim
Wolfgang Stribrny (1935–2011), German historian, lived from 1997 until his death in Bad Sobernheim, received the town's "Golden Heart"
Mary Roos (b. 1949) (hit singer, actress) and Tina York (b. 1954) (hit singer), the sisters lived as children for a while in Bad Sobernheim
Giovanni Zarrella (b. 1978) (musician, moderator) and Jana Ina (b. 1976) (moderator, model), married on 3 September 2005 at Saint Matthew's Catholic Parish Church (Pfarrkirche St. Matthäus)
Miriam Dräger (b. 1980), football referee, lives in Bad Sobernheim
Further reading
Werner Vogt: Bad Sobernheim. Schnell und Steiner, Regensburg 1999,
References
External links
Town’s official webpage
Verbandsgemeinde’s official webpage
"Rhineland-Palatinate Open-Air Museum" (Sobernheim)
Information about Sobernheim’s Jewish history – history and photographs of the former synagogue
Barfußpfad Bad Sobernheim ("Barefoot Path")
Local historical collection of pictures, postcards etc. from Bad Sobernheim
Towns in Rhineland-Palatinate
Bad Kreuznach (district)
Districts of the Rhine Province
Holocaust locations in Germany
Spa towns in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad%20Sobernheim |
The John W. H. Bassett Theatre is a multi-purpose theatre located in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada on Front Street, in the Metro Toronto Convention Centre. The theatre is regularly used by the CTV Television Network for television shows such as Canadian Idol and Canada's Got Talent.
The 1,232 seat, multi-purpose theatre is a self-contained venue within the Metro Toronto Convention Centre's North Building. The adjacent rooms host pre-and post-performance receptions. The theatre also hosts corporate events, a number of nationally televised award shows, community events and national and international TV specials.
The theatre was named for John Bassett, the founder of Baton Broadcasting, the main predecessor of Bell Media, parent of the CTV Television Network. Since 2003 the theatre has been regularly used by CTV for programs such as Canadian Idol and was used in December 2011 for the Toronto Canada's Got Talent auditions.
During the late 1990s, Thúy Nga has used the theatre several times to produce, perform, and tape Paris By Night
References
Theatres in Toronto
Canadian Idol
Railway Lands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Bassett%20Theatre |
Veselin "Vesko" Vukotić (born 12 February 1958) is a Montenegrin criminal and hitman. He was arrested in February 2006 and released from jail in August 2009.
Criminal activity
Vukotić is best known as one of the assassins of Enver Hadri, a Kosovo-Albanian human rights activist, accused by Yugoslav State Security Service as a CIA and KGB agent. On February 25, 1990, Hadri was shot by Vukotić, Andrija Lakonić, and Darko Ašanin (all employed and contracted by Yugoslav State Security Service (SDB) at the time) in the Belgian capital Brussels. It is thought that the assassination was ordered by the Yugoslav secret service.
Later that year Vukotić killed Lakonić at Nana nightclub in Belgrade's neighbourhood of Senjak in the presence of Ašanin and Serbian police inspector Miroslav Bižić. The very next day after the murder, Vukotić escaped to the United States with help from inspector Bižić. Both Ašanin and Bižić were later murdered.
Despite arrest warrants, Vukotić continued traveling, spending most of his time in Montenegro. On November 16, 1997, during a shooting at the Flash nightclub in Prčanj near Kotor, Montenegro, he murdered sailor Duško Bošković and wounded Vladimir Pavićević.
Arrest and subsequent events
Arrest
Vukotić was arrested in late February 2006 by Spanish police at the Barajas Airport in Madrid after landing there on a flight from Paris. At the time he traveled with a forged Croatian passport and driver's license issued to the name Ludvig Bulić. It is thought that the arrest was made as a result of a tip by Montenegrin police to their French counterparts who in turn extended the information to Spain. The basis for Vukotić's arrest was a 16-year-old arrest warrant issued by the Belgian police for Hadri's murder as well as the arrest warrant for Bošković's murder.
There was talk that the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) showed interest in having Vukotić as a witness at the trial of Slobodan Milošević since several witnesses mentioned Vukotić's name in their testimonies, but nothing ever came of it.
Imprisonment
Spanish authorities extradited Vukotić to Belgium where he spent more than two years in prison in Saint-Gilles. On December 18, 2008 Belgian authorities extradited him to Serbia under heavy security, because he had Serbian citizenship. He was kept in (Okružni zatvor) in Novi Sad for less than a year.
Release
In August 2009, he suffered a heart attack and later was released to freedom for medical treatment.
Vukotić was arrested again on December 31, 2010 by local Serbian police, but was released to freedom a few hours later, on the same evening.
References
Serbian murderers
Serbian assassins
People from Nikšić
Living people
1958 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veselin%20Vukoti%C4%87%20%28criminal%29 |
Charles Edward Phelps (May 1, 1833 – December 27, 1908) was a colonel in the Union Army during the Civil War, later received a brevet as a brigadier general of volunteers, served as a city councilman, a U.S. Congressman from the third district of Maryland, and received the Medal of Honor. In later life, he was professor of equity at University of Maryland Law School and served for many years as judge on the Circuit Court of Baltimore.
Early life and education
Charles Edward Phelps was born in Guilford, Vermont, on May 1, 1833. His father was John Phelps, a lawyer and Senator in the Vermont State government. At the age of 5, he moved with his parents to Pennsylvania, and at the age of 8 to Maryland, when his mother, Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps,(sister of Emma Willard), became principal of the Patapsco Female Seminary in Ellicott City. He matriculated at Princeton University, where he was admitted to the Zeta Psi fraternity, graduating in 1852. He then studied at Harvard University Law School, graduating in 1853.
Early career
Phelps was admitted the Maryland bar association in 1855. He was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of the United States in 1859.
In 1860, Phelps was elected and served on the Baltimore City Council.
Civil War military service
In 1861, Phelpswas commissioned a major of the Maryland Guard, and, in 1862, he was raised to lieutenant colonel of the 7th Maryland Infantry Regiment, fighting for the Union. He became colonel in 1863.
During the Battle of the Wilderness in 1864 his horse was killed from under him. While leading a charge at Laurel Hill during the Battle of Spotsylvania, Phelps was wounded and taken prisoner. However, he was later rescued by General Phillip Sheridan's cavalry under the immediate command of Brigadier General George Armstrong Custer. Phelps received the Medal of Honor for valor at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House on May 8, 1864.
He was honorably discharged on account of wounds on September 9, 1864. Shortly thereafter Phelps was elected as congressman from the 3rd district of Maryland to the Thirty-Ninth Congress as an Unconditional Unionist, and was reelected to the Fortieth Congress as a member of the Conservative Party (as the Democratic Party was being referred to in some states). On May 4, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Phelps for appointment to the brevet grade of brigadier general of volunteers to rank from March 13, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on May 18, 1866.
After the war, Phelps became a companion of the Maryland Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.
On March 30, 1898, Phelps was awarded the Medal of Honor in honor of his military service. The citation read,
United States House of Representatives
Phelps served in the United States House of Representatives from 1865 through 1869. At this time, his party affiliation was "Conservative".
In February 1868, he voted against the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson.In his remarks to the House on the day of the impeachment vote, Phelps questioned whether Johnson's attempted at removing Edwin Stanton as secretary of war (which triggered the impeachment) had been indeed constituted a violation of the Tenure of Office Act. He cast doubt that it could be considered have yet been a removal, since Stanton was still fighting it, and also argued that no appointment of a successor to Stanton had actually been made, since Johnson had instead only acted to empower an officer to act in an ad interim capacity. He also questioned whether Stanton would be eligible for protection under the law, as he had been appointed by Abraham Lincoln, not Johnson. Phelps also questioned the constitutionality of the Tenure of Office Act, as he argued it interfered with the presidents' constitutional power to remove officers. Phelps further argued,
Later government work and judgeship
In 1872, he served as the state manager of Prince George's County's House of Reformation for Colored Children. In 1876, he served as a commissioner of the Baltimore Public Schools school board.
In 1882, he was appointed by Governor William Thomas Hamilton to serve as an associate judge of the Circuit Court of Baltimore. He held this judgeship until the year he died.
Other ventures
In 1869, he established a legal practice with John Van Lear Findlay.
In 1896, Phelps became a charter member of the Maryland State Bar Association.
Phelps taught at University of Maryland Law School from 1884 through 1907, where he was a professor of equity. In 1901, he published the book Falstaff and Equity, relating legal arguments to Shakespeare. In 1907 he received an honorary Doctor of Laws from Princeton University.
Personal life and death
In 1868, Phelps married Martha Woodward of Baltimore.
Phelps died on December 27, 1908, at Baltimore, Maryland and was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery, Baltimore.
See also
List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: T–Z
List of American Civil War brevet Generals (Union)
Notes
References
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
1833 births
1908 deaths
Harvard Law School alumni
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Union Army colonels
People of Vermont in the American Civil War
People of Maryland in the American Civil War
People from Guilford, Vermont
Lawyers from Baltimore
Maryland Unconditional Unionists
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
Unconditional Union Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Maryland
19th-century American legislators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20E.%20Phelps |
A rocker turn is a kind of one-foot turn in figure skating. Unlike three turns and brackets, where the entry and exit edges follow the same curve, in a rocker, the entry and exit are on opposite curves. When executing a rocker, the skater turns inward on the curve of the entry edge, but exits on a curve in the opposite sense. Another way to look at it is that a rocker is similar to the entry of a three turn combined with the exit of a bracket. (The opposite combination is called a counter turn.) In a rocker turn, the skating edge is maintained; for example, a rocker from a forward outside edge ends on a backward outside edge.
While rockers are sometimes used to perform a simple change of direction, they more commonly appear in step sequences and in compulsory dances in ice dancing. For example, in the Westminster Waltz, the lady performs a rocker while the man performs a counter turn.
Figure skating elements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocker%20turn |
is a strategy game loosely based on the Three Kingdoms period of China. It is the sequel to Kessen in name only; both Kessen and the later sequel Kessen III are based on events in Japan and China. The gameplay involves playing out major battles as the storyline progresses, with cutscenes between each battle for the development of the events and major characters. Before battle, players are given a choice of strategies to take, although they can manually control all units in the battlefield. All units are controlled by the AI unless the player directly intervenes, and battles between forces are carried out in real-time. While in control of a unit, players are able to use special skills or magic spells to turn the tables, although enemy characters are also able to do so.
Unlike Koei's other games based on the 14th century novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Dynasty Warriors and the Romance of the Three Kingdoms game), the plot of Kessen II is a heavily fantasized version of the novel. The last of the Han dynasty family, Liu Bei, begins a rebellion against the kingdom of Wei led by Cao Cao, with much of the game's events being based on the novel with alterations due to the different storylines. A significant change to the story involves a romance between Liu Bei and the character Diao Chan, being a significant factor behind Liu Bei's decision to go to war, and Himiko, a semi-fictional sorceress (the historical Himiko ruled Wa [ancient Japan]). In addition to the fantasized theme, Kessen II departs from its realistic predecessor. Koei introduces elements of magic, especially with the portrayal of notable strategists such as Zhuge Liang and Sima Yi as sorcerers. In battle, these characters are able to cause earthquakes, summon lightning storms and hurl fireballs.
Characters
The majority of characters are loosely based on characters found in the Chinese epic Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
Liu Bei's Forces (Shu)
Liu Bei - Leader of the Shu forces and Lord of Xu. Lover of Diao Chan and unwilling ruler.
Mei Sanniang - Long-time female friend of Liu Bei. Described as reckless and a beauty. Her character was created for the game and is a heavily fictionalized combination and interpretation of Lady Mi and Hu Sanniang.
Guan Yu - Sworn brother of Liu Bei and Zhang Fei. Wields the Black Dragon and Liu Bei's greatest warrior.
Zhang Fei - Sworn brother of Liu Bei and Guan Yu. Former bandit who is hot-tempered and overfond of drinking.
Zhuge Liang - Initially "unaligned" in the conflict he later becomes Liu Bei's main advisor and warlord. One of the most powerful magicians in the game.
Zhao Yun - Head of the Han Imperial Bodyguard. Joins Liu Bei with the hope of restoring the Han Empire.
Diao Chan - Lover of Liu Bei, kidnapped at the start of the game by Cao Cao because she alone knows where the Mandate of Heaven exists.
Li Li, Mei Mei and Luo Luo - Daughters of the Zhang Fei. Mei Mei is killed off-screen at the beginning of the game by Cao Cao's forces. Loosely based on Zhang's historical daughters Empress Jing'ai & Empress Zhang.
Guan Ping - Adopted son of Guan Yu.
Zhou Cang - General of Liu Bei who helps turn the tide against Cao Cao.
Pang Tong - Sworn brother of Zhuge Liang. A powerful magician.
Huang Zhong - Master of the bow and former officer of Liu Biao
Cai Mao - Former officer of Cao Cao who gets tricked into joining Liu Bei.
Ma Su - The Hero of Jin, a magician
Sun Li - Sister of Sun Quan, falls in love with Liu Bei and abandons her brother. Based on the historical Lady Sun.
Wei Yan - Native of Jing who joins Liu Bei after the Battle of Fan Zheng.
Jiang Wei - General who joins Liu Bei at the Battle of Tian Shui.
Xu Shu - Magician serving under Cao Cao who defects to Liu Bei.
Huang Yue-Ying - Eccentric wife of Zhuge Liang. Invents weapons and new equipment for Liu Bei.
Cao Cao's Forces (Wei)
Cao Cao - Leader of the Wei forces. Former officer for the Han Empire who has set out to conquer the world.
Himiko - Powerful sorcerer from a foreign land who serves Cao Cao. Jealous of Diao Chan.
Xun Yu - Female version of the historical Xun Yu. Cao Cao's main warlord and advisor. A powerful magician.
Hu Zhi - One of Cao Cao's strongest generals. Good friends with Himiko. A female version of Xu Chu.
Sima Yi - A wandering hermit who joins with Cao Cao later in the game to become his advisor and warlord. One of the most powerful magicians in the game.
Xiahou Yuan - Cao Cao's most powerful general and warrior. Killed by Zhang Fei in a duel in the early parts of the game.
Cheng Yu - Warlord of Cao Cao who is constantly playing the role of "scheming villain". A powerful magician.
Cao Ren - Powerful general and relative of Cao Cao.
Zhang Liao - Trusted general of Cao Cao. Has a rivalry with Guan Yu since they used to be close friends, but fell out after a duel over a woman.
Yu Jin - General of Cao Cao who is overly flamboyant and portrayed as a joke. Famous for running away. Attracted to Cao Cao for his "manliness" and portrayed as a queer character.
Guo Jia - Hermit who joins Cao Cao on the suggestion of Xun Yu.
Cao Hong - Officer and relative of Cao Cao with little to no character.
Xiahou Ba - Eldest son (historically the second son) of Xiahou Yuan. Tries to live up to his father.
Cao Bu - Uncle of Cao Cao who tries to get Cao Cao to return to a way of peace. A fictional character loosely based on the historical Cao Song, father of Cao Cao.
Dong Xuanfeng & Xi Xuanfeng - Two female warriors and assassins who work for Cao Cao's general Yu Jin. Two original characters created for the game.
Yue Jin - Officer of Cao Cao, both he and Li Dian are portrayed as insecure.
Li Dian - Officer of Cao Cao, both he and Yue Jin are portrayed as insecure.
Xu Huang - Former officer of the Han Empire who is recruited to Cao Cao's cause.
Zhang He - A strange masked officer serving Cao Cao.
Xiahou Dun - One-eyed warrior who is the brother to Xiahou Yuan.
Guo Shao - Officer who joins Cao Cao at the Battle of Tian Shui. Based on the historical general Hao Zhao.
Sun Quan's Forces (Wu)
Sun Quan - Ruler of Wu, his main focus is defending his territory.
Zhou Yu - The main warlord of Wu and advisor to Sun Quan.
Gan Ning - Wu's most powerful general and a former pirate.
Lu Meng - Magician serving Sun Quan.
Lu Su - Magician serving Sun Quan.
Lu Xun - Magician serving Sun Quan
Taishi Ci - Officer serving Sun Quan.
Other
Forces of Xi
Cai Wengi - Ruler of the Northern Xi. A powerful general and magician. Can join either Cao Cao or Liu Bei depending on who defeats her. She is a highly fictionalized version of the historical poet and writer Cai Yan.
Deng Ai - Officer under Cai Wengi and Ma Chao. Defects to Cao Cao.
Ma Chao - Ruler of Western Xi. Joins Liu Bei after a failed attack on Cao Cao.
Ma Dai - Officer under Cai Wengi and Ma Chao. Defects to Liu Bei.
Pang De - Officer under Ma Chao, joins Cao Cao after the Battle of Tong Gate.
Forces of Liu Zhang
Liu Zhang - Ruler of the Yi Province. An old warrior and friend of Cao Bu.
Fa Zheng - Advisor to Liu Zhang who joins Liu Bei after Liu Zhang is defeated. A powerful magician.
Yan Yan - General of Liu Zhang who is tricked into joining Liu Bei by Zhao Yun.
Wu Yi - Officer of Liu Zhang
Zhang Ren - Officer of Liu Zhang
Forces of Meng Huo
Meng Huo - King of southern Yi. Dominated by his wife Zhu Rong.
Zhu Rong - Queen of southern Yi. Advisor and the true ruler. Joins Liu Bei after she and Meng Huo is defeated.
King Mulu - General under Meng Huo. A magician.
Wu Tugu - General under Meng Huo
King Duosi - General under Meng Huo. A magician.
Miscellaneous
Liu Biao - Mentioned but not seen, later conquered by Cao Cao off-screen.
Yuan Shao - Mentioned but not seen, later conquered by Cao Cao off-screen.
Battles
The game portrays the following historical battles and conflicts in a highly condensed and fictionalized version.
Cao Cao's invasion of Xu Province - named the Battle of Xu
Battle of Bowang - named the Battle of Bo Wan Po
Battle of Changban - Named the Battle of Chang Ban Po
Battle of Red Cliffs - Named Showdown at Chi Bi
Liu Bei's takeover of Yi Province - Named the Siege of Cheng Du
Battle of Mt. Dingjun - named Mt. Dinjun
Southern Campaign
Battle of Fancheng - named Battle of Fan Zheng
Battle of Tong Pass - named Battle of Tong Gate
Tianshui revolts - named Battle of Tian Shui
Siege of Chencang - named Defense of Chen Cang
Lü Meng's Invasion of Jing Province - named Battle of Wu Chang (Liu Bei)
Cao Pi's invasion of Eastern Wu - named Battle of Wu Chang (Cao Cao)
Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions - named Wei-Shu Conflict
Reception
The game received "average" reviews, according to video game review score aggregator Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 35 out of 40.
References
External links
2001 video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Network games
Video games based on Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Video games developed in Japan
THQ games
Koei games
Single-player video games
Real-time tactics video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kessen%20II |
Azura may refer to:
Entertainment
Azura (Elder Scrolls), a fictional supernatural entity in The Elder Scrolls video games
"Azura", song on the album Don Solaris by 808 State
Azura, the alias of character Romwell Jr in the Gorgeous Carat manga
Azura, a character in the Di-Gata Defenders television series
Azura, a fictional island fortress in Gears of War 3
Azura, the secondary main playable character from Fire Emblem Fates
Azura, Queen of the Witch People, in the "Flash Gordon" franchise
Thena, a character in the Marvel Comics universe, also known as Azura
Azura, a character in the Barbie: Fairytopia franchise
The Good Witch Azura, a book character in the Owl House universe.
Other uses
Azura (Hong Kong), an apartment building in Hong Kong
Azura (religious figure), daughter of Adam and Eve
Azura (wave power device)
Azura, Numidia, a titular see in the Roman Catholic Church
Azura Skye (born 1981), American actress
Azura Thermal Power Station, a natural gas powered power station in Nigeria
MS Azura, a cruise ship in the P&O Cruises fleet
See also
Azzurra, a yacht racing team
Azur (disambiguation)
Azure (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azura |
A counter turn is a kind of one-foot turn in figure skating. Unlike three turns and brackets, where the entry and exit edges follow the same curve, in a counter the entry and exit are on opposite curves. When executing a counter, the skater turns outward to the curve of the entry edge, and exits on a curve in the same sense as the turn. Another way to look at it is that a counter is similar to the entry of a bracket turn combined with the exit of a three turn. (The opposite combination is called a rocker turn.)
While counters are sometimes used to perform a simple change of direction, they more commonly appear in step sequences and in compulsory dances in ice dancing. For example, in the Westminster Waltz, the lady performs a rocker while the man performs a counter turn. Counters also appear on the USFSA's Novice-level moves in the field test.
Notes
Figure skating elements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter%20turn |
The Isle of Wight County Press is a local, compact newspaper published every Friday on the Isle of Wight.
It had an audited circulation of 23,006 copies, compared to a local population of 140,500. The paper saw a drop in circulation of 13,657 between December 2009 and December 2017 (37.25%). In December 2020 the paper published an article saying that sales remained above 15,000 copies.
The paper had been owned locally from its foundation until July 2017, when it was taken over by Newsquest Media Group.
The Isle of Wight County Press website was launched in 1999 and features headline articles updated on a daily basis. These will often appear on the website before featuring in the next issue, allowing readers to be updated daily instead of each week. The website also features videos and photo galleries that would not normally be available in a standard issue. During June 2009 the website passed 1 million views for the first time, attracting a record figure of 1,001,705 coupled with another record of 71,068 unique visitors. The increase in visitor numbers was said to have been boosted by interest in the Isle of Wight Council election results and Isle of Wight Festival coverage. The Isle of Wight County Press passed its 3 million online viewers in January 2013.
The first compact issue was released on 3 October 2008. Prior to this the paper had always been published in a broadsheet format. The change was made in a response to surveys carried out by the paper in November 2007 claiming 87 percent of islanders in favour of a compact format. Following the first release of the first compact issue, many islanders found the smaller size unsuitable for use on some jobs such as bee keeping.
In June 2017, a takeover offer was received by the paper by Newsquest Media Group, one of the largest local newspaper publishers in the United Kingdom, running other operations locally including the Southern Daily Echo based in Southampton. The offer was met with criticism locally with fears a takeover from a mainland firm could cause the paper to lose its connection to the island. A counter offer made as part of a community bid, however it was ultimately unsuccessful and with the paper being sold to Newsquest in July 2017.
In January 2018 the paper ceased being printed in Newbury, instead moving to Newquest's own printing press in Southampton. At the same time the physical size of the paper decreased. 2018 also saw the establishment of a new newspaper on the Island, the freesheet Isle of Wight Observer; the co-owner of the Observer, Martin Potter, said that he wanted to bring back an Island-owned newspaper after the Newsquest buy-out, but also that he didn't envision the Observer as a rival to the County Press.
In January 2020 long serving editor Alan Marriot returned to the County Press, replacing Emily Pearce who has edited the paper for the previous 12 months.
References
External links
Official Website of the IWCP
IWCP Facebook Page
Newspapers published on the Isle of Wight
Weekly newspapers published in the United Kingdom
Publications established in 1884
1884 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle%20of%20Wight%20County%20Press |
John Stanton (born 28 October 1944) is an Australian actor.
Stanton has appeared in many stage, television and film productions throughout his extensive fifty-year career.
Early life
Stanton was born in Brisbane, Queensland. He attended Banyo State High School for his secondary education where he was a runner and swimmer. He is the brother of ecologist Peter Stanton.
Despite his obvious sporting talents, Stanton was more interested in pursuing acting as a career although he also had a desire to become a veterinarian.
Stanton worked various jobs including as a school teacher and as a prawner on Moreton Bay.
At the age of 24, he unsuccessfully auditioned for the National Institute of Dramatic Art.
Stage
Stanton moved to Melbourne to further his career.
He played the major supporting role of Peter Handcock (to Terence Donovan's leading role of Breaker Morant) in the first public performance of Kenneth G. Ross's play Breaker Morant: A Play in Two Acts, presented by the Melbourne Theatre Company at the Athenaeum Theatre, in Melbourne on 2 February 1978. He also played many other roles on stage including the lead in Shakespeare's Macbeth.
In 1979, Stanton appeared in the Melbourne Theatre Company production of the Harold Pinter play Betrayal which was the first time the production had been staged outside the United Kingdom.
In 2013, Stanton appeared as Willy Loman in the Black Swan Theatre Company production of Death of a Salesman.
Television
Stanton's early television work included a stint in the soap opera Bellbird in 1972, and various guest-starring roles in the Crawford Productions police dramas Homicide, Division 4, Matlock Police. He also acted in the miniseries Against the Wind.
Despite having made six earlier appearances as different characters in Homicide, Stanton was cast as a regular character, lead detective Pat Kelly, in 1973–1974. In his final episode, Pat Kelly engaged in a romance with a woman played by his real-life wife Jill Forster, with whom he previously appeared in an episode of Matlock Police.
After leaving Homicide, Stanton continued to make guest appearances in TV dramas, and was later signed to replace the departing Gerard Kennedy in Division 4 – however, the series was summarily cancelled upon Kennedy's leaving, and Stanton's character of Sen. Det. Tom Morgan appeared in the final episode only.
He then played the regular lead role of Nick Manning in the later years of soap opera The Box. Jill Forster at that time also played the regular role of prim secretary Enid Parker in The Box, and in the storyline Enid eventually had a one-night stand with Stanton's character. When Stanton and Forster became expectant parents in real life and Forster left The Box to have the baby, likewise Enid fell pregnant and left to have the baby, and in the story Nick was the father. When Forster returned for the show's final episode in 1977 Enid's baby was played by Stanton and Forster's real-life child.
In 1981 he played the title character of Detective Sergeant Steve Bellamy in the police series Bellamy.
He was acclaimed in his role as Malcolm Fraser in television mini-series The Dismissal, for which he was awarded a Logie Award for Best Actor in a single drama or mini-series. When Stanton was cast in The Dismissal, the producers wanted him to wear a wig and prosthetics which Stanton refused. In a 2013 interview, Stanton said: "I said 'there's no way I'm going to do that. Either I will create my own reality or I'm not going to be there at all' so I was one of the few that went without make-up." During the interview, Stanton also revealed what Fraser had said about the mini-series, recalling that he had said: "Well they got someone decent to play me - they should have got someone decent to play Whitlam", referring to the performance of Max Phipps.
During the early 1990s Stanton portrayed the character of Oliver Blackwood in the TV series The Man from Snowy River, and appeared in a recurring role as Bryce Redstaff in McLeod's Daughters from 2003 to 2007.
Stanton appeared in eight episodes of The Doctor Blake Mysteries as retired, then acting, Superintendent Douglas Ashby, from Season 1 to Season 3.
In 1997, he appeared in an episode of Blue Heelers playing the character of Dougall Frazer.
Stanton was an announcer for Australia Day Live Concert in Sydney from 2018 to 2022.
Films
In addition to his stage and television work, Stanton has appeared in numerous movies with numerous film credits to his name.
In 1981, he appeared with Henri Szeps and Simone Buchanan in Run Rebecca, Run.
He starred as the bagman in the 1982 comedy film Kitty and the Bagman.
In 1983, Stanton appeared in the movie Dusty with Bill Kerr.
Stanton starred in the Daryl Duke-directed 1986 adventure drama film Tai-Pan and in the 1987 Australian film Great Expectations: The Untold Story.
Stanton also appeared in Rent-a-Cop, which starred Burt Reynolds and Liza Minnelli; the film received mostly negative reviews.
Voiceover roles
Stanton is known for his distinctive deep and rich voice, which has led to voiceover work.
This included being the English language announcer for the Sydney 2000 Olympic Opening Ceremony. He was also the voice on one or more television ads for the Opening Ceremony Official Album. He has also been the voice-over announcer for numerous television and radio ads, including Forty Winks bedding. He is also doing voice overs for Designer Direct.
He voiced of The Brolga in the animated TV series The Silver Brumby.
He is the narrator for the 8-part TV series Australians at War, which commenced Anzac Day, 25 April 2001.
He was also the narrator of the Australian commercial Grim Reaper.
He has also narrated Hitler: The Final Chapter released in 1992 by Cyril Jones & Associates and released in the U.S. in 1995.
He currently is an announcer for Seven News since 2020.
Filmography
Film
Television
TVC
Stage
References
1944 births
Living people
Australian male film actors
Australian male stage actors
Australian male television actors
Australian male voice actors
Logie Award winners
Male actors from Brisbane
20th-century Australian male actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Stanton%20%28actor%29 |
Matt Goff (born Matthew Gough in Leixlip, County Kildare, 5 July 1901, died 19 March 1956) was a Gaelic footballer on the Kildare, Leinster and Irish Tailteann Games teams and one of a group of players who helped establish Gaelic Athletic Association as a sport in Ireland.
He played in six All Ireland finals between 1926 and 1935, won an unprecedented six Leinster titles in succession, and won two All Ireland medals with the Kildare team that was the first to be presented with the Sam Maguire Cup. He played with Leixlip GAA in the junior championship teams of 1921 and 1922 and the 1923 league, and came to notice on Tom Farrell’s 1924 Leixlip team that reached the 1924 Kildare junior final. He made his senior debut for Kildare against Louth in the 1926 championship and held his place in four All Ias Kildare went to final only to lose in a dramatic replay against Kerry.
As Kildare went on to play Kerryreland finals over the next six years, interest in football reached new levels. The attendance at the 1929 final, 43,839, broke the record of 41,000 established for the Ireland-Scotland football match in Belfast in 1925. He was one of four Kildare players selected on the Irish team for the 1928 Tailteann Games and played 13 times for Leinster, winning six Railway Cup medals for inter-provincial competition. He played his last of his 65 competitive appearances for Kildare in the 1936 championship against Meath. He worked as a military police officer, participating in the Stacumny ambush in the Irish War of Independence, and later with CIÉ. When he died in 1956 GAA players from all over Ireland formed a guard of honour for his coffin. The overpass bridge on the Dublin-Galway motorway at Leixlip was named in his honour on 18 March 2006.
1901 births
1956 deaths
Kildare inter-county Gaelic footballers
Leixlip Gaelic footballers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%20Goff |
His Big White Self is a 2006 documentary film made by Nick Broomfield. It is a sequel to his earlier documentary The Leader, His Driver and the Driver's Wife (1991). It was first shown as part of More4's Nick Broomfield week which began on 27 February 2006. The documentary follows Broomfield as he returns to South Africa 12 years after the final end of the apartheid regime. His previous film focused largely on JP Meyer, a driver for Eugène Terre'Blanche (the leader of the far-right Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging), and JP's wife, Anita.
Content
In His Big White Self, Broomfield explores conditions after his return to Ventersdorp in the former Transvaal (now North West Province). He meets with JP, a former driver of Eugene Terre'Blanche, head of the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (Afrikaner Resistance Movement), and his wife Anita to see how their lives have changed since the fall of apartheid in 1994. (He had covered the lives of the couple in his earlier documentary). JP and Anita had divorced since 1991.
JP works as an ambulance driver, splitting his time between this and his new wife. Anita moved to the town of Ottosdal and devotes much of her time to their grandchildren, teaching them Afrikaaner ways and traditions. JP expresses feelings of betrayal, as he believed that the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging would instigate a 'Boer revolution' in its quest for a white homeland after Mandela and the ANC came to power. The AWB failed to achieve this goal.
JP justifies apartheid and its principles of separation by race as the 'best way' for South Africa to exist harmoniously. Anita, by contrast, has shifted from being a radical champion of white rule to concluding that a minority has no right to govern a majority.
Eugene Terre'Blanche
Broomfield also gains access to Eugene Terre'Blanche himself, meeting him in disguise to prevent the leader from recognising him. During Broomfield's previous meeting with Terre'Blanche, the leader considered himself to have been portrayed as foolish, leading to death threats being sent to Broomfield. The film also documents some particularly noteworthy events which all occurred in the run up to the ending of Apartheid and the South African general election, 1994. This includes the events of 9 August 1991, when President F. W. de Klerk visited Ventersdorp (the leader's birthplace and a major power base for the AWB at the time), and the battle which subsequently ensued when the AWB allegedly cut the town's power supply and began firing on police.
The Storming of Kempton Park World Trade Centre is also shown. In June 1993, the AWB and other far right groups stormed the Kempton Park World Trade Centre near Johannesburg. At the time, the venue was being used for negotiations between the ANC and the National Party to end Apartheid. The AWB again made national headlines when in March 1994 they invaded the tribal homeland of Bophuthatswana, uninvited and seemingly acting as if on a hunting parade, killing many civilians. The film captures the occasion when three AWB commandos were summarily executed by a Bophuthatswanan soldier as they were attempting to leave the tribal homeland. At the time, Bophuthatswana was still a so-called independent homeland for blacks set up by the Apartheid regime and its leader, Lucas Mangope, was refusing to reintegrate the homeland with the new South Africa, prompting a coup.
The film's final scene shows Anita, still working as a nurse, treating a small black child who has sustained some minor leg wounds, which seemingly alludes to the new South Africa where black and white are no longer separate; previously, hospitals were segregated by race, as were many other public amenities.
Release
The film was released in the UK as a DVD boxset together with The Leader, His Driver and the Driver's Wife on 3 April 2006.
External links
Nick Broomfield homepage
More4 listing for Broomfield
Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
Documentary films about apartheid
Documentary films about racism
Films shot in South Africa
2006 television films
2006 films
British documentary films
Films directed by Nick Broomfield
2006 documentary films
2000s English-language films
2000s British films
English-language documentary films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His%20Big%20White%20Self |
Narciso Gener Gonzales (August 5, 1858 – January 19, 1903) was an American journalist born in Eddingsville, Edisto Island, South Carolina. He founded The State newspaper in Columbia, South Carolina with his brother, Ambrose E. Gonzales in 1891. Gonzales was a frequent critic of Tillmanism. He was also a Democratic powerbroker in the state, directing patronage from the Cleveland administration within South Carolina. Gonzales was murdered in 1903 by South Carolina Lieutenant Governor James H. Tillman, the nephew of Senator Ben Tillman, after Gonzales effectively ended James Tillman's chances of becoming governor with a series of scathing editorials.
Early life and family
Gonzales was the son of Confederate Colonel Ambrosio José Gonzales and Harriet Rutledge Elliott. His father played an instrumental role in the defenses of South Carolina during the American Civil War after he had been a Cuban revolutionary leader with Venezuelan General Narciso López, who opposed the oppressive Spanish rule in four failed expeditions. His mother was the daughter of a wealthy South Carolina rice planter, state senator, and writer, William Elliott.
Although his formal education ended at 17, he became a telegraph operator in 1875 to help support his extended family. He worked in railroad depots in Varnville, South Carolina, as well as Savannah and Valdosta in Georgia. While he was a telegrapher and handled news reports, he developed an interest in journalism and state politics.
Journalism career
Joining the News and Courier
While Gonzales worked in Varnville in 1876, he wrote a report on a local uprising of plantation workers and telegraphed it to the Charleston Journal of Commerce. The report came to the attention of the editors of a rival newspaper, the News and Courier. Shortly after going to work for the Greenville Daily News in 1880, Gonzales accepted a position as the state capital correspondent for the News and Courier. While employed by the News and Courier, Gonzales extensively covered the rise of Ben Tillman, a white supremacist who led a populist revolt against the state's political establishment.
Founding The State
In 1891, Gonzales and his brother Ambrose E. Gonzales founded The State, a newspaper in Columbia, South Carolina. Owning his own newspaper allowed the well-known Gonzales to wage war against Governor Ben Tillman unrestrained by the conservatism of his former employer. Although Gonzales and Tillman shared similar prejudices, they differed in their comportment. Whereas Tillman utilized the politics of violence, Gonzales railed against dueling, murder, and lynching. Ultimately, while Tillman respected the newly created newspaper for its audacity, he successfully painted the paper as anti-populist during the 1892 gubernatorial election.
Gonzales was a political powerbroker. Tillman was unable to persuade President Grover Cleveland to stop directing state patronage through Gonzales and another man; to the detriment of Tillman. And in 1898, Governor Ellerbe made a deal with Gonzales, who opposed prohibition and the state-run dispensary system, that in return for Gonzales support in the election, Ellerbe would abandon the dispensary system. For the promise, which Ellerbe ultimately broke, Gonzales allegedly returned 2,600 votes.
During Gonzales's life, The State supported a number of progressive causes; its editorials called for an end to lynching, the reform of child labor laws, and women's suffrage.
Death
Gonzales was shot on January 15, 1903, by South Carolina Lieutenant Governor James H. Tillman, the nephew of Ben Tillman, and died four days later. Gonzales had waged a veritable crusade against Tillman's personal failings in his newspaper that helped to ensure Tillman's defeat in the 1902 South Carolina gubernatorial race. Tillman had shot Gonzales in broad daylight in the presence of many eyewitnesses but was acquitted, ostensibly on a shaky self-defense theory but really because the jury believed Tillman to have been right in taking justice into his own hands. The assassination effectively ended Jim Tillman's political future and provided an opening for Coleman Livingston Blease to become the next political leader in the state.
Legacy
A memorial cenotaph for Gonzales was later erected on Senate Street across from the State House in Columbia, purportedly on the route on which Tillman regularly walked home.
See also
List of journalists killed in the United States
References
Further reading
Manuscripts Department Library of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Southern Historical Collection: #1009 Elliot and Gonzalez Family Papers. http://www.lib.unc.edu/mss/inv/e/Elliott_and_Gonzales_Family.html
1858 births
1903 deaths
American newspaper founders
American people of Cuban descent
Deaths by firearm in South Carolina
Assassinated American journalists
People murdered in South Carolina
People from Colleton County, South Carolina
Journalists from South Carolina
19th-century American journalists
American male journalists
19th-century American male writers
People from Edisto Island, South Carolina
19th-century American businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narciso%20Gener%20Gonzales |
This is a partial discography of American jazz singer Mel Tormé.
Studio albums
Live albums
Compilations
Chart singles
Contributions
Born to Laugh at Tornadoes (1983, Geffen) - "Zaz Turned Blue" (with Was (Not Was))
2:00 AM Paradise Cafe (1984, Arista) - "Big City Blues" (with Barry Manilow)
References
External links
Vocal jazz discographies
Discographies of American artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel%20Torm%C3%A9%20discography |
Langenlonsheim is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde Langenlonsheim-Stromberg, and is also its seat. Langenlonsheim is a state-recognized tourism community and a winegrowing village.
Geography
Location
Langenlonsheim lies between the southern edge of the Hunsrück and the Nahe. Lying 7 km away is the district seat, Bad Kreuznach, while Bingen am Rhein lies just under 10 km away. On the municipality's western outskirts, the Guldenbach flows by, while the Nahe flows by to the south. Langenlonsheim is well known for its good vineyards and wineries and its Qualitätsweine. Fertile loess soils and the region's warm climate have been defining factors for the village.
Neighbouring municipalities
Clockwise from the north, Langenlonsheim's neighbours are the municipalities of Laubenheim, Grolsheim, Gensingen, Bretzenheim, Guldental, Windesheim, Waldlaubersheim and Dorsheim. Grolsheim and Gensingen both lie in the neighbouring Mainz-Bingen district, whereas all the others likewise lie within the Bad Kreuznach district. Langenlonsheim also comes to within a few metres of two other neighbours: the municipality of Rümmelsheim in the northwest and the town of Bad Kreuznach in the southeast.
Constituent communities
Also belonging to Langenlonsheim is the outlying homestead of Forsthaus Langenlonsheim.
History
Even as long ago as Roman times, there was winegrowing in what is now Langenlonsheim. In 769, Langenlonsheim had its first documentary mention as Longistisheim. Over its long history, the village changed owners many times. Under French rule, Langenlonsheim became the seat of a mairie ("mayoralty") in 1800, to which five municipalities belonged. This arrangement persisted even after the French were driven out and the region was assigned under the terms of the Congress of Vienna to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1815, although it was thereafter known as a Bürgermeisterei (also "mayoralty"). In those days, the population was still very much engaged in agriculture as its main income earner.
Jewish history
Langenlonsheim had a Jewish community until sometime between 1938 and 1942. It arose sometime in the 17th or 18th century. The earliest mention of a Jewish family in the village – named Benedict – comes from 1685. In 1695 a Wendel Judt was named. In 1722, two Jewish families were named (Jud Benedict and Mayer), while in 1743 it was four (Hayum Benedict, Götz Benedict, Juda Kahn and Meyer). In 1790, the following Jewish household heads were named: Hayum Benedict (widow), Joseph Benedict, Nadan Benedict Maier, Gottschlag Jude, Benedict Joseph, Sükkind Juda, David Götz and Benedict Nadan. In the 19th century, the number of Jewish inhabitants developed as follows: in 1808 there were 45; in 1843, there were 42 (of all together 1,236 inhabitants); in 1858, 73; in 1895, 70. In 1808, the following Jewish families were listed (the names given in brackets were those borne after Napoleonic French rule ended): Israel Brill, Benoît (Benedict) Goetz, Gottschalk Kahn, Widow (?) Rebekka Kuhn, Widow (of Joseph Kaufmann) Schoene Kaufmann née Kuhn, Benoît (Benedict) Natt, Mayer Natt, Jacques (Jakob) Scheier (Scheuer), Moses Schweiss (Schweig), Widow Judith Stern, Seeligmann Stern. In the way of institutions, there were a synagogue (see Synagogue below), a Jewish school (a schoolroom at the synagogue), a mikveh and a graveyard (see Jewish graveyard below). To provide for the community's religious needs, a schoolteacher was hired, who also busied himself as the hazzan and the shochet (preserved is a whole series of job advertisements for such a position in Langenlonsheim from such publications as Der Israelit). Among the religion teachers were, about 1855 David Cahn from Mertloch, in 1857 Heinrich Hirschfeld from Dessau, in 1861 Julius Kappel (or Koppel) and in 1893 Michael Boreich. The Jewish household heads were active in various occupations, foremost in trading. There were several businesses and shops in Langenlonsheim belonging to Jewish families (businesses with domestic products and fertilizer, several wine dealer's shops, men's and women's clothing and bedding shops as well as livestock and grain dealerships). There were also Jewish bakers and butchers. The Jewish inhabitants were fully integrated into village life and played a lively part in public life and in the village's clubs, even as club founders and chairmen: Heinrich Natt and Siegmund Hirschberger were founding members in 1887 of the Verein für Leibesübungen 1887 Langenlonsheim e.V. (a club for physical exercise), while Siegmund Heymann, Siegmund Hirschberger, Carl Mayer and Emil Natt were, among other such endeavours, founding members in 1902 of the Langenlonsheim volunteer fire brigade. Two members of Langenlonsheim's Jewish community fell in the First World War, Unteroffizier Sally Natt (b. 7 July 1889 in Langenlonsheim, d. 26 September 1914) and Gefreiter Arthur Metzger (b. 6 November 1883 in Langenlonsheim, d. May 1915). Both names appear on the monument to the fallen in the First World War that stands before the general graveyard. All together, fourteen Jewish men were in wartime service; several came back highly decorated. About 1924, when there were still some 50 persons in the Jewish community (2.5% of the total population of some 2,000 inhabitants), the community leaders were Ludwig Mayer and Fritz Natt. Then living in each of Bretzenheim and Laubenheim were seven Jews. In 1932, the community leader was Carl Mayer. Tending the community's religious needs was Rabbi Dr. Jacob (Bad Kreuznach). About 1930, the following families were living in Langenlonsheim: Karl Mayer (wine dealer, Bingerstraße 2), Rudolf Mayer (men's and women's clothing, bedding and manufactured goods, Bingerstraße 11), Ludwig Mayer (livestock dealer, Hauptstraße 52), Fritz Natt (wine dealer, Hollergasse 28/corner of Weidenstraße), Moritz Weiss (butcher and livestock and wine dealer, Hauptstraße 24), Siegmund Heymann (domestic products, Hauptstraße 39), Carl Nachmann (wine and grain dealer, Hauptstraße 35), August Weiss (livestock dealer, Schulstraße 12), Gustav Kahn (plumber, Hollergasse 20) and the Family Blank (religion teacher, Kreuznacher Straße).
After 1933 (Langenlonsheim's Jewish population that year was 40), the year when Adolf Hitler and the Nazis seized power, though, some of the Jews moved away or even emigrated in the face of the boycotting of their businesses, the progressive stripping of their rights and repression, all brought about by the Nazis. In the 1939 Bad Kreuznach book of inhabitants (presumably presenting 1938 figures), five Jewish families are still listed: Karl Mayer, Rudolf Mayer, Fritz Natt, August Weiss and Moritz Weiss. On Kristallnacht (9–10 November 1938), the synagogue was utterly demolished by Nazi brigands from within Langenlonsheim and without. The families of Fritz Natt, Karl Mayer, Karl Nachmann and Moritz Weiss had their houses invaded and destroyed as living spaces. Several Jews were mishandled and more than slightly injured. The Jewish men were taken away to Dachau concentration camp. After the first deportation on 10 April 1942, Langenlonsheim's last two Jewish inhabitants, August Weiss and his wife Isabella Weiss née Furchheimer, were deported on 25 April 1942. According to the Gedenkbuch – Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945 ("Memorial Book – Victims of the Persecution of the Jews under National Socialist Tyranny") and Yad Vashem, of all Jews who either were born in Langenlonsheim or lived there for a long time, 50 were killed through Nazi persecution (birthdates in brackets):
Henriette Arnstein née Mayer (1866)
Selma Baumgarten née Kahn (1888)
Anny Blank (1895)
Lili Brück née Natt (1892)
Lotte Brück (1922)
Berthold Cahn (1871)
Else (Elsa) Groß née Mayer (1895)
Paul Groß (1883)
Hilde Hallgarten née Simon (1895)
Rosalie Herz née Mayer (1868)
Siegfried Hirschberger (1870)
Paula (Paulina) Jakobi née Natt (1876)
Elise Kahn née Natt (1862)
Gustav Kahn (1885)
Henriette Johanna Kahn née Weiss (1889)
Henriette Marx née Natt (1854)
Toni (Antoni) Marx née Weiß (1876)
Emilie Mayer (1883)
Erich Mayer (1888)
Fritz Mayer (1888)
Ida Mayer née Marx (1890)
Johanna Mayer née Heymann (1872)
Leiselotte Mayer (1910)
Ludwig Mayer (1864)
Richard Mayer (1922)
Rudolf Mayer (1885)
Jakob Nachmann (1880)
Isidor Natt (1871)
Paulina Natt (1876)
Rudolf Natt (1879)
Franziska Neuburger née Natt (1879)
Elisabeth Gertrud Schneider (1897)
Irma Schwarz née Nachmann (1900)
Regina Schweig née Natt (1870)
Selma Weil (1896)
Wilhelm Weil (1882)
August Weiss (1878)
Elisabetha Weiss née Michel (1883)
Else Weiss née Dornhardt (1914)
Isabella Weiss née Furchheimer (1878)
Klara Weiss (1885)
Kurt Weiss (1913)
Lina (Karoline) Weiss (1874)
Ludwig Weiss (1873)
Max Weiß (1887)
Max Weiss (1909)
Moritz Weiss (1880)
Sally Weiß (1908)
Sigmund Weiss (1882)
Helene Windecker née Weiss (1894)
On 1 September 2011, Gunter Demnig came to Langenlonsheim and laid 12 of his Stolpersteine in memory of Jews from Langenlonsheim who were murdered in the Holocaust.
Population development
Langenlonsheim's population development since Napoleonic times is shown in the table below. The figures for the years from 1871 to 1987 are drawn from census data:
Religion
Langenlonsheim has both an Evangelical and a Catholic church community. There was formerly also an important Jewish community before the Nazis destroyed it. The first place of worship built in Langenlonsheim was Saint Nicholas's Church (Sankt-Nikolaus-Kirche), built about 1200, which was later mentioned as Saint John's Church (Sankt-Johannes-Kirche) about 1475. In 1504, in the War of the Succession of Landshut, and again in 1540 when the village burnt, the church was damaged. In 1588, a new church was built to serve as the Evangelical parish church. New Baroque (1777) and Gothic Revival (1868) remodellings followed. The second place of worship built in Langenlonsheim was the synagogue, built about 1860, which was destroyed on Kristallnacht (9–10 November 1938); its ruins were removed in 1958. The most recent house of worship built in Langenlonsheim has been the Catholic church, Saint John the Baptist's Parish Church (Pfarrkirche St. Johannes der Täufer), built in 1907 and 1908. As at 30 September 2013, there are 3,767 full-time residents in Langenlonsheim, and of those, 1,345 are Evangelical (35.705%), 1,305 are Catholic (34.643%), 4 are Lutheran (0.106%), 1 is Old Catholic (0.027%), 1 is Russian Orthodox (0.027%), 305 (8.097%) belong to other religious groups and 806 (21.396%) either have no religion or will not reveal their religious affiliation.
Politics
Municipal council
The council is made up of 20 council members, who were elected by personalized proportional representation at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman. The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results:
Mayor
Langenlonsheim's mayor is Bernhard Wolf.
Coat of arms
The municipality's arms might be described thus: Sable a fess countercompony azure and Or between five bunches of grapes reversed slipped of the last, three and two.
The composition of Langenlonsheim's arms is based on old 15th-century village seals. The fess countercompony (horizontal stripe with the two-row chequered pattern) was inspired by the arms formerly borne by the Counts of Sponheim, who held the area for many centuries. Their arms were actually a whole shield covered in this pattern. The fess stands between five charges, each one a bunch of grapes. These symbolize winegrowing's importance to Langenlonsheim. The tinctures sable and Or (black and gold) were inspired by the Palatinate's traditional arms. The arms have been borne since 1938.
Town partnerships
Langenlonsheim fosters partnerships with the following places:
Potton, Bedfordshire, England, United Kingdom since 1986
Culture and sightseeing
Buildings
The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate's Directory of Cultural Monuments:
Evangelical parish church, Naheweinstraße 96 – Late Gothic quire, about 1500, vestry, 1588, partly Romanesque; Late Baroque aisleless church, 1777, Classicist-Gothic Revival lengthening, 1867/1868, District Master Builder Conradi, Kreuznach
Saint John the Baptist's Catholic Parish Church (Pfarrkirche St. Johannes der Täufer), Untere Grabenstraße – Late Gothic Revival aisleless church, 1907/1908, architect Josef Kleesattel, Düsseldorf
Friedhofstraße, graveyard – graveyard gate, Classicist, mid 19th century; M. Eich tomb, Neoclassical stele with relief, about 1924; Pies tomb, Historicized stele, about 1868/1872; Sara Muff tomb, stele with antique design, about 1862; Joh. Nic. Lorenz tomb, Gothicized stele, about 1861; M. Lorenz tomb, Stele crowned with an urn in a fenced-in complex, about 1900
Heddesheimer Straße – warriors' memorial 1914-1918, granite cube, about 1930
Heddesheimer Straße, graveyard – Family Müller (hereditary estate, Tesch) tombs: in a small complex, about 1865 and 1928; M. Müller tomb, Late Classicist grave column
Heumarkt 11 – three-sided estate; timber-frame house, partly solid, 18th or early 19th century
Hintergasse 21 – one-and-a-half-floor timber-frame house, partly solid, 16th century (?)
Hintergasse 22 – estate complex; one-and-a-half-floor timber-frame house, essentially from the 18th century, brickwork about 1900
Naheweinstraße 9 – former Mühle Kloninger (mill); four-wing complex, red-sandstone-block buildings, early to latter half of the 19th century
Naheweinstraße 90 – Baroque building with half-hip roof, timber framing plastered and slated, possibly from the earlier half of the 18th century
Naheweinstraße 97 – Closheim winery; Historicized brick building, marked 1867
Naheweinstraße 101 – former Gasthaus "Zum Hohenzollern" (inn); Late Classicist house, about 1860/1870
Naheweinstraße 109 – estate complex; plastered timber-frame house, 18th or early 19th century
Naheweinstraße 109 – Baroque timber-frame house, plastered, possibly from the 18th century
Naheweinstraße 112 – shophouse; timber-frame about 1700
Naheweinstraße 115 – estate complex; Baroque timber-frame house, partly solid, 18th century
Naheweinstraße 122 – estate complex; timber-frame house, partly solid, marked 1585
Naheweinstraße 130 – three-sided estate; gateway arch marked 1711; Baroque building with half-hip roof, timber framing plastered and slated, marked 1843; Baroque side building, partly timber-frame
Naheweinstraße 131 – timber-frame house, partly solid, essentially possibly from the 18th century
Naheweinstraße 133 – three-sided estate; Baroque timber-frame house, partly solid, 18th century
Naheweinstraße 137 – Baroque timber-frame house, partly solid, about 1700, gateway arch marked 1712
Naheweinstraße 142 – Evangelical rectory; stately Late Classicist façade, about 1840/1850
Naheweinstraße 143 – timber-frame house with access balcony, possibly from the 17th century
Naheweinstraße 169 – estate complex; timber-frame house, partly solid, earlier half of the 19th century
Naheweinstraße 195 – Höhn-Zimmermann winery; one-and-a-half-floor brick villa, mixed forms Late Classicist/Renaissance Revival, latter half of the 19th century; winepress marked 1797
Naheweinstraße 209 – former winery (?); long Gründerzeit plastered façade, about 1880/1890
Naheweinstraße 131–147 (monumental zone) – closed building structure with one- and two-floor houses, partly timber-frame or clinker brick façades
Jewish graveyard (monumental zone) – area with 46 gravestones from 1868/1869 to 1938 (see also below)
Jewish graveyard
Records bear witness to the Jewish graveyard in Langenlonsheim as far back as 1742. The graveyard's area comprises 2 521 m², and this is bordered by a wooden fence. Striking is the more lavish and bigger gravesite of the wine-dealing family Natt. The last burial at the graveyard took place in May 1938 (Regina Kahn née Sommer, d. 5 May 1938). Preserved here are 45 gravestones, some of which are heavily weathered or now only partially readable. All that is left of several is the pedestal. The graveyard lies in part of the Langenlonsheim forest rather far from the village itself (rural cadastral name "In den Judenkirchhofschlägen"). Not far off, but bordering both the forest and vineyards, lie the Waldhilbersheim (roughly 30 m away) and Windesheim (roughly 500 m away) Jewish graveyards.
Synagogue
At first, there was a prayer room available to Langenlonsheim's Jewish residents in one of the community's houses. One such place was mentioned in 1823. Beginning in the 1840s, the village's Jews wanted to build themselves a synagogue, and in 1856, Samuel Weiss managed to acquire a plot on Hintergasse (a lane) for just such a thing. It is believed that the synagogue was built about 1860, for the building is shown in the 1863 cadastral plan. It was a simple plastered building built out of brick and quarrystone. There was seating inside for roughly 50 worshippers, and there was a women's gallery. For some 70 years, the synagogue was the hub of Jewish life in Langenlonsheim. On Kristallnacht (9–10 November 1938), the synagogue was overrun by Nazi thugs from within Langenlonsheim and without. Doors, windows and the indoor furnishings (pews, the bimah, cabinets, tables, chairs, the ark and so on) were broken up, the floor was torn out and the walls were damaged. The Judaica, including three Torah scrolls, three sets of silver ceremonial jewellery, two silver candlesticks, an eternal lamp, a menorah and more were destroyed or stolen. On 24 April 1940, Rudolf Mayer, a Jew still living in Langenlonsheim, was forced to sell the synagogue for only 427.50 ℛℳ to a non-Jewish private citizen as the Jewish community found itself undergoing dissolution. In 1950, the sale was annulled, whereupon there was a change in ownership. In 1958, the synagogue building was torn down. Another building was built on the plot. The synagogue stood where the building whose address is Hintergasse 30 now stands.
Regular events
Once each year, Langenlonsheim holds a wine festival and a kermis (church consecration festival).
Sport and leisure
Found in Langenlonsheim are an outdoor swimming pool, a football pitch and an aerodrome. This last facility, the Flugplatz Langenlonsheim, offers opportunities for gliding, motorized flight and balloon flight. The Verein Aero-Club Rhein-Nahe, which operates out of the aerodrome, is Rhineland-Palatinate's second biggest flying club and had 274 members in 2010. It arose from a merger of two former flying clubs in 2008, the Flugsportverein Bad Kreuznach and the Aero-Club Bingen-Langenlonsheim. In 2007, the wrestling club Langenlonsheimer SC merged with the football club from Laubenheim to form TSV Langenlonsheim/Laubenheim ("TSV" stands for Turn- und Sportverein – gymnastic and sport club). There are also a fitness path (called the Trimm-Dich-Pfad – the "Trim-Yourself Path") and a Nordic walking facility, which were restored in 2006 and furnished with new equipment.
Clubs
The following clubs are active in Langenlonsheim:
Aero-Club Rhein-Nahe e.V. — flying club
Angelsportverein Langenlonsheim/Laubenheim — angling club
Bauern- und Winzerverband — farmers' and winegrowers' association
BdP Pfadfinder-Förderkreis — scout/guide promotional association
DRK Ortsverband Langenlonsheim — German Red Cross, local chapter
Evangelische Frauenhilfe — Evangelical women's aid
Evangelischer Kirchenchor — Evangelical church choir
Evangelische Kirchengemeinde — Evangelical church community
Förderverein Kita Schatzkiste Langenlonsheim — daycare centre promotional association
Förderverein Regionale Schule im Nahetal e.V. — Regionale Schule promotional association
Förderverein Seniorenzentrum der VG Lalo e.V. — seniors' centre promotional association
Förderverein St. Johannes der Täufer Langenlonsheim-Laubenheim e.V. — Saint John the Baptist's promotional association
Freiwillige Feuerwehr Langenlonsheim 1902 — volunteer fire brigade
Freizeitmaler — leisure painters
Freunde und Förderer der Grundschule e.V. — primary school promotional association
Freundeskreis des evangelischen Kindergartens — Evangelical kindergarten promotional association
Gemischter Chor des KMGV 1877 e.V. Langenlonsheim — Kölner Männer-Gesang-Verein mixed choir
Hilfe für Tschernobyl e.V. Langenlonsheim — aid for Chernobyl
Karnevalfreunde — Shrovetide Carnival (Fastnacht) club
Katholischer Kirchenchor "Cäcilia" — Catholic church choir
Katholische Kirchengemeinde — Catholic church community
Landfrauenverein — countrywomen's club
Musikverein 1921 e.V. — music club
Partnerschaftskreis Langenlonsheim-Potton — Langenlonsheim-Potton partnership circle
Pierothchor — choir
Sängervereinigung — singers' association
Schützenverein 1963 e.V. — shooting sport club
Tani Projekt - Zukunft für Kinder in Kambodscha e.V. —
Tennis-Club-Rot-Weiß
TSV Langenlonsheim/Laubenheim — gymnastic and sport club
TV Langenlonsheim 1994 e.V. — gymnastic club
VdK Bretzenheim und Umgebung — social advocacy group local chapter (Bretzenheim and area)
Volksbildungswerk Langenlonsheim — "people's education"
Wanderfreunde Untere Nahe e.V. — hiking club
There is also an association of the village's clubs (Ortsvereinsring).
Economy and infrastructure
Economic structure
Over the years, an industrial park with firms in various fields has arisen. These include dye and lacquer production, above- and below-ground construction, wine bottling and processing, car dealerships, garden centres, fitter's shops, storage facilities and shipping companies.
Winegrowing
Langenlonsheim is considerably characterized by winegrowing and with 187 ha of planted vineyards is the Nahe wine region's biggest winegrowing centre after Bad Kreuznach, Guldental and Wallhausen. Langenlonsheim's website lists three wineries in the village. The village has also had three local ladies chosen as Wine Queen or Wine Princess: Carolin Klumb (Nahe Wine Queen 2011/2012), Maren Müller (Nahe Wine Princess 2005/2006) and Judith Honrath (Nahe Wine Queen 2001/2002 and German Wine Queen 2002/2003).
Transport
Bundesstraße 48 runs straight through the village, while the Autobahn A 61 (Koblenz–Ludwigshafen) is roughly 5 km away. Langenlonsheim can be reached by rail on the Nahe Valley Railway (Bingen–Kaiserslautern). Currently, no other railway serves Langenlonsheim station, although the now disused Hunsrückquerbahn once served the village, too. There is, however, talk of reactivating this railway as a quick transport link for Frankfurt-Hahn Airport, a former NATO military facility, Hahn Air Base, most of whose military functions ceased on 30 September 1993. Until 1 December 1938, a tramway ran from Bad Kreuznach Kornmarkt to Langenlonsheim railway station. The so-called Elektrisch ran in the early days (1911) as many as 20 times each day. At the former Kloningersmühle stop (on Langenlonsheim's outskirts), travellers from the Hunsrück could ride straight to Bad Kreuznach. Owing to shrinking ridership after the Second World War, the tram had to give way to the bus. The tracks and overhead wiring were removed.
Education
Scholastic endeavours are undertaken by the Grundschule Langenlonsheim (primary school) and the Realschule plus im Nahetal Langenlonsheim, where students can earn either the Hauptschule or the Realschule certificate.
Famous people
Sons and daughters of the town
Ernst Ludwig Pies (1885–1942), NSDAP Member of the Reichstag from Langenlonsheim
Willi Schweinhardt (1903–1978), politician and wine estate owner
Famous people associated with the municipality town
Matthias de Zordo (b. 21 February 1988 in Bad Kreuznach), German javelin thrower
References
External links
official webpage
Video portrait of Langenlonsheim
Bad Kreuznach (district)
Naheland
Holocaust locations in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langenlonsheim |
Route 72 is a state highway in the western part of the Greater Hartford area. Route 72 is an L-shaped route with a north–south section in Plymouth and Harwinton and an east–west section from Bristol to New Britain. Route 72 is a freeway from Route 9 in New Britain to Route 372 in Plainville. Although ConnDOT logs it as a north-south route, it is signed as east-west with the exception of signage on route 4 at its northwest terminus for route 72 south.
The plan to extend the highway through the Forestville section of Bristol as a four-lane expressway is complete. The construction project broke ground on October 15, 2007 and was completed in the spring of 2011. The contractor for the project was Manafort Brothers, based out of Plainville. The new section of route 72 opened on September 27, 2010.
Route description
Route 72 begins as a four-lane freeway at Route 9 in New Britain, expanding to six lanes after the junction with Route 71 at Exit 9. Route 72 overlaps with I-84 as it crosses from New Britain into the town of Plainville. In Plainville, Route 72 has an exit to and from Route 372, an eastbound on-ramp from Route 10 via Route 372 and SR 511, and an eastbound offramp to Woodford Ave (SR 536). After crossing the Pequabuck River, it has a partial interchange with Route 177 before the freeway ends at Forestville Avenue and the western terminus of Route 372. Route 72 continues, crossing Forestville Avenue as a four-lane expressway to the Bristol town line. Within Bristol, Route 72 runs along several streets. It continues on the four-lane expressway (known as E. Bartlett Barnes Highway) to Pine Street, where it becomes a four-lane surface road, and follows Pine Street to Riverside Avenue and crosses the Pequabuck River before intersecting with Route 229. Route 72 continues on Riverside Avenue, Main Street, School Street (intersecting Route 69), Divinity Street, Park Street, and Terryville Road. The route runs parallel to the Peqaubuck River in Bristol and crosses it several times. Route 72 then enters the town of Plymouth, where the road turns north to follow South Riverside Avenue, North Riverside Avenue, and Poland Brook Road. Route 72 intersects with US 6 in the Terryville section of town, then continues north in the rural town of Harwinton where it goes along Terryville Road, eventually ending at Route 4. Route 72 is long.
The section of Route 72 from Route 9 to Route 372 (Corbin Avenue) in New Britain is also known as the Thaddeus Kosciuszko Highway. The section from Route 372 (Corbin Avenue) in New Britain to the freeway end at the Plainville-Bristol town line is also known as the Polish Legion of American Veterans Memorial Highway. The section in Bristol from the Plainville town line to Pine Street is also known as the E Bartlett Barnes Highway.
History
Route 72 was established in the 1932 state highway renumbering between Route 66 (then Route 14) in Middletown to Route 10 in Plainville. Since then, the route has been extended west and north and relocated to an expressway. The original route has been transferred to Routes 3 and 372.
In 1942, a portion of US 6 in Bristol and Plymouth was transferred to Route 72 after a realignment of US 6 to use former US 6A. Another section of Route 72 was realigned in Berlin the same year with the construction of an interchange with the Berlin Turnpike. In 1954, the former Routes 117 (Bristol to Torrington) and 49 (Torrington to Norfolk) were transferred to Route 72, extending the route through Torrington to the Massachusetts state line.
In 1962, the section of Route 72 north of modern Route 4 was transferred to a relocated Route 4 and a new Route 272, resulting in the current northern/western terminus. The section from Plainville to Berlin was later upgraded to an expressway. In 1978, the old surface route of Route 72 was assigned as Route 372. In 1990, a freeway connection from the east end of the Route 72 freeway to the west end of the Route 9 freeway opened. The Route 9 designation was extended westward to the current Route 9/72 interchange. Route 372 was extended east along the old Route 72 alignment to Route 3 while Route 3 was extended south along the old Route 72 alignment to Route 66.
Expressway relocation
In 1961, an expressway section in Berlin was opened from Route 71A to the Berlin Turnpike (US 5 and Route 15). In 1969, Route 72 was rerouted from Berlin into New Britain, leaving the freeway section west of the current Route 9 in Berlin to be reassigned to SR 571. Roundabout The first section of this reroute, from SR 572 to Ellis Street, was opened this year. In 1970, the second section of the rerouting to New Britain was opened from West Main Street to I-84. In 1979, the final part of the rerouting to New Britain was opened, connecting Ellis and West Main Streets.
In 1980, Route 72 in Plainville from the overlap with I-84 to Forestville Avenue was rerouted to the current route. This road, which begins as a freeway and narrows to a divided two lane road, was constructed in two stages, in 1975 and from 1978 to 1980. With the completion of the freeway from Plainville to Berlin in 1980, Route 72 was formally designated on the freeway and the former surface alignment became Route 372. In 1990, Route 9 took over the eastern end of the Route 72 freeway truncating Route 72 to the current 9/72 interchange and extending Route 372 eastward along the former Route 72.
In 2010, Route 72 was rerouted in Plainville and Bristol onto the new four-lane expressway, a widened Pine Street, and an extended section of Riverside Avenue that crosses the Pequabuck River. The overlap with Route 229 was eliminated, and the old sections along Broad Street, Central St, and East Main Street were decommissioned and control of maintenance returned to the city.
Junction list
Exit numbers were converted from sequential to mile-based in February of 2023.
References
External links
Route 72 Relocation Project
072
Transportation in Hartford County, Connecticut
Transportation in Litchfield County, Connecticut
U.S. Route 6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut%20Route%2072 |
Amy Alkon (born March 8, 1964), also known as the Advice Goddess, is an American advice columnist. Alkon wrote a weekly advice column, Ask the Advice Goddess, which was published in over 100 newspapers within North America. While Alkon addressed a wide range of topics, she primarily focused on issues in intimate relationships. Her columns were based largely on evolutionary psychology. Her last column was published on March 31, 2022.
Life and career
Amy Alkon grew up in Farmington Hills, a wealthy suburb of Detroit, Michigan. She identifies as a weak atheist. Alkon credits her isolation as the catalyst that cultivated her early fondness for reading.
Alkon moved to New York City, where she dispensed advice on a street corner in SoHo as one of three women who called themselves "The Advice Ladies." This was not an occupation, merely a hobby, and their setup was minimal, using only folding chairs and a handmade sign advertising "Free Advice from a Panel of Experts". She co-authored a book, Free Advice - The Advice Ladies on Love, Dating, Sex, and Relationships with her fellow "Advice Ladies," Caroline Johnson and Marlowe Minnick. Her next book, a solo project entitled I See Rude People: One Woman’s Battle to Beat Some Manners Into Impolite Society, was published by McGraw Hill in November 2009.
Before billing herself as the "advice goddess," Alkon wrote Ask Amy Alkon, an advice column published solely in the New York Daily News.
In 2004, the Biography Channel featured Alkon in a series of one-minute shorts called "The Advice Minute With Amy Alkon." There were 11 in total and during these segments, which ran between the Biography Channel's regular programs, Alkon dispensed advice on the streets of New York, just as she had done with her cohorts years earlier.
In 2011, Alkon was threatened with a defamation suit with damages of half a million US dollars by a TSA agent who Alkon alleges forced the side of her gloved hand into Alkon's vagina four times through her underwear. The agent, Thedala Magee, claimed that describing such an act as 'rape' constituted defamation, and that Alkon had described her as a 'bad person' for behaving in such a manner. She was defended by First Amendment attorney Marc Randazza.
In a second incident, in November 2012, Alkon complained that a TSA agent "ran her hands, most disgustingly, all over my body, grazing my labia and touching my breasts and inside my turtleneck on my bare skin."
Campaigns
Issues she has written and spoken of are unruly children, the behavior of which she attributes to bad parenting, inconsiderate cellphone users, and copyright violators.
Further reading
Alkon, Amy; Johnson, Caroline; Minnick, Marlowe (1996). Free Advice: The Advice Ladies on Love, Dating, Sex and Relationships. Dell Publishing
References
1964 births
Living people
American advice columnists
American atheists
American women columnists
Jewish American atheists
Jewish American writers
Jewish advice columnists
Journalists from New York City
People from Farmington Hills, Michigan
University of Michigan alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy%20Alkon |
Operation Trio () was the first large-scale joint German-Italian counter-insurgency operation of World War II conducted in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), which included modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was carried out in two phases within eastern Bosnia from 20 April to 13 May 1942, with Ustaše militia and Croatian Home Guard forces taking part on the Axis side. The aim of the operation was to target all insurgents between Sarajevo and the Drina river in eastern Bosnia. These included the communist-led Yugoslav Partisans and Serb nationalist Chetniks. Differentiating between the rank and file of the two insurgent factions was difficult, as even the communist-led insurgent groups consisted mainly of Serb peasants who had little understanding of the political aims of their leaders.
Operation Trio consisted of two parts, Trio I and Trio II. Together they comprised one element of the Axis effort known as the Third Enemy Offensive () in post-war Yugoslav historiography. The joint Italian-Chetnik offensive in Montenegro and eastern Herzegovina formed the other element. The Third Enemy Offensive forms part of the Seven Enemy Offensives framework in Yugoslav historiography.
The operation was of limited effectiveness due to several factors, including preemptive action by the Ustaše militia and Italian delays. The area of operations straddled the demarcation line between the German and Italian zones of occupation within the NDH, which led to mutual suspicion and lack of coordination. Both insurgent factions avoided fighting the Axis and NDH forces, instead focusing on fighting each other. After Operation Trio, the Partisan leader Josip Broz Tito, his Supreme Headquarters and the Partisan main force, consisting of the 1st and 2nd Proletarian Brigades, withdrew from their base of operations around Foča. After briefly reorganising around Zelengora mountain south-east of Foča, they moved their operations to western Bosnia for the remainder of 1942.
Operation Trio coincided with and contributed to the polarisation of the almost exclusively Serb rebels in eastern Bosnia into two groups: the Serb-chauvinist Chetniks and the multi-ethnic and communist-led Partisans. Encouraged by Chetnik propaganda against Croats and Bosnian Muslims and repelled by the sectarian left-wing policies and actions of the communists, many Serb peasant fighters were swayed to the Chetnik cause. Violent coups occurred against the communist leadership of all but one of the Partisan detachments in eastern Bosnia, and these detachments effectively defected to the Chetniks. Most of the surviving communist fighters from these detachments rejoined the Partisan forces, and many withdrew with Tito to western Bosnia during the Partisan Long March. Within a few weeks of the end of Operation Trio only 600 Partisan fighters were left in eastern Bosnia, comprising the Group of Shock Battalions and the Birač Partisan Detachment. All these forces sought refuge in the Birač region. The Chetnik movement in eastern Bosnia, at best a confederacy of local warlords, was strengthened by mass defections from the Partisans. For a time they ruled large parts of the region, after making accommodations with the Ustaše regime in May and June 1942.
Background
Foča Republic
During Operation Southeast Croatia, Josip Broz Tito, his Supreme Headquarters and the 1st Proletarian Brigade commanded by Spanish Civil War veteran Konstantin "Koča" Popović, had withdrawn south to Foča, on the boundary between eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. With the help of Montenegrin Partisans, they established a liberated area around Foča and Goražde. This area, known as the "Foča Republic", was expanded by subsequent military operations. By late March, People's Liberation Councils had been established to govern 10 towns and 92 villages in the liberated area, but communist organisation in the area was limited and of poor quality.
Insurgent forces
At the end of 1941, there were six Partisan detachments in eastern Bosnia, with about 7,300 fighters operating in the Majevica, Ozren, Birač, Romanija, Zvijezda and Kalinovik areas. In January 1942, the Romanija detachment had borne the brunt of Operation Southeast Croatia and had been effectively destroyed. Many Partisan fighters were Serb peasants who took to the forests and mountains to defend their families and villages against the Ustaše; few were ideologically committed to the Partisan cause. The Chetnik forces in eastern Bosnia had not opposed the Axis offensive. Many had withdrawn across the Drina river into the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia to avoid engagement with German and NDH forces.
Both the Partisan Supreme Headquarters and the Partisan General Staff of Bosnia-Herzegovina were based in the area of operations, with Tito's Supreme Headquarters directly controlling the 1st Proletarian Brigade, and the General Staff, commanded by Svetozar Vukmanović-Tempo, controlling the Partisan detachments in East Bosnia under the overall direction of the Supreme Headquarters.
In early January 1942, the Partisan Supreme Headquarters decided to permit fighters who were not willing to formally become Partisans to fight alongside Partisan units. These "volunteer detachments" were under the control of the Supreme Headquarters of the renamed People's Liberation Partisan and Volunteer Army of Yugoslavia, and were established from former Chetnik-aligned fighters as the Jahorina, Foča, Vlasenica, Srebrenica and Krajina Volunteer Detachments. The Krajina Volunteer Detachment consisted of refugees from that region who had fled to German-occupied Serbia to escape the Ustaše terror. Volunteer battalions and companies were also placed under the staff of the original Partisan detachments, with many of them absorbed as whole units with the addition of a communist cadre. Some volunteer detachments fought under their own leaders, and all volunteer detachments fought under the Serbian tri-colour flag.
In February 1942, Major Jezdimir Dangić and other former Royal Yugoslav Army officers (many of whom had allegiance to the Serbian puppet regime of Milan Nedić and/or Draža Mihailović) entered eastern Bosnia from occupied Serbia, where some of them had withdrawn to avoid Operation Southeast Croatia. They started to re-form Chetnik units in eastern Bosnia and began agitating against the Partisans on a "conservative, Serb-nationalist and anti-Muslim basis". Other Chetnik units crossed into eastern Bosnia from occupied Serbia and attacked the Partisans. They included the "Chetnik Proletarian Shock Brigade", a unit of 200 fighters under Captain Dragoslav Račić, and another group under Captain Milorad Momčilović.
The Partisan forces in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina initially consisted almost entirely of Serb peasants, and this made much of the rank and file of both Partisan and volunteer detachments highly susceptible to pro-Chetnik agitation, accommodations with Chetnik forces in the local area and hostility towards non-Serbs. The Partisan moves towards multi-ethnic recruiting, imposition of extreme left-wing policies and use of terror against "class enemies" made all the Partisan and volunteer detachments vulnerable to such agitation. Chetnik infiltrators were able to join detachments and turn the rank and file against their communist cadres. An example of this occurred in the Majevica Partisan Detachment on 20 February, when the communist staff were massacred by Chetniks at Vukosavci near Lopare.
The 2nd Proletarian Brigade was formed at Čajniče on 1 March from Partisan forces that had withdrawn from occupied Serbia after Operation Uzice. In early March the Partisans began collecting the most loyal fighters from each Partisan detachment into "Shock Companies" and established structures for the development of "Shock Battalions" and "Shock Brigades". At the same time, Partisan forces that had been dispersed by Operation Southeast Croatia were threatening the Tuzla-Doboj railway line. In mid-March the 1st East Bosnian Shock Battalion was established at Srednje (outside Sarajevo), and by the end of the month the 2nd East Bosnian Shock Battalion had been established in Drinjača (near Zvornik); it incorporated the remaining 240 fighters of the Majevica Partisan Detachment.
The concentration of the most reliable fighters into proletarian brigades, shock battalions and shock companies weakened the integrity of the four remaining Partisan detachments in eastern Bosnia, but enabled the Partisan Supreme Headquarters to concentrate its best forces in mobile units to undertake successful offensive operations against the Chetniks. They captured several towns in March, including Vlasenica and Srebrenica. Partisan operations were threatening the railway network throughout eastern Bosnia, including around Sarajevo, by the end of March. Many Bosnian Chetniks deserted to the Partisans, often joining as complete units under their previous Chetnik commanders. These former Chetnik units became units of the "Volunteer Army", which reached a strength of around 7,000–8,000 fighters by the end of March. Their loyalty and military value to the Partisans was very limited.
On 25 March the Partisan General Staff of Serbia advised the Partisan Supreme Headquarters that the Serbian Partisan movement had been "extinguished", largely as a result of Operation Uzice and subsequent operations by the German occupation forces and their Serb collaborators. This was a significant setback for the Partisan cause, as Tito had always considered that a return to Serbia was a necessary ingredient for a successful revolution.
Planning
Planning for Operation Trio and the associated Operation West-Bosnien in the Bosanska Krajina occurred during two Axis conferences in March 1942. During the initial conference at Opatija on 2–3 March, the NDH Chief of the General Staff Vladimir Laxa objected to an Italian proposal to involve the Bosnian and Herzegovinian Chetniks in the planned operations, and with the support of the Germans, this idea was initially shelved. Operation Trio was to be one of a series of counter-insurgency operations planned for eastern Bosnia, Herzegovina, Sandžak, Montenegro, western Bosnia and Lika. Despite this, the only operations that were actually conducted between March and June 1942 were Operation Trio, and a combined Italian-Montenegrin Chetnik offensive in Montenegro and eastern Herzegovina which is also associated with the Third Enemy Offensive in Yugoslav historiography.
Detailed planning and orders for Operation Trio were finalised at a conference in Ljubljana on 28–29 March 1942. Laxa, General Mario Roatta (the commander of the Italian Second Army), and General der Artillerie Paul Bader (the commander of German forces in the NDH) negotiated a compromise permitting temporary non-political agreements to be concluded with the Herzegovinian Chetniks, led by Dobroslav Jevđević, but not with any of the Bosnian Chetnik groups, whose leaders were Petar Baćović in the area of Foča and Jezdimir Dangić, who was aligned with the Serb collaborationist Milan Nedić.
Significant delays in finalising arrangements for Operation Trio were caused by disagreements regarding where it would commence, who would be in command, the involvement of Chetniks and NDH forces, how to deal with the demarcation line between the German and Italian zones of occupation, and what local authorities would be put in place as localities were cleared of insurgents. The NDH contributed to the mutual suspicion between the Germans and Italians. The Italian demands prevailed, because they were committing larger forces to the operation. The decision was ultimately made to target all insurgents in eastern Bosnia between Sarajevo and the Drina. Throughout the preparation for Operation Trio, the Italians looked for opportunities to cross over the demarcation line and expand their sphere of influence into eastern Bosnia to take advantage of German weakness in the NDH. Bader's final orders for the operation granted several key Italian demands, including military control over civil affairs in the area of operations, fair treatment of the local population, and treating non-resisting Chetniks as prisoners of war.
Bader was named tactical commander of the combined forces (known as Kampfgruppe Bader) committed to Operation Trio, but to appease the Italians the force was formally under the overall command of the Italian Second Army, commanded by Roatta. Kampfgruppe Bader consisted of the 718th Infantry Division (the only German division stationed in the NDH at the time), the Italian 22nd Infantry Division, 1st Alpine Division, 5th Alpine Division and 28 NDH battalions. Since 18 February, the 718th Infantry Division had been responsible for an area of operations bounded by the Sava and Bosna in the north, the Drina to the east and the German-Italian demarcation line to the south. Mainly because of lack of transport and firepower, the division had only conducted limited offensive operations against the Partisans between mid-February and mid-April.
The original planned start date of 15 April was pushed back when the Italians had problems moving to their start positions and later had trouble providing transport to establish lines of communication across the Adriatic. The operation was rescheduled to 25 April. Prior to the Ljubljana conference, the Ustaše authorities were concerned about negotiations between the German and Italian commanders and Dangić, and were particularly worried that the Germans would permit the Italians and Chetniks to use Sarajevo as a base. On 31 March the commander of the Ustaše Black Legion, Jure Francetić, launched a pre-emptive offensive primarily against Dangić's Chetniks. Francetić captured Vlasenica, Bratunac and Srebrenica, meeting limited resistance from the Partisans, and then scattered the more numerous Chetniks while inflicting significant losses.
In early April, Dangić travelled to Belgrade for discussions with representatives of Nedić and Chetnik leaders. He was arrested by the German authorities and sent to a prisoner-of-war camp in occupied Poland. Dangić was replaced by Stevan Botić. On 15 April 1942 the Wehrmacht commander in south-east Europe, Generalfeldmarschall (Field Marshal) Wilhelm List, issued an order forbidding Wehrmacht units to negotiate with any rebel groups. Only Abwehr (military intelligence) and police units were to maintain surveillance of such groups through informants and undercover agents.
After several months of increasing tension between the factions struggling for power within the insurgency, the first of the pro-Chetnik coups occurred, in the Ozren Partisan Detachment. It was sparked by the arrest and execution on 18 April of pro-Chetnik agitator Bogdan Jovićić by Vukmanović-Tempo and the newly formed 1st East Bosnian Shock Battalion. Fighting ensued between pro-Chetnik members of the detachment and the Shock Battalion. Vukmanović-Tempo then abandoned the Ozren Partisan Detachment, taking the detachment staff and remaining loyal Partisans with him.
Operation
On 18 April, Bader informed Roatta of the need to take action immediately to relieve the besieged Croatian garrison at Rogatica, and by 20 April was advising his superiors that the joint German-Italian operation had miscarried due to Italian inaction. In the wake of Francetić's offensive, the Germans pre-emptively moved to clear the area north of the demarcation line before the formal start of the operation. This advance towards the Drina from 20 to 30 April, coordinated with NDH forces, was the first phase of Operation Trio (Trio I). The 718th Infantry Division advanced from assembly areas in Sarajevo, Olovo and Tuzla, with the aim of relieving Rogatica and clearing the surrounding area of Partisans. The fighting became very confused, with the Chetniks, who were under attack from the Black Legion, avoiding the German units, who went past them to attack the Partisans. The Partisan main force avoided fighting the Black Legion, instead attacking the Chetniks from the rear while they were engaged against Francetić's troops. The Italian 5th Alpine Division Pusteria utilised Chetnik troops from the Sandžak as auxiliaries during their advance on Čajniče which coincided with the German-NDH advance towards the Drina. Rogatica was relieved without fighting on 27 April, and the combined force reached the Drina three days later.
More pro-Chetnik coups occurred in the second half of April. The first was in one of the remaining battalions of the Romanija Partisan Detachment, followed by all three battalions of the Zvijezda Partisan Detachment. The political commissars of every company were killed. By the start of May, coups had also occurred in battalions of the Kalinovik Partisan Detachment and the Foča Volunteer Detachment.
On 8–9 May 1942, another pro-Chetnik coup occurred in the recently created Zenica Partisan Detachment, and about 30 communists and their supporters were killed. About 100 remaining Partisan fighters from the Ozren and Zenica detachments were incorporated into the 3rd East Bosnian Shock Battalion.
The Italians believed the German-NDH preliminary operation had been designed to avoid the need to involve the Italians in clearing eastern Bosnia, thereby preventing them from expanding their sphere of influence. The second phase of the operation (known as Trio II or "Operation Foča") commenced on 7 May, and was a fairly minor joint operation to capture Foča and Kalinovik, but by then the Partisan Supreme Headquarters and main force had already evacuated Foča, which was captured on 10 May. After Italian complaints and political manoeuvrings, Roatta took over direct control of the operation on that day, but the fighting was already over. Despite their attempts to avoid fighting, the Partisans suffered significant losses.
Aftermath
After clearing the larger towns of the Birač region of Partisans and Chetniks, the Black Legion committed large-scale atrocities against Serbs and Jews in the region, including massacring about 890 people from Vlasenica after raping the women and girls.
Along with the three East Bosnian Shock Battalions, the Partisan General Staff of Bosnia-Herzegovina first attempted to cross the Bosna to follow the Partisan Supreme Headquarters and main force to western Bosnia, but instead retreated to Birač, where they joined forces with the Birač Detachment at the end of May. The Birač Partisan Detachment was the only Partisan or volunteer detachment in East Bosnia not to suffer a pro-Chetnik coup in March–May 1942. By June–July 1942, the Partisans in eastern Bosnia had been reduced to a strength of around 600 fighters.
In mid-May, Operation Trio was followed by the joint Italian-Chetnik offensive against Partisan detachments within the Italian zone of occupation in eastern Herzegovina and Montenegro, with similar effects: the Partisans lost almost all of the liberated territory in these areas. This offensive is also considered part of the Third Enemy Offensive in Yugoslav historiography. After Operation Trio, NDH forces remained south of the demarcation line between the German and Italian zones of occupation, in spite of protests from the Italians.
After Operation Trio and the joint Italian-Chetnik offensive, the Partisans formed three more Proletarian Brigades, consisting mainly of Montenegrins. Operation Trio contributed to the decision of the Partisan Supreme Headquarters to withdraw to western Bosnia in the Partisan Long March, which commenced in late June 1942.
While incurring significant casualties fighting the Black Legion, the Chetnik movement in eastern Bosnia benefited from the mass desertion of Partisans and the many pro-Chetnik coups in Partisan and volunteer detachments. Despite their lack of unity, the Chetnik movement thrived in eastern Bosnia for the remainder of 1942 because some Chetnik leaders made accommodations with the Ustaše regime and as many Chetniks and Partisans were unwilling to kill fellow Bosnian Serbs of the opposing faction.
See also
Resistance during World War II
Anti-partisan operations in World War II
Footnotes
References
Books
Articles
Further reading
Seven Enemy Offensives
Trio
Yugoslavia in World War II
Trio
Trio
Trio
Trio
Trio
1942 in Yugoslavia
Trio
Trio
1942 in Bosnia and Herzegovina
April 1942 events
May 1942 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Trio |
Ismael Serrano (born 9 March 1974) is a singer-songwriter and guitarist from Spain, popular in Spain and Latin America, known for his often political lyrics and eclectic musical influences. During his creative career he has been influenced by other Spanish singer-songwriters such as Joaquín Sabina, Joan Manuel Serrat and the Cuban Silvio Rodríguez amongst others. His music also shows influences from renowned poets such as Luis García Montero and Mario Benedetti.
Biography
Early life
He was born in the neighbourhood of Vallecas of Madrid (Spain) on 9 March 1974. After studying Physics in the Complutense University of Madrid, Ismael Serrano started his musical career in the early nineties in Madrid, singing folk based guitar music in a café circuit, at political venues like Libertad 8, Galileo and Nuevos Juglares. The movement proved to be very popular, inspired by the 20-year-old ‘Protest’ song movement under the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, as well as the Nueva canción movement of Latin America.
Atrapados en Azul
In 1997 Ismael Serrano signed with Polygram (now Universal) and released his first album, Atrapados en Azul, featuring the songs "Papá cuéntame otra vez", "Vértigo" and "Amo tanto la vida" that became hymns for youngsters in Spain and Latin America. For this work he was nominated for Best New Artist at the Spanish Musical Awards of the Sociedad General de Autores y Editores.
Second and third records
The follow-up album, La memoria de los peces (1998), increased https://youtube.com/watch?v=EdXWkvKodIo&feature=share popularity (sales level for Platinum in Spain, Gold in Argentina). On his third production Los paraísos desiertos (2000), Serrano moved more to jazz styles and African sounds. Two important music nominations for this work: Best Original Song for the Goya Movie Awards (the "Spanish Oscars") for the song "Km.0" (of the feature with the same title) and Best Sound Engineering at the 2001 Latin Grammy Awards.
Recordings 2002–2007
New productions appeared in the following years: La traición de Wendy (2002), Principio de Incertidumbre (2003, double live concert disc), Naves ardiendo más allá de Orión (2005) (phrase extracted from the final dialogue of the cult film Blade Runner), and Sueños de un hombre despierto (2007) pointing out Ismael Serrano as one of the main exponents of singer-songwriter trend in the Latin music world.
Feature film
In May 2002 Ismael Serrano participated in his second feature film El corazón de Jesus, a German-Chilean-Bolivian production written and directed by Marcos Loayza. Previously, in the year 2000, he sang the eponymous theme song at the close of the film Km. 0, a romantic comedy of errors involving several sets of people who meet at, or otherwise have in common, Kilómetro Cero in Madrid.
Retrospective (2006)
In late 2006, 10th anniversary from the release of his first CD, a retrospective of his work was released as a double CD under the name "El Viaje De Rosetta" (in reference to the Rosetta spacecraft). This deluxe box set contains a disc with all his singles, another disc with rarities, live tracks and collaborations, and a 48-page booklet, and is also available in a single CD and DVD edition.
Discography
Atrapados en azul (1997)
Papá cuéntame otra vez
Vértigo
Donde estarás
Caperucita
Yo quiero ser muy promiscuo
Amo tanto la vida
La extraña pareja
El camino de regreso
México insurgente
Un muerto encierras
Atrapados en azul
Ana
La memoria de los peces (1998)
Últimamente
Al bando vencido
Recuerdo
Ya quisiera yo
Regresa
Vine del norte
Sin ti a mi lado
Tierna y dulce historia de amor
Instrucciones para salvar el odio eternamente
A las madres de mayo
Canción de amor propio
Mi vida no hay derecho
Pequeña criatura
Qué va a ser de mí
Los paraísos desiertos (2000)
Km.0
La mujer más vieja del mundo
No estarás sola
La cita
Tantas cosas
Una historia de Alvite
La huida
Has de saber
La casa encantada
La ciudad parece un mundo
Lo que hay que aguantar
Ya ves
La traición de Wendy (2002)
Eres
Un hombre espera en el desierto
Si peter pan viniera
Cien días
Ahora
Pájaros en la cabeza
Buenos Aires 2001
Prende la luz
Qué andarás haciendo
Fue terrible aquel año
La ciudad de los muertos
Será
Cobertura: 95% del territorio nacional
Principio de incertidumbre (2003)
CD1
Últimamente
Principio de incertidumbre
Cien días
Vine del norte
Ya llegó la primavera
Km.0 (con Javier Bergia)
Eres
La extraña pareja (con Lichis)
Aquella tarde
Pájaros en la cabeza (con Pedro Guerra)
Amo tanto la vida
Plaza Garibaldi
CD2
Qué andarás haciendo
Recuerdo
Ya ves (con Luis Eduardo Aute)
Papá cuéntame otra vez
Ahora
Zona Cero
Déjate convencer
Vértigo
Tierna y dulce historia de amor
Un muerto encierras
Prende la luz
No estarás sola
A las madres de mayo
Naves ardiendo más allá de Orión (2005)
Elegía
El virus del miedo
Sucede que a veces
Duermes
Reina del super
Volveré temprano
Alicia
Fragilidad
Allí
El vals de los jubilados
Jóvenes y hermosos
Estamos a salvo
Dulce memoria
Ya nada es lo que era
El Viaje De Rosetta (2006)
CD1 (Singles)
Papá cuéntame otra vez
Dónde estarás
Amo tanto la vida
Atrapados en azul
Mexico insurgente
Caperucita
Últimamente
Vine del Norte
Tierna y dulce historia de amor
Pequeña criatura
Km 0
La mujer más vieja del mundo
No estarás sola
La huida
Eres
Qué andarás haciendo
Cien días
Elegía
Sucede a veces
CD2 (Rarities)
Vértigo (Encuentros con la Habana)
Mira que eres canalla (Tribute to Luis Eduardo Aute)
Con los cinco pinares (Claudio Rodríguez – Poesía necesaria)
Dos kilómetros de paciencia (25 años – Javier Bergia)
El último cantautor (Ni jaulas, ni peceras – La Cabra Mecánica)
Nueces (Esta mañana y otros cuentos – Coti)
El aparecido (Tribute to Víctor Jara)
Caballo de cartón (Un barco de sueños – Cantautores cantan a niños)
Chove en Santiago (Lo mejor de Luar na Lubre)
Vine del norte (Live at Lo + plus)
Ya se van los pastores (Son de niños)
La Locura (OST "El corazón de Jesús")
La Cordura (OST "El corazón de Jesús")
Vuelvo a Madrid (Until now an iTunes only song)
Principio de incertidumbre (15 September 2003)
La extraña pareja (Live with "La Cabra Mecánica" 2 February 2004)
Plaza Garibaldi (27 April 2004)
Sueños de un hombre despierto (2007)
Casandra
Canción para un viejo amigo
Canción de amor y oficina
Nana para un niño indígena
Somos
Zamba del emigrante (feat. Mercedes Sosa)
Habitantes de Alfa-Centauro encuentran la sonda Voyager
Testamento vital
Sesión continua
Si se callase el ruido
Te conocí
Amores imposibles
Para médicos y amantes
Unedited songs
Cita a las siete en La Moncloa
Con una pena de muerte
Cuatro estaciones
La ciudad parece un mundo (primera versión)
La cordura
La locura
La tormenta
Los torpes
Mañana quizás sea tarde
Por qué no te quedas en casa
Por ti
Vente conmigo
Y yo buscándote
Un Lugar Soñando (2009)
Somos
Cancion Para Un Viejo Amigo
Sucede Que A Veces
Cancion De Amor Y Oficina
Caperucita
Penelope Espera En Peumayen
Sesion Continua
Vine Del Norte
A Las Madres De Mayo
Zamba Del Emigrante Con Mercedes Sosa
Si Se Callase El Ruido
Tantas Cosas
Ya Ves
Recuerdo
Canción De Amor Propio
Observando Las Estrellas
Habitantes De Alfa Centauro Encuentran La Sonda Voyager
Ultimamente
Vertigo
Casandra
La Extraña Pareja
Como La Cigarra
Papa Cuentame Otra Vez
Eres
Ya Nada Es Lo Que Era
La Llamada (2014)
Apenas Se Nada de la Vida
Candombe para Olvidar
Pequeña Bachata Mediterránea
El Día de la Ira
Rebelión en Hamelin
Éramos tan Jóvenes
Quisiera
Mi Problema
La Casa y el Lobo
Absoluto
Te Vi
Ahora Que Te Encuentro
La Llamada
20 años. Hoy es siempre (2017)
CD1
Ven
Las cuatro y diez
Últimamente
Sucede que a veces
Spaghetti del rock
Pequeña criatura
Cien
Te vas
No estarás sola
Ojalá
Luces errantes
Busco una canción
Todo cambia
Si se callase el ruido – feat. Rozalén
CD2
Papá, cuéntame otra vez
Recuerdo
La llamada
Ya ves
Nieve
Y sin embargo
Vine del norte
Vértigo
Ahora que te encuentro
Agua y aceite
Aguas abril
Todo empieza y todo acaba en ti
Todavía (2018)
Semana
Al bando vencido
Sin ti a mi lado
Podría ser
Duermes
Palabras para Julia
Te odio
Tantas cosas
Crucé un océano
Mi problema
Amo tanto la vida
Ahora
Testamento vital
References
Official web page
1964 births
Living people
Spanish male singers
Spanish male singer-songwriters
Spanish singer-songwriters
Rock en Español musicians
Musicians from Madrid
Spanish guitarists
Spanish male guitarists
Sony Music Spain artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismael%20Serrano |
Zastava Trucks () is a Serbian truck manufacturer based in the city of Kragujevac, Serbia. It is a subsidiary of Group Zastava Vehicles which declared bankruptcy in May 2017. In September 2017, the Government of Serbia established Zastava TERVO, which took over Zastava Trucks production facilities.
History
Foundation
Production of Zastava commercial vehicles started in the period before the Second World War when 400 Chevrolet trucks were produced for the Royal Yugoslav Army. From 1953, 162 off-road vehicles with the trademark Willys were produced. Under licence from Fiat production of Fiat Campagnola AR-51 trucks and off-road vehicles started in 1955, followed by Fiat 1100TF vans.
1961–1991
In 1961, the vehicles "Zastava 615" and "Zastava 620" appeared on the market as the result of in-house development. This production had successful development up to 1969 when significant stagnation happened because of that time program and introduction of the new know-how. It is necessary to mention that in that period production of commercial vehicles was arranged in a frame of car factory.
For that reason, on 18 June 1969, the decision was made by Zastava to start with organization the factory "Fabrike privrednih vozila - Zastava" including long-term development program with the following goals:
1. to realize development within cooperation with Officine Meccaniche (part of FIAT) but to exceed license form of cooperation and to base the same on the work distribution through the long-term production cooperation
2. to provide production of the components through the cooperation as well as of the vital assemblies in the batches which provide economical production
3. to create conditions for production the modern commercial vehicles, well-known on the world market, and in that way also the conditions for their commercialization on the local and foreign market.
On the base of the new contracts with FIAT production started of light delivery vans with a payload of 0.6 t, in Sombor, in the newly opened III plant. In addition to the production of the vehicles, based on this contract, production started of front and rear axles, chassis frames and other components for the needs of ""Zastava" factory in Kragujevac as well as for the needs of the factory in Brescia. With the contract on long-term production cooperation, dated August 5, 1978, the new Gamma range of commercial vehicles, OM-40/35, so-called "MALI OM" was introduced. Soon after that FIAT IVECO transferred production of the Gamma vehicles to "Zastava-Privredna Vozila" (ZPV) so this Gamma isn't produced only for the local market's needs but also for sale through the partner's sales network.
1991–2015
Since 1 January 1991, Iveco has held a 46% stake and "Zastava Trucks" 54% in the joint venture company.
2015–2017 Shutdown
As of October 2015, only around 70 people were employed in the company, after several rounds of departure with severance payments. In May 2017, Group Zastava Vehicles, consisted of Zastava Automobiles, Zastava Trucks, Zastava INPRO and Zastava Special Automobiles, declared bankruptcy before the Economic Court in Kragujevac.
By conclusion of Government of Serbia in August 2017, a new company was formed - Zastava Tervo - all properties of former Zastava Trucks were transferred to new company.
Production
With the contract on "KNOW HOW" and contract on industrial cooperation with IVECO, dated 1985 and 1988, the commercial vehicles range was expanded to:
"X"-series, consisting of the 30.8; 35.8; and 40.8
"Z"-series, consisting of the 50.9; 65.9; 65.12; 79.12; 79.14 and 109.14
Production orientation for the Iveco's markets needs.
See also
Iveco
Zastava Automobiles
Defense industry of Serbia
References
External links
Iveco to overtake Zastava Trucks
1953 establishments in Serbia
Companies based in Kragujevac
Government-owned companies of Serbia
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1953
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 2017
Truck manufacturers of Serbia
Truck manufacturers of Yugoslavia
Trucks
Serbian brands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastava%20Trucks |
The Sultan of Perak (سلطان ڤيراق) is one of the oldest hereditary seats among the Malay states.
When the Sultanate of Malacca empire fell to Portugal in 1511, Sultan Mahmud Syah I retreated to Kampar, Sumatra, and died there in 1528. He left behind two princes named Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah II and Sultan Muzaffar Syah. The former went on to establish the Sultanate of Johor. Muzaffar Syah was invited to rule Perak, and he became the first sultan of Perak.
Line of succession to the Perak throne
In contrast to the other Malay sultanates, the ruling dynasty of Perak utilises a somewhat complex order of succession.
The reigning Sultan appoints princes in the male line of descent from a Sultan to certain high princely titles. They are arranged in a strict order of precedence indicating the order of succession to the throne. As per ruling of 25 February 1953, the present hierarchy of titles and the corresponding order of succession is as follows:
(Crown Prince, currently Raja Jaafar)
(Deputy Crown Prince, currently Raja Iskandar Dzulkarnain)
(currently Raja Azlan Muzzaffar Shah)
(currently Raja Ahmad Nazim Azlan Shah)
(currently Raja Iskandar)
(vacant)
While titleholders are usually appointed for life, titles may be revoked in cases of proven incompetence or disability. On the death or promotion of an existing titleholder, the holder of the next most senior title succeeds him. The is the heir apparent, and succeeds the ruling sultan on his demise, whereupon the prince holding the title of becomes the new . The Raja Kechil Besar then becomes the . The new Sultan may then appoint his own nominee to the junior-most title made vacant by these successions.
The 2 most senior titleholders are confirmed by a majority vote of the representatives of the Perak State Legislative Assembly.
List of Sultans of Perak
Malacca Dynasty
Siak Dynasty
Timeline
Royal regalia
The Perak royal regalia consists of items that are said to have been with the Perak Sultanate from its inception, some of which pre-dating the Malacca Sultanate. The regalia is mainly used during the installation ceremony of Sultan of Perak and few other royal ceremonies.
Royal headress ()
Royal aigrette ()
Royal tiara
Royal sword Cura Si Manja Kini ()
Royal blade Taming Sari ()
Royal blade Sari Gading ()
– also known as 'Ball of Petrified Dew'. Given to Sultan Muzaffar Riayat Shah I on his installation as the first Sultan of Perak by Tok Temong, a local official.
- seal made of silver that is placed behind the right ear of the Sultan during installation. ceremony
Royal Musical Ensemble ()
– golden armlets worn by the Sultan and his consort around both arms during the installation ceremony.
– golden pendant that is worn around the neck of the Queen Consort during installation ceremony.
– golden brooch that is worn by the Queen Consort during installation ceremony.
Royal seal ()
Royal coat of arms ()
Royal umbrella ()
State umbrella ()
State spear ()
– decorative ornament worn around the neck of a tunic, believed to be a gift from the Emperor of China to Parameswara of Malacca.
– Betel leaves container. Originally presented to Tok Temong by Sultan Muzaffar Riayat Shah I on his installation as the first Sultan of Perak but later returned to be royal regalia of Perak.
Royal orders and decorations
The following is the orders, decorations, and medals given by Sultan of Perak. When applicable, post-nominal letters and non-hereditary titles are indicated.
The Most Esteemed Royal Family Order of Perak (): founded by Sultan Yussuf Izzuddin Shah in 1957. Conferred on members of the Perak and foreign royal houses.
The Most Esteemed Perak Royal Family Order of Sultan Azlan Shah (): founded by Sultan Azlan Muhibbuddin Shah in 2000. Conferred on members of the Perak and foreign royal houses.
The Most Esteemed Azlanii Royal Family Order () founded by Sultan Azlan Muhibbuddin Shah in 2010. Awarded in two classes :
First Class –
Second Class –
The Most Esteemed Perak Order of Sultan Azlan Shah (): founded by Sultan Azlan Muhibbuddin Shah in 2000. Conferred for distinguished services to the Sultan of Perak.
The Most Esteemed Perak Order of Sultan Nazrin Shah (): founded by Sultan Nazrin Muizzuddin Shah.
The Most Illustrious Order of Cura Si Manja Kini (): founded by Sultan Idris Iskandar Al-Mutawakkil Alallahi Shah II in 1969 and later 1989. Awarded in four classes:
Grand Knight or Dato'Seri –
Knight or Dato' –
Commander or Ahli Paduka –
Member or Ahli –
The Most Valliant Order of Taming Sari (): founded by Sultan Idris Iskandar Al-Mutawakkil Alallahi Shah II in 1977. Awarded to military and police personnel in six classes :
Dato' Seri Panglima –
Dato' Pahlawanan –
Ahli Perwira –
Ahli Hulubalang –
Ahli Kesatria –
Ahli Perajurit –
The Most Illustrious Order of the Perak State Crown (): founded by Sultan Yussuf Izzuddin Shah in 1957. Awarded in four classes:
Knight Grand Commander or Dato' Seri –
Knight Commander or Dato' –
Commander or Ahli Paduka –
Member or Ahli –
The Conspicuous Gallantry Medal (): instituted by Sultan Yussuf Izzuddin Shah in 1951 as a reward for conspicuous gallantry and heroism. Awarded in a single class, originally a silver medal but now a four-pointed enamelled star. Bars may be awarded to signify subsequent acts of gallantry.
The Distinguished Conduct Medal (): instituted by Sultan Yussuf Izzuddin Shah in 1951 to reward conspicuous bravery. Awarded in a single class, bronze medal. Bars may be awarded to signify subsequent acts of bravery.
The Meritorious Service Medal (): instituted by Sultan Yussuf Izzuddin Shah in 1951 to reward meritorious public service in state employ. Awarded in a single class, bronze medal.
The Long Service Medal (): instituted by Sultan Idris Iskandar Al-Mutawakkil Alallahi Shah II in 1969 to reward long service in state employ of at least twenty-five years continuous duration. Awarded in a single class, bronze medal.
Genealogy
Sultan Muzaffar Shah II (1636–1654) — Marhum Jalilu'llah
Sultan Mahmud Iskandar Shah (1654–1720), né Raja Mahmud, son of Sultan Mudzaffar Shah and Puteri Fatimah Puteh, grandson of Raja Abdullah and Puteri Perak, Great grandson of Sultan Abdul Ghafor (Sultan Pahang 12) and Raja Bonda (daughter of Sultan Saiful Rijal, Sultan of Brunei)
Paduka Sri Tuanku Sultan Mansur Shah, Yang di-Pertuan Muda. + before 1720, having had seven sons :
Sultan Ala' ud-din Mughayat Ri'ayat Shah (1720–1728) — né Paduka Sri Tuanku Raja Radin, Raja Muda,
Raja Kechil Bongsu.
Raja Kechil Ampuan. oo ca. 1750, Sultan Mahmud Shah ibni al-Marhum Sultan Muhammad Shah Aminu'llah, Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Perak (d. 17 June 1773), third son of Sultan Muhammad Shah Aminu'llah, Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Perak.
Sultan Muzaffar Shah III Johan Berdaulat Per Alam Jalalu'llah (1728–1742 and 1750–1754) — Marhum Hajiu'llah, né Paduka Sri Tuanku Raja Inu, Raja Muda, of Bernam
Raja 'Abdu'l-Jalil
Raja Daha, Raja Kechil Muda. + after 1752,
Sultan Muhammad Shah (1742–1750) — Marhum Aminu'llah, né Raja Vishnu [Raja Bisnu]
Sultan Iskandar Zulkarnain Inayat Shah (1754–1765) — Marhum Kaharu'llah, né Paduka Sri Tuanku Raja Iskandar, Raja Muda
Raja 'Abdu'l Rahman ibni al-Marhum Sultan Iskandar Zulkarnain . b. at Istana Merchu 'Alam, Pulau Indira Sakti, ca. 1755 (s/o Raja Budak Rasul).
Sultan Mahmud Shah II (1765–1773) — Marhum Muda, né Raja Saleh, Raja Kimas Raja Kechil Muda 1750, Heir Apparent (Tuanku Raja Muda, Wakil us-Sultan, Wazir ul-Azam) 1764. Removed his capital to Pasir Pulai, which he renamed Pulau Besar Indra Mulia. oo ca. 1750, the Raja Kechil Ampuan,
Raja Ibrahim — al-Marhum Sayong, Raja Bendahara. Granted the title of Raja Kechil Muda, and prom. Raja Bendahara Wakil us-Sultan Wazir al-Kabir. Dead before 1786
Raja Mahmud, Raja Bendahara. Granted the title of Raja Kechil Bongsu Muda 1764, and prom. to Raja Bendahara Wakil us-Sultan Wazir al-Kabir 1786. Although the designated heir, he refused to come to Sulong to be recognised as ruler, leaving the body of his grand uncle unburied for three months, thus forfeiting the succession in 1792.
Non dynastic descent
Sultan Ala ud-din Mansur Shah (1773–1792) — Marhum Sulong, né Raja 'Ala ud-din, Raja Bendahara
Raja Inu [al-Marhum Tengah], Raja Bendahara. Granted the title of Raja di-Hiler 1752, and prom. to Raja Bendahara 1773. m. (first) Raja Che' Puan Tengah, daughter of Raja 'Abdu'l-Hamid ibni al-Marhum Sultan Mansur Shah. m. (second) the Che Puan Bendahara, of Labu Kubang Lanih. He had issue, two sons and two daughters:
Raja 'Abdu'l-Rahman bin Raja Inu (s/o Che' Puan Tengah). m. Raja Long Irang Juma'at binti Raja Chulan (she was k. by her husband as she came up from her bath), daughter of Paduka Sri Tuanku Raja Chulan bin Raja 'Abdu'l-Hamid, Raja Muda. He was k. by his father when about to run amok in the Palace.
Paduka Sri Tuanku Raja Radin Shahidu'llah bin Raja Inu, Raja Muda . Granted the title of Raja Bendahara, and appointed as Heir Apparent with the title of Paduka Sri Tuanku Raja Muda, Wakil us-Sultan, Wazir ul-Azam 1786. m. Raja Chu binti Raja Chulan ['Ungku Chu], Raja Che' Puan Besar, younger daughter of Raja Chulan bin Raja 'Abdu'l-Hamid, Raja Muda. He was k. in an attack by Inche' Sadan, at Fort Kepas, 1842, having had issue, one son and two daughters:
Raja 'Umar bin Raja Radin Shahidu'llah.
Sultan Ahmaddin Shah (1792–1806) — Marhum Bongsu, né Raja Ahmad, Raja Kechil Bongsu
Sultan Abdu'l-Malik Mansur Mu'azzam Shah (1806–1825) — Marhum Jamalu'llah, né Raja 'Abdu'l-Malik. Appointed to succeed his father three months after his death because the designated heir, Raja Bendahara Mahmud, would not come down to Sayong to be installed. Established his capital at Pasir Garam. Refused to accept Siamese sovereignty, but was forced to surrender to a large army sent by the Sultan of Kedah, on behalf of the Siamese King. Removed from exercising executive powers by the Sultan of Kedah, after 18 November 1818. Permitted to retain his titles for life, and forbidden from taking part in councils.
Raja Taj ud-din. Regent for his younger brother 1818–1825.
Sultan Abdu'llah Mu'azzam Shah (1825–1830) — Marhum Khalilu'llah, né Paduka Sri Tuanku Raja 'Abdu'llah, Raja Muda
Tuanku Ahmad Shah Johan Berdaulat Khalifatu'llah, Yang di-Pertuan Muda. Granted the title of Raja Kechil Tengah, prom. to Raja di-Hiler, and appointed as deputy ruler with the title of Paduka Sri Tuanku Yang di-Pertuan Muda 1806.
Sultan Ja'afar Safi ud-din Mu'azzam Shah (1857–1865) — Marhum Waliu'llah, né Raja Ngah Ja'afar. Granted the title of Raja Di-Hilir late 1826, prom to Raja Bendahara 1830, and appointed as Heir Apparent with the title of Paduka Sri Tuanku Raja Muda, Wakil us-Sultan, Wazir ul-Azam 1841. Succeeded 1857.
H.M Sultan Abdullah Muhammad Shah II of Perak (1874–1877) — Marhum Habibu'llah, né Raja 'Abdu'llah, Raja Muda, b. 21 September 1842. Appointed as Heir Apparent with the title of Tuanku Raja Muda, Wakil us-Sultan, Wazir ul-Azam, 1865. Went into rebellion and proclaimed himself Sultan, in opposition to Sultan Ismail, ca. 21 February 1872. Recognised as Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan together with the style of His Majesty, by the Treaty of Pangkor, 20 January 1874. Implicated in the murder of the British Resident J W W Burch. Deposed and exiled to the Seychelles on 30 March 1877, where he spent five years on the island of Félicité and before removing to Mahé. Allowed to return to Malaya and settled at Singapore 13 March 1895, later removed to Penang, before finally returning to Kuala Kangsar in 1912. Styled Ex-Sultan ‘Abdu’llah Muhammad Shah Habibu’llah ibni al-Marhum Sultan Ja’afar Safi ud-din Mu’azzam Shah with the style of His Highness, after his abdication. A gifted artist and composer during his years of exile, including what became the Malaysian National Anthem in 1957.
Raja Chulan
Raja Zainal Azman
(6) Raja Izuddin Chulan Raja Kechil Bongsu
Raja Musa. Appointed as Heir Apparent with the title of Tuanku Raja Muda, Wakil us-Sultan, Wazir ul-Azam 12 January 1899. + 1906
Sultan Abdu'l-Aziz al-Mu'tasim Shah Billah KCMG, KBE (1938-1948) — Marhum Nik'matullah. b. 14 November 1887, Appointed as Heir Presumptive with the title of Raja Bendahara Wakil us-Sultan Wazir al-Kabir, 1 August 1918 and Heir Apparent with the title of Tuanku Raja Muda, Wakil us-Sultan, Wazir ul-Azam, 18 December 1918. Succeeded 14 October 1938. Proclaimed at Kuala Kangsar, 17 October 1938. Crowned at the Istana Iskandariah, Bukit Chandan, Kuala Kangsar, 4 March 1939. Rcvd: Silver Jubilee (1935), and Coron (1937) medals, and KC of the Order of the Crown of Siam (1924).
Raja Dato’ Musa, Raja Muda. b. 16 June 1919. Granted the title of Raja Kechil Bongsu 15 October 1938, prom. to Raja Kechil Muda 1 January 1940, Raja Kechil Sulong 1945, Raja Kechil Besar 1953, Raja di-Hiler 30 June 1962, and appointed as Heir Apparent with the title of Tuanku Raja Muda, Wakil us-Sultan, Wazir ul-Azam 1 March 1963. Hon ADC to the Sultan 1948. Rcvd: SPMP, JP, PJK, DYTM. He died at London, 12 May 1983. Eleven sons :
a) (1) Commander DiRaja Dato’ Sri Raja Muda Ja’afar . b. 26 September 1941. Raised to the titles of Raja Kechil Tengah 3 February 1984, Raja Kechil Sulong 1998, and Raja Di-Hilir 10 March 1998. Rcvd: DK (15.4.1998), SPCM (19.4.1986), JSM. new Raja Muda 20 June 2014. Rcvd: DK (20.6.2014)
i) Raja Shah Azman
b) Captain Raja Kobat Saleh ud-din [Roger Kobat]. b. at Taiping, 30 January 1943. Two daughters
c) Raja Taj ud-din ibni al-Marhum Raja Muda Musa (s/o Mariam).
d) Raja Saleh uz-Zaman ibni al-Marhum Raja Muda Musa (s/o Mariam), educ. Malay Coll, Kuala Kangsar.
e) Raja ‘Ala ud-din ibni al-Marhum Raja Muda Musa (s/o Mariam). Copyright©Christopher Buyers
f) Raja Dato’ ‘Abdu’l Aziz ibni al-Marhum Raja Muda Musa (s/o Mariam) b. 1949, Rcvd: DPMP (23.4.2007), educ. Malay Coll, Kuala Kangsar. Two daughters and two sons.
g) Raja Shahrir uz-Zaman ibni al-Marhum Raja Muda Musa. b. 1950 (s/o Rafida), educ. Malay Coll, Kuala Kangsar.
h) Raja Muhammad Hatta . 3 children, 2 daughters
i) Raja ‘Abdu’l Rahman
j) Raja ‘Abdu’l Razak. Author and journalist.
k) Raja Muzafar Shah. Rcvd: PMP (2008). One daughter
Raja Ja'afar Billah
Raja Alang Iskandar Shah — Marhum Kuala Teja, Raja Bendahara (cre. 1841)
Raja Hasan
Raja Ngah Ja'afar.
Raja Kulop Muhammad Kramat, of Kuala Dipang
Raja Ismail
Raja Andak
Sultan Sir Idris Murshid al-Azzam Shah GCMG, GCVO (1887–1916) — Marhum Rahmatu'llah, né Raja Idris [Dris], Raja Muda,
Sultan ‘Abdu’l Jalil Nasir ud-din Muhtaram KCMG, OBE ( – 20 January 1916 - November 1918) — Marhum Radziallah
Sultan Yusuf Izz ud-din Rathiu’llah KCMG (15 January 1890 – 29 March 1948 – 4 January 1963) — Marhum Ghafarullah.
Sultan ‘Azlan Muhib ud-din Shah GCB, KStJ (19 April 1928 – 3 February 1984 – 28 May 2014). Granted the title of Raja Kechil Bongsu 19 August 1962, prom. to Raja Kechil Tengah 1 March 1963, Raja Kechil Sulong 1 January 1978, Raja Kechil Besar 1 August 1978, and appointed as Heir Apparent with the title of Tuanku Raja Muda, Wakil us-Sultan, Wazir ul-Azam 1 July 1983. Succeeded on the death of his uncle, 31 January 1984. Proclaimed at Ipoh, 3 February 1984. Crowned at Istana Kinta, Kuala Kangsar, 9 December 1985. Elected as Deputy Supreme Head of State with the title of Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agung, 9 February 1984. Installed at Istana Negara, Kuala Lumpur, 29 April 1984. Elected King of Malaysia with the title of Yang di-Pertuan Agung and style of Majesty, 2 March 1989. Crowned at Istana Negara, Kuala Lumpur, 26 April 1989. Left office and returned to Perak, 25 April 1994.
Sultan Nazrin Mu-izz ud-din Shah (27 November 1956 – 29 May 2014 - ). Granted the title of Raja Kechil Besar 16 February 1984, and appointed as Heir Apparent with the title of Tuanku Raja Muda, Wakil us-Sultan, Wazir ul-Azam 15 April 1987. Regent of Perak from 26 April 1989 to 25 April 1994 and from 27 January 2008 to 28 May 2014. Succeeded on the death of his father, 28 May 2014. Proclaimed in Kuala Kangsar, 29 May 2014. Crowned at the Balairong Seri, Istana Iskandariah, Bukit Chandan, Kuala Kangsar, 6 May 2015. Rcvd: DK, DKSA (18.4.2005), SPCM (19.4.1986), SPTS (19.4.1989), SPMP of Perlis, DK II of Selangor (13.12.2003), etc. m. at the Balai Istiadat, Istana Iskandariah, Bukit Chandan, Kuala Kangsar, 17 May 2007, Tuanku Zara binti Salim, Raja Puan Besar (b. at Ipoh, 22 March 1973), invested with the title of Raja Puan Besar 18 May 2007, rcvd: DKSA (18.5.2007), DKA.
(3) Raja Azlan Muzzaffar Shah. b. 14 March 2008, Raja Kechil Besar 20 Jun 2014, rcvd: SPMP, SPCM.
Raja Nazira Safya. b. 2 August 2011
Raja Dato’ Seri Ashman Shah, Raja Kechil Sulong. b. 28 December 1958. Granted the title of Raja Kechil Bongsu 11 May 1987, and prom to Raja Kechil Tengah 10 March 1998, and prom to Raja Kechil Sulong 16 March 2010. Rcvd: SPCM (19.4.1988). He died following a severe attack of asthma, 30 March 2012
(4) Raja Dato’ Seri Ahmad Nazim Azlan Shah, Raja Kechil Sulong . b. 10 March 1994. Granted the title of Raja Kechil Tengah 18 March 2010. Rcvd: DKA II (24.4.2010). Raja Kechil Sulong 1.4.2012. Rcvd: SPCM
Raja Ziran @ Raja Zaid (died 1979)
(5) Raja Iskandar, Raja Kechil Tengah
Sultan Iskandar of Perak GCMG, KCVO (10 May 1881 – Nov 1918 – 14 October 1938) — Marhum Kadassallah
Sultan Idris II al-Mutawakil Allahahi Shah CMG (12 August 1924 – 5 January 1963 – 31 January 1984) — Marhum Afifu’llah. b. 12 August 1924, as Raja Iris Shah. Granted the title of Raja di-Hiler 10 May 1934, prom to Raja Bendahara Wakil us-Sultan Wazir al-Kabir 15 October 1938, and appointed as Heir Apparent with the title of Tuanku Raja Muda, Wakil us-Sultan, Wazir ul-Azam 12 July 1948. Succeeded on the death of his cousin, 4 January 1963. Proclaimed 6 January 1963. Crowned at the Balarong Sri, Istana Iskandariah, Bukit Chandan, Kuala Kangsar, 26 October 1963.
Raja Dato’ Sri Yusuf ‘Izz ud-din Iskandar Shah al-Haj . b. at Istana Raja Muda, Teluk Anson, 1954. Rcvd: SPCM (1.7.1983), DSAP. Granted the title of Raja Kechil Bongsu 1st March 1963, suspended for ten years 1978 but pardoned and reinstated 31st March 1979, prom to Raja Kechil Tengah 1st April 1979, prom to Raja Kechil Sulong 1st July 1983, and prom to Raja Kechil Besar 11th May 1987 (stripped of the title following a declaration of bankruptcy, 25th November 2006). m. Tengku Datin Sri Noor Hazah al-Hajjah binti Tengku ‘Abdu’l Aziz Shah (b. 7th November 1955), Presdt Malaysian Netball Assoc (MNA), daughter of Tengku ‘Abdu’l Aziz Shah ibni al-Marhum Sultan ‘Ala ud-din Sulaiman Shah, Tengku Indra Setia di-Raja, of Selangor, by his second wife, Sharifa Hasnah binti Sayyid Zain Shahab ud-din. He had issue, two sons and three daughters:
Raja Muzaffar Idris Shah [Ariezz]. b. at Ipoh, 28th December 19XX
Raja Putra Muhamad Riza. b. at Ipoh, 13 December 1981
(2) Raja Dato’ Sri Haji Iskandar Zulkarnain . Granted the title of Raja Kechil Bongsu 3 February 1984, prom to Raja Kechil Tengah 11 May 1987, to Raja Kechil Sulong 10 March 1998, and to Raja Kechil Besar 18 March 2010. Rcvd: SPCM (1.7.1983), SSDK. new Raja Di-Hilir 20 June 2014. Rcvd: DK (20.6.2014)
Raja Nabil Imran.
Raja Idris Shah.
Raja Siff ud-din.
D.Raja Dato’ Sri Ahmad Shiff ud-din Shah [Tengku Tam], Raja Muda. b. 1930. Granted the title of Raja Kechil Sulong 1982, and appointed as Heir Apparent with the title of Tuanku Raja Muda, Wakil us-Sultan, Wazir ul-Azam 3 February 1984. Rcvd: DK, SPCM (1.7.1983, DPCM), SPMK, JP. He died from heart failure, at the General Hospital, Kuala Trengganu, 12 April 1987 (bur. Royal Mausoleum, Bukit Chandan, Kuala Kangsar)
Raja Ain ul-Azam. Rcvd: AMP (19.4.2002).
Raja Najib ud-din
Raja Saif ul-Adian
Raja Khair ul-Annuar
Raja Muhammad Alwi
Raja Kamar Azhar
Raja Iskandar Muda
Raja Ismail Mudzaffar Shah
Raja Lope Ahmad
Raja Inu
Raja Zainal Rashid
Raja Muhammad Rashid
Raja Inu Muhammad Saleh, Raja Kechil Lasa
Sultan Shahab ud-din Ri'ayat Shah (1830–1851) — Marhum Safiu'llah, né Raja Chulan. Granted the title of Raja Kechil Muda 1786, prom. to Raja Bendahara, and appointed as Heir Apparent with the title of Paduka Sri Tuanku Raja Muda, Wakil us-Sultan, Wazir ul-Azam, 1826. Succeeded 20 December 1830.
Raja Mahmud, dead at a young age.
Sultan Ali al-Mukammil 'Inayat Shah (1865 - 1871) — Marhum Nabiu'llah, né Raja Ngah 'Ali. Appointed as Heir Apparent with the title of Tuanku Raja Muda, Wakil us-Sultan, Wazir ul-Azam, 1850. Succeeded, 20 March 1865. Installed 9 October 1865.
Raja 'Usman, Raja Bendahara Wakil us-Sultan Wazir al-Kabir (s/o Raja Puteh Zalikha). Appointed as Heir Presumptive with the title of Raja Bendahara Wakil us-Sultan Wazir al-Kabir 3 July 1871, becoming the first to be so styled. Regent of Perak 1876. + 1876
Raja Muhammad bin Raja 'Usman, Orang Kaya-Kaya Imam Paduka Tuan.
Raja 'Umar
Raja Ngah Abu Bakar. b. February 1870.
Raja Mahadi
Raja Musa OStJ (1957). b. 24 March 1903 Rcvd: Defence (1945) and Coron. (1953) medals.
Raja 'Abdu'l-Aziz . b. 12 December 1940
Raja Muhammad Iskandar
Raja Ngah 'Ali, Raja Kechil Tengah. Granted the title of Raja Kechil Bongsu 1 October 1941, and prom. to Raja Kechil Tenah 15 July 1948. Hon. ADC to the Sultan 1948. He died 12 May 1955
Raja Othman
Raja Amin ud-din. Two daughters
(b) Raja Chulan
Raja 'Abdu'l-Rahman, Raja Bendahara. Granted the title of Raja Kechil Sulong Tua, prom. to Raja Kechil Bongsu 1825, and finally to Raja Bendahara 1826.
Sultan Abdu'llah Muhammad Shah I (1851–1857) — Marhum 'Atiku'llah, né Raja 'Abdu'llah. Granted the title of Raja Kechil Muda, prom. to Raja di-Hiler 1826, and finally Raja Bendahara late 1826.
Sultan Yusuf Sharif ud-din Muzaffar Shah (1877 - 1887) — Marhum Ghafiru'llah. Appointed as heir apparent with the title of Tuanku Raja Muda, Wakil us-Sultan, Wazir ul-Azam April 1875. Appointed as Regent of Perak with the style of His Highness, 30 March 1877. Crowned as Sultan, at Kuala Kangsar 11 May 1887.
See also
Agnatic seniority
Family tree of Malaysian monarchs
Family tree of Perak monarchs
Makam Al-Ghufran (Perak Royal Mausoleum)
Monarchies of Malaysia
Sultan of Johor
References
Perak
1528 establishments in Asia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan%20of%20Perak |
The Nilgiri-class frigates were updated versions of the , designed and built for the Indian Navy by Mazagon Dock Limited in Mumbai. Six ships were built between 1972–81. Vessels of the class formed the 14th Frigate Squadron. The lead ship was the first major warship to be built in India and was built in collaboration with Yarrow Shipbuilders of the United Kingdom.
The class and its lead ship, INS Nilgiri are named for the Nilgiri Hills. Subsequent ships in the class are also named for hill ranges of India.
When the British refused to provide license production of the radar suite, the Indian Navy teamed up with Signaal of Netherlands to license-build a similar radar search, tracking and fire control suite in India, which went into the latter five ships. Improved versions of the Signaal search radar continues to be fitted in later classes of Indian Navy ships. The last two ships, and were modified significantly with the addition of a Sea King ASW helicopter, a collapsible Canadian hangar, ILAS 324 mm triple torpedo tubes and a Bofors ASW twin barrel mortar. This re-design was done indigenously by the Indian Navy and gave it much needed experience and confidence in ship-design and modification. They were also fitted with an indigenous ASW fire control action information system which was a first for the Indian electronics industry. This project was led by Captain (later Rear Admiral) Prakash N Gour. The British categorically refused to extend their design warranty to the Indian modifications which nevertheless proved to be a success.
The Nilgiri class has been decommissioned by the navy, with the entry into service of the . Five ships have been decommissioned and one sunk in an accident. INS Taragiri was the last ship of the class to be decommissioned, on 27 June 2013 in Mumbai, after serving 33 years in the navy.
History
In November 1960, construction of three Leander-class frigates were approved by the government of India. The first frigate was ordered in July 1965 and the next two were ordered in September 1967. Three more frigates were ordered in July 1970. The Nilgiri-class frigates served as the mainstay and workhorse of the Indian Navy during the 1980s and early 1990s. The last two vessels (Taragiri and Vindhyagiri) had more powerful engines than the earlier vessels.
Taragiri had a serious fire in July 1994, but was repaired and was back in active service in 1995. Westinghouse supplied the Indian Navy with ASW sonar systems, two hull mounted arrays and three variable depth sonar arrays which are installed inside towed bodies built by Fathom Ocean Ltd. Transducer elements in both cases are identical. underwent a refit at Naval Dockyard, Mumbai. The remaining vessels in the series were expected to have their armaments brought into line with later ships.
was used as a trial ship for the indigenous APSOH (Advanced Panoramic Sonar Hull) sonar.
Ships
References
Bibliography
External links
Bharat Rakshak
Video of INS Dunagiri
Frigate classes
it:Classe Leander (fregata)#Classe Nilgiri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri-class%20frigate%20%281972%29 |
The Cambridge Camden Society, known from 1845 (when it moved to London) as the Ecclesiological Society, was a learned architectural society founded in 1839 by undergraduate students at Cambridge University to promote "the study of Gothic Architecture, and of Ecclesiastical Antiques". Its activities came to include publishing a monthly journal, The Ecclesiologist, advising church builders on their blueprints, and advocating a return to a medieval style of church architecture in England. At its peak influence in the 1840s, the society had over 700 members, including bishops of the Church of England, deans at Cambridge University, and Members of Parliament. The society and its publications enjoyed wide influence over the design of English churches throughout the 19th century, and are often known as the ecclesiological movement.
During its 20-year lifespan, the Cambridge Camden Society and its journal influenced virtually every aspect of the Anglican Church and almost single-handedly reinvented the architectural design of the parish church. The group was responsible for launching some of the first earnest investigations of medieval church design and through its publications invented and shaped the "science" of ecclesiology. Throughout its lifetime, all of the Society's actions had one goal: to return the Church and churches of England to the religious splendour of the Middle Ages. As well as aesthetic arguments, a number of theological arguments for the unique appropriateness of the Gothic to church buildings were promoted. The Cambridge Camden Society held tremendous influence in the architectural and ecclesiastical worlds because of the success of this argument: that the corruption and ugliness of the 19th century could be escaped by the earnest attempt to recapture the piety and beauty of the Middle Ages.
The society took its original name from the 16th-century antiquary and historian William Camden. It was re-established as the St Paul's Ecclesiological Society in 1879. That society reverted to the old name, the Ecclesiological Society, in 1937.
Sources and inspiration
The society's "ecclesiology" was an idea about both architecture and worship, inspired by the associationism of the Gothic revival and reform movements within the Anglican Church. Beginning as far back as Horace Walpole's Strawberry Hill, Gothic architecture was used to associate a building with certain attractive aspects of the Middle Ages. For the early revivalists, this attractiveness was the picturesque quality of the architecture. However, the Middle Ages had always had a strong association with religious piety. The Anglican Church of the early 19th century was a languishing body, filled with corruption among the clergy and a lack of respect among the parishioners.
When, in 1833 John Henry Newman began the Oxford Movement, or Tractarianism, a renewal of theology, ecclesiology, sacraments, and liturgical practices within the Anglican Church, all of the pieces were in place for the inception of the Cambridge Camden Society. Its founders, John Mason Neale, Alexander Hope, and Benjamin Webb, formed the society with the belief that by using Church reform in conjunction with piety of Gothic architecture, England could recapture the religious perfection of the Middle Ages. Their idealism is clear in one of the society's early letters: "We know that [medieval] Catholick ethics gave rise to Catholick architecture; may we not hope that, by a kind of reversed process, association with Catholick architecture will give rise to Catholick ethics?" The Ecclesiologists earnestly believed that medieval men were "more spiritually-minded and less worldly-minded" than were those of the modern world and that it was their duty to help return England to its former piety.
Beginnings
The Cambridge Camden Society began in May 1839 as a club for Cambridge undergraduates who shared a common interest in Gothic church design. Its first activities were the collection of information about churches across the island. The amount of knowledge obtained from travellers' visits to and careful measurements of long-forgotten parish churches was immense and led to the publication of A Few Hints on the Practical Study of Ecclesiological Antiquities. This handbook contained "A Blank form for the Description of a Church", which was a checklist of medieval architectural elements one could use to examine a church. This checklist was not only a useful tool for the investigator, but served as a database of knowledge for the society, and was constantly updated with more detailed information sent from country churches. Thus the Cambridge Camden Society amassed an enormous amount of information about medieval parish churches and came to be seen as an authority on religious architecture. Nor was this attribution misplaced. The society's vigour in examining and defining every detail of the medieval church was enormous, so much so that its magazine, the Ecclesiologist published both heated debates about the usage of small slits dubbed "lychnoscopes" that were observed in some churches and an invention called an "Orientator" that allowed one to determine whether or not a church faced exactly East. The motive for these extraordinarily scrutinising investigations was the society's unshakeable belief that man could regain the piety of the Middle Ages by carefully reconstructing them.
A Few Words to Church-builders
In 1841 the society published a pamphlet entitled A Few Words to Church-builders, summarising its ideas about what a modern church should be. It consisted of 32 pages with an appendix of 22 pages. In the first edition they recommended the early English style for small chapels and the decorated or perpendicular for larger ones, but by the third edition of 1844 (29 pages only) they were unreservedly recommending the Decorated style. The two essential parts of a church were a nave, and a well-defined chancel not less than a third of the length of the nave. Aisles were recommended, because a tripartite church symbolised the Holy Trinity, but a single aisle was acceptable, if that was all funds permitted. A tower could be in any position, except over the altar, but was not essential. Stone should be used, not brick, flint being perfectly acceptable. The chancel to be was strictly for the clergy, and no laity should enter. It should be raised at least two steps above the nave, and the altar should also be raised. Chancel and nave should be separated by a roodscreen, "that most beautiful and Catholick appendage to a church". This was a radical recommendation–the pamphlet points out that not one modern church had such a screen. The author also had a liking for sedilia and aumbries. The font must be in the nave and near a door. Seating should not be in closed pews, but open benches or chairs, and galleries were inadmissible.
The Ecclesiologist
The popularity of the Cambridge Camden Society's handbook soon led some churchwardens to seek advice on how to restore their dilapidated buildings. These solicitations were enthusiastically answered and the Cambridge Camden Society's mission changed from mere antiquarianism to architectural consultation. The society's advice soon found a forum in The Ecclesiologist, the Cambridge Camden Society's newsletter, the first issue of which was first published in October 1841. The publication began as "a periodical report of the society, primarily addressed to, and intended for the use of, the members of that body". Because of the authority the society wielded in architectural matters, however, it soon published architectural criticism. The newsletter reviewed over one thousand churches in its twenty-year span and never hesitated to lambast both a building and its architect for anything inconsistent with its view of the "middle pointed" (i.e. Decorated).
As often as not, the Society's verdict on an architect's work was determined as much by his personal life as his building design. Although A. W. N. Pugin was by any standard a pioneer of the Gothic revival and had aesthetic tastes very close to those of the Cambridge Camden Society, he was unequivocally condemned for his Roman Catholicism. Likewise, the publication says of Thomas Rickman, a Quaker, "many have really felt it a stumbling-block that a person of Mr. Rickman's religious persuasion should be regarded as a benefactor to Christian Art" and "he did very little … and his churches are monuments of extreme ecclesiological ignorance." Although many architects drew the ire of The Ecclesiologist, the editors did not hesitate to lavish praise on those select few whom they deemed worthy. Henry C. Carpenter's Church of St Paul, Bristol was widely praised for its correctness, as was S. W. Daukes' Church of St Andrew, Wells Street, London. The highest praise of all was given, in July 1842, to John Hayward for St Andrew's Church, Exwick, Devon; this was proudly pronounced "the best specimen of modern church we have yet seen".
The Society's favourite, however, was undoubtedly William Butterfield. The architect was a man of tremendous religious conviction who refused to build for Roman Catholics. Despite his frequent infringements of the rules set out by The Ecclesiologist, Butterfield retained a special status with the Society which culminated in its high praise of All Saints, Margaret Street. Despite numerous violations of its principles, such as his use of brick, expressly forbidden by The Ecclesiologist, the Society went so far as to bankroll Butterfield's church. Although the Cambridge Camden Society claimed to be solely concerned with architecture, its criticism and praise of designers was often based as much on their personal convictions as it was on Gothic correctness.
The Ecclesiologist was also the vehicle by which the Cambridge Camden Society launched its two most important campaigns, the abolition of pews and the reintroduction of chancels to churches. The society received much sympathy in its call to rid churches of purchased pews, perhaps in part due to its fiery rhetoric: "What is the history of pues, but the history of the intrusion of human pride, selfishness, and indolence, into the worship of God?" At first, the society had a hard time convincing builders to incorporate chancel areas because, since Anglican clergy were no longer separated from the congregation by an altar, there was no real purpose for the expensive addition. The problem was solved, however, when Walter Hook and John Jebb, clergymen at Leeds and Hereford, respectively, proposed that chancels be used for lay choirs. Soon almost all old churches were dismantling their pews, and new churches were being built with chancels. Both issues were major successes and seen as significant steps in the Cambridge Camden Society's quest to "medievalise" the English Church.
Piety and theology
Members of the society also published books such as the Hierugia Anglicana, which sought to prove that medieval Catholic ritual had lived on in the Anglican Church past the Reformation and was therefore a proper way to offer worship. Another important work was The Symbolism of Churches and Church Ornaments, also known by the name of the medieval author who inspired it, Durandus. In this book, Neale and Webb sought to prove that absolutely every architectural element of the medieval church building was religiously symbolic and represented Christian piety and thought well above that of the 19th century. The work also proclaimed that church architects must "take a religious view of their profession" and that "we do protest against the merely business-like spirit of the modern profession, and demand from them a more elevated and directly religious habit of mind". Although nominally scholarly, these persuasive works were quite obviously intended to further the society's own philosophical and theological viewpoints.
The theological doctrines espoused by the Cambridge Camden Society were never gentle and the society had many critics, both religious and architectural. Members of the Anglican Church detested the "popish" and "romanising" tendencies they saw in the Ecclesiologist's judgements while Catholics such as Pugin resented the idea that the Roman Church had lost its piety and vigour. Because the Society's doctrines were so closely related to the Oxford Movement, it also drew heavy criticism from the anti-Tractarianists. The Cambridge Camden Society had a clever smokescreen to avoid addressing such attacks, however. Its bylaws forbad theological debate, insisting that the Society was solely architectural in its mission. Thus although its leaders put forth a definite theological position, they could never be charged with direct meddling in Church matters. This defence worked most of the time, but it did not lessen the hatred many had for the Society's disguised theological agenda. Likewise, many architects despised the Society for its intolerance of creative freedom. Self-righteous outbursts like the Ecclesiologist's assertion that "it is no sign of weakness to be content to copy acknowledged perfection: it is rather a sign of presumption to expect to rival it in any other way" did little to win over its architectural enemies. Despite this, the Cambridge Camden Society and its Ecclesiologists never really lost a battle with its critics, aside from its forced removal from Cambridge to London in 1845 after an attack by anti-tractarianists. The society had so over the architectural community that when it disbanded in 1868, most felt that it had done everything it had set out to accomplish.
Results
In the end, the Cambridge Camden Society's accomplishments were so pervasive that they have often been taken for granted. Historian James F. White states that "even buildings built in contemporary styles, with few exceptions, use the liturgical arrangement developed over a century ago by the Cambridge Camden Society. Here, many have felt, is the 'correct' way of building churches, and thousands of parishes all over have adapted their worship to fit this variety of building." Pews bought by money have vanished entirely thanks to the Society's campaign and chancels have been a normal feature in Neo-Medieval churches since the 1860s.
Although the Society did not win the Anglican Church over so wholly with its arguments promoting medieval ritual, it did help to draw attention to injustices committed in the Church and initiated much-needed reform. Even the music of the Church was affected by the Cambridge Camden Society. Under the auspices of the society, John Neale published the Hymnal Noted, a collection of more than one hundred hymns, among which was Neale's "O come, O come, Emmanuel", which he translated from 12th-century Latin.
Although a society of undergraduate students could hardly be expected to change the very nature of church building and worship across the world, the Cambridge Camden Society came very near to doing so. Incubated in Architectural Associationism, Romantic notions of the Middle Ages, and the Oxford reform movement, the Society sought to return England to its medieval past, and in its quest helped to rediscover the beauty of Gothic architecture and to rejuvenate the Anglican Church.
The last issue of The Ecclesiologist in 1868 was able to claim, with some truth, that "we have the satisfaction of retiring from the field victors".
Publications of the Society
The Ecclesiologist (1841–1869)
A Few Words to Churchwardens on Churches and Church Ornamentation (1842)
A Few Words to Church-builders
Twenty-three Reasons for Getting Rid of Church Pues
References
Sources
White, James F., The Cambridge Movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962.
Fontaney, Pierre (ed.), Le Renouveau Gothique en Angleterre. Bordeaux: Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux, 1989.
External links
The Ecclesiological Society website
Student organizations established in 1839
1868 disestablishments
Clubs and societies in Cambridgeshire
History organisations based in London
Defunct learned societies of the United Kingdom
Organisations associated with the University of Cambridge
Architecture organisations based in the United Kingdom
Anglicanism
Gothic Revival architecture in England
1839 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge%20Camden%20Society |
Russell Ciochon (born March 11, 1948) is an American paleoanthropologist. He was born in Altadena, California and received three degrees (B.A. in 1971; M.A. in 1974; and PhD. in 1986) in anthropology from the University of California, Berkeley. He is currently a professor of anthropology at the University of Iowa. He is known primarily for his research into Gigantopithecus.
Awards and honors
1971 - Phi Beta Kappa
1972-1976 - U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIGMS) Predoctoral Fellowship
1986 - American Men and Women of Science
1990-1993 - University of Iowa Faculty Scholar Award
1992 - Who’s Who in Science and Engineering
1995 - Who’s Who in the World
1999 - International Authors and Writers Who's Who
2001 - Fellow National, The Explorer's Club, New York
Television appearances
He has appeared in the documentaries: Sasquatch: Legend Meets Science on the Discovery Channel, and most recently on Giganto: The Real King Kong which aired on The History Channel. Both of those shows dealt with Gigantopithecus, one of Ciochon's specialties.
External links
Russell Ciochon's Bioanthropology Website
Russell Ciochon's Faculty Members page at the University of Iowa site
Russell Ciochon's Curriculum Vitae
References
21st-century American anthropologists
American paleoanthropologists
1948 births
Living people
University of Iowa faculty
UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
Fellows of the Explorers Club
People from Altadena, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%20Ciochon |
Cowherd is the surname of:
Colin Cowherd (born 1964), American sports radio host
Kevin Cowherd, American author, humorist and former newspaper columnist
Leonard Cowherd, American soldier killed in the Iraq War, one of the subjects of the documentary Last Letters Home
Thomas Cowherd (1817–1907), Canadian tinsmith and poet who helped telephone inventor Alexander Graham Bel
William Cowherd (1763–1816), English clergyman
William S. Cowherd (1860–1915), American mayor of Kansas City and U.S. congressman for Missouri
See also
The Cowherd, the male protagonist of the Chinese story "The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl"
Cowboy, an American who herds cattle on horseback
Cowman (profession) in the UK, akin to ranch hand or dairy worker in North America
Stockman (Australia), who works with cattle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowherd |
Ditellurium decafluoride was widely reported in the literature but what was believed to be Te2F10 has been shown to be bis(pentafluorotelluryl) oxide, F5TeOTeF5. An account as to how this error occurred was made by P. M. Watkins.
If it existed, it would be valence isoelectronic with disulfur decafluoride, and have a similar structure.
References
Tellurium compounds
Fluorides
Nonmetal halides
Chalcohalides
Hypothetical chemical compounds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditellurium%20decafluoride |
Ricky Allen Helling (born December 15, 1970) is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher.
High school and college
Helling attended Lakota High School in Lakota, North Dakota for three years, before graduating from Shanley High School in Fargo, North Dakota. He was a letterman in football, basketball, and baseball. In football, he was a three-time All-Conference honoree. In basketball, he led the state in scoring.
Helling accepted a scholarship to play college football at North Dakota but redshirted as a freshman and transferred to Kishwaukee College during his first semester in order to play college baseball. He performed well enough at Kishwaukee to earn a baseball scholarship to Stanford University. While at Stanford he joined Delta Tau Delta International Fraternity. He was selected by the Texas Rangers in the 1st round of the 1992 Major League Baseball Draft.
Writer Chuck Klosterman describes Rick Helling as his personal archenemy.
Baseball career
Helling was an early critic of performance-enhancing drugs in Major League Baseball, warning the Players Union as early as 1998 that drugs were a problem in the sport; he served as a Union Executive Board Member from 1999 to 2007.
Helling was a member of two World Series Championship teams: the 1997 World Series Champion Florida Marlins and the 2003 World Series Champion Florida Marlins. Despite being traded to the Texas Rangers earlier in the 1997 season, which meant he did not participate in the Marlins' World Series win that year, he was awarded a World Series ring by his former teammates because of his half-season contribution.
On August 13, 1996, Helling pitched a perfect game while with the Rangers' Triple-A Oklahoma City 89ers against the Nashville Sounds. He struck out four batters in the nine-inning game.
In 1998 he won five straight games on the road; no Texas pitcher matched that accomplishment until Scott Feldman surpassed it in 2009. Helling had his best season in going 20–7, tying for the American League lead in wins with David Cone and Roger Clemens. His 11 road victories in 1998 set a club record, later matched by Vicente Padilla (2008) and surpassed by Feldman (2009).
In 1999, Helling started 35 games for the Rangers, going 13-11 while leading the majors with 41 home runs allowed.
In , Helling broke a 30-year-old record by giving up 66 doubles. One year later, he broke his record by allowing 68 doubles.
In 2001, Helling led the majors in hits allowed (256), earned runs (124) and home runs allowed (38).
Helling signed a one-year deal with the Diamondbacks in 2002. In his lone season with Arizona, Helling went 10–12 in 30 starts. After the season, Helling signed with the Baltimore Orioles.
Helling spent half the season in Baltimore before being traded back to the Florida Marlins.
Helling did not pitch in 2004 due to injury. On June 20, , Helling struck out three batters on nine pitches—Curtis Granderson, Plácido Polanco and Iván Rodríguez—in the first inning of a 10–1 loss to the Detroit Tigers, thereby becoming the 38th pitcher in major league history to throw an immaculate inning.
On February 5, , he announced his retirement to spend more time with his family.
Post-baseball life
On March 17, 2009, he was hired as a special assistant to the head of the Major League Baseball Players Association, Donald Fehr.
He currently resides in Minneapolis–Saint Paul. He also coaches football at Minnetonka High School. Notable former players include K'Andre Miller of the New York Rangers in the NHL. K'Andre considers Helling as a mentor.
See also
List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders
List of Texas Rangers Opening Day starting pitchers
References
External links
Living people
1970 births
Major League Baseball pitchers
Kishwaukee Kougars baseball players
Florida Marlins players
Milwaukee Brewers players
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Texas Rangers players
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball players at the 1991 Pan American Games
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Olympic baseball players for the United States
Baseball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
American League wins champions
Charlotte Rangers players
Tulsa Drillers players
Tucson Sidewinders players
Rochester Red Wings players
Oklahoma City 89ers players
Nashville Sounds players
New Britain Rock Cats players
Oklahoma RedHawks players
People from Nelson County, North Dakota
People from Ramsey County, North Dakota
Baseball players from North Dakota
Pan American Games medalists in baseball
Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games
Stanford Cardinal baseball players
North Dakota Fighting Hawks football players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick%20Helling |
Makbule Hande Özyener (born 12 January 1973), better known by her stage name Hande Yener, is a Turkish singer. She made her debut in the early 2000s, and since then has become a prominent figure of Turkish pop music with numerous songs that topped the music charts. Alongside her music career, she is also known for her choice of clothes and has renewed her image multiple times over the years. She has occasionally made changes in her music style as well; for a while, she started making electronic music, but this period was short-lived and she again returned to performing pop music. During her career, both her professional and personal life have been among the favorite subjects of columnists, and her rivalry and on and off feud with Demet Akalın were covered in the tabloids from time to time.
Yener was born in Kadıköy, Istanbul. After finishing her middle school she decided to go to a conservatory, but after facing objections from her family, she enrolled in Erenköy Girls High School. She left the school while in the second grade and got married. To achieve her dream of becoming a singer, she tried to get in contact with Sezen Aksu, and while she was working as a shop assistant she met Hülya Avşar who later introduced her to Aksu. She worked as Aksu's backing vocalist for a while, before working with Altan Çetin who helped her with preparing her first studio album, Senden İbaret, which was released in 2000. She later released the MÜ-YAP certificated album Sen Yoluna... Ben Yoluma... (2002), followed by Aşk Kadın Ruhundan Anlamıyor (2004) and Apayrı (2006). These albums made her one of the successful artists inside Turkey in the 2000s. With the album Nasıl Delirdim? (2007), she shifted her style to electronic music and distanced herself from pop music for a while. During this period, which formed the first decade of her career, many of her songs became hits, including "Yalanın Batsın", "Sen Yoluna... Ben Yoluma...", "Acele Etme", "Kırmızı", "Kelepçe", "Aşkın Ateşi", "Kibir" and "Romeo".
Although Yener's electronic songs received critical praise, she suffered commercial loss compared to her previous works, which resulted in several problems with her producing partners, causing a change in the production company and label twice. Hence, Yener's era of electronic music ended in a few years and with the pop album Hande'ye Neler Oluyor? (2010) she returned to pop music charts. The pop albums released in this phase of her career were often compared to her initial albums, and although they received mixed reviews in general, many of their songs, especially those from Mükemmel (2014) and Hepsi Hit Vol. 1 and Vol. 2 (2016–17) topped the music charts in Turkey. Among these songs were "Bodrum", "Ya Ya Ya Ya", "Naber", "Sebastian", "Mor", "Bakıcaz Artık" and "Beni Sev".
Throughout her career, Yener has been influenced by a number of artists, including Madonna to whom her image, clips and performances were often compared. In the 2000s, she was one of the few artists who had an album that sold over 1 million copies in Turkey. In 2013, she was the Turkish singer whose music videos were viewed the most on YouTube. By the end of the 2000s, she was known as a gay icon inside Turkey, and made some statements demanding the advancement of LGBT rights in Turkey, but she became the target of criticism after being silent about LGBT issues in the following years. In the second half of the 2010s, she expanded the scope of her work and worked periodically as the operator of various night clubs. Yener has received five Golden Butterfly Awards, as well as four Kral Turkey Music Awards and has received various other awards and nominations.
Life and career
1973–99: Early life and career beginnings
Makbule Hande Özyener was born on 12 January 1973 in Kadıköy, Istanbul. She is the younger of Yıldız Yazıcı and Erol Özyener's (1934 – 30 December 2012) two daughters, being five years younger than her elder sister. Her first name was chosen as Makbule, after her paternal grandmother. She had an economically moderate family. Her mother, Yıldız, was a housewife, while her father, Erol, worked as a professional football player for a while, and later worked at Ford Otosan. Yener grew up in Erenköy, Kadıköy, and since an early age made it known that she wished to become a singer. After finishing middle school, she decided to go to a conservatory, but faced objections from her family, who sent her to Erenköy Girls High School instead. She left the school at the second grade, about which she later said: "My citizenship teacher was obsessed with me, on top of that I hated literature, I didn't even go to the exam sessions. My music grades were always 10 though." After her father fell ill with alcoholism, her parents divorced when she was 17 years old, and Yener later said that it caused her "great sufferings". She married customs broker Uğur Kulaçoğlu in 1990 in Fatih. In the same year, her son Çağın was born in October. As she got older, Yener and her husband Uğur began to have disagreements on various issues. The couple eventually divorced in 1994.
During this period, she began to meet music mentor Erdem Siyavuşgil, who said that she had the potential of becoming a soloist. Yener later began to take singing lessons and made numerous efforts to get in contact with Sezen Aksu. Subsequently, she began working as a sales representative at the Mudo store in Suadiye, knowing that many artists would pass by the store, and that way she could "reach Aksu through the celebrities" who would shop in the store. She later found Aksu's phone number, and left her notes everyday, asking her for a chance to become her backing vocalist, but did not receive any response. Many singers who came to the store, including Nilüfer, Şehrazat and Sertab Erener, left her wish for contacting Aksu unanswered. Yener started to lose her hope of becoming a singer, until she met Hülya Avşar, who promised her that she would make an appointment for her with Aksu. In April 1993, Yener met Aksu through Avşar's help, and performed the songs "Yalnızlık Senfonisi" and "Oyun Bitti" for Aksu during the meeting. After winning Aksu's favor, she began working for her and for two years served as her backing vocalist and assistant. In December 1994, she made her television debut as a vocalist in Cem Özer's program Laf Lafı Açıyor. To work in bars, she stopped working for Aksu and for a number of years performed at various places in Turkey. To prepare her first album, she contacted Aksu again and started the preparation process. With Aksu's recommendation, she signed a contract with DMC.
2000–03: Senden İbaret and Sen Yoluna... Ben Yoluma...
Hande Yener's first studio album Senden İbaret was produced by Ercan Saatçi and released by DMC on 31 May 2000. Thus Yener became the first female vocalist introduced to the market by DMC. The album's preparations lasted for a year, and its songs were written by Altan Çetin. Yener described the album's style as "neither Western nor Arabesque, just Turkish pop". Various Turkish newspapers started making predictions about the outcome of her collaboration with Altan Çetin, a well-known songwriter who had previously worked with İzel. Columnists said that Yener would "sit on İzel's throne", in response to which Yener said that she was different from İzel. Yener also made it clear that the album was initially meant to be prepared for İzel, but after she got into troubles with DMC, the original project was set aside. Senden İbarets lead single "Yalanın Batsın", became the first song for which a music video was released. The song became a hit inside Turkey in summer 2000 and successfully topped the music charts. Yener herself was surprised with the outcome saying: "I believed that I would succeed. But I was really surprised and immensely happy with the rapid development of everything." Hürriyet wrote that Yener had made a great debut and named her as one of the shining stars of the year. Following the release of a music video for "Yalanın Batsın", separate clips were also released for "Bunun Adı Ayrılık" and "Yoksa Mani". Yener was put in danger of freezing while filming the music video for "Bunun Adı Ayrılık". In 2000, she won the Best Newcomer award at the Golden Butterfly Awards, and the music video for "Yalanın Batsın" was awarded with the Best Music Video award together with Candan Erçetin's music video for "Elbette". At the award ceremony organized by Akademik Bakış magazine and later at the 2001 Kral TV Video Music Awards, Yener received the Best Female Newcomer award. Magazin Journalists Association chose her as the Promising Female Singer. Yener also appeared in the album Türk Marşları, prepared by Gendarmerie General Command together with Turkish pop singers and released at the end of 2000. She performed the song "Biz Atatürk Gençleriyiz" in the album. For her first EP, Extra, which was released in 2001, she included new versions of the songs from her first studio album Senden İbaret. Meanwhile, she made a guest appearance in one of the episodes of Show TV's series Dadı.
In the early 2002, Yener began a relationship with basketball player Kemal Tunçeri. She also appeared in the commercials for Ülker's Petit-Beurre. In February 2001, Yener announced that she was working on a new album, and her second studio album Sen Yoluna... Ben Yoluma... was released in July by Erol Köse Production. Radioman Michael Kuyucu praised the album by describing it as "a perfect work by Yener, who showed the same success again", while Milliyets Naim Dilmener also noted that the album had made "a big noise" in the market upon its release as if it "has brought together the works of all the prominent female Turkish pop singers in one place". "Sen Yoluna... Ben Yoluma..." became a hit and following the release of a music video for it, the songs "Şansın Bol Olsun", "Evlilik Sandalı" and "Küs" were turned into music videos as well. The album sold more than one million copies and received a platinum certification from MÜ-YAP. At the 2003 Kral TV Video Music Awards, Hande Yener won the Best Female Pop Artist award, and Sen Yoluna... Ben Yoluma... was awarded as the Best-Selling Album. Magazine Journalists Association also chose "Sen Yoluna... Ben Yoluma..." as the Song of the Year. In 2017, Hürriyet'''s music critics published a list of Turkey's Best 100 Albums, on which Sen Yoluna... Ben Yoluma... ranked 81st. During that period, Yener played in the commercials for Filli Boya in June 2002, and in July presented one episode of the TV program Pazar Keyfi. From March to June 2003, she presented her own TV program Hande Yener Show on Star TV. In the same year, she dated businessman Moris Kohen for a while.
2004–06: Aşk Kadın Ruhundan Anlamıyor and Apayrı
Yener's third studio album was recorded in Hamburg and Istanbul, and was released under the title Aşk Kadın Ruhundan Anlamıyor in July 2004 by Erol Köse Production. Yener later said that she had become more professional while working on this album and "I listen to the songs while being played by guitar with all my soul and feelings, as a listener. If I like it myself, I'll give it a thumbs-up. I mean, questions like 'Does it become a hit, how much will it sell?' do not pop up in my head. I don't put myself in the mindset that we are preparing this album for Hande Yener. The team also worked with the same energy, very intensely, everyone put their most precious and valuable songs together for this album. All the songs they made were very successful and they were songs that could be considered classic in terms of quality. They just gave me the songs that matched with my style." The album was well-received and found successful by music critics. The hit songs "Acele Etme", "Kırmızı" and "Acı Veriyor" were all turned into music videos, followed by separate clips for "Armağan", "Hoşgeldiniz" and "Bu Yüzden". "Acele Etme", "Kırmızı" and "Acı Veriyor" became number-one hits on many radio's music lists. Aşk Kadın Ruhundan Anlamıyor sold 400,000 copies in 2004, and received a gold certification from MÜ-YAP. At an award ceremony organized by İstanbul FM, the album received the Golden Album award. From 20 to 21 August 2005, Yener gave concerts at Rumelihisarı with the help of Italian dancer and director Luca Tommassini.
For her fourth studio album, Yener chose "songs that were in harmony with her voice." The album, titled Apayrı, was released by Erol Köse Production in January 2006. Yener classified the album as an alternative pop album, and later discussed her change of music style in this album: "Some people are made unhappy when doing something new, they don't like it or think they don't need it. But in my opinion, my job is a work that requires change. As the technology progresses, the sound effects also change so quickly, it was indispensable that I had to be part of this change. I stand behind every album that I've ever made, but it's not possible to develop by making similar things again and again. The albums and clips I've made so far have caused surprise at first and then they have been accepted." Some critics described the album as a turning point in Yener's career and, compared to her previous albums, found European elements inside her new works, categorizing the album as not only a pop album, but also an album that consists of house, R&B, and rock songs as well. Some music critics reacted negatively to Yener's style change, while others found it successful. Hürriyets Tolga Akyıldız said that the album was based on the Western dance infrastructure. "Kelepçe", "Aşkın Ateşi" and "Kim Bilebilir Aşkı" were the songs from this album for which separate music videos were released. Apayrı sold 165,000 copies in 2006 and received a gold certification from MÜ-YAP. Apayrı won the Best Album award at the 2007 PowerTürk Music Awards. NTV later named Aşk Kadın Ruhundan Anlamıyor and Apayrı as the two of Turkey's best albums in the 2000s. In September 2006, Yener released another version of Apayrı in the form of an EP titled Hande Maxi. The song "Biraz Özgürlük" from this EP was turned into a music video, and received the Best Music Video award at the 2007 Kral TV Video Music Awards.
2007–09: Nasıl Delirdim?, Hipnoz and Hayrola?
Following Eurovision Song Contest 2007, the TRT committee contacted producer Erol Köse, asking him to clarify whether he's open to having Yener represent Turkey at the Eurovision Song Contest 2008, to which he agreed. After a while, the TRT announced that no bid was offered to anyone for the contest. Yener's producer Erol Köse said in a press release that the singer had received a preliminary offer to join the Eurovision from TRT, but as he had hastily reacted and announced it before TRT, they denied that they had given him such offer. Köse added that they had then rejected the informal proposal for Eurovision following the earlier events.
In May 2007, Yener's fifth studio album Nasıl Delirdim? was released. 72,000 copies were pre-ordered before its release, and Yener changed her music style to the electronic music with this album. Her transition from pop to electronic music brought out some negative reviews. She responded to the criticism by saying: "To make everyone happy is so hard, even impossible. It is not the right thing to do something that pleases everyone. First of all you need to please yourself and show your music quality. It doesn't really appeal to me to do something that's produced and consumed instantly." Music website Gerçek Pop gave the album 5 out of 5, and some critics gave positive reviews for the album. The song "Kibir (Yanmam Lazım)", written and composed by Sezen Aksu, was chosen as the album's lead single and a music video was released for it. The second music video was released for the song "Romeo", which was written for her then-boyfriend Kadir Doğulu, and he also appeared in the music video. Both of these songs became hits and topped music charts in Turkey. Just like the two previous albums, Nasıl Delirdim? was chosen by NTV as one of Turkey's best albums in the 2000s. İstanbul FM awarded the album as the Best Pop Album by a Female Artist. In August 2007, Yener became engaged to Kadir Doğulu.
In 2007, Yener had an argument with various other singers after she used the term "grocery music" and her name started to appear in court cases and lawsuits. Due to these arguments, her feud with Demet Akalın started and their fight became among the hot topic of tabloids for years. After being compared to Akalın in an interview, Yener made a response which eventually started the feud and said: "I do Western music, so I can not compete with those who make fantasy music. What Demet does is not similar to my style." Akalın continued the argument by saying: "If she does not like me, why is she after my works? It is obvious that she takes all the works that I don't like or refuse to do for herself." Yener subsequently took a case to the court asking for 50,000 on the grounds that Akalın had insulted her and attacked her verbally, but the court said that they did not find any insult in Akalın's words. Akalın later won 10,000 in the court in a case against Yener. At the same time, Serdar Ortaç talked about other singers, saying that he does not prefer "Neither Hande, nor Mustafa [Sandal]! Bengü is the best." to which Yener responded: "I'm not making music only for commercial purposes and I don't make a music that can't be understood. I don't want to be compared to those who make 'grocery music'." Yener's definition of grocery music to describe the songs that she found to be of poor quality came with responses from various people including Akalın, Bengü and Ortaç. Bengü found Yener's statements wrong and said: "If the most popular songs are grocery music based on what she said, then the songs that most probably fall in that category are her own songs." Istanbul Chamber of Groceries also reacted to Yener's statement, but the singer said that her description was only about music and she did not intended to humiliate grocery stores. As the feud and arguments about the grocery music continued to grow, Ortaç made fun of Yener's song "Romeo" at one of his concerts, to which Yener responded by saying, "Serdar needs to find himself a Romeo." Ortaç filed a lawsuit against Yener, stating that her words were implying that he was "gay-homosexual and undermined his personal dignity". He won the case and received 3,000 in compensation. Hürriyet chose the phrase 'grocery music' as one of the core words of 2007 and Sırma Karasu from Habertürk described the grocery music debate as one of the breaking points of Turkish pop music and said: "If the local pop has been taken outside of its cliché, it is with no exaggeration to say that it happened thanks to Yener's 2007 album Nasıl Delirdim? and her 'grocery music' polemic. ... Other musicians and singers saw how electronic music applies to our domestic audience thanks to Yener's courage." In later years Erol Köse confessed that he included Bengü in the feud to enhance her reputation and that he planned parts of the feud himself.
In the early 2008, Yener produced Kemal Doğulu's first single "1 Yerde" and also appeared in its music video. She then released the final music video from Nasıl Delirdim? for the song "Yalan Olmasın". She also presented an episode of Show TV's program Pazar Keyfi. In May 2008, her sixth studio album Hipnoz was released by Erol Köse Production. It sold 40,000 copies. During the same period she found the production company TPA (Turkish Pop Alternative) Production together with Kadir Doğulu. All of the songs in Hipnoz were written by Yener herself. Music critics reacted with both positive reviews and negative criticism to the album and wrote that the singer had moved away from pop music in this album. The song "Hipnoz" from the album ranked 10th on Billboard Türkiyes Türkçe Top 20. After the song's music video was released, news surfaced that it had been banned by RTÜK. Yener made it clear that the news were not true and the video had not been banned from radio and TV, describing the situation as a conspiracy against herself. However, the damage was already done and some channels refrained from broadcasting the music video. Later on, a document published by RTÜK revealed that no broadcast ban was applied to the clip. Events before and after this situation, caused Yener to end her contract with her production. As a result of further disputes, she terminated the album contract with the company by paying compensation, so that she left Erol Köse Production in a controversial manner.
On 1 November 2008, Yener signed a new album contract with Avrupa Müzik. In March 2009, her seventh studio album Hayrola? was released. She wrote seven songs in the album by herself, changed her style of writing and performed the songs with a more natural tone. Teoman was featured on the song "Arsız". Music critics found the album as an electronic music album with high quality and more successful than Hipnoz, but said it didn't have a song that could be as successful as "Romeo". According to MÜ-YAP, the album sold 37,000 copies by June 2009. The album's lead single, also titled "Hayrola?", ranked 3rd on Turkey's Official Music Charts and its music video was directed by Kemal Doğulu. The withdrawal of the second music video of the album caused problems between Yener and Avrupa Müzik. Yener issued a warning to the company, saying that the second clip of the album could not be withdrawn, and unilaterally terminated the contract. Avrupa Müzik later took the case to the court and demanded $10,000 from Yener for causing material damages and 50,000 for causing moral damages. As a result of the lawsuit, the court decided to pay Yener 20,000 from the company together with interest. In late 2009, Yener announced that she had been diagnosed with swine flu and had already prepared a song to leave it behind after her death, but it was later announced that she was getting better. For the 2010 New Year, she appeared on NTV's special program and together with Müslüm Gürses performed the song "Sorma Ne Haldeyim".
2010–13: Hande'ye Neler Oluyor?, Teşekkürler and Kraliçe
Hande Yener's announcement at the end of 2009 that she would make pop music again created a sensation in the Turkish press and caused critics to question the decision. Sadi Tirak from Hürriyet attributed her return to pop based on the understanding that she could not make a revolution with her current style. It was later claimed in the news that the reason she had set electronic music aside was due to the falling number of her concerts and album sales. However, Yener said these allegations were put forward by the producers, who aimed to make money, to try to punish her for trying a different style. She said that her return to pop music was because of her love for new changes, and that she had no desire to make an electronic album anymore. While the preparations were being done, in February 2010 she was forced to close her fan website handeyenerfanclub.com, after users began insulting her stylist Kemal Doğulu, which made Doğulu demand that it be closed immediately. Vatan later announced the title of the album's lead single, "Sopa". In April, Yener ended her relationship with her fiancé Kadir Doğulu, whom she had dated since 2006. In the same month, her eighth studio album, which she said she had made for "both listening and playing in the clubs", was released under the title Hande'ye Neler Oluyor? by Poll Production. All of the songs in the album were written by Sinan Akçıl. Music critics mentioned that Yener did not completely return to her old style with the album, and they had both positive and negative reactions to it.Hande'ye Neler Oluyor?s reception by critics: To promote the album, Yener appeared on Okan Bayülgen's program Medya Kralı in May 2010, but left it while it was airing live on TV. She later clarified that she left the program because "she could not make herself sing". The album sold 80,000 copies in the year it was released, and two of its songs, "Sopa" and "Bodrum", became hits. On Turkey's Official Music Chart, "Sopa" ranked fourth, while "Bodrum" rose to number one. The album's first music video was released for both the songs "Sopa" and "Yasak Aşk" in a combined format. Following the release of this music video, the songs "Bodrum" and "Çöp" were turned into music videos as well. İstanbul FM awarded "Bodrum" with the Best Lyrics, Song, and Composition award. "Çöp" was nominated for the Best Composition award at the 2011 Kral Music Awards. In September 2010, the remix album Hande'yle Yaz Bitmez was released, which included the remixed version of some of the songs found in Hande'ye Neler Oluyor? and the new song "Uzaylı". "Uzaylı" ranked third on Turkey's Official Music Chart. In December, Yener made a guest appearance in the New Year episode for Star TV's series Geniş Aile.
In April 2011, Yener appeared as the featured artist on two of Sinan Akçıl's songs from the album Kalp Sesi: "Atma" and "Söndürülmez İstanbul". In June 2011, after receiving the award for the Turkish Female Pop Music Soloist of the Year at the 38th Golden Butterfly Awards, she performed the song "Bana Anlat". The song was in fact part of her ninth studio album Teşekkürler, which was released in September 2011 by Poll Production. Released as a nutshell for her 11th year of career, she said the album's genre was primarily pop. Teşekkürler was released as a result of Yener's experimentation with her style in her earlier projects. All of the songs in the album were written and composed by Sinan Akçıl. Teşekkürler divided the minds of critics into two parts, some of whom described it as far-fetched and commented on how Yener had finally become a musician with a single and distinct style. "Bana Anlat", "Unutulmuyor", "Teşekkürler", "Havaalanı" and "Dön Bana" were the songs from this album for which separate music videos were released. Sinan Akçıl was also featured on the song "Teşekkürler". According to MÜ-YAP, the album sold 59,000 copies in the year it was released.
In March 2012 she played in a commercial for Morhipo together with Demet Akalın. In the commercial, they engage in a competition to reach a new product, while fighting and dragging each other on the floor. In April 2012, together with Seksendört, Yener released a new version of the song "Rüya", originally performed by the group Ünlü. In June, they released the remix album Rüya. "Rüya" was nominated as the Best Duet at the 2013 Turkey Music Awards, and won the Best Cover award at the award ceremony organized by Pal FM. Yener later performed the song "Kaderimin Oyunu" for the album Orhan Gencebay ile Bir Ömür, released in September in honor of Orhan Gencebay's 60th year of career. Her own studio album, Kraliçe, was released on 12 December 2012. All of the album's songs were again written by Sinan Akçıl. Music critics criticized Yener, saying that the singer should do good works again such as the ones found in her previous album.Kraliçes reception by critics: The album's lead single "Hasta", ranked second on Turkey's Official Music Charts and was the first song from the album to get a music video. Kraliçe won the Best Album award at the Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University Academy Awards, and Album of the Year award at the Magazine Awards, and sold 79,000 copies. Yener stopped the album's promotion after her father's death on 30 December 2012, and did not perform anywhere for about two months.
In March 2013, the Ukrainian group Kazaky, invited Yener to their concert in Istanbul by releasing a special video. Yener responded to the invitation by going to the concert and meeting Kazaky at the backstage. In May 2013, she released the single "Ya Ya Ya Ya", which was written by Berksan. "Ya Ya Ya Ya" and its remixed versions, along with remixed songs from the album Kraliçe, were released all together under the title Kraliçe + Ya Ya Ya Ya. "Ya Ya Ya Ya" became the fastest-rising work on Turkey's Official Music Video chart, rising from the 280th place to the first 25 and remained among the top tracks for weeks. The song became the ninth most-downloaded in Turkey in 2013 and the most played song on YouTube inside Turkey. The song also received the Best Single award at the 2014 Turkey Music Awards, and the Best Song and Best Video Clip awards at the 4th Pal FM Music Awards. In November 2013, Yener's mutual single with Volga Tamöz, "Biri Var" was released on Deezer, on the day the service celebrated its launch in Turkey. From 5 October to 17 November 2013, Yener appeared as a judge on ATV's music contest Veliaht, which ended after 6 weeks due to low ratings. The best songs from all of her albums were released under the title Best of Hande Yener in two separate parts by Poll Production, the first of which was released in November 2013, followed by the second one in January 2014.
2014–19: Mükemmel and Hepsi Hit
Yener's eleventh studio album Mükemmel was released by Poll Production in June 2014, and sold 50,000 copies in Turkey by the end of the year. Hürriyets Hikmet Demirkol viewed the album favorably, saying that it had "a new and different atmosphere" in it. Yener worked with Altan Çetin after years for this new album, and the song "Alt Dudak", written by Çetin, ranked second on MusicTopTR Official List and Yener performed it as the character of Juliet in the seasonal final of Arkadaşım Hoşgeldin. After three months of preparations, on 25 August Yener performed at Harbiye's Cemil Topuzlu Open-Air Theatre, and Berksan, Mehmet Erdem and David Vendetta also made appearances on the stage. The videos of this concert, were among Turkey's 2014 Google Trends, and parts of them were used to make the music video for "Naber", which ranked third on MusicTopTR Official List. The third music video from Mükemmel was released for the song "Hani Bana".
In March 2015, she appeared as a guest judge on the second season of İşte Benim Stilim. Her first appearance as a guest judge was in late 2014. Also in March, she appeared on Volga Tamöz's album No. 2, performing the songs "Sebastian" and "Eve Nasıl Geldim"; "Sebastian" ranked first on MusicTopTR Official List for three weeks. After the release of "Sebastian", Yener went on the Sebastian 2015 Tour inside Turkey and across Europe. The song also gave its name to the beach and night club operated by Yener in Yalıkavak and Bodrum from June 2015 to November 2016. She was also a partner in Karaköy and Beyoğlu branches of the clubs between December 2015 and April 2016. Akşam newspaper later claimed that Yener withdrew from the venues due to loss of money. The singer continued her musical career by publishing "Kışkışşş", inspired by a scene in the movie Sosyete Şaban (1985), and made a duet with Serdar Ortaç on the song "İki Deli". "İki Deli" was named by Hürriyets Naim Dilmener as "Hande Yener's worst song up to now". Nevertheless, the song ranked third on Turkey's music charts.
In January 2016, she directed Aylin Coşkun's music video for her song "Saftirik", which marked her first appearance as a music video director. The following month, she was verbally accused by Recep Güngör on Twitter, and after he sent messages to her home in Cihangir, she went to the police and made a criminal complaint. Güngör was later caught by police in front of Yener's house and according to the Constitution of Turkey was charged with "sexual harassment and disrupting the peace and tranquility of individuals". As a result of the trial, the court decided that Güngör, who was diagnosed with atypical psychosis, had no criminal responsibility as he was not able to perceive the legal meaning and consequences of the alleged offenses. In May, Yener appeared on Erol Evgin's album Altın Düetler, and together they performed the song "Sevdan Olmasa". The following month, Yener's 12th studio album, Hepsi Hit Vol. 1, was released and its lead single "Mor" topped Turkey's music charts for three weeks and won the Best Music Video award at the 43rd Golden Butterfly Awards. Music critics found songs on the album at an average level and compared some of them to the singer's old songs/ When referring to the album's title they argued that "not all of the songs were hit".
In January 2017, Yener performed at the Ülker Sports Arena during the half-time of the 2017 Turkey Basketball League All-Star's final. The following month she began to run the night club VIP Room in Arnavutköy. In June, her thirteenth studio album, Hepsi Hit Vol. 2, was released and she also opened the entertainment venue Neo in Çeşme. The album's lead single "Bakıcaz Artık", rose up to number two on Turkey's music charts. After the release of a music video for "Bakıcaz Artık", the songs "Benden Sonra" and "Vay" were also turned into music videos. Music critics restated the same criticism that the album's predecessor faced and again emphasized that not all of the songs in the album were hits; however, they generally praised the singer's collaboration with Mete Özgencil. According to a report by Telifmetre at the end of 2017, Yener was the Turkish artist with the most number of plays on radios and whose music videos were aired on music channels the most. However, Seren Serengil questioned the reliability of the report, and Yener shared a topless photo of Serengil on her social media accounts and made sarcastic comments about her. After that, the parties took their cases to the court, but a few months later they decided to reconcile and the lawsuits were withdrawn.
In 2018, Yener was featured on Aylin Coşkun's song "Manzara", which topped the music charts and its music video was directed by Yener herself. She also performed the song "Kış Güneşi" on Yıldız Tilbe's tribute album Yıldızlı Şarkılar. In the second half of the year, Yener released the deep house song "Beni Sev", which ranked second on Turkey's music charts, followed by her first English song "Love Always Wins". "Beni Sev" was well received by critics and was named one of the best songs of the year. The name of the song "Love Always Wins" is the same as the Love Wins slogan used in 2015 for the recognition of homosexual marriage in the US, and it brought back Yener's relationship with the LGBT movement back to the surface, and at the same time led to criticism as the singer had remained silent on LGBT issues for a long time. According to Telifmetre, Hande Yener was the female artist with the most number of streams in Turkey in 2018 with 154 different works. By the end of the year, Yener and fellow singer Demet Akalın reconciled after an 11-year feud which made them the subject of many tabloid news.
Yener continued her career by releasing four singles in 2019. Each of these songs had different styles and were considered as part of Yener's effort to renew her image during the differentiation process of the music industry. In February, she released the single "Aşk Tohumu". She was also featured on Australian singer Faydee's song "Gravity", which was released on the same day as "Aşk Tohumu". The electronic infrastructure of "Aşk Tohumu" was appreciated by music critics and was praised for bringing back memories of Yener's era of electronic music from a decade ago. Yener's other singles "Kuş", written by Altan Çetin, and "Krema", written by Mete Özgencil, were released in May and July respectively. While the song "Kuş" was defined as a more market-oriented work compared to "Beni Sev" and "Aşk Tohumu", it received less positive reviews. The song's music video was recorded in Zanzibar, Tanzania. The song "Krema" was found to be more alternative and received mixed reviews. Additionally, in 2019 Turkish rap music became more mainstream and the Turkish pop music market and its singers made an attempt to adapt to this new situation, among whom was also Yener. In addition to her musical works, Yener was a guest actress in the New Year's special episode of the TRT 1 series Kalk Gidelim at the end of the year.
2020–present: Carpe Diem
To mark the 20th anniversary of her professional music career, Yener released her fourteenth studio album Carpe Diem in 2020. Many singers and songwriters collaborated with Yener on this album, including Berksan, Devrim Karaoğlu, Mete Özgencil, Fikri Karayel, and Misha. Throughout 2020, she released the singles "Pencere" and "Bela", none of which were later included in the album. After experiencing delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the album was eventually released on 2 October 2020.
In July 2021, Yener revealed in an interview that she had been diagnosed with breast cancer a year earlier and talked about her subsequent treatment and recovery.
Artistry
Music style
Hande Yener's musical style, which includes change and innovation, has been interpreted by many critics in different ways and has been the subject of various articles. The singer, who aims to keep her name on the top by releasing hit songs every year, also says that she is often trying to keep her music style up-to-date with each new album and has changed her musical style from time to time by releasing a variety of different works. Despite these efforts, she has occasionally been accused of releasing the same kind of music in her albums over and over again. Yener's dramatic soprano voice was called "one of the most exciting voices of the 2000s" by Naim Dilmener of Hürriyet. Dilmener also mentioned that "after the 90s stars such as Yonca Evcimik, Aşkın Nur Yengi, Asya, and İzel faced a decline in their career in the 2000s, Yener made an ostentatious debut in [Turkey's] music markets and moved herself to the top with songs such as 'Kırmızı' and 'Acele Etme' which were written by Altan Çetin." Dilmener's viewpoint was supported by Mine Ayman, who on an interview with Best FM said that the rise in Yener's career happened over a short period of time due to her beautiful voice and good choice of songs.
Some of Yener's songs are against the idea of love, and are sung through the view point of an ex-lover who addresses her beloved with the lyrics. Hürriyets Sadi Tirak reacted to the lyrics "Kaybeden kim? E tabii ki sensin. (Who's the loser? Well, of course you are.)" in the song "Kaybol" (Mükemmel, 2014) by labeling them as "classic Hande Yener concept" and wrote that the content of Yener's songs are mutual with those of Demet Akalın in this aspect. The singer has written almost all the lyrics on several of her albums, but she has worked periodically with various songwriters such as Altan Çetin, Alper Narman, Fettah Can and Sinan Akçıl on most of her albums and described the songs written by them as "rebellious and hard like her own language". She also claimed that her aim was to change the stereotyped pop by "changing the meaning of its philosophy in popular culture and giving it a deeper meaning" and said that she was trying to draw the image of a strong woman in her songs.
Hande Yener, who is typically a pop singer, has changed her musical style many times over the years. She finds dance songs more suitable for the albums that she releases in summer. She started her career by placing fantasy pop songs in the albums Senden İbaret (2000), Sen Yoluna... Ben Yoluma... (2002) and Aşk Kadın Ruhundan Anlamıyor (2004), and after becoming famous she changed her style with her 2006 album Apayrı, by turning into house music. Being inspired by the works of Madonna, Kylie Minogue and Robbie Williams, she set aside house music aside and began releasing works in the genres of electronic dance music, rock and R&B. She first picked up on electronic music with Nasıl Delirdim? (2007), and maintained this style on Hipnoz (2008) and Hayrola? (2009). Akşams Mehmet Özdoğan wrote that these electronic music albums were clearly inspired by and similar to Madonna's Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005). With her 2010 album Hande'ye Neler Oluyor?, she returned to making pop music and blended electronic and pop music together. In the albums Teşekkürler (2011) and Kraliçe (2012), she began collaborating with Sinan Akçıl. The effects of electronic music were seen in her pop albums Mükemmel and Hepsi Hit Vol. 1 (2016). In the second pop phase of her career since 2010, Yener has been repeatedly accused by many critics of releasing songs immensely similar to those of the first pop phase of her career.
Influences
Yener has said that she has been influenced by various artists while shaping her career. Before becoming famous, she was mostly inspired by Sezen Aksu about which she said: "I was always imitating Sezen Aksu, and especially I would keep singing her songs 'Sen Ağlama' and 'Hadi Bakalım'. Meeting her and working alongside her to enter the music industry had made me freak out." While describing the songs in her first studio album, she said: "Because I'm a fan of Jennifer Lopez, there are fast and intense songs in my album that wriggle people's souls."
The songs in her album Sen Yoluna... Ben Yoluma... were found similar to those of Aksu's early career, and with the release of Aşk Kadın Ruhundan Anlamıyor she was described by many as "Ajda Pekkan of the future" as her music style in this album was compared to that of Aksu, as well as Pekkan. In response to comparisons, Yener said that she has been influenced by both of them and said: "I listened to foreign music for years. I started listening to Turkish music by listening to Ajda Pekkan and Sezen Aksu. I wanted to become a singer out of my love for them. They have had their influence on me, I accept it."
In 2004, she said that she didn't want people to get tired of her and that artists should be like Madonna to be listened to for years. Yener has described herself as a big fan of Madonna, and is inspired by her energy on stage and courage. In a statement given to MTV Turkey in response to the question "On the comments about you, the name Madonna appears in some way. Is it really a goal for you to be like Madonna?", she said: "They tried to link me to Sezen Aksu after my first album was released. Of course my idol is Madonna. Besides, it's very normal to be inspired by a world star like Madonna. I wish I could have access to great technology and power like her, but that's not possible. But believe me, I would do something in my own way, even if I were in a situation like that. What I'm impressed with is her energy on stage." European magazine Starstyle, described Yener in its 2006 list of the bests as "Turkish Madonna". In 2007 Demet Akalın, Ebru Destan and Serdar Ortaç referred to her as "Fake Madonna". As a result of these words, she entered into arguments with these people. In 2009, she again faced questions about her admiration for Madonna, about which she said: "She is the only living star in the world. I watch the documentaries and concerts of many artists. What I see in all of them is their work and dedication to this job. I also put 'I cannot do it.' aside, and started saying to myself 'You're gonna do it, you gotta do it. If you want this job, you must be accoutered.' Madonna's use of energy is very interesting to me. I'm trying to give something beyond the expectations in my concerts. Of course nobody can be like her. But at least I see the key that will make me rise." She has also said that Bülent Ersoy is among her idols.
Image
Hande Yener attracted attention in the Turkish press with her unusual outfits and her frequently changed image, and she became the topic of social media discussions from time to time. Yener, who likes to make changes in her image, stated that she wants to refresh her image regularly and follows the general trend of fashion in the world and aims to surprise her audience with a new look. She often caught the attention of the press with her shorts and swimsuits that she often wears on stage. She appeared before her audience with a different image in almost every album. In 2008, music critic Naim Dilmener responded to the comments surrounding Yener's electronic music and copying the image of Marilyn Manson by saying: "Her robotic music is, in simple words, bad. I don't find it strange if she pops up as one of the villains in Dünyayı Kurtaran Adam." In 2009, the pin-up models of the 1950s and 1960s were her most obvious source of inspiration based on which she chose her outfits. Kemal Doğulu, Yener's fashion consultant for many years, tried to create a new image for the singer by following fashion shows and new styles on magazines, and applying them to her style of music. In 2016, fashion designer Cemil İpekçi described Yener as the most frumpish dressed celebrity in Turkey.
Hande Yener has been compared to numerous people, especially Madonna, during various periods in terms of her appearance in music videos and image. When she released the album Apayrı in 2006, her image was compared to that of Sibel Kekilli, and hair slightly wavy hairstyle was found similar to that of Madonna's in the late 1970s. Some claimed that the music video for "Hayrola?" resembled Madonna's clips for the songs "Hollywood" and "Give It 2 Me". To those who found these similarities she said: "Humans look like each other. [...] Similarities do not bother me. 'Did you do it for the sake of similarity?' is the question that makes me go crazy. I dyed my hair brown and some said 'She has tried to look like Sibel Kekilli'." During the same period, Ebru Çapa who writes for Hürriyet, commented on the rumors about the similarities in Yener's work to others and said: "Let Hande Yener pray for her mother who gave birth to a pretentious daughter with an unadorned nature. Otherwise, with the release of this latest album, and the rain of criticism that has emerged in terms of 'similarities', she could have easily been worn out and fallen ill with schizophrenia."
In 2007, for her music video "Romeo" and in one of her concerts, she wore an outfit similar to the one worn by Jennifer Lopez at the 2006 Echo Music Prize. Since 2009, her image has been compared to that of Lady Gaga many times. She later said that she was tired of the comparisons. She rejected the existence of similarities with Gaga and said: "I did crazy things in my electronic music albums. There was no Lady Gaga back then." In 2013, Yener went on the podium with an outfit similar to one of Gaga's in a fashion week, about which she said: "All fashion designers around the world want to work with her. Even when she appears in the airport, she creates a phenomenon. She's a trend-making star." Throughout her career, Yener has also been compared to Björk, Cher, Katy Perry, Kim Kardashian, Kylie Minogue and Rihanna. Akşam later claimed that, for a period, Yener was referred as "Imitator Hande" due to these similarities. In 2010, her music video for "Sopa" was found similar to Cheryl's music video for "3 Words". In the same year, she had a performance on Beyaz Show with a balloon that was similar to the one used by Minogue on one of her shows, and similar scenes were also found between Yener's music video "Bodrum" and Minogue's music video "Slow". Yener was a nominee for the Female Music Star award at the Elle Style Awards in 2010 and 2014, but lost the first one to Şebnem Ferah and the second one to Atiye. In 2014, for the cover of Mükemmel she wore a golden glittering outfit similar to the one used by Rihanna in the music video for "Rude Boy". Previously in 2007, similar scenes were found between Yener's music video for "Kibir" and Rihanna's music video for "SOS".
Other ventures
Gay icon
In the late 2000s, Hande Yener was referred to as Turkey's gay icon, but the sincerity of her relationship with the LGBT movement in the late 2010s was questioned. After the release of Nasıl Delirdim? in 2007, Yener was asked questions about the fondness of gay people of herself. Yener responded by saying: "I think they are very good music listeners. Although they may criticize one heavily but fairly, they also appreciate good work in the right direction. Because they listen carefully, they understand music very well. They feel like a musician."; meanwhile she also said that there is a "nice bond" between gays. In the same year, in a survey conducted by KAOS GL, Yener became Turkey's top-rated gay icon. The magazine's editor Uğur Yüksel said that Yener's choice as a gay icon was due to the effective statements that she had made which attracted the favor of homosexuals. In 2008, Yener urged the politicians to solve the issues about homosexuals in Turkey to help with accelerating the negotiations about accession of Turkey to the European Union. Additionally, she said that she often went to gay bars during that period. Yener had a role as a gay icon in the Turkish LGBT film Kraliçe Fabrika'da (2008), during which she appears in a gay's dream and talks to him.
In 2009, she participated in the Istanbul Pride and made a statement on the rights of homosexuals in Turkey: "I do not think that homosexuals in Turkey are given the proper value they deserve. They act as if homosexuals don't exist. This is a very sad situation. They also have rights. Everyone needs to protect their rights." Emir Akgün of the Gmag magazine stated that the participation of Yener in the march was considered as "a clever ad for some people, and also quite intimate for others at the same time". Musician Bedük also commented on Yener's position as a gay icon by saying: "What you call icon doesn't pop up at a single time or with an album. I think it can be attributed to those who have destroyed the taboos, moved stones and those that have done something extraordinary for the community. It can be George Michael, Madonna, or Zeki Müren, but not Hande." Boğaziçi University LGBTI+ Studies Club announced in a statement that Yener had "stepped down from gay advocacy" after the Istanbul Pride 2009.
Yener's relationship with the LGBT movement and the questioning of this relationship came up again in 2018. In the second half of the year, she released her first English song "Love Always Wins". The name of the song is the same as the Love Wins slogan used in 2015 for the recognition of homosexual marriage in the US, and it brought back the questions surrounding Yener's relationship with the movement back to the surface, and at the same time led to criticism as she had remained silent on LGBT issues for ten years. Following the songwriter Mert Ekren's comments, in which he stated that he hated homosexuals, Yener's decision to continue working with Ekren gave rise to a number of reactions. Onur Baştürk from Hürriyet saw the choice for the song's title as an effort to promote Yener outside Turkey through the LGBT movement and criticized the singer by saying, "When it suits your work, 'love wins'. ... It's clear where you are making a reference to. Nobody's stupid." Asu Maro from Milliyet also commented on the song's title and wore, "It is very hard to believe that the name of the song was chosen by chance, obviously Yener still believes in her old position as a gay icon."
In the same period, Yener became the target of criticism from the LGBT movement after images and footage showing the singer İntizar being involved in an intimate relationship with another woman were leaked on the internet. Poll Production, which served as the production company for both İntizar and Yener, immediately terminated its contract with İntizar after the leak of the images and videos. Yener supported the production company's decision for dismissing İntizar, and as a result both the production company owner Polat Yağcı and Yener were labeled as homophobic and became subject of criticism. The company and Yener reacted to the criticism by issuing separate statements and arguing that the contract's termination was not related in any way to İntizar's sexual orientation, and the decision was only made because of the lack of trust between the two parties. In May 2019, a party which included a show making fun of Demet Akalın and Yener's feud and in which a number of drag queens had participated was cancelled due to the unauthorized use of Yener's name at the event. In a statement, Yener said that the party was not cancelled by her but through a warning issued by the production company based on their agreement on naming rights, and added: "I am always full of support and love for LGBT. ... [On this issue] I am constantly being subjected to injustice and slander. I want you to know that I love you, and the rest is a lie."
Philanthropy
Hande Yener says that she is keen to take on social responsibility projects and she especially cares about taking part in charitable activities involving children. In 2000, she appeared on a special episode of Late Night Show on MTV as part of a campaign to help the survivors of the 1999 İzmit earthquake. In the same year, she visited the Our Children with Leukemia Foundation and presented children with gifts. In August 2007, she joined the "Our Heart Beats On The Street" project for derelict animals and together with Ajda Pekkan, Candan Erçetin, Sezen Aksu and Yaşar performed at the Kuruçeşme Arena as a part of the project's campaign. In May 2009, a member of Leukemia and Cancer Patients Health Education Association appeared on Disko Kralı, and said that they had made efforts to organize a concert for the benefit of children with leukemia, but they did not receive any support. Yener promised to participate in the concert by calling the program, and took the stage at the concert. At the end of the same year, she participated in Olay TV's program Gecenin Rengi and contributed to a project organized for disabled people. In 2010, she joined the Greenpeace movement in Turkey and supported their anti-nuclear stance by asking the government to abandon its nuclear energy plans in Turkey. She took part in a video for Greenpeace's campaign, in which she stated: "I'm very uncomfortable with the nuclear plans in Turkey. When I think of nuclear energy, I can't think of anything positive: Chernobyl, nuclear leak, nuclear waste, nuclear weapons ..." At the end of the same year, she joined Radyo D's program "Language of the Forests, We are the Enemies of Fire" and planted a tree during the campaign, and performed a new version of her song "Bodrum" under the new title "Orman (Forest)". In December 2011, she took the stage at the "Pop for Van" concert organized by the Şişli Municipality in Istanbul for the assistance of the victims of the earthquake in Van. In 2012, she performed at an event to help needy students in Kuşadası. In July 2013, as a part of a project in Eastern Turkey called "Each Book, A World", which was founded to support six different schools, Yener appeared on the project's promotion day and played roles for children. In May 2014, she took part on the project Children Smile with Hope for the Future, organized by Hope Foundation for Children with Cancer, and appeared on the project's banners wearing a medical mask, and later on 20 September she organized a promotion day for the charity. On 1 August of the same year, she participated as a competitor in Star TV's program Eyvah Düşüyorum to assist the Tohum Autism Foundation. In June 2015, she distributed signatures in exchange for books in Mersin and Muğla for the school libraries in need.
Politics
Although Hande Yener stated that she followed politics closely, she did not take part in any political movement or event for many years. However, in 2013 she reacted to the urban development plan for Istanbul's Taksim Gezi Park by joining the Gezi Park protests at the Taksim Square. She also canceled her concerts because of the events. She then made a statement saying that she was "not involved in an organizations by any party". In July 2014, Yener and other artists from the same production company joined Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's campaign meeting for the presidential elections. The participation of Yener and other artists in the meeting was subject to negative criticism by the opponents of the Erdoğan government. Yener stated that her appearance in the meeting was an example of personal freedom and replied to the criticism by saying that the so-called freedom lovers were liars. In an interview in March 2015, she was reminded of the criticism, in response to which she said: "I find ourselves right to be free and to be free to communicate. Such a communication took place. Now that I'm one of the pop stars of this country, isn't viewing my participation in that meeting as improper a type of stuffiness?" In July, after the failed coup attempt occurred in Turkey, she became one of the signatories of an anti-coup bulletin alongside other celebrities and the next month, in the Yenikapı Rally Area, she joined the Democracy and Martyrs Rally, organized by the government of AKP and the opposition parties CHP and MHP. In April 2018, together with various other singers and actors, she went to Hatay to visit the Turkish soldiers who were in the Operation Olive Branch. In December 2019, Yener together with Demet Akalın and producer Polat Yağcı had a meeting with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Prevention of child abuse and violence against women were among the discussed topics during the meeting.
Achievements
Throughout her career, Hande Yener has received numerous awards and nominations. As of June 2015, she possessed 56 awards at her home. In the year she made her debut, she won two Golden Butterfly Awards, and in 2008 and 2011 received two more awards from the organization as the Turkish Female Pop Music Soloist of the Year. Her album Sen Yoluna... Ben Yoluma... sold more than a million copies, making her one of the few artists with such sales figure in Turkey in the 2000s. After Sen Yoluna... Ben Yoluma..., her subsequent albums Aşk Kadın Ruhundan Anlamıyor and Apayrı earned commercial success, earning Yener certifications by MÜ-YAP. In 2007, at the award ceremony organized by İstanbul FM, she received the Best Female Pop Artist award.
Yener also received various nominations at the Kral Turkey Music Awards (formerly Kral TV Video Music Awards), but she only won four of these nominations. She was a nominee for the Best Turkish Act at the 2008 MTV Europe Music Awards, but lost to Emre Aydın. In 2009, she was given the Honorary Award at the European Union Quality Awards. In 2013, she won the Best Stage Performance award at the 3rd Pal FM Music Awards. At the Siyaset Magazine Awards in 2007, 2011 and 2012, Yener received the Turkish Female Pop Music Artist award. With her songs "Yalanın Batsın", "Sen Yoluna... Ben Yoluma...", "Kırmızı" and "Romeo", her name appeared on Sabahs list of the 2000s' Top Hot Summer Songs.
Discography
Senden İbaret (2000)
Sen Yoluna... Ben Yoluma... (2002)
Aşk Kadın Ruhundan Anlamıyor (2004)
Apayrı (2006)
Nasıl Delirdim? (2007)
Hipnoz (2008)
Hayrola? (2009)
Hande'ye Neler Oluyor? (2010)
Teşekkürler (2011)
Kraliçe (2012)
Mükemmel (2014)
Hepsi Hit Vol. 1 (2016)
Hepsi Hit Vol. 2 (2017)
Carpe Diem (2020)
Afrodizyak'' (2023)
Filmography
Film
Television
Commercials
References
Further reading
External links
Hande Yener on Spotify
1973 births
Living people
Singers from Istanbul
Turkish pop singers
Turkish pop musicians
Turkish dance musicians
People from Kadıköy
21st-century Turkish singers
21st-century Turkish women singers
Golden Butterfly Award winners
Turkish lyricists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hande%20Yener |
Roger Langridge (born 14 February 1967) is a New Zealand comics writer, artist and letterer, currently living in Britain.
Biography
Langridge originally came to public prominence most notably with the Judge Dredd Megazine series The Straitjacket Fits (written by David Bishop), a surreal, hallucinatory, convention-bending strip set in an insane asylum with a cast of characters who realised they were in a comic strip and burst from the edge of the frame. He had previously been a regular artist for the 1988 issues of the Auckland University Students' Association's magazine Craccum.
His cartoon style proved perfect for the series and he continued to work for the Megazine, in addition to a series of comedy books dedicated to his Buster Keaton-inspired character Fred the Clown, which he wrote and drew as a webcomic before self-publishing the material as small press titles. These were collected as a single volume by Fantagraphics Books in 2004. His work on Fred the Clown was nominated for two Eisner Awards, a Harvey Award, a Reuben Award and an Ignatz Award. Langridge also does illustration work.
He has also provided artwork for Shaenon Garrity's Smithson webcomic.
Langridge has provided the Fin Fang Four, with Scott Gray, first for Marvel Monsters, then a series of short stories and in late 2008 as a digital comic on Marvel Digital Comics Unlimited.
He was the writer, and usually the cartoonist for, Boom! Studios' The Muppet Show comics (2009–12).
In 2012, he scripted for IDW a four-issue Popeye miniseries, illustrated by Bruce Ozella, so successful that even before the second issue it was expanded into an "ongoing" series, according to Langridge.
For Doctor Who Magazine he did one-panel humorous images for the "Review" section. He also does a weekly illustration for the UK TV magazine Inside Soap.
Bibliography
Comics
Comic work includes:
Razor #8 Associates in "Searching" (with writer Cornelius Stone, 1988)
Art d'Ecco (with Andrew Langridge, in Art d'Ecco #1–4, Fantagraphics, 1990–1992)
Zoot! (with Andrew Langridge – six-issue series, Fantagraphics, 1993–1994)
Knuckles the Malevolent Nun (with co-creator Cornelius Stone, in Knuckles No. 1 & 2, 1991 and A1 (Series 1) No. 5, 1991)
"Frankenstein Meets Shirley Temple" (in A1 (Series 2) #1–4, 1992)
Judge Dredd:
"Sponts A-Go-Go" (with Chris Standley and Paul Peart, Judge Dredd Lawman of the Future No. 14, 1996)
"Medusa" (with Alan Barnes and Paul Peart, Judge Dredd Lawman of the Future #19–20, 1996)
The Straitjacket Fits (with David Bishop):
"The Straitjacket Fits" (in Judge Dredd Magazine #1.09–1.20, 1991–1992)
"The Final Fit" (in Judge Dredd Yearbook 1993 1992)
Fred the Clown, Les Cartoonistes Dangereux, 1999
"The Story of a Nut Gone Bad..." (in Flinch No. 13, DC, 2000)
Fred the Clown #1–5, self-published, 2001–2002.
Batman: "Auteurism" (with John Arcudi, in Legends of the Dark Knight #162–163, DC, 2003)
"Abe Sapien Star of the B.P.R.D." (with John Arcudi, in Hellboy: Weird Tales, No. 4, Dark Horse, 2003)
Whatever Happened To?: "Cookie" (with Simon Spurrier, in Judge Dredd Megazine #2.17, 2004)
Fett Club (with Kevin Rubio, in Star Wars Tales 24, Dark Horse, 2005)
A story in the Bizarro World anthology, DC, 2005.
Marvel Monsters: "Fin Fang Four" (with Scott Gray, 2005)
"Moleman's Christmas" (with Shaenon Garrity, in Marvel Christmas Special No. 1, Marvel, 2006)
"How Fin Fang Foom Saves Christmas " (with Scott Gray, in Marvel Christmas Special 2006 No. 1, Marvel, 2007)
"Return of the Fin Fang Four: Shrink Rap" (with Scott Gray, in Avengers Giant-Size No. 1, Marvel, 2008)
The Muppet Show (Boom Studios, 2009)
Thor: The Mighty Avenger (Marvel, 2010)
Muppets Presents: Family Reunion (Marvel, 2011)
John Carter of Mars: A Princess of Mars #1–5 (Marvel, 2011)
Snarked! #0,1–12 (Boom! Studios, 2011–2012)
Popeye #1–12 (IDW Publishing, 2012–2013)
The Rocketeer: Hollywood Horror #1–4 (IDW Publishing, 2013)
King:Mandrake the Magician No. 1 (Dynamite Entertainment, 2015)
Fred the Clown, The Iron Duchess, (Self-Published, 2016)
Collections
Collections:
Knuckles the Malevolent Nun 1: No More Mrs. Nice Nun, with Cornelius Stone, Antipodes Publishing, 2003.
Fred the Clown, Fantagraphics Books, 2004.
The Louche and Insalubrious Escapades of Art d'Ecco, with Andrew Langridge, Fantagraphics Books, 2006.
Notes
References
Roger Langridge at 2000 AD online
External links
Bibliography
Online comics at WebComicsNation
Roger Langridge at Act-i-vate
Modern Tales
Interviews
Interview with Futureal Studio
"Interview with Roger Langridge", The Comics Reporter, 16 October 2005
1967 births
Living people
New Zealand comics writers
New Zealand comics artists
Popeye | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Langridge |
D.C. Follies is a syndicated sitcom which aired from 1987–1989. The show was set in a Washington, D.C. bar, where a bartender played by Fred Willard would welcome puppet caricatures of politicians and popular culture figures.
Synopsis
The show, a satire, made frequent sardonic comments on cold war and late 1980s politics and pop culture. Although Willard was the only live actor appearing regularly, each episode featured a celebrity guest, including Martin Mull, Robin Leach, Leslie Nielsen, Bob Uecker, and Betty White. In one episode, Robert Englund showed up as his Freddy Krueger character, and in a special Christmas episode an un-billed actor played Santa Claus.
Style
The show's use of puppets that mimicked popular culture and political figures was similar to the British series Spitting Image; it was produced by Sid and Marty Krofft, well-known puppeteers in the United States who were responsible for popular children's television shows including H.R. Pufnstuf and Sigmund and the Sea Monsters. The show was originally funded and syndicated nationally by New York-based Syndicast Services Inc.
Frequently appearing puppet characters included
Former Presidents Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and then-President Ronald Reagan and Vice-President George H. W. Bush. When Bush was elected President in 1988, Vice-President Dan Quayle also became a regular. The former and current presidents were portrayed as having a special Presidents' Table at the bar, where they sat together.
First Ladies Nancy Reagan, Barbara Bush; and Marilyn Quayle.
Woody Allen
Jim Bakker and his then-wife, Tammy Faye Bakker
Cher
Sam Donaldson
Senator Robert Dole
Governor Michael Dukakis
Whoopi Goldberg
Katharine Hepburn
Rev. Jesse Jackson
Michael Jackson
Don King
Henry Kissinger
Ted Koppel
Madonna
Sean Penn
Edwin Meese
Oliver North
Tip O'Neill
Dolly Parton
John Poindexter
Dan Rather
Geraldo Rivera
Pat Robertson
Sylvester Stallone
Oprah Winfrey
British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, and Queen Elizabeth II
Prince Charles and his then-wife, Princess Diana
Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and wife Raisa Gorbacheva
Pope John Paul II
Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeni
Sid and Marty Krofft themselves, as newspaper vendors
Accolades
The series was nominated for two Emmy Awards.
Home media
A series of three "Best of D. C. Follies" VHS tapes were released, with each volume containing two episodes.
On August 4, 2017, Shout! Factory announced they had acquired the rights to the series and subsequently released D.C. Follies – The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 on November 14, 2017.
The show has been made available via video on demand at Amazon Video and iTunes.
References
External links
Official website
Sid and Marty Krofft interview about the show
1980s American political comedy television series
1980s American satirical television series
1980s American sitcoms
1987 American television series debuts
1989 American television series endings
American television series based on British television series
American television shows featuring puppetry
English-language television shows
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
Political satirical television series
Television series by Sid and Marty Krofft Television Productions
Television series by MGM Television
Television shows set in Washington, D.C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.C.%20Follies |
Novo Miloševo () is a village located in the Novi Bečej municipality, in the Central Banat District of Serbia. It is situated in the Province of Vojvodina. The village has a Serb majority (76.09%) with an ethnic Hungarian minority (14.57%). Its population is 6,763 people as of the 2002 census.
Name
The village was formed after the Second World War when former villages of Beodra and Dragutinovo were joined into one single village known as Novo Miloševo. Before 1918, Dragutinovo was known as Karlovo.
History
The former village of Beodra was first mentioned in 1331. It was established at present-day location from 1742–53, and was settled by Serbs from Potisje and Pomorišje. The village of Karlovo was established in 1751 by former Serb frontiersmen. In 1918, the name of the village was changed from Karlovo to Dragutinovo, after Dragutin Ristić, a colonel in the Serbian army, whose unit occupied the village. In 1946, Dragutinovo and Beodra were joined into one single village known as Novo Miloševo, after Miloš Popov Klima, a noted Partisan who was born in Dragutinovo.
Historical population
1961: 9,276
1971: 8,548
1981: 7,805
1991: 7,308
2002: 6,763
People
Ranko Žeravica, Yugoslav and Serbian basketball coach;
Mikhail Rodzianko, Russian politician.
See also
List of places in Serbia
List of cities, towns and villages in Vojvodina
References
Slobodan Ćurčić, Broj stanovnika Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 1996.
External links
Novo Miloševo - Official Internet Presentation
Novo Miloševo - Website by a private enthusiast
Gallery
Populated places in Serbian Banat | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novo%20Milo%C5%A1evo |
There's Only One Jimmy Grimble, also known as Jimmy Grimble, is a 2000 British sports drama film directed by John Hay, starring Robert Carlyle, Ray Winstone, Lewis McKenzie, Gina McKee, Ben Miller and Samia Ghadie. Set in Greater Manchester Jimmy is a young aspiring footballer who plays for his school team who after receiving a pair of old football boots who once belonged to one of Manchester City's greatest ever players begins to see his skills on the field change.
The movie has become nostalgically linked to Manchester City, with the movie released during the same season City were relegated from the Premier League for a second-time. This coming in the midst of golden era for local rivals Manchester United. The movie's most remembered line is when Jimmy is asked if he would like to sign for United, only for him to tell the United scout that he's had a better offer. "What could be better than Man United, son?" the scout asks, only for Jimmy to reply "Man City".
Plot
Jimmy (Lewis McKenzie) is a shy teenager living in Oldham, Greater Manchester and being raised by his single mother Donna (Gina McKee). Like most Mancunians, Jimmy loves football and is a big fan of Manchester City. He finds school troubling and is often being bullied by popular kids and staunch Manchester United fans "Gorgeous" Gordon Burley (Bobby Power) and Psycho (Ciarán Griffiths). Jimmy joins the school football team coached by Eric Wirral (Robert Carlyle) who cares very little about the success of the team and is undermined by Gordon and his father Ken (John Henshaw), who constantly boasts he is a former professional player with Crewe Alexandra.
Jimmy is occasionally accompanied by school friend and love interest Sara (Samia Ghadie) and befriends Alice (Jane Lapotaire) an old homeless woman living in derelict housing that it marked for demolition, Alice gives Jimmy a pair of old football boots that she claims once belonged to Robbie Brewer who she alleges used to play for City. Alice explains that the boots are magic but although Jimmy accepts the gift he is sceptical and places them in a rubbish skip on his way home. The bullying and torment continues when Gordon steals Jimmy's boots and launches them into a passing bin truck in an attempt to prevent him playing for the team, however Jimmy manages to retrieve the old boots from the skip in time for his first game in the Manchester School's Cup away against Wreckingham. In a bad tampered game on a waterlogged muddy field, Jimmy comes on as a substitute and scores a goal from his own half with his first touch of the ball. Believing the boots are really magic, his confidence begins to grow and he quickly begins to shine as the team's brightest player, out performing a frustrated Gordon who had previously been viewed as the teams best player.
Desperate to uncover whether Robbie Brewer actually played for City, a club security steward points him in the direction of a house next to Maine Road which turns out to be Mr Wirral's home. Jimmy finds out that his teacher was a former City player himself and had once scored a hattrick against United but is struggling to find is passion for the sport following his retirement as a player, and had kept playing career exploits quiet at school. Jimmy's performances begin to win round the likes of Psycho and other members of the team, however the Headmaster (John McArdle) concerned of the upcoming opponents tells Mr Wirral to let Ken take charge of the team. Ken berates the team in the first half with his only tactic being to "pass it to Gordon". At half time Mr Wirral is revealed to be a former City player in front of the team by the opposition coach who recognises him as the player who scored a hattrick past him when he was a United goalkeeper, leading to the team to reject Ken as their coach. Inspired by this a revitalised Mr Wirrall oversees a better second half with the team going on to win the game.
Away from school, Jimmy is struggling to come to terms with his mothers decision to date her new boyfriend Johnny Two Dogs (Ben Miller), an arrogant motorcycle rider who tries to pass himself off as a martial arts expert. Jimmy occasionally bumps into Harry (Ray Winstone) his Mum's former partner who he had a good relationship, but struggles to come to terms with how their relationship ended. Donna forces Johnny to make an effort with Jimmy and insists he takes him to a City game (as Harry did regularly), however Johnny who is not a football fan, gets into an altercation with a hooligan in the pub before the game, Johnny's reaction shows Jimmy that he isn't the hard man that he wants him to believe.
On his way to invite Alice to the final, Jimmy notices demolition has begun on the row of houses where she is squatting, he manages to halt the workmen but after searching for Alice he finds she has finds that she had frozen to death outside. With their relationship starting to fray Donna decides to not travel to the game with Johnny, but on realising he has taken her money she returns to the flat to find her with another girl. Ahead of the game and with the prospect of Jimmy taking the limelight away from Gordon in front of the Manchester United scout, Ken threatens to cancel his funding of a new sports hall roof in order to force the headmaster into leaving Jimmy on the substitute bench, the team however refuse to play without Jimmy. Gordon once again tries to disrupt Jimmy by stealing his boots before throwing them into the canal. Jimmy is now convinced that he has lost his magic touch and despite receiving new boots from the club shop he plays poorly in the first half with the team 2-0 down.
Quick to find a resolution, Harry takes Jimmy to meet a blind programme seller at half time who is revealed to be Robbie Brewer, Robbie confirms that he never actually played for City but he was selected to be a club mascot and that the boots were given to him that day as a gift by Alice who is revealed to be his mother. Now convinced it was his own skills all along, Jimmy emerges from the tunnel for the second half and quickly scores a goal to make it 2–1. He then assists Gordon for the equaliser before retrieving the ball in his own half and taking the ball down field before stopping on the edge of the penalty box. With the option of scoring and taking glory for himself, he chooses to play the ball into the box by kicking it really hard into Gordon's face which knocks him over but results in the winning goal. Donna and Harry reconcile in the crowd as Jimmy is carried off the field a hero.
In the tunnel Ken is trying to convince the United scout to sign Gordon, however he turns to Jimmy and asks him how would he like to sign for Manchester United? Jimmy declines and tells him Mr Wirral informs him that he has had a better offer, the scout asks what could be better than Man United? he replies "Man City". Despite the refusal the scout rebuffs Ken and Gordon and offers the place to the teams goalkeeper. Jimmy meets up with Sara in the tunnel and kisses her before the team celebrate their win on the field with Mr Wirral.
Cast
Filming
The movie was filmed in Greater Manchester in 1999, with the final game being shot in Manchester City's former stadium Maine Road. Other prime locations shot were Oldham Hulme Grammar School and Scarisbrick Hall School.
Release
The film was released in the United Kingdom on 25 August 2000, and also received screenings at the Berlin International Film Festival on 9 February 2001 and the Kristiansand International Children's Film Festival on 3 May 2001. Later that year it was also released at two more international festivals with showings at Film Fest Ghent and Cinéfest Sudbury International Film Festival.
Critical response
Reception
The movie at the time of release gained an indifferent reception from critics.
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 71% based on 7 reviews, with an average rating of 6.9/10. Michael Thompson of BBC.com scored it 4/5. IMDb score the film at 6.6/10.
Move critic Keith Hennessey-Brown, writing for Eye For Film wrote "With a plot taken straight from the old comic strip Billy's Boots - albeit given a more realistic spin - I expected this film to seriously suck. Yet I came away thinking it was actually quite good. Yes, it's entirely predictable and done in a check-off-the-cliches way - the underdog has his day, justice is done as the good guys are rewarded and the bad guys punished, etc, etc - but it just plain works. Youngster Lewis McKenzie, who plays Grimble, looks like a real find. Robert Carlyle, Ray Winstone and Gina McKee are a pleasure to watch, as always, as the flawed adults who surround him. It's especially nice to see Winstone cast somewhat against type - this may be the only film he's been in where he doesn't do his violent outburst thing. Complete with a soundtrack of predominantly Manchester bands, there's Only One Jimmy Grimble is an effective feel-good film that successfully accomplishes what it sets out to."
Awards and nominations
The film won three awards, the first coming at the Berlin Film Festival where it won the Best Feature film in the Silver Bear category. At the Giffoni Film Festival it won the Golden Gryphon Free to Fly award, with a further award for the Golden Poznan Goat coming at the Ale Kino! International Young Audience Film Festival. Lewis McKenzie was also nominated for the best newcomer at the British Independent Film Awards.
Legacy
In 2018 Football magazine FourFourTwo placed the movie as the 7th of 14 on the best football movies ever. A poll in the same year by SPORTbible asked it's readers to vote for their favourite football films, with the movie placing again in 7th place with 1,456 votes.
The movie has become nostalgically linked to Manchester City, with the movie released during the same season City were relegated from the Premier League for a second-time. This coming in the midst of golden era for local rivals Manchester United with Gordon's bullying of Jimmy in the movie mimicking the difference in class between the two football clubs at the time. The movie's most famous line is when Jimmy is asked if he would like to sign for United, only for him to tell the United scout that he's had a better offer. "What could be better than Man United, son?" the scout asks, only for Jimmy to reply "Man City". Ironically Lewis McKenzie who delivered that line and played Jimmy, is himself actually a Manchester United supporter, whereas United bully Gordon played by Bobby Power and his father John Henshaw are real life City supporters.
See also
Billy's Boots
List of association football films
References
External links
Review at BBC Films
Tom Fogg, There's Only One Jimmy Grimble, at FilmFestivals.com
Jimmy Grimble, Le Stuff Journal
Jim White, There's Only One Jimmy Grimble, from Sight & Sound, September 2000
2000 films
2000s sports comedy films
British association football films
British sports comedy films
Films set in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham
Manchester City F.C.
Films shot in Greater Manchester
Films shot in Lancashire
Adultery in films
2000 comedy films
2000s English-language films
2000s British films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There%27s%20Only%20One%20Jimmy%20Grimble |
Byblos script may refer to:
Byblos syllabary (c. 1700 BC)
Phoenician script (c. 1200 BC) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byblos%20script |
Cătălin Constantin Măruță (born 27 January 1978) is a Romanian television host.
Career
He currently presents the "La Măruță" show on Pro TV. Since June 2002, he has been the host of the "Tonomatul DP2" show on TVR 2. For a few months, at the end of 2005, he worked for Realitatea TV, where he presented another morning show called "Trezeşte-te la realitate cu Cătălin Măruță" ("Wake up to reality with Cătălin Măruță"). Alongside singer Luminița Anghel, he presented the Romanian National Eurovision Selection in 2006 and also hosted a post festival party where all the singers and producers were invited. He returned to hosting the Callatis Club show during the Callatis Festival in August 2006. Starting with 22 October 2007 he presents the TV-show "Happy Hour".
He now presents the TV-show "La Maruta".
The presenter was chosen by DreamWorks Animation to dubbed in Romanian a goose in the animated movie Kung Fu Panda 3.
Personal life
Măruță is married to singer-songwriter Andra, with whom he has two children.
References
External links
Cătălin Măruță on YouTube
Romanian television personalities
Living people
1978 births
People from Târgu Jiu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83t%C4%83lin%20M%C4%83ru%C8%9B%C4%83 |
In Ireland, a republican plot is a cemetery plot where combatants or members of various Irish republican organisations are buried in a group of adjacent graves, rather than being buried with family members. These plots often hold the bodies of casualties of earlier 19th and 20th-century campaigns by organisations such as the Fenians or the IRA.
Most republican plots are owned and maintained by the National Graves Association. Notable Republican plots include those at Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin, and Milltown Cemetery in Belfast, the Belfast graveyard was the site of a fatal attack on a Republican funeral in 1988 by a loyalist paramilitary, Michael Stone.
Republican plots are the focus of annual commemorations by Republican groups and also by political parties such as Fianna Fáil, the Workers' Party and Sinn Féin and its offshoots, each group commemorating its own fallen, as Fianna Fáil commemorations focus exclusively on members of the Old IRA. Commemorations take place on dates such as Easter Monday (to commemorate the Easter Rising), and the anniversaries of the death of those buried in the plots.
Annual commemorations also take place at the grave of Theobald Wolfe Tone at Bodenstown in Sallins, Co Kildare and at the graves of the leaders of the Easter Rising at Arbour Hill Prison in Dublin.
Sources
'Memorials to the Casualties of Conflict: Northern Ireland 1969 to 1997' by Jane Leonard
Irish Republican Army
Burial monuments and structures in Ireland
Irish War of Independence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican%20plot |
Another Level were an English soul and R&B-influenced boy band that formed in 1997 and broke up in 2000, consisting of Mark Baron, Dane Bowers, Bobak Kianoush and Wayne Williams. They achieved seven top ten singles, including the 1998 number-one "Freak Me".
In 2013, the band were about to reunite for the ITV2 documentary, The Big Reunion; however, Williams and Baron chose not to take part in the show. Bowers was the only member to take part in the show and joined the supergroup 5th Story along with Kenzie from Blazin' Squad and former soloists Adam Rickitt, Kavana and Gareth Gates.
On 30 November 2014, it was reported that Another Level could make a comeback, but nothing happened.
Career
Formation and early career (1994–2000)
Dane Bowers and Wayne Williams were both students of the BRIT School of Performing Arts & Technology in the London Borough of Croydon when they were discovered. Williams enrolled at the school in 1995, while Bowers was in the year below, but started in 1994.
Another Level were originally conceived by Nick Raphael and Christian Tattersfield for their new record label project Northwestside Records, a BMG sub-label in the United Kingdom that had also signed Jay-Z's Roc-A-Fella Records unit in 1998. Due to Northwestside's position as an urban marketed record label, a number of R&B and hip hop stars guested on Another Level's songs. These included Jay-Z, Ghostface Killah and TQ, amongst others.
Another Level had seven top 40 singles in two years, including 1998's UK Singles Chart number one "Freak Me" (a cover of the 1993 hit by US group Silk), and a platinum-selling, eponymous debut album.
1999's gold-selling Nexus followed, along with BRIT Awards nominations, and the opening slot on Janet Jackson's European tour. In early 2000, the group split after Kianoush and Williams left the group in 1999.
The Big Reunion (2013)
On 27 August 2013, Another Level were on the verge of signing up for the ITV2 documentary, The Big Reunion, but Williams announced that he would not take part. In an interview with MTV UK, he said: "I decided not to participate in The Big Reunion because it wouldn't feel right to me...I'm in a totally different space in my life and I don't feel any need to look back." Also, Baron, who now works for Alan Sugar's company Amsprop, had been forced to pull out due to Sugar not allowing him time off work. Bowers told the Daily Star, "Another Level were supposed to do it but then Mark said he couldn't because of work. He's married to Alan Sugar's daughter and works for him. You don't say no to Alan Sugar. I was a bit annoyed because he pulled out right at the end. Surely he would have known earlier. But his loss is my gain." Bowers was the only member to take part in the show as he joined supergroup 5th Story along with Kenzie from Blazin' Squad and former soloists Adam Rickitt, Kavana and Gareth Gates.
Discography
Albums
Singles
References
British contemporary R&B musical groups
English boy bands
Musical groups established in 1997
Musical groups disestablished in 2000
Musical groups from London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another%20Level%20%28group%29 |
Meisenheim () is a town in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the like-named Verbandsgemeinde, and is also its seat. Meisenheim is a state-recognized recreational resort (Erholungsort) and it is set out as a middle centre in state planning.
Geography
Location
Meisenheim lies in the valley of the River Glan at the northern edge of the North Palatine Uplands. The municipal area measures 1 324 ha.
Neighbouring municipalities
Clockwise from the north, Meisenheim's neighbours are Raumbach, Rehborn, Callbach, Reiffelbach, Odenbach, Breitenheim and Desloch, all of which likewise lie within the Bad Kreuznach district, except for Odenbach, which lies in the neighbouring Kusel district.
Constituent communities
Also belonging to Meisenheim are the outlying homesteads of Hof Wieseck, Keddarterhof and Röther Hof.
History
Meisenheim is believed to have arisen in the 7th century AD, and its name is often derived from the town's hypothetical founder "Meiso" (thus making the meaning "Meiso's Home"). In 1154, Meisenheim had its first documentary mention. Sometimes cited as such, however, is a document dated 14 June 891 from the West Frankish king Odo (for example by K. Heintz in Die Schlosskirche zu Meisenheim a. Gl. u. ihre Denkmäler in Mitteilungen d. Histor. Vereins d. Pfalz 24 (1900) pp. 164–279, within which p. 164, and by W. Dotzauer in Geschichte des Nahe-Hunsrück-Raumes (2001), pp. 69 & 72), but this document is falsified (cf. H. Wibel: Die Urkundenfälschungen Georg Friedrich Schotts, in Neues Archiv d. Ges. f. Ältere Dt. Gesch.kunde Bd. 29 (1904), pp. 653–765, within which p. 688 & pp. 753– 757). In the 12th century, Meisenheim was raised to the main seat of the Counts of Veldenz and in 1315 it was granted town rights by King Ludwig IV. On what is now known as Schlossplatz ("Palace Square"), the Counts of Veldenz built a castle, bearing witness to which today are only two buildings that were later built, the Schloss Magdalenenbau (nowadays called the Herzog-Wolfgang-Haus or "Duke Wolfgang House") and above all the ("Palace Church"), building work on which began in 1479. Both buildings were built only after the Counts of Veldenz had died out in 1444 and the county had been inherited by the Dukes of Palatine Zweibrücken. This noble house, too, at first kept their seat at Meisenheim, but soon moved it to Zweibrücken. From 1538 to 1571, Duke Wolfgang of Zweibrücken maintained in Meisenheim a mint, with one interruption, although this was then moved to Bergzabern. The Doppeltaler (double Thaler), Taler (Thaler) and Halbtaler (half Thaler) coins minted in the time when the mint was in Meisenheim remain among the highest-quality mintings from Palatinate-Zweibrücken.
In 1799, Duke of Zweibrücken Maximilian IV inherited the long united lands of the Electorate of Bavaria and the Electorate of the Palatinate. While these three states were now de jure in personal union, this did not shift the power structures on the ground at all, for Palatinate-Zweibrücken had already been occupied by French Revolutionary troops along with the other left-bank territories. After the end of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars in 1815, the Congress of Vienna assigned the part of Palatinate-Zweibrücken lying north of the Glan, including Meisenheim, to the Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg rather than Maximilian's Kingdom of Bavaria. From 1816 onwards, Meisenheim was the administrative seat of the of Meisenheim and an . In 1866 the Grand Duchy of Hesse inherited Hesse-Homburg but had to cede its territory to the Kingdom of Prussia later that same year following its defeat in the Austro-Prussian War. The town of Meisenheim itself was not wholly reunited until after the Second World War when state of Rhineland-Palatinate was founded. Until then, the lands just across the Glan had been Bavarian (either as foreign territory or as another province within Imperial, Weimar or Nazi Germany) since the Congress of Vienna.
Jewish history
Meisenheim had a Jewish community possibly even as far back as the Middle Ages, after it was granted town rights in 1315. The first documentary mention of a Jew, however, did not come until 1551 when a "Jud Moses" cropped up in the record. He was selling a house on Schweinsgasse (a lane that still exists now). In 1569, the Jews were turned out of the town. After the Thirty Years' War, two Jewish families were allowed to live in the town. In 1740, the number of Jewish families was still supposed to be kept down to four, but this rule was often not upheld. The reasons given for these restrictions were mainly economic. …Fourteenthly, no more than four Jewish families should live and be tolerated in the local town; this rose under High Prince Gustav’s state government to 7 such, …which has not only caused the local grocers through the constant hawking and the butchers through shechita great harm and loss of sustinence, but also has already put many citizens and peasants to ruination, and furthermore still means that the little protection money that Your High-Princely Serene Highness draws from these people by far does not offset this harm, whereby Your High-Princely Serene Highness harms his truest subjects. If a few provisions have been indulged-in as a result of the hawking and shechita, bizarrely the butchers' guild article, then these Jews, as a dogged and naughty people, are not troubled by them, but rather begin their abuses anew after some time has gone by; we therefore ask, most humbly, that Your High-Princely Serene Highness most kindly deign to reduce the Jews here, to the citizenry’s greatest consolation, back to 4, by strengthening the provisions for the forbidden hawking and the butchers' guild article for excessive shechita. Following the 1740 decree, the Jews moved to nearby villages, still keeping themselves near the "market", which to them was a matter of survival, and which was of course also necessary for economic growth. The "grocers" and above all the butchers could thus not be wholly free of their competition, especially as the government knew enough to prize good taxpayers. This shift also applied across borders, and thus not only to the villages belonging to the canton of Meisenheim, but also to the bordering Palatine villages such as Odenbach. A more thorough analysis of this shift of town and country Jews appears in W. Kemp's review, and this work also contains a taxation roll of Jews in the canton of Meisenheim, showing the tax burdens borne by Jews living in the outlying villages of Medard, Breitenheim, Schweinschied, Löllbach, Merxheim, Bärweiler, Meddersheim, Staudernheim and Hundsbach. The modern Jewish community arose in the 18th century, According to a report from 1860, the oldest readable gravestone then at the Meisenheim graveyard bore the date 1725. Thus presumably Jews were then still allowed to live in the town. In the time of the French Revolution, there were fewer Jewish families, among whom was a butcher who was allowed to ply his trade in town. About 1800, it is clear that several families fled to the town to escape Johannes Bückler's (Schinderhannes's) crime wave. In the earlier half of the 19th century, the number of Jewish inhabitants grew sharply, mostly because of the arrival of newcomers from Jewish villages in the Hunsrück area. The number of Jewish inhabitants developed as follows: in 1808, there were 161; in 1860, 260; in 1864, 198 (12% of the population); in 1871, 160 (8.73% of 1,832 inhabitants); in 1885, 120 (7.05% of 1701); in 1895, 87 (5.01% of 1738); in 1902, 89 (5.01% of 1,777). Also belonging to the Breitenheim Jewish community were the Jews living in Breitenheim. In 1924 they numbered two. In the way of institutions, there were a synagogue (see Former synagogue below), a Jewish primary and religious school (present no later than 1826, and as of 1842 housed in the building at Wagnerstraße 13), a mikveh and a graveyard (see Jewish graveyard below). To provide for the community's religious needs, a primary and religious schoolteacher, alongside the rabbi, was hired, who also busied himself as the hazzan and the shochet (preserved is a whole series of job advertisements for such a position in Meisenheim from such publications as the Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums). For a time, the hazzan's position was separate from the schoolteacher's. In the 19th century, a man named Benjamin Unrich worked as primary schoolteacher from 1837 to 1887 – 50 years. In 1830, he taught 32 children, in 1845, 46 and in 1882, 21. At either Unrich's retirement or his death in 1890, the Jewish primary school was closed, and thereafter Jewish schoolchildren attended the Evangelical school, while receiving religious instruction at the Jewish religious school. 1875 to 1909, the community's hazzan and religion teacher was Heyman de Beer. The last religion teacher, from 1924 to 1928, was Julius Voos (b. 1904 in Kamen, Westphalia, d. 1944 at Auschwitz). In 1924, he taught 15 children, but by 1928, this had shrunk to 7. After he left, the few school-age Jewish children left were taught by the schoolteacher from Sobernheim (Julius Voos earned his doctorate in Bonn in 1933, and between 1936 and 1943 he was a rabbi in Guben, Lusatia, then in Münster, whence he was deported to Auschwitz in 1943). Meisenheim was in the 19th century the seat of a rabbinate, with the rabbi bearing the title of the of Meisenheim in Hesse-Homburg times and ("District Rabbi") in Prussian times. Serving as rabbi were the following:
One member of Meisenheim's Jewish community fell in the First World War, Leo Sender (b. 12 July 1893 in Hennweiler, d. 20 October 1914). Also lost in the Great War was Alfred Moritz (b. 16 May 1890 in Meisenheim, d. 20 June 1916), but he had moved to Kirn by 1914. About 1924, when there were still 55 members of the Jewish community (3% of roughly 1,800 to 1,900 inhabitants), the community's leaders were Moritz Rosenberg, Simon Schlachter, Albert Kaufmann and Hermann Levy. The representatives were Louis Strauß, Levi Bloch, Albert Cahn and Siegmund Cahn. Employed as schoolteacher was Julius Voos. He taught at the community's religion school and taught Jewish religion at the public schools. In 1932, the community's leaders were Moritz Rosenberg (first), Simon Schlachter (second) and Felix Kaufmann (third). The community had since found itself without a schoolteacher. Instruction was then being given the Jewish schoolchildren by Felix Moses from Sobernheim. Worthy of mention among the then still active Jewish clubs is the Jewish Women's Club, which concerned itself with supporting the poor. In 1932 its chairwoman was Mrs. Schlachter.
In 1933, the year when Adolf Hitler and the Nazis seized power, there were still 38 Jews living in 13 families in Meisenheim. Thereafter, though, some of the Jews moved away or even emigrated in the face of the progressive stripping of their rights and repression, all brought about by the Nazis. Already by that year, intimidating measures were being undertaken: Shochet's knives were being seized by Brownshirt and Der Stahlhelm thugs. Several well known Jewish businessmen (grain wholesaler Hugo Weil, wine dealer Julius Levy, other livestock and grain wholesalers) were taken into so-called "protective custody". Jewish businesses were "Aryanized", the last ones in June 1938. On Kristallnacht (9–10 November 1938), the synagogue sustained substantial damage, and worse, the Jewish men who were still in town were arrested. With the deportation of the last Jews living in Meisenheim to the South of France in October 1940, the Meisenheim Jewish community's history came to an end. According to the Gedenkbuch – Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945 ("Memorial Book – Victims of the Persecution of the Jews under National Socialist Tyranny") and Yad Vashem, as compared against other data, critically examined and completed by Wolfgang Kemp, of all Jews who either were born in Meisenheim or lived there for a long time, 44 were killed during Nazi persecution (birthdates in brackets):
Ferdinand Altschüler (1865)
Thekla Bär née Fränkel (1862)
Hedwig de Beer (1887)
Klara de Beer (1889)
Cäcilia (Zili) de Beer (1891)
Sigmund Cahn (1874)
Ida Cahn née Kaufmann, Sigmund's wife (1885)
Adolf David (1879)
Julius David (1883)
Leo Fränkel (1867)
Julius Fränkel (1873)
Karl Josef Fränkel (1902)
Pauline Goldmann, née Fränkel (1864)
Frieda Hamburger, née Schlachter (1885)
Willy Hamburger, Sohn von Frieda (1911)
Albert Löb (1870)
Flora Löb née de Beer (1895)
Julius Maas (1876)
Martha Mayer née Fränkel (1866)
Georg Meyer (1894)
Selma Meyer, née Schlachter, Georg's wife, Simon's and Elise's daughter (1894)
Johanna Nathan née Strauss (1873)
Moritz Rosenberg (1866)
Auguste Rosenberg née Stern, Moritz's wife (1863)
Elsa (Else) Rosenberg, Moritz's and Auguste's daughter (1894)
Flora Sandel née de Beer (1884)
Justine Scheuer née Fränkel (1861)
Simon Schlachter (1858)
Schlachter, Elisabeth Elise, née Sonnheim, Simon's wife (1867)
Adele Silberberg née David (1871)
Simon Schlachter (1877)
Isidor (Juda, Justin) Stern (1893)
Walter Stern (1899)
Ida Strauss née Strauss (1862)
Isaac Julius Strauss (1866)
Isaac (called 'Louis/Ludwig') Strauss (1887)
Laura Strauss née Michel, Louis's wife (1883)
Lilli Strauss, Louis's and Laura's daughter (1924)
Rudolf Strauss, Louis's and Laura's son (1928)
Isidor Weil, Jakob's brother (1875)
Friederike 'Rika' Weil née Stein, Jakob's widow (1875)
Dr. Otto Weil, Jakob's and his first wife Therese née Schwartz's son (1894)
Hedwig Weil née Mayer, wife of Hugo Emanuel, Jakob's and his second wife Friederike née Stein's son (1911)
Alfred Abraham Weil, Hedwig's and Hugo's son (1936)
After 1945, the only Jews who came back to Meisenheim were one married couple, Otto David and his wife. Listed in the table that follows are the fates of some of Meisenheim's Jewish families:
In comparison with the list of victims, it comes to light that idyllic and introspective Meisenheim was gladly sought out by expectant mothers as a place to give birth. Those born in Meisenheim markedly outnumbered those who had moved there. Three persons, who indeed were also born in Meisenheim but whose lives did not centre around it, lived in Mannheim at a seniors’ home and thus were seized in the Saar/Pfalz/Baden-Aktion undertaken by the two Gauleiter Bürckel and Wagner and thereby sent to Gurs. They were Ferdinand Altschüler (76) and the sisters Ida and Johanna Strauss (79 and 68). Now standing in memory of many of those Jews who died or were driven out in the Shoa are so-called Stolpersteine, which were only laid in the town on 23 November 2007 after town council's unanimous vote in response to the Meisenheim Synagogue Sponsorship and Promotional Association chairman Günter Lenhoff's proposal.
Criminal history
Like many places in the region, Meisenheim can claim to have had its dealings with the notorious outlaw Schinderhannes (or Johannes Bückler, to use his true name). In early 1797, the already well known robber committed one of his earliest burglaries in Meisenheim. One night, he climbed into a master tanner's house and stole part of his leather stock, which he then apparently tried to sell back to the tanner the next day. In the spring of 1798, Schinderhannes went dancing several times at inns in Meisenheim.
Religion
Meisenheim's Evangelical Christians belong, as one of the church's southernmost communities, to the Evangelical Church in the Rhineland, while the Catholics belong to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Trier. As at 30 November 2013, there are 2,764 full-time residents in Meisenheim, and of those, 1,739 are Evangelical (62.916%), 591 are Catholic (21.382%), 8 are Lutheran (0.289%), 1 belongs to the New Apostolic Church (0.036%), 41 (1.483%) belong to other religious groups and 384 (13.893%) either have no religion or will not reveal their religious affiliation.
Politics
Town council
The council is made up of 20 council members, who were elected by proportional representation at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman. The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results:
Mayor
Meisenheim's mayor is Gerhard Heil.
Coat of arms
The town's arms might be described thus: Per fess argent a demilion azure armed and langued gules and crowned Or, and gules a blue tit proper.
The charge in the upper field, the lion, is a reference to the town's former allegiance to the Counts of Veldenz, while the one in the lower field, the blue tit, is a canting charge for the town's name, Meise being the German word for “tit”. This, however, is not actually the name's derivation. Meisenheim was raised to town in 1315 by King Ludwig IV. From the 12th century onwards, the town was held by the Counts of Veldenz. The arms are based on the town's first seal from the 14th century. It already bore the two charges that the current arms bear. In the 18th century, there was another composition in the town's seal showing a lion above a bendy lozengy field (slanted diamond shapes of alternating tinctures) while the tit appeared on an inescutcheon. This change reflected a change in the lordship after the Counts of Veldenz died out in 1444 and were succeeded by the House of Wittelsbach, who bore arms bendy lozengy argent and azure (silver and blue). This pattern can still be seen in Bavaria’s coat of arms and flag today. The former arms, however, were reintroduced in 1935. The article and the website Heraldry of the World show three different versions of the arms. The oldest, seen at Heraldry of the World, comes from the Coffee Hag albums from about 1925. It shows the tit in different tinctures, namely argent and sable (silver and black). The arms with the Wittelsbach bendy lozengy pattern are not shown.
Culture and sightseeing
Buildings
The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate’s Directory of Cultural Monuments:
Altstadt (“Old Town”) (monumental zone) – Old Town with building begun in the 14th century within and including the 14th-century town wall, the Gießen (arm of the Glan, possibly an old millrace) with the tanning houses as well as the building before the former Obertor (“Upper Gate”) and Schlosskirche (“Palace Church”) (see also below)
Former Powder Tower (Pulverturm also called Bürgerturm) – round town wall corner tower, after 1315, later altered
Evangelical Schlosskirche (“Palace Church”), Schlossplatz 1 – former Knights Hospitaller church, Late Gothic hall church, 1479–1504, architect Philipp von Gmünd, 1766–1770 interior conversion by Philipp Heinrich Hellermann; breast wall with Late Gothic portal, marked 1484 (see also below)
Saint Anthony of Padua Catholic Parish Church (Pfarrkirche St. Antonius von Padua), Klenkertor 7 – former Franciscan monastery church: Baroque aisleless church, 1685–1688, architect Franz Matthias Heyliger, Baroque Revival tower, 1902, architect Ludwig Becker, Mainz (see also below)
Town fortifications – long sections, partly with allure, of the town fortifications begun before 1315, partly destroyed in 1689
Am Herrenschlag – Eiserner Steg (“Iron Footbridge”); iron construction with segmental arches, 1893
Am Herrenschlag 1 – Gelbes Haus (“Yellow House”), former Knights Hospitaller commandry; essentially from 1349 (?) or before 1489, conversion in early 18th century; stately timber-frame building with half-hip roof, towards the back a “shield gable” (that is, a gable that forms part of the façade). Furnishing; bridge to the Schlosskirche churchyard, estate gate complex
Am Herrenschlag 2 – Late Baroque house, partly slated timber framing, marked 1765
Am Untertor – Untertorbrücke (“Lower Gate Bridge”); three-arch sandstone bridge, possibly after 1784, put back in order after damage in 1811, widened in 1894
Am Untertor – Untertor (“Lower Gate”); three-floor town gate, 13th century and later
Am Wehr – town wall remnant with allure; 13th century and later
Am Wehr 2 – Gründerzeit sandstone-block building with knee wall, Late Classicist façade, 1879
Am Wehr 3 – former tanning house; quarrystone building, partly timber-frame, between 1768 and 1820
Am Wehr 4 – former tanning house; essentially from the latter half of the 19th century
Amtsgasse 1 – stately Baroque estate complex; building with hipped mansard roof, great barn, 1763–1765, architect Philipp Heinrich Hellermann (?)
Amtsgasse 2 – former Amtsgericht; Late Classicist sandstone-block building, 1865/1866
Amtsgasse 4 – plastered building with eaves facing the street, about 1822/1826
Amtsgasse 5 – three-floor Classicist house, marked 1833
Amtsgasse 7 – Classicist house, about 1822/1823
Amtsgasse 11 – timber-frame house, partly solid, 1631
Amtsgasse 13 – former Hunoltsteiner Hof; three-wing complex, 16th to 18th centuries; main wing, partly timber-frame, 16th century, Baroque side building, 1791–1721, timber-frame building above a columned hall
Amtsgasse 15 – Late Baroque house, marked 1752
Amtsgasse 19 – Late Baroque house, marked 1778; essentially possibly from the 17th century
An der Bleiche – sandstone arch bridge, latter half of the 19th century
Bismarckplatz 1 – railway station; Late Historicist sandstone-block building with tower, goods shed, side building, 1894
At Hammelsgasse 1 – Late Baroque door leaf, late 18th century
Hammelsgasse 3 – house, essentially before 1726, marked 1833
Hammelsgasse 5 – Baroque timber-frame house, before 1739
Hans-Franck-Straße – one-arch quarrystone bridge, marked 1761
Herzog-Wolfgang-Straße 9 – former agricultural school; Neoclassical plastered building, marked 1922/1923
Hinter der Hofstatt 9 – clinker brick building, Art Nouveau motifs, 1904
At Hinter der Hofstatt 11 – Classicist summer house, about 1830
Klenkertor 2 – Late Baroque building with hipped mansard roof, marked 1784, essentially possibly after 1686
Klenkertor 3 – shophouse, partly timber-frame, marked 1604, conversion in the late 18th century
Klenkertor 6 – inn „Zum Engel“; stately timber-frame building, possibly from the early 18th century
Klenkertor 7 – Catholic rectory; former Franciscan monastery, Baroque two-wing complex, marked 1716 and 1732, former monastery garden
Klenkertor 9 – inn with dwelling; two Baroque timber-frame houses with gables facing the street, partly solid, 1704 and 1714, joined in 1818
Klenkertor 16 – timber-frame house, partly solid, possibly from the 16th or 17th century
Klenkertor 20 – quarrystone barn, before 1768, conversion marked 1853
Klenkertor 26 – rich three-floor timber-frame house, marked 1618 and 1814
Klenkertor 30 – house, possibly from the 17th century and later
Klenkertor 36 – post-Baroque building with half-hip roof, 1822
Lauergasse 3 – Late Baroque house, marked 1770, essentially possibly older
Lauergasse 5 – Baroque house, marked 1739
Lauergasse 8 – Baroque house, essentially possibly from the early 18th century
Liebfrauenberg – sculpture group mother and child, 1937/1938, sculptor Arno Breker
Lindenallee 2 – Late Classicist house with knee wall, 1843
Lindenallee 9 – school, Heimatstil building with Renaissance motifs, 1908, Building Councillor Häuser, Kreuznach (see also below)
Lindenallee 21 – stately Late Historicist villa, 1911
Marktgasse 2 – Baroque timber-frame house, before 1761, conversion 1782
Marktgasse 3 – timber-frame house, partly solid, essentially possibly from the 16th century, conversion marked 1809
Marktgasse 5/7 – Classicist house, about 1830, essentially possibly from the 17th or 18th century
Marktgasse 9 – three-floor Late Baroque house, marked 1782
Marktplatz 2 – Mohren-Apotheke (pharmacy); three-floor Renaissance building, essentially from the 16th century
Marktplatz 3 – three-floor shophouse, essentially from the 16th century (?), conversion 1841
Marktplatz 4 – former market hall; long rich building with pitched roof, timber-frame, columned portico, possibly about 1550/1560 or from the 17th century
Marktplatz 5 – Late Classicist sandstone-block building, 1856
Mühlgasse 3 – former town mill; town wall tower/mill tower, great building with half-hip roof, essentially from the late 18th century, conversion marked 1860; three- to four-floor storage building, Rundbogenstil, 1897, with town wall tower, 14th century, wall remnants
Mühlgasse 6 – Baroque timber-frame house, plastered, marked 1705
Mühlgasse 8 – former stable (?), partly timber-frame, 18th century (?)
Mühlgasse 10 – barn, partly timber-frame, 18th/19th century
Mühlgasse 12 – house, essentially 1565 (?), timber-frame upper floor possibly from the 18th century
Mühlgasse 14 – former hospital; plastered building, before 1768, conversions in the 19th and 20th centuries, barn 1706
Obergasse 1 – Late Classicist house, marked 1852, essentially possibly older
Obergasse 2 – Baroque timber-frame house, partly solid, marked 1720
Obergasse 3 – Kellenbacher Hof (estate); Late Gothic solid building with box oriel window and staircase tower, marked 1530
Obergasse 4 – so-called Ritterherberge (“Knights’ Hostel”); two- to three-floor pair of semi-detached houses, partly timber-frame (Baroque), essentially from the latter half of the 16th century; marked 1723
Obergasse 5 – Steinkallenfelser Hof (estate); Late Gothic solid building with staircase tower, about 1530, in 18th and 19th centuries made over
Obergasse 6 – pair of semi-detached houses, partly timber-frame, essentially Late Gothic (15th/16th century), façade made over in Classicist style about 1840
Obergasse 7 – former Reformed rectory; Late Baroque building, about 1760, timber-frame barn
Obergasse 8 – Fürstenwärther Hof (estate); 16th century; three-floor house, Late Classicist façade, 1855, Master Builder Krausch, side building 18th and 19th centuries
Obergasse 12 – Late Baroque house, before 1768
Obergasse 13 – Baroque timber-frame house, plastered, 1713, converted before 1823
Obergasse 15 – Baroque timber-frame house, 17th or early 18th century
Obergasse 16 – house, partly slated timber-frame, essentially before 1730, conversion in the early 19th century; hind wing on Marktgasse (“Market Lane”): timber-frame house, partly solid, essentially from the 17th century, conversion about 1800
Obergasse 17 – Renaissance timber-frame house, 16th century
Obergasse 18 – former mikveh; Art Nouveau house door
Obergasse 19 – so-called Inspektorenhaus (“Inspector’s House”); former Lutheran rectory, Renaissance timber-frame building with polygonal staircase tower, after 1588
Obergasse 21 – Baroque timber-frame house, partly solid, marked 1728
Obergasse 22 – Late Gründerzeit house, clinker brick façade, 1906–1908, Master Builder Wilhelm
Obergasse 23 – timber-frame house, partly solid, essentially possibly from the 17th century, Late Baroque conversion (1764?)
Obergasse 25 – house with reliefs on windowsills, marked 1931
Obergasse 26 – Boos von Waldeck’scher Hof (estate); essentially from the Late Middle Ages; three-floor plastered building, staircase tower, marked 1669, conversion 1822
Obergasse 29 – Baroque timber-frame house, partly solid, 17th century
Obergasse 31 – house, marked 1612, essentially possibly Gothic (13th or 14th century?), conversion 1891, addition, partly timber-frame, about 1900
Obergasse 33 – inn „Zur Blume“; Late Baroque building with mansard roof, before 1768
At Obergasse 35 – Gothic window and corbels
Obergasse 41 – three-floor Baroque timber-frame house, about 1704
Obertor 13 – Art Nouveau villa, 1906/1907
Obertor 15 – former Bonnet brewery; whole rambling complex of Gründerzeit buildings with former malt house and storage building with four chimneys, commercial yard, Gothic Revival style elements, last third of the 19th century
Obertor 24 – villa; Late Gründerzeit building with hip roof, Renaissance Revival, three-floor tower, 1890–1893, architect Jean Rheinstädter, Kreuznach
Obertor 30 – former forester's house; one-floor Late Gründerzeit building with half-hip roof, 1898
Obertor 34 – Late Gründerzeit villa, 1896/1897
Obertor 36 – Historicized villa, 1906
Obertor 38 – villa, Historicized Art Nouveau, 1906
Rapportierplatz – running well, 1938, fountain bowl and post by Jordan, bronze figure by Emil Cauer the Younger
Rapportierplatz 4 – inn with dwelling, timber-frame house, partly solid, essentially from the late 16th century, in 1754 described as made over in Baroque
At Rapportierplatz 5 – portal, Baroque, marked 1718
Rapportierplatz 6 – Baroque timber-frame house, partly solid, 17th century, marked 1758
Rapportierplatz 7 – Late Baroque building with mansard roof, mid-18th century
Rapportierplatz 8 – three-floor timber-frame house, plastered, earlier half of the 19th century
Rapportierplatz 12/14 – three-floor Late Baroque house with knee wall, before 1768, conversion 1870
Rathausgasse 1 – former Lutheran Christianskirche (church); Late Baroque building with hip roof, 1761–1771, architect Philipp Heinrich Hellermann
Rathausgasse 3 – former barn, partly timber-frame, before 1550 (apparently 1495)
Rathausgasse 7, 9 – house, barn, mainly Baroque group of buildings, 18th century, building with half-hip roof, gateway with timber-frame superstructure, quarrystone side building
Rathausgasse 8 – house, essentially possibly Late Gothic (16th century?), made over in the 18th century, about 1820 and in the 20th century; stately timber-frame side building
Rathausgasse 10 – Baroque building with hipped mansard roof, 18th century
Raumbacher Straße, Alter Friedhof (“Old Graveyard”) (monumental zone) – laid out before 1829; gravestones from the 17th century to about 1900; surrounding wall
Raumbacher Straße 3 – house, Art Nouveau, 1906, architect Wilhelm
Raumbacher Straße 5 – bungalow, Art Nouveau motifs, 1906/1907
Raumbacher Straße 7/7a – one-and-a-half-floor pair of semi-detached houses, 1905
Raumbacher Straße 9/11 – pair of semi-detached houses; bungalow with mansard roof, Art Nouveau, 1907/1908
Behind Saarstraße 3 – summer house, Rococo, 1766
Saarstraße 3A – former synagogue; three-floor sandstone-block building, Rundbogenstil, 1866 (see also below)
Saarstraße 6 – stately Late Classicist complex with single roof ridge, about 1840
Saarstraße 7 – leprosarium's former chapel (?); marked 1745, made over about 1900; Late Classicist house, about 1850/1860, belonging to it?
Saarstraße 9 – villa, Renaissance Revival, 1893
Saarstraße 12 – post office; Heimatstil building with Expressionistic motifs, 1933, Postal Building Councillor Lütje
Saarstraße 16 – shophouse, three-floor Late Gründerzeit house, Renaissance motifs, 1898
Saarstraße 17 – villalike Late Historicist house, 1908–1910
Saarstraße 21 – former bank building; Late Gründerzeit house, Renaissance motifs, 1901/1902, garden architect Karl Gréus, carried out by architect Schöpper
Saarstraße 23 – Late Gründerzeit inn, Renaissance motifs, 1904
Inside Schillerstraße 4 – two Classicist doors, stairway
Schillerstraße 6 – former oilmill; Baroque timber-frame house, half-hip roof, 1693
Schillerstraße 8 – Late Gründerzeit house, Renaissance Revival, 1902
Schillerstraße 18 – former saddler's shop (?); one-floor workshop building with shop about 1900
Schlossplatz – on the town wall a relief of a warriors’ memorial 1914-1918, angel with trumpet, terracotta, sandstone, 1924, sculptor Robert Cauer the Younger
Schlossplatz 3 – former palace of the Dukes of Palatine Zweibrücken, Magdalenenbau (“Magdalene Building”) of the former palace; eight-sided staircase tower, 1614, architect Hans Grawlich, floor added in 1825; side wing, 1825, architect Georg Moller (see also below)
Schmidtsgasse 1 – three-floor timber-frame house, plastered, essentially from the 16th or early 17th century, conversion 1885
Schmidtsgasse 2 – one-and-a-half-floor magazine building, 1876
Schweinsgasse 7 – house with knee wall, essentially possibly from the 18th century, made over in Late Classicist style about 1830
At Schweinsgasse 12 – Classicist house door leaf, earlier half of the 19th century
Schweinsgasse 14 – former barn, essentially before 1768
Schweinsgasse 16 – house, 1905
Near Stadtgraben 7 – Classicist summer house, about 1820
Near Stadtgraben 9 – Classicist summer house, marked 1836
Untergasse 1 – Baroque timber-frame house, plastered and slated, possibly from the 17th century, marked 1716
Untergasse 2 – three-floor building with half-hip roof, essentially from the 15th century, west eaves side from the 17th and 18th centuries
Untergasse 8 – three-floor shophouse, timber-frame, essentially possibly from the latter half of the 16th century, possibly made over in the 18th century
Untergasse 10 – Baroque shophouse, marked 1724
Untergasse 12 – timber-frame house, partly solid, mid-16th century, Baroque makeover in the 17th century
Untergasse 15/17 – shophouse, marked 1658, made over in the 19th century, shop built in about 1900
Untergasse 18 – shophouse; three-floor Late Classicist sandstone-block building, 1872; belonging thereto Late Classicist house, mid-19th century
Untergasse 19 – timber-frame house, partly solid, marked 1529, Baroque makeover in the later 18th century
Untergasse 20/22 – three-floor shophouse (pair of timber-frame semi-detached houses), essentially before 1768; volute stone with mason's mark, possibly 16th or 17th century
Untergasse 23 – former town hall; three-floor Late Gothic building with half-hip roof, partly slated timber framing, hall ground floor, about 1517, architect possibly Philipp von Gmünd; staircase tower 1580, newel 1652
Untergasse 24 – shophouse façade, building with hipped mansard roof, essentially before 1768, floor added about 1825
Untergasse 28 – three-floor shophouse; timber-frame, essentially from the earlier half of the 16th century
At Untergasse 29 – former house door and closet, 1797
Untergasse 32 – three-floor Late Baroque house, formerly marked 1787
Untergasse 33 – three-floor shophouse, late 17th century
Untergasse 34 – shophouse, timber-frame house with box oriel window, apparently from 1526, possibly rather from the latter half of the 16th or early 17th century
Untergasse 35 – three-floor shophouse; timber-frame, essentially before 1768, conversion in the 19th century
Untergasse 36/38 – shophouse; no. 36: essentially from the late 18th century, Classicist shop built in; no. 38: 1932, architect Wilhelm
At Untergasse 37 – house door; Rococo door leaf, about 1780
At Untergasse 39 – Classicist door leaves, about 1820; stone tablet with builder's inscription, 1817; wooden stairway, 1817
Untergasse 40 – three-floor Classicist house, 1822/1823
Untergasse 53 – three-floor shophouse, timber-frame, early 17th century
Untergasse 54 – three-floor timber-frame house, partly solid, polygonal staircase tower, about 1570/1580, portal marked 1775
Untergasse 55/57 – three-floor shophouse; two timber-frame houses combined under one roof, 16th century
Untergasse 56 – Baroque shophouse, 17th or 18th century
Untergasse 59 – timber-frame shophouse, partly solid, essentially possibly from the 18th century, conversion 1838
Untergasse 60 – shophouse, marked 1820; Baroque hind wing, 18th century
Untergasse 62 – three-floor shophouse, essentially from the 15th century (?), timber-frame possibly from the 18th century
Untergasse 66 – inn „Zum Untertor“ (“At the Lower Gate”); Baroque inn with dwelling, before 1768 (possibly from the 17th century)
Wagnergasse 1 – Classicist house, essentially about 1800
Wagnergasse 2 – Baroque house, before 1712
Wagnergasse 5 – timber-frame house, essentially before 1685, marked 1772
Wagnergasse 8 – former postal station; timber-frame house, partly solid, marked 1671, made over in Late Baroque marked 1780
Wagnergasse 11 – Late Classicist house, mid-19th century
Wagnergasse 13 – Baroque timber-frame house, partly solid, 17th or 18th century
Wagnergasse 20 – Baroque timber-frame house, partly solid, mansard roof, marked 1743
Bridge, in the valley of the Glan – two-arch Baroque sandstone bridge, marked 1749
Summer house, Obern Klink – Late Baroque plastered building with upswept roof, 1766
Summer house, Im Bendstich – Late Baroque plastered building, apparently from 1793
Jewish graveyard, east of the Meisenheim–Rehborn road (monumental zone) – opened early in the 18th century, expanded in 1850, some 150 gravestones
Water cistern, on Kreisstraße 6 – sandstone-block front, marked 1899
More about buildings
Old Town
Meisenheim's Old Town is the only one in the area that can boast of continuous development, uninterrupted by war, fire or other destruction, since the 14th century. It also has an in places well preserved girding wall with a still preserved town gate, the Untertor (“Lower Gate”), the 1517 town hall, many noble estates and townsmen's buildings as well as a mediaeval scale for weighing freight carts. The town's oldest noble estate, the Boos von Waldeckscher Hof, was built about 1400. The building is today livened up by an event venue and can be visited.
Palatial residence
Left over from the Schloss (palatial residence), formerly held by the Counts of Veldenz and later the Dukes of Palatine Zweibrücken, extensively renovated in the 15th century but beset with fire in the 18th century and a round of demolition in the 19th, is only one major building, the Magdalenenbau, which was built in 1614 as a residence for Magdalena, the Ducal Zweibrücken widow, and considerably remodelled in the 19th century by the Landgraves of Hesse-Homburg. It is nowadays used by the Evangelical Church and hence also bears the name Herzog-Wolfgang-Haus (“Duke Wolfgang House”) after the Duke who lent the Reformation considerable favour.
Palace Church
The Evangelical Schlosskirche (“Palace Church”), a three-naved hall church, was built between 1479 and 1504. At the time of building, it stood right next to the Schloss and was the estate church, the town parish church and the Knights Hospitaller commandry’s church. Its Late Gothic west tower is shaped by rich stonemasonry. In the grave chapel, the 44 mostly Renaissance-style tombs of the House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken and the rich Gothic rib vaulting bear witness to sculptors’ highly developed art; also often praised is the wooden Rococo pulpit. The organ restored in 1993/1994 on the west gallery with its Baroque console was completed in 1767 by the renowned Brothers Stumm, and was already at the time, with its 29 stops, 2 manuals and pedal, one of the most opulent works of organ building in the Middle Rhine region. Together with the organ at the Augustinian Church (Augustinerkirche) in Mainz, it is one of the biggest preserved instruments built by this Hunsrück organ-building family.
Catholic church
The Baroque Catholic parish church, Saint Anthony of Padua, has very lovely interior décor, parts of which were endowed by former Polish king Stanisław Leszczyński, who for a time during his exile lived in Meisenheim.
Former school
On Lindenallee, which was fully renovated amid great controversy in 2007, stands the stately old Volksschule (public school), which after serving 90 years as a school is now an “adventure hotel”.
Former synagogue
At first, there was a Jewish prayer room. In 1808, a synagogue was built on Lauergasse. After it grew too small to serve the burgeoning Jewish community in the 19th century, the community decided in 1860 to build a new synagogue at the town's bleachfield on what is now called Saarstraße. From the earliest time during which donations were being gathered comes a report from the magazine Der Israelitische Volkslehrer published in October 1860:Meisenheim. This time, the local community has celebrated a very nice matnat yad. After using considerable sums to expand and beautify the graveyard two years ago, and one year ago, for the rabbi’s maintenance, correspondingly voting for a payrise for him, it granted over the last few festive days the sum of 2,000 Rhenish guilders to build a new synagogue. The one used until now was at the time of its founding 52 years ago was reckoned on a much smaller membership and even about 12 years ago became bereft of light as its neighbouring properties on all sides were built up; so that, seen from the point of view of the demands for better taste, it lacked light, air and room. Anyone who knows the local community’s circumstances will not consider this willingness to make sacrifices slight and will not refuse the community’s goodwill the fullest approval. Of course, this sum is still not enough and it is hoped all the more that there will be outside help, as people here never stood idly by when a call for help came from outside. The earlier synagogue was torn down a few years later. The new building was to become a representative building. The financing – costs reached 15,200 Rhenish guilders – could be ensured with a bit of effort. On 3 August 1866, the consecration of the new synagogue, designed by architect Heinrich Krausch, took place. It had seating for 160 worshippers. It was equipped with, among other things, six Torah scrolls, elaborate Torah ornamentation, silver candlesticks, an organ and a library. The prayer books were kept in six lecterns. Outwardly, it was a six-axis aisleless building with a three-floor façade with twin towers. On Kristallnacht (9–10 November 1938), the Meisenheim synagogue sustained considerable damage. All doors, windows and great parts of the galleries were reduced to rubble and a fire was set, although this was quickly quenched once the Brownshirt thugs realized that one of the neighbouring buildings was an SA house. The synagogue, however, was not torn down as so many others were, although the upper levels of the twin towers were removed in 1940. In the time of the Second World War, the building was mainly used as an industrial works, quite contrary to its originally intended purpose, and thereafter as a municipal storehouse. From 1951 on, it was a private storehouse for grain, fodder and fertilizer. In a conversion, the remnants of the women's galleries were torn out, the windows were walled up and upper floors were built inside. In 1982, the building was placed under monumental protection. In 1985, the Meisenheim Synagogue Sponsorship and Promotional Association was founded, which acquired the former synagogue the following year and had it restored. On 9 November 1988 – fifty years to the day after Kristallnacht – the former synagogue building was opened to the public as the Haus der Begegnung (“House of Meeting”). This new name corresponds to the literal meaning of the Hebrew term for “synagogue”: (beyt knesset, literally “house of assembly”). On the upper floor, as a visible reminder of the former synagogue, a glass window by the Israeli artist Ruth van de Garde-Tichauer was installed. The window was created with technical assistance from Karl-Heinz Brust from Kirn. The window's content is the return of the Twelve Tribes of Israel to Jerusalem based on the text from the Amidah (; Tefilat HaAmidah “The Standing Prayer”), also called the Shmoneh Esreh (; “The Eighteen”): “Sound the great shofar for our freedom; raise a banner to gather our exiles, and bring us together from the four corners of the earth into our land.” In a decision taken on 21 May 1997, the synagogue building received the protection of the Hague Convention as a cultural property especially worthy of protection. Since 1999, above the entrance, has been a Star of David made of Jerusalem limestone, endowed by the Bad Kreuznach district's partner town in Israel, Kiryat Motzkin. The former synagogue's address in Meisenheim is Saarstraße 3.
Jewish graveyard
The Jewish graveyard in Meisenheim was laid out no later than the early 18th century. The oldest preserved gravestone dates from 1725. In 1859, the graveyard was expanded with the addition of the “newer part”. The last burial that took place there was in 1938 (Felix Kaufmann). The graveyard has an area of 4 167 m2. In the graveyard's “older part”, gravestones are still standing at 105 of the graves, and in the “newer part”, this is so for a further 125 graves. The “newer part” is bordered on the east by a quarrystone wall. There is a great wrought-iron entrance gate. The graveyard lies outside the town to the east, east of the road from Meisenheim to Rehborn, in a wood called the “Bauwald”. It can be reached by walking about 200 m along a farm lane that branches off the highway.
Regular events
Mai'n Sonntag (shops open on Sunday), each year on the third Sunday in May
Heimbacher Brunnenfest, folk festival on the first weekend in July
Wasserfest (“Water Festival”), staged by the volunteer fire brigade
Mantelsonntag (shops open on Sunday), each year on the third Sunday in October
Weihnachtsmarkt (“Christmas Market”, with craft presentation at town hall)
Economy and infrastructure
Transport
In 1896, Meisenheim was joined to the railway network with the opening of the Lauterecken–Odernheim stretch of the Lauter Valley Railway. This section was absorbed in 1904 into the Glantalbahn, which was fully opened that year. Meisenheim's railway station was important to all resident industry. In 1986, though, passenger service between Lauterecken-Grumbach and Staudernheim was discontinued. Today, the station is only used as a stop on the adventure draisine journeys between Staudernheim and Kusel. Snaking through Meisenheim, mostly along the town's outskirts, is Bundesstraße 420.
Schools
Meisenheim has three schools:
Astrid-Lindgren-Grundschule (primary school)
Realschule plus in integrative form.
Paul-Schneider-Gymnasium, an extensive complex built in 1953 with adjoining boarding school, built as a successor to the town's former Progymnasium, the “Latin school”, which stood at the now likewise vanished Obertor (“Upper Gate”)
Healthcare
The Glantal-Klinik Meisenheim has two hospitals at its disposal. The Haus „Hinter der Hofstadt“ covers the demand for surgery, internal medicine and ambulant family medicine. The Glantal-Klinik is a centre for acute neurology, neurological rehabilitation, surgery and accident surgery, internal medicine and communication disorder therapy. Adjoining the clinic is a speech-language pathology centre.
Famous people
Sons and daughters of the town
Carl von Coerper (1854–1942), admiral and naval attaché
Heinrich Coerper (1863–1936), clergyman, founder of the Liebenzell Mission
Friedrich Karl von Fürstenwärther (1769–1856), Austrian field marshal-lieutenant and baron, from the House of Wittelsbach
Leopold von Fürstenwärther (1769–1839), Bavarian officer and baron, from the House of Wittelsbach
Frederick, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Vohenstrauss-Parkstein (1557–1597)
Karl Koehl (1847–1929), doctor and prehistorian, pioneer of Stone Age and Bronze Age research
Marco Reich (born 1977), footballer
Melitta Sundström (1964–1993); actually Thomas Gerards, entertainer
Famous people associated with the town
Stanisław Leszczyński (b. 20 October 1677 in Lwów, Poland [now Lviv, Ukraine]; d. 23 February 1766 in Lunéville, France) — King of Poland; between 1714 and 1718 often in Meisenheim
Ferdinand Heinrich Friedrich von Hessen-Homburg (b. 26 April 1783 in Homburg vor der Höhe; d. 24 March 1866 in Homburg vor der Höhe) — Last Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg
Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom (b. 22 May 1770 in London; d. 10 January 1840 in Frankfurt) — also Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg; lady of the house at the Magdalenenbau (“Magdalene Building”) of the former palace
Friedrich VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg (b. 30 July 1769 in Homburg vor der Höhe; d. 2 April 1829 in Homburg vor der Höhe) — lord of the house at the Magdalenenbau of the former palace
Georg Moller (b. 21 January 1784 in Diepholz; d. 13 March 1852 in Darmstadt) — architect and town planner, responsible for, among other things, the Magdalenenbau
Johann Georg Martin Reinhardt (1794–1872), chairman of the Oberamt/district of Meisenheim from 1832 to 1872
Johann Christoph Beysiegel (1778–1843), goldsmith and silversmith as well as first lieutenant in the Landwehr (1819).
Hellmut von Schweinitz (1901-1960), writer and journalist, clergyman at the Evangelical Schlosskirche, 1947-1960, founder of the Meisenheimer Dichterwochen (“poet weeks”)
Further reading
Der „historische Stadtrundgang“. In: Meisenheim am Glan. (24 S.), (Hrsg.: Stadt Meisenheim am Glan), Seite 1-11
Udo Salomon, Meisenheim. Eine kleine Stadt und ihre Bewohner in den Spannungsfeldern der europäischen Geschichte. Verlag M. Ess, Bad Kreuznach 2015, .
Peter H. Kemp, Meisenheimer Jugend aus Saar-Lor-Lux. Berlin 2000. .
Peter H. Kemp, Kinnerzit & Jeunesse in Saare-Lor-Lux. In Moselfränkischer Mundart. Paris 2012. .
Werner Vogt: Meisenheim am Glan als Zweitresidenz der Wittelsbacher Herzöge und Pfalzgrafen von Zweibrücken. In: Jahrbuch für westdeutsche Landesgeschichte. 19, 1993, Seite 303-324.
References
External links
Meisenheim in the collective municipality’s webpages
Information about Meisenheim’s Jewish history with photos of the former synagogue
Towns in Rhineland-Palatinate
Bad Kreuznach (district)
Naheland
Burial sites of the House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken
Holocaust locations in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meisenheim |
The Byblos script, also known as the Byblos syllabary, Pseudo-hieroglyphic script, Proto-Byblian, Proto-Byblic, or Byblic, is an undeciphered writing system, known from ten inscriptions found in Byblos, a coastal city in Lebanon. The inscriptions are engraved on bronze plates and spatulas, and carved in stone. They were excavated by Maurice Dunand, from 1928 to 1932, and published in 1945 in his monograph Byblia Grammata. The inscriptions are conventionally dated to the second millennium BC, probably between the 18th and 15th centuries BC.
Examples of the script have also been discovered in Egypt, Italy, and Megiddo (Garbini, Colless).
Description of the script
Fourteen inscriptions
The Byblos script is usually written from right to left; word dividers are rarely used. Ten inscriptions were described by Dunand in 1945, named a to j in their order of discovery. They are:
Two rectangular bronze tablets, documents c (16×11 cm) and d (21×12 cm), with 225 and 459 characters, respectively. Both tablets are inscribed on both sides. The characters were not made by scratching but by hammering chisels into the metal.
Four bronze "spatulas" (documents b, e, f, and i, with 40, 17, 48, and 84 characters, respectively). These spatulas have a more or less triangular shape with a "flower stem" handle at the sharpest angle of the triangle. They are about 5 by 9 centimeters and 1 mm thick. It is not known what their function was, but Dunand thinks they are "labels" attached to, for example, votive objects. All spatulas are inscribed on both sides, except spatula e (one side only). The writing is relatively sloppy. The text on the back side of spatula f is the only text known that reads from left to right. Spatulae b and i use short vertical strokes as word dividers.
Inscription on spatula e. The handle of the spatula has broken off; four possible reconstructions of the damaged leftmost character of the inscription are given.
Four fragments of stone steles: documents a, g, h, and j, with 116, 37, 7, and 13 characters respectively. The characters are carefully carved, with conspicuous interlinear baselines ("monumental style"). Dunand suggests that fragments h and j originally belonged to the same monument; the chemical composition of the limestone of both seems identical. The text on fragment g is written vertically, in five columns. Block j has vertical strokes, apparently as word dividers.
In 1978 Dunand published four more inscriptions on stone slabs, referred to as k to n, with approximately 28, 45, 10, and 20 signs, respectively. A four-line part of inscription l consisting of characters not elsewhere found in Proto-Byblian texts has been interpreted as an Egyptian dating formula in the hieratic script.
Photos and diagrams of all fourteen inscriptions are given by Sass.
Related inscriptions
At least four objects are known with traces of Proto-Byblian inscriptions. They have been studied by Malachi Martin. When such an object was later reused, the original text was largely erased and replaced by an inscription in Phoenician alphabetic characters. Several of these Phoenician inscriptions are dated to the 10th century BCE, which suggests that objects with Pseudo-hieroglyphs may have remained in use longer than is usually assumed.
One of these palimpsest objects is the bronze so-called Azarba‘al Spatula. On its seemingly empty back side many traces are still visible of a Proto-Byblian inscription that Dunand at first thought were random traces made by the engraver trying his stylus. Martin however identified a text of 31 signs in four lines, which he tried to interpret. He concluded that the inscription included seven cases of a consonant written twice, first in a “primitive” form (Egyptian hieroglyph, Proto-Sinaitic script), and then in the proper Proto-Byblian or Phoenician form, and he therefore called the script “mixed” or “developed” Pseudo-hieroglyphic. On the front side of the spatula an erased Proto-Byblian inscription is overwritten with a Phoenician text, but some fifteen signs of the original text are still visible.
Traces of Proto-Byblian characters are also visible on the Ahiram sarcophagus (five signs) and the Yehimilk inscription (at least 26 signs); clearly here too an older inscription was partly effaced and overwritten with a text in Phoenician alphabetic characters.
Finally, traces of ten Proto-Byblian characters are still visible between the lines of a monumental inscription in stone (the so-called “Enigmatic Byblos stone”) that has been found in Byblos. The later text is written in a script that seems intermediate between Pseudo-hieroglyphs and the later Phoenician alphabet: while most of the 21 characters are common to both the Pseudo-hieroglyphic script and the Phoenician alphabet, the few remaining signs are either Pseudo-hieroglyphic or Phoenician.
Martin has noted that a particular sequence of four Pseudo-hieroglyphs () appears again and again: it is visible on the Azarba‘al Spatula, the Enigmatic stone, and no less than three times on the Yehimilk inscription, where this sequence is overwritten each time with the city name Gubal (Byblos). This reminds one of the final part of the Ahiram inscription where those who "chisel away" a funeral inscription are cursed.
Isolated characters from the Byblos syllabary have also been found on various other objects, such as axes, a dagger, and pottery.
Sign list
Each cell in the adjoining table shows a sign (upper left), its Dunand code number (lower left, in red), its frequency (lower right), and indicates (upper right) whether it was used on tablets (T), spatulas (S), or monuments (M). Signs in different cells may actually be writing variants of a single sign; for example, in the top row the signs H6, G17, and E12 are probably the same sign.
Number of different signs
The ten main Pseudo-hieroglyphic inscriptions together contain 1046 characters, while the number of 'signs', that is different characters, is given by Dunand as 114. Garbini has noted that the latter number probably is too high, for two reasons. First, Dunand's sign list includes heavily damaged characters for which it is impossible to say whether they really constitute a new sign. Secondly, writing variants clearly existed, for example between the "monumental" style of the steles and the "linear" style of the spatulas and tablets. Taking these variants into account would reduce the total number of signs.
Garbini estimates the actual number of signs to be about 90. This number suggests the script to be a syllabary, where each character was pronounced as a syllable, usually a consonant-plus-vowel combination. If the number of consonants were between 22 (like the later Phoenician alphabet) and 28 (like Ugaritic) and if the number of vowels were three (the original Semitic vowels were a, i, and u) or four to six (if it included an e and o, or a mute vowel), then the total number of signs needed would be between 3×22=66 and 6×28=168, which is of the right order of magnitude for a syllabary.
Relation to other scripts
It has been observed that some signs, for example , look like modified common Egyptian hieroglyphs, but there are many others which do not. According to Hoch (1990), many of the signs seem to derive from Old Kingdom hieratic, rather than directly from hieroglyphic. It is known that from as early as 2600 BC Egyptian influence in Byblos was strong: Byblos was the main export harbor for cedar wood to Egypt, and consequently there was a considerable Egyptian merchant community in Byblos. Thus it is plausible that the syllabary was devised by someone in Byblos who had seen Egyptian hieroglyphs and used them freely as an example to compose a new syllabary that was better adapted to the native language of Byblos—just as in neighbouring Ugarit a few centuries later a cuneiform alphabet was devised that was easier to use than the complicated Akkadian cuneiform.
According to Brian Colless (2014), several signs resemble letters of the later Phoenician alphabet: , and as many as 18 of the 22 letters of the Phoenician alphabet have counterparts in the syllabary. This would entail that the latter was derived in some way from the syllabary. Colless believes that the proto-alphabet evolved as a simplification of the syllabary, moving from syllabic to consonantal writing, in the style of the Egyptian script (which did not normally indicate vowels). Thus, in his view, the inscriptions are an important link between the Egyptian hieroglyphic script and the later Semitic abjads derived from Proto-Sinaitic.
Attempts at decipherment
Dhorme (1946)
The corpus of inscriptions is generally considered far too small to permit a systematic decipherment on the basis of an internal analysis of the texts. Yet already in 1946, one year after Dunand published the inscriptions, a claim for its decipherment was made, by Edouard Dhorme, a renowned Orientalist and former cryptanalyst from Paris. He noted that on the back of one of the inscribed bronze plates was a much shorter inscription ending in a row of seven nearly identical chevron-like marks, very much like our number "1111111". He assumed this to be a number (probably "seven", though Dhorme took it to be 4×10+3=43 because four marks were slightly larger than the other three), and guessed that the backside inscription as a whole contained a dating of the inscription.
The word directly before the seven "1" marks consists of four different signs: . The first (rightmost) sign, damaged but recognizable, and the leftmost sign resemble the letters 'b' and 't', respectively, of the later Phoenician alphabet. Dhorme now interpreted the whole word ('b-..-..-t') as Phoenician "b(a) + š(a)-n-t", "in the year (of)" (Hebrew bišnat), which gave him the phonetic meanings of all four signs. These he substituted in the rest of the inscriptions, thereby looking for recognizable parts of more Phoenician words that would give him the reading of more signs. In the end he proposed transcriptions for 75 signs.
Sobelman (1961)
Harvey Sobelman did not try to find phonetic values for the various signs, but instead tried to determine word boundaries and find grammatical patterns, using linguistic techniques. Daniels' judgement is that Sobelman's "result should be taken into account in all future work on these texts."
Martin (1961-1962)
In 1961 and 1962 Malachi Martin published two articles, after an autopsy of all inscriptions then in existence (one tablet had been partly lost when Dunand had tried to remove its thick oxide crust). The first article was devoted to vague, half-erased traces of Proto-Byblian signs on several objects, already hinted at by Dunand. The clearest signs were on the back side of the Azarba‘al Spatula. Martin there saw parallels with Egyptian hieroglyphics, Phoenician consonantal signs, and also two presumed determinatives ("to pray, speak" and "deity, Lord (of)"). He identified four Semitic words, but refrained from an all-out translation. He also described the vague signs he detected on three stone monuments (the Yeḥimilk and Aḥiram inscriptions and the Enigmatic Stone).
In his second article, in two parts, Martin first presented corrections to Dunand's readings. Subsequently, he proposed a categorization of the various signs into 27 "classes". The signs in each class he considered either "identical", or "variants of the same fundamental type". Variants he attributed to the different writing materials (stone, metal), or achievement and freedom of individual engravers. His 27 classes seem to suggest that Martin thought it possible that the syllabary might be an alphabet, but he did not draw this conclusion explicitly. After publishing this part of his analysis he never published a sequel.
Mendenhall (1985)
In 1985 a new translation attempt was published by George E. Mendenhall from the University of Michigan. Many signs that reappear in the later Phoenician alphabet were assumed by Mendenhall to have a similar phonetic value. For example, the sign which in Phoenician has the value g (Hebrew gimel), is assumed to have the phonetic value ga. A sign which resembles an Egyptian hieroglyph meaning "King of Upper Egypt" is interpreted as "mulku" (Semitic for 'regal'; compare Hebrew mèlekh, 'king'), which furnished the phonetic reading mu. The latter example illustrates that Mendenhall extensively made use of the acrophonic principle, where the phonetic value of a syllabic sign is assumed to be equal to the initial sound of the (Semitic) word for the object that is depicted by the sign.
Mendenhall took the language to be very early ("Old Coastal") Semitic, from before the split between the Northwest Semitic (Phoenician, Hebrew) and South Semitic (Old South Arabian) language groups. He dated the texts to as early as 2400 BC. As noted earlier, James Hoch (1990) sees the source of the signs in Egyptian Old Kingdom characters (c. 2700–2200 BC) and so this West Semitic syllabary would have been invented in that period.
The translations proposed by Mendenhall are often cryptic: "Adze that Yipuyu and Hagara make binding. Verily, in accordance with that which Sara and Ti.pu established we will be surety. Further: with Miku is the pledge." (Spatula document F, which includes three witness marks). The text with the seven '1' marks, referred to above (Bronze Tablet C) is interpreted by Mendenhall as a marriage contract, where the marks are the "signatures" of seven witnesses. For Mendenhall, Document D (the longest text) is a covenant document between a king and his vassals. The decipherment should not be judged on the basis of Mendenhall's translations but on the plausibility of the texts his system reveals, and also whether his table of signs and sounds produces credible results on other inscriptions that were not included in his decipherment procedure.
Brian Colless (1992, 1998) supports Mendenhall's decipherment, and argues that the Megiddo signet-ring confirms it, reading (according to Mendenhall's identifications for the signs): "Sealed, the sceptre of Megiddo". This is just one indication that use of this script was not confined to Byblos. Inscriptions employing this West Semitic syllabary have also been found in Egypt.
Jan Best (2008)
In 2008 Jan Best, a Dutch prehistorian and protohistorian, published an article Breaking the Code of the Byblos Script. He focused on the long tablets c and d. Best, who before had presented readings of Linear A on the assumption that its signs generally had the same sound value as in Linear B, noted that, in turn, several Byblos signs were similar to Linear A signs. He thus read the sequences wa-ya and u-ya, which appear several times. Best identified them as the Semitic word wa, 'and', just like in Linear A.
Most Byblos texts do not have word dividers. However, just before the word wa a curved sign ")" was present several times. Best interpreted it as a punctuation mark, a "comma". He also interpreted the double "))" as a "semicolon", an "A"-shaped sign as a "colon", and a circle "O" as a "full stop".
On tablets c and d several sequences are present multiple times, and there are also many near-repeating sequences (where only one sign differs). These could be interpreted as spelling variants, especially of proper names.
Best started by assigning to several Byblos signs a phonetical value on the basis of their similarity with signs from Linear A (or occasionally Egyptian or Cretan hieroglyphs). If a longer sequence with one unknown sign could be interpreted as an appropriate Semitic word or name, this yielded a guess for the value of that unknown sign. For example the doublet wa-X-ya-lu / wa-X-ya-le he read as wa-ka-ya-lu/e, Akkadian waklu, 'overseers'. Thus proceeding, Best successively read some fifty signs. He found that the -u/-e ambiguity seen in wa-ka-ya-lu/e, which is also known in Linear A (where the same word is spelled sometimes ending in -u, sometimes in -e), was quite common on tablets c and d.
Best concluded that most Byblos syllables belong to four vowel sequences (like la, le, li, lu—an -o series -*lo seems to be absent). In addition there is an -im series (lim). In a few cases a different sign is used to indicate a long vowel (long lī vs. short li).
Tablet c, according to Best's interpretation, recorded gifts for the dedication of a temple built at Byblos for the Sun god Šuraya, the Indo-Arian equivalent of the Egyptian sun god Amon-Re. At the end of tablet c the conspicuous number 'seven' corresponds with the names of the seven men who oversaw the building project. The larger tablet d is similar, but more elaborate, recording the construction of a larger temple for Šuraya also at Byblos, for which there were no less than nine overseers. And stone monument a apparently records yet another building project, with three "overseers". The small spatulas are common votive presents (on spatula f the name of the Sun god Šuraya appears).
The language of the inscriptions is Northwest Semitic—Best emphasized the similarities in vocabulary, morphology, and syntax with 18th-century Akkadian. However, Byblian also had its own peculiarities, for example archaic uncontracted word forms where Akkadian has a contracted form, or a convention to sometimes write -a- as -a-ya- (like waka(y)alu > waklu, wa-ya = wa).
Several names in the texts are well-known from Akkadian archives, such as the names of two rulers, Yarimlim (III?), king of Aleppo, and Ammitaku (II?), a petty ruler at Alalakh; and among the seven dedicators on tablet c we encounter a name that sounds familiar: Ya-wa-ne Yu-za-le-yu-su, or 'the Greek Euzaleos'. Occasionally Hurrian loanwords (pi-ta-ki-, 'to build [a ritual building]', a Hurrian technical term) and proper names (Tišedal) are present, testimony of Hurrian influence. Best surmised that the building of the three temples for the Sun god, with rich temple gifts (gold, oil, rituals), may have been meant to propitiate the Egyptian pharaoh and to tempt him to support Yarimlim and Ammitaku against the Hittite king Hattusilis I who threatened to attack the region around 1650 BCE. Only a few years later would Hattusilis indeed capture Alalakh, Byblos was destroyed, and the Byblos script inscriptions became buried in its ruins.
Reviews of Best's 2010 book Het Byblosschrift ontcijferd (The Byblos Script deciphered) were somewhat mixed. The idea that the syllabic Linear A Script from Crete had a number of Semitic characteristics encountered some resistance among those scholars who specialised in Ancient Greek. These scholars tended to believe that Crete was linked with the origins of the Hellenistic culture.
Ihor Rassokha (2017)
Ihor Rassokha, professor of the Department of History and Cultural Studies of the Kharkiv National Academy of Municipal Economy wrote the article "Indo-European origin of alphabetic systems and deciphering of the Byblos script." He interpreted the Byblos alphabetic (abugida) script to be based on the Brahmi letters. As the result a conclusion has been made that the Byblos texts should be read in Sanskrit. It is generally accepted that in the Ancient East a spread of battle chariots happened together with the penetration of Indo-Aryans which led to the Indo-Aryan dynasties’ruling and the Indo-Aryan domination in the Hittite state and the Mitanni.
Literature
Best, Jan Het Byblosschrift ontcijferd - In het voetspoor van Willem Glasbergen 2010 ()
Best, Jan, 'Suruya in the Byblos Script Corpus', Ugarit-Forschungen 40 (2009), 135-41 (reprinted in Best (2017) pp. 65-72)
Best, Jan, 'Breaking the Code of the Byblos Script', Ugarit-Forschungen 40 (2009), 129-133 (reprinted in Best (2017) pp. 59-64)
Colless, Brian, "The Byblos Syllabary and the Proto-alphabet", Abr-Nahrain/Ancient Near Eastern Studies 30 (1992), 15-62
Colless, Brian, "The Canaanite Syllabary", Ancient Near Eastern Studies 35 (1998), 26-46.
Colless, Brian E., "The Origin of the Alphabet: An Examination of the Goldwasser Hypothesis", Antiguo Oriente 12 (2014) 71-104.
Daniels, P.T., "Pseudo-hieroglyphs of Byblos", in: P.T. Daniels & W. Bright (eds.), The World's Writing Systems (New York/Oxford, 1996), 29-30.
Dhorme, Édouard, 'Déchiffrement des inscriptions pseudohiéroglyphiques de Byblos', in: Syria 25 (1946–1948).
Dunand, Maurice, 'Spatule de bronze avec épigraphe phénicienne du XIIIe [actually: Xe] siècle', in: Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth 2 (1938) 99–107. (Spatula with traces of Proto-Byblian writing)
Garbini, Giovanni, [review of Mendenhall's book], in: Rivista di Studi Fenici 16 (1988), 129-131.
Martin, Malachi, The Scribal Character of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Vol. 1, Bibliothèque du Muséon 44, Publications Universitaires, Louvain, 1958
Martin, Malachi, The Scribal Character of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Vol. 2, Bibliothèque du Muséon 45, Publications Universitaires, Louvain, 1958
Mendenhall, George E., The Syllabic Inscriptions from Byblos, Beirut, The American University (1985), Syracuse University Press (1986), .
Sobelman, Harvey, 'The Proto-Byblian inscriptions: a fresh approach', in: Journal of Semitic Studies 6 (1961) 226-245.
Thiollet, Jean-Pierre, Je m'appelle Byblos, H & D (2005), .
See also
Proto-Sinaitic
Phoenician
References
External links
website Jan Best
Bronze Age writing systems
Canaanite languages
Canaanite writing systems
Obsolete writing systems
Right-to-left writing systems
Syllabary writing systems
Undeciphered writing systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byblos%20syllabary |
Javed Iqbal (Urdu: ; 5 October 1924 – 3 October 2015) was a Pakistani philosopher and senior justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. He was internationally known for his acclaimed publications on philosophy of law and modern Islamic philosophy in international and national journals.
He was the son of the poet-philosopher Muhammad Iqbal, who inspired the Pakistan Movement. Javed authored various books on Pakistan's nationalism movement and political ideology. Apart from philosophy, Javed had a prolific career in the Judiciary of Pakistan and was a former Chief Justice of the Lahore High Court before being elevated to the Supreme Court.
Early life
Javed Iqbal was born in Sialkot, Punjab, British India on 5 October 1924 to Allama Muhammad Iqbal and his second wife, Sardar Begum. His mother died when he was 11, and his father died in 1938 when he was 14.
Javed Iqbal received the following educational degrees and distinctions: BA (Honors) degree in 1944 from the Government College, Lahore; MA degree in English, and MA degree in Philosophy (Gold Medallist) in 1948; Doctor of Philosophy degree in Philosophy in 1954 from the University of Cambridge, UK; and Barrister-at-Law, Lincoln's Inn, London, in 1956. He has received honorary doctorates degrees from Villanova University, United States, and Seljuk University in Jordan.
Career
Javed began as an advocate in Lahore High Court, and later became a judge in 1971 and then Chief Justice of the court. He was also a judge in the Supreme Court of Pakistan, and an Elected member in the Senate of Pakistan (Upper House of Parliament).
He has published papers on Islamic political thought, political ideology in Pakistan and the philosophy of his father, Muhammad Iqbal, which were published in national and international journals. During the years 1960–62 and in 1977, he was the delegate of Pakistan to the United Nations General Assembly.
He had argued in favour of reforms in the Hudud laws of Pakistan from General Zia Ul-Haq ruling period. Javed Iqbal ran against Zulfikar Ali Bhutto on a Pakistan Muslim League ticket in the 1970 General Election in Pakistan, but eventually decided to leave politics. At one time, he even declined Bhutto's offer for him to join Pakistan Peoples Party.
He was married to Nasira Iqbal, a retired Lahore High Court Judge.
Awards and recognition
Hilal-i-Imtiaz (Crescent of Distinction) by the President of Pakistan in 2004.
Death and legacy
Javed Iqbal died on 3 October 2015 at age 90. He was under treatment for cancer at the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre in Lahore. Among the survivors are his widow Nasira Iqbal and two sons - Walid Iqbal and Munib Iqbal.
Javed Iqbal's funeral at Hazrat Ishaan graveyard at Baghbanpura, Lahore, Pakistan was attended by many Pakistani dignitaries including Chaudhary Nisar Ali Khan, Chief Justice of Pakistan Anwar Zaheer Jamali, former President of Pakistan Muhammad Rafiq Tarar and former Supreme Court judge Khalil-ur-Rehman Ramday.
Allama Iqbal on his son
Javed's father, Allama Iqbal, named his book, Javid Nama, after his son. He also wrote many poems to Javed Iqbal, indirectly addressing the Muslim youth in British India. Javed Iqbal later translated two of Allama Iqbal's books into Urdu – Javid Nama and Reconstruction of religious thought in Islam.
Here is an excerpt from the translation of Bal-i-Jibril (Gabriel's Wing)
TO JAVED
(On Receiving His First Letter From London)
Create a place for thyself in the world of love;
Create a new age, new days, and new nights.
If God grant thee an eye for nature's beauty,
Converse with the silence of flowers; respond to their love.
Do not be beholden to the West's artisans,
Seek thy sustenance in what thy land affords.
My ghazal is the essence of my life-blood,
Create thy elixir of life out 'of this essence.
My way of life is poverty, not the pursuit of wealth;
Barter not thy Selfhood; win a name in adversity.
Works
Javed's publications include the following:
Ideology of Pakistan (1959)
Stray Reflections: A Note-Book of Iqbal (1961)
Legacy of Quaid-e-Azam (1968, published in English and Urdu)
Mai Lala Faam (1968, collection of papers on Iqbal, in Urdu)
Zinda Rood (1984, biography of Iqbal in three volumes, in Urdu)
Afkare-Iqbal (1994, interpretation of Iqbal's thought)
Pakistan and the Islamic Liberal Movement (1994).
Jahan-I Javed : darame, Afsane, Maqale
Islam and Pakistan's Identity
The Concept of State in Islam : A Reassessment
Apna Greban Chaak(autobiography) (2002)
Khutbat e Iqbal
Books on Javid Iqbal
Life After Iqbal (2016, Fastprint Publishing, UK by Sabeena Khan) .
References
External links
1924 births
2015 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Pakistani autobiographers
Pakistani people of Kashmiri descent
Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz
Iqbal scholars
20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
Islamic philosophers
Pakistani philosophers
Pakistani biographers
Members of Lincoln's Inn
Alumni of the Inns of Court School of Law
Pakistani scholars
Pakistani dramatists and playwrights
Pakistani Muslims
Javed
Government College University, Lahore alumni
Chief Justices of the Lahore High Court
Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javed%20Iqbal%20%28judge%2C%20born%201924%29 |
The Pink Panthers Patrol (often shortened to Pink Panthers) were a civilian patrol group based in New York City, founded by members of Queer Nation in the summer of 1990 in order to combat anti-LGBT violence in Manhattan's West Village. They received notoriety when they were successfully sued in 1991 by MGM Pictures, the owner of the rights to the Pink Panther cartoon. The neighborhood watch group would patrol areas that had a large number of gang assaults on homosexual men. In NYC, where the Pink Panthers was founded these patrols would generally be in the East and West Village. There was a number of patrols in the rambles (Central Park).
See also
Black Panther Party
White Panther Party
Rainbow Coalition
List of LGBT rights organisations
Pink capitalism
References
Further consideration
MGM-Pathe Communications v. Pink Panther Patrol, 1991 lawsuit
External links
lespantheresroses.org (French/ English site)
Black Panther Party
International LGBT political advocacy groups
LGBT political advocacy groups in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Pink%20Panthers |
The Navistar T444E is a diesel V8 engine manufactured by Navistar International Corporation. In its use in Ford Motor Company trucks, vans, and school buses, it is the first of the Power Stroke family of diesel engines. The T444E was manufactured from 1994 to 2003, replacing the 7.3L IDI V8 designed by International Harvester. As a result of its inability to meet California noise regulations, the T444E was discontinued midway through the 2003 model year, replaced by the all-new 6.0L VT365. In total, nearly 2 million 7.3L Power Stroke V8s were manufactured for Ford at Navistar's Indianapolis, Indiana, plant before switching to the 6.0L.
The T444E used a bore and stroke. Power output was at 3000 rpm and at 1600 rpm for 1994-1997. Power was increased in 1998 to at 2600 rpm and of torque at 1600 rpm. In 2000, power was once again upped to at 2700 rpm with automatic transmission and with manual transmission, and of torque at 1600 rpm.
Applications:
1994.5–1997 Ford F-250 HD, F-350, and F-Super Duty
1999–2003 Ford Super Duty (2001–2006 in Australia)
2000–2003 Ford F-650/F-750
2000–2003 Ford Excursion
1995–2003 Ford E-Series (E-350, E-450, and E-550)
1994–2003 International 3400/3600/3700/3800 bus chassis
1994–2003 International 3000 bus chassis
1994–2003 International 4700/4900 cab/chassis
External links
T444E
V8 engines
Diesel engines by model | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navistar%20T444E%20engine |
The Île Saint-Honorat is the second largest of the Lérins Islands, about off shore from the French Riviera town of Cannes. The island is approximately in length (East to West) and wide.
Since the fifth century, the island has been home to a community of monks.
History
The island, known to the Romans as Lerina, was uninhabited until Saint Honoratus founded a monastery on it at some time around the year 410. According to tradition, Honoratus made his home on the island intending to live as a hermit, but found himself joined by disciples (including Saint Caprais (Caprasius) who formed a monastic community around him. This had become "an immense monastery" by 427, according to the contemporary writings of John Cassian. Later legends have it that Saint Patrick, patron of Ireland, studied at the monastery in the fifth century.
Over the following centuries, monastic life on the island was interrupted on several occasions by raids, mostly attributable to Saracens. Around 732, many of the community, including the abbot, Saint Porcarius, were massacred on the island by invaders. According to myth, many of the monks escaped, because Porcarius had been warned of the attack by an angel and had sent them to safety.
In medieval times, the island became a very popular place of pilgrimage. This was encouraged by the writings of Raymond Féraud, a monk who composed a mythological life of Honoratus.
In 1635, the island was captured by the Spanish, and the monks were expelled. They returned from exile in Vallauris two years later when the island was retaken by the French.
The monastery continued to suffer from Spanish and Genoese attacks. The number of monks dwindled to four and, in the proto-revolutionary climate of the time, the monastery was disestablished in 1787. Under the Revolution, the island became the property of the state, and was sold to a wealthy actress, Mademoiselle de Sainval, who lived there for twenty years.
In 1859, the island was bought by the Bishop of Fréjus, who sought to re-establish a religious community there. Ten years later, a Cistercian community was established, which has remained there ever since.
Present
The island retains a monastery, which is home to 30 Cistercian monks, and is a popular tourist attraction offering pleasant woodland surroundings, in common with its neighbour the Île Sainte-Marguerite. Points of interest include a number of disused chapels erected by monks on the island at different points in history, as well as the remains of a Napoleonic cannonball oven and a Second World War gun emplacement.
The Abbey of Lérins and the 15th Century fortified monastery are open to visitors, and a monastery shop sells various monastic goods, including wine and olive oil produced on the island. The modern monastery is closed to visitors, although it is used as a Christian retreat.
The island is served all year round by a regular commercial ferry service from Cannes.
References
Saint-Honorat
Tourism in Cannes
Landforms of Alpes-Maritimes
Islands of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele%20Saint-Honorat |
Christian Delpeuch is president emeritus of the French Conseil Interprofessionel du Vin de Bordeaux (CIVB). He won support for Plan Bordeaux, an effort to save the wine industry of Bordeaux. The plan calls for growers to reduce yields, decrease total area of vineyards, divert excess wine into production of ethanol fuels and cleaning solutions, reclassify lesser vineyards as vin de pays, and start putting varietal names on wine labels.
Background
The wine industry of Bordeaux has been facing continuing and severe economic problems. A wine glut led to the sale of 26 million bottles of wine for conversion into industrial alcohol in 2004. This was the first time in history that AOC wines have been sold for that purpose.
New World consumers tend to prefer buying wine by grape variety and also from brand name producers rather than from unknown chateaux. Domestic consumption in France continues to shrink in the face of a growing neo-prohibitionism. At the same time exports are falling in the face of growing competition from excellent wines sold at lower prices. Australia now exports more wine to Great Britain than does France and the latter's share of the U.S. market continues to drop.
Many producers have had to sell their wine below cost, leading to bankruptcies and early retirements. Between 1994 and 2005, the number of growers in Bordeaux shrank from 14,000 to 10,000. It is expected that this trend will continue, with more estates going out of business while others merge and grow in size.
Delpeuch hoped to reduce production, improve quality, and sell more wine in the United States. However, two years after the beginning of Plan Bordeaux, Mr Delpeuch resigned, "citing the failure of the French government to address properly the wine crisis in Bordeaux." Delpeuch told journalists assembled at the Bordeaux Press Club "I refuse to countenance this continual putting off of decisions which can only end in failure."
"Delpeuch said he was shocked and disappointed by the failure of his efforts – and by the lack of co-operation from winemakers and negociants themselves - to achieve anything concrete in terms of reforms to the Bordeaux wine industry over the last 24 months."
His resignation took effect on 10 July 2006.
See also
French wine
List of wine personalities
References
Further reading
Frank, Mitch. Bordeaux tries to save itself: The region's growers take drastic steps to cut their glut and pump up sales. Wine Spectator, 2005 (November 30), 30(12), 17.
External links
Wine war: Savvy New World marketers are devastating the French wine industry
Delpeuch urges rapid and radical reform
CIVB President resigns in despair
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
French winemakers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Delpeuch |
Manghopir or Mangopir () is a neighbourhood in the Malir district of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan, that previously was a part of Gadap Town until 2011.
There are several ethnic groups in Manghopir including Muhajirs, Sindhis, Punjabis, Kashmiris, Seraikis, Pakhtuns, Balochis, Memons, Bohras, Ismailis, etc. The population of the neighborhood is Muslim. The population of Gadap Town is estimated to be nearly one million.
Manghopir is a rural area of Karachi, named after Sufi Pir Haji Syed Sakhi Sultan. The area has the oldest Sufi shrines in the city, hot sulphur springs that are believed to have curative powers, and many crocodiles - believed locally to be the sacred disciples of Pir Mangho. Balochs often call this place as ‘Mangi’ or Garm-aab / Sard-aab (due to the presence of the hot & cold springs).
Manghopir Lake
The Manghopir Lake is situated near the shrine of Sufi Pir Mangho and there over one hundred Mugger crocodiles in the lake which are fed by the pilgrims.
Sheedis and Festivals
Manghopir is mostly inhabited by one of Pakistan's smallest ethnic communities, the Sheedi, also known as Makrani. Sheedi are said to be the descendants of Afro-Arabs from Zanzibar and maintain their distinct Afro-Arab and Omani identity in the midst of the dominating South Asian cultures.
Presently, these African-Pakistanis live in various parts of Karachi. Most are found in Lyari, but they are also found in Malir, Moaach Goth, Manghopir, and further interior at Sindh and Balochistan. Due to Lyari's dominant Sheedi people population, it is often called 'Little Africa'. Some Afro-Arab style festivals and dances like Gowaati, Lewa, Dhamaal, beating Omani style shindo, jabwah, and jasser drums are still popular in Manghopirs Lyari locale. Many forms of folk beliefs and medicines are also still practiced. A prominent Urdu poet and Lyari citizen, Noon Meem Danish, proudly claims to be the great-great-grandchild of an African from Zanzibar. "Now after centuries of cultural amalgamation, Sheedis proudly call themselves Baloch or Makrani."
See also
Pir Mangho
Manghopir Hills
Gallery of the shrines and spring in Manghopir
References
External links
Karachi Website.
Neighbourhoods of Karachi
Gadap Town | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manghopir |
Donald Bruce Callander (1930–2008) was an American fantasy novel author, photographer, editor and graphic artist. He authored Pyromancer, a tale of young wizard-in-training Douglas Brightglade, and fourteen other novels.
Personal
Born in Minnesota, Callander joined the U.S. Navy after high school, serving four years of active duty during the Korean War, and then 20 years in the U.S. Naval Reserve. In 1952, Callander married Mary Lee Omohundro and moved to Washington, D.C., where he began a 30-year career as a writer, photographer, editor and graphic artist with the American Automobile Association.
Following his retirement, Callander settled with his second wife, Margaret, in Orange City, Florida, where he died on Friday, July 25, 2008.
Books
(All books published/reissued by Mundania Press 2013/2014)
Teddybear, Teddybear (2014)
Star Warrior (2014)
The Last Cruise of the USS Pocahontas (2014)
Mancer series
Pyromancer (1992)
Aquamancer (1993)
Geomancer (1994)
Aeromancer (1997)
Marbleheart (1998)
The Reluctant Knight (2014)
Dragon Companion series
Dragon Companion (1994)
Dragon Rescue (1995)
Dragon Tempest (1998)
Dragon Winter (2014)
Warlock series
Warlock's Bar & Grille (2000)
Warlock's All & Sundry (2014)
References
External links
1930 births
2008 deaths
20th-century American novelists
American fantasy writers
American male novelists
Writers from Minnesota
20th-century American male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Callander |
Florida's 7th congressional district is a congressional district in the north central portion of the U.S. state of Florida.
From 2003 to 2013, the district consisted of the suburban area between Orlando and Daytona Beach and included St. Augustine. The district included all of Flagler and St. Johns Counties; a very small portion of eastern Putnam County; parts of Volusia County, including portions of DeLand, Deltona, Ormond Beach, and Daytona Beach; much of western Seminole County; and a small, predominantly suburban portion of Orange County.
Following court-ordered redistricting in 2015, the district included all of Seminole County and northern Orange County, including much of downtown and northern Orlando and the cities of Maitland and Winter Park. At the time, the district was also home to the University of Central Florida (UCF), the state's largest university by student population in 2020-2021.
Following further redistricting in 2022 based on the 2020 United States census, the 7th district still includes all of Seminole County. It now includes the southern half of Volusia County, while the portion of the district that extended into Orange County, including UCF, is now part of the 10th congressional district.
The district is currently represented in the U.S. Congress by Rep. Cory Mills.
Voting
Presidential
Results from previous presidential elections
Non-presidential
Results from previous non-presidential statewide elections
List of members representing the district
Electoral history
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
References
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
External links
Rep. John Mica's official House of Representatives website
07
1953 establishments in Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida%27s%207th%20congressional%20district |
Zinda Rood is a 4 volume biographical work by Justice Javed Iqbal about his father Muhammad Iqbal, a Muslim poet-philosopher. Zinda Rood is translated as "living stream of life", a pseudonym Muhammad Iqbal used for himself in his Persian Masnavi Javid Nama.The complete biography has been unified and translated in Kannada language as "Baduku Baraha" (ಬದುಕು ಬರಹ) by Ismath Unnisa a renowned Kannada professor and writer.
See also
Index of Muhammad Iqbal–related articles
External links
Read Zinda Rood 1 in Urdu
Read Zinda Rood 2 in Urdu
Read Zinda Rood 3 in Urdu
Read Zinda Rood 4 in Urdu
Muhammad Iqbal
Pakistani biographies
Pakistani non-fiction literature | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinda%20Rood |
21st Circuitry was a record label based in San Francisco, California, that was founded in early 1991. The label released music from genres, such as electro-industrial, industrial rock, and other similar styles of music. The label signed a number of artists, including, Covenant, Unit:187, and Xorcist, as well as releasing a number of compilation albums targeted at the industrial scene. Some releases were distributed via other labels, including Caroline Records and Metropolis Records. In 1999, 21st Circuitry shut its doors and its remaining stock was purchased by Metropolis Records.
Notable artists
Covenant
Hate Dept.
Luxt
Mute Angst Envy
New Mind
Scar Tissue
Templebeat
Compilations
Death Rave 2000 (1993)
Death Rave 2010 (1994)
Coldwave Breaks (1995)
21st Circuitry Shox (1996)
The Remix Wars: Strike 1 - :Wumpscut: Vs. Haujobb
The Remix Wars: Strike 3 - 16 Volt Vs. Hate Dept.
Newer Wave (1997)
Coldwave Breaks II (1997)
Newer Wave 2.0 (1998)
21st Circuitry Shox 2 (1998)
References
External links
Discogs
Allmusic
See also
List of record labels
Metropolis Records
American record labels
Record labels established in 1991
Record labels disestablished in 1999
Industrial record labels
1991 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st%20Circuitry |
The First Battle of Middlewich took place on 13 March 1643, during the First English Civil War, and was fought between the Parliamentarians, under Sir William Brereton, and the Royalist supporters of King Charles I of England, under Sir Thomas Aston.
Background
In the summer of 1642 came the final split between the King and Parliament and both sides made preparations for raising an army. Throughout the summer Commissioners of Array for the King and Deputy Lieutenants for Parliament attempted to raise the Trained Bands and to seize the magazine in every county. During the confusion caused by the troops waiting to be shipped from Chester to Ireland to suppress the rebellion there, Sir William Brereton, the Parliamentary representative in Cheshire, turned to what was virtually recruiting. He found himself opposed by Sir Thomas Aston and all the resident Cheshire nobility and he failed in his attempt to secure Chester for Parliament.
At this time Aston was probably the recognized representative of the King in the county and was able to present the latter with a list of men willing to serve in the King's army. The King decided to base this army at Shrewsbury and when he arrived there on 20 September 1642 he wrote to Lord Kilmorey, Lord Cholmondeley and "the other of the subscribers for Horse in Cheshire" telling them to deliver their horses into the charge of Aston who was to bring the forces raised to Shrewsbury to join with the main body of the army. Charles made it unnecessary for Aston to leave for Shrewsbury as he instead came to Chester and it was from here that he issued, on 26 September, an order for the seizure of arms and horses from those people who had carried out Parliament's Militia Ordinance in Cheshire. These were to be delivered to Aston who was able to leave with the King at the head of three troops of horse.
Aston obviously conducted himself satisfactorily in the campaign culminating in the Battle of Edgehill because an order from Prince Rupert in January 1643 refers to him as a colonel of a regiment of cuirassiers, and two days later on 19 January the King announced that he was sending Aston as a major-general to Cheshire and Lancashire. Aston's orders were simply stated by Prince Rupert; he was to take his regiment to Shropshire, raise forces of horse and foot there, and then defend Cheshire against the Parliamentary force that was heading to the county from London under the leadership of Brereton. He was also to seize arms and ammunition for the King's use and "put into execution the laws and customs martial upon all offenders.....for the better preventing of disorders, plunderings and outrages which are often committed by soldiers." He was told to achieve this and return to the main army by 15 March unless he received orders to the contrary.
The preparations for Aston's march and arrival in Cheshire reveal the King's interest in keeping Cheshire Royalist. The authorities of the areas that Aston was to pass through on his way from Oxford to Cheshire were ordered to provide food and lodgings for his men. The Cheshire Commissioners of Array were also given explicit orders as to what they should do to help Aston. The King explained to them that, as the Parliamentarians had rejected the Bunbury Agreement and were sending a force to Cheshire, he was sending Aston and his regiment of horse to protect the county. The commissioners were to assemble the trained bands and summon Quarter Sessions to decide on a method of raising money to pay the soldiers. They were also to help Aston raise a regiment of dragoons and seize arms from "malignants" to arm them. In addition the parishes were to supply them horses.
Parliament also realised how important Cheshire was and sent Brereton to raise support for its cause. Geographically Cheshire lies between the Pennines and the Welsh hills and so whoever controlled Cheshire controlled the north – south corridor. For Parliament the control of Cheshire would mean separating the King's northern supporters from the King and his army at Oxford. It could also stop the King from bringing in reinforcements from his Irish army through the port of Chester.
When Aston arrived in Shropshire he found that there were only 60 dragoons instead of the 600 promised. The authorities promised him another 200 and so he decided to wait for two days before moving on to Cheshire. During this time he was ordered to Stafford to help the sheriff there (perhaps against the Moorlanders who had risen for Parliament). However Aston did not neglect his prime objective and ordered the Cheshire Commissioners of Array to defend Nantwich with 150 musketeers and to inform him of Brereton's progress. Neither order was carried out and Aston was not informed until it was too late to arrive at Nantwich before Brereton.
Skirmish at Nantwich
Brereton, meanwhile, had ridden into Congleton on the evening of 27 January with his own troop of horse and three companies of dragoons. Although he was joined in Congleton by the former mayor, William Edwards, with another troop of horse, his whole force could not have amounted to more than about 500 men. His mission, however, was not to conquer Cheshire but to rouse and organize the Parliamentary sympathizers in it. He had with him the cadre of a foot regiment, a case of drakes (small cannon about 7½ feet long) and 700 muskets in his baggage train as well as an experienced Scottish professional, Major James Lothian, to train recruits. He had wide powers to construct fortifications and raise more men and was to finance the whole enterprise by voluntary payment and distraint upon the rent and goods of local Royalists.
He approached Nantwich on 28 January. not just "to releave the town, beinge in greate danger to be plundered and destroyed by the Kings Armye and Commissioners of Array", but also because it offered the only alternative to Chester as a county headquarters. It had sufficient wealth and housing to accommodate a large garrison and staff and was the centre of a network of roads leading to the Midlands and London, to North Wales, Lancashire, Yorkshire and Scotland.
Brereton sent ahead 50 dragoons under Lothian to occupy the town and they got there before Aston who had finally been informed of Brereton's progress by Orlando Bridgeman, the son of the Bishop of Chester. Aston had with him his own troop of horse and some companies of Shropshire dragoons under the command of Colonel Sir Vincent Corbet totalling about 500 men. Despite his superiority of numbers Aston failed to take the town and at dusk he retreated eastwards down Hospital Street. In a narrow lane his force met the remainder of Brereton's force and confusion was the result. A company of Brereton's dragoons dismounted but failed to leave anyone to control the horses which bolted into the fields and were taken by the Royalists for charging cavalry. The confusion was added to when some Parliamentarians loaded and fired one of the drakes. This does not seem to have caused any injury but the flash and the roar amid the general confusion frightened the Royalists so much "that they weire all scattered and quyte Rowted".
Aston turned up eventually at Whitchurch and, although he claimed the skirmish as a draw, his distance from Nantwich and his appeals for reinforcements indicates that the skirmish was a defeat for the Royalists, likely due to his men being exhausted after the long march from Oxford and that he did not receive the support from the Cheshire Commissioners of Array that he had expected. This lack of proper support continued over the next four or five weeks. An agreement was made to raise a contribution in the county to pay the soldiers but most was paid to the upkeep of the Chester garrison, not to Aston's regiment or to the trained bands. The Royalist leaders were never able to agree to a unified command which meant that they were never able to field an army that would outnumber Brereton's force. There was a force of 2,000 men at Warrington under the Earl of Derby, a Welsh force of 1,000 men at Chester and the Shropshire force at Whitchurch. These never combined and it was not until March that the Royalists decided to choose a place in the county "to summon in the King's friends"
Prelude
Aston set out for Middlewich on Friday 10 March. His progress was delayed that night when his men, who had yet to be paid, mutinied. Apparently the money and provisions were issued on Saturday but it was so late that Aston had to leave two troops of horse in the forest to guard it - "though they lay in danger that night." It is not known why Middlewich was chosen as opposed to the much safer Knutsford where it would have been possible to retreat to Warrington if necessary. In his account of the battle of Middlewich, Aston did not say why he came to Middlewich on 11 March but explained that he had no wish to linger there. He realized the dangers of staying in an open town with enemy forces at both Northwich and Nantwich. Brereton, who was recruiting in Northwich, commented on the boldness of the Royalists for camping at Middlewich. He believed it resulted from overconfidence in their ability to win over the county and rid it of the Parliamentarians.
Saturday 11 March
Aston arrived at Middlewich with about 500 mounted troops and over 1000 of the trained bands of the Broxton and Wirral Hundreds plus three cannons. William Brereton sent a strong party of horse from Northwich "who gave them an alarm." Aston had meanwhile received a letter from the Governor of Chester, Sir Nicolas Byron, telling him that if he provided an escort for the family and goods of Lord Brereton to Chester then the latter, who was a relative of Sir William Brereton, would provide men for Aston. Although reluctant to linger in Middlewich, Thomas, after consulting with the sheriff, Sir Edward Fitton and Colonel Ellice, decided it was worth waiting for another day. He therefore sent a letter to Lord Brereton urging him to act immediately even though it meant travelling on a Sunday.
Sunday 12 March
Brereton, wanting to "annoy" the enemy, set out with two or three companies of dragoons to give alarm at Middlewich. He had no intention of attacking but wanted to harass the Royalists. In the meantime Lord Brereton had not done as Aston requested but instead came to Middlewich to confer further. Thomas believed that Lord Brereton's presence in Middlewich led to the attack by the Parliamentarians because they wanted to prevent the Royalists from joining forces. Sir William Brereton however, in his account of the battle, made it clear that he attacked because he believed a Royalist presence in Middlewich posed too much of a threat to be ignored.
In order to confer with Lord Brereton and also the sheriff's desire to "sumon the countrey with theire contribucon and assistance, necessitated a ioynt consent to stay there on Monday." Realising the danger posed by this decision Aston asked that the governor use the Whitchurch forces to threaten the Parliamentarians at Nantwich. According to the Commissioners of Array the Whitchurch force was not ordered to threaten Nantwich. In any case the forces there had been disbanded. Aston's fears were well founded as Brereton arranged to meet the Nantwich forces at six o'clock the next morning and to make a joint attack on Middlewich.
Battle
On the morning of Monday 13 March the Nantwich forces had not arrived at the appointed time so Brereton decided to attack with his cavalry and about 200 musketeers ("our greatest force of foot being at Nantwich"). He "with the best forces hee had theire came early in the mornynge backe to Midlewiche, & vpon Sheathe Heathe att the west end of the said Towne, Sr Thomas Aston havinge taken the advantage of the said ground & wynde, & planted his ordnance, sett upon him" Thomas sent a party of dragoons and horse under Captain Spotswood to give an alarm at Northwich, presumably to draw off some of Brereton's force. The captain, however, disobeyed orders and engaged the enemy and as a result Brereton's forces were able to establish themselves in one street leading into the town. In another street Captain Prestwich and his men were caught unawares by the enemy but were able to rally and drive back the enemy horse and rescue some prisoners. He stopped at a bridge and managed to hold off the enemy until the foot soldiers arrived. Waring Bridge was also approached by the enemy so Aston sent Prestwich and his troop to aid Captain Massie's company of foot. In this way Aston was able to hold off the enemy until about 09:00 or 10:00 a.m. when the Nantwich force arrived "so resolutely and with such undauntedness of spirit." About 800 foot and 300 horse came down Booth Lane and entered into Newton at the south end of the town, where Aston had placed "a good Brasse peece of ordnance" and two trained bands of 200 men who were "well advantaged by ditches and bankes on both sides." Aston withdrew a troop of horse under the command of Captain Bridgeman from the Northwich approach to check the advance of the Nantwich force. The rest of his horse he held back behind the foot, "there being noe other ground for horse", apart from a force of about 60 to attack the enemy. His plan was to line the hedge with about 100 musketeers so that the enemy could not take advantage of the ditches on both sides of the lane to attack the charging horse.
The Parliamentary force, on finding the lane so well defended, took to the fields on either side of the lane. The Royalist horse could not charge because of the hedges and the musketeers deserted as soon as the first shots were fired at them. The horse was therefore outflanked and cut off by the enemy musketeers on both sides of the lane. On the west side of the town the troop of horse, under Mayor Thomas Holme, were managing to hold off the Parliamentarians despite the fact that Bridgeman's troop had been withdrawn to defend the southern entrance. However, when Sergeant Major Gilmore ordered his foot to retreat the horse were outflanked by enemy musketeers on either side of the lane behind the hedges where the horse could not charge. They were therefore forced back into the town. The street was defended by musketeers behind a breastwork but they ran away after blindly firing once. Similarly the foot soldiers guarding Waring Bridge were ordered to retreat and the Parliamentarians were able to enter the town from there. Meanwhile, the horse on the Nantwich approach were pulled back to allow the use of the cannon that Ellice had drawn up.
The Parliamentarians were advancing towards St Michael and All Angels church from three directions so Aston ordered a party of Captain Spotswood's dragoons to secure and defend the churchyard. He also placed a guard at the breastworks on the west side of town and put a cannon in the churchyard to cover the street. A company of musketeers and two trained bands were brought up to hold off the advancing Nantwich force. These musketeers lay down in the ditches as soon as they came to Ellice's cannon and it was all Aston could do to get them up to the hedges with the other musketeers by riding among them "and with my sword I beat them up." This served no purpose because the soldiers would not lift their heads to see where to fire but instead shot their muskets into the air.
The Parliamentarians meanwhile had become encouraged by the inaccurate fire of the cannon and they charged the Royalist foot who promptly ran away, leaving Aston's cavalry exposed and unable to charge because of a large ditch. They therefore drew off to a safer position. Seeing this, a body of pikemen behind a breastwork further back ran away and "all the musqueteers placed for the defence of the street ende quit their trenches, having never seen the enemy or cause of feare, but their fellows flying." Aston, however, held his cavalry firm until Ellice could draw off his cannon and then ordered a retreat to the high street. Aston himself went to the churchyard expecting it to be defended as he had ordered. Instead he found all the foot soldiers in the church and he could not "draw out ten musqueteers out of the church would it have saved the world." Relying on his two cannon to cover two streets, Aston ordered his cavalry, being exposed to the advancing enemy on three sides, to regroup in a field at one end of the town. However, their way was blocked by a barricade erected by Spotswood and they became separated and were unable to regroup until they were well past Kinderton House.
Returning to the cannon Aston found that one had been deserted and the other being drawn off by a solitary cannoneer. With all the other men, including Ellice, in the church and refusing to come out, Aston was now alone:
"The enimy falling directly in three streets upon me, and discharging upon me in the church-yard, the horse marched out of sight. I alone, all I could possibly hope to doe was to rally the horse again if possible, to wheel about, and to fall in the rear of them"
In the maze of streets Aston lost contact with his cavalry, apart from a few stragglers, and had little hope of turning the disaster into success especially as the Parliamentarians had now taken the church. With it they captured Ellice, Gilmore, Moseley, ten captains and other officers, 400 common soldiers, weapons for 500 men, two barrels of matches, four barrels of powder and two cannons. Brereton, therefore, believed that "since the beginning of this unnatural war, God hath not given many more complete victories."
Aftermath
Sir Thomas Aston
Aston sent a messenger to rally his cavalry at Rudheath intending to go on to Lord Brereton and collect his force. The cavalry were, however, beyond recall and so Aston went on his own to give an account of the battle and to see if Lord Brereton was still willing to support him. Finding that he was, Aston returned to Whitchurch to raise the Shropshire forces. However, the trained bands there had been disbanded leaving him no alternative but to return to Cheshire, rally his men and await his fate. He summed up his feelings about the battle thus:
"It is the plain truth, the enemy having no diversion, but att liberty with their full power to fall on us from all parts, were much too hard for us in a place not defensible. And without some more experienced foot officers, I must freely say no number will be found sufficient to withstand ready men."
He was withdrawn to Oxford and continued to command a cavalry regiment in the King's field army. In 1644 he fought as a brigadier of cavalry in Prince Maurice's army in the West of England and fought at the second Battle of Newbury but probably never returned to Cheshire (although at least two sources mention him being there in 1644).
In 1645 Aston served in the West Country under George Goring until September or October when he decided to return home. He passed through Kidderminster and Stourbridge on his way to Cheshire. At the beginning of November he was captured by a Parliamentary force under the command of a certain Captain Stones "att or neere Banke" (possibly near Walsall) along with about 60 Royalists - presumably Cheshire men who had fought in Aston's regiment and who were also returning home. From there he was taken to prison at Stafford and placed under arrest. On 24 March 1646 Aston died of a fever brought on by his various wounds, including a blow to the head received during an unsuccessful attempt to escape.
Sir William Brereton
Brereton declared God responsible for him winning the battle:
"I desire the whole praise and glory may be attributed to Almighty God, who infused courage into them that stood for His cause, and struck the enemy with terror and amazement."
By the end of the spring Parliamentary forces, with Brereton as commander-in-chief, controlled five of the seven Hundreds of Cheshire. From this time on through to February 1646, when the last remaining Royalist base at Chester surrendered to him, the county was dominated by Brereton and he proved to be a dynamic war-time leader not just militarily but also politically and administratively. According to professor Ives, because of the importance of Cheshire, Brereton "had more influence on the outcome of the First English Civil War than Oliver Cromwell had." He suffered his only major defeat in December 1643 at the Second Battle of Middlewich. In 1646, when peace returned and his control over Cheshire came to an end, Brereton moved south to become an active London-based MP and politician. As a reward for his services he received the chief forestership of the Forest of Macclesfield and the seneschalship of the Hundred of Macclesfield. In 1651 he received the tenancy of the former archbishop's palace at Croydon in Surrey and he spent the last nine years of his life commuting between there and his ancestral home at Handforth, in Cheshire. He died on 7 April 1661 in Croydon and is presumed to have been buried in the family vault in the church at Cheadle in Cheshire, although he is recorded to have been buried in the churchyard of St John the Baptist, Croyon.
Notes
Citations
References
Further reading
Dore, R.N. The Civil Wars in Cheshire, (Chester, 1966)
Dore, R.N. The Letter Books of Sir William Brereton (1990)
Fletcher, Anthony. The Outbreak of the English Civil War (London, 1981)
Hall, J. (ed.). The Civil War in Cheshire, Record Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, Vol 19 (1889)
Hulton, Ronald. The Royalist War Effort 1642-1646 (1929)
Morrill, J.S. Cheshire 1630-1660 (London, 1974)
Morrill, J.S. Revolt of the Provinces (London, 1976, 1980)
Morrill, John. 'Sir William Brereton and England's Wars of Religion', Journal of British Studies 24 (July 1985); 311 - 332
External links
Forster, Harold. Lecture on Sir William Brereton of Handforth, To the Worldwide Brereton Family Reunion St. Mary's Church, Nantwich, Cheshire, 31 July 2001
Gaunt, Peter. Conflict and Consensus: The Central Regimes and Cheshire, c.1630 - c.1660, Cheshire Local History Association, Retrieved 2009-03-24
Staff, Aston of Aston family tree, Researchers Network, Retrieved 2009-03-24
Staff, Northwich, Cheshire, UK. Local Genealogy and History, Appendix for the following:
Burghall, Edward. Memorials of the Civil War in Cheshire and the Adjacent Counties, Retrieved 2009-03-24
Malbon, Thomas. Malbon’s Memorials of the Civil War, Retrieved 2009-03-24
Middlewich
Middlewich, First, 1643
Middlewich
Middlewich
17th century in Cheshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Battle%20of%20Middlewich |
Rüdesheim an der Nahe, or simply Rüdesheim, is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Rüdesheim, and is also its seat. Rüdesheim customarily takes the tag “an der Nahe” to distinguish itself from nearby Rüdesheim am Rhein. Rüdesheim is laid out in state planning as a lower centre. Rüdesheim is a winegrowing village.
Geography
Location
Rüdesheim lies in the transitional zone between Rhenish Hesse and the Hunsrück at the mouth of the Katzenbach, where it empties into the Ellerbach, itself a tributary to the Nahe. Although that river lies a short way outside Rüdesheim, the municipality still styles itself “an der Nahe” (“on the Nahe”) and claims that it lies im Herzen des wunderschönen Nahetals (“in the heart of the wonderfully lovely Nahe valley”). The village is found some 4 km west of the district seat of Bad Kreuznach, with which it has all but grown together into one built-up area. The village sits at an elevation of 135 m above sea level. The municipal area measures 3.47 km².
Neighbouring municipalities
Clockwise from the north, Rüdesheim an der Nahe’s neighbours are the municipality of Roxheim, the town of Bad Kreuznach and the municipalities of Hüffelsheim, Weinsheim and Mandel, all of which likewise lie within the Bad Kreuznach district.
Constituent communities
Also belonging to Rüdesheim are the outlying homesteads of Lohrer Mühle, Rüdesheimer Hof and Zum Hargesheimer Pfad.
History
In 747, the village now known as Rüdesheim an der Nahe was a Frankish settlement named Lefrietesheim. There is disagreement over where the village’s current name comes from, with suggestions such as Rudersheim or Rodersheim (the former an apparent reference to rowing, and the latter to land clearing). Also in contention as the namesake is a knight of the House of Rüdesheim. Whoever is right, the name does come from Frankish times, like all placenames that end in —heim, —hausen, —weiler and so on. The wine was brought here by the Roman legionaries, who could call this place home even before the Franks came. For the epithet “wine village”, Rüdesheim still has the Romans to thank, even now, in the third millennium. In the years 1125 and 1126, the villagers found themselves in a fight against famine and the Plague. In 1334, Rüdesheim, along with Bockenau, Weinsheim and Sponheim, was burnt to the ground in the feud between Archbishop of Trier Baldwin of Luxembourg and the Counts of Sponheim. During the Thirty Years' War, the village had to deal with military requisitions, plundering and deliberately set blazes. In the wake of all this, the village’s population sank to roughly half what it had been by the time the war ended. The first sewerage was laid in Rüdesheim at the early date of 1661. The French Revolution, too, left its mark on Rüdesheim. In 1794, the village was occupied by French Revolutionary troops. On 1 October 1795, the German lands on the Rhine’s left bank were annexed to the French First Republic, French became the official language and the operative constitution was the French one. Schinderhannes (or Johannes Bückler, to use his true name) supposedly amused himself at the inn “Zum Krönchen” during this time. After Napoleon’s defeat and the delivery of the terms of the Congress of Vienna, Rüdesheim passed in 1814 or 1815 to joint Austrian-Bavarian rule. In 1853, the seat of the Amtsbürgermeisterei (“Amt mayoralty”) was established. The Amtsbürgermeistereien of Rüdesheim, Wallhausen, Winterburg and Waldböckelheim all took part in 1893 in the planning for the narrow-gauge railway. Besides passengers, this railway also transported wood from the Soonwald, ore, brownstone and material from the Bockenau quarries. The narrow-gauge railway ran through Rüdesheim along the Ellerbach. The right-of-way is now a street called “Im Wiesengrunde”. The railway station stood at “Am Kesselberg 8” (at the corner of “Im Wiesengrunde”). At the beginning of the First World War, this report came from Rüdesheim:It was a sweltering August day in the year 1914. In the evening, the whole village gathered in the street. A celebratory calm prevailed. The chairmen of the clubs spoke and all enthusiastically agreed to the Kaiserhoch (a cheer). There was a parting celebration taking place for the men who were going off to the war. The next morning, one could see at the narrow-gauge railway station parting scenes. In the years that followed, 254 Russian prisoners of war were assigned to agricultural work in the Rüdesheim Bürgermeisterei (“mayoralty”) region. The time that followed generally brought social and economic hardship, currency devaluation, sometimes famine and coal shortages, and bartering flourished. In the Second World War, many evacuees came from the Saar to Rüdesheim. Other things that locals had to deal with throughout the war were aerial defence measures, collecting drives, receiving ration cards, standing in queues for groceries and other everyday needs, air-raid alerts, searching for potato beetles, collecting scrap, news from the war, funeral services for the fallen and so on. The swimming pool was opened in 1939. During the approach to an air raid on Bad Kreuznach, bombs were accidentally dropped on Rüdesheim. When American tanks rolled through Rüdesheim on 16 March 1945, the village found itself under American occupation. The “Economic Miracle” that set in after the war also made itself felt in Rüdesheim: In 1963, sewerage was laid throughout the village. Also that year, a new school building was dedicated on Schulstraße. A kindergarten, too, was opened. New building zones were laid out as well. On 7 June 1969, in the course of administrative restructuring in Rhineland-Palatinate, Rüdesheim was amalgamated with the town of Bad Kreuznach. The town wanted to expand its industrial park, but Rüdesheimers were mostly against this proposal. Rüdesheim therefore took the state of Rhineland-Palatinate to court. The Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof) found in Rüdesheim’s favour on 17 December 1969, and the amalgamation was overturned, splitting the village away from the town once again. In 1970, the old Amtsbürgermeisterei became the Verbandsgemeinde of Rüdesheim. In 1994, the Bundesstraße 41 bypass was dedicated.
Population development
Rüdesheim an der Nahe’s population development since Napoleonic times is shown in the table below. The figures for the years from 1871 to 1987 are drawn from census data:
Religion
As at 31 December 2013, there are 2,614 full-time residents in Rüdesheim an der Nahe, and of those, 1,200 are Evangelical (45.907%), 774 are Catholic (29.61%), 2 are Greek Orthodox (0.077%), 1 belongs to a free religious community (0.038%), 1 is Russian Orthodox (0.038%), 131 (5.011%) belong to other religious groups and 505 (19.319%) either have no religion or will not reveal their religious affiliation.
Politics
Municipal council
The council is made up of 16 council members, who were elected by proportional representation at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman. The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results:
Mayor
Rüdesheim’s mayor is Jürgen Poppitz (Freie Bürgerliste Rüdesheim), and his deputies are Heinz-Herbert Stephan (Freie Bürgerliste Rüdesheim), Willi Kurz (SPD) and Ekkehard Schwabe (CDU).
Coat of arms
The municipality’s arms might be described thus: Gules on ground vert a horse passant argent, riding him Saint Martin of Tours of the same cutting his mantle azure with a sword sable, kneeling on the ground to sinister a beggar man of the third.
This scene from Saint Martin’s life appears in many German civic coats of arms. Indeed, Rüdesheim an der Nahe’s arms are not even the only ones in the Bad Kreuznach district to bear this image, with Meddersheim and Norheim likewise bearing arms depicting Martin cutting off a piece of his cloak for a beggar. The arms have been borne since the Rhineland-Palatinate Ministry of the Interior approved them on 5 October 1950, and are based on a court seal from 1569. In villages in this region back in Frankish times, the village court or the Schultheiß bore a seal beginning about the 14th century. The main state archive in Koblenz has two stamps made by Rüdesheim court seals, one on a document from 31 December 1569, and the other from 1731. Depicted on both is Saint Martin, who was Sponheim Abbey’s patron saint. The circumscriptions on each, however, are different, namely “GER.SIG.RUEDESHEIM BEI XNACH” and “GER.SIG RIDESHEIM BEY XNACH” respectively, although both mean “court seal Rüdesheim near Kreuznach” (“Xnach” was an abbreviation for “Kreuznach” because the first syllable of that name is German for “cross”, hence the X). Saint Martin, also patron saint of the Sponheim church, was adopted as the main charge in the coat of arms in 1950. Nevertheless, nobody thought much about what tinctures should be applied. The Counts of Sponheim bore arms chequy azure and Or (a chequered field of alternating blue and gold squares), and although this pattern does appear in many local civic coats of arms (Hargesheim and Roxheim, for instance), it does not appear in Rüdesheim’s arms, even though the Counts were the local lords in the Middle Ages.
Culture and sightseeing
Buildings
The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate’s Directory of Cultural Monuments:
Evangelical church, Nahestraße 36 – formerly Saint George’s (St. Georg), Late Gothic aisleless church, made over in Baroque, marked 1743 and 1898 (repair work), bell tower after 1945
Kurt-Schumacher-Straße 1 – Baroque timber-frame house, from the earlier half of the 18th century
Nahestraße – warriors’ memorial 1914-1918, display wall with relief, Neoclassical and Expressionist style elements, 1922, sculptor Arthur Zimmermann, Bad Kreuznach
Nahestraße 30 – Baroque timber-frame house, marked 1699
Nahestraße 58 – villa, partly timber-frame, Art Nouveau 1906, architect Zimmermann
Roxheimer Straße 2 – former school; Heimatstil, wall fountain, about 1920/1930
Schäferstraße 1 – Baroque timber-frame house, plastered, early 18th century
Schäferstraße 15 – Baroque estate complex with smithy, 18th and 19th centuries
Clubs
The following clubs are active in Rüdesheim an der Nahe:
Classic Automobile Rüdesheim/Nahe (C.A.R.) — “oldtimers’ club”
Gesangverein 1888 Rüdesheim e.V. — singing club
Rüdesheimer Freizeitclub e.V. (RFC) — leisure club
Tanzsportverein Rüdesheim — dancesport club
Turnverein Rüdesheim 1902 e.V. — gymnastic club
VdK-Orstverband — social advocacy group local chapter
VFL Rüdesheim 1922 e.V. — sport club
Verein der Freunde der Feuerwehr e.V. — fire brigade promotional association
Economy and infrastructure
Transport
Running through Rüdesheim an der Nahe’s municipal area is Bundesstraße 41, and running through the village itself are Landesstraße 236 and Kreisstraße 98, which is met by Kreisstraße 52 in the village’s west end. Bundesstraße 41 affords drivers quick access to neighbouring Bad Kreuznach and to the Autobahn A 61 (Koblenz–Ludwigshafen) just beyond. Serving neighbouring Bad Kreuznach is a railway station. Branching off the Nahe Valley Railway (Bingen–Saarbrücken) here is the railway line to Gau Algesheim. From Bingen am Rhein, Regionalbahn trains run by way of the Alsenz Valley Railway, which branches off the Nahe Valley Railway in Bad Münster am Stein, to Kaiserslautern, reaching it in roughly 65 minutes. Running on the line to Saarbrücken and by way of Gau Algesheim and the West Rhine Railway to Mainz are Regional-Express and Regionalbahn trains. The travel time to Mainz lies between 25 and 40 minutes, and to Saarbrücken between 1 hour and 40 minutes and 2 hours and 20 minutes.
Education
Rüdesheim an der Nahe has a daycare centre with five groups and a primary school (Grundschule am Rosengarten). Further education for those moving beyond primary school is available in neighbouring Bad Kreuznach.
Public institutions
Rüdesheim an der Nahe has a public swimming pool, a community centre, a municipal library and a retirement community. There are several medical and dental practices in the village.
Winegrowing
The following wineries (Weingüter) can be found in Rüdesheim an der Nahe:
Weingut Bäder G.
Weingut Bäder Jakob + Sohn
Weingut Hahn
Weingut Herrmann U.
Weingut Weinhotel Bäder
Weingut Welker-Emmerich
Established businesses
As would be expected in a place of Rüdesheim’s size, with well over 2,500 inhabitants, there is a full range of different businesses on hand besides the wineries mentioned above. There are several shopping centres, a bakery, restaurants, inns and Straußwirtschaften, along with craft and service businesses.
New building zone
Rüdesheim has announced the laying-out of a new residential building zone, “In den sechs Morgen–In den Steinchesäcker”, which will offer 101 lots for houses.
References
External links
Bad Kreuznach (district)
Naheland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCdesheim%20an%20der%20Nahe |
Konstantin Biebl (26 February 1898, Slavětín – 12 November 1951, Prague) was a Czech poet and writer. His first collection of poems was released in 1923, and his last in 1951, the year of his death by suicide. During that time he also travelled widely as a reporter. Biebl was a member of the Communist Party Czechoslovakia, and was closely associated with other Czech Communist writers and poets including Jiří Wolker and Vítězslav Nezval.
Biography
Early life
Konstantin Biebl was born in Slavětín near Louny, Bohemia, then Austria-Hungary. His father was a dentist in Louny, given to writing poetry and painting. He committed suicide in 1916 while serving as a surgeon in Galicia. Arnošt Ráž, a brother of Konstantin's mother, was a poet. Konstantin studied at gymnasium first in Louny (1909–1914) and then in Malá Strana, Prague. In 1916 he was recruited into the army and sent to Sambir. When his father died, he was sent home where he partly faked tuberculosis (the diagnosis was uncertain) and was hospitalized in Louny. He completed his studies in Prague in and was sent to the Balkan Front. He fought in Montenegro and was injured, taken captive, and condemned to death. He escaped, and, suffering from tuberculosis, was hospitalized in Sarajevo and from there transported to Louny (Jiří Wolker was inspired by his war tale and wrote a short story called Ilda about it).
Literary career
He wrote his first poems in a student almanac, and sketched an unpublished collection called Songs of a Tubercular Patient. Soon he joined the new avant-garde literary groups Devětsil, Brno Literary Group and others. In 1921 he started studying medicine at Charles University in Prague which he never finished. In the same year he made friends with Jiří Wolker with whom he went to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1922 (to get treatment for TB, which caused Wolker's death in 1924; a girl he met there, Jarmila Mikšovská, was also ill with this lethal disease). They stayed in Baška on the island of Krk. In the same year Biebl entered the Communist Party. In 1923 he published his first book of poems together with his uncle Arnošt Ráž – Cesta k lidem (Voyage to the People; the foreword was written by Zdeněk Kalista). When Jiří Wolker died, Biebl edited the almanac In memoriam where many Czech poets described their relationship to the poet, including Jaroslav Seifert, Vítězslav Nezval and Josef Hora.
In 1925 he went to France, visited many World War I battlefields and wrote literary reports for magazines. When he decided to leave medicine he went to Louny to organize cultural and social life. In 1926 he was offered an opportunity to sail to Java, by his friend Olga whose brother-in-law was on the island. Thus in 1926–1927 he accomplished his furthest voyage to Ceylon, Sumatra and Java. He was shocked by the ignorance of European settlers in the area and by colonial practices towards the locals. He talked to rebels from the communist and nationalist movements and was interrogated by the police. The voyage inspired Biebl to write a well-known collection of poems and several short stories, and he returned to the topic in most of his following works.
In 1927 he fell in love with Marie Bulovová, daughter of a rich ironmonger from Louny. His friend Karel Konrád who introduced them told Biebl, "There is dough."
In 1929 the most famous of his poems were published – Nový Ikaros (New Icarus). When seven communist poets (Jaroslav Seifert, Josef Hora, Ivan Olbracht, Stanislav Kostka Neumann and others) stood against the new Communist leader Klement Gottwald and left the party, Biebl was in the pro-Moscow group of poets with Julius Fučík, Vítězslav Nezval, František Halas and Karel Teige.
In 1931 Biebl married Marie Bulovová in Louny. His best man was Karel Teige; among the wedding guests were Jiří Voskovec, Jaroslav Ježek, Vítězslav Nezval, Adolf Hoffmeister and others. Konstantin Biebl became a well-off communist poet. They spent their honeymoon in France, Algeria and Tunisia.
He worked as a dental assistant in his mother's office in the 1930s. He also became active in the Czech Surrealist movement and signed most of the documents published by the Surrealist group in Czechoslovakia. He wrote little and did not acknowledge his previous work, except in 1936 when he published several poems to the memory of Karel Hynek Mácha.
Later life
During World War II he worked in film with the Melantrich publishing house. After the war he worked in the film department of Ministry of Information. He was excited by the upcoming times of social justice which he saw in the communist government after February 1948, when he celebrated his 50th birthday.
In 1949 he became ill with pancreatitis and went to Karlovy Vary for a cure at the spa. He published his largest book (in its largest edition – over 10,000 copies), the collection of poems Bez obav (Unafraid) in 1951. He committed suicide in Prague, where he jumped out of a window on the fifth floor on 12 November 1951 (several sources state 11 November for the jump). Vítězslav Nezval wrote an excusatory poem Kosťo, proč nezdvihs aspoň telefon? (Kosta, why didn't you just pick up the phone?). The circumstances and especially the cause of the suicide have never been clear.
Works
Cesta k lidem (1923)
Věrný hlas (1924)
Zlom (1925)
Zloděj z Bagdadu (1925)
Zlatými řetězy (1926)
Modré stíny (1926)
S lodí jež dováží čaj a kávu (1927)
Nový Ikaros (1929)
Nebe peklo ráj (1930)
Plancius (1931)
Zrcadlo noci (1939)
Bez obav (1951)
Cesta na Jávu (1958)
See also
List of Czech writers
References
1898 births
1951 suicides
People from Louny District
Czech poets
Czech male poets
Surrealist poets
Czech surrealist writers
Suicides in Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovak communists
Czechoslovak people of World War I
20th-century Czech poets
Suicides by jumping in the Czech Republic
Communist poets
1951 deaths
Charles University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin%20Biebl |
Nantong University (), colloquially known in Chinese as Tong da (通大, Tōngdà), was established in 1912. The university is located in Nantong, Jiangsu province, China. It occupies 4000 acres and have 800 thousand square meters used for school buildings.
Nantong is comprehensive university constructed by Jiangsu Provincial Government and the state Ministry of Transport. It is composed of three parts, Nantong Medical College, Nantong Engineering College and Nantong Normal College and has four campuses: the new campus, Qixiu campus, Zhongxiu campus and Qidong campus.
The enrollment is nearly 34 thousand full-time students, among whom 1550 are graduates and 300 are oversea students. The university has 84 undergraduate programs based on nine major disciplines, which are literature, science, engineering, medical science, education, economics, law, history and management.
The Nantong University is Accredited and Approved By MCI (Medical Council of India) and WHO (World Health Organization).
Vision and Mission
The Nantong University's motto is to Bridging China and the West, Striving for the Best and The Mission of the university is to be the Learning Must be Expected to Be Used, and the Use Must be Suitable for Its Local Community, and the value of University is Beautiful Morality and Pure Science.
Facts and figures
Undergraduates: - About 40,000
Postgraduates: - About 2700
Overseas Students with Academic Degrees: - 750
Affiliated Hospital: - 1
Undergraduate Program: - 106
Doctor Station: - 3
Doctoral Degree Programs of Level I Academic Disciplines: - 3
Master's degree Programs of Level I Academic Disciplines: - 22
Majors For Professionals master's degree: - 12
Cuaa.Net Rankings (Universities in China): - 100
Faculty & Staff: - 3152
Senior Faculty: - 1549
Schools
School of Mechanical Engineering
School of International Education
School of Chinese Culture and Literature
School of Foreign Language
School of Medicine
School of Pharmacy
School of Politics
School of Chemistry and Chemical Industry
School of Science
School of Art
School of Education Science
School of Information Science and Technology
Institute of Traffic
References
External links
Nantong University
Universities in China with English-medium medical schools
Universities and colleges in Jiangsu
Universities and colleges established in 1912
1912 establishments in China | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantong%20University |
William James Benners, Jr. (1863-1940) was a writer, publisher and historian of dime novels which was a class of popular fiction that flourished in the mid- and late-nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century. Benners was also a poet, actor, and an avid traveler, who maintained correspondence with many dime novel authors and aimed to compile a directory of popular writers and bought and sold stories and publishing rights and also penned some dime novels of his own.
Biography
Benners was born in Philadelphia on September 27, 1863, the son of William, Sr. and Frances Ann. He had two brothers, Harry H. and A. Eugene, and a sister Novella. At an early age Benners showed an affinity for the literary arts but was not much interested in working at his family's lumber business.
Benners was an avid reader of dime novels from age eight and read romance novels later in life. At ten he wrote his first poem and at 25 began writing some serials for George Munro's New York Fireside Companion and later for the Chicago Ledger. His professional writing career did not last long, but he was a devoted letter writer for much of his life. It was when Benners was about thirty that he began his "vast letter correspondence with the popular writers of the day" according to Ralph Adimari, a dime novel historian.
The romance novelists Emma Burke Collins, Alex McVeigh Miller, and Mary R. Estey were his most faithful correspondents. After his death the bulk of Benners's correspondence was destroyed by his nieces because of concern over their personal (read: sexual) content. Ralph F. Cummings, the Dime Novel Round-Up editor, who nursed Benners in his last years and referred to the man as Uncle Billee, wrote to Adimari that Benners's nieces "didn't believe in his letters falling into other hands. They were putting stuff on the fire when I discovered what they were doing. I sure was lucky to get what I really did."
Benners planned to create a directory of dime novel and romance novel authors which was a formidable task considering that so many writers published under pseudonyms. Different writers often used the same pseudonym. The project never went beyond the research stage. Benners did, however, begin enterprising as a literary agent and a buyer and seller of stories and publishing rights. Adimari recounts that in 1902 Benners purchased the entire output of the Frank Leslie Company which was a publisher of the juvenile magazines Frank Leslie's Boys and Girls Weekly, Frank Leslie's Young American, and Frank Leslie's Boys of America. Two months later he sold the Leslie material to William H. Gannett for $950. It is not known how much of that sum was profit, but we do know that Benners profited handsomely selling the stories of romance writer Charlotte M. Brame, who wrote under the pseudonym Bertha M. Clay.
According to Adimari, who consulted Benners's accounting books, "he was paid from $15 for a short story up to $300 for a serial. So that sales may have reached higher than $10,000... When Ralph Cummings gave me part of the William J. Benners collection, at least one-third of the notes were devoted to Clay-Brame productions and in many letters to others he lauds her stories to the skies." Brame penned some 200 titles as Bertha Clay. Indeed, the Clay brand was so lucrative that several other authors went on to produce hundreds of stories using this pen name, including Benners himself.
Family
Ralph Adimari notes that though "Benners had many sweethearts he never married." He was engaged to Laura Jean Libbey, a romance writer, from 1891 to 1893, but they were not wed. In a 1958 letter to Adimari from Ralph Cummings, Cummings writes that, "according to what Uncle Billee [Benners] told me, was that Laura Jean Libby wanted his $3 or $5000.00 ring to wear, and he wouldn't let her have it, so that was the end of there [sic] romance, so he told me, as he has been going with her for quite some time."
After a long illness, Benners died on April 4, 1940, in his native Philadelphia.
Archive
The William J. Benners Papers are housed in the Fales Library and Special Collections at New York University's Bobst Library. The papers consist of: letters to Benners from family members, various authors, and publishers; fragments of dime novel manuscripts; several research and accounting notebooks; and miscellany such as scrapbooks and photos. They were donated by Edward G. Levy, the noted dime novel collector, in 1966. Levy had acquired them from Ralph Adimari in 1964; Adimari had received them throughout the 1950s from Ralph Cummings.
See also
Dime novel
References
External links
The Fales Library Guide to the William Benners Papers
Dime Novel Round-Up
1863 births
1940 deaths
American paperback book publishers (people)
Literary agents
Dime novelists
American historians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20J.%20Benners |
Fahad Al-Deehani (, born October 11, 1966) is a Kuwaiti professional target shooter and officer in the Kuwaiti military. He was born in Kuwait City.
Olympic career
Al-Deehani won a bronze medal for the men's double trap shooting event at the 2000 Summer Olympics and thus he became the first Kuwaiti to ever win an Olympic bronze medal. He won another bronze for the men's Olympic trap shooting event at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
At the 2016 Summer Olympics, Al-Deehani competed as an "independent Olympic athlete" because Kuwait was banned from the Olympics by the IOC. Al-Deehani called for the resignation of Kuwaiti officials responsible for the IOC ban, but refused to carry the Olympic flag in the 2016 Olympic opening ceremonies. Al-Deehani defeated Italian Marco Innocenti in the gold medal match of the men's double trap, becoming the first independent athlete and Kuwaiti to win a gold medal. He said the medal is the best answer to those who kept the Kuwait flag away from the award ceremonies He added that everyone was calling him “Fehaid the Kuwaiti”. This medal, he added, would carry the name of Kuwait. “I was not representing the Olympic Committee; rather I represented Kuwait.”
Al-Deehani had retired in the year 2018 after an illustrious career. On 28 August, 2023, he announced in a instagram post that he is returning back to international competitions as per an appeal from the Prime Minister of Kuwait, Sheikh Ahmad Al-Nawaf Al-Sabah and in response to homeland's call for return.
Other competitions
In 2014, Al-Deehani won silver in the Asian Games double trap competition.
See also
Kuwait at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Kuwait at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Kuwait at the 2016 Summer Olympics
References
External links
1966 births
Living people
Kuwaiti male sport shooters
Olympic shooters for Kuwait
Shooters at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists as Independent Olympic Participants
Olympic bronze medalists for Kuwait
Trap and double trap shooters
Asian Games medalists in shooting
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic shooters as Independent Olympic Participants
Shooters at the 1994 Asian Games
Shooters at the 1998 Asian Games
Shooters at the 2002 Asian Games
Shooters at the 2010 Asian Games
Shooters at the 2014 Asian Games
Sportspeople from Kuwait City
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Asian Games gold medalists for Kuwait
Asian Games silver medalists for Kuwait
Asian Games bronze medalists for Kuwait
Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fehaid%20Al-Deehani |
Bloodbath at the House of Death is a 1984 British comedy horror film directed by Ray Cameron and starring the comedian Kenny Everett, Pamela Stephenson and Vincent Price. It is an over-the-top spoof loosely inspired by The Amityville Horror and other horror films from the same period.
In the film, a manor house is under the control of Satanist monks. When two scientists investigate radioactivity in the manor house, the Satanists create clones of the scientists to replace them. Other subplots include a sexual relationship between a female scientist and a poltergeist, and a plot twist that the monks are humanoid aliens.
Plot
The film opens in 1975 at a place called Headstone Manor, which is being used as a "businessman's weekend retreat and girls' summer camp". A few minutes into the film, a group of satanic monks enter the house and kill 18 of its occupants.
In 1983, Doctor Lukas Mandeville (Kenny Everett) and Doctor Barbara Coyle (Pamela Stephenson) are sent to investigate radioactive readings in the area that have been traced to Headstone Manor, now known by locals as the House of Death. Along with several other scientists, Mandeville and Coyle set up their equipment in the house, while the Sinister Man (Vincent Price), a 700-year-old Satanic priest, prepares a rite in the nearby woods to purge the house of its unwanted guests.
During this time, Mandeville reveals that he was once a successful German surgeon named Ludwig Manheim, who was reduced to "smart-arse paranormal research crap" after a humiliation in the past. Coyle also encounters a poltergeist, and the two engage in sexual intercourse.
Several satanic clones of Mandeville, Coyle and the other scientists enter the house, and begin killing off the originals and taking their place. When Coyle is about to be killed, she is abducted by the poltergeist but also cloned. The satanic monks then take off in a spaceship, revealing that these monks are aliens using the house for their activities on Earth. The film ends with the spaceship soaring into the skies.
Cast
Kenny Everett as Dr. Lukas Mandeville
Pamela Stephenson as Dr. Barbara Coyle
Vincent Price as Sinister Man
Gareth Hunt as Elliot Broome
Don Warrington as Stephen Wilson
John Fortune as John Harrison
Sheila Steafel as Sheila Finch
John Stephen Hill as Henry Noland
Cleo Rocos as Deborah Kedding
Graham Stark as The Blind Man
Pat Ashton as Barmaid
David Lodge as Inspector Goule
Debbie Linden as Attractive Girl
Tim Barrett as Doctor
Barry Cryer as Police Inspector
Anna Dawson as Nurse
Gordon Rollings as Man at bar
Production
Bloodbath at the House of Death was written by Ray Cameron and Barry Cryer, who had previously co-written the 1978 to 1981 Thames Television comedy series The Kenny Everett Video Show. Laurence Myers agreed to produce the film when the makers almost lost their financing. The film was shot entirely on location at the town of Potters Bar in Hertfordshire, England. Michael McIntyre (the son of director Ray Cameron) reveals in his autobiography that he was the voice of E.T. Myers recalls that the film did not make sense; he screened the film for censor James Ferman, who enjoyed the film, but believed that the reels were played in the wrong order.
Release
The film was released in the United Kingdom by Thorn EMI. It was produced in the aftermath of Kenny Everett's outburst at the Young Conservatives conference in which he called for the bombing of Russia; as a result, the media frequently referenced the film in negative context in relation to the outburst during the production, and film critics reviewed the film harshly. Film critic Martyn Auty wrote: "Presumably intended as high camp; looks like low-grade Carry On." It was given an 18 certificate in the United Kingdom.
The film was released on DVD in the United Kingdom in July 2008, with a re-rating to a 15 certificate. A novelization of the film was also published, which named Marcel Wave (one of Kenny Everett's TV characters) as the resident who underwent spontaneous combustion.
References
External links
Bloodbath at the House of Death at the British Film Institute
The films that were buried alive, The Guardian, August 22, 2008
1984 films
1984 comedy horror films
1980s parody films
1980s ghost films
British haunted house films
British parody films
British comedy horror films
Parodies of horror
Films set in 1975
Films set in 1983
Films set in country houses
Films shot in Hertfordshire
1980s English-language films
1980s British films
Films about Satanism
Films about cloning
Alien visitations in films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodbath%20at%20the%20House%20of%20Death |
Actinidia arguta, the hardy kiwi, is a perennial vine native to Japan, Korea, Northern China, and the Russian Far East. It produces a small kiwifruit without the hair-like fiber covering the outside, unlike most other species of the genus.
Description
The fruit is referred to as the arctic kiwi, baby kiwi, cocktail kiwi, dessert kiwi, grape kiwi, hardy kiwifruit, kiwi berry, northern kiwi, Siberian gooseberry, or Siberian kiwi, and is an edible, berry- or grape-sized fruit similar to kiwifruit in taste and appearance, but is green, brownish, or purple with smooth skin, sometimes with a red blush. Often sweeter than the kiwifruit, hardy kiwifruit can be eaten whole and do not need to be peeled. Thin-walled, its exterior is smooth and leathery.
Botanical history and taxonomy
Actinidia arguta was first described by Philipp Franz von Siebold and Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini in 1843 as Trochostigma argutum. It was then moved to the genus Actinidia in 1867 by Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel after the invalidly published suggestion by Jules Émile Planchon to move the species.
Varieties
The species consists of three varieties:
Actinidia arguta var. arguta (autonym)
Actinidia arguta var. giraldii (Diels) Vorosch.
Actinidia arguta var. hypoleuca (Nakai) Kitam.
Actinidia arguta var. giraldii was originally described by Ludwig Diels at the species rank (Actinidia giraldii) in 1905, but was later reduced to a variety of A. arguta in 1972 by Vladimir Nikolaevich Voroschilov. A. arguta var. hypoleuca was originally described at the species rank (Actinidia hypoleuca) by Takenoshin Nakai in 1904, but reduced to a variety of A. arguta in 1980 by Siro Kitamura.
Actinidia arguta had been placed in section Leiocarpae and series Lamellatae, but this current infrageneric classification is unsupported. A 2002 study of the nuclear DNA internal transcribed spacer sequence and the plastid matK gene sequence for cladistic analysis revealed the current circumscription of the sections to be polyphyletic, with A. arguta forming a clade with A. melanandra near the base of the phylogenetic tree.
Cultivars
The most popular cultivars include 'Ananasnaya', 'Geneva', 'MSU', 'Weiki', 'Jumbo Verde', and 'Rogow'. A commonly sold self-fertile hybrid is the Japanese cultivar 'Issai' (A. arguta × rufa).
Cultivation
The fast-growing, climbing, twining vine (bine) is very hardy (hence the name hardy kiwi), and is capable of surviving slow temperature drops to −34 °C (−30 °F), although young shoots can be vulnerable to frost in the spring. The vines need a frost-free growing season of about 150 days, but are not damaged by late freezes, provided that temperature changes are sufficiently gradual to allow plants to acclimate. Indeed, a period of winter chill is necessary for successful cultivation. However, rapid freezes kill off buds and split vines. The vines can also be grown in low-chill areas.
While hardy kiwi may be grown directly from seeds (germination time is about one month), propagating from cuttings is also possible. Growing from seeds needs a period of cold stratification of one to two months to germinate. Hardy kiwi cuttings may be grafted directly onto established kiwifruit rootstock, or rooted themselves.
In domestic cultivation, a trellis may be used to encourage horizontal growth for easy maintenance and harvesting; however, vines grow extremely quickly and require a strong trellis for support. Each vine can grow up to 20 ft in a single season, given ideal growing conditions. For commercial planting, placement is important: plants can tolerate partial shade, but yields are optimized with full sunlight. Hardy kiwi vines consume large volumes of water; therefore, they are usually grown in well-drained, acidic soils to prevent root rot.
Pollination and harvest
For vines to bear fruit, both male and female plants must be present to enable pollination. A male pollinator can enable six female producers to fruit. Flowering typically occurs in late spring (May in the Northern Hemisphere) starting in the third year of growth. If flowers become frost-burned, however, no fruit production will occur during the remainder of the year.
An autumn harvest is standard among all varieties; within this, actual harvest times are highly dependent on local climate and the specific cultivar grown. Each individual vine can produce up to 100 pounds of fruit per year, but average annual yield is roughly 50 lb per vine. Both fruit size and total yield are highly cultivar-dependent. Fruit left to ripen on the vine has an 18 to 25% sugar content at time of harvest.
Pests
Hardy kiwi vines are vulnerable to several botanical diseases, including phytophthora crown and root rot (the most serious problem), botrytis rot, and sclerotinia blight. Vines are also vulnerable to pest infestations, including root knot nematodes, two-spotted spider mites, leaf rollers, thrips, and Japanese beetles. Cats can also pose a problem, as they are attracted to a catnip-like smell produced by the hardy kiwi vines. Cats have been known to destroy vines and dig up roots in search of the source of the scent.
Commercial production
Attempts to commercialize the fruit have been historically unsuccessful due to its short shelf-life and sporadic tendencies to ripen. However, attempts are being made to bring the fruit to greater bear, and commercial production initiatives are underway on a small scale in South America, New Zealand, Europe, Canada, and the United States (in Oregon, Washington, and central Pennsylvania).
Culinary use
Hardy kiwi can be used in jam.
Korea
In Korea, hardy kiwi is known as darae (). Young leaves, called darae-sun, are often consumed as namul vegetable.
Russia
In the Russian Far East, it is known as kishmish (the same word has a different meaning in other parts of Russia). It is a very popular seasonal fruit, usually sold at farmer's markets.
Invasiveness in the United States
Actinidia arguta has been cultivated by hobbyists, and more recently commercially, in the northeastern United States since at least the early 1900s with no significant impact on the region's forests noted, until recently. Due to rampant overgrowth and "complete domination of mature trees" at sites in western Massachusetts and Coffin Woods, North Shore Wildlife Sanctuary in Long Island, New York, A. arguta vines of unknown genotype and provenance are now reported by groups including Mass Audubon to be invasive. Whether such localized sites indicate an invasive risk for the region as a whole is controversial, given the long history of this widely distributed and cultivated species in the northeastern United States. Since successful invasions of non-native species can occur gradually over time, these reported sites warrant further investigation and suggest the need for more widespread monitoring.
Fossil record
Macrofossils of A. arguta from the early Pliocene epoch have been found in western Georgia in the Caucasus region.
See also
Actinidia deliciosa, the fuzzy kiwifruit
References
arguta
Flora of Northeast Asia
Flora of Siberia
Flora of Korea
Flora of China
Flora of Japan
Fruits originating in East Asia
Plants described in 1843
Garden plants of Asia
Vines
Taxa named by Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel
Taxa named by Jules Émile Planchon
Taxa named by Philipp Franz von Siebold
Taxa named by Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinidia%20arguta |
The Vereinsthaler was the currency of Prussia between 1857 and 1873. It replaced the Thaler at par and was replaced by the Mark at a rate of 1 Vereinsthaler = 3 Mark. The Vereinsthaler was subdivided into 30 Silbergroschen, each of 12 Pfennings.
Literature
William Arthur Shaw (1896). The History of Currency, 1252 to 1896. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons; London: Clement Wilson.
References
Currencies of Germany
1857 establishments in Germany
1873 disestablishments in Germany
19th-century economic history
Economy of Prussia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian%20vereinsthaler |
Electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) is a claimed sensitivity to electromagnetic fields, to which negative symptoms are attributed. EHS has no scientific basis and is not a recognized medical diagnosis, although it is generally accepted that the experience of EHS symptoms is of psychosomatic origin. Claims are characterized by a "variety of non-specific symptoms, which afflicted individuals attribute to exposure to electromagnetic fields". Attempts to justify the claim that EHS is caused by exposure to electromagnetic fields have amounted to pseudoscience.
Those who are self-described with EHS report adverse reactions to electromagnetic fields at intensities well below the maximum levels permitted by international radiation safety standards. Provocation trials have found that such claimants are unable to distinguish between exposure and non-exposure to electromagnetic fields. A systematic review of medical research in 2011 found no convincing scientific evidence for symptoms being caused by electromagnetic fields. Since then, several double-blind experiments have shown that people who report electromagnetic hypersensitivity are unable to detect the presence of electromagnetic fields and are as likely to report ill health following a sham exposure as they are following exposure to genuine electromagnetic fields, suggesting the cause in these cases is the nocebo effect.
, the WHO recommended that claims of EHS be clinically evaluated to determine and rule out alternative diagnoses for suffered symptoms. Cognitive behavioral therapy and management of co-morbid psychiatric disorders may be helpful in managing the condition.
Some people who feel they are sensitive to electromagnetic fields may seek to reduce their exposure or use alternative medicine. Government agencies have enforced false advertising claims against companies selling devices to shield against EM radiation.
Signs and symptoms
There are no specific symptoms associated with claims of EHS, and the reported symptoms range widely between individuals. They include headache, fatigue, stress, sleep disturbances, skin prickling, burning sensations and rashes, pain and ache in muscles and many other health problems. In severe cases such symptoms can be a real and sometimes disabling problem for the affected person, causing psychological distress. There is no scientific basis to link such symptoms to electromagnetic field exposure.
The prevalence of some reported symptoms is geographically or culturally dependent and does not imply "a causal relationship between symptoms and attributed exposure". Many such reported symptoms overlap with other syndromes known as symptom-based conditions, functional somatic syndromes, and IEI (idiopathic environmental intolerance).
Those reporting electromagnetic hypersensitivity will usually describe different levels of susceptibility to electric fields, magnetic fields, and various frequencies of electromagnetic waves. Devices implicated include fluorescent and low-energy lights, mobile, cordless/portable phones, and Wi-Fi. A 2001 survey found that people self-diagnosing as EHS related their symptoms most frequently to cell sites (74%), followed by mobile phones (36%), cordless phones (29%), and power lines (27%). Surveys of people with electromagnetic hypersensitivity have not been able to find any consistent pattern to these symptoms.
Causes
Most blinded conscious provocation studies have failed to show a correlation between exposure and symptoms. An example is a 2007 study where 17 individuals who showed symptoms in an open test were exposed variously to real mobile phones or sham ones. The individuals showed discomfort at the mobile phones regardless of whether the mobile phones were genuine or not. These results suggest that that psychological mechanisms play a role in causing or exacerbating EHS symptoms. In 2010, Rubin et al. published a follow-up to their 2005 review, bringing the totals to 46 double-blind experiments and 1175 individuals with self-diagnosed hypersensitivity. Both reviews found no robust evidence to support the hypothesis that electromagnetic exposure causes EHS, as have other studies. They also concluded that the studies supported the role of the nocebo effect in triggering acute symptoms in those with EHS.
Diagnosis
Electromagnetic hypersensitivity is not an accepted diagnosis; medically there is no case definition or clinical practice guideline and there is no specific test to identify it, nor is there an agreed-upon definition with which to conduct clinical research.
Complaints of electromagnetic hypersensitivity may mask organic or psychiatric illness: in a recent psychological model of mental disorder, Sébastien Point proposed to consider it as a specific phobia. Diagnosis of those underlying conditions involves investigating and identifying possible known medical causes of any symptoms observed. It may require both a thorough medical evaluation to identify and treat any specific conditions that may be responsible for the symptoms, and a psychological evaluation to identify alternative psychiatric/psychological conditions that may be responsible or contribute to the symptoms.
Symptoms may also be brought on by imagining that exposure is causing harm, an example of the nocebo effect. Studies have shown that reports of symptoms are more closely associated with belief that one is being exposed than with any actual exposure.
Management
Whatever the cause of symptoms attributed to EHS, it can be a debilitating condition that benefits from treatment or management. Cognitive behavioral therapy has shown some success helping people cope with the condition.
As of 2005, WHO recommended that people presenting with claims of EHS be evaluated to determine if they have a medical condition that may be causing the symptoms the person is attributing to EHS, that they have a psychological evaluation, and that the person's environment be evaluated for issues like air or noise pollution that may be causing problems.
A variety of pseudoscientific devices are marketed to those who fear that they are being harmed by electromagnetic fields. The US Federal Trade Commission has warned about scams that involve selling products purported to protect against cell phone radiation. In the UK, a product called 5GBioShield was identified by Trading Standards as a "scam" device. Its manufacturers claimed that it could mitigate harms from phone radiation, however British authorities determined that the device was merely a USB drive.
Prevalence
In 1997, before Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and 3G technology, a group of scientists attempted to estimate the number of people reporting "subjective symptoms" from electromagnetic fields for the European Commission. They estimated that electromagnetic sensitivity occurred in "less than a few cases per million of the population" (based on centres of occupational medicine in UK, Italy and France) or up to "a few tenths of a per cent of the population" (based on self-aid groups in Denmark, Ireland and Sweden). In 2005, the UK Health Protection Agency reviewed this and several other studies for prevalence figures and concluded that "the differences in prevalence were at least partly due to the differences in available information and media attention around electromagnetic hypersensitivity that exist in different countries" and that "Similar views have been expressed by other commentators". The authors noted that most of the studies focused on computer monitors (VDUs), as such the "findings cannot apply in full" to other forms of EMF exposure such as radio waves from mobile phones/base stations.
In 2007, a UK survey aimed at a randomly selected group of 20,000 people found a prevalence of 4% for symptoms self-attributed to electromagnetic exposure.
A 2013 study using telephone surveys in Taiwan, concluded that the rates of IEI-EMF were in decline within the country, despite previous expectations of a rise in prevalence as electronic devices became more widespread. Rates declined from 13% in 2007 to 5% in 2013. The study also referred to apparent declines in the Netherlands (from 7% in 2009 to 4% in 2011) and in Germany (from 10% in 2009 to 7% in 2013). More women believed to be electromagnetically hypersensitive than men.
In 2021, physicist Sébastien Point noted that the prevalence of electrohypersensitivity is similar to the prevalence of specific phobias as well as the gender ratio (2 electrohypersensitive or phobic female for one electrohypersensitive or phobic man), which, according to him, reinforces the hypothesis that electrohypersensitivity is a new specific phobia.
Society and culture
In 2010, a cell tower operator in South Africa revealed at a public meeting that the tower that nearby residents were blaming for their current EHS symptoms had been turned off over six weeks prior to the meeting, thus making it a highly unlikely cause of EHS symptoms.
In February 2014, the UK Advertising Standards Authority found that claims of harm from electromagnetic radiation, made in a product advertisement, were unsubstantiated and misleading.
People have filed lawsuits to try to win damages due to harm claimed from electromagnetic radiation. In 2012, a New Mexico judge dismissed a lawsuit in which one person sued his neighbor, claiming to have been harmed by EM radiation from his neighbor's cordless telephones, dimmer switches, chargers, Wi-Fi and other devices. The plaintiff brought the testimony of his doctor, who also believed she had EHS, and a person who represented himself as a neurotoxicologist; the judge found none of their testimony credible. In 2015, parents of a boy at a school in Southborough, Massachusetts alleged that the school's Wi-Fi was making the boy sick.
In November 2015, a depressed teenage girl in England died by suicide. This act was attributed to EHS by her parents and taken up by tabloids and EHS advocates.
The public position of the EU's Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) to the European Commission is that "new improved studies on the association between radio frequency fields from broadcast transmitters and childhood cancer provide evidence against such an association." However, "data on the health effects of intermediate frequency fields used, for example, in metal detectors or anti-theft devices in shops, are still lacking." The SCENIHR called for research to be continued.
Some people who feel they are sensitive to electromagnetic fields self-treat by trying to reduce their exposure to electromagnetic sources by avoiding sources of exposure, disconnecting or removing electrical devices, shielding or screening of self or residence, and alternative medicine. In Sweden, some municipalities provide disability grants to people who claim to have EHS in order to have abatement work done in their homes even though the public health authority does not recognize EHS as an actual medical condition; towns in Halland do not provide such funds and this decision was challenged and upheld in court.
The United States National Radio Quiet Zone is an area where wireless signals are restricted for scientific research purposes, and some people who believe they have EHS have relocated there seeking relief.
Gro Harlem Brundtland, former prime minister of Norway and Director general of the World Health Organization, claims to have EHS. In 2015, she said that she had been sensitive for 25 years.
The 2022 documentary Electric Malady examines the life of a Swedish man called William who claims to have EHS.
The crime drama television series Better Call Saul, the prequel to Breaking Bad, features the character Chuck McGill, who experiences EHS.
See also
Wireless electronic devices and health
Electromagnetic radiation and health
Bioelectromagnetics – the study of the interaction between electromagnetic fields and biological entities
Microwave auditory effect
List of questionable diseases
Radiophobia – the fear of ionizing radiation and radio (RF) waves, originating in the early 1900s
Arthur Firstenberg – author, "EHS sufferer" and activist
Tinfoil hat – a popular stereotype and byword for paranoia, persecutory delusions, pseudoscience and conspiracy theories
References
External links
Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Energy and Health: Research Needs from the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) (Technical Report 178 – published June 2017)
Alternative diagnoses
Pseudoscience
Somatic psychology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic%20hypersensitivity |
Bašaid () is a village located in the Kikinda municipality, in the North Banat District of the Republic of Serbia. It is situated in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. The village has an ethnic Serb majority (89.15%) and a population of 3,503 (2002 census). Administratively, the settlement of Bikač is also classified as part of Bašaid.
Ethnic groups (2002 census)
Serbs = 3,123 (89.15%)
Romani = 179 (5.11%)
Hungarians = 100 (2.86%)
Yugoslavs = 23 (0.66%)
Macedonians = 12 (0.34%)
others.
Historical population
1961: 4,367
1971: 3,982
1981: 3,864
1991: 3,741
2002: 3,503
References
Slobodan Ćurčić, Broj stanovnika Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 1996.
See also
List of places in Serbia
List of cities, towns and villages in Vojvodina
Bikač
Kikinda
Populated places in Serbian Banat | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%A1aid |
The Vereinsthaler was the currency of the Kingdom of Saxony between 1857 and 1873. It replaced the Thaler at par and was replaced by the Mark at a rate of 1 Vereinsthaler = 3 Mark. The Vereinsthaler was subdivided into 30 Neugroschen, each of 10 Pfennig.
Currencies of Germany
1857 establishments in Germany
1873 disestablishments in Germany
19th-century economic history | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon%20vereinsthaler |
Karel Matěj Čapek-Chod (; 21 February 1860 in Domažlice – 3 November 1927 in Prague) was a Czech naturalistic writer and a journalist.
Biography
In 1879 he graduated at the gymnasium in Domažlice. He was a long-term cooperator of the Národní listy journal, and after Karel Čapek began to work in the editorial office (in 1918), Čapek accepted the nickname "Chod".
Work
Povidky, 1892
V třetím dvoře, novel 1895
Nedělni povídky, 1897
Osmero, novel : 1900-1903
Patero novel 1900-1903
Kašpar Lén mstitel, novel, 1908
Z města i obvodu, Novels, 1913
Antonín Vondrejc. novel, 1915
Turbína, novel, 1916
Ad hoc! novelle, 1919
Nejzapadnejsi Slovan (The westernmost Slav), 1921
Jindrové, novel, 1921
Větrník : autoanalytic-synthetic novel, 1923
Vilém Rozkoč, novel, 1923
Humoreska, 1924
Labyrint světa, 1926
Řešany, novel, 1927
An der Rotationsmaschine, novelle, 1928
Spisy, 1938–41
See also
List of Czech writers
References
External links
1860 births
1927 deaths
People from Domažlice
Czech male writers
Writers from Austria-Hungary | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel%20Mat%C4%9Bj%20%C4%8Capek-Chod |
In astronomy, the intracluster medium (ICM) is the superheated plasma that permeates a galaxy cluster. The gas consists mainly of ionized hydrogen and helium and accounts for most of the baryonic material in galaxy clusters. The ICM is heated to temperatures on the order of 10 to 100 megakelvins, emitting strong X-ray radiation.
Composition
The ICM is composed primarily of ordinary baryons, mainly ionised hydrogen and helium. This plasma is enriched with heavier elements, including iron. The average amount of heavier elements relative to hydrogen, known as metallicity in astronomy, ranges from a third to a half of the value in the sun. Studying the chemical composition of the ICMs as a function of radius has shown that cores of the galaxy clusters are more metal-rich than at larger radii. In some clusters (e.g. the Centaurus cluster) the metallicity of the gas can rise to above that of the sun. Due to the gravitational field of clusters, metal-enriched gas ejected from supernova remains gravitationally bound to the cluster as part of the ICM. By looking at varying redshift, which corresponds to looking at different epochs of the evolution of the Universe, the ICM can provide a history record of element production in a galaxy.
Roughly 15% of a galaxy cluster's mass resides in the ICM. The stars and galaxies contribute only around 5% to the total mass. It is theorized that most of the mass in a galaxy cluster consists of dark matter and not baryonic matter. For the Virgo Cluster, the ICM contains roughly 3 × 1014 M☉ while the total mass of the cluster is estimated to be 1.2 × 1015 M☉.
Although the ICM on the whole contains the bulk of a cluster's baryons, it is not very dense, with typical values of 10−3 particles per cubic centimeter. The mean free path of the particles is roughly 1016 m, or about one lightyear. The density of the ICM rises towards the centre of the cluster with a relatively strong peak. In addition, the temperature of the ICM typically drops to 1/2 or 1/3 of the outer value in the central regions. Once the density of the plasma reaches a critical value, enough interactions between the ions ensures cooling via X-ray radiation.
Observing the intracluster medium
As the ICM is at such high temperatures, it emits X-ray radiation, mainly by the bremsstrahlung process and X-ray emission lines from the heavy elements. These X-rays can be observed using an X-ray telescope and through analysis of this data, it is possible to determine the physical conditions, including the temperature, density, and metallicity of the plasma.
Measurements of the temperature and density profiles in galaxy clusters allow for a determination of the mass distribution profile of the ICM through hydrostatic equilibrium modeling. The mass distributions determined from these methods reveal masses that far exceed the luminous mass seen and are thus a strong indication of dark matter in galaxy clusters.
Inverse Compton scattering of low energy photons through interactions with the relativistic electrons in the ICM cause distortions in the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), known as the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect. These temperature distortions in the CMB can be used by telescopes such as the South Pole Telescope to detect dense clusters of galaxies at high redshifts.
In December 2022, the James Webb Space Telescope is reported to be studying the faint light emitted in the intracluster medium. Which a 2018 study found to be an "accurate luminous tracer of dark matter".
Cooling flows
Plasma in regions of the cluster, with a cooling time shorter than the age of the system, should be cooling due to strong X-ray radiation where emission is proportional to the density squared. Since the density of the ICM is highest towards the center of the cluster, the radiative cooling time drops a significant amount. The central cooled gas can no longer support the weight of the external hot gas and the pressure gradient drives what is known as a cooling flow where the hot gas from the external regions flows slowly towards the center of the cluster. This inflow would result in regions of cold gas and thus regions of new star formation. Recently however, with the launch of new X-ray telescopes such as the Chandra X-ray Observatory, images of galaxy clusters with better spatial resolution have been taken. These new images do not indicate signs of new star formation on the order of what was historically predicted, motivating research into the mechanisms that would prevent the central ICM from cooling.
Heating
There are two popular explanations of the mechanisms that prevent the central ICM from cooling: feedback from active galactic nuclei through injection of relativistic jets of plasma and sloshing of the ICM plasma during mergers with subclusters. The relativistic jets of material from active galactic nuclei can be seen in images taken by telescopes with high angular resolution such as the Chandra X-ray Observatory.
See also
Interstellar medium
List of plasma (physics) articles
References
Large-scale structure of the cosmos
Extragalactic astronomy
Outer space
Space plasmas
Intergalactic media | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracluster%20medium |
Stromberg is a town in the district of Bad Kreuznach, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the eastern edge of the Hunsrück, approximately 10 km west of Bingen.
Stromberg was the seat of the former Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Stromberg.
References
External links
https://en.db-city.com/Germany--Rhineland-Palatinate--Bad-Kreuznach--Stromberg
Bad Kreuznach (district)
Naheland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromberg%20%28Hunsr%C3%BCck%29 |
Jan Drda (April 4, 1915, Příbram – November 28, 1970, Dobříš) was a Czech journalist, politician, playwright, screenwriter and author of modern fairytales. He was the Czech State Prize Laureate in 1949 and 1953, and was a nominated again for the same prize in 1965.
Life
Jan Drda was born April 4, 1915, in Příbram and was the son of a laborer and organizational founder. His parents divorced and his father became an alcoholic and abandoned his children. In 1921, Drda's mother died during the birth of his second sibling. Drda and his sister, Marie, were educated by their grandfather. In 1934, Drda graduated from Charles University in Prague with a degree in philosophy.
From a young age, Drda wrote stories and dramatic plays for , and he began contributing to newspapers and magazines from 1932. Between 1937 and 1942, Drda was the editor of Lidové noviny (People's News) to which he contributed feuilletons () and reporting.
Drda had been a Communist Party sympathizer since before the Second World War, and supported the blacklisting of some writers who were against Communism. He became a member of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in 1945. After February 1948, he held various cultural and political offices, was part of several foreign delegations, including to South America, and was elected to the National Assembly, representing the Prague district, where he remained a member until 1960. In 1955, he received the Order of the Republic. From 1949 to 1956, he was Chairman of the communist-controlled Union of Czechoslovak Writers. Jan Drda and , known by the derisive nickname "Drzáč", were against Catholic authors, such as Jakub Deml, Jan Zahradníček, Václav Renč and Bohuslav Reynek.
Drda contributed to many Czechoslovak films, as both a screenwriter and story author. He is credited as a writer on more than 20 films. His screenplay for the 1960 film Higher Principle (), based on one of his short stories in Silent Barricade (), was awarded the FIPRESCI Prize by the International Federation of Film Critics at the Locarno Festival in Switzerland.
In the final years of his life, Drda was the editor-in-chief of Svět práce (), which he founded in 1968. Drda fell out of favour after condemning the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia and the subsequent occupation, and was expelled from the Communist Party. He died on November 28, 1970 in Dobříš and was buried at a local cemetery. His funeral was attended by about two thousand people.
Works
Prose
Městečko na dlani (1940) – depicting the life of people from a small city named Rukapáň (based on the author's home city of Příbram), shortly before World War I.
Živá voda (1942) – a novel about the life of a rural boy, set in the post-war years.
Putování Petra Sedmilháře (1943) – a novel about an orphan searching for his unknown father.
Svět viděný zpomaloučka (1943) – book edition of the committee from his work for Lidové noviny.
Listy z Norimberka (1946) – a collection of feuilletons about the Nuremberg trials.
(, 1946) – 14 short stories about Second World War (including Prague uprising and Liberation), first prose account of the Second World War in literature.
Kuřák dýmky (1948)
Krásná Tortiz (1952) – a collection of short stories, winner of the state prize for 1953.
Dětství soudruha Stalina (1953) – a biographical account of Joseph Stalin's life until the age of 16.
Jednou v Máji (1958) – a youth novel about the defence of the Troja Bridge during the May Uprising.
(1959) – 12 folk tales with illustrations by Josef Lada
Posvícení v Tramtárii (1972) – three fairy tales, published posthumously as Drda's last work.
České lidové hádanky v podání Jana Drdy: pro čtenáře od 6 let (1984)
Nedaleko Rukapáně (1989) – a collection of the author's short stories, published posthumously.
Milostenky nemilostivé (1995) – a collection of essays written between 1939 and 1940.
Drama
Magdalenka (1941) – a one-act comedy
Jakož i my odpouštíme (1941) – a play about three talks
Romance o Oldřichu a Boženě (1953) – a comic love story of two mechanical harvesters, Oldřich and Božena.
Hrátky s čertem (Playing with the Devil, 1946) – a fairy-tale comedy, adapted into a 1956 film directed by Josef Mach starring Josef Bek, with animated decorations by Josef Lada. In 1979, another adaptation of the film was made in Poland, directed by Tadeusz Lis.
(1960) – a comedy about eight pictures, adapted into a television film in 1976 by .
Jsou živí, zpívají (1961) – a play about the Prague uprising
Scripts and story-writing for film
Druhá směna (1940) – story
Městečko na dlani (1942) – story, filmed in Ronov nad Doubravou
Děvčica z Beskyd (1944) – script
Znamení kotvy (1947) – story and script, a psychological romance
Silent Barricade (, 1949) – story and script; a war film directed by Otakar Vávra, about the battle for Prague at the end of World War II. Drda was awarded the 1949 state prize for the story.
Playing with the Devil (, 1956) – story and script
Dařbuján a Pandrhola (1959) – story and script; 1960 fantasy film directed by Martin Frič
Higher Principle (, 1960) – story and script; drama film based on the eponymous short story from his book Silent Barricade () written in 1946. Set during the Nazi occupation, the story details the relationship between a group of students and their elderly Latin teacher.
Golden Fern (, 1963) – story, this fairy tale focuses on the themes of love, loyalty and betrayal.
Princess Jasnenka and the Flying Shoemaker (, 1987) – story; a fantasy film directed by Zdeněk Troška and starring Michaela Kuklová and Jan Potměšil, based on a fairy tale by Drda. The film was shot in castles in Bohemia and Moravia. The film was later screened at film festivals and is a staple of national broadcaster TV Nova.
, 2008 – story
See also
List of Czech writers
References
1915 births
1970 deaths
Charles University alumni
People from Příbram
20th-century Czech dramatists and playwrights
Czech male dramatists and playwrights
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Drda |
Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy is a 1978 book by the philosopher Mortimer J. Adler. It serves as an "introduction to common sense" and philosophic thinking, for which there is "no better teacher than Aristotle," and which is "everybody's business," in his opinion.
Summary
Aristotle was a "common sense" philosopher whose depth and uniqueness of thought made his common sense "uncommon, according to Adler's thesis, in contrast to his teacher Plato, whose ideas may be considered more abstract and esoteric. While Adler criticizes Aristotle for accepting the conventional views of his day regarding the supposed inferiority of women, and greek slavery, he nonetheless asserts that Aristotle is the best introduction to philosophical thinking and a philosopher with insights that are still relevant and useful today. Adler acknowledges that Aristotle's own writings are difficult for a layperson, and so the author decided to create a more accessible introduction to Aristotle's thought.
"Man the Maker" focuses on the use of "productive reason", Aristotle's views on excellence in craftsmanship (the ancient Greek concept of techne). "Man the Doer" on "practical reason", Aristotle's ethics and his concept of moral virtue (both personal and political), and "Man the Knower" on "theoretical reason", knowledge (epistemology) and logic.
The final part of the book is called "Difficult Philosophical Questions", and in it Adler tries to apply Aristotle's views to infinity, eternity, the immateriality of the mind, and the Gods (the Greeks believed in many gods). The book concludes with an epilogue listing the specific writings of Aristotle that Adler drew upon for his book so that interested readers can consult those works directly. This is given in the section below.
Part I: Aristotle's Universe of Discourse: His Categories and his Taxonomy [Man the Philosophical Animal]
Adler explains that according to Aristotle human beings are distinguished from all other animals by having the ability to ask philosophical questions. Adler also explains how Aristotle excelled at classification, and that identifying distinctive features of phenomena (what makes something uniquely itself and not something else) was a key characteristic of Aristotle's thought.
1. Aristotle's Fourfold Classification of Sensible, Material Substances: Inorganic Bodies, Plants, Animals, Men. [Philosophical Games]
Metaphysics I.1
On the Soul I.1 I.5; II.1-3,5,9; III.3,12
History of Animals VIII.1 X.1
Generation of Animals I.1-9 IV.4-6
Parts of Animals I.4-5
The difference between essence and accident.
Categories V
Metaphysics V.4,11; IX.8
2. The Range of Beings: The Ten Categories [The Great Divide]
3. Productive, Practical, and Theoretic Reason or Mind [Man's Three Dimensions]
Aristotle's classification of three activities of a human being: making, doing, and knowing, corresponding to the three types of reason: productive, practical, and theoretical. Adler titles these sections "Man the Maker", "Man the Doer", and "Man the Knower", respectively.
Ethics VI.2-4
On the Soul, III.7
Part II: Aristotle's philosophy of Nature and of Art. [Man the Maker]
In response to the errors and partial truths of:
Parmenides and his disciple Zeno
Heraclitus and his disciple Cratylus
Aristotle developed his theory of change.
It involves distinction between rest and movement. In local motion, there is a distinction between natural movement and violent movement.
There is also change in quality, such as when a green tomato ripens and becomes red. This type of change can be either natural or artificial, for example a green chair can be painted red.
There can be a change in quantity.
There can also be generation and corruption - coming to be and passing away. Aristotle takes note of what we now call conservation of matter.
4. Nature as artist and the human artist as imitator of nature
5. Three main modes of accidental change: change of place, change of quality, change of quantity
6. Aristotle's doctrine of the four causes: efficient, material, formal, and final.
Physics, II.3-9
Metaphysics I.3-10, V.3, VI.2-3, VII.17, VIII.2-4, IX.8, XII.4-5
7. Further developments in the theory of Potentiality and Actuality, and Matter and Form, especially with respect to substantial change, or Generation and Corruption. [To Be or Not to Be]
8. Aristotle's analysis of the intellectual factors in artistic production and his classification of the arts [Productive ideas and know-how]
Part III: Man the Doer
Part IV: Man the Knower
Part V: Difficult Philosophical Questions
See also
The Conditions of Philosophy
How to Read a Book
References
External links
Book Review by Patheos
Interview by Bill Moyers
1978 non-fiction books
Books by Mortimer J. Adler
English-language books
Books about philosophers
Works about Aristotle
Macmillan Publishers books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle%20for%20Everybody |
Scouts BSA (previously known as Boy Scouts, the official name until 2019) is the flagship program and membership level of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) for boys and girls between the ages of typically 11 and 17. It provides youth training in character, citizenship, and mental and personal fitness. Scouts are expected to develop personal religious values, learn the principles of American heritage and government, and acquire skills to become successful adults.
To achieve these, Scouting applies eight methods of Scouting: scouting ideals (as exemplified by the Scout Oath, the Scout Law, the Scout Motto, and the Scout Slogan), the patrol method, participation in outdoor programs, advancement, adult association, personal growth, leadership development, and the uniform.
The participants, known as Scouts, are organized in Scout troops, led by leaders known as Scouters. In February 2019, the program began admitting girls as well as boys, and the name of the program was changed from "Boy Scouts" to "Scouts BSA".
Aims and Methods
Scouts BSA has four aims: Character, Citizenship, Personal Fitness, and Leadership. To achieve this, the program applies eight methods of Scouting: scouting ideals (as exemplified by the Scout Oath, the Scout Law, the Scout Motto, and the Scout Slogan); the patrol method; advancement; adult association; participation in outdoor programs; personal growth; leadership development, and the uniform.
Program and activities
The troop program and activities are determined by the senior patrol leader and the patrol leaders council under the oversight of the Scoutmaster. Troops generally hold meetings weekly, although they can be irregular during the summer. Troop meeting activities may vary from training in Scout skills to planning camping trips or playing games.
Troops may plan outings and activities outside the troop meeting. These may involve camping, backpacking, hiking, canoeing, rafting, climbing, caving, rappelling, and other activities. These outings are an important place for Scouts to work on skills and rank advancement, have fun, and engage in productive outdoor activities.
Most councils own and operate one or more permanent camps. These camps may host a variety of activities throughout the year. The summer camp program provides a week-long session for troops that includes merit badge advancement and adventure activities. Facilities may include ranges for shooting sports – archery, rifle, and shotgun – and for climbing and rappelling.
It is common for several troops within a district or council to gather at least once a year at a special weekend campout called a camporee. A camporee is a district- or council-wide event where several units camp and engage in activities, Scoutcraft competitions and learn specialized skills.
The national Scout jamboree usually occurs every four years and draws more than 30,000 Scouts from across the country and the world. The last jamboree took place in 2017 at The Summit Bechtel Family National Scout Reserve in West Virginia. The Summit is to be a permanent place for the Jamboree and an opportunity to construct a new high-adventure base.
Ideals
The Scout Law, Scout Oath, Scout Motto, Scout Slogan, and Outdoor Code are the cornerstones of Scouts BSA. Each Scout learns to make these ideals a part of their way of life and personal growth. Scouts must memorize and understand these ideals. They also represent these ideals symbolically in official emblems.
The Scout Sign is used when giving the Scout Law or the Scout Oath and as a signal for silence. The Scout Salute is used when saluting the flag of the United States. The left-handed handshake is used as a token of friendship and as an identity with Scouts worldwide.
Emblems
Scouting uses a series of medals and patches as emblems. The badge for the Scout rank consists of a simple fleur-de-lis, which symbolizes a compass needle. The needle points the Scout in the right direction, which is onward and upward. The Tenderfoot badge takes the fleur-de-lis of the Scout badge and adds two stars and an eagle with an American shield. The stars symbolize truth and knowledge; the eagle and shield symbolize freedom and readiness to defend it. The Second Class badge features a scroll inscribed with the Scout Motto, with the ends turned up and a knotted rope hanging from the bottom. The knot reminds each Scout to remember the Scout slogan and the upturned ends of the scroll symbolize cheerfulness in service. The First Class badge combines the elements of the Tenderfoot and Second Class badges. For years, the First Class badge was used as the emblem of the BSA. Star has a First Class symbol on a five-pointed yellow star, and initially indicated the five merit badges required to earn the rank. Life has a First Class emblem on a red heart, and initially symbolized the first-aid and health-related merit badges that the rank required. Now it signifies that the ideals of Scouting have become a part of the Scout's life and character.
Equipment
In the United States, the Boy Scouts of America functions as a licensor and distributor of official Scout uniforms, camping gear, and other items since the 1920s. These include backpacks, pocket knives, belt knives, tents, sleeping bags, canteens, and mess gear.
Uniform and insignia
The uniform and insignia of the Scouts BSA gives a Scout visibility and creates a level of identity within both the unit and the community. The uniform is used to promote equality while showing individual achievement. While uniforms are similar in basic design, they do vary in color and detail to identify the different divisions of Cub Scouts, Scouts BSA, Venturers, and Sea Scouts.
Scouts and adult leaders wear the Scout uniform. It generally consists of a khaki button-up shirt, olive green pants or shorts, belt, socks, and optional neckerchief. The Scouter dress uniform is appropriate for professional Scouters and Scouting leaders on formal occasions.
Organization
Troop and patrols
The troop is the fundamental unit of Scouts BSA. The troop size can vary from a minimum of five Scouts to over one hundred. Each troop is sponsored by a community organization such as a business, service organization, private school, labor group, or religious institution. The chartered organization is responsible for providing a meeting place and promoting a good program. A chartered organization representative manages the relationship between the troop, the chartered organization, and the BSA.
While boys and girls are members of Scouts BSA, individual troops are single gender. A boys' troop and girls' troop may however share a common Troop Committee made up of adult leaders, parents of Scouts, and other interested parties that manage membership, finances, camping arrangements, and chartered organization relations among other responsibilities.
Each troop is divided into patrols of eight or so Scouts led by a patrol leader elected from within the patrol. Patrol meetings are generally held during the weekly troop meeting. The patrol's independence from the troop varies among troops and between activities. Patrols' autonomy becomes more visible at campouts, where each patrol may set up its own camping and cooking area. Divisions between patrols may disappear during an event which only a small part of the troop attends. Patrols may hold meetings and even excursions separately from the rest of the troop.
When a Webelos den crosses over from Cub Scouting to Scouts BSA, the "new Scout patrol" method may be used. The new Scouts are kept together as a group, elect their own patrol leader, and are assigned a troop guide—an older Scout who acts as a mentor. Some troops may have an older Scout patrol that experiences more autonomy from the troop and provides older Scouts with expanded social contact and physical challenges.
Other sections
The Lone Scout program serves youth who cannot take part in a nearby troop on a regular basis because of distance, weather, time, disability, or other difficulties. While the Lone Scout does not participate in troop or patrol activities, they still learn the fun, values, and achievements of Scouting.
The Order of the Arrow (OA) is a program of the Scouts BSA, Venturing, and Sea Scouts divisions of the BSA. It is the BSA's national honor society for experienced campers, based on Native American traditions, and dedicated to the ideal of cheerful service. Scouts and Scouters must belong to a troop, crew, or ship to become OA members. The OA is run by youth under the age of 21 with adult Scouters serving as advisers.
From 1984 to 2017, Varsity Scouting was a part of the Scouts BSA division of the BSA. It was an alternative available to boys ages fourteen through seventeen that took basic Boy Scouting and adds high adventure, sporting, and other elements that are more appealing to older youth to accomplish the aims of character development, citizenship training, and personal fitness. Varsity Scouts were organized into teams, which were separate chartered units from a Boy Scout troop. Varsity Scouts participated in the standard Boy Scouting advancement program along with programs unique to Varsity Scouting.
Advancement and recognition
Youth advancement
Scouts BSA has seven ranks that can be earned, grouped into two phases. The first phase of
Scout, Tenderfoot, Second Class, and First Class is designed to teach Scoutcraft skills, teamwork, and self-reliance. Scout is the first rank, and requires demonstration of knowledge of Scouting's ideals, the process of rank advancement, troop and patrol structure, and some basic skills (e.g., knot-tying and knife safety). As with all other ranks, a Scoutmaster conference is also required. Further ranks have progressive requirements in the areas of Scoutcraft, physical fitness, citizenship, personal growth, and Scout Spirit. These ranks also require participation in a Board of Review. Scouts with a permanent mental or physical disability may use alternate requirements, based on their abilities and approved by the council.
The second phase of Star, Life, and Eagle is designed to develop leadership skills and encourage the Scout to explore potential vocations and avocations through the merit badge program. These ranks require that the Scout serve in a position of responsibility and perform community service.
The Eagle Scout rank requires, in addition to merit badges and a position of responsibility, a community service project planned and led entirely by the Eagle Scout candidate. After attaining the rank of Eagle, a Scout may earn Eagle Palms for additional tenure and merit badges.
Although Eagle is the highest rank, for which Scouts should strive, the number of Scouts achieving First Class within one year of joining is still one of the key measures of unit effectiveness. Studies have shown that if a Scout achieves First Class within a year of joining, they typically stay in Scouting for at least three years. Scouts who do so are more likely to retain Scout values as an adult and achieve the BSA primary mission of "producing useful citizens".
Ranks and other recognition are presented in a troop awards ceremony called the court of honor. The Eagle Scout rank is usually presented in a separate and special court of honor.
Adult recognition
Scouts BSA leaders who complete training, tenure, and performance requirements are recognized by a system of awards, often represented by "knots" on the uniform, for various accomplishments. One of the more intensive Scout leader training programs is Wood Badge, for which successful participants receive a special neckerchief, woggle and wooden beads on a thong.
Adults may also earn Order of the Arrow ranks and awards in the same manner as scouts.
Awards
Several religious emblems programs are administered by various religious institutions and are recognized by the BSA. These are generally recognized by a medal and an embroidered square knot. Other advancements and recognitions—such as the Nova (and Supernova) Awards, 50-miler award, BSA Aquatic Awards, Emergency Preparedness Award, Outdoor Ethics Award and World Conservation Award — are available to Scouts who show proficiency in special areas. BSA's National Court of Honor is responsible for lifesaving and meritorious awards. All Courts of Honor for Eagle Scout rank are convened as National Courts of Honor also.
Leadership in the troop
Every troop has two separate leadership structures: one consisting of Scouts and another consisting of adults. The adult leadership manages the logistics of troop activities, administers rank advancement and awards, maintains troop records and finance, and recruits new Scouts and adult leaders. The youth leadership keeps order and coordinates labor at activities. Scouts and adults cooperate to plan agendas for troop meetings, as well as the troop's schedule of outings.
Adult leadership
The troop committee is made up of responsible adults who are approved by the local council and the chartered organization. The committee chair leads the committee and appoints its members to specific tasks such as treasurer, secretary, advancement, activities, equipment, and membership. The committee and the chartered organization representative are responsible for the selection of the Scoutmaster and assistant Scoutmasters. The Scoutmaster must be at least twenty-one and is directly responsible for training and guiding the youth leaders, working with other adults to bring Scouting to youth, and for using the methods of Scouting to achieve the aims of Scouting. A troop may have a chaplain who helps to provide a spiritual element in the unit program, provides spiritual counseling as needed, and encourage Scouts to participate in the religious emblems program.
Youth leadership
The youth leader of the troop is the senior patrol leader (SPL), elected by the Scouts in the troop. The SPL is responsible for the overall performance of the troop, runs troop meetings and ensures that the program for troop meetings and other activities is carried out and is advised by the Scoutmaster. There may also be one or more assistant senior patrol leaders. Each patrol elects a patrol leader who then appoints an assistant patrol leader and other positions within the patrol. Together, the senior patrol leader, assistant senior patrol leader, and patrol leaders make up the patrol leaders council (PLC), the group of Scouts that is responsible for developing the troop's program with the advice of the Scoutmaster.
There are other youth positions of responsibility in a troop; the use of these positions is dependent on the size of the troop and the program. The junior assistant Scoutmaster (JASM) is a 16- or 17-year-old Scout who performs the same duties as an assistant Scoutmaster; the scribe takes minutes at patrol leaders council meetings and troop meetings and is often responsible for taking attendance and collecting money or dues; the quartermaster maintains the troop's equipment; the librarian maintains the troop library; the chaplain aide works with the troop chaplain and promotes the religious program in the troop; the troop historian maintains photos and records of troop functions, meetings and outings; a den chief works with a den of Cub Scouts, assisting the den leaders and helps retain Cub Scouts when they cross over into Scouts BSA; the troop guide is a senior Scout who provides guidance to new Scout patrols; the Leave No Trace Coordinator ensures the Scouts are trained in and follow Leave No Trace Guidelines; the Order of the Arrow representative provides a line of communication between the Order of the Arrow and the troop; the bugler provides music as needed; the instructor teaches Scout skills. These troop positions are appointed by the senior patrol leader with the advice and counsel of the Scoutmaster, except for the Junior Assistant Scoutmaster, who is appointed by the Scoutmaster. Some positions may also be determined by election.
Development
The Scouts BSA has a defined Youth Leadership Training Continuum to provide a growth path for youth leaders. The Scoutmaster provides Introduction to Leadership Skills for Troops (ILST) at the troop level. Youth leaders are encouraged to attend National Youth Leadership Training (NYLT) at the council level and a select few may progress to National Advanced Youth Leadership Experience (NAYLE) at the national level. Those interested in staffing these courses may complete the Youth Staff Development Course (YSDC) at the regional level.
New adult leaders are required to attend training for their position. This training provides the essential information they need to provide a safe and successful quality program. In addition to position-specific training, all adults are required to complete Youth Protection Training (YPT). This program covers the BSA policies on preventing child abuse, including types and signs of abuse, how to respond to disclosed abuse and how to report suspected abuse. YPT recertification is required every two years and may be completed online. Introduction to Outdoor Leader Skills (IOLS) is another course that is required for Scoutmasters and Assistants Scoutmasters and furthers instruction in Scouting and outdoor skills. Once completed, the "Trained" emblem may be worn on the sleeve. The troop committee chairman and members should attend the Troop Committee Challenge for instruction in administering the program. This completes Basic Leader Training for these positions and the Trained emblem may be worn on the left sleeve.
Supplemental training modules are designed to provide instruction beyond Basic Leader Training. These shorter training sessions are often provided at the District/Council Roundtable, a monthly meeting of leaders from the district, at a University of Scouting event offered by the local councils, or at National Training Conferences held at the Philmont Training Center and the Florida National High Adventure Sea Base. Additional training events may be held at summer camps, Council events, and various BSA-sponsored events.
At least one leader with current Safe Swim Defense training is required for swimming activities. Boating activities require Safety Afloat and CPR training. Climb on Safely training and CPR certification are required for climbing and rappelling events.
Wood Badge is advanced training for leadership skills for adults in the BSA. Wood Badge consists of five days of training (usually presented as two, nonconsecutive weekends) and an application phase of several months. When training is complete, leaders are recognized with the Wood Badge beads, neckerchief, and woggle. Powder Horn is a high adventure resource course designed to help Scout leaders to safely conduct outdoor activities of a fun and challenging nature, provide an introduction to the resources necessary to successfully lead their youth through a program of high adventure and to understand what is involved in different high adventure disciplines.
History
Scouts BSA descended from what was initially the sole and entire program of the Boy Scouts of America.
References
Further reading
External links
2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouts%20BSA |
Bellshill railway station is a railway station in the town of Bellshill, North Lanarkshire, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and served by Argyle Line and Shotts Line services. The station is adjacent to Bellshill Main Street, on Hamilton Road, and was opened by the Caledonian Railway as part of the Cleland and Midcalder Line on 1 May 1879. West of the station, the Glasgow, Bothwell, Hamilton and Coatbridge Railway crossed with a second station in the town to the north west - this ceased to carry passengers back in 1951.
The line through the station was electrified as part of the 1974 West Coast Main Line project.
Although it is situated east of the Shotts Line's junction with the WCML south of , electric trains can reach Motherwell using a chord line to the route from and Mossend which passes beneath the Shotts route east of the station (these lines being wired to allow electric access to the yard at Mossend and to allow goods trains to avoid the busy Motherwell area).
Services
The service Mondays-Saturdays is:
2tph to Edinburgh Waverley via Shotts
2tph to Lanark via Motherwell
4tph to Glasgow Central High Level
There are additional peak trains to Anderston via Central L.L. and to Carstairs (both via Shieldmuir and via Holytown), and infrequent services on the North Berwick Line. Regular daytime services through to and beyond via Central L.L. ended at the December 2014 timetable change.
On a Sunday, the pattern is as follows:
1tph to Lanark via Motherwell
1tph to Motherwell
1tp2h to Edinburgh Waverley
2tph to Glasgow Central
References
Bibliography
RAILSCOT on Cleland and Midcalder Line
Bellshill railway station on historic OS Map
Bellshill
Railway stations in North Lanarkshire
Former Caledonian Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1879
Railway stations served by ScotRail
SPT railway stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellshill%20railway%20station |
Virginia's 8th congressional district is located just across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C.. It comprises several populous suburbs in Northern Virginia, including all of Alexandria, Arlington, and Falls Church, as well as parts of Fairfax County. Democrat Don Beyer has held the seat since 2015. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of D+26, it is the most Democratic district in Virginia.
The 8th district is heavily influenced by the federal government in neighboring Washington, with nearly a quarter of its working population employed in the public sector. Though commuting into the nation's capital for work is common, several government agencies have their headquarters in the 8th district. The most prominent of these are the United States Department of Defense (located in the Pentagon) and the Central Intelligence Agency. Their presence has established a flourishing aerospace and defense industry in the area, with Northrop Grumman being one of the district's top private sector employers. Other major corporations are also located within its boundaries, most notably AES.
The seat has long been a liberal stronghold, having backed every Democratic presidential nominee since 1992. But those margins have grown dramatically; in 2020, Joe Biden carried the 8th district by over 55 points. Once a popular destination for white flight, the district has seen an influx of Asian, Black, and Hispanic residents in recent years and is now majority nonwhite. It also has the nation's fifth-highest share of individuals with a bachelor's degree or higher, in large part due to the nearby government presence.
Election results from statewide races
Demographics
As of 2000, the district has 643,503 residents, 13.7% are African American, 9.5% are Asian, 16.4% are Hispanic and 64.5% are white.
Virginia's eighth congressional district is traditionally a Democratic stronghold, most notably in the urban communities of Arlington and Alexandria.
Communities
Since 2023, the following communities have postal addresses within the 8th district.
Entirely within the district
Arlington
Fort Myer
Partially within the district
Alexandria
Falls Church
Fort Belvoir
Lorton
McLean
Springfield
Elections since 1960
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
List of members representing the district
Historical district boundaries
See also
Virginia's congressional districts
List of United States congressional districts
References
Further reading
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
08
Northern Virginia
Alexandria, Virginia
Arlington County, Virginia
Government in Fairfax County, Virginia
Washington metropolitan area
Constituencies established in 1789
1789 establishments in Virginia
Constituencies disestablished in 1933
1933 disestablishments in Virginia
Constituencies established in 1935
1935 establishments in Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s%208th%20congressional%20district |
The North German thaler was the currency of the Electorate and Kingdom of Saxony until 1857. Between 1754 and 1841, it was equal to three quarters of a Conventionsthaler and was subdivided into 24 Groschen, each of 12 Pfennig. In 1841, Saxony partially decimalized, dividing the Thaler (now equal to the Prussian Thaler) into 30 Neugroschen, each of 10 Pfennig. The Thaler was replaced by the Vereinsthaler at par.
The duchies of Saxe-Altenburg and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha also issued coinage according to the Saxon system, from 1841 and 1837, respectively.
References
See also
Reichsmünzordnung
Currencies of Germany
Electorate of Saxony
1857 disestablishments in Germany
Coins of the Holy Roman Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon%20thaler |
The Literary and Historical Society (L&H) is the oldest society in University College Dublin (UCD), which according to its constitution is the 'College Debating Union'. Founded in 1855 by Cardinal John Henry Newman, as of 2017 it had over 5000 enrolled members, and has been the largest student society in UCD.
History
Foundation
The L&H was founded in 1855, a year after the foundation of the Catholic University of Ireland, the precursor to UCD. Both the university and the debating society were founded by Father John Henry Newman (future Cardinal Newman). One of the society's most famous members from this era was James Joyce, who presented his paper "Drama and Life" before a crowd of assembled members in 1900. Conor Cruise O'Brien served as vice president of the society during his time in UCD.
Most of the college's societies, including the UCD Student Union itself can trace their roots to the L&H.
Location
Before the university moved to Belfield, the debates were held on Saturday nights in the Physics Theatre, in Earlsfort Terrace. At various occasions, college authorities and external bodies attempted to shut the society down, including in 1961, when the L&H was suspended by UCD authorities. No such attempts have been successful.
In 1972, the society relocated to UCD's Belfield campus, where the majority of students now studied. Since this time the society has grown in size.
Centennial and sesquicentennial histories
A 150th anniversary book, edited by Frank Callanan SC, was published to update James Meenan's centenary history of the society, published in 1955. The book, together with the reprinted centenary history, details the history of the society and includes articles by personalities from the society's past, including Maeve Binchy, Owen Dudley Edwards, Vincent Browne, Kevin Myers, Adrian Hardiman and Michael McDowell.
Activities
House debates
The society gathers once a week to debate a topic of the day. This is the main activity of the society, and typically takes place on Wednesday evenings in the custom-built Garret FitzGerald Debating Chamber, in the UCD Student Centre. Personalities central to the topic being discussed are invited to enlighten the house with knowledge and arguments specific to the motion, as well as student members of the society.
Guest speakers and accolades
The L&H regularly invites speakers outside of debates. Former speakers have included actor Roger Moore, economist Paul Krugman, linguist Noam Chomsky, Irish politician John Hume, LGBTQ+ activist Rory O'Neil aka Panti Bliss, photographer and blogger Brandon Stanton of Humans of New York, writer Bill Bryson, economist John Nash and British Writer Neil Gaiman .
The society awards Honorary Fellowships and James Joyce Awards to individuals who have "contributed significantly to a field of human endeavour". Recipients of either of the two awards include F. W. de Klerk, Rev. Jesse Jackson, Noam Chomsky and Prime Minister of Australia John Howard, actor Ralph Fiennes, actor Will Ferrell, author J. K. Rowling, former UN Chief Weapons Inspector Hans Blix, novelist Bill Bryson, former England soccer captain Gary Lineker, The Beatles' producer George Martin, Monty Python member Michael Palin actor Martin Freeman, writer Salman Rushdie. and Irish author Liz Nugent.
Since the foundation of the Irish state, every President and Taoiseach has addressed the society.
L&H Strauss Ball
Each year, the society hosts UCD's only white tie ball, the Strauss Ball. After waltzes with each person on the card, the orchestra moves aside for the DJ. The society also hosts various nightclub events throughout the year. The event is run and organised by the social secretaries and strauss ball convenors.
Competitive debating
The L&H has won a number of international debating competitions and has won The Irish Times and Mace debating competitions as well as international and national intervarsities. The society has attended the World Universities Debating Championship, and progressed further and has sent teams to events in Asia, Australia, Africa and North America. In 1987 and 2006, UCD hosted the World Universities Debating Championship.
The society also promotes and organises competitive debating in schools across Ireland through the Schools' Mace, the Leinster Schools Debating Competition (co-organised by Trinity's College Historical Society) and the UCD Junior Schools Debating Competition, which reach secondary schools throughout the country.
Organisation
The L&H is run by a committee each with specific responsibilities. The committee is chosen by the auditor, who is elected on a yearly basis by the enrolled membership of the society. The auditor is the head of the committee and responsible for the general running of the society. Each session begins in or around the beginning of the month of March, on the date of the AGM. The new auditor for the coming year is appointed at this meeting, either as the result of an election from the enrolled membership or, in cases where a single candidate is unopposed, by nomination. Notable former auditors of the society include former President of Ireland and Chief Justice Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh, comedians Dara Ó Briain and Jarlath Regan, suffragist and writer Francis Sheehy-Skeffington and Irish Supreme Court judge Adrian Hardiman. James Joyce ran for election to the post of auditor twice, and was defeated on both occasions.
The 153rd session of the society recorded record membership for any university society in Europe. The membership exceeded 5,000 members, surpassing by several hundred the previous record, also set by the L&H in its 150th session. The 159th session of the society again broke this record, making it the university's largest ever society.
See also
List of L&H auditors 1855-2018
References
External links
Literary and Historical Society Website
UCD Website
University College Dublin
Student debating societies in Ireland
Student organizations established in 1855
1855 establishments in Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary%20and%20Historical%20Society%20%28University%20College%20Dublin%29 |
Brown Shipley is a member of Quintet Private Bank. It is headquartered in London's Moorgate, behind the Bank of England. Brown Shipley offers wealth planning, investment management and lending services for private, corporate and institutional clients. Effective January 2022, the CEO is Calum Brewster.
History
In 1800, Irish merchant Alexander Brown, founder of Alex Brown & Sons went into business in Baltimore, Maryland, importing Irish linen and exporting cotton and tobacco back to Britain. In 1810, his eldest son William brought the family business to Liverpool under the name William Brown & Co.
In 1812 William returned to Baltimore to introduce his new wife and baby to his family and to report on trading and political conditions in Liverpool and Europe.
In 1825, William formed a partnership with Joseph Shipley. The new trading firm financed merchants who were shipping goods between Britain, the United States and other parts of Europe and the Americas. Over the years, the trading activities ceased and the merchant banking activities grew, based in London.
In 1918 the partnership between Brown, Shipley and its American partners Brown Bros. & Co. ended, although each continued to act as agents for the other for some time. In 1946, Brown Shipley became a limited company.
Some historical records of Brown, Shipley & Co. are included in the Brown Brothers Harriman Collection housed in the manuscript collections at New-York Historical Society.
Between 1950 and 1989 the company had a prominent role in the London money market and developed an Investment Advisory Service, which provided an outlet for the company's heritage and expertise in evaluating business deals and the people behind them.
In 1992 Brown Shipley & Co. Ltd was acquired by European bank Quintet and joined its group of Private Bankers. At the turn of the millennium, Brown Shipley subsequently made its own acquisitions of stockbroker Cawood Smithie, private-client investment manager Henry Cooke and in 2001, pensions and investment manager Fairmount Group plc.
After celebrating its bicentenary in 2010, Brown Shipley expanded to new premises in Manchester, Edinburgh and Birmingham, complementing its newly refurbished London building, giving the company contemporary homes to match its modern outlook.
Then three further acquisitions served to broaden and strengthen Brown Shipley's offering: Hampton Dean, a chartered independent firm of financial planners giving the bank a Nottingham base in 2015; The Roberts Partnership, a financial planning and wealth management firm based in Manchester joined in 2016, adding £540m assets under management (AUM) and bringing the wealth manager's total AUM to £5.5bn; while 2017 saw Brown Shipley acquire the UK branch of Insinger de Beaufort.
In April 2018, Alan Mathewson joined Brown Shipley as the firm's CEO. Mathewson joined from Santander UK where he had worked for 22 years, most recently as managing director of wealth management and private banking. In January 2022, the company appointed Calum Brewster, previously the head of private banking, as its new CEO.
In June 2019 Brown Shipley acquired NW Brown & Co Limited, a wealth manager based in Cambridge with an additional office in Norwich. The addition of NW Brown increases Brown Shipley’s total AUM to almost £9bn.
In 2019, Brown Shipley appointed Rory Tapner as chair to its board, replacing David Rough. In June 2021, the company appointed Kath Cates as the new chair of the board of directors. The board’s non-executive directors are Marcia Cantor-Grable and Tim Gillbanks. Quintet Private Bank is the parent company of Brown Shipley.
References
External links
Banks of the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown%20Shipley |
The Bustan al-Marj Regional Council (, Mo'atza Azorit Bustan al-Marj) is a regional council in northern Israel. Its territory lies adjacent to the Jezreel Valley and north of Afula, and includes four Arab villages:
Ed Dahi
Kafr Misr
Nein
Sulam
External links
Official website
Official website
Regional councils in Northern District (Israel)
Arab localities in Israel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustan%20al-Marj%20Regional%20Council |
The Inter Varsity Folk Dance Festival (IVFDF) is the longest running folk festival in the United Kingdom, having been hosted from 1951 to the present day (2022).
It differs from most other festivals in two respects: it moves location every year, and it is hosted and organised by student folk societies. Ex-students and folk music enthusiasts gather at the host university for a weekend of music, dance, and song. The festival is always run in either the last weekend in February or the first weekend in March. The festival at Exeter University in 2009 was attended by around 1169 different ticket holders — the most of any IVFDF up to that time, as the previous record was just over 1000 attendees at the IVFDF in Manchester in 1986.
The festival was held online in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, hosted by people based in Bristol. The most recent festival was held in Exeter in 2023.
Mascots
Society mascots are considered to be a large part of the festival. Mascot Ransoming is now banned at IVFDF after several people sustained injuries at one festival. While Mascot Ransoming has been banned, mascot intentional misplacement is prevalent at IVFDFs.
History
The first festival was held in 1951 under the name "Universities' Folk Dancing Festival", hosted in the city of Leeds. The festival was jointly organised by the Hull University College Folk Dance Society and the Leeds University Scottish Dance Society, however Leeds was chosen over Hull as the location for the festival due to its superior accessibility and facilities at the time. The following 2 festivals were hosted under this name before the term Inter-Varsity was used for the 1954 festival hosted in Edinburgh.
Initially the primary activity at the festival was the "Display Ceilidh", during which the University groups in attendance would take turns to perform dances as a demonstration to the other groups. The dances presented could be newly choreographed or traditional, and could be chosen to raise awareness of a particular folk style or show the skill of the group. In some early festivals a dance was also held in the evening after the Display Ceilidh, and by the 1959 festival this had been expanded to two evening dances.
The festival has never been held in the same host city two years consecutively, with 22 different cities hosting thus far. The most frequent hosts have been Sheffield and Exeter, totalling 10 and 8 festivals respectively.
All IVFDF events
ICBINI
I can't believe it's not IVFDF (ICBINI) is a smaller annual spin-off festival held in November. The first ICBINI was held at Exeter in 2002. ICBINI is like the main festival in many respects, in that it is held at a different location each year and hosted by student folk societies; however, if a suitable host cannot be found, a festival is not held that year. The activities are similar to those at IVFDF.
References
External links
Central IVFDF
IVFDF 2012 (Aberdeen)
IVFDF 2011 (Bristol)
IVFDF 2010 (Durham)
IVFDF 2009 (Exeter)
IVFDF 2008 (Sheffield)
IVFDF 2021 (online)
Folk festivals in the United Kingdom
Dance festivals in the United Kingdom
English folk music
1951 establishments in England
Music festivals established in 1951 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter%20Varsity%20Folk%20Dance%20Festival |
The Vereinsthaler was the currency of the Kingdom of Hanover between 1857 and 1866. The Vereinsthaler replaced the prior Thaler at par. The Vereinsthaler was first subdivided into 24 Groschen, each of 12 Pfennig, thus 288 Pfennig = 1 Vereinsthaler. From 1858 on the subdivisions were more decimalised to 30 Groschen, each of 10 Pfennig, thus 300 Pfennig making up a Vereinsthaler.
When in 1866 the Kingdom of Prussia annexed Hanover the Hanoveran currency was replaced by the Prussian Vereinsthaler, subdivided into 30 Silbergroschen, each of 12 Pfennig (thus 360 Pfennig = 1 Pr. Vereinsthaler).
Currencies of Germany
Modern obsolete currencies
Kingdom of Hanover
1857 establishments in the Kingdom of Hanover
1866 disestablishments in the Kingdom of Hanover
19th-century economic history
1860s in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoverian%20vereinsthaler |
Fighter Squadron 21 (VF-21) Freelancers was an aviation unit of the United States Navy. Originally established in 1944 as VF-81 it was redesignated VF-13A in 1946, redesignated VF-131 in 1948, redesignated VF-64 in 1950 and redesignated VF-21 on 1 July 1959, it was disestablished on 31 January 1996. It was the third US Navy squadron to have the VF-21 designation.
History
Korean War and 1950s
VF-64 operating F4U-4s was assigned to Carrier Air Group 2 (CVG-2) aboard , off the Korean coast from 28 March to 9 June 1951.
VF-21 embarked on its major deployment with the F3H-2 Demon on in mid-1958. In June 1961 VF-21 was reassigned to Miramar. It was here VF-21 transitioned to the F-4B Phantom in 1963 and between November of that year to March 1964 it would be the last peace-time cruise for the next 10 years.
Vietnam War and 1970s
VF-21 returned to sea in March 1965 and were bound for the Vietnam war and VF-21's first aerial victories would be the first confirmed kills achieved by a U.S. Navy fighter squadron during that conflict. On June 17, 1965 Commander Louis Page and Lieutenant John Smith destroyed a MiG-17 with an AIM-7 Sparrow and moments later Lieutenant Jack Batson, jr and Lieutenant Commander Robert Doremus destroyed another MiG-17 with an AIM-7.
VF-21 made six further deployments to the war zone aboard and between 1966 and 1973. In 1968 VF-21 upgraded to the F-4J and continued to operate this model until 1979. In December 1979 VF-21 was re-equipped with the F-4S, but it was decided that the F-4S was not ideally suited to be used from USS Coral Sea which VF-21 would deploy on for its next cruise, and instead VF-21 deployed with the less effective F-4N.
1980s
CVW-14 assigned control over VF-21 and the squadron returned to sea in 1981, spending seven months in the Pacific and the Indian Ocean. A new deployment followed in 1983, where VF-21 was one of several squadrons that took part in Coral Seas world cruise of that year which culminated in a change of fleet assignment to conduct operations in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. The 1983 tour was also noteworthy in that it marked the last occasion on which US Navy Phantoms were to deploy from a US base, VF-21 joining with sister squadron VF-154 in a final "fly-in" to Miramar in mid-September. Although this was not the end of the F-4, some aircraft lingered on until November 4, VF-21 hosted a ceremony which honored "the end of an era" for the F-4 in fleet operations, VF-21 and VF-154 were the last US-based squadrons to fly F-4s (although there were two forward deployed squadrons continued to operate the F-4). VF-21 now transitioned to the F-14A Tomcat, the process was managed by VF-124 and it was not until later half of 1984 that VF-21 was declared fully operational, the first cruise was with CVW-14 aboard in early 1985.
In 1987, VF-21 launched AIM-7 Sparrow missiles against an Iranian F-4 that had engaged a P-3 Orion in the Persian Gulf.
1990s
In 1990 the squadron, with the rest of its air wing, moved to . VF-21 arrived on station in the Persian Gulf on August 5, 1990 and was part of the Carrier Group that was America's first response to Iraq's August 2, 1990 Invasion of Kuwait. VF-21 maintained Combat Air Patrol "CAP" missions during Operation Desert Shield, the buildup of coalition forces to liberate Kuwait. However, the USS Independence battle group) was relieved on station by the Ranger and Midway Carrier battle groups at the onset of Operation Desert Storm. General Norman Schwarzkopf flew aboard the USS Independence to command the battle group; CBS Anchor Dan Rather reported from the USS Independence flight deck. VF-21 returned aboard the USS Independence to establish Operation Southern Watch immediately after Desert Storm.
In August 1991 USS Independence took over the role of USS Midway as the only carrier home ported outside the USA, at Yokosuka, Japan. During this change the squadron stayed with the same carrier but moved air wings, from CVW-14 to CVW-5 as well as being repositioned to NAF Atsugi. This was, because the Midway air wing had been without F-14s, as the older ship could not accommodate the F-14's size and weight.
After a deployment in the West Pacific and the Sea of Japan between October 15, and November 24, 1991 and the last Carrier visit to Subic Bay in March 1992, Independence and VF-21 deployed to the Persian Gulf on April 15, 1992. In May, they visited Sydney, Australia to commemorate the 50th Anniversary of the Battle of the Coral Sea in 1942. In June, a one plane detachment visited Doha Air Base which included training in DACT with the Qatar Air Force. On the 23rd of August, the Independence CVBG entered the Persian Gulf, beginning what would become Operation Southern Watch. After 18 days, the Carrier left the Persian Gulf, relieved by the USS Ranger. They VF-21 returned to Atsugi on October 11, 1992, two days before the Independence pulled into Yokosuka.
In February 1993, VF-21 took part in Exercise Team Spirit '93 with South Korea. BuNo 161606 as NF-201, an F-14A assigned to VF-21, crashed during ACM training on April 29, 1993 off Oshima, 174 km SE of Atusgi, the crew being rescued by an SH-60B from HSL-51 and an SH-3H Sea King from HS-12 aboard the Independence. On May 11, VF-21 departed with CVW-5 and the Independence, taking part in Spring Training '93 with the Royal Australian Navy from May 28 to June 2, 1993. In September, they took part in ANNUALEX '93 with the JMSDF in the Sea of Japan before returning to Yokosuka. On November 17, they deployed on their second Southern Watch deployment as well as Somalia.
After returning from this deployment on March 17, 1994, they took part in RIMPAC '94 against the USS Constellation near Hawaii, before taking part in contingency operations in response to the death of North Korea's first leader, Kim Il-Sung on July 8 and the Nuclear crisis on the Korean Peninsula. In December, news came that VF-21 would be retired after 1995, with VF-154 taking on the role as the sole Tomcats squadron of CVW-5.
On August 19, 1995, the squadron departed on its last ever deployment, this time to the Persian Gulf as part of Southern Watch. VF-21 returned from deployment on board the Independence to Atusgi on November 6, 1995, before the Independence arrived on the 8th at Yokosuka. Soon VF-21 was disestablished on January 31, 1996, the official ceremony being held on the January 12. Four of VF-21's F-14As were given to VF-154 while remaining 5 rest were transferred back to United States on December 12 (two to NAS Miramar and three to NAS Oceana).
See also
History of the United States Navy
List of inactive United States Navy aircraft squadrons
List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons
References
VF-21 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VF-21 |
Bačko Gradište (, ; , ; ) is a village located in the Bečej municipality, in the South Bačka District of Serbia. It is situated in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. The village is ethnically mixed and its population numbering 5,445 people (2002 census). Largest ethnic groups in the village are Hungarians (46.26%) and Serbs (44.39%). Linguistically the village has a Slavophonic plurality as Serbs, Yugoslavs, Croats, Montenegrins and ethnic Muslims collectively compose 49.35% of the population. In early 2007, the village was, among others, affected by the measles outbreak that attracted WHO attention.
History
Former Serbian name of this village was Feldvarac (Фелдварац). Historical sources from 1316 mentioned several settlements with name Feldvarac, but it is not sure which one of those could be identified with modern village. However, documents show that Serbs lived there before, during and after Ottoman rule.
The oldest and most reliable mention of place is from 1387 when it was part of the feudal lands of the Gorjanski family. In 1440, it belonged to the Serbian despot Đurađ Branković.
In 1519, there were, according to a 1925 article by ethnographer Borivoje Drobnjaković twelve Serbian households. By 1580, the number had decreased to four.
After the Ottoman forces left, Bačko Gradište became part of Tisa military border district. According to Habsburg census from 1720, this village was populated exclusively by Serbs, while in 1910 there were 1,390 houses with 6,922 inhabitants—3,934 Hungarians; 2,890 Serbs; and 98 Jews. In 1921, the population was 7,007 with a Hungarian majority.
Ethnic groups (2002 census)
The population of the village include:
2,519 (46.26%) Hungarians
2,417 (44.39%) Serbs
151 (2.77%) Yugoslavs
67 (1.23%) Croats
51 (0.94%) Roma
40 (0.74%) Montenegrins
12 (0.22%) ethnic Muslims
others
Historical population
1961: 6,106
1971: 5,986
1981: 5,764
1991: 5,625
Tourism
Bačko Gradište is very popular because of its Oxbow lake. There is a settlement of holiday houses there -without electricity- because the town doesn't want it to become an official village. People from Novi Sad, Belgrade, Temerin, Bečej, and Vrbas have houses here and they spend their time here on weekends, because it is very relaxing and far away from the urban life.
On 1 May there is a huge holiday at the oxbow lake, where even people from neighbouring countries (Hungary) come to enjoy the nature.
Sports
FC. Vojvodina Bačko Gradište was formed in 1913. This is one of the oldest football clubs in the territory of ex-Yugoslavia. The club hasn’t ceased to exist since 1913. In the year of 2008 the club will celebrate 95 years of constant competing and the team is planning to celebrate it by winning the championship. Today FC. Vojvodina is competing in The Municipal League of Vrbas-Srbobran-Bečej.
The club has a very good quality pitch, covered stands and very good dressing rooms. It is also planning to open a restaurant near the pitch in 2008.
The atmosphere in FC. Vojvodina Bačko Gradište is very good. All of the players who played in other clubs have come back in 2007 and they have enhancements from Bečej and Novi Bečej. After every practice and every match the team stays in the restaurant where they enjoy each other's company, where the best scorer has to buy a crate of beer.
See also
List of places in Serbia
List of cities, towns and villages in Vojvodina
Notes
References
Slobodan Ćurčić, Broj stanovnika Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 1996.
External links
Bačko Gradište web site
History of Bačko Gradište
Places in Bačka
Populated places in Vojvodina
South Bačka District
Bečej | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%8Dko%20Gradi%C5%A1te |
Michael Charles Johnston (born March 30, 1979) is a former baseball player. In 2004, Johnston made the Pirates team out of spring training despite never previously pitching above the AA level. By doing so, Johnston became the second known person with Tourette syndrome to play in Major League Baseball, after Jim Eisenreich. In October 2006, Johnston underwent surgery to repair a torn labrum. That November, he signed a minor league contract with the San Diego Padres. The Chicago White Sox signed him to a minor league contract for the 2009 season. In 2012, he pitched for the Lancaster Barnstormers of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball.
References
External links
Johnston cut in spring training, 2006
1979 births
Living people
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Gulf Coast Pirates players
Erie SeaWolves players
Williamsport Crosscutters players
Hickory Crawdads players
Lynchburg Hillcats players
Altoona Curve players
Nashville Sounds players
Indianapolis Indians players
Birmingham Barons players
Charlotte Knights players
Lancaster Barnstormers players
People with Tourette syndrome
Baseball players with disabilities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Johnston%20%28baseball%29 |
The NWA International Heavyweight Championship was a singles title recognized by the National Wrestling Alliance through its partnership with the Japan Pro Wrestling Alliance, and later by All Japan Pro Wrestling. It is one of the three titles that were unified into the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship in 1989. In 1983, Giant Baba would elevate the title further in the eyes of many when he, as the reigning PWF Heavyweight Champion, declared Jumbo Tsuruta to be the new "Ace" of All Japan after Jumbo won the NWA International Heavyweight Championship from Bruiser Brody. Following the withdrawal of All Japan from the NWA, the International title was briefly sanctioned by the Pacific Wrestling Federation until the unification of the Triple Crown could be completed.
Under Rikidōzan the belt had a design similar to Lou Thesz's original NWA World Heavyweight Championship belt during the 1950s, but after Rikidōzan's death, the belt given to Giant Baba had the design seen on the belt part of the Triple Crown until 2013. The original design was later used on the PWF Heavyweight Championship, the UWFI belt (which was the original Lou Thesz belt), and a belt later given to Kazushi Sakuraba for show.
Title history
Combined reigns
See also
List of National Wrestling Alliance championships
Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship
WWF International Heavyweight Championship
WCW International World Heavyweight Championship
AWA International Heavyweight Championship
AEW International Championship
NWA United National Championship
PWF World Heavyweight Championship
Footnotes
References
External links
Wrestling-Titles.com
National Wrestling Alliance championships
All Japan Pro Wrestling championships
International professional wrestling championships
Heavyweight wrestling championships
Recurring sporting events established in 1957
Recurring events disestablished in 1988
NWA Hollywood Wrestling championships
Championship Wrestling from Florida championships
Japan Pro Wrestling Alliance championships | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA%20International%20Heavyweight%20Championship |
Yeon Namsaeng (연남생, 淵男生) (634–679) was the eldest son of the Goguryeo Dae Magniji (대막리지, 大莫離支; highest-ranking official or dictator; "prime minister") Yeon Gaesomun (603?-665). In 665, Yeon Namsaeng succeeded his father and became the 2nd Dae Magniji of Goguryeo.
Dae Magniji
Yeon Namsaeng was said to have become Dae Magniji sometime before the death of Yeon Gaesomun, who is said to have stepped down from the position and took the honorary position of Dae Magniji.
After the death of his father, Yeon Namsaeng prepared for war with the Tang, and set out on an inspection of the border fortresses in Yodong, and other fortresses throughout the kingdom. He left his brothers, Yeon Namgeon and Yeon Namsan, in charge of Pyeongyang before he left. Namgeon and Namsan took advantage of their brother's absence and took control of Pyeongyang and the Royal Courts. They falsely accused Namsaeng of being a traitor, and forced the King Bojang to order Namsaeng's arrest. With nowhere else to go, Namsaeng fled to Tang China at the urge of his son, who had escaped death at the hands of his uncles. Namsaeng fled to the Tang, and received a high position in the Tang military.
Fall of Goguryeo and death
From there he helped lead a Tang-sponsored military campaign into Goguryeo with hopes of regaining power. This campaign ultimately destroyed Goguryeo in 668. He died in the domains of the Tang-established Protectorate General to Pacify the East, or Andong Duhufu (安東都護府), the Chinese administration established in Pyongyang following the fall of Goguryeo in 668 and meant to administer the former Goguryeo domains. Namsaeng was buried on Mt. Mang in Luoyang, Tang's eastern capital.
Namsaeng's tomb stele, along with that of his brother Namgeon, has been discovered. Namsaeng's biography (Quan Nan Sheng 泉男生傳) appears in the Xin Tangshu (New History of Tang), book 110. The Chinese rendering of Namsaeng's family name is Cheon (泉, Chinese Quan) rather than Yeon (淵), because Yeon (Chinese, Yuan) was the given name of Emperor Gaozu of Tang (Li Yuan 李淵), founder and first emperor of Tang, and taboo to apply to another by Chinese tradition.
In popular culture
Portrayed by Im Ho in the 2006-2007 KBS TV series Dae Jo Yeong.
Portrayed by Ahn Jae-mo in 2006-2007 SBS TV series Yeon Gaesomun.
Portrayed by No Min-woo in the 2013 KBS2 TV series The Blade and Petal.
See also
Yeon Gaesomun
Goguryeo
Andong Dohufu
References
Sources
Samguk Sagi
Old Book of Tang
634 births
679 deaths
Goguryeo people
Military history of Korea
Tang dynasty generals at war against Goguryeo
7th-century government officials
7th-century Korean people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeon%20Namsaeng |
National Housing Act may refer to:
National Housing Act (Canada) of 1938, the first significant federal housing legislation adopted in Canada
National Housing Act of 1934, the first significant federal housing legislation enacted in the United States
Housing Act of 1937, also known as the Wagner-Steagall Act, which subsidized public housing in the United States
Housing Act of 1949, a major post-World War II national housing policy enacted in the United States
Housing Amendments of 1955 Act, 1955 amendments to the National Housing Act, see 84th United States Congress
Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965, part of President Lyndon B. Johnson's "Great Society" program, which provided a national system of rent subsidies in the United States
Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968, a United States law which created Ginnie Mae out of Fannie Mae | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Housing%20Act |
Bud Brown may refer to:
Bud Brown (baseball), American baseball player
Bud Brown (politician) (1927–2022), former Republican U.S. Representative from Ohio
Bud Brown (American football) (born 1961), former American football player
Ezra Brown also known as Ezra Abraham "Bud" Brown (born 1944), American mathematician
See also
Bud Browne (1912–2008), American film maker | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud%20Brown |
Salience or saliency may refer to:
Mortality salience, a product of the terror management theory in social psychology
Motivational salience, a motivational "wanting" attribute given by the brain
Salience (language), the property of being noticeable or important
Salience (neuroscience), the perceptual quality by which an observable thing stands out relative to its environment
Social salience, in social psychology, a set of reasons which draw an observer's attention toward a particular object
See also
Salient (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salience |
The Bavarian State Orchestra () is the orchestra of the Bavarian State Opera in Munich, Germany. It has given its own series of concerts, the , since 1811.
Profile
On 9 December 2011, this ensemble celebrated the 200th anniversary of its first concert as a full symphony orchestra, and specifically the founding (in 1811) of the .
Its origins stretch back, however, to 1523 and the times of composer Ludwig Senfl, when sacred music was the focus of work. The musicians achieved renown across Europe, the more so after 1563 and the appointment of Belgian master polyphonist Orlande de Lassus as .
In 1653 the first opera performances took place in Munich, adding to and greatly realigning the musicians' activities. In 1762 the ensemble was titled (orchestra to the Bavarian court), a position it already effectively held. Sixteen years later, just after Karl Theodor of Mannheim became Duke of Bavaria and shifted his court to Munich, 33 musicians of the famous Mannheim orchestra – the prototype of all modern symphony orchestras – followed their boss, injecting new levels of precision into the .
In 1781 Mozart conducted the musicians in the world premiere of his opera Idomeneo, written in Munich. During the 1860s the orchestra, by then an integral part of the Hofoper (Court Opera), gave the world premieres of the Wagner operas Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, Tristan und Isolde, and Das Rheingold, followed in 1870 by Die Walküre. Hans von Bülow was active as conductor at that time. Upon the German Revolution of 1918–1919 the name changed again, to its present form, reflecting the demise of the Bavarian monarchy.
The Bavarian State Orchestra is today part of the Bavarian State Opera company, Germany's largest, which it serves as pit ensemble, based in Munich's National Theatre. Its main conductor has the title of (GMD) of the company. Richard Strauss, Bruno Walter, Hans Knappertsbusch, Clemens Krauss, Ferenc Fricsay, Joseph Keilberth, and Wolfgang Sawallisch have served in this position. The orchestra had a long and successful cooperation (1968–1997) with Carlos Kleiber, though he never served as GMD. Zubin Mehta held the post from 1998 to 2006. He was succeeded by Kent Nagano, who was replaced by Kirill Petrenko in September 2013. In 2021 Vladimir Jurowski took over as GMD.
The orchestra is one of seven such professional bodies in the city of Munich, its neighbors being the orchestra of the Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz, the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra, the Munich Radio Orchestra (a second radio ensemble), the Munich Philharmonic (operated by the City at its Gasteig venue), the Munich Symphony Orchestra, and the smaller-scale Munich Chamber Orchestra (Münchener Kammerorchester, MKO).
General music directors
1836–1867 Franz Lachner
1867–1869 Hans von Bülow
1870–1877 Franz Wüllner
1872–1896 Hermann Levi
1894–1896 Richard Strauss
1901–1903 Hermann Zumpe
1904–1911 Felix Mottl
1913–1922 Bruno Walter
1922–1935 Hans Knappertsbusch
1937–1944 Clemens Krauss
1945 Hans Knappertsbusch
1946–1952 Georg Solti
1952–1954 Rudolf Kempe
1956–1958 Ferenc Fricsay
1959–1968 Joseph Keilberth
1971–1992 Wolfgang Sawallisch
1992–1998 Peter Schneider (interim)
1998–2006 Zubin Mehta
2006–2013 Kent Nagano
2013–2020 Kirill Petrenko
2021– Vladimir Jurowski
References
External links
Bayerisches Staatsorchester at the Bach Cantatas Website
1523 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
16th-century establishments in Bavaria
German symphony orchestras
Music in Munich
Musical groups established in the 16th century
Organizations established in the 1520s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian%20State%20Orchestra |
Major-General Luang Wichitwathakan (also known as just Wichit Wichitwathakan) (; ) (11 August 189831 March 1962) was a Thai politician, diplomat, historian, novelist, and playwright. He is credited with changing the name of the country from Siam to Thailand.
Luang Wichitwathakan was prominently engaged in politics and the modernization of Thailand and was in his time the most important figure in the establishment of Thai nationalism and Thai identity. He was the chief ideologue and creator of cultural campaigns during the pre-World War II military rule of Field Marshal Plaek Pibulsonggram.
Early life
Wichitwathakan was born Kim Liang (Chinese: 金良), the son of a merchant in Uthai Thani province. According to a cousin, Wichitwathakan's paternal grandfather was Chinese.
He received his primary education in a Buddhist temple school in Uthai Thani and continued the Buddhist education at Wat Mahathat in Bangkok where he excelled in Buddhist studies, graduating first in the kingdom. As a result, he received the certificate from King Vajiravudh.
While still a monk in Wat Mahatat, Wichitwathakan's extensive writings were circulated among the monks. The papers were written in English, French, or German and were sometimes inflammatory regarding temple rules and regulations. The abbot put a stop to it by prohibiting the use of Western languages.
At the age of 20, Wichitwathakan left the monkhood and joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a junior clerk in 1918.
Service in France
In 1921, Wichitwathakan was posted to the Royal Siamese Legation (equivalent to present-day embassy) in Paris, as Third Secretary. During his five years in Europe, Wichitwathakan served as a member of the Siamese delegation that attended and participated in deliberations of the League of Nations in Geneva. He also studied law and political science at the University of Paris. It was in Paris that he developed close friendships with the future revolutionaries, Pridi Phanomyong, also studying Law at Sorbonne, and Plaek Pibulsongkram, a military officer studying artillery in France.
Marriages
While in Paris, Wichitwathakan took French lessons from Lucienne Laffitte (née Guillaume), a cultivated French lady who was well-read and musically gifted. They subsequently married and together returned to Siam in 1927. While Wichitwathakan continued to work at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Madame Lucienne collaborated with him in several of his important historical publications, notably Prawatsart Sakon (Universal History). Despite this creative partnership and the births of a son and a daughter, the marriage dissolved six years later and Madame Lucienne returned to France with her two children. Luang Wichitwathakan subsequently married Prapapan Raphiphan, a teacher of history and daughter of Khun Vorasarndarunkit who was in charge of education in northern Siam under King Rama V.
Revolutionary role
When Pridi Phanomyong started the clandestine party called Khana Ratsadon (People's Party), he consulted with Thai friends in Paris, namely Field Marshal Pibulsongkram, Wichitwathakan, Prayoon Pamornmontri, and Thatsanai Mitraphakdi. Pridi specifically asked Wichitwathakan to join this secret association, whose purpose was to overthrow the absolute monarchy. Wichitwathakan at this point still maintained loyalty to King Prajadhipok and was in favor of a conciliatory approach with the monarchy. Concerned about the socialistic and communistic ideology of Pridi, Wichitwathakan formed a royalist and free enterprise party called Kana Chart (National Party) while continuing to attend the clandestine meetings of the Khana Ratsadon Party.
After his return to Siam, Wichitwathakan met again with Pridi and Pibulsongkram, but did not participate in the revolution against King Prajadhipok in 1932.
When King Prajadhipok indicated his willingness to support the armed royalist challenge to the People's Party and gave his blessing to Prince Bovoradej to mobilize his soldiers and attack Bangkok in 1933, Wichitwathakan forsook his loyalty to the king to align himself with the representative government as a member of the national assembly.
Wichitwathakan was chairman of the committee which proposed changing the country's name from Siam to Thailand at the state convention in 1939. He led an irredentist campaign after being presented a map produced by Ecole Francaise d'Extreme Orient showing the Thai race inhabiting the areas of Siam, Burma, and southern China. Wichitwathakan estimated from this map that there were approximately 60 million Thais inhabiting the lands of southern China and Southeast Asia, and through his personal crusade as both a historian and a politician, as well as chairman of the parliamentary committee in charge of making the name change, succeeded in changing the name of the country from Siam to Thailand when the state convention ratified the committee's proposal in 1939.
Wartime service
In 1942, Wichitwathakan became Minister of Foreign Affairs under Prime Minister Field Marshal Pibulsongkram and was responsible for negotiating free passage for the invading Japanese army in exchange for maintaining the sovereignty and independence of Thailand. He then assumed the duty of Thai Ambassador to Japan.
Upon the unconditional surrender of Japan to the Allies at the end of World War II, Wichitwathakan was arrested by the US occupying forces along with the German ambassador, Italian ambassador, and the entire Japanese cabinet. His wife, Khunying Wichitwathakan, requested and obtained a personal audience with General Douglas MacArthur during which she succeeded in explaining to him that as foreign minister, her husband had no alternative but to negotiate a treaty of free passage in exchange for maintaining the independence of Thailand. MacArthur released Wichitwathakan and allowed him to return to Thailand on an American airplane.
Wichitwathakan was arrested upon arrival and imprisoned by the new postwar government of Khuang Aphaiwong. He was incarcerated with former prime minister Pibulsongkram, to be tried in Thai court as war criminals. Among the principal allied forces, the British and the French wanted Pibulsongkram and Wichitwathakan to face the firing squad while the US alone insisted on a trial. All charges against them were eventually dropped for lack of corroborating evidence. Field Marshal Pibulsongkram and Luang Wichitwathakan were acquitted of all political accusations and released.
Post-war service
After having been granted freedom, Wichitwathakan temporarily dissociated himself from politics and became a nationally prominent playwright, author, and historian. Most of his plays, songs, fictions as well as history and religious books were composed during the three years following his release from incarceration.
In 1947, Wichitwathakan assisted Field Marshal Pibulsongkram in staging a coup d'état which toppled the existing government from power. Wichitwathakan served in the new government as Minister of Finance and Minister of Economic Affairs and subsequently became Ambassador to India in 1952 and Ambassador to Switzerland, Austria, and Yugoslavia in 1953. He also promoted the unification and nationalism of the people of Thailand by composing a series of nationalistic theatrical works, known as the Anupap series, which were performed at the National Theater. This series of plays, titled Anupap Porkoon Ramkamhaeng (Power of King Ramkamhaeng), Anupap Haeng Kwam Seasala (Power of Sacrifice), Anupap Haeng Kwam Rak (Power of Love) were composed at the urging of Pibulsongkram with the purpose of strengthening the unity and cohesiveness of the Thai people.
In 1958, Luang Wichitwathakan participated in the coup d'état staged by Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat that removed Pibulsongkram from power. Wichitwathakan assumed the title of Paladbunchagarn () of the Prime Minister's Office, equivalent to the permanent secretary. He served Field Marshal Sarit as his closest confidant and advisor and played an active role in promoting Thai nationalism.
Wichitwathakan died in 1962 at age 64 after a long cardiac illness.
Appointments
1934–1942: Director General of the Department of Fine Arts
1942–1943: Minister of Foreign Affairs
1943–1945: Ambassador to Japan
1951–1952: Minister of Finance
1952: Minister of Economic Affairs
1952–1953: Ambassador to India
1953–1957: Ambassador to Switzerland, Austria and Yugoslavia
1957–1962: Paladbunchagarn (Permanent Secretary to the Office of the Prime Minister)
1959–1962: Secretary-General of the National Security Council
Published works
Plays
Leod Supan (Blood of Supan)
Rachamanu
Suek Talang (Battle of Talang
Pra jao Krung Thon (King of Thonburi)
Tai Dab Na (Death at next Sword)
Po Kun Pa Mueng (King Pa Mueng)
Petch Pra Narai (Diamond of King Narai
Lan Leod Lan Rug (Territory of Blood Territory of Love)
Sriharajdecho
Dab Saen Mueng (Sword of a Hundred Thousand Cities)
Pra Naresuan Pragard Issarapap (King Naresuan Declares Independence)
Rachatida Pra Ruang (Royal Daughter of Pra Ruang)
Jao Ying Gannigar (Princess Gannigar)
Jao Ying Sanwee (Princess Sanwee)
Krut Dum (Black Garuda)
Anupap Po Kun Ramkamhang (Power of King Ramkamhang)
Anupap hang Kwam Rug (Power of Love)
Anupap Hang Kwam Seasara (Power of Sacrifice)
Fiction
Pan Tong Rong Leod (Golden Receptacle for Blood)
Dok Fa Jampasak (Celestial Flower of Jampasak)
Ballang Chieng Rung (Throne of Chieng Rung)
Morasum Hang Cheevit (Tempest of Life)
Petch Pra Narai (Diamond of King Narai)
Plee Cheep Pue Choo (Sacrificing Life for Lover)
Huang Rug Hav Luek (Bond of Love Deep Crevice)
Fak Fa Salawin (Horizon of Salawin)
Athit Asadong (Western Sunset)
Lek Lang Kan (Iron for Vengeance)
Non-Fiction
Mun Samong (Brain)
Puttanupap (Power of Buddhism)
Jittanupap (Power of Mind)
Manusapatiwat (Human Revolution)
Mahaburus (Great Men)
Kong Dee Nai India (Good things in India)
Vicha Paed Pragarn (Eight Sources of Knowledge)
Vicha Krong Ruen Krong Rug (Science of Domesticity and Love)
Vitee Tam Ngarn lae Srang Anakot (Way to Work and Build Future)
Anakot kong Chart (Future of Nation)
Sangsawang Nai Kwam Mued (Brightness in The dark)
Sassana Sagol (Universal religion)
Prawatsart Sagol (Universal History)
Watanatum Sukothai (Civilization of Sukothai)
Kwam Fun (Dream)
References
Sources
20th-century Thai historians
Thai politicians
Thai nationalists
Thai diplomats
Thai generals
Luang (nobility)
Members of the 1st House of Representatives of Thailand
Members of the 2nd House of Representatives of Thailand
Members of the 3rd House of Representatives of Thailand
Members of the 4th House of Representatives of Thailand
Members of the 5th House of Representatives of Thailand
Members of the 6th House of Representatives of Thailand
Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Thailand
Ministers of Commerce of Thailand
Ministers of Finance of Thailand
Academic staff of Chulalongkorn University
Academic staff of Thammasat University
Ambassadors of Thailand to India
Ambassadors of Thailand to Japan
Ambassadors of Thailand to Switzerland
Ambassadors of Thailand to Austria
Ambassadors of Thailand to Yugoslavia
People from Uthai Thani province
Thai politicians of Chinese descent
Thai collaborators with Imperial Japan
University of Paris alumni
1898 births
1962 deaths
Thai fascists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luang%20Wichitwathakan |
James J. McGovern is an American academic, who served as president of A.T. Still University (ATSU) from 1997 to 2008. He was also a professor in the university's Department of Family Medicine and Community Health.
Biography
A New York native, McGovern earned a bachelor's degree from Iona College and a master's degree from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, both in New York. He completed his doctorate degree from the Department of Administrative and Organizational Studies, New York University, in 1973.
McGovern, a physics professor, served in high administrative positions at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio; Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia; the Illinois and Connecticut Boards of Higher Education; and the State University of New York. He was also the director of health finance for the state of Illinois, and the director of the Issues Analysis Institute, part of the State University of New York.
McGovern was appointed president of the Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine in 1997, and went on to found the A.T. Still University of Health Sciences and five more graduate schools: the Arizona School of Health Sciences (1999), the School of Health Management (2000), the Arizona School of Dentistry and Oral Health (2001), the School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona (2006), and the Postgraduate School of Osteopathic Clinic Research (2007). A proposal for a Ph.D. program was submitted in December 2007 as part of the last school.
In 2003, he co-authored Your Healer Within: A Unified Field Theory for Healthcare, with his wife, Rene McGovern, an ATSU professor of neurobehavioral sciences. The book’s release coincided with a traveling ATSU exhibit on wellness featured at the Smithsonian Arts and Industries Building in Washington, D.C., and has been translated into several foreign languages.
During his presidency, ATSU increased from 600 to over 3,000 students, approximately quadrupled its endowment and tripled its sponsored research. McGovern oversaw the development of a new campus with several buildings in Mesa, Arizona, an Information Technologies Center in Kirksville, Missouri, and the establishment of an Interdisciplinary Research Committee which led to the institution receiving its first National Institutes of Health research awards. He retired from the presidency of the university in 2008.
He is currently on the Board of the Chandler-Gilbert Community College, chairman of the board of the National Municipal Advisors and president of the National Center for Green Care, a resource and research center for autistic, developmental, and senior cognitive disabilities.
Awards and professional memberships
McGovern has received awards and certificates from organizations including the Virginia Center on Aging, the Virginia Hospital Research and Education Foundation, the University of Chicago Healthcare Institute, Stanford University Management Institute, Northwestern University Executive Management Institute, the Mercy Health Care Foundation, and Illinois Association of Retarded Citizens.
He was a member the New York Academy of Sciences, Virginia Academy of Science, American College of Healthcare Executives, Association of American Medical Colleges, Group on Institutional Planning, College and University Systems Exchange, Healthcare Financial Management Association, and the American Association of University Administrators.
References
Heads of universities and colleges in the United States
Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)
Iona University alumni
New York University alumni
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20J.%20McGovern |
Ruarc mac Brain (died 862) was the fourth of ten Kings of Leinster to be inaugurated and based on Lyons Hill, Ardclough, County Kildare, a member of the Uí Dúnchada, one of three septs of the Uí Dúnlainge dynasty which rotated the kingship of Leinster between 750 and 1050, significant in County Kildare History.
One of two sons of Bran mac Fáeláin to be counted as king, the succession of kings in Leinster is difficult to follow in his time. The king lists have Ruarc succeed his father, and be followed by Lorcán mac Cellaig, and then Túathal mac Máele-Brigte and lastly Muirecán mac Diarmata, who died the year after Ruarc.
In 843 the Annals of Ulster record that Artacán mac Domnaill was "deceitfully killed" by Ruarc mac Brain, but no further identification or titles are given. Likewise in 846, when he fought alongside Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid and was defeated by Tigernach mac Fócartai no titles are given. His obituary in the Annals of Ulster in 862 calls him only "king of Uí Dúnlainge". The Annals of the Four Masters add that he was killed by the Uí Néill, the leadership of which passed in theory from Máel Sechnaill to Áed Findliath that same year at Máel Sechnaill's death, and perhaps in practice rather earlier.
Other entries in the Irish annals conflict with the regular succession shown in the king lists. In 848, when reporting one of the several defeats of Vikings that year, at Sciath Nechtain, near modern Castledermot, County Kildare, the Annals of Ulster say that the Leinstermen were led by Lorcán. In 854 Tuathal is called "king of Uí Dúnlainge" in the notice of his death and Muirecán is "king of Naas" in 863. Byrne suggests that the root of this apparent confusion lay in the fact that the Uí Dúnlainge kings exercised little real authority due to the aggressions of their western neighbour Cerball mac Dúnlainge, King of Osraige. Cerball, while unable to install himself as king of Leinster, was able to prevent any rival king exercising real power there.
References
Kings of Leinster
862 deaths
9th-century Irish monarchs
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruarc%20mac%20Brain |
The Thaler was the currency of the Electorate, later Kingdom of Hanover until 1857. It was identical to the North German thaler except from 1754 to 1834 when it was worth 1/12 a Cologne Mark of fine silver (versus the Conventions standard of 3/40 a Mark). It was subdivided into 36 Mariengroschen, each of 8 Pfennig.
Between 1807 and 1813, the Westphalian thaler (equal to the Hanoverian Thaler) and the Westphalian frank circulated in Hannover.
In 1834, the Thaler was revised in silver content to equal to the Prussian thaler at 1/14 a Cologne Mark. The Thaler was replaced at par in 1857 by the Hanoverian vereinsthaler.
References
Currencies of Germany
Modern obsolete currencies
Hanover
1857 disestablishments in Germany
Coins of the Holy Roman Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoverian%20thaler |
Muiredach mac Brain (died 885) was a King of Leinster of the Uí Dúnchada sept of the Uí Dúnlainge branch of the Laigin. This sept had their royal seat at Líamhain (Lyons Hill, on the Dublin-Kildare border). He was the son of Bran mac Fáeláin (died 838) and brother of Ruarc mac Brain (died 862), previous kings.
There is much confusion in the king lists during this period for Leinster. Francis John Byrne suggests that the root of this apparent confusion lay in the fact that the Uí Dúnlainge kings exercised little real authority due to the aggressions of their western neighbour Cerball mac Dúnlainge (died 888), King of Osraige. Cerball, while unable to install himself as king of Leinster, was able to prevent any rival king exercising real power there. Muiredach himself appears in the annals as leader of Leinster forces and King of Leinster at a time when others were considered to be king.
His first appearance in the annals is in the year 870. In that year, the high king Áed Findliath (died 879) invaded Leinster and overran it. Meanwhile, his ally Cerball mac Dúnlainge (died 888) of Osraige invaded Leinster from the west. He reached Dún Bolg (Dunboyke, modern County Wicklow) where his camp was attacked by the Laigin who were at first successful, but in a counter-attack they were put to flight. Muiredach is named as leader of the Leinster forces and as king. The resistance was enough to prevent the high king from taking the hostages of Leinster.
In 871 the king Ailill mac Dúnlainge was slain by the Vikings of Dublin (the first king to be titled King of Leinster in the Annals of Ulster since 838). The annals then claim that Domnall mac Muirecáin (died 884) became king in 880. In the intervening period, Áed Findliath invaded Leinster in an attempt to impose his authority and he plundered the country and burned churches including Cell Ausili (Killashee, near Naas) in 874. Muiredach retaliated and led a force to attack the lands of the southern Ui Neill in 875. He laid waste the country as far as Sliab Monduirn in Brega.
Domnall died in 884 and Muiredach became definitely king. He is acknowledged King of Leinster at his death notice in 885 in the annals.
Muiredach was also abbot of Kildare where he succeeded his kinsman Cobthach mac Muiredaig in 870. This abbacy had been a virtual monopoly of the Uí Dúnchada sept since 798. Another kinsman, Suibne Ua Fínsnechtai was Bishop of Kildare from 875 to 881.
His son Faelán mac Muiredaig (died 942) was also a King of Leinster.
Notes
References
Annals of Ulster at at University College Cork
Chronicum Scotorum at at University College Cork
Fragmentary Annals of Ireland at CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork
Byrne, Francis John (2001), Irish Kings and High-Kings, Dublin: Four Courts Press,
Ó Corráin, Donnchad (1972), Ireland Before the Normans, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan
Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (2005), A New History of Ireland, Volume One, Oxford: Oxford University Press
External links
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork
Kings of Leinster
9th-century Irish monarchs
885 deaths
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muiredach%20mac%20Brain |
Faelán mac Muiredach (Fáeláin) (died 942) was a King of Leinster in Ireland, from 917 until his death in 942. He was a member of the Uí Dúnchada, a sept of the Uí Dúnlainge dynasty.
Faelan mac Muiredach, was the son of Muiredach mac Brain, who was king of Leinster 884-885. Muiredach was the son of Bran mac Fáeláin, who had been king 834 to 838. They had a family history of Kings of Leinster going back to 495.
References
10th-century kings of Leinster
940 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faelan%20mac%20Muiredach |
Dr Megat Khas bin Megat Omar (8 April 1908 - 21 June 1979). He was born in Istana Talang, Kuala Kangsar, Perak and was a direct descendant of Megat Terawis, the first Bendahara of Perak.
His father was Megat Omar bin Megat Muhammad Ali of Kota Lama Kiri, Kuala Kangsar, Perak.
Having married his first cousin, Puteri Hawa Binti Megat Osman; his uncle Dato' Lela Diraja Megat Osman Bin Megat Muhammad Ali -- who was a member of the Kelantan royal court would also be his father-in-law.
Megat Khas was educated at the Straits and Federated Malay States Government Medical School in Singapore (later renamed King Edward VII College of Medicine)(1925-1931) and soon became the first Malay to obtain Membership to the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 1950.
During his lifetime, he was awarded several orders and decorations. He retired as Perak's State Physician.
He was also active in the St John Ambulance and offered his services within the St John Ambulance for 26 years (1950-1976). He was Commissioner of the St John Ambulance Brigade of West Malaysia. He was Deputy Commander and retired as the Supreme Commander of St John Ambulance, Asia Region.
He died of a heart attack at 71 and is buried at the Muslim Cemetery at Jalan Kuala Kangsar, Gurap, Ipoh, Perak.
Reference:
Faridah Abdul Rashid. Biography of The Early Malay Doctors 1900-1957 Malaya and Singapore. Published in 2012 by Xlibris Corp. USA.
1908 births
1979 deaths
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
People from Kuala Kangsar
United Malays National Organisation politicians
Members of the Dewan Rakyat | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megat%20Khas |
Window Rock High School is a public high school in Fort Defiance, a census-designated place in unincorporated Apache County, Arizona. WRHS is the only high school in the Window Rock Unified School District.
WRUSD, and therefore the high school, serves several unincorporated areas, including Fort Defiance, Oak Springs, St. Michaels, Window Rock, and most of Sawmill.
History
The school district opened by the mid-1950s, with high school students two years later. The first students graduated in 1958 and 1959, and the school was completed in 1960.
A devastating fire burned the school to the ground early in April 1981, causing $5 million in damage. A new school was built later in the decade.
Demographics
Window Rock High School had an enrollment of 728 students on October 1, 2010. 99% of the students are of Navajo ancestry. The school serves students throughout the surrounding area including Fort Defiance, St. Michaels, Sawmill, Hunters Point, Oak Springs, and several others.
Athletics
The school's athletic programs are known as the "Fighting Scouts". It is a member of the Arizona Interscholastic Association's 3A Conference. The basketball program was previously led by Raul Mendoza.
Notable alumni
Ryneldi Becenti, the first Native American to play in the WNBA
Stephanie Yellowhair, Navajo transgender activist
References
External links
Window Rock High School Website
Remembering Window Rock High School
Public high schools in Arizona
Schools in Apache County, Arizona
Education on the Navajo Nation
1950s establishments in Arizona | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window%20Rock%20High%20School |
Lorcán mac Faelán was the seventh of ten Kings of Leinster to be inaugurated and based on Lyons Hill, Ardclough, County Kildare, a member of the Uí Dúnchada, one of three septs of the Uí Dúnlainge dynasty which rotated the kingship of Leinster between 750 and 1050, significant in County Kildare History.
References
People from County Kildare
10th-century kings of Leinster | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorc%C3%A1n%20mac%20F%C3%A1el%C3%A1n |
The Thaler was a currency of the Kingdom of Westphalia between 1807 and 1813. From 1808, it circulated alongside the Frank. The Thaler was equal to those of the preceding states, including the Hannovarian Thaler. It was subdivided into 36 Mariengroschen, each of 8 Pfennig.
1807 establishments in Europe
1813 disestablishments
19th-century economic history
Currencies of Germany
Modern obsolete currencies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphalian%20thaler |
Salience (also called saliency) is that property by which some thing stands out. Salient events are an attentional mechanism by which organisms learn and survive; those organisms can focus their limited perceptual and cognitive resources on the pertinent (that is, salient) subset of the sensory data available to them.
Saliency typically arises from contrasts between items and their neighborhood. They might be represented, for example, by a red dot surrounded by white dots, or by a flickering message indicator of an answering machine, or a loud noise in an otherwise quiet environment. Saliency detection is often studied in the context of the visual system, but similar mechanisms operate in other sensory systems. Just what is salient can be influenced by training: for example, for human subjects particular letters can become salient by training. There can be a sequence of necessary events, each of which has to be salient, in turn, in order for successful training in the sequence; the alternative is a failure, as in an illustrated sequence when tying a bowline; in the list of illustrations, even the first illustration is a salient: the rope in the list must cross over, and not under the bitter end of the rope (which can remain fixed, and not free to move); failure to notice that the first salient has not been satisfied means the knot will fail to hold, even when the remaining salient events have been satisfied.
When attention deployment is driven by salient stimuli, it is considered to be bottom-up, memory-free, and reactive. Conversely, attention can also be guided by top-down, memory-dependent, or anticipatory mechanisms, such as when looking ahead of moving objects or sideways before crossing streets. Humans and other animals have difficulty paying attention to more than one item simultaneously, so they are faced with the challenge of continuously integrating and prioritizing different bottom-up and top-down influences.
Neuroanatomy
The brain component named the hippocampus helps with the assessment of salience and context by using past memories to filter new incoming stimuli, and placing those that are most important into long term memory. The entorhinal cortex is the pathway into and out of the hippocampus, and is an important part of the brain's memory network; research shows that it is a brain region that suffers damage early on in Alzheimer's disease, one of the effects of which is altered (diminished) salience.
The pulvinar nuclei (in the thalamus) modulate physical/perceptual salience in attentional selection.
One group of neurons (i.e., D1-type medium spiny neurons) within the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcc shell) assigns appetitive motivational salience ("want" and "desire", which includes a motivational component), aka incentive salience, to rewarding stimuli, while another group of neurons (i.e., D2-type medium spiny neurons) within the NAcc shell assigns aversive motivational salience to aversive stimuli.
The primary visual cortex (V1) generates a bottom-up saliency map from visual inputs to guide reflexive attentional shifts or gaze shifts. According to V1 Saliency Hypothesis, the saliency of a location is higher when V1 neurons give higher responses to that location relative to V1 neurons' responses to other visual locations. For example, a unique red item among green items, or a unique vertical bar among horizontal bars, is salient since it evokes higher V1 responses and attracts attention or gaze. The V1 neural responses are sent to the superior colliculus to guide gaze shifts to the salient locations. A fingerprint of the saliency map in V1 is that attention or gaze can be captured by the location of an eye-of-origin singleton in visual inputs, e.g., a bar uniquely shown to the left eye in a background of many other bars shown to the right eye, even when observers cannot tell the difference between the singleton and the background bars.
In psychology
The term is widely used in the study of perception and cognition to refer to any aspect of a stimulus that, for any of many reasons, stands out from the rest. Salience may be the result of emotional, motivational or cognitive factors and is not necessarily associated with physical factors such as intensity, clarity or size. Although salience is thought to determine attentional selection, salience associated with physical factors does not necessarily influence selection of a stimulus.
Salience bias
Salience bias (also referred to as perceptual salience) is a cognitive bias that predisposes individuals to focus on or attend to items, information, or stimuli that are more prominent, visible, or emotionally striking. This is as opposed to stimuli that are unremarkable, or less salient, even though this difference is often irrelevant by objective standards. The American Psychological Association (APA) defines the salience hypothesis as a theory regarding perception where “motivationally significant” information is more readily perceived than information with little or less significant motivational importance. Perceptual salience (salience bias) is linked to the vividness effect, whereby a more pronounced response is produced by a more vivid perception of a stimulus than the mere knowledge of the stimulus. Salience bias assumes that more dynamic, conspicuous, or distinctive stimuli engage attention more than less prominent stimuli, disproportionately impacting decision making, it is a bias which favors more salient information.
Application
Cognitive Psychology
Salience bias, like all other cognitive biases, is an applicable concept to various disciplines. For example, cognitive psychology investigates cognitive functions and processes, such as perception, attention, memory, problem solving, and decision making, all of which could be influenced by salience bias. Salience bias acts to combat cognitive overload by focusing attention on prominent stimuli, which affects how individuals perceive the world as other, less vivid stimuli that could add to or change this perception, are ignored. Human attention gravitates towards novel and relevant stimuli and unconsciously filters out less prominent information, demonstrating salience bias, which influences behavior as human behavior is affected by what is attended to. Behavioral economists Tversky and Kahneman also suggest that the retrieval of instances is influenced by their salience, such as how witnessing or experiencing an event first-hand has a greater impact than when it is less salient, like if it were read about, implying that memory is affected by salience.
Language
It is also relevant in language understanding and acquisition. Focusing on more salient phenomena allows people to detect language patterns and dialect variations more easily, making dialect categorization more efficient.
Social Behavior
Furthermore, social behaviors and interactions can also be influenced by perceptual salience. Changes in the perceptual salience of an individual heavily influences their social behavior and subjective experience of their social interactions, confirming a “social salience effect”. Social salience relates to how individuals perceive and respond to other people.
Behavioral Science
The connection between salience bias and other heuristics, like availability and representativeness, links it to the fields of behavioral science and behavioral economics. Salience bias is closely related to the availability heuristic in behavioral economics, based on the influence of information vividness and visibility, such as recency or frequency, on judgements, for example:Humans have bounded rationality, which refers to their limited ability to be rational in decision making, due to a limited capacity to process information and cognitive ability. Heuristics, such as availability, are employed to reduce the complexity of cognitive and social tasks or judgements, in order to decrease the cognitive load that result from bounded rationality. Despite the effectiveness of heuristics in doing so, they are limited by systematic errors that occur, often the result of influencing biases, such as salience. This can lead to misdirected or misinformed judgements, based on an overemphasis or overweighting of certain, more salient information. For example, the irrational behavior of procrastination occurs because costs in the present, like sacrificing free time, are disproportionately salient to future costs, because at that time they are more vivid. The more prominent information is more readily available than the less salient information, and thus has a larger impact on decision making and behavior, resulting in errors in judgement.
Other fields such as philosophy, economics, finance, and political science have also investigated the effects of salience, such as in relation to taxes, where salience bias is applied to real-world behaviors, affecting systems like the economy. The existence of salience bias in humans can make behavior more predictable and this bias can be leveraged to influence behavior, such as through nudges.
Evaluation
Salience bias is one of many explanations for why humans deviate from rational decision making: by being overly focused on or biased to the most visible data and ignoring other potentially important information that could result in a more reasonable judgment. As a concept it is supported in psychological and economic literature, through its relationship with the availability heuristic outlined by Tversky and Kahneman, and its applicability to behaviors relevant to multiple disciplines, such as economics.
Despite this support, salience bias is limited for various reasons, one example being its difficulty in quantifying, operationalizing, and universally defining. Salience is often confused with other terms in literature, for example, one article states that salience, which is defined as a cognitive bias referring to “visibility and prominence”, is often confused with terms like transparency and complexity in public finance literature. This limits salience bias as the confusion negates its importance as an individual term, and therefore the influence it has on tax related behavior. Likewise, the APA definition of salience refers to motivational importance, which is based on subjective judgement, adding to the difficulty. According to psychologist S. Taylor “some people are more salient than others” and these differences can further bias judgements.
Biased judgements have far-reaching consequences, beyond poor decision making, such as overgeneralizing and stereotyping. Studies into solo status or token integration demonstrate this. The token is an individual in a group different to the other members in that social environment, like a female in an all-male workplace. The token is viewed as symbolic of their social group, whereby judgments made about the solo individual predict judgements of their social group, which can result in inaccurate perceptions of that group and potential stereotyping. The distinctiveness of the individual in that environment “fosters a salience bias” and hence predisposes those generalized judgements, positive or negative.
In interaction design
Salience in design draws from the cognitive aspects of attention, and applies it to the making of 2D and 3D objects. When designing computer and screen interfaces, salience helps draw attention to certain objects like buttons and signify affordance, so designers can utilize this aspect of perception to guide users.
There are several variables used to direct attention:
Color. Hue, saturation, and value can all be used to call attention to areas or objects within an interface, and de-emphasize others.
Size. Object size and proportion to surrounding elements creates visual hierarchy, both in interactive elements like buttons, but also within informative elements like text.
Position. An object's orientation or spatial arrangement in relation to the surrounding objects creates differentiation to invite action.
Accessibility
A consideration for salience in interaction design is accessibility. Many interfaces used today rely on visual salience for guiding user interaction, and people with disabilities like color-blindness may have trouble interacting with interfaces using color or contrast to create salience.
Aberrant salience hypothesis of schizophrenia
Kapur (2003) proposed that a hyperdopaminergic state, at a "brain" level of description, leads to an aberrant assignment of salience to the elements of one's experience, at a "mind" level. These aberrant salience attributions have been associated with altered activities in the mesolimbic system, including the striatum, the amygdala, the hippocampus, the parahippocampal gyrus., the anterior cingulate cortex and the insula. Dopamine mediates the conversion of the neural representation of an external stimulus from a neutral bit of information into an attractive or aversive entity, i.e. a salient event. Symptoms of schizophrenia may arise out of 'the aberrant assignment of salience to external objects and internal representations', and antipsychotic medications reduce positive symptoms by attenuating aberrant motivational salience via blockade of the dopamine D2 receptors (Kapur, 2003).
Alternative areas of investigation include supplementary motor areas, frontal eye fields and parietal eye fields. These areas of the brain are involved with calculating predictions and visual salience. Changing expectations on where to look restructures these areas of the brain. This cognitive repatterning can result in some of the symptoms found in such disorders.
Visual saliency modeling
In the domain of psychology, efforts have been made in modeling the mechanism of human attention, including the learning of prioritizing the different bottom-up and top-down influences.
In the domain of computer vision, efforts have been made in modeling the mechanism of human attention, especially the bottom-up attentional mechanism, including both spatial and temporal attention. Such a process is also called visual saliency detection.
Generally speaking, there are two kinds of models to mimic the bottom-up saliency mechanism. One way is based on the spatial contrast analysis: for example, a center-surround mechanism is used to define saliency across scales, which is inspired by the putative neural mechanism. The other way is based on the frequency domain analysis. While they used the amplitude spectrum to assign saliency to rarely occurring magnitudes, Guo et al. use the phase spectrum instead.
Recently, Li et al. introduced a system that uses both the amplitude and the phase information.
A key limitation in many such approaches is their computational complexity leading to less than real-time performance, even on modern computer hardware. Some recent work attempts to overcome these issues at the expense of saliency detection quality under some conditions. Other work suggests that saliency and associated speed-accuracy phenomena may be a fundamental mechanisms determined during recognition through gradient descent, needing not be spatial in nature.
See also
Availability heuristic
Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
Latent inhibition
Schizophrenia
Schizotypy
Spatial attention
Temporal attention
References
External links
iLab at the University of Southern California
Scholarpedia article on visual saliency by Prof. Laurent Itti
Saliency map at Scholarpedia
Cognitive neuroscience
Neuropsychology
Attention
Computer vision | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salience%20%28neuroscience%29 |
Moore v. Regents of the University of California was a landmark Supreme Court of California decision. Filed on July 9, 1990, it dealt with the issue of property rights to one's own cells taken in samples by doctors or researchers.
In 1976, John Moore was treated for hairy cell leukemia by physician David Golde, a cancer researcher at the UCLA Medical Center. Moore's cancer cells were later developed into a cell line that was commercialized by Golde and UCLA. The California Supreme Court ruled that a hospital patient's discarded blood and tissue samples are not his personal property and that individuals do not have rights to a share in the profits earned from commercial products or research derived from their cells. Following this decision, most U.S. courts have ruled against family members who sue researchers and universities over the "improper commercialization" of their dead family member's body parts.
Background
John Moore first visited UCLA Medical Center on October 5, 1976, after he was diagnosed with hairy cell leukemia. Physician and cancer researcher David Golde took samples of Moore's blood, bone marrow, and other bodily fluids to confirm the diagnosis and recommended a splenectomy because of the potentially fatal amount of swelling in Moore's spleen. Moore signed a written consent form, authorizing the procedure. It said the hospital could "dispose of any severed tissue or member by cremation", and his spleen was removed by surgeons, who were not named as defendants, at UCLA Medical Center.
Moore's blood profile returned to normal after only a few days, and further examination of his spleen led Golde to discover that Moore's blood cells were unique in that they produced a protein that stimulated the growth of white blood cells, which help to protect the body from infections.
Moore moved to Seattle, Washington, after his surgery and returned to the UCLA Medical Center for follow-up visits with Golde several times, between 1976 and 1983. After a few years of traveling back to Los Angeles to see Golde and to have samples taken of bone marrow, blood, and semen, Moore asked about transferring his care to a doctor closer to home. In response, Golde offered to cover the expense of Moore's airfare and accommodations in Los Angeles, and Moore agreed to continue.
In 1983, Moore became suspicious about a new consent form he was asked to sign that said, "I (do, do not) voluntarily grant to the University of California all rights I, or my heirs, may have in any cell line or any other potential product which might be developed from the blood and/or bone marrow obtained from me". Moore initially signed the consent but refused at later visits and eventually gave the form to an attorney, who then discovered a patent on Moore's cell line, dubbed "Mo", which had been issued to the regents of UCLA in 1984. It named Golde and his research assistant as the inventors. Under an agreement with Genetics Institute, Golde became a paid consultant and acquired the rights to 75,000 shares of common stock in the patent. Genetics Institute also agreed to pay Golde and the regents at least $330,000 over three years, in exchange for exclusive access to the materials and research performed on the cell line and products derived from it.
Lawsuit
After learning of the patent, Moore filed a lawsuit for a share in the potential profits from products or research that had been derived from his cell line, without his knowledge or consent. Moore's lawsuit alleged that Golde had been aware of the potential for financial benefit when medical consent was obtained, but he had concealed that from Moore. The claim was rejected by the Los Angeles Superior Court, but in 1988, the California Court of Appeal ruled that blood and tissue samples were one's own personal property and that patients could have a right to share in profits derived from them.
According to the Los Angeles Times, "Moore later negotiated what he called a 'token' settlement with UCLA that covered his legal fees based on the fact that he wasn't informed and hadn't agreed to the research."
Issue
Moore brought suit against defendants Dr. David W. Golde, a physician who attended Moore at UCLA Medical Center; the Regents of the University of California, who own and operate the university; Shirley G. Quan, a researcher employed by the Regents; Genetics Institute, Inc.; and Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation and related entities.
Decision
The court found that Moore had no property rights to his discarded cells or to any profits made from them. However, the research physician had an obligation to reveal his financial interest in the materials that were harvested from Moore, who could thus bring a claim for any injury that he sustained by the physician's failure to disclose his interests.
The opinion, written by Justice Edward Panelli, was joined by three of the seven judges of the Supreme Court of California.
The majority opinion first looked at Moore's claim of property interests under existing law. The court first rejected the argument that a person has an absolute right to the unique products of their body, as his products were not unique, as the cells are "no more unique to Moore than the number of vertebrae in the spine or the chemical formula of hemoglobin".
The court then rejected the argument that his spleen should be protected as property to protect Moore's privacy and dignity. The court held that his interests were already protected by informed consent and decided that since laws required the destruction of human organs as some indication, the legislature had intended to prevent patients from possessing their extracted organs. Finally, the property at issue may not have been Moore's cells but the cell line created from his cells.
The court then looked at the policy behind having Moore's cells considered property. Because conversion of property is a strict liability tort, the court feared that extending property rights to include organs would have a chilling effect on medical research. Laboratories doing research receive a large volume of medical samples and cannot be expected to know or discover whether somewhere down the line their samples were illegally converted. Furthermore, Moore's interest in his bodily integrity and privacy are protected by the requirement of informed consent, which must also inform about economic interests.
Justice Arabian wrote a concurring opinion, stating that the deep philosophical, moral and religious issues presented by the case could not be decided by the court.
Justice Broussard concurred in part and dissented in part.
Justice Mosk dissented, stating that Moore could have been denied some property rights and given others. At the very least, Moore had the "right to do with his own tissue what the defendants did with it". That is, as soon as the tissue was removed, Moore had at least the right to choose to sell it to a laboratory or to have it destroyed. Thus, there would be no necessity to hold labs strictly liable for conversion when property rights could be broken up, to allow Moore to extract a significant portion of the economic value created by his tissue. Furthermore, to prove damages from informed consent, Moore would have to have proved that if he were properly informed, neither he, nor a reasonable person would have consented to the procedure. Thus, Moore's chances of proving damages through informed consent were slim. Also, he could not consent to the procedure but reserve the right to sell his organs. Finally, Moore could sue only his doctor, nobody else, for failing to adequately inform him. Thus, he was unlikely to win, could not extract the economic value of his tissue even if he had refused consent, and could not sue the parties that might be exploiting him.
Aftermath
Moore's cancer went into remission from 1976 to 1996 following the removal of his spleen. He died from the cancer in October 2001.
The Michael Crichton book Next, while specifically mentioning the case, extrapolates its possible legal ramifications with a patient, called Frank Burnet. Further, the 2010 book The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot and 2017 movie The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks (film) discuss this case and its precedent with regards to the Lacks Family.
See also
HeLa
References
Sources
External links
Full text opinion in HTML format - courtesy of California Continuing Education of the Bar
Full text opinion in PDF format (archived)
Case brief by LexisNexis
Supreme Court of California case law
Bioethics
1990 in United States case law
University of California litigation
1990 in California
United States property case law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%20v.%20Regents%20of%20the%20University%20of%20California |
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