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Cellach mac Faelan was the eighth of ten Kings of Leinster to be inaugurated and based on Lyons Hill, Ardclough, County Kildare, a member of the Uí Dúnchada, one of three septs of the Uí Dúnlainge dynasty which rotated the kingship of Leinster between 750 and 1050, significant in County Kildare History.
References
Ui Fiachrach
10th-century kings of Leinster | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellach%20mac%20Faelan |
Dartmouth Cancer Center (DCC) is a comprehensive cancer research center as designated by the National Cancer Institute. It is located at Dartmouth College and the Geisel School of Medicine in Hanover, New Hampshire. Its administrative offices are located within the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center in Lebanon, New Hampshire.
Patient-centered cancer care is provided at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. Dartmouth-Hitchcock regional locations are in Manchester, Keene, St. Johnsbury, and 11 partner hospitals throughout New Hampshire and Vermont.
History
Dartmouth Cancer Center (DCC) was founded in 1972 as the Norris Cotton Cancer Center. It was designated as a Clinical Cancer Center by the National Cancer Institute in 1978 and as a Comprehensive Cancer Center in 1980. As of 2021, DCC was one of 51 NCI-Designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers in the United States, and one of three in New England.
DCC was originally named after Norris Cotton, who served New Hampshire in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1954 and in the U.S. Senate from 1954 to 1975 and secured federal funding through the National Cancer Act of 1971, which led to the Cancer Center's establishment. Norris Cotton Cancer Center was renamed Dartmouth Cancer Center in 2022 after a multi-million dollar rebranding effort by its parent institution, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Health, which itself was renamed "Dartmouth Health."
Mission
The mission of Dartmouth Cancer Center (DCC) is to understand the causes of cancer, to translate new knowledge into better treatment, to provide effective and compassionate clinical care that improves the lives of cancer patients and families, and to educate communities about effective choices to prevent cancer.
DCC provides access to research-based care, advanced technologies, and clinical trials for patients.
Cancer care
Cancer specialists at Dartmouth Cancer Center (DCC) treat patients with all types of cancer, using technologies in diagnostics and imaging; medical, radiation, and surgical oncology; bone marrow transplantation; and immunotherapy.
DCC has 25 separate programs for treating different cancers. These include:
Blood & Marrow Transplantation Program
Breast Cancer Program
Endocrine Tumors Program
Esophageal Cancer Program
Familial Cancer Program
Gastrointestinal & Pancreatic Cancer Program
Gynecologic Cancer Program
Head & Neck Cancer Program
Hematology / Oncology Program
Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center
Leukemia Program
Liver Tumor Clinic
Lung / Esophageal / Thoracic Cancer Program
Lymphoma Program
Melanoma / Skin Cancer Program
Neuro-Oncology Program
Pancreatic Cancer Program
Pediatric Cancer Program
Prostate & Genitourinary Cancer Programs
Radiation Oncology Program
Rehabilitation Medicine
Skin Cancer Program
Surgical Oncology Program
Thoracic Cancer Program
Thrombosis Program
DCC has in-treatment and patient follow-up programs, including:
Palliative Care
Patient & Family Support Services
Shared Decision Making
Survivorship
Research
Member investigators at Dartmouth Cancer Center advance cancer science in six program areas:
Cancer Control
Cancer Mechanisms
Epidemiology and Chemoprevention
Imaging and Radiobiology
Immunology and Immunotherapy
Molecular Therapeutics
Research projects, with funding of more than $68 million per year, are ongoing at the center.
Research collaborations draw on faculty at Dartmouth College and its professional schools: the Geisel School of Medicine, Thayer School of Engineering, and Tuck School of Business. The center's researchers also collaborate with partner-researchers at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst and the University of Vermont. In partnership with The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, DCC is developing cancer registries in breast and colon cancer, and is shaping new work in health services, outcomes, and comparative effectiveness research.
Physicians and scientists at DCC collaborate to speed the translation of research advances into novel treatments for cancer patients through interdisciplinary clinical programs.
Community outreach
Research on behavioral risk factors such as smoking, obesity, sun exposure, and environmental risk factors such as arsenic, is translated at DCC into community education and prevention programs targeted to the region’s underserved, rural populations. DCC's "Kick Cancer" and "SunSafe" programs deliver cancer-prevention education to youth populations as well as adults throughout New Hampshire and Vermont.
DCC has developed several approaches to delivering advanced cancer care and technologies to patients throughout its rural region, including web and computer-based surveys to enable patients to provide important medical and psychosocial input to their care team, and interdisciplinary clinics to coordinate visits to several providers in a single day, allowing patients to meet with the specialists who together will design their personalized treatment plan.
Support
DCC is supported, in part, by the Friends of Norris Cotton Cancer Center, a Section 501(c)(3) tax-exempt corporation. The Friends sponsor and partner with several fundraising events annually, culminating in the annual Prouty and Prouty Ultimate, a series of events in which runners, walkers, cyclists, and rowers contribute to the Friends through distance sponsorships. In 2010, the Prouty events raised more than $2.3 million for DCC and involved more than 4,500 participants and 1,000 volunteers; a record number of participating sponsors, more than 23,000, contributed financial support. The Prouty is the largest charity fundraising event in northern New England. Since the Prouty’s founding in 1982, the events have raised more than $12 million.
Total annual philanthropic support for DCC exceeds $10 million.
References
External links
Dartmouth College
Dartmouth Medical School
National Cancer Institute
Dartmouth College facilities
Cancer organizations based in the United States
Medical research institutes in the United States
NCI-designated cancer centers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth%20Cancer%20Center |
The Westphalian frank was a currency of the Kingdom of Westphalia between 1808 and 1813. It circulated alongside the Thaler, was equal to the French franc, and was subdivided into 100 Centimen.
The currency was dissolved upon being recaptured by Prussian forces and its allies in the Napoleonic Wars in 1813.
Currencies of Germany
1808 establishments in Europe
1813 disestablishments in Europe
1800s in Germany
1810s in Germany
19th-century economic history | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphalian%20frank |
Domnall mac Lorcáin (died 984), called Dómnall Claen or Domnall Clóen (Domnall the Squinting), was king of Leinster, the south-eastern province of Ireland.
Domnall was a son of Lorcán mac Fáelán and belonged to the Uí Dúnchada branch of the Uí Dúnlainge dynasty which dominated Leinster from the 8th to the early 11th century. Domnall became king in 978 following the death of Úgaire mac Túathail of the Uí Muiredaig branch of the dynasty in battle at Belan, in modern County Kildare, fighting against the Norse-Gaels of Dublin. Domnall had earlier come to the attention of the Irish annals when, in 972, he had murdered the then-king of Leinster, Murchad mac Finn of the third, Uí Fháeláin, branch of Uí Dúnlainge. The killing had been done "deceitfully" according to the Annals of Ulster.
In 979, Domnall was captured in unknown circumstances by the Dubliners. Hudson suggests that this may have been in the nature of a personal vendetta by the Dublin king, Amlaíb Cuarán, son-in-law of that Murchad mac Finn killed by Domnall in 972. He was freed in 980 following the defeat of the Dubliners by Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, the High King of Ireland.
Three years later Domnall was allied with Ivar of Waterford against Máel Sechnaill and the new king of Dublin, Máel Sechnaill's half-brother Glúniairn. Domnall and Ivar were routed in battle and Máel Sechnaill ravaged Leinster.
The following year, 984, Domnall was killed by the Uí Cheinnselaig of southern Leinster, Uí Dúnlainge's chief rivals within the province. The Annals of Tigernach add that Áed son of Echtigern was responsible. Domnall was succeeded as king of Leinster by a son, Donnchad.
Notes
References
10th-century births
10th-century deaths
984 deaths
10th-century kings of Leinster | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domnall%20Claen |
The Honda CL450 was the dual sport or "scrambler" model of Honda's DOHC parallel-twin engined motorcycle. It was the sister bike to the Honda CB450; the differences between the models were mostly cosmetic, with the CL450 having off-road-style high-level exhaust pipes and braced handlebars, for instance.
History
Initially available in kit form for the 1967 CB450, it was officially released in 1968 as the CL450K1 "Scrambler" in silver, candy red and candy blue colors (only the tank and air filter covers were painted). This year also saw the addition of a 5-speed gearbox, an upgrade from the older 4-speed.
The CL450 remained much the same through 1974, though diverged further from its sister bike as time went on. While the CB450 went to a front disc brake in 1970, Honda decided to keep the CL450 with its two drum brakes. Disc brakes were fairly new technology on motorcycles, and unproven in off-road riding. The CB450 was replaced in 1975 when Honda increased the displacement of the engine and renamed it the CB500.
The bike remains popular today among enthusiasts, and many are still in use in flat track racing or have been modified into cafe racers.
Design
The CL450's horsepower rating was 43hp at 9,650 RPM off the crank, nearly 100hp per liter. Top speed could be seen as high as 96 mph (154 km/h) in stock trim with a well tuned carburetor. If highway speeds are more desirable, the CB450's gearing can be used to offer more relaxed cruising at higher velocities. Vibration was a complaint, so Honda added rubber mounted handle bars to overcome this to a degree. The CL450 wasn't nearly as mass-produced as the smaller 350–360cc versions.
CL450
Dual-sport motorcycles
Motorcycles introduced in 1968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20CL450 |
Ruth Harriet Louise (born Ruth Goldstein; January 13, 1903 – October 12, 1940) was an American photographer. She was the first woman photographer active in Hollywood, and she ran Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's portrait studio from 1925 to 1930.
Early life and career
Ruth Harriet Louise was born Ruth Goldstein in New York City and raised in New Brunswick, New Jersey. She was the daughter of Klara Jacobson Sandrich Goldstein, who was born in Rajec, Hungary (present-day Slovakia) and Jacob Goldstein, who was a rabbi originally from England. Her brother was director Mark Sandrich, and she was a cousin of silent film actress Carmel Myers.
Louise began working as a portrait photographer in 1922, working out of a music store down the block from the New Brunswick temple at which her father was a rabbi. Most of her photographs from this period are of family members and members of her father's temple congregation.
In 1925, she moved to Los Angeles and set up a small photo studio on Hollywood and Vine. Louise's first published Hollywood photo was of Vilma Banky in costume for Dark Angel, and appeared in Photoplay magazine in September 1925.
When Louise was hired by MGM as chief portrait photographer, she was twenty-two years old, and the only woman working as a portrait photographer for the Hollywood studios. In a career that lasted only five years, Louise photographed all the stars, contract players, and many of the hopefuls who passed through the studio's front gates, including Greta Garbo (Louise was one of only seven photographers permitted to make portraits of her), Lon Chaney, John Gilbert, Joan Crawford, Marion Davies, Anna May Wong, Nina Mae McKinney, and Norma Shearer. It is estimated she took more than 100,000 photos during her tenure at MGM. Today she is considered an equal with George Hurrell Sr. and other renowned glamour photographers of the era.
In addition to paying close attention to costume and setting for studio photographs, Louise also incorporated aspects of modernist movements such as Cubism, futurism, and German expressionism into her studio portraits.
Although during this time photographers would not get full recognition of their work, Ruth would stamp the back of each photograph that was printed with her full name. A female photographer in a highly dominated male industry, she made sure that her work was acknowledged.
Personal life and death
Louise married writer and director Leigh Jason in 1927 at Temple B'nai B'rith, with William Wyler as Jason's best man. Although in 1930 her contract with MGM was not renewed and the position of chief portrait photographer went to George Hurrell, Louise continued working through 1932, and her last recorded photo session was with actress Anna Sten.
In 1932, she gave birth to a son, Leigh Jason Jr., who died in 1938 of leukemia when he was six years old. In 1938, her occupation was listed as "housewife" and she was registered as a Democrat. She died, along with her second son, in 1940 of complications from childbirth, and she was buried with her sons at Home of Peace Cemetery.
Further reading
Dance, R.; Robertson, B.: Ruth Harriet Louise and Hollywood Glamour Photography, Univ. of California Press 2002; .
Kobal, John. Hollywood Glamor Portraits: 145 Photos of Stars, 1926-1949. Courier Corporation, 1976. .
Vieira, Mark A. George Hurrell's Hollywood: Glamour Portraits 1925-1992. Running Press, 2013. .
Notes
External links
The Ruth Harriet Louise Collection
Ruth Harriet Louise on Flickr.
Greta Garbo and Louise: When they met...
Greta Garbo photographs by Ruth Harriet Louise.
1903 births
1940 deaths
American portrait photographers
Photographers from Los Angeles
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American photographers
Deaths in childbirth
20th-century American women photographers
California Democrats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth%20Harriet%20Louise |
Tebey Solomon Ottoh (born October 14, 1983), known mononymously as Tebey, is a Canadian-American country music singer and multi-genre songwriter. His debut single, "We Shook Hands (Man to Man)", hit 47 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts and remains his only American chart hit. He has composed several singles for other artists, in addition to releasing music of his own. Tebey has landed seven songs in the top ten of the Canada Country airplay chart, including the number one hit "Who's Gonna Love You" in 2018.
Early life
He started singing in church at the age of five and then began to sing at local events. In 1990 and again in 1994, he won the 14-and-under male division of the Canadian Open Country Singing Contest, and in 1996 and 1998, the 18-and-under male division. At 15, he signed a development deal with a major Nashville record label and moved to that city with his father, a Nigerian-born electronics engineer, with his mother and siblings staying back at their family home in Burlington, Ontario.
After three years, he and his father returned to Burlington. Ottoh was a high school football player at Assumption Catholic High School. But his Nashville career took a belated turn as Ottoh was signed to BNA Records as a singer and Warner Chappell Music as a staff songwriter in 2000. Soon after, he signed fellow Canadian Bruce Allen as his manager.
Career
In 2002 and 2003, his performance of "We Shook Hands (Man to Man)" became a charted country radio hit in the United States and Canada. Tebey was the subject of a segment on CBC Radio's Sounds Like Canada, and nominated for a 2004 Canadian Radio Music Award for Best New Group or Solo Artist (Country), against Damian Marshall, Deric Ruttan, Heather Dawn and Jason Blaine.
Returning to Canada, Tebey became a professional songwriter in popular music outside of country. Artists for whom he has written include Sony BMG recording artist Rex Goudie (including co-writing the No. 1 Hot AC single "Run"), Shawn Desman (including co-writing his No. 1 pop/r&b single "Let's Go"), 2006 Canadian Idol winner Melissa O'Neil, Open Road/Universal country Tara Oram and On Ramp/EMI artist Brad Johner. Tebey also has a co-penned song on Big & Rich's million selling album Between Raising Hell and Amazing Grace" platinum.
As a country music artist Tebey has had several hit singles in Canada. His songs "Somewhere In The Country" and "Till It's Gone" were Top 10 radio hits in 2012 and 2013 respectively. In 2014, Tebey's country cover of Avicii's "Wake Me Up" reached No. 5 on the Canadian country music radio airplay chart and has sold in excess of 40,000 copies, being certified Canadian Gold. In 2014 Tebey signed a record deal with Road Angel Entertainment, a sub label of the parent company, Warner Music Canada. In February 2018 Tebey released the first single "Denim on Denim" off his EP Love a Girl.
In 2019, Tebey launched his own record label, Jayward Artist Group, with management executive Jill Snell. He signed himself and Quebecois country artist Matt Lang to the new label. His third album The Good Ones was released on the new label in January 2021. It includes the singles "Good Jeans", "Happened on a Saturday Night", "Shotgun Rider", "Song of the Summer", and the title track "The Good Ones", a duet with pop artist Marie-Mai.
In 2022, Tebey released "What Was I Drinking", the lead single off an upcoming album originally slated for a fall 2022 release titled Tulum''. As of October 2023, no album release has materialized.
Songwriting
Currently signed to BMG Music Publishing in Los Angeles, Tebey has seen his songs recorded by various artists in both the country and pop music genres. Notable pop artists to have recorded his songs include One Direction, Flo Rida, Fifth Harmony, Cher & The Veronicas. On April 16, 2017, Tebey scored his first Billboard Country No. 1 as a songwriter when his song "Somebody Else Will" became Justin Moore's eighth No. 1 song. He scored his first Canada Country No. 1 as a songwriter with Gord Bamford's "Dive Bar" in 2018.
In 2007, Tebey signed a worldwide co-publishing deal with Ole Media Management. He subsequently then moved to Nashville, Tennessee where he currently resides. In 2008, Tebey has found himself traveling quite frequently to Stockholm Sweden, and Los Angeles to write for projects outside of the country music genre. His recent co-writers include production team The Runners, Francci Richard, Location Songs, Kristian Lundin, and Lonny Bereal.
In 2009, Tebey co-wrote the Teairra Mari single featuring Flo Rida called "Cause A Scene". The music video was shot in Las Vegas on April 7. The album was released by Fo'Reel Ent/Warner Bros that summer. On September 11, 2011, Tebey scored his first-ever UK No. 1 single as a songwriter when his song "All About Tonight", recorded by Pixie Lott (Mercury Records), debuted at No. 1 with over 88,000 copies sold. On September 18, the song also topped the official UK Radio Airplay Chart, surpassing Maroon 5's "Moves Like Jagger".
The song was also nominated for Single of The Year at the 2012 Brit Awards.
In 2012, Tebey wrote and co-produced the One Direction songs "They Don't Know About Us" and "Loved You First" from their second album, "Take Me Home".
Discography
Studio albums
Extended plays
Singles
Christmas singles
Music videos
Awards and nominations
Notes
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
Canadian country singer-songwriters
21st-century Black Canadian male singers
Musicians from Peterborough, Ontario
Canadian male singer-songwriters
Canadian people of Nigerian descent
21st-century Canadian singer-songwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebey |
Donnchad mac Dómnaill Clóen was the tenth and last King of Leinster to be inaugurated and based on Lyons Hill, Ardclough, County Kildare. He was a member of the Uí Dúnchada, one of three septs of the Uí Dúnlainge dynasty which rotated the kingship of Leinster between 750 - 1050 and is a significant figure in County Kildare History. He was deposed in 1003. Máel Mórda mac Murchada of the Uí Fáeláin sept replaced him as king.
Primary Source
According to the Annals of Tigernach, in the year 999AD:
T999.1 Donnchadh son of Domhnall Claon, king of Leinster, was captured by Sitric son of Olaf.
11th-century deaths
10th-century kings of Leinster
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnchad%20mac%20Domnall%20Claen |
Tzrifin () is an area in Gush Dan (Dan Region) in central Israel, located on the eastern side of Rishon LeZion and including parts of Be'er Ya'akov. The area proper is defined as an 'area without jurisdiction' between the two cities.
Nearly the entire area of Tzrifin proper was taken up by the central Israel Defense Forces (IDF) base, Camp Yigael Yadin (a.k.a. Camp Tzrifin, Camp 782), with which it is synonymous, even though the base also spills into Rishon LeZion and Be'er Ya'akov. Camp Yadin contains a multitude of training bases, as well as Prison Four, the largest Israeli military prison.
In late 2010s it was decided to vacate the area, move its bases to Camp Ariel Sharon and repurpose the land for residential development.
History
During the 18th and 19th centuries, the area of Tzrifin belonged to the Nahiyeh (sub-district) of Lod that encompassed the area of the present-day city of Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut in the south to the present-day city of El'ad in the north, and from the foothills in the east, through the Lod Valley to the outskirts of Jaffa in the west. This area was home to thousands of inhabitants in about 20 villages, who had at their disposal tens of thousands of hectares of prime agricultural land.
Tzrifin was founded in 1917, during World War I, as a British base named Sarafand or Sarafend, after the nearby Arab village Sarafand al-Amar. Sarafand was a central British base in a strategic location situated nearby the important railway junction at Lydda (Lod) – which was accessible from the base via a spur off of the Jaffa–Lydda–Jerusalem railway. The Transjordan Frontier Force (TJFF) was established at Sarafand on 1 April 1926 with a cadre drawn from the Arab Legion. The TJFF subsequently moved to Zerqa in October 1926. During World War II, the Jewish Brigade was formed in Tzrifin.
Starting in the 1930s, next to the military camp there was a concentration camp for Arab and Jewish Palestinian convicts in administrative detention, and for Jewish illegal immigrants.
On 14 May 1948, the day of the Israeli declaration of independence, British forces vacated Sarafand. False rumours suggested the British sold the base to the Arabs, but only Arab residents of nearby villages, some of whom worked in the base, entered the base for looting. The adjacent Arab village Sarafand al-'Amr was depopulated on 15 May. After a two-day battle, between the 18th and 19 May, the base was captured by the Jewish forces from the Givati Brigade. The place was named Tzrifin after a historical city with that name located in the area and mentioned in the Talmud.
As the years passed, Rishon LeZion expanded to the east, eventually reaching the fence line of Camp Yadin. As a result, the IDF decided to vacate Tzrifin and sell its land to private residential developers due to the high land value. By the early 2020s the IDF is expected to vacate all of its installations from Tzrifin, with most of their functions being relocated to new bases to Camp Ariel Sharon in the Negev desert, Southern Israel. In 2019 the central part of the camp was demolished to give way for 1,100 new apartments for Rishon LeZion.
Location and geography
Tzrifin is located between Rishon LeZion on the west, and Be'er Ya'akov on all 3 other sides. It is above sea level and from the Mediterranean seashore. The base in it has three main entrances—Jaffa Gate, Jerusalem Gate and Rishon LeZion Gate, all of which are located within the municipalities, and not within Tzrifin proper.
The Jaffa Gate links a street within the base to Road 44 (Tzrifin Junction). At this location, there are a number of fast food restaurants and a pedestrian bridge which connects the base to the bus terminal on the other side of the road. The Assaf HaRofeh Medical Center is located near the Jaffa Gate.
The Jerusalem Gate links the base to Tzahal Road (Road 4313) in Be'er Ya'akov, which ultimately connects to Road 44 at the Nir Tzvi Junction in the Emek Lod Regional Council. The Rishon LeZion gate is located deep within Rishon LeZion and connects Rishon's Jerusalem Street with the base.
Bases
As with many other IDF bases, Camp Yadin is a container base for many smaller ones. The following is a list of bases within Camp Yadin.
Training bases
Bahad 6 – the school for logistics
Bahad 7 – the school for telecommunications and computers - technically located outside Camp Yadin
Bahad 10 – the school for medical professions
Bahad 11 – the Human Resources Directorate training base (Adjutant Corps, General Corps)
Bahad 12 – the school for command, belonging to the GOC Army Headquarters (now closed)
Bahad 16 – the school for extraction and rescue
Bahad 20 – the school for the Ordnance Corps
The school for military law and the disciplinary court department
The school for governing
Other bases (partial links)
108th Air Force Unit and Erez Workshop
Military Police Corps area, including Prison Four (Unit 394), Yamlat 8225, CID Dan and Yamar Center
Lotem telecommunications unit (Unit 818)
779th Military Rabbinate Unit (Beth din)
542nd Medical Corps Unit
Anti-WMD Base B
276th Anti-WMD Center
Military court for off-duty days
Food supply center (Units 6100, 6110 and 6120)
562nd and 564th building and maintenance units
Combat Equipment and Spare Parts Center (Matzlah) (Unit 6800)
Hoshen Center (Unit 868)
Maintenance and Rehabilitation Center (Unit 7000)
791st Workshop
Non-military use
During the 1950s, a Ma'abara was located on the lands of Tzrifin, the residents of which eventually moved out to the nearby towns, especially Lod.
Currently, several non-military installations are located in the Tzrifin area:
Assaf HaRofeh Medical Center, which provides care for both military and civilian patients
Shmuel HaRofe Geriatric Hospital
Warehouses belonging to the Jewish Agency for Israel
Various industrial complexes
Military evacuation and civilian development
The Israel Defense Forces is slated to move most bases in Tzrifin in 2013–2014 to the new City of Training Bases being built south of Beersheba. The area of the base will open to civilian development, and will be divided between the municipalities of Rishon LeZion and Be'er Ya'akov. Most of the area, 840 dunams (0.84 km2), will go Rishon LeZion, and much of it will be zoned for commercial development. This will including an industrial zone for medical development, next to the Asaf HaRofe Hospital. Be'er Ya'akov will get 560 dunams (0.56 km2) mostly for residential development.
Archaeology
An archaeological excavation was conducted at Khirbet Tzrifin in 2010 by Ron Toueg on behalf of Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA).
References
Military installations of Israel
Geography of Central District (Israel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzrifin |
The Navajo song ceremonial complex is a spiritual practice used by certain Navajo ceremonial people to restore and maintain balance and harmony in the lives of the people. One half of the ceremonial complex is the Blessing Way, while the other half is the Enemy Way ().
The Blessing Way
The rites and prayers in the Blessing Way are concerned with healing, creation, harmony and peace. The song cycles recount the elaborate Navajo creation story ().
One of the most important Blessing Way rites is the Kinaaldá ceremony, in which a young girl makes the transition to womanhood upon her menarche. During the course of the ceremony, the girl enacts the part of Changing Woman (), the powerful spirit woman responsible for fertility entering the world. The Kinaaldá ceremony includes the girl demonstrating endurance by ritualised running, each dawn over a period of several days, as well as a hair-combing ritual and the baking of a large corn cake.
Overview of Kinaalda Ceremony
The Navajo people see a young girl's first menstruation as a time of joy and happiness. It is also the start of becoming a woman. It is imperative that this ceremony be done correctly because it sets the tone for the rest of her life. It is also important that the ceremony involves family and community. The purpose of the Kinaalda ceremony is to ensure that the child transitioning into womanhood will be prepared to take on the social roles and expectations of a Navajo woman, not only in strength and endurance, but also with a generous and kind tendencies. This ceremony lasts for four nights and five days and occurs as close as possible to when a child experiences her first menstruation. During this ceremony, the initiate will have an adult female mentor, known as the Ideal Woman, who is a prime example of someone who follows the Navajo ceremonies and also resembles characteristics of the Changing Woman. This ceremony involves five steps: molding into Changing Woman, running, hair washing, painting, and the making of the corn cake.
Molding into Changing Woman
Changing Woman is a Navajo deity who embodies all of the ideals of a Navajo woman. The girl partaking in the ceremony is molded by her mentor, the Ideal Woman, who is chosen by the family and represents the qualities of Changing Woman and an ideal Navajo woman. Ideal woman molds the initiate so that she can represent Changing Woman and all of her ideal qualities. During the Kinaalda ceremony, the initiate's body is thought to be as soft as it was at birth, so it is able to be easily manipulated and molded. The child lies on a blanket or sheepskin while her sponsor massages her body, molding it so it can possess not only the physical qualities of Changing Woman, but the psychological qualities as well. This is important because Changing Woman is regarded as the supreme mother who possesses ideal characteristics such as kindness and being nurturing, and also ideal physical characteristics such as good posture, strength, and physical beauty.
Running
The initiate must run two to three times a day for each day of the ceremony to prepare her for a challenging life and to make her stronger. She must complete these daily runs towards the east at dawn, noon, and sunset. The purpose of the runs is to make her more powerful, energetic, and diligent, and to help improve her lifespan. The arduous runs are also meant to prepare the initiate for the hardships of life.
Hair Washing
During this portion of the ceremony, the girl's hair is washed with a yucca plant and ceremonial Navajo basket. The initiate's jewelry is also washed during this process. Both the hair washing and jewelry washing constitute purification procedures. Her mother is given the rinse water to pour out near their home so that the initiate will always be connected to where she came from.
Face Painting
The initiate is painted with white clay, or ashes from the bark of an Aspen tree, by Ideal Woman so her height can be increased and she can have minimal signs of aging. Her cheeks and forehead are painted in hopes for smooth and wrinkle-free skin. Surrounding members taking part in the ceremony may also be painted to bring them blessings.
Making of the Corn Cake
One of the most important tasks during the Kinaalda ceremony is the making of the corn cake, which represents Changing Woman, fertility, and life. Corn is ground to prepare for the baking of the corn cake which is baked during the fourth night of the ceremony. This cake is regarded as an offering to the sun, and four pinches of the cake are buried as an offering to the earth. Grinding the corn and mixing the corn cake symbolize the girl's endurance, motivation, and potential positive effects. While the initiate herself is not allowed to eat the cake because it represents her fertility, she serves it to those in attendance of the ceremony to show thanks and generosity.
The Enemy Way
The Enemy Way () is a traditional ceremony for countering the harmful effects of ghosts (), and has been performed for returning military personnel. More generally, “the formal intention of the Enemy Way is to lay the ghost of an outsider: that of a white man or of some other non-Navaho such as a European, and Asiatic, or a member of some other Indian tribe”. A form of treatment called blackening or the blackening rite is performed to determine if the Enemy Way ceremony will be successful in treating the patient. As a result of blackening, the patient embodies the Monster Slayer. The Enemy Way ceremony is carried out if the patient shows improvement after blackening.
The Enemy Way ceremony involves song, sandpainting, dance, and the powerful mythical figure Monster Slayer. The ceremony lasts for several days and includes the enacting of a battle.
Associated with the Enemy Way is a Girl's Dance, to which young men are invited by marriageable young women. This derives from an aspect of the Monster Slayer myth, in which two captive girls are liberated.
See also
Jeff King (Navajo)
References
Ceremonies
Native American religion
Navajo culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo%20song%20ceremonial%20complex |
A koilocyte is a squamous epithelial cell that has undergone a number of structural changes, which occur as a result of infection of the cell by human papillomavirus (HPV). Identification of these cells by pathologists can be useful in diagnosing various HPV-associated lesions.
Koilocytosis
Koilocytosis or koilocytic atypia or koilocytotic atypia are terms used in histology and cytology to describe the presence of koilocytes in a specimen.
Koilocytes may have the following cellular changes:
Nuclear enlargement (two to three times normal size).
Irregularity of the nuclear membrane contour, creating a wrinkled or raisinoid appearance.
A darker than normal staining pattern in the nucleus, known as hyperchromasia.
A clear area around the nucleus, known as a perinuclear halo or perinuclear cytoplasmic vacuolization.
Collectively, these types of changes are called a cytopathic effect; various types of cytopathic effect can be seen in many different cell types infected by many different viruses. Infection of cells with HPV causes the specific cytopathic effects seen in koilocytes.
Pathogenesis
The atypical features seen in cells displaying koilocytosis result from the action of the E5 and E6 oncoproteins produced by HPV. These proteins break down keratin in HPV-infected cells, resulting in the perinuclear halo and nuclear enlargement typical of koilocytes. The E6 oncoprotein, along with E7, is also responsible for the dysregulation of the cell cycle that results in squamous cell dysplasia. The E6 and E7 oncoproteins do this by binding and inhibiting the tumor suppressor genes p53 and RB, respectively. This promotes progression of cells through the cell cycle without appropriate repair of DNA damage, resulting in dysplasia. Due to the ability of HPV to cause cellular dysplasia, koilocytes are found in a number of potentially precancerous lesions.
Visualization of koilocytes
Koilocytes can be visualized microscopically when tissue is collected, fixed, and stained. Though koilocytes can be found in lesions in a number of locations, cervical cytology samples, commonly known as Pap smears, frequently contain koilocytes. In order to visualize koilocytes collected from the cervix, the tissue is stained with the Papanicolaou stain. Another way koilocytes can be visualized is by fixation of tissue with formalin and staining with hematoxylin and eosin, commonly known as H&E. These stains give the cytoplasm and nuclei of cells characteristic colors and allows for visualization of the nuclear enlargement and irregularity, hyperchromasia, and perinuclear halo that are typical of koilocytes.
Lesions containing koilocytes
Koilocytes may be found in potentially precancerous cervical, oral and anal lesions.
Cervical lesions
Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US)
When examining cytologic specimens, a diagnosis of ASC-US is given if squamous cells are suspicious for low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) but do not fulfill the criteria. This may be due to limitations in the quality of the specimen, or because the abnormalities in the cells are milder than that seen in LSIL. Cells in this category display koilocyte-like changes such as vacuolization, but not enough changes to definitively diagnose as LSIL. A diagnosis of ASC-US warrants further follow-up to better characterize the extent of the abnormal cells.
Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL)
In LSIL of the cervix, definitive koilocytes are present. In addition, squamous cells commonly display binucleation and mitoses are present, signifying increased cellular division. However, these changes are primarily limited to upper cell layers in the epithelium, no mitoses are found higher than the lower one third of epithelium, and the basal layer of cells remains a discrete layer. This differentiates this lesion from high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) of the cervix.
Oral lesions
Verruca vulgaris
Verruca vulgaris, or common warts, may arise in the oral mucosa. These lesions are associated with HPV subtypes 1, 6, 11, and 57. Histopathology of these lesions displays koilocytes in the epithelium.
Oropharyngeal cancer
Approximately 50 percent of oropharyngeal cancers are associated with HPV infection. Koilocytosis is the most common cytopathic effect present in HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers. However, the current standard of care for these tumors includes verification of HPV status using methodologies other than the histopathologic presence or absence of koilocytes alone. These methodologies include polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in situ hybridization (ISH), and immunohistochemistry (IHC).
Anal lesions
Anal intraepithelial neoplasia
Histopathologic changes seen in LSIL of the cervix can also be seen in anal epithelium. Koilocytes are characteristic of LSIL in the anus. In contrast to LSIL, HSIL in the anus consists of abnormal basaloid cells replacing more than half of the anal epithelium.
Interpretation
These changes occur in the presence of human papillomavirus and occasionally can lead to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and if left untreated some may eventually progress to malignant cancer.
References
Papillomavirus
Epithelial cells | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koilocyte |
The Minoan eruption was a catastrophic volcanic eruption that devastated the Aegean island of Thera (also called Santorini) circa 1600 BCE. It destroyed the Minoan settlement at Akrotiri, as well as communities and agricultural areas on nearby islands and the coast of Crete with subsequent earthquakes and paleotsunamis. With a VEI magnitude of a 6, resulting in an ejection of approximately of dense-rock equivalent (DRE), the eruption was one of the largest volcanic events in human history. Since tephra from the Minoan eruption serves as a marker horizon in nearly all archaeological sites in the Eastern Mediterranean, its precise date is of high importance and has been fiercely debated among archaeologists and volcanologists for decades, without coming to a definite conclusion.
Although there are no clear ancient records of the eruption, its plume and volcanic lightning may have been described in the Egyptian Tempest Stele. The Chinese Bamboo Annals reported unusual yellow skies and summer frost at the beginning of the Shang dynasty, which may have been a consequence of volcanic winter (similar to 1816, the Year Without a Summer, after the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora).
Eruption
Background
Geological evidence shows the Thera volcano erupted numerous times over several hundred thousand years before the Minoan eruption. In a repeating process, the volcano would violently erupt, then eventually collapse into a roughly circular seawater-filled caldera, with numerous small islands forming the circle. The caldera would slowly refill with magma, building a new volcano, which erupted and then collapsed in an ongoing cyclical process.
Immediately before the Minoan eruption, the walls of the caldera formed a nearly continuous ring of islands, with the only entrance between Thera and the tiny island of Aspronisi. This cataclysmic eruption was centered on a small island just north of the existing island of Nea Kameni in the centre of the then-existing caldera. The northern part of the caldera was refilled by the volcanic ash and lava, then collapsed again.
Magnitude
The magnitude of the eruption, particularly the submarine pyroclastic flows, has been difficult to estimate because the majority of the erupted products were deposited in the sea. Together, these challenges result in considerable uncertainty regarding the volume of the Minoan eruption, with estimates ranging between DRE.
According to the latest analysis of marine sediments and seismic data gathered during ocean research expeditions from 2015 to 2019, the estimated volume of the material expelled during the volcanic eruption ranges from DRE.
The study revealed that the initial Plinian eruption was the most voluminous phase, ejecting magma and accounting for half of total erupted materials. This was followed by DRE co-ignimbrite fall, DRE pyroclastic flows and DRE intra-caldera deposits.
This eruption is comparable with the Mount Tambora volcanic eruption of 1815, Mount Samalas eruption of 1257, Lake Taupo's Hatepe eruption around 230 CE, and the Paektu Mountain eruption of 946 CE, which are among the largest eruptions during the Common Era.
Sequence
On Santorini, there is a thick layer of white tephra that overlies the soil clearly delineating the ground level before the eruption. This layer has three distinct bands that indicate the different phases of the eruption. Studies have identified four major eruption phases, and one minor precursory tephra fall. The thinness of the first ash layer, along with the lack of noticeable erosion of that layer by winter rains before the next layer was deposited, indicate that the volcano gave the local population a few months' warning. Since no human remains have been found at the Akrotiri site, this preliminary volcanic activity probably caused the island's population to flee. It is also suggested that several months before the eruption, Santorini experienced one or more earthquakes, which damaged the local settlements.
Intense magmatic activity of the first major phase (BO1/Minoan A) of the eruption deposited up to of pumice and ash, with a minor lithic component, southeast and east. Archaeological evidence indicated burial of man-made structures with limited damage. The second (BO2/Minoan B) and third (BO3/Minoan C) eruption phases involved pyroclastic surges and lava fountaining, as well as the possible generation of tsunamis. Man-made structures not buried during Minoan A were completely destroyed. The third phase was also characterized by the initiation of caldera collapse. The fourth, and last, major phase (BO4/Minoan D) was marked by varied activity: lithic-rich base surge deposits, lava flows, lahar floods, and co-ignimbrite ash-fall deposits. This phase was characterized by the completion of caldera collapse, which produced megatsunamis.
Geomorphology
Although the fracturing process is not yet known, the altitudinal statistical analysis indicates that the caldera had formed just before the eruption. The area of the island was smaller, and the southern and eastern coastlines appeared regressed. During the eruption, the landscape was covered by the pumice sediments. In some places, the coastline vanished under thick tuff depositions. In others, recent coastlines were extended towards the sea. After the eruption, the geomorphology of the island was characterized by an intense erosional phase during which the pumice was progressively removed from the higher altitudes to the lower ones.
Volcanology
The eruption was of the Ultra Plinian type, and it resulted in an estimated high eruption column which reached the stratosphere. In addition, the magma underlying the volcano came into contact with the shallow marine embayment, resulting in violent phreatomagmatic blasts.
The eruption also generated high tsunamis that devastated the northern coastline of Crete, away. The tsunami affected coastal towns such as Amnisos, where building walls were knocked out of alignment. On the island of Anafi, to the east, ash layers deep have been found, as well as pumice layers on slopes above sea level.
Elsewhere in the Mediterranean are pumice deposits that could have been sent by the Thera eruption. Ash layers in cores drilled from the seabed and from lakes in Turkey show that the heaviest ashfall was towards the east and northeast of Santorini. The ash found on Crete is now known to have been from a precursory phase of the eruption, some weeks or months before the main eruptive phases, and it would have had little impact on the island. Santorini ash deposits were at one time claimed to have been found in the Nile delta, but this is now known to be a misidentification.
Eruption dating
The Minoan eruption is an important marker horizon for the Bronze Age chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean realm. It provides a fixed point for aligning the entire chronology of the second millennium BCE in the Aegean, as evidence of the eruption is found throughout the region. Yet, archaeological dating based on typological sequencing and the Egyptian chronology is significantly younger than the radiocarbon age of Minoan eruption, by roughly a century. This age discrepancy has resulted in a fierce debate about whether there is an upheaval in the archaeological synchronization between the Aegean and Egypt.
Archaeology
Archaeologists developed the Late Bronze Age chronologies of eastern Mediterranean cultures by analyzing design styles of artifacts found in each archaeological layer. If the type of artifacts can be accurately assigned, then the layer's position in a chronological order can be determined. This is known as sequence dating or seriation. In Aegean chronology, however, frequent exchange of objects and styles enables relative chronology be compared with absolute chronology of Egypt, so absolute dates could be determined in Aegean.
Since Minoan eruption has been conclusively placed in late/end Late Minoan IA (LM-IA) in the Crete chronology, late/end Late Helladic I (LH-I) in the mainland chronology, the contention is what Egyptian period was contemporaneous with LM-IA and LM-IB. Decades of intensive archaeological work and seriation on Crete in the last century had confidently correlated the late LM-IA with Dynasty XVIII in Egypt and the end of LM-IA at the start of Thutmose III. Stone vessels discovered in the Shaft Graves in LH-I are also of New Kingdom type. Multiple archaeological sites of Theran pumice workshop used by the local inhabitants are only found in the New Kingdom strata. A milk bowl on Santorini used before volcanic eruption has pottery style of only that of New Kingdom. Egyptian inscription on the Ahmose Tempest Stele recorded an extraordinary cataclysm resembling the Minoan eruption. Taken together, the archaeological evidence points to an eruption date after the accession of Ahmose I. The year of accession based on the conventional Egyptian chronology and radiocarbon-based chronology are 1550 BCE and 1570–1544 BCE (IntCal04) or 1569–1548 BCE (IntCal20). The massive archaeological evidence argues for a Theran eruption date between circa 1550–1480 BCE.
Proponents of earlier date dispute that Aegean-Egypt pottery correlation allows considerable flexibility. Several other archaeological interpretations of LM-IA and LM-IB pottery differ from the "traditional" and could be consistent with a much earlier beginning time for LM-IA and LM-IB. Pottery synchronisms was also assessed to be less secure before the LM-IIIAI/Amenhotep III period. Pumice in workshop and inscription on Tempest Stele have been argued to only reflect lower bound of eruption age. The date of production of pottery with Santorini milk bowl style in other regions has not been determined and could pre-date Minoan eruption. The chronology of stone vessel styles during this critical period is lacking.
Radiocarbon age
Raw radiocarbon dates are not accurate calendar years of the event and this has to do with the fact that the level of atmospheric radiocarbon fluctuates. Raw radiocarbon ages can be converted to calendar dates by means of calibration curves which are periodically updated by international researchers. Derived calibrated calendar date ranges are highly dependent on how accurately calibration curve represents radiocarbon levels for the time period. As of 2022, the most updated calibration curve is IntCal20. Early radiocarbon dates in the 1970s with calibration were already showing massive age disagreement and were initially discarded as unreliable by the archaeological community. In the following decades, the range of possible eruption date narrowed significantly with improved calibration, analytical precision, statistical method and sample treatment. Radiocarbon dating has built a strong case for an eruption date in the late 17th century BCE. The table below summarizes the history and results of radiocarbon dating of volcanic destruction layer with pre-2018 calibration curves:
In 2018, a team led by tree ring scientist reported a possible offset of a few decades in the previous IntCal calibration curves during the period 1660–1540 BCE. The resulted new calibration curve allowed previous raw radiocarbon dates be calibrated to encompass a substantial part of 16th century BCE, making it possible for radiocarbon dates to be compatible with archaeological evidence. The measured offset was then confirmed by other laboratories across the world and incorporated into the most updated calibration curve IntCal20. In the same year, study of bomb peak further questioned the validity of wiggle-matching of olive branch because the radiocarbon dates of outermost branch layer could differ by up to a few decades caused by growth cessation, then the olive branch could also pre-date Thera by decades.
In 2020, speculation of regional offset specific to Mediterranean context in all calibration curves was reported based on measurements made on juniper wood at Gordion. If the regional offset is genuine, then calibration based on the regional dataset, Hd GOR, would place eruption date back to 17th century BCE. Others have argued that these site-specific offsets are already incorporated into the IntCal20 prediction interval since it is constructed from a much wider range of locations and any locational variation is of similar magnitude to the inter-laboratory variation.
While the refined calibration curve IntCal20 does not rule out a 17th century BCE eruption date, it does shift the probable range of eruption date to include the majority of 16th century BCE, offering a way to at least mitigate the long-standing age disagreement. However, the exact year of eruption has not been settled. The table below summarizes the dating results:
Ice cores, tree rings and speleothems
An eruption of Theran magnitude is expected to leave detectable signal in various environmental records like ice core and tree ring. Petrologic constraints on Minoan magma yields a range of 0.3–35.9 trillion grams of sulfur release. The higher end of the estimate could cause severe climatic change and leave detectable signals in ice cores and tree rings. Notably, tree ring dating allows extremely precise dating to the exact calendar year of each ring with virtually no age uncertainty, and from properties of the annual tree rings local climate record could be reconstructed down to sub-annual precision.
In 1987, a major Greenland sulfate spike in 1644 ± 20 BCE in ice core chronology was hypothesized to be caused by Minoan eruption based on the early radiocarbon results of Hammer et. al. In 1988, a major environmental disruption and extreme global-cooling/forst-ring in 1627 ± 0 BCE were also revealed through precisely dated frost ring and too were hypothesized to be related to Minoan eruption.
Archaeologists who preferred late 16th century BCE eruption date were neither convinced by the 1644 ± 20 BCE sulfate spike nor by the 1627 BCE frost ring because evidence of causality between the two events and Minoan eruption was absent.
Since 2003, multiple independent studies of major elements and trace elements of volcanic ash retrieved from the 1644 ± 20 BCE sulfate layer failed to match the ash to that of Santorini but all attributed the ash to another large eruption during this period, Mount Aniakchak, thus ruling out Minoan eruption as the cause of the sulfate spike. In 2019, revision of Greenland ice core chronology was proposed based on synchronization of frost-ring data and major sulfate spike, and the revised date for Aniakchak eruption was shifted to 1628 BCE. The Greenland ice core chronology offset was independently confirmed by other teams and adopted into Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2021 (GICC21). The 1627 BCE extreme global cooling was then conveniently explained by the major Aniakchak eruption without invoking Thera. An eruption date of 1627 BCE is also no longer supported by radiocarbon evidence with the most recent calibration curve IntCal20.
In the light of much younger radiocarbon dates and revised ice core chronology, several possible ice core and tree ring signals in the 17th and 16th century BCE have been proposed. The list below summarizes the tree ring and ice core signals that may have been caused by Minoan eruption:
The date of Minoan eruption does not necessarily have to be in one of the years listed in the table, because the eruption may not have been environmentally impactful enough to leave any detectable signal.
In addition, a stalagmite from Turkey shows bromine peaks at 1621 ± 25 BCE, molybdenum at 1617 ± 25 BCE and sulfur at 1589 ± 25 BCE. The authors interpreted that all three peaks were caused by a single volcanic eruption in the Mediterranean region and the time difference was related to differences in their retention rates. Others have suggested that the sulfur peak may have been related to the 1561 BCE chemical anomaly recorded in Mediterranean tree rings.
Historical impact
Minoan sites
The eruption devastated the nearby Minoan settlement at Akrotiri on Santorini, which was entombed in a layer of pumice. It is believed that the eruption also severely affected the Minoan population on Crete, but the extent of the impact is debated. Early hypotheses proposed that ashfall from Thera on the eastern half of Crete choked off plant life, causing starvation of the local population. After more thorough field examinations, the hypothesis has lost credibility, as it has been determined that no more than of ash fell anywhere on Crete. Other hypotheses have been proposed based on archaeological evidence found on Crete indicating that a tsunami, likely associated with the eruption, impacted the coastal areas of Crete and may have devastated the Minoan coastal settlements. Another hypothesis is that much of the damage done to Minoan sites resulted from a large earthquake and the fires it caused, which preceded the Thera eruption.
Significant Minoan remains have been found above the Thera ash layer and tsunami level dating from the Late Minoan I era, and it is unclear whether the effects of the ash and tsunami were enough to trigger the downfall of the Minoan civilization. Some sites were abandoned or settlement systems significantly interrupted in the immediate aftermath of the eruption. Some archaeologists speculate that the eruption caused a crisis in Minoan Crete, opening it to Mycenaean influence or even conquest.
Chinese records
A volcanic winter from an eruption in the late 17th century BCE has been claimed by some researchers to correlate with entries in later Chinese records documenting the collapse of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty in China. According to the Bamboo Annals, the collapse of the dynasty and the rise of the Shang dynasty, approximately dated to 1618 BCE, were accompanied by "yellow fog, a dim sun, then three suns, frost in July, famine, and the withering of all five cereals".
Effect on Egyptian history
Apocalyptic rainstorms, which devastated much of Egypt, and were described on the Tempest Stele of Ahmose I, have been attributed to short-term climatic changes caused by the Theran eruption. The dates and regnal dates of Ahmose I are in some dispute with Egyptologists (leaving aside alternate chronologies). Proposed reigns range from 1570–1546 BCE to 1539–1514 BCE. A radiocarbon dating of his mummy produced a mean value of 1557 BCE. In any case this would only provide an overlap with the later estimates of eruption date.
Alternatively, if the eruption occurred in the Second Intermediate Period, the absence of Egyptian records of the eruption could be caused by the general disorder in Egypt around that time.
While it has been argued that the damage attributed to these storms may have been caused by an earthquake following the Thera eruption, it has also been suggested that it was caused during a war with the Hyksos, and the storm reference is merely a metaphor for chaos upon which the Pharaoh was attempting to impose order. Documents such as Hatshepsut's Speos Artemidos depict storms, but are clearly figurative, not literal. Research indicates that the Speos Artemidos stele is a reference to her overcoming the powers of chaos and darkness.
Greek traditions
The Titanomachy
The eruption of Thera and volcanic fallout may have inspired the myths of the Titanomachy in Hesiod's Theogony. The Titanomachy could have picked up elements of western Anatolian folk memory, as the tale spread westward. Hesiod's lines have been compared with volcanic activity, citing Zeus's thunderbolts as volcanic lightning, the boiling earth and sea as a breach of the magma chamber, immense flame and heat as evidence of phreatic explosions, among many other descriptions.
Atlantis
Spyridon Marinatos, the discoverer of the Akrotiri archaeological site, suggested that the Minoan eruption is reflected in Plato's story of Atlantis. However, this view is not supported by current scholarship.
Book of Exodus
Geologist Barbara J. Sivertsen seeks to establish a link between the eruption of Santorini (c. 1600 BCE) and the Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt in the Bible.
Bicameral mentality
In the controversial bicameral mentality hypothesis, Julian Jaynes has argued that the Minoan eruption was a crucial event in the development of human consciousness since the displacements that it caused led to new and important interactions among communities.
See also
Timeline of volcanism on Earth
Chronology of the ancient Near East
References
Further reading
Lespez, Laurent, et al., "Discovery of a tsunami deposit from the Bronze Age Santorini eruption at Malia (Crete): impact, chronology, extension", Scientific reports 11.1, 2021
Notti, Erika, "The Theran Epigraphic Corpus of Linear A : Geographical and Chronological Implications", Pasiphae, vol. 000, no. 004, pp. 93-96, 2010
Notti, Erika, "Writing in Late Bronze Age Thera. Further Observations on the Theran Corpus of Linear A", Pasiphae, vol. 000, no. 015, 2021 ISSN: 2037-738X
External links
Statistical analysis aims to solve Greek volcano mystery - David Nutt - Phys.org - September 20, 2022
Researchers home in on Thera volcano eruption date - Mikayla MacE Kelley - Phys.org May 2, 2022
Santorini Decade Volcano – Santorini's geology and volcanic history, the Minoan eruption and the legend of Atlantis.
The Thera (Santorini) Volcanic Eruption and the Absolute Chronology of the Aegean Bronze Age – A WWW companion site to: Sturt W. Manning, A Test of Time: the volcano of Thera and the chronology and history of the Aegean and east Mediterranean in the mid second millennium BC.
VolcanoWorld Information about the eruption with photographs
Thera 2006 Expedition – exploration of the submarine deposits and morphology of Santorini volcano
The eruption of Santorini in the Late Bronze Age – Online doctoral thesis on the eruption, scientific analyses and its environmental effects (by David A. Sewell, 2001)
16th century BC
17th century BC
2nd-millennium BC natural events
Ancient Aegean Sea
Ancient natural disasters
Ancient Thera
Ancient volcanic events
Events that forced the climate
Landforms of the South Aegean
Landforms of Thira (regional unit)
Megatsunamis
Minoan geography
Plinian eruptions
Tsunamis in Greece
VEI-7 eruptions
Volcanic eruptions in Europe
Volcanism of Greece
Volcanic tsunamis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan%20eruption |
Italian Hockey League - Serie A, formerly known as Serie A, is the top tier of professional ice hockey in Italy, which first began play in 1925. They are conducted under the authority of the Federazione Italiana Sport del Ghiaccio (FISG). The league initially merged with the Inter-National League to become the Alps Hockey League in 2016. Italian teams in the Alps Hockey League also compete in the Italian Hockey League - Serie A.
The league was known as Elite.A during the 2013–14 season, and as Italian Hockey League - Elite during the 2017–18 season.
Playing format
First part: "Regular season" - Every team plays four matches (2 home and 2 on the road) against each other. Team points are then halved and the second part begins.
Second part: "Master round/Relegation round" - Teams are divided into two groups, the master round (Group A) with the top 4 teams and the relegation round (Group B) with the last 5 teams. Every team plays two matches (1 home and 1 on the road) against the teams of its group. In the end, the final standings determine the playoff tree. 8 teams access to the playoff: the 4 teams in Group A and the best 4 teams in Group B). The last one of the relegation round ends the season sooner but it won't play in the lower division next year, since no movements from one division to another are foreseen.
Third part: "Play Off" - Quarterfinals: 1A vs 4B, 2A vs 3B, 3A vs 2B, 4A vs 1B. Quarterfinals, semifinals and finals will be played at the best of 5.
Points: Win 2 points - Tie 1 point
Serie A champions
1925 - HC Milano
1926 - HC Milano
1927 - HC Milano
1928 - No championship
1929 - No championship
1930 - HC Milano
1931 - HC Milano
1932 - SG Cortina
1933 - HC Milano
1934 - HC Milano
1935 - HC Diavoli Rossoneri Milano
1936 - HC Diavoli Rossoneri Milano
1937 - ADG Milano
1938 - AMDG Milano ¹
1939 - No championship
1940 - No championship
1941 - AMDG Milano ¹
1942 - No championship
1943 - No championship
1944 - No championship
1945 - No championship
1946 - No championship
1947 - HC Milano
1948 - HC Milano
1949 - HC Diavoli Rossoneri Milano
1950 - HC Milano
1951 - HC Milano Inter
1952 - HC Milano Inter
1953 - HC Diavoli Rossoneri Milano
1954 - HC Milano Inter
1955 - HC Milano Inter
1956 - No championship
1957 - SG Cortina
1958 - Milan-Inter HC ¹
1959 - SG Cortina
1960 - Diavoli HC Milano ¹
1961 - SG Cortina
1962 - SG Cortina
1963 - HC Bolzano
1964 - SG Cortina
1965 - SG Cortina
1966 - SG Cortina
1967 - SG Cortina
1968 - SG Cortina
1969 - HC Gherdëina
1970 - SG Cortina
1971 - SG Cortina
1972 - SG Cortina
1973 - HC Bolzano
1974 - SG Cortina
1975 - SG Cortina
1976 - HC Gherdëina
1977 - HC Bolzano
1978 - HC Bolzano
1979 - HC Bolzano
1980 - HC Gherdëina
1981 - HC Gherdëina
1982 - HC Bolzano
1983 - HC Bolzano
1984 - HC Bolzano
1985 - HC Bolzano
1986 - HC Merano
1987 - AS Mastini Varese Hockey
1988 - HC Bolzano
1989 - AS Mastini Varese Hockey
1990 - HC Bolzano
1991 - HC Milano Saima
1992 - HC Devils Milano
1993 - HC Devils Milano
1994 - AC Milan Hockey ²
1995 - HC Bolzano
1996 - HC Bolzano
1997 - HC Bolzano
1998 - HC Bolzano
1999 - HC Merano
2000 - HC Bolzano
2001 - Asiago Hockey AS
2002 - HC Milano Vipers
2003 - HC Milano Vipers
2004 - HC Milano Vipers
2005 - HC Milano Vipers
2006 - HC Milano Vipers
2007 - SG Cortina
2008 - HC Bolzano
2009 - HC Bolzano
2010 - Asiago Hockey
2011 - Asiago Hockey
2012 - HC Bolzano
2013 - Asiago Hockey
2014 - Ritten Sport
2015 - Asiago Hockey
2016 - Ritten Sport
2017 - Ritten Sport
2018 - Ritten Sport
2019 - Ritten Sport
2020 - Asiago Hockey
2021 - Asiago Hockey
2022 - Asiago Hockey
2023 - SG Cortina
¹ AMDG, HC Milan Inter and HC Diavoli Milano are teams which were born from the fusion of HC Milano & HC Diavoli Rossoneri Milano.
² HC Devils Milano adopted the name 'AC Milan Hockey' for the 1993-94 season.
Notable players
Foreigners
Craig Adams
Éric Bélanger
Ryan Christie
Matt Cullen
Mathieu Dandenault
Chris DiDomenico
Magnus Eriksson
Rico Fata
Dmitri Gogolev
David Haas
Greg Hawgood
Niklas Hjalmarsson
Jaromír Jágr
Jari Kurri
Bob Manno
Steve McKenna
Frank Nigro
Dušan Pašek
Steve Passmore
Fernando Pisani
Stéphane Quintal
Cliff Ronning
Blaine Stoughton
Mikhail Vasiliev
Ken Yaremchuk
Italians
Jim Corsi
Jason Muzzatti
Gaetano Orlando
Mike Rosati
Michele Strazzabosco
Lucio Topatigh
Carter Trevisani
Bruno Zarrillo
References
External links
Official website of the Italian Ice Hockey League (in Italian and German)
Official statistics on powerhockey.info
Official website of the Italian Ice Sports Federation - Ice Hockey section (in Italian)
Tuttohockey - News and statistics from around the league (in Italian)
HockeyTime - News and interviews from around the league (in Italian)
Südtirol on Ice - News, tables and discussions from around Italian hockey with a focus on South Tyrol-based teams (in German)
Serie A on eurohockey.com
Serie A on eliteprospects.com
Professional ice hockey leagues in Italy
Top tier ice hockey leagues in Europe
Sports leagues established in 1925
1925 establishments in Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian%20Hockey%20League%20-%20Serie%20A |
The Vereinsthaler was the currency of the two Grand Duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz between 1857 and 1873. It replaced the Mecklenburg Thaler at par and was replaced by the Mark at a rate of 1 Vereinsthaler = 3 Mark. The Vereinsthaler was subdivided into 48 Schillinge, each of 12 Pfenninge.
Currencies of Germany
1857 establishments in Germany
1873 disestablishments in Germany
19th-century economic history
1860s in Germany
History of Mecklenburg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg%20vereinsthaler |
The Luck Stone is a novel by P. G. Wodehouse, written under the pseudonym Basil Windham. It was compiled from a serial which appeared in Chums: An Illustrated Paper for Boys between 16 September 1908 and 20 January 1909, when Wodehouse was 27 years old.
It was first published as a book long after Wodehouse's 1975 death, on 31 March 1997 by Galahad Books, in a limited run with the . It has subsequently been published in paperback by Odbody & Marley (2006), , and in hardcover by Everyman's Library (2014), .
Like much of Wodehouse's writing of the period, the story is set in a public boys' school. But it departs from that usual form as described by Wodehouse in a letter written to a friend: "I've been commissioned by Chums to do a 70,000-word serial by July. They want it not so public-schooly as my usual stuff and with a rather lurid plot."
It was his only such novel of mystery, high adventure, and danger, given the term "blood and thunder" by Wodehouse scholar Richard Usborne. Usborne observed, "Doubtless Wodehouse enjoyed writing The Luck Stone. …He had shown, in breezy asides throughout his school novels, …that he had read acres of catchpenny fiction, had enjoyed it all and knew all the tricks of it." Though a departure for him, The Luck Stone is thoroughly "Wodehouse," with his trademark sticky situations, quirky characters, sly humor and wit, and renowned prose. Usborne had a high view of this Wodehouse offering: "You're fortunate to have discovered The Luck Stone. Read it."
All published versions of The Luck Stone include the illustrations (numbering around ten) from the original serial in Chums. The illustrations below demonstrate the two seemingly divergent aspects that Wodehouse weaves together in this novel: a truly dark, suspenseful main plot relieved with several humorous situations and subplots.
References
External links
The Luck Stone at Amazon.co.uk
A list of parts, with first publication dates, from pgwodehousebooks.com
Chums serial, page-by-page reproduction of the original serial, from madameulalie.org (Madam Eulalie’s Rare Plums, devoted to the early works of P. G. Wodehouse)
1909 British novels
British children's novels
English novels
Novels first published in serial form
Works originally published in British newspapers
Works published under a pseudonym
Novels set in boarding schools
Novels by P. G. Wodehouse | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Luck%20Stone |
Cosham ( or ) is a northern suburb of Portsmouth lying within the city boundary but off Portsea Island. It is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 along with Drayton and Wymering (mainland) and Bocheland (Buckland), Frodington (Fratton) and Copenore (Copnor) on the island.
Toponymy
The name is of Saxon origin (shown by the -ham suffix) and means "Cossa's homestead". Originally pronounced , since the latter half of the 20th century has become more widely used. Until the 1920s it was a separate small village surrounded by fields (including on the north end of Portsea Island).
History
Cosham is perhaps most famous historically as being the location King Æthelred the Unready lay terminally ill when Cnut of Denmark (King Canute) began his invasion of the south coast of England in 1015.
In later centuries, extensive suburban growth expanded around the village and both east and west along the slopes of Portsdown Hill. It has been for many years a local route centre as a pinch point for buses travelling in and out of Portsmouth and offers three railway routes to London. Cosham railway station was until 1935 the terminus for City trams and trolleybuses from the south and Portsdown and Horndean Light Railway trams to the north. The High Street is a significant local shopping centre. Few traces of the original village now remain; the oldest houses (Chalk Cottage of 1777 and Mile Stone Cottages of 1793) were demolished in the 1960s and replaced by a car park, but the old milepost showing mileage to London, Petersfield and Portsmouth remains. The interior of St Philip's Church (1938) in Highbury is cited as a fine example of Ninian Comper's work. Indeed, England's 1000 Best Parish Churches (by Simon Jenkins) regards St Philip's as the only parish church within Portsmouth worth visiting on architectural merit.
Economy
Cosham is also home to the UK headquarters of IBM UK Ltd. The site known as 'North Harbour' was built in the 1970s, the location being selected due to the job cuts by the Royal Navy during the time.
Local amenities
The Queen Alexandra Hospital is situated in the north of the area at the bottom of Portsdown Hill. Locally referred to as simply QA, it is the major hospital for the south-east Hampshire and south-west West Sussex area.
Cosham railway station provides frequent services by 3 train companies to destinations including; Brighton, London Waterloo, London Victoria, Bristol, Cardiff & Southampton.
Education
The main campus of Highbury College is situated in the south east of Cosham on the Highbury estate.
References
Areas of Portsmouth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosham |
Urban Legend is the third studio album by American rapper T.I., released on November 30, 2004, through Grand Hustle Records and Atlantic Records. The album debuted at number seven on the US Billboard 200, selling 195,000 copies in its first week of release. It also debuted at number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and the Top Rap Albums charts.
The album's official lead single, "Bring Em Out", was released on October 19, 2004 and became T.I. first's top 10 hit, peaking at number nine on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, while the second single, "U Don't Know Me", peaked at number 23 on the chart. The third single, "ASAP", reached number 75 on the chart, number 18 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and number 14 on the Hot Rap Tracks charts. T.I. created a video for "ASAP"/"Motivation". However, "Motivation" only made it to number 62 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart music chart.
The album features production provided by longtime collaborating producers DJ Toomp, Jazze Pha, Lil Jon, The Neptunes, Nick "Fury" Loftin, David Banner and Sanchez Holmes. New producers contributing to the album include Daz Dillinger, Kevin "Khao" Cates, KLC, Mannie Fresh, Scott Storch and Swizz Beatz. Featured guests on the album include Trick Daddy, Nelly, Lil Jon, B.G., Mannie Fresh, Daz Dillinger, Lil Wayne, Pharrell Williams, P$C, Jazze Pha and Lil' Kim.
Background
In March 2004, a warrant was issued for T.I.'s arrest after a violation of probation that resulted from a 1997 arrest on cocaine distribution and the manufacturing and distribution of a controlled substance. He was sentenced to three years in prison. While imprisoned in Cobb County, Georgia, he filmed an unauthorized music video.
Recording
After T.I. received his sentence, he was granted a work release program that allowed him to continue making music and proceeded to record several albums' worth of material. Recording sessions took place at P.S. West Studios, Silent Sounds Studios, and Stankonia Studios, all located in T.I.'s native Atlanta, Georgia. One recording session took place at the Orange Grove Studios in Los Angeles, California.
Release and promotion
Singles
"Bring Em Out" was the first official single to be released from Urban Legend. The single entered the US Billboard Hot 100 chart at number nine, it also charted at number six on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and at number four on the Hot Rap Tracks music chart. In the United Kingdom the single entered the UK Singles Chart music chart at number 59. "Bring Em Out" became T.I.'s first top-ten single to enter the Billboard Hot 100 chart. "Bring Em Out" was certified gold by the RIAA for sales of over 500,000 copies in the US.
"U Don't Know Me" was the second official single from the album. It entered the US Billboard Hot 100 chart at number 23. It charted at number six on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, number four on the Hot Rap Tracks chart, and number 65 on the Pop 100 music chart. The song was nominated for Best Rap Solo Performance at the Grammy Awards, Best Rap Video at the MTV Video Music Awards and Street Anthem of the Year at the Vibe Awards. It was certified platinum by the RIAA for selling over a million copies in the US.
"ASAP" was the third and final official single from the album. It entered the Billboard Hot 100 chart at number 75. It charted at number 18 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and at number 14 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart. It was certified gold by the RIAA for selling over 500,000 copies in the US. On the B-side of the single the song "Motivation" appeared, which charted at number 62 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs music chart.
Critical reception
Upon its release, Urban Legend received generally favorable reviews from most music critics. Allmusic writer Andy Kellman opined that, "With all that chaos surrounding T.I., it's disappointing to hear him retracing his steps, rewriting old lines, developing with little progress. Perhaps it's asking too much to expect T.I. to show as much growth here as he did on Trap Muzik, but -- as is the case with Jadakiss -- remaining patient for that classic album (and you know he has one in him) is getting tough." Chuck Mindehall of Entertainment Weekly, in his review of the album, wrote, "when [T.I.] declares "I'm the King," you just about believe him." Tom Breihan of the Baltimore City Paper stated that although "T.I.’s flow is more focused and confident than it was on his 2003 breakthrough, Trap Muzik [...] the new album feels like a thrown-together collection instead of a unified work." Steve 'Flash' Juon of RapReviews stated that "If [T.I.] can stay clean and out of prison [...] there seems to be no limit to how far he can go."
Commercial performance
Urban Legend debuted at number seven on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 193,000 copies in its first week. This became T.I.'s second US top-ten debut and first to top the latter. The album also debuted at number one on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. On March 3, 2005, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), for sales of over a million copies in the United States.
Track listing
Samples
"Tha King"
"King Of Rock" and "Hit It Run" by Run-DMC
"Prayin for Help"
"When I'm Gone" by The Jones Girls
"Why U Mad at Me"
"Bumpy's Lament" by Isaac Hayes
Get Loose
"Ready Or Not Here I Come (Can't Hide From Love)" by The Delfonics
"Bring Em Out"
"What More Can I Say" by Jay-Z
"Limelight"
"I'll Never Let You Go" by The Sylvers
Personnel
Credits for Urban Legend adapted from Allmusic.
Kori Anders - Mixing Assistant
Big Kuntry King - Performer
Leslie Brathwaite - Engineer, Mixing
Greg Gigendad Burke - Art Direction, Design
Mike Caren - A&R, Engineer
Chris Carmouche - Engineer, Mixing Assistant
Kevin Cates - Producer
Jeremiah Claudius - Assistant Tracking Engineer
Andrew Coleman - Engineer
Kevin Crouse - Mixing
Lavell Crump - Producer
Daz Dillinger - Producer
DJ Toomp - Producer
Mannie Fresh - Producer
Fury - Producer
Brian "Big Bass" Gardener - Mastering
Jason Geter - A&R, Assistant Engineer, Executive Producer
Sanchez "RockHead" Holmes - Engineer, Producer
Cameron Huff - Engineer
Hannah Kang - A&R
KLC - Audio Production, Producer
Lil Jon - Audio Production, Producer
James Lopez - Marketing
Tony Love - Bass, Guitar
Jonathan Mannion - Photography
Josh McDonnell - Mixing Assistant
Khary Menelik - Mixing Assistant
The Neptunes - Producer
Zack Odom - Engineer
Peaches - Stylist
John Pirretti - Mixing Assistant
P$C - Performer
Bryan Pugh - Mixing Assistant
Ray Seay - Mixing
Cyrus Shamir - Engineer
Nico Solis - Mixing Assistant, Track Engineer
Scott Storch - Audio Production, Producer
Storty B - Producer
Supa Engineer - Mixing
Swizz Beatz - Audio Production, Producer
T.I.P. - Executive Producer
Phil Tan - Mixing
Tom Tapley - Assistant Engineer
Chris Theis - Mixing
Corey Williams - Engineer
John Frye-Mixing Engineer
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
External links
Urban Legend at Discogs
2004 albums
Albums produced by DJ Toomp
Albums produced by David Banner
Albums produced by Daz Dillinger
Albums produced by Jazze Pha
Albums produced by Mannie Fresh
Albums produced by Scott Storch
Albums produced by Swizz Beatz
Albums produced by the Neptunes
T.I. albums
Atlantic Records albums
Grand Hustle Records albums
Albums produced by Nick "Fury" Loftin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20Legend%20%28album%29 |
The music of ancient Rome was a part of Roman culture from the earliest of times. Songs (carmen) were an integral part of almost every social occasion. The Secular Ode of Horace, for instance, was commissioned by Augustus and performed by a mixed children's choir at the Secular Games in 17 BC. Music was customary at funerals, and the tibia (Greek aulos), a woodwind instrument, was played at sacrifices to ward off ill influences. Under the influence of ancient Greek theory, music was thought to reflect the orderliness of the cosmos, and was associated particularly with mathematics and knowledge.
Etruscan music had an early influence on that of the Romans. During the Imperial period, Romans carried their music to the provinces, while traditions of Asia Minor, North Africa, and Gaul became a part of Roman culture.
Music accompanied public spectacles, events in the arena, and was part of the performing art form called pantomimus, an early form of story ballet that combined expressive dancing, instrumental music, and a sung libretto.
History
Ancient Roman music and singing originated from Etruscan music, and then Ancient Greek music. During its early history, it was mostly used for military purposes. According to Cicero, Roman musical tradition was adapted during the reign of Numa Pompilius. Music was initially discovered by Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras. Pythagoras was able to find the first 7 pitches in a scale and this knowledge carried over into the Roman Empire.
Music in society
Music was an important aspect of Roman religious rituals. It was used to set the rhythm of the ritual and invoke certain emotions. Various instruments had different roles in Roman religion. Ancient Roman art displays tibicines, or players of the tibia, playing behind altars. They are depicted wearing a toga with a head covering while perform an animal sacrifice. Some depictions show assistants holding the acerra or tankards and cups to assist the tibicen. The tibia was likely the most important instrument in the Roman Imperial cult. Tibicen were also used to drown out any distracting noise. To the ancient Romans, it must have been unimaginable for a sacrifice to lack music. Music, usually pipe music, would accompany public prayers. Cymbals and drums were used in rituals of the cult of Cybele and rattles were important to the cult of Isis. Female musicians, dancers, and singers would perform at a festival for the goddess Isis who had a temple in Rome. They would also perform at a festival dedicated to the Bona Dea. Several ancient Roman monuments were consecrated by musicians. The Salian priests would dance and sing while moving through the city in honor of Mars. Musicians would also play the flute to worship Mars. The Arval Brethren would also sing and dance to honor the goddess Ceres. Titus Livius, a Roman historian, described an incident where players of the flute were barred from eating and drinking in the temples. Afterward, they retreated to Tivoli, and were allowed to continue eating and drinking in the temples when the Senate realized there were no musicians for religious services. Processions of trumpeters and dancers were also important to the Pompa circensis. Which was a parade that preceded the games before religious festivals.
Music was a popular form of entertainment in ancient Rome. It was important to ancient Roman games. Gladiatorial fights began with a blast of horns and were accompanied by music. Musicians, usually players of the tuba or large aerophones would play during triumphs. The tibia was used to draw in the viewer's attention during the ceremony and a trumpet was used to announce the presence of the triumphator. Music was also used to silence the crowd. Music, primarily pipe music, held an important place in ancient Roman theatre. During plays, the actors, pantomimes, and tragedians would be accompanied by a chorus of singers and an orchestra of wind or percussion instruments. They would dance to the tune of the instruments. Musicians could be driven off of the stage for even small musical errors. The tune of the instruments would signify the emotions and traits of the characters and the pace of the story. Music was also used to ensure the story remained in the memory of audiences.
Romans would sometimes hold private musical concerts known as symphoniaci. These parties were associated with debauchery in ancient Rome. Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, the consul in 58 BCE, was known to hold such parties. His house was described as filled with "singing and cymbals." Private musicians could be hired to provide entertainment during dinners or parties. Sometimes these private musicians were specially trained slaves. Ancient Roman women are depicted as having sung and danced in the privacy of their homes. Women in ancient Rome had different instruments from men. They played the harp, the aulos, and smaller lyres. Domitian established contests that included music, gymnastics, and riding competitions. Nero created the Quinquennial Neronia, which was a festival involving musical competitions. The Actian games, which was an ancient Roman festival of Apollo, also held musical competitions. The Greeks and Romans might have held musical performances in between the meal and the drinking party during dinner.
The cornu and other instruments such as the tuba were used to give signals in the ancient Roman military. There were collegia dedicated to musicians. One collegium made up of flute and lyre players was attested for the first time in the second century CE. The collegium syphoniacorum would play at religious or official ceremonies. Another collegium, the Collegium tibicinum romanorum was dedicated to perform at public funerals. Musicians' Collegia were highly respected in ancient Rome. They were used to preserve and perfect ancient Roman musical practices.
Education and training
Musical training and skills were common amongst the Roman upper-class, and it may have been especially common amongst female Romans of the upper-class. Singers were expected to spend large amounts of time and energy practicing their craft. In ancient Rome, the term for music or speech teachers was phonascus. They focused on developing the flexibility of their student's voice. It also believed that a singer's neck should be soft and smooth to ensure that the voice did not sound harsh or broken. Marcus Tullius Cicero stated that musicians "sit for many years practicing delivery, and every day, before they begin to speak, gradually arouse their voices while lying in bed; and when they have done that they sit up and make their voices run down from the highest to the lowest level, in some way joining the highest and the lowest together." According to The Twelve Caesars, Nero would train his voice by avoiding harmful fruits and drinks, purging himself with vomiting and enemas, and lying on his back with a lead sheet on his chest. Quintilian believed that maintaining good physical health through diet and exercise was important for maintain a proper voice. According to Quintilian, abstaining from sex was also important for a singer. Other ancient texts describe singers perform warm-up exercises consisting of vocalized successive sounds before singing. There may have been "music schools" for musicians of low class.
Cultural views
In ancient Rome music was confined to domestic settings. Plutarch praises a man named Numerius Furius, who is said to have sung when it was "appropriate." Music had some negative connotations in Roman society. Cornelius Nepos, a Roman historian and biographer, in his biography of Epaminondas describes his famed skill at music and dancing as a negative characteristic. He described his musical talents as: "trivial, or rather, contemptible" Plutarch wrote that the prominence of the flute in Theban society was designed by their legislators to "relax and mollify their strong and impetuous natures in earliest boyhood." The ancient Romans considered music to be a powerful tool and believed that it was capable of inciting strong emotions in people. Cicero and Aristides Quintilianus believed that music was capable of ennobling the populace. Quintilian believed that music was "the most beautiful art" and that it was necessary for properly reading the work of ancient poets. It was a common belief throughout the Roman world that traditional styles of music should be maintained. Pliny wrote that musicians would change their art based on popular demand. Cicero discussed the superior quality of traditional Roman music. He describes archaic Roman music as civilizing the "barbaric." Cicero believed that musical education could help aspiring politicians learn to better listen to other's arguments and detect imperfections. Numerous ancient Roman writers such as Plato, Seneca, or Cicero believed that music could effeminize men. Female musicians were highly respected compared to male musicians. It was seen as a potential way of enhancing their attractiveness. However, being too skilled at music, when combined with other activities which were seen as less respectable, such as prostitution made one seem less respectable. Music was also considered inappropriate for married women or older women. Cicero once wrote:
Instruments
Roman art depicts various woodwinds, "brass", percussion and stringed instruments. Roman-style instruments are found in parts of the Empire where they did not originate, and indicate that music was among the aspects of Roman culture that spread throughout the provinces.
Wind instruments
The Roman tuba was a long, straight bronze trumpet with a detachable, conical mouthpiece like that of the modern French horn. Extant examples are about 1.3 meters long, and have a cylindrical bore from the mouthpiece to the point where the bell flares abruptly, similar to the modern straight trumpet seen in presentations of 'period music'. Since there were no valves, the tuba was capable only of a single overtone series that would probably sound familiar to the modern ear, given the limitations of musical acoustics for instruments of this construction. In the military, it was used for "bugle calls". The tuba is also depicted in art such as mosaics accompanying games (ludi) and spectacle events.
The cornu (Latin "horn") was a long tubular metal wind instrument that curved around the musician's body, shaped rather like an uppercase G. It had a conical bore (again like a French horn) and a conical mouthpiece. It may be hard to distinguish from the buccina. The cornu was used for military signals and parades. The cornicen was a military signal officer who translated orders into calls. Like the tuba, the cornu also appears as accompaniment for public events and spectacle entertainments.
The tibia (Greek aulos – αὐλός), usually double, had two double-reed (as in a modern oboe) pipes, not joined but generally played with a mouth-band capistrum (Greek phorbeiá - φορβεία) to hold both pipes steadily between the player's lips. Modern changes indicate that they produced a low, clarinet-like sound. There is some confusion about the exact nature of the instrument; alternate descriptions indicate each pipe having a single reed (like a modern clarinet) instead of a double reed.
The askaules – a bagpipe.
Versions of the modern flute and panpipes.
String instruments
The lyre, borrowed from the Greeks, was not a harp, but instead had a sounding body of wood or a tortoise shell covered with skin, and arms of animal horn or wood, with strings stretched from a cross bar to the sounding body. The strings were tuned "by adjusting sticks seen in the engraving."
The cithara was a seven-stringed instrument used by the ancient Romans similar to the modern guitar.
The lute (pandura or monochord) was known by several names among the Greeks and Romans. In construction, the lute differs from the lyre in having fewer strings stretched over a solid neck or fretboard, on which the strings can be stopped to produce graduated notes. Each lute string is thereby capable of producing a greater range of notes than a lyre string. Although long-necked lutes are depicted in art from Mesopotamia as early as 2340–2198 BC, and also occur in Egyptian iconography, the lute in the Greco-Roman world was far less common than the lyre and cithara. The lute of the medieval West is thought to owe more to the Arab oud, from which its name derives (al ʿūd).
Organs
Mosaics depict instruments that look like a cross between the bagpipe and the organ. The pipes were sized to produce many of the modes (scales) learned from the Greeks. It is unclear whether they were blown by the lungs or by some mechanical bellows.The hydraulic pipe organ (hydraulis), which worked by water pressure, was "one of the most significant technical and musical achievements of antiquity". Essentially, the air to the pipes that produce the sound comes from a mechanism of a wind-chest connected by a pipe to a dome submerged in a tank of water. Air is pumped into the top of the dome, compressing the air and forcing the water out the bottom; the displaced water rises in the tank. This increased hydraulic head and the compression of the air in the dome provides a steady supply of air to the pipes The hydraulis accompanied gladiator contests and events in the arena, as well as stage performances. It might also be found in homes, and was among the instruments that the emperor Nero played.
Percussion
Variations of a hinged wooden or metal device called a scabellum—a "clapper"—used to beat time. Also, there were various rattles, bells, and tambourines.
The sistrum was a rattle consisting of rings strung across the cross-bars of a metal frame, which was often used for ritual purposes.
Cymbala (Lat. plural of cymbalum, from the Greek kymbalon) were small cymbals: metal discs with concave centers and turned rims, used in pairs which were clashed together.
Dance
The Salii and the Arval Brethren were ancient Roman organizations of priests who danced at religious festivals. Dance was used to thank the gods and it held an important place in the Dionysia. Before battles Roman soldiers could hold dances to honor the god Mars. Music and dancing was also used to ensure the efficacy of sacrifices. Varro, a Roman author, wrote that dance was used in religious festivals as "no part of the body should be debarred from religious experiences." Dance was a popular form of entertainment in ancient Rome. Ovid describes drunk people dancing and singing in the streets during festivals such as the Anna Perenna. The Romans would hire dancers from conquered nations or train slaves to dance. Female dancers known as crotalisterias danced using bells and clappers. Another popular kind of dance was tripudia, which were three-foot dances. Pantomimists were popular in ancient Roman theatre. They wore cloaks, masks with closed mouths, and costumes. Plutarch described ancient Roman pantomimes twisting, leaping, and standing like a statue. He also wrote that criminals may be condemned to dancing in festivals. Dancing was used as way to accentuate beauty and could be erotic. Private dance schools trained ancient Roman aristocrats. Improper dance in ancient Rome, was defined as being un-Roman. Foreign dancing styles were disliked. Elagabalus was heavily scrutinized for his usage of foreign dances. Cornelius Nepos associated dance and music with ancient Greek culture, and treated it with disdain. Cicero stated that no sober person would dance unless they were a "lunatic." He likely did not object to the usage of dance as entertainment, but instead considered it to be beneath the upper-class Romans. Cicero may have believed that it should be relegated to only lower-class professional dancers. It is also possible he was exclusively referring to erotic or foreign dancing. Scipio Aemilianus criticized dancers for "improper display of their bodies."
Discography
Synaulia, Music of Ancient Rome, Vol. I – Wind Instruments - Amiata Records ARNR 1396, Florence, 1996.
Synaulia, Music of Ancient Rome, Vol. II – String Instruments - Amiata Records, ARNR 0302, Rome, 2002.
Thaleia, Carmina Canere Music of Ancient Rome, Vol. I –Tarragona - Spain 2012.
Ludi Scaenici, E Tempore Emergo - Rome, Italy - 2001
Ludi Scaenici, Festina Lente - Rome, Italy - 2011
Ensemble Kérylos, dir. Annie Bélis, De la pierre au son : musique de l'antiquité, K617, 1996.
Ensemble Kérylos, dir. Annie Bélis, D'Euripide aux premiers chrétiens : musique de l'antiquité, 2016.
See also
Fibula (penile), a device used by Roman singers in the belief that it would help preserve their voice
References
Bibliography
Primary Sources
Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus. De institutione musica. (English edition as Fundamentals of Music, translated, with introduction and notes by Calvin M. Bower; edited by Claude V. Palisca. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.)
Secondary sources
{{Cite book |first=Filippo |last=Bonanni |year=1964 |title=Antique Musical Instruments and their Players: 152 Plates from Bonanni's 18th-Century "Gabinetto armonico" , with a new introduction and captions by Frank Ll. Harrison and Joan Rimmer. |publisher=Dover publications}}
Further reading
Benzing, G. M. 2009. "'Se vuoi far soldi, studia la cetra': musica e luxus nell'antica Roma". In Luxus: Il piacere della vita nella Roma imperiale: [Torino, Museo di antichita, 26 settembre 2009 – 31 gennaio 2010], edited by Elena Fontanella, Rome: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato. .
Comotti, Giovanni. 1989. Music in Greek and Roman Culture, translated by Rosaria V. Munson. Ancient Society and History. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. (cloth); (pbk).
Hagel, Stefan, and Christine Harrauer (eds.) (2005). Ancient Greek Music in Performance: Symposion Wien 29. Sept.–1. Okt. 2003. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. .
West, M[artin] L[itchfield]. 1992. Ancient Greek Music. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press. (cloth) (pbk).
Wille, Günther. 1967. Musica Romana: Die Bedeutung der Musik im Leben der Römer''. Amsterdam: P. Schippers
External links
Ensemble Kérylos, a music group led by scholar Annie Bélis and dedicated to the recreation of ancient Greek and Roman music.
Musica Romana, musicarchaeology, scientific review of ancient Roman music as well as performances, bibliography and descriptions for instruments and notations online (English and German).
Thesaurus Musicarum Latinarum (TML), an evolving database of the entire corpus of Latin music theory written during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
Synaulia, dedicated to the reconstruction of historical musical instruments, sound theatre, dance on the basis of ethnology.
Greek origins of Roman music
Juvenal: Satire XI
Ludi Scaenici Performance and research on the music and dance in the ancient Rome
Rome, Music of Ancient | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20of%20ancient%20Rome |
Zhongyuan District () is one of 6 urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Zhengzhou, the capital of Henan Province, South Central China. The city government is located in this district.
Zhongyuan is the second most populous district in Zhengzhou with a population of over 900,000. It is the city's industrial center especially in textiles, though many factories are closing and moving into more remote areas due to pollution. Zhengzhou University is located in the district Zhongyuan is undergoing a construction boom though not as intense as the eastern area of the city.
Administrative divisions
As 2012, this city is divided to 12 subdistricts, 1 town and 1 township.
Subdistricts
Towns
Shifo ()
Townships
Gouzhao Township ()
References
External links
Official website of Zhongyuan District government
Districts of Zhengzhou | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongyuan%20District |
Meredith Howard Harless (born Florence Meredith Howard; September 6, 1909 – June 19, 1996) was a performer, Miss America contestant, writer, and broadcaster.
Early years
The daughter of Samuel J. and Florence Howard, Harless was born in Bartlesville, Oklahoma. She had three siblings: William, Mary, and her twin sister, Virginia. She and Virginia tied for first place at the 1927 Miss Tulsa beauty pageant. Meredith was chosen by a coin toss to advance to the 1928 Miss America pageant, where she was a runner-up. Harless spent the next five years as a performer with the Ziegfeld Follies.
Career
In 1935, Harless joined Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in Hollywood, California, working both as a model and in the public relations department. From 1937 to 1941, Harless took a job with Crowell-Collier publishing in Washington, D.C. in their advertising department. In addition to her work in advertising, Harless wrote the syndicated columns Selective Tuning (under the name pen name Jean Abbey) and At Random on the Washington, D.C. social scene and women's fashion.
Harless joined the Hecht Broadcasting Company at the start of World War II, and broadcast the third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940. She also had a radio program called News and Personalities in the News. She married Arizona Congressman Richard F. Harless on November 28, 1948, and moved to Arizona, where she helped with his campaign for governor and worded at KTAR radio.
In 1949 she was the producer and a commentator on the show A Look Behind the News for CBS Radio in Phoenix. She also appeared on various local radio and television programs, including Arizona Close-Ups for NBC and Arizona Caravan for ABC.
In 1950, she resigned from her position as public relations director for KPHO-TV in Phoenix to help her husband with his campaign to be the Democratic nominee for governor.
In 1949, Harless and Ellsworth M. Statler bought a 504-acre thoroughbred horse ranch from Louis B. Mayer for $1 million.
Charitable work
During World War II, Harless helped sell war bonds and worked with the Civilian Defense Home Hospitality Committee, Russian War Relief Committee, and the Stage-Door Canteen. In addition to her wartime charitable work, she was a co-founder of the United Nations Club in December 1941. She later served as national vice president of the Salvation Army and worked with several other charitable organizations and local community efforts until her death on June 19, 1996, at the age of 86.
Awards
1951: Arizona's Outstanding Woman
Personal life
In 1928, she married Albert Spurlock, a coach, in a union that was later annulled. A 1933 newspaper item reported that the marriage "lasted only a half hour."
In 1934, she married Albert Russell Erskine Jr. (son of the former Studebaker president). She divorced him in 1937.
She married Rep. Richard Harless November 28, 1948, in Alexandria, Virginia.
References
External links
1909 births
1996 deaths
People from Bartlesville, Oklahoma
Miss America 1920s delegates
Actresses from Oklahoma
American beauty pageant winners
20th-century American actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meredith%20Howard%20Harless |
Johannes (Hannes) Evelinus Sköld (20 September 1886 – 14 September 1930) was a Swedish socialist and anti-militarist. Sköld was also a linguist, a writer and a poet. He also wrote songs.
Johannes Sköld was born in Heby. Large parts of his childhood was spent in China, as his father was a missionary there. His family returned to Sweden in 1897 and settled in the city of Norrköping, where he became friends with Ture Nerman. After Gymnasia high school he moved to Gothenburg to study at the University. In Gothenburg, Hannes Sköld got to know Zeth Höglund and became active with him in the left wing of the workers’ movement.
As a young bohemian, Hannes Sköld traveled around Europe and lived in Paris and Copenhagen while working as a correspondent for different Swedish newspapers. He published his first book of poetry in 1911. The same year, he was jailed in Långholmen prison for spreading anti-militarist propaganda. In 1912, he released his second book, which he had written while in prison.
Sköld became a communist in 1917 after the Russian Revolution. He moved to the Soviet Union, learned Russian and translated some of the works by prominent Bolshevik leaders to Swedish. He also translated works by Karl Marx and August Bebel. Sköld died in Höör, aged 44.
Swedish communists
Swedish male writers
University of Gothenburg alumni
1886 births
1930 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannes%20Sk%C3%B6ld |
Joseph Cafasso (; 15 January 1811 – 23 June 1860) was an Italian Catholic priest who was a significant social reformer in Turin. He was one of the so-called "Social Saints" who emerged during that particular era. He is known as the "Priest of the Gallows" due to his extensive work with those prisoners who were condemned to death. But he was also known for his excessive mortifications despite his frail constitution: he neglected certain foods and conditions to remain as frugal and basic as possible unless a doctor ordered otherwise.
The cause for his canonization commenced after his death that led to his beatification in mid-1925 and his canonization two decades later on 22 June 1947; he is a patron for Italian prisoners and prisoners amongst other things.
Life
Giuseppe Cafasso was born to peasants in Castelnuovo d'Asti as the third of four children. His sister Marianna (the fourth and last child) was later to become the mother of Giuseppe Allamano. Cafasso had been born with a deformed spine which contributed to his short stature and frail constitution.
It was often said that no one who knew Cafasso as a child ever could recall him having sinned, seeing him as a model individual. In his childhood Cafasso felt called to become a priest and so commenced his ecclesial studies in Turin and Chieri in order to achieve his dream. During this period he came to know another native of the town - Giovanni Bosco - whom he would later encourage and support in the work of caring for the street urchins in Turin giving them training in various trades. The two first met when Bosco was 14 but both soon became lifelong friends. Cafasso received his ordination to the priesthood in the archdiocesan cathedral on 21 September 1833.
He underwent some further theological studies at the Turin college four months after his ordination and it was at that time that in 1834 that he came to know Luigi Guala (1775-1848) - the co-founder of the Institute of Saint Francis of Assisi. This college was dedicated to the higher education of the diocesan priests who were still recovering from the destruction of the church's institutions under the Napoleonic invasion a generation earlier. He would be connected to this institution for the rest of his life advancing from student to lecturer to chaplain and then at last being named Guala's successor as the college's rector in 1848.
He - at some point - became a professed member of the Third Order of Saint Francis. In his role as a teacher he never neglected his duties as a priest and often aided those students in poor circumstances when he would provide them with books and other things needed for them to complete their studies.
Cafasso became a noted lecturer in moral theological subjects since 1836 and drew on the teachings of the French school in spiritual studies with its leading figures such as Pierre de Bérulle and Vincent de Paul. But a major common element among these figures was the emphasis on the proper formation of priests and indeed ongoing formation it was to be. He worked against the spirit of Jansenism with its strong focus with sin and damnation which he had found to be influential amongst the students. He used the teachings of Alphonsus Liguori and Francis de Sales to moderate the rigorism of the education there while striving to offer simple values and morals as a greater substitute. He likewise fought against state intrusion in the affairs of the church.
The priest was known for his practice of mortifications in the aim of becoming as frugal as possible. He never smoked nor did he drink things other than water alone. He never indulged in coffee nor things between his meals. He never complained about toothaches or headaches but bore his pain with remarkable resilience as a sign of his own personal cross. He was once asked whether or not his constant work ever wore him out and he said: "Our rest will be in Heaven". He celebrated Mass each 4:30am and was known for spending long hours in the confessional and chapel.
He was also a noted confessor and spiritual director who guided people who would go on to found new religious institutions or congregations which would help the church to meet the needs of the whole world. Bosco was just one (Cafasso was his spiritual director from 1841 to 1860); another was Giulia Falletti di Barolo who became a noted advocate of women prisoners. Francesco Faà di Bruno was but another that he guided as well as Clemente Marchisio. He was also known for his extensive work in the local prisons and served as the comforter of those condemned to death so much so that he was called "The Priest of the Gallows". There was even one occasion when this small and weak priest seized an enormous inmate's beard and told him he would not let go until the man confessed. The inmate did so and wept as he confessed (not from Cafasso tugging at his beard) while giving praise to God as he left the confessional. There was also another occasion in which he escorted 60 converted inmates who had been condemned to the gallows. Most of them were hanged straight after confessing and receiving absolution and so Cafasso referred to them as "hanged saints".
He died on 23 June 1860 and his friend Bosco (who wrote a biographical account of his old friend) preached though was not the celebrant for the Mass. Cafasso had died from pneumonia coupled with a stomach hemorrhage and complications from congenital medical issues. He bequeathed all he had in his will to the Little House of Divine Providence which was the religious order that Giuseppe Benedetto Cottolengo had founded some decades before. The college he had headed until his death moved to the Santuario della Consolata in 1870 and this prompted his remains to be re-interred there.
Sainthood
The process for canonization opened in Turin in a local process that would assess his saintliness and evaluate his spiritual writings; the formal introduction to the cause came in an official decree that Pope Pius X signed on 23 May 1906 while the confirmation of his heroic virtue allowed Pope Benedict XV to title Cafasso as Venerable. Pope Pius XI confirmed two miracles attributed to Cafasso's intercession on 1 November 1924 while - in the official decree - labelling Cafasso as "the educator and formation teacher of priests". Pius XI presided over the beatification on 3 May 1925. Pope Pius XII confirmed two more miracles and canonized Cafasso in Saint Peter's Basilica on 22 June 1947.
Pius XII - on 9 April 1948 - declared him to be the patron saint of all Italian prisons and prisoners. In his apostolic exhortation Menti Nostrae - on 23 September 1950 - the pontiff further offered him as an example to all priests involved as confessors and spiritual directors.
Monuments and buildings
There is a monument that has been erected in his honor in Turin at the road crossing of Corso Regina Margherita and Corso Principe Eugenio and Corso Valdocco (called the Rondò della Forca - or the Gallows Roundabout). In 1968 a church in the Tuscolano district in Rome was dedicated to him.
See also
Giovanni Bosco
Giuseppe Allamano (his nephew)
Notes and references
External links
Hagiography Circle
Saints SQPN
Loyola Press
Pope Benedict XVI, "Joseph Cafasso", General Audience, 30 June 2010, Libreria Editrice Vaticana
1811 births
1860 deaths
19th-century Christian saints
19th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
19th-century venerated Christians
Beatifications by Pope Pius XI
Canonizations by Pope Pius XII
Deaths from pneumonia in Piedmont
Italian chaplains
Italian Roman Catholic saints
19th-century Italian Roman Catholic theologians
Members of the Third Order of Saint Francis
People from Castelnuovo Don Bosco
Prison chaplains
Roman Catholic moral theologians
Social reformers
Venerated Catholics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Cafasso |
Alexander Alexandrovich Kornilov (; 30 November 1862 – 26 April 1925) was a Russian historian and liberal politician.
Biography
Prior to the Russian Revolution of 1917, Kornilov was a history professor at the Polytechnicum of Peter the Great in Saint Petersburg and author of a definitive history of 19th century Russia. He specialized in the reign of Alexander II of Russia and the life of Mikhail Bakunin. In 1917, he served as secretary of the Central Committee of the liberal Constitutional Democratic Party and chairman of the party's Petrograd Committee.
After the Russian Civil War (1918–1920) Kornilov taught at the renamed Polytechnical Institute in Petrograd and continued his work on Bakunin.
Works
In English
Modern Russian History: Being an authoritative and detailed history of Russia from the Age of Catherine the Great to the Present, in 2 volumes, 679pp, trans. by Alexander S. Kaun, New York, Knopf, 1917. Reprinted as:
Modern Russian History: from the Age of Catherine the Great to the End of the 19th Century, Knopf, 1943, 1951, 1952, 1970
19th Century Russia: From the Age of Napoleon to the Eve of Revolution, edited and abridged by Robert Bass, New York, Capricorn Books, 1966, 428pp
In Russian
Krest'anskaya reforma. Saint Petersburg, Tipo-lit. F. Vaijsberga i P. Gershunina, 1905, 271p
Krest'anskij stroj, 1905
Ocherki po istorii obshchestvennago dvizheniya i krestyanskago dela v Rossii, Saint Petersburg, 1905, 473pp
Obshchestvennoe dvizheniie pri Aleksandre II, 1855-1881: istoricheskie ocherki, Moscow, [Izd. zhurnala "Russkaya mysl'"], 1909, 263pp
Molodye gody Mikhaila Bakunina: iz istorīi russkago romantizma, Moscow, Izd. M. i S. Sabashnikovykh, 1915, 718p
Russkaya politika v Pol'she so vremeni razdelov do nachala XX veka: istoricheskij ocherk, Petrogad, Ogni, 1915, 93p
Semejstvo Bakuninykh, [Moscow, Izd. M. i S. Sabashnikovykh, 1915], 2 volumes
Kurs istorii Rossii devytnadtsatogo weka, in 3 volumes, 1918, reprinted in 1969
Gody stranstvij Mikhaila Bakunina, Leningrad, Gos. izd-vo, 1925, 590p
References
Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution 1914-1921, eds. Edward Acton, Vladimir Iu. Cherniaev, William G. Rosenberg, Indiana University Press, 1997, p. 754,
1862 births
1925 deaths
Historians from the Russian Empire
Politicians from the Russian Empire
Russian Constitutional Democratic Party members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr%20Kornilov%20%28historian%29 |
KFM was an unlicensed radio station based in Stockport, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom.
History
KFM originally broadcast on 94.2 MHz FM from a studio on Middle Hillgate, Stockport with the transmitter and aerial at Goyt Mill in Marple from November 1983 to February 1985. Its name on the business board was Mersey Valley Electronics. KFM was functional by 1984 with a day-time line-up including DJ's 'Jumpin' Johnny Owen, Dave Starr, Pete Wilde, Marcus Tarpey, Simon Richards, Pete Smith, Jon Guy, Craig Wood, Philip Gorman, Big Al Rockwell, Pete Best, 'Dodgy' Kevin Webb, Steve Maltby, Rob Charles, 'Naughty' Nikki Stevens and Stevie 'Megamix' King (with Wilf the Weatherman), Roger Taylor and Captain Flint. The station was raided by the authorities several times, but was soon back on air each time.
Although a pirate radio station, KFM broadcast test transmissions for a number of weeks prior to going live and was featured more than once on Granada Television's "Granada Reports" news programme. The original transmissions were in mono only but they rapidly moved to stereo output.
The station was created by Alastair Bates and Charles Turner, who both also presented weekend shows. Charles Turner had been involved in an unlicensed pirate radio station in the 1970s (a 'hippy' station called Radio Aquarius), and Alastair Bates and Ian Walsh in the early 1980s in a Manchester station called RFM. Charles Turner used a frequency synthesiser transmitter of his own design and a stereo encoder designed by Trevor Brooks (published in Wireless World in the early 1980s). Phil Platt sang on the early KFM jingles which were written by Charles Turner with the input of Phil and Steve Ridgeway. Other jingles were produced by AlphaSound.
The first broadcasts were test transmissions from pub car parks and the tops of local hills such as Werneth Low and Lantern Wood near Bowstonegate Farm in Higher Disley. Transmissions from Middle Hillgate and Goyt Mill came much later; the earliest broadcasts preceded 1983. The first broadcasts were transmitted from a radio mast at Bowstonegate Farm in Lyme Park. They were initially 2 hours long, pre-recorded at Ride Music Studio's and other secret locations on to a Revox B77 reel-to-reel tape recorder, then transferred to the boot of a car which was then parked at a pub car park near Disley. The broadcast of only two hours at a time made it difficult for government departments to trace the transmitter.
The station had a mix of national and local music and its following grew rapidly. On weekdays it had an hourly news service (gathered from Ceefax pages). The station changed its studio location to Goyt Mill, where the transmitter was based. KFM aggravated its local well-established competitor Piccadilly Radio. Programme Controller Colin Walters said in a documentary on Radio 4 that the station was "producing radio on the cheap" by not paying needle time, wages, standard business taxes, licensing fees etc. KFM was eventually taken off the air by a raid by the Department of Trade and Industry, which enforced the Wireless Telegraphy Act's prohibition on broadcasting without a licence.
One of KFM's early DJs and initial Programme Controller was Steve Toon, who also presented live music under the KFM aegis at the Brookfield Hotel along with Pete Best KFM's Saturday Morning DJ. After becoming licensed it was an indie music station of the late 1980s and early 1990s, and featured Terry Christian, Jon Ronson, Caroline Aherne, Neil Cossar, Joe Patricks, Spence MacDonnald and Craig Cash in its line up (although, with the exception of Joe Patricks and Craig Cash, none of these were actually at the station in its halcyon (unlicensed/'pirate' days). KFM's Rock show, presented by Simon Norton was sponsored by the country's biggest rock club, Rockworld in Manchester.
Whilst an undergraduate at Manchester University, Adam Tickell (the now Vice-Chancellor of Sussex University) frequently worked alongside Charles Turner in the early days of the radio station. Charles taught Adam the basics of DJing and how to produce music which would lead Adam to perform at local club nights. Adam Tickell was not described as being a good DJ but was very eager to learn whose passion made his performances the best they could be.
Despite critical acclaim in its legal days it failed commercially and Charles Turner sold the licence to Signal Radio. It became Signal Cheshire, ownership was transferred again, to UTV Radio, and it broadcast as Imagine FM.
The KFM Radio name was revived in November 2014 with the launch of a brand new online station, www.kfmradio.co.uk designed and built in tribute to the original 1984 KFM. Designed to serve the people of Stockport and South Manchester and their friends and families all over the world, with a potential global reach on the World Wide Web. A multi genre station with some of the original 1984 team involved. It has since evolved streaming 24/7 and also has links with other online stations and listeners in many countries.
References
External links
http://www.northwestradio.info/memories/kfm/
http://www.robcharles.com
http://www.phil-platt.com
Radio stations in Manchester
Defunct radio stations in the United Kingdom
Former pirate radio stations
Pirate radio stations in the United Kingdom
Radio stations established in 1983
Radio stations disestablished in 1985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFM%20Radio |
Light transport theory deals with the mathematics behind calculating the energy transfers between media that affect visibility. This article is currently specific to light transport in rendering processes such as global illumination and HDRI.
Light
Light Transport
The amount of light transported is measured by flux density, or luminous flux per unit area on the point of the surface at which it is measured.
Radiometry
Energy Transfer
Media
Models
Hemisphere
Given a surface S, a hemisphere H can be projected on to S to calculate the amount of incoming and outgoing light. If a point P is selected at random on the surface S, the amount of incoming and outgoing light can be calculated by its projection onto the hemisphere.
Hemicube
The hemicube model works in a similar way that the hemisphere model works, with the exception that a hemicube is projected as opposed to a hemisphere. The similarity is only in concept, the actual calculation done by integration has a different form factor.
Particle
Wave
Equations
Maxwell's Equations
Rendering
Rendering converts a model into an image either by simulating a method such as light transport to get physically based photorealistic images, or by applying some kind of style as non-photorealistic rendering. The two basic operations in light transport are transport (how much light gets from one place to another) and scattering (how surfaces interact with light).
See also
Path Tracing
Global illumination
Monte Carlo Method
Photon mapping
Radiosity (computer graphics)
Ray tracing (graphics)
Ray tracing (physics)
Reyes rendering
3D computer graphics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light%20transport%20theory |
Daniel Passent (28 April 1938 – 14 February 2022) was a Polish journalist and writer. He was the author of the En passant blog, which was appearing as a column in a Polish weekly Polityka.
Biography
Passent was born in Stanisławów, Poland (modern-day Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine). As a Jewish child he was saved from the Holocaust by a Polish family.
Passent studied journalism at the University of Warsaw, Andrei Zhdanov
University in Leningrad, USSR (now St. Petersburg, Russia), Princeton University, and Harvard University in the 1950s and 1960s. He first wrote for a communist youth magazine Sztandar Młodych in his sophomore year at the University of Warsaw in 1956. In college, he wrote satirical texts for a student standup comedy group Studencki Teatr Satyryków (STS). There he met his wife, Agnieszka Osiecka, a Polish poet and lyricist. Their daughter, Agata Passent, is also a journalist. Since 1959 he has been working for a Polish weekly Polityka. From 1990 to 1997 he was a journalist in Boston for a Spanish monthly magazine El Diario Mundial. From 1997 to 2002 Passent served as a Polish ambassador to Chile.
In addition to his articles and columns, Passent wrote several books, among others about the Vietnam War, the Olympic Summer Games 1972 in Munich, about the drug problem in the US, and about the world class Polish tennis player, Wojciech Fibak. He also translated books and other texts by James Baldwin and Martin Luther King Jr. into Polish. He spoke Polish, English, German, Spanish, and Russian.
In 1997, Passent received Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta.
He died on 14 February 2022, at the age of 83.
Controversy
An article in a conservative Polish newspaper Dziennik, claimed that Passent worked in the 1960s as a spy for the communist government under the code names "Daniel" and "John". Credence to these claims was lent by the Gen. Kiszczak files (released by Kiszczak's widow in 2016) in which Passent shows his true loyalty to the Communist cause (just after Fr. Popiełuszko's murder by the state in 1984) by denouncing the patriotic opposition and suggesting tactics to Kiszczak. Passent asked an independent court to review such claims through a procedure called lustration; this request was denied as Poland's lustration law applies only to people holding (or running for) a public office.
References
1938 births
2022 deaths
21st-century Polish Jews
21st-century Polish people
Ambassadors of Poland to Chile
Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Jewish journalists
Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe)
Holocaust survivors
Writers from Ivano-Frankivsk
Polish journalists
Polish columnists
University of Warsaw alumni
Princeton University alumni
Harvard University alumni
Diplomats from Ivano-Frankivsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Passent |
Mrs. Wormwood is a fictional character.
It may refer to:
A minor character in The Sarah Jane Adventures
Miss Wormwood, a minor character in comic strip Calvin & Hobbes
Mrs. Wormwood (Matilda), a minor character in the Roald Dahl novel Matilda | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs.%20Wormwood |
The Thaler was the currency of the two Duchies, later Grand Duchies, of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz until 1857. It was replaced the Mecklenburg Vereinsthaler at par. From the 1750s it was identical to the Hanoverian thaler at 1/12 a Cologne Mark of fine silver. From 1848, it was equal to the Prussian Thaler at 1/14 a Mark.
The thaler was subdivided into 48 Schillinge, each of 12 Pfenninge.
Currencies of Germany
1857 disestablishments in Germany
Coins of the Holy Roman Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg%20thaler |
The Archdiocese of Monterrey () is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or archdiocese of the Catholic Church located in Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
The Archdiocese of Monterrey is a metropolitan see; its suffragan dioceses are the Ciudad Victoria, Linares, Matamoros, Nuevo Laredo, Piedras Negras, Saltillo and Tampico.
History
The Diocese of Monterrey was erected by Papal Bull "Relata Semper" by Pope Pius VI on December 15, 1777. The diocese's territory was taken from the Dioceses of Mexico, Michoacan and, mainly, Guadalajara. It encompassed the modern states of Nuevo Leon, Coahuila, Tamaulipas and Texas. It was first called the Diocese of Linares, then Linares-Monterrey. Its name was changed to Monterrey on June 9, 1922.
Bishops
Ordinaries
Juan Antonio de Jesús Sacedón Sánchez † (1778–1779)
Rafael José Verger y Suau (1782–1790)
Andrés Ambrosio de Llanos y Valdés (1791–1799)
Primo Feliciano Marín y Porras (1801–1815)
José Ignacio de Arancibia y Hormaguei (1817–1821)
José María de Jesús Belaunzarán y Ureña (1831–1838)
Salvador de Apodaca y Loreto (1842–1844)
Jose Ignacio Sánchez Navarro (1851–1852)
Francisco de Paula Verea y González (1853–1879) named Bishop of Tlaxcala
José María Ignacio Montes de Oca y Obregón (1879–1884) named Bishop of San Luis Potosí
Blasius Enciso (1884–1885)
Jacinto López y Romo (1886–1895) named Archbishop of Guadalajara
Santiago de los Santos Garza Zambrano (1895–1907)
Leopoldo Ruiz y Flóres (1907–1911) named Archbishop of Michoacán
Francisco Plancarte y Navarrete (1912–1920)
José Juan de Jesús Herrera y Piña (1921–1927)
José Guadalupe Ortíz y López (1929–1940)
Guillermo Tritschler y Córdova (1941–1952)
Alfonso Espino y Silva (1952–1976)
José de Jesús Tirado Pedraza (1976–1983)
Adolfo Suárez Rivera (1983–2003) elevated to Cardinal in 1994
Francisco Robles Ortega (2003–2011) named Archbishop of Guadalajara; elevated to Cardinal in 2007
Rogelio Cabrera López (2012–present)
Coadjutor bishop
Alfonso Espino y Silva (1951–1952)
Auxiliary bishops
José Guadalupe Ortíz y López (1926–1929), appointed Archbishop here
José de Jesús Tirado Pedraza (1973–1976), appointed Archbishop here
Luis Reynoso Cervantes (1978–1982), appointed Bishop of Ciudad Obregón, Sonora
Alfonso de Jesús Hinojosa Berrones (1985–2000)
Gustavo Rodriguez Vega (2001–2008), appointed Bishop of Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas
Alfonso Cortés Contreras (2005–2009), appointed Bishop of Cuernavaca, Morelos
José Lizares Estrada (2007–2009)
Jorge Alberto Cavazos Arizpe (2009–2012), appointed Apostolic Administrator of Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas
Alfonso Gerardo Miranda Guardiola (2014–present)
Juan Armando Pérez Talamantes (2014–present)
Heriberto Cavazos Pérez (2016–present)
Oscar Efraín Tamez Villarreal (2016–present)
Juan Carlos Arcq Guzmán (2020–present)
José Manuel Garza Madero (2020–present)
César Garza Miranda (2020–present)
Other priests of this diocese who became bishops
José Guadalupe Galván Galindo, appointed Bishop of Ciudad Valles, San Luís Potosí in 1994
Miguel Angel Alba Díaz, appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Antequera, Oaxaca in 1995
Eduardo Porfirio Patiño Leal, appointed Bishop of Córdoba, Veracruz in 2000
Alonso Gerardo Garza Treviño, appointed Bishop of Piedras Negras, Coahuila in 2003
Ruy Rendón Leal, appointed Prelate of El Salto, Durango in 2005
Hilario González García, appointed Bishop of Linares, Nuevo León in 2014
See also
List of Roman Catholic archdioceses in México
References
External links
Monterrey
Monterrey
Culture of Laredo, Texas
Roman Catholic ecclesiastical provinces in Mexico
A
Religious organizations established in 1777
Monterrey
1777 establishments in New Spain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Catholic%20Archdiocese%20of%20Monterrey |
Nautilus, Inc., located in Vancouver, Washington, United States, is the American worldwide marketer, developer, and manufacturer of fitness equipment brands BowFlex, Modern Movement, Nautilus, Schwinn Fitness, and Universal. The products are sold globally to customers through a combination of television commercials/infomercials, the Internet, call centers and retail stores.
Organization
Nautilus, Inc. is the maker of fitness equipment brands BowFlex, Modern Movement, Nautilus, Octane Fitness, Schwinn Fitness and Universal Gym Equipment, sold globally directly to customers through a combination of television commercials, infomercials, response mailings, the Internet, inbound/outbound call centers and retail stores.
James “Jim” Barr IV, a former OfficeMax and Microsoft executive, was named CEO in July 2019.
In 2015, the company opened a new building across from its headquarters in Vancouver, Washington, United States to expand its development and research team, and to house the company's only retail location – The Nautilus Shop.
The company also has offices in China and Rotterdam, and distribution centers in Portland, Oregon and Columbus, Ohio.
Brian Cook, held the CEO position for 17 years, from to 1986 to 2003 when he was replaced by Gregg Hammann. who resigned in August 2007 after sales fell to $134 million from $159.6 million in 2006.
In 2007, after Hammann's departure, Robert S. Falcone, the former Nike chief financial officer, became the Nautilus, Inc. interim chief executive officer, where he also served as president and chairman since October 17, 2007. In April 2008, Falcone was replaced by Edward Bramson, a major stock owner. Under Bramson's leadership, the company changed sales focus to solely direct-to-customer and retail businesses, which resulted in the sale of its StairMaster brand. Bramson was CEO and chairman of Nautilus, Inc. until May 2011, when he announced he would be stepping down and Bruce M. Cazenave, former executive with Black and Decker and Timberland, would be the new CEO.
History
Nautilus, Inc. originated in 1986 with the sale of most of the company by the inventor of Nautilus machines, Arthur Jones. Jones created the Nautilus machine, then called the Blue Monster, in the late 1960s, with the purpose of developing a fitness machine that accommodates human movement. The company's name was changed to Nautilus because the logarithmic-spiral cam, which made the machine a success, resembled a nautilus.
Bowflex acquired Nautilus, Inc. and specialized in designing, developing and marketing strength and cardio fitness products. In 1997, the company changed its name to Direct Focus and acquired the Nautilus, Schwinn and StairMaster brands between 1999 and 2002, before changing its name to Nautilus, Inc. Nautilus became a publicly traded company in May 1999.
The company stopped selling exercise equipment to gyms in 2011 and shifted its focus to home-use equipment. The same year, Nautilus, Inc. licensed its brand name and technology to other manufacturers.
In 2004, Nautilus, Inc. was sued by Biosig Instruments for allegedly infringing its design for heart-rate monitors. The case eventually reached the United States Supreme Court, who used it to establish reasonable certainty as the standard for judging whether or not a patent claim is indefinite.
Nautilus, Inc. acquired Octane Fitness, LLC from private equity firm North Castle Partners on December 31, 2015.
The company was recognized by The Oregonian as one of the top places to work, as well as the company with the healthiest employees of Oregon by the Portland Business Journal, in its 100-499 employee category.
Nautilus, Inc. has been an American Heart Association Fit-Friendly company since 2010. The company is recognized for its Road to Wellness Program, which challenges and rewards employees to get healthier.
Finance
From 2011 to 2017, the company's cash position increased from $17 million to $85 million.
As a result of its three-year profit, revenue and stock growth, Nautilus, Inc. was No. 23 on Fortune's 100 Fastest Growing Companies list in 2015.
On March 18, 2014, Bruce Cazenave, CEO of Nautilus, Inc., rang the New York Stock Exchange's opening bell. Nautilus, Inc. also featured its new home fitness cardio machine, the Bowflex Max Trainer machine, on the NYSE trading floor and discussed the company's 2013 fourth quarter and full year financial growth.
In 2013, Nautilus, Inc. posted $218.8 million in revenue, a 13% increase over 2012. The company's financial performance in the past two years has led to Nautilus, Inc. landing at No. 4 on The Seattle Times’ 23rd annual ranking of publicly traded companies based in the Northwest.
Since 2012, the company's stock has increased to more than $14 a share.
Brands and products
The Nautilus, Inc. portfolio includes global fitness equipment brands Bowflex, Nautilus, Modern Movement, Octane Fitness, Schwinn and Universal.
Bowflex
Bowflex is the brand name for a series of fitness training equipment. The first Bowflex product, Bowflex 2000X home gym, was created in 1986. Bowflex products now range from cardio machines, to adjustable dumbbells and home gyms. The Bowflex brand includes the Bowflex Max Trainer and Bowflex TreadClimber machines, the SelectTech Adjustable dumbbells for strength training, and Bowflex Xtreme 2 home gym and Bowflex Revolution home gym.
The brand also makes treadmills and elliptical machines.
Schwinn
The Schwinn brand includes cardio products such as the Schwinn Airdyne bike, designed to challenge users’ entire body by increasing wind resistance the harder they pedal. The Schwinn Airdyne Pro bike model received the 2016 Good Design Award from the European Centre for Architecture Art Design and Urban Studies. The brand also includes Schwinn ellipticals and Schwinn stationary bikes.
In addition to upright and indoor cycling bikes, the Schwinn brand also includes treadmills and rowing machines, as well as the vintage styled Schwinn Classic Cruiser bike with a digital app.
Nautilus
Created in the 1970s, the Nautilus brand developed the variable-resistance cable machine. The Nautilus brand sells through direct, e-commerce, retail and international channels and includes cardio products such as ellipticals, treadmills, and bikes.
The Nautilus E618 elliptical cardio machine is made from tubular steel for strength and durability. The E618 elliptical also includes an LCD, which shows users' progress and heart rate. The brand also includes Nautilus T618 treadmill which comes with 26 workout programs.
Universal
Founded in 1957, the Universal Gym Equipment brand is known for its strength equipment. In 2006, it was acquired by Nautilus, Inc.
Octane Fitness
Founded in 2001 by Dennis Lee and Tim Porth, Octane Fitness is a cardio equipment manufacturer specializing in elliptical machines for home and commercial use. Nautilus, Inc. acquired the Octane Fitness brand in December 2015 and integrated operations into the existing corporate structure.
Octane Fitness cardio machines include elliptical machines such as the Octane Fitness Q37 standing elliptical machine, xRide recumbent machine, Octane Fitness LateralX lateral cross training machine. In 2014, the brand introduced the Octane Fitness Zero Runner ZR7 home exercise machine built to replicate walking, jogging or running and is constructed with independent hip and knee joints that allow users to customize their motion.
Commercial versions of the Octane Fitness Zero Runner machine, the ZR7000 and ZR8000 were introduced for use in fitness clubs and gyms.
The brand also makes the commercial grade Octane Fitness AirdyneX bike and Octane Fitness Max Trainer MTX cardio machine.
Modern Movement
The Modern Movement brand has training products such as the M-Pad and Edge-Board balance and core strength training boards, which help strengthen the core and improve balance. The M-Pad balance board is collapsible and has three attachable base pads to increase the level of difficulty. The Edge-Board core strength training board has curved rollers that allow user to make arcing turns and non-linear extensions.
References
External links
Nautilus, Inc. (home)
American companies established in 1986
Manufacturing companies established in 1986
Companies based in Vancouver, Washington
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Exercise equipment companies
Exercise-related trademarks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus%2C%20Inc. |
The New Hanover Township School District is a consolidated public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade from non-military portions of New Hanover Township (including its Cookstown section) and Wrightstown, two communities in Burlington County, New Jersey, United States.
As of the 2019–20 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 180 students and 21.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 8.3:1. In the 2016-17 school year, the district had the 40th-smallest enrollment of any school district in the state.
The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "B", the second lowest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.
For ninth through twelfth grades, students from both New Hanover Township and Wrightstown attend Bordentown Regional High School as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Bordentown Regional School District, a regional K-12 school district that serves students from Bordentown City, Bordentown Township and Fieldsboro Borough. As of the 2019–20 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 791 students and 57.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.9:1.
Attendance boundary
The district only includes portions of the township not on the property of Joint Base McGuire–Dix–Lakehurst. Students living on the base have choices of three school districts, none of them being New Hanover schools.
School
New Hanover Township School had an enrollment of 177 students in grades PreK-8 as of the 2019–20 school year.
Dr. Scott Larkin, principal
Administration
Core members of the district's administration are:
Dr. Scott Larkin, superintendent
Vincent Caravello, business administrator and board secretary
Board of education
The district's board of education, comprised of seven members, sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either two or three seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the day-to-day operation of the district.
References
External links
New Hanover Township Public Schools
School Data for the New Hanover Township School, National Center for Education Statistics
New Jersey District Factor Group B
New Hanover Township, New Jersey
School districts in Burlington County, New Jersey
Public K–8 schools in New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Hanover%20Township%20School%20District |
The Chevrolet Corvette (C5) is the fifth generation of the Corvette sports car, produced by the Chevrolet division of General Motors for the 1997 through 2004 model years. Production variants include the high performance Z06. Racing variants include the C5-R, a 24 Hours of Daytona and 24 Hours of Le Mans GTS/GT1 winner. The C5 Corvette was the first GM vehicle to feature the third generation small block "LS" engines. Pop-up headlights were featured on a Corvette for the final time during this generation.
Overview
The C5 was unveiled on January 6, 1997 at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit. The fifth generation was originally intended to debut in 1993 to celebrate the Corvette's 40th anniversary, but it was delayed by financial troubles and changes in staff within GM. A major change from its predecessor the C4, the C5 had a hydroformed box frame, a design that offered an improved structural platform, especially for a convertible bodystyle. To improve handling, the transmission was relocated to form an integrated, rear-mounted transaxle assembly. Connected to the all-new LS1 engine via a torque tube, the engine/transmission arrangement enabled a 50-50% front-rear weight distribution. The LS1 engine initially produced , subsequently increased in 2001 to . The 4L60-E automatic transmission carried over from previous models, but the manual was replaced by a Borg-Warner T-56 6-speed capable of a top speed. Relative to the C4, the new platform and structural design substantially reduced squeaks and rattles.
In the inaugural model year (1997), only the fastback coupé (more like a hatchback coupé) was offered, with the convertible – the first to offer a trunk since 1962 – following later in August 1997 for MY 1998. In the summer of 1998, a third bodystyle, the hardtop (also referred to as the "fixed-roof coupé" or "FRC"), was added to the 1999 MY lineup. This bodystyle, as its name suggests, featured a fixed top (no removable targa top panel as with the fastback coupé) with a roofline shape and trunk space similar to that of the convertible, as well as a distinctive notchback-style rear window.
Aside from cosmetic differences (new wheel styles, paint colors, pace car/commemorative editions in 1998, 2003, and 2004, etc.), engine power increase, and new offerings for optional equipment, there were few fundamental changes from one model year to the next within the production run of the C5. One of the more popular "high-tech" options introduced in the Corvette line was a head-up display or HUD, while another innovation was the Active Handling System (first available as an option for 1998, then standard on all 2001 models).
The C5 was also the first Corvette to incorporate a drive-by-wire throttle; and variable-effort steering, whereby the assist level of the power steering is varied according to vehicle speed (more at lower speeds, less at higher speeds). Also notable, though rarely discussed, the C5 generation was the first model to adopt the parallel or 'tandem' windshield wiper configuration, abandoning the opposed configuration that was used on every previous Corvette model since the first in 1953.
In contrast to the reputation of high-performance vehicles for poor fuel economy, the C5 achieves comparatively high EPA ratings of / mpg (city/highway) with the automatic transmission and / with the manual transmission, allowing it to avoid the "gas guzzler" tax that is levied against most other vehicles in the Corvette's class. A number of factors are responsible for this: the relatively light weight of the C5 (a curb weight under ; Chevrolet went so far as to omit the spare tire as a weight-saving measure, relying upon run-flat tires instead); the C5's low drag coefficient; and the vehicle's tendency to upshift into the higher gears as soon as possible. The manual transmission's Computer-Aided Gear Shifting results in an obligatory shift from 1st gear directly into 4th gear under certain driving conditions; the system can be deactivated through PCM tuning or the use of an aftermarket device.
Suspension choices for the base model C5 were limited to the standard suspension (RPO FE1), with options for either the autocross-inspired FE3 Sport Suspension (included with the Z51 Performance & Handling Package and standard on the 1999–2000 FRC) or the F45 Selective Ride Control Suspension, which permitted "on-the-fly" driver selection of different ride characteristics (sport or touring). Late in the production run (starting with the 2003 model year), the F55 Magnetic Selective Ride Control Suspension replaced the F45 as the third suspension choice. The racing-inspired FE4 suspension used for the Z06 is stiffer than any offered on the base model C5, and is unique to that model with no optional suspension offered. The C5's suspension consisted of independent unequal-length double wishbones with transverse fiberglass mono-leaf springs and optional magnetorheological dampers.
The C5 is competitive in regards to 0–60 mph acceleration times with almost all premium sports cars of its era, including the Aston Martin DB7 Vantage, and the Ferrari 355. A composite of published performance numbers for the base-model coupé and convertible gives a 0–60 mph time of around 4.5 seconds, and a standing quarter-mile time of around 13.3 seconds at 108 mph (both times for a vehicle equipped with the 6-speed manual transmission).
The C5's modular body panels use a lightweight composite material known in the automotive industry as SMC or Sheet Molded Composite, a type of fiberglass that is blended and bonded with resins. SMC provides better protection against direct blows because it is very stiff and will not dent. The floor boards on the C5 are a composite consisting of SMC with balsa wood in the middle. Balsa wood was chosen for its stiffness, light weight, and sound absorption qualities. The all aluminium LS1 overhead valve engine is much lighter than its bi-metal (cast iron block, aluminum heads) predecessor, the LT1, and provides for a much lower hoodline when compared to an overhead cam design of relative displacement. The composite leaf springs are much lighter and sit much lower than typical coil springs and help provide the C5 with its smooth ride characteristics and low ride height.
Ending production on July 2, 2004, the C5 became both the last generation of Corvette, and alongside Lotus Esprit (the last Esprit rolled off the production line on February 20, 2004), the last car overall to use pop-up headlamps.
Z06
A successor to the ZR-1 made its debut in 2001 as the Z06, giving a nod to the high-performance Z06 version of the C2 Corvette of the 1960s. The Z06 uses a tuned version of the standard LS1 engine (designated the LS6), with a higher power output of , later bumped to starting in 2002. Although its total output was less than that of the previous late model ZR-1, the Z06 was much lighter, and could out-perform the ZR-1 in every category except top speed. It also cost substantially less than the ZR-1. The Z06 had a total curb weight of . The Z06 model was only available with the six-speed manual transmission.
Chevrolet engineered several modifications for the Z06 to put the increased power to its best use, starting with the most structurally rigid bodystyle — the hardtop or FRC (Fixed Roof Coupé). The new components added to the Z06 included: uprated FE4 suspension, larger wheels and tires, revised gearing ratios, and functional brake cooling ducts. The Z06 is lighter than a standard C5 hatchback coupe due to weight-saving measures such as a titanium exhaust system, thinner glass, lighter wheels, non-EMT tires, reduced sound proofing, fixed rear radio aerial, and a lighter battery. Starting with the 2002 model year, power was increased to at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 4,800 rpm, due to a larger air intake, stiffer valve springs, lighter sodium filled valves and more aggressive camshaft lift and timing.
The 2004 Z06 Commemorative Edition was equipped with a carbon fiber hood, saving an additional of weight. Other unique characteristics of the Z16 (Commemorative Edition Z06) are the polished aluminum wheels, special paint color and striping, commemorative-edition badging and wheel center caps. The Z16 also received revised shock damping tuning for improved handling. The Z16 option accounted for the majority of Z06 Corvettes in 2004, totaling 2,025 units, with 325 units shipped overseas.
The performance figures for the version of the Z06 include an acceleration time from 0– in 3.9 seconds and 11.9 seconds in the as tested by GM High-Tech Performance magazine in October 2004.
Known issues
The C5 Corvette is widely considered a very reliable platform for a high-performing sports car (standard C5 coupe) and supercar (Z06).
Common failure points on all C5 Corvettes include the hazard switch, fuel tank level sensors (requires cleaning due to dirty gas sulfur deposits), and steering column lock message (an aftermarket fix exists).
Other issues are tied to some parts that are no longer produced, and not necessarily reliability of parts. The Electronic Braking Control Module (EBCM) for example, is a part no longer produced by GM. On C5 Corvettes made before 2001, a failing ECBM module must be replaced outright. Model year 2001 and newer C5 Corvettes can have their EBCMs serviced in some, but not all, cases.
Some 2004 Corvettes have a redesigned fuel tank system which makes repair very labor intensive and expensive.
Valve spring failures are known to affect late production 2002-mid 2003 Z06s. The permanent fix is replacing the original yellow valve springs with inexpensive redesigned OEM GM valve springs, or with aftermarket valve springs.
Special editions
Indianapolis 500 Pace Car Replica
In 1998, the newly introduced convertible version of the C5 was chosen as the Pace Car the Indianapolis 500 race, and a Pace Car Replica (RPO Z4Z) was offered to the public. Aside from lacking the equipment necessary for actual pace car duties (light bar, special racing harnesses, etc.), there was little difference between the Pace Car Replica C5 and the vehicle that actually saw duty during the race. The Pace Car Replica package consisted of a special paint color ("Radar Blue"), unique interior colors (black and yellow), painted yellow wheels, and special pace car decals. The Pace Car Replica package also included other optional equipment: the newly introduced Active Handling System (RPO JL4); an electronically tuned AM/FM radio with CD player and a Bose speaker system; an electronic dual-zone heating & air conditioning system; and leather adjustable sport bucket seats. While regarded by many as the most garish Corvette appearance package offered to date, the 1998 Pace Car Replicas nevertheless enjoy a strong and loyal following of owners and collectors.
50th Anniversary Edition
A 50th Anniversary Edition (RPO Z25) was offered during the 2003 model year to commemorate a half-century of Corvette production. Available in convertible and coupé models, the 50th Anniversary Edition came with a special shade of red paint ("Anniversary Red Metallic") and shale two-tone leather interior; Anniversary Edition convertibles were adorned with a shale-colored soft top as well. A new option for Corvette in 2003, the F55 Magnetic Selective Ride Control Suspension was standard on the 1SC-equipped Anniversary Edition vehicles. Special ("Warm Nickel Metallic") painted aluminum wheels, embroidered upholstery trim, and badges completed the Anniversary Edition package. Also included were all of the convenience options offered on the upscale Corvette models such as the head-up display.
A slightly modified 50th Anniversary Edition Corvette was chosen to pace the Indianapolis 500 race in May 2002; then the production vehicle became a centerpiece of the subsequent 50th Anniversary Celebration, sponsored by Chevrolet. Festivities included gatherings in Nashville, Bowling Green, and St. Louis. Thousands of Corvettes and their owners arrived from all over the country to participate in the events marking the vehicle's 50th year of production.
Chevrolet Corvette Moray concept (2003)
It is a version of Corvette coupe designed by Giorgetto and Fabrizio Giugiaro of Italdesign, commemorating 50 years of the Chevrolet Corvette. It included 6.0 litre V8 engine, door window half dome, gull wing door hinged to the rear pillar.
The vehicle was unveiled in 2003 Geneva Motor Show.
24 Hours of Le Mans Commemorative Edition
During the 2004 model year, a 24 Hours of Le Mans Commemorative Edition package (RPO's Z15 & Z16) were offered as an option for all three C5 models (fastback coupé, convertible, Z06) in celebration of the C5-R "1–2" in-class finishes at Le Mans. The package consisted of a special paint color ("Le Mans Blue Metallic"); shale two-tone leather interior (coupés and convertibles only); and wide, silver-and-red stripes optionally applied down the center of the car (Z06 only). Commemorative Edition convertibles received a shale-colored soft top, and the Z06 version (dubbed the "Z16" after its RPO for the Le Mans Commemorative Edition) received a carbon fiber hood as a further weight-reduction measure. Special commemorative badging, headrest embroidery, and brightly polished wheel (a first on the Z06) with unique centercaps completed the package.
There were 2,025 Commemorative Edition (RPO Z16) Z06's built in 2004. The VIN's were sequenced numbers ranging from the first 100013, to the last 132518.
C5-R
The C5-R was a racecar built by Pratt & Miller for GM Racing. It was based on the C5 road car but had a longer wheelbase, wider track, an enlarged 7.0 L V8 and different bodywork with exposed headlamps. It was raced in the American Le Mans Series in the GTS (later GT1) class, the Rolex Sports Car Series in the GTS (later GTO) class, land has been to four 24 Hours of Le Mans races.
2001 The car's remarkable 2001 racing season produced eight victories in ten races, including an overall win in the 24 Hours of Daytona and a one-two finish in the GTS class at Le Mans.
2002 In 2002 the C5-R repeated its one-two victory at Le Mans and also dominated the GTS class in the American Le Mans Series. A new transaxle unit replaced the previous year's separate transmission and differential. Corvette faced stiff competition from the new Prodrive Ferrari 550, which led for most of race but had problems late, leaving the victory to Corvette.
2003 In 2003, the Automobile Club de l'Ouest placed additional restrictions on all 24 Hours of Le Mans competitors, reducing power by 10% in an attempt to slow the cars. At the 2003 season-opening 12 Hours of Sebring race, the C5-Rs remained in winning form, with one of them finishing first in class and eighth overall. Also in 2003 the yellow paint was dropped in favor of a special red, white, and blue color scheme to commemorate the Corvette's 50th anniversary. However, at Le Mans the Prodrive Ferraris spoiled the anniversary and hopes for a three-in-a-row victory in the GTS class.
2004 Corvette C5-R came back in 2004 and won the 24 Hours of Le Mans in their class. The Prodrive Ferrari led most of the race, but with under 12 hours to go both the Prodrive cars had problems causing them to pit and lose laps. The Corvettes went on to finish 1–2, with the No. 64 car finishing 16 laps ahead of the lead Ferrari.
2005 Although in the process of becoming superseded by the C6-R, the Corvette C5-R was not finished with its racing successes. In FIA GT, the new Corvette Europe team won races at Imola and Zhuhai. The Euro team also managed a number of podium finishes. In the ALMS, the Pacific Coast Racing team achieved some podiums behind the factory C6-R.
2006 The C5-R returned to Le Mans (France) for the first time as a non-factory entry, run by Le Mans regular Luc Alphand. It finished third in the GT1 class behind the C6-R and Prodrive Aston Martin.
2007 Alphand's squad again ran the C5-R at the Le Mans 24 Hour race, in pairing with a C6-R acquired from Corvette Racing.
Production notes
See also
Chevrolet Corvette
References
External links
1997-2004 Chevrolet Corvette: Overview
Chevrolet Corvette at the Open Directory Project
C5
Cars introduced in 1997
2000s cars
Cars discontinued in 2004
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet%20Corvette%20%28C5%29 |
Maistre is a surname.
It may refer to:
Persons
Joseph de Maistre (1753 – 1821), French-language Savoyard political philosopher and diplomat
Casimir Maistre (1867-1957), French geographer
François Maistre (1925-2016), French actor
François-Xavier Maistre (1705-1789), Savoyard politician, father of Joseph and Xavier, from Aspremont, Alpes-Maritimes, France
John A. Gauci-Maistre K.M. (born 1947), Maltese businessman
Paul Maistre (1858-1922), French general who fought in WWI
Richard Master aka Richard Maistres (died 1588), English physician to Queen Elizabeth I
Fictional characters
Dean Maistre, a character from Karakuri Circus, see List of Karakuri Circus characters
See also
Mastre (disambiguation)
Maitre (surname)
Le Maistre (surname)
De Maistre (surname) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maistre |
is a heliport in Kōtō, Tokyo, Japan, mainly used for flights in the Greater Tokyo Area. It is used by both government organizations and private companies.
History
The Tokyo Metropolitan Government opened a Tokyo Heliport in the nearby Tatsumi area in 1964. That heliport was replaced by the current Tokyo Heliport in June 1972. The heliport was expanded significantly in 1990, and a new management building opened in 2011.
Users
There are no scheduled services to Tokyo Heliport. Approximately 15 companies operate at this heliport including Airbus Helicopters, Aero Asahi, DHC Helicopter Division, Ibex Aviation, Akagi Helicopter, Minebea, Noevir Aviation, Shin Nihon Helicopters, All Nippon Helicopter and Toho Air Service.
It is also an important base for helicopters operated by news organizations such as TV Asahi, TBS and the Tokyo Shimbun.
Government users include the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, Tokyo Fire Department and Kawasaki Fire Department
Facilities
The heliport has 38 parking berths including ten for large helicopters.
Viewing points
Like other airports in Japan, there are several viewing areas constructed near the heliport.
Access
Public transport service to the airport is through Shin-Kiba Station with buses running regularly from there to the heliport.
References
Heliports in Japan
Aviation in Tokyo
Transport in the Greater Tokyo Area | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo%20Heliport |
The Vereinsthaler was the currency of the Electorate of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) between 1858 and 1873. It replaced the Thaler at par and was replaced by the German Mark at a rate of 1 Vereinsthaler = 3 Mark.
The Vereinsthaler was subdivided into 30 Silbergroschen, each of 12 Heller.
References
External links
Currencies of Germany
Modern obsolete currencies
1858 establishments in Germany
1873 disestablishments in Germany
1860s in Germany
19th-century economic history
Electorate of Hesse | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse-Kassel%20vereinsthaler |
Otis Chandler (November 23, 1927 – February 27, 2006) was the publisher of the Los Angeles Times between 1960 and 1980, leading a large expansion of the newspaper and its ambitions. He was the fourth and final member of the Chandler family to hold the paper's top position.
Chandler made improvement of the paper's quality a top priority, succeeding in raising the product's reputation, as well as its profit margins. "No publisher in America improved a paper so quickly on so grand a scale, took a paper that was marginal in qualities and brought it to excellence as Otis Chandler did," journalist David Halberstam wrote in his history of the company.
Family pedigree
Chandler's family owned a stake in the newspaper since his great-grandfather Harrison Gray Otis joined the company in 1882, the year after the Los Angeles Daily Times began publication. He was the son of Norman Chandler, his predecessor as publisher, and Dorothy Buffum Chandler, a patron of the arts and a Regent of the University of California. His grandfather, Charles Abel Buffum, was a businessman who founded Buffum's, a department store chain, with his brother, Edwin E. Buffum, and a politician, who served as Mayor of Long Beach, California.
Chandler was raised to share his family's distaste for labor unions, a tradition that favored the family's financial interests. As a child, each year his parents held a memorial for the 1910 Los Angeles Times bombing, linked to political agitators, that killed 20 Times workers. "I was raised to hate the unions," Chandler said.
"Oats" was Chandler's nickname within the family.
Times editorial page editor Anthony Day observed that Chandler "had been raised to be a prince". Later, Chandler said his motivation to invest in The Times' quality could be attributed, at least in part, to his desire to combat the East Coast opinion that, "The Times was regarded as a bad newspaper from a hick town". Chandler attributed his pursuit of solo athletics like shotputting and weightlifting to the same sources, saying, "No one could say that the team carried me or that the coach put me in because my name was Chandler".
Youth
Childhood
Chandler was raised on a citrus ranch in Sierra Madre owned by his parents. Despite his family's wealth, Chandler's father insisted that he perform field labor and did not spoil him with gifts. There Chandler spent much of his time alone, later in life unable to name a single childhood friend.
At the age of 8, Chandler was thrown to the ground during a horseback riding lesson. His mother rushed him to a hospital, where doctors initially reported he was dead. His mother rushed him to a second hospital, where a doctor she knew revived him with an adrenaline shot to the heart.
Education and athletics
Chandler first attended the Polytechnic School in Pasadena, often making his commute by bicycle. Later he would briefly attend the Cate School boarding school in Carpinteria before his parents elected to send him east to attend Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. At the time he enrolled at Phillips, Chandler weighed 155 pounds. As a student he competed in basketball, soccer, the high jump, running and weightlifting. By the time of graduation, he weighed 200 pounds.
Chandler enrolled at his parents' alma mater, Stanford University, in 1946. Like his father, he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Sigma Rho chapter). At Stanford he was a successful shot putter. He broke the freshman school record with a toss of , 761/47 inches. At 6-foot 3-inches (190 cm) tall, after bulking-up to and 220 pounds he won the Pacific Coast Conference title and finished second in the nation during his senior year with a toss of , 63/47 of an inch while serving as his team's captain. As a weightlifter, Chandler finished third in the nation competing in the heavyweight division.
A sprained wrist kept him from competing as a shot putter for the United States in the 1952 Summer Olympics.
Early adulthood
After graduation, Chandler tried to enroll in an Air Force training program, but was turned down because he was too large to fit in the cockpit of a jet. Instead, he spent 1951 to 1953 in the Air Force's ground service, as a co-captain of the track team and supervisor of athletics and drama at Camp Stoneman in Pittsburg, California.
On his 23rd birthday, Chandler proposed to his college sweetheart, Marilyn Brant, on the seventh hole of the Pebble Beach golf course. Their first child was a boy named Norman after Chandler's father.
Preparation for power
Chandler visited The Times frequently as a child, sliding down chutes that were used to drop papers to delivery trucks. While in college, he sometimes worked summers at the paper, most often moving printing plates and other heavy equipment. Despite that, Chandler did not envision journalism as a career during his youth; instead, he often said he would like to become a doctor. After leaving the Air Force in 1953, he had little direction for his career. When he arrived at his parents' home with his wife and first child, his father presented him with credentials for a seven-year executive training program at The Times. He started work right away as a pressroom apprentice on the graveyard shift. The pay was $48 a week. His father made sure that Chandler experienced work in all sections of the organization, assigning him to jobs in the industrial production of the paper, business management, clerical administration, and the news-gathering operation.
Professional career
In 1960, he became publisher of the Los Angeles Times. He quickly increased the budget of the paper, allowing it to expand its coverage. This coincided with the shift of the paper's editorial stance from overtly conservative to independent. Under Otis Chandler, The Times became a critically lauded newspaper.
When Chandler took the job, the paper had only two outside offices. During his tenure it would expand to 34 foreign and domestic bureaus.
In 1966 Chandler received the Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award as well as an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Colby College.
Chandler retired as publisher in 1980 at the age of 52 to become chairman of Times Mirror, reducing his involvement in the day-to-day operations of the company. The decision stunned the staff and outside observers, many of whom expected him to serve much longer.
In 1986, Chandler won the Walter Cronkite Award for Excellence in Journalism to honor his years of service to the newspaper.
He handed control of the paper to people outside the family in the mid-1980s and threw himself into other interests such as the Chandler Vintage Museum of Transportation and Wildlife in Oxnard, California, which he founded in 1987 (It was regularly open to the public, primarily as a fundraiser for charities, including the Oxnard Police Activities League).
Retirement
Chandler re-entered the public eye in 1999 when he publicly criticized the LA Times for creating a special issue of its Sunday magazine dedicated to the new Staples Center in downtown LA when the paper shared a financial interest in the property. The paper's Sunday magazine on October 10, 1999, was a special issue dedicated to the new Staples Center sports arena in downtown L.A., home to the Lakers, Clippers and Kings. Such special issues were financial windfalls for the Times, generating a record $2 million in ad revenue. But as one of the arena's 10 "founding partners", the paper had agreed to share the issue's ad revenue with the Staples Center without telling its reporters or readers about the fiscal arrangement. Chandler, who had retired 19 years prior, sent his message directly to reporters, to the dismay of the newspaper's management. His successors, he said, had been "unbelievably stupid" and caused "the most serious single threat to the future" of the paper his family had bought in 1882 for this dangerous compromise of the paper's objectivity.
He was not involved in negotiations by other members of the Chandler family to sell The Times to Tribune Company, a clear sign of how his influence had eroded. Regardless, Chandler welcomed the outcome, largely because of his dissatisfaction with the existing management of Times-Mirror.
Chandler died at his home in Ojai at the age of 78 due to the effects of Lewy body disease, seven months after his diagnosis. Chandler had had earlier problems with his health, suffering from prostate cancer in 1989 and a 1998 heart attack.
Recreation
Chandler was an enthusiastic athlete and thrill seeker, an image he actively cultivated. He was featured on the cover of sporting magazines like Road & Track, Strength and Health, and Safari Club. When photographed for the cover of the literary magazine Atlantic Monthly he was depicted on a surfboard crafted from newspapers across a wave of dollar bills.
On a 1964 safari in Mozambique, an elephant charged his party. After the guide missed his shot and fled, Chandler shot the elephant when it was only 10 yards away, preventing himself and his wife from being trampled.
In 1990, Chandler was trampled by a musk ox in the Northwest Territories of Canada. He was airlifted to a hospital. Doctors estimated that his dislocated right arm would never fully heal, but, citing a disciplined training regimen, Chandler claimed to regain virtually all use.
In 1995, at age 68, he crashed his motorcycle into a tractor while in New Zealand. He lost part of the big toe on his left foot, saw another toe severely damaged and the rest of the foot became largely numb.
In 1998, at age 71, Chandler suffered minor head injuries when he spun out a Ferrari automobile on the road in Oxnard.
His son, Mike Chandler, was a race-car driver in the CART Championship Car series. Otis enthusiastically supported Michael's racing career until a near-fatal crash while qualifying at Indianapolis in 1984.
References
Further reading
External links
David Shaw and Mitchell Landsberg, "LA Icon Otis Chandler dies at 78", Los Angeles Times, February 27, 2006
"Otis Chandler", Contemporary Authors Online. The Gale Group, 2001. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2006.
1927 births
2006 deaths
American newspaper publishers (people)
Deaths from dementia in California
Deaths from Lewy body dementia
Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award recipients
Los Angeles Times people
Otis family
People from Los Angeles
Stanford Cardinal men's track and field athletes
Stanford University trustees
People from Sierra Madre, California
Chandler family (newspaper publishers)
People from Ojai, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otis%20Chandler |
Nándor Wagner (7 October 1922 – 15 November 1997) was a Hungarian artist and sculptor. He was the son of a dentist, and was born in Oradea (Nagyvárad in Hungarian), Romania. Wagner studied at the Budapest Art Academy before and after World War II. He had three art periods as living in Hungary (1945–56), Sweden (1956–71) and Japan (1972–97) respectively. He became well known for his novel cast stainless steel sculptures made in Sweden and Japan.
He and his Japanese wife, Chiyo Wagner, established the TAO Research Institute of World Culture and Development, which continues to support education of young talented artists and promotion of the arts in Mashiko. They also initiated the establishment of Academia Humana Foundation in Hungary, which has been operating since 1999.
He died in Mooka near his studio on 15 November 1997. The place for his grave was selected and prepared by him in the garden of his Mashiko studio.
Sculpture
After the war in his studio at Ybl Bazár in Budapest he created statues: the Corpus Hungaricum, Attila József the poet and Sorrow of Mother among others. Jointly with Zoltán Farkasdy architect they won first prize with their plan titled Fountain with three boys at the competition for art composition to Jászai Mari square just at the foot of the Margit Bridge in 1955. Besides and parallel to making sculptures he organized the local historical collection at St. István Museum of Székesfehérvár with placing the objects found at excavations in a correctly reconstructed environment created by artist between 1952 and 1956. This activity has been recognized and honored by the British Museum.
He gave courses in art to talented students who were refused to enter universities before the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. He was elected to be a board member of the Revolutionary Committee of the Artist during the revolution. He worded his adherence as: We who are working at the museums had only one oath: to protect the Hungarian culture with all our strength, without any condition! Called upon art students to take drawing tools instead of guns to record the moments of revolution on the streets for the future.
After the Soviet army suppression of the 1956 Revolution he had to leave Hungary and Sweden received him and his family. Soon he established his studio in Lund. He invented a new calculation method how to overcome the shrinkage problem at casting large-scale statues and art objects from stainless steel. Eight such monuments were erected around the country among them War Memorial for Polish Soldiers, Tranås, Fountain with four children, Clown and Nazi Victims Memorial in Lund. He was very active and inventive also in painting and drawing. He developed a novel painting technique, which he named as paper fresco. Here basically the paper pulp was carried up in few centimeters thickness and the paint was applied to color some part of the pulp itself, but after drying chiseling was also applied to get the paper fresco final form.
In Sweden he was active with industrial design as well, got a patent for a new line of street lightning fixtures and also a model chair to ergonomic design has been developed by him. Although the Swedish period of his life was perhaps the most productive but privation and hardship came along with it and he left his family. At the Art Academy of Lund he was teaching drawing based on his skeleton support approach a novelty again. He met Chiyo Akiyama art student who then became his wife and partner for the rest of his life.
The third period of his life started in Japan in 1969, where his art opened at full scale. First the Wagner couple built a studio by themselves in Mashiko, Tochigi Prefecture, primarily known for its local pottery Mashiko ware. The studio was ready and he got clay in his hand on 31 December 1970 and Mother with Child a terracotta piece was born. His name was founded in Japan by winning the contest of creating large size art objects for the hotel area of the New International Tokyo Airport in Narita. A 6 m tall two-figure statue of Patron Saint of Travelers (Dosojin) was erected and also a 12 m in diameter rainbow fountain was placed in front of Narita View Hotel both made from stainless steel. Also he got the commission to design and construct the surrounding park.
Parallel to sculpting he started to paint fine aquarelles and creating more ceramics. His terracotta series Silk Road contains 32 figures which are representing a step by step change in the composition starting from the typical Orient flame shape to the well known traditional European presentation forms of man, animal, bird and flower. This series is an example how to connect the sculpting styles of Orient and Occident gradually using the stylistic element along the Silk Road.
In Mashiko, the Garden of Philosophy was born an important spiritual message to the current and next generations. This composition was made in peace and harmony but not to make money he
said.
He wrote: The Garden of Philosophy is exactly the step toward this direction. It is created to start from one centre. Around this centre point there are three rings. The first one is a complete ring around the centre point. The five figures (Abraham, Echnaton, Jesus, Buddha and Lao Tse) around the centre point are symbolizing different culture of the world. They made the ideas and became founder of main religions of the world. The centre of each religion has different name like Kami, Hotoke, God or Allah but itself is not different. The second ring is the group of people from different culture and time who resulted in spiritual enlightenment and everyone in the same way they acted this result in practice in their society (Mahatma Gandhi, Bodhidarma and Saint Francis). The third ring is a group of people of law in different country and different time. They made a law, which became mainstream of existing laws of today. They are Hamurabi, Justinianus and Shotoku Taishi.
This road of the Garden of Philosophy shows development of human kind and time brings us the question for necessity of new common law of the world to be discussed.
Three complete sets were cast one for Japan, one for Hungary and one for United States. The group of statues that was presented to Hungary in 1997 was unveiled on Gellért Hill on 18 October 2001. The group of eleven statues version of Garden of Philosophy was presented to Japan in 2009 commemorating the 140th and 50th anniversary of Hungarian-Japanese diplomatic relationship. It was unveiled in Tetsugaku-dō Park in Nakano, Tokyo on 4 December 2009.
References
Tibor Wehner: Wagner Nándor - The Philosopher Sculptor. Holnap Publishing Co., Ltd. Budapest, 2006, p. 232.
In Memory of Wagner Nandor
Works of Wagner Nandor
Hungarian sculptors
Japanese sculptors
Modern sculptors
Hungarian emigrants to Sweden
Immigrants to Japan
Swedish emigrants
Romanian people of Hungarian descent
Japanese people of Hungarian descent
Naturalized citizens of Japan
People from Oradea
1922 births
1997 deaths
20th-century sculptors
Romanian emigrants to Hungary | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1ndor%20Wagner |
A groin attack is a deliberate strike to the groin area of one's opponent. The technique can be quickly debilitating due to the sensitivity of the groin area and genitalia and is sometimes used as a self-defense technique. The technique is often banned in sports. Groin attacks have been popularized as a comedic device in various forms of media.
In sports
An attack to the groin in sports is considered to be a "low blow", not only in the literal sense, but is the origin of the metaphor as well. In a playful attack, or attack in the framework of a sport, a low blow is seen as unfair or improper and is often considered dishonorable.
Strikes to the groin have been forbidden in boxing as far back as the Marquess of Queensberry Rules, and they are almost universally forbidden in martial arts competitions including kickboxing, and mixed martial arts.
UFC rules dictate that a groin strike is a foul in both male and female matches, with the competitor who has received such a strike given up to five minutes to recover. The rules require male competitors to wear groin protection but prohibit female competitors from doing so.
Groin attacks were allowed until the 1980s in international Muay Thai boxing and are still permitted in Thailand itself, though male boxers wear cups to lessen the impact.
Direct strikes to the groin are generally considered illegal in professional wrestling as well, and unofficial rings may consider it shameful. However, in certain "hardcore" matches the rules are relaxed, and such attacks are allowed by mutual consent.
In self-defense
Groin attacks are sometimes used as a self-defense technique. The attack can allow a combatant to temporarily disable an assailant, making it easy for them to escape. When an opponent is at close range, a knee strike to the groin is easy to execute and difficult to defend against. It is often, but not always, effective.
Some martial arts include instruction in , healing techniques to recover from incapacitating attacks including groin attacks.
In BDSM
Groin attacks are viewed as erotic in the context of some sexual activities, including cock and ball torture and pussy torture.
In popular culture
Groin attacks on men are the most widely known and have been popularized as a comedic device in popular culture. In media, groin attacks are sometimes depicted as causing men to speak in a falsetto or soprano register, as well as experience strabimus. As well as Groan, Moan .
Groin attacks on men are also the subject of an Internet meme where they are commonly called "nutshots." They have been featured in practical joke videos uploaded to websites such as YouTube. The meme sometimes also involves an accidental and comedic injury to the groin, usually as a result of falling or struck by an object.
Groin attacks on women are depicted less often in media and are often depicted as having the same effect as a hit to anywhere else (or occasionally no effect at all). They are sometimes called "cunt-punts."
Effects
The testicles lack anatomical protection and are highly sensitive to impact. The pain resulting from impact to the testicles lessens and travels through the spermatic plexus into the abdomen at which point it is less pain and more of an ache unlike the stabbing feeling induced in women. In extreme cases, a blow to the testicle can cause one or both of the testicles to rupture, potentially resulting in sterility.
The clitoris is highly sensitive to impact as it has more nociceptive pain nerve endings than the testicles, making injuries especially painful. Although, in females this type of injury is rare as it is not likely to be affected usually due to the much smaller size and location. It is a commonly known and observed occurrence in combat sports however in competition it has been recorded numerous times in the athletic events.
A sufficiently powerful blow to the groin could potentially fracture the pubic bone, resulting in further physical disability.
See also
Below the belt
Cock and ball torture
References
Banned sports tactics
Martial art techniques
Strikes (martial arts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groin%20attack |
The Barlaeus Gymnasium is a secondary school in Amsterdam in the Netherlands. It is one of the five categorial gymnasia in Amsterdam, the other four being Vossius Gymnasium, Ignatius Gymnasium, Het 4e gymnasium and Cygnus Gymnasium. It offers a classical curriculum, including studies in Latin and Greek. The school stands opposite the music venue Paradiso, close to the Leidseplein.
Het Stedelijk Gymnasium was established in 1885. It is the oldest of the four gymnasia, although its origins stretch back to the Latijnse scholen (Latin schools) whose existence is documented as far back as 1594. Since 1927, the school has been named after Caspar Barlaeus. Famous alumni include politicians Frits Bolkestein, Els Borst and writer Willem Frederik Hermans.
Former pupils
Frits Bolkestein
Els Borst
Manja Croiset
Eduard Douwes Dekker
Hubertine Heijermans
Willem Frederik Hermans
Xaviera Hollander
Lucie Horsch
Willy Lindwer
Taylan Susam
A. G. van Hamel
References
Sources
Education inspection report
Article on the school's reception of funding intended for "problem" schools
External links
1885 establishments in the Netherlands
Educational institutions established in 1885
Gymnasiums in the Netherlands
Schools in Amsterdam | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barlaeus%20Gymnasium |
Megat Junid bin Megat Ayub (8 December 1942 – 24 January 2008) was a Malaysian politician and direct descendant of Megat Terawis, a Bendahara of Perak.
Early life
Junid was born in Teluk Intan in 1942.
Politics
Megat Junid was a teacher by profession and first met Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad in the early 1970s. Mahathir was living in exile for criticising then Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman at the time of their meeting. Junid soon left teaching to become Mahathir's special assistant.
Junid was first elected as a Malaysian Member of Parliament at the same time that Mahathir became the Prime Minister of the country. He was appointed Deputy Minister of Primary Industries in Mahathir's government, just two years later.
In 1986, Mahathir next appointed Junid to be his deputy in the Ministry of Home Affairs.
Junid was appointed to become Malaysia's Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs in 1997. He served in the post for two years until he lost his seat in Parliament to a PAS candidate in the 1999 Malaysian general election.
Death
Megat Junid died on 24 January 2008, aged 65, at the Pantai Medical Centre in Bangsar following a battle with prostate cancer. His body was buried at Bukit Kiara Muslim Cemetery in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. He was a resident of Kelana Jaya.
Election results
Honours
Honours of Malaysia
:
Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) – Tan Sri (2000)
:
Member of the Order of the Perak State Crown (AMP) (1979)
Knight of the Order of Cura Si Manja Kini (DPCM) – Dato' (1986)
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Perak State Crown (SPMP) – Dato' Seri (1998)
:
Knight Companion of the Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (DSAP) – Dato' (1988)
:
Knight Companion of the Order of Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah (DSSA) – Dato' (1992)
:
Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (SPDK) – Datuk Seri Panglima (1996)
:
Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Kelantan (DPMK) – Dato' (1997)
References
External links
The Star: Megat Junid dies
1942 births
2008 deaths
People from Teluk Intan
Deaths from prostate cancer
Deaths from cancer in Malaysia
United Malays National Organisation politicians
Malaysian Muslims
Malaysian people of Malay descent
University of Malaya alumni
Government ministers of Malaysia
Members of the Dewan Rakyat
Grand Commanders of the Order of Kinabalu
Commanders of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megat%20Junid |
Area code 616 is the telephone area code in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for Greater Grand Rapids, Michigan. The numbering plan area also includes the towns of Holland, Greenville, and Grand Haven. This comprises all of Kent and Ottawa counties, and parts of neighboring counties, including the western and central parts of Ionia County. It was one of the original North American area codes created in 1947.
History
In 1947, the first nationwide telephone numbering plan designated three area codes for the state of Michigan (313, 517, and 616) assigned to divisions of the state into three numbering plan areas (NPAs). 616 was assigned to the western part, with a dividing line running from the far north shore on Lake Huron through the middle of the state south to the Indiana state line.
Originally, it served the western half of the Lower Peninsula and all of the Upper Peninsula. It was by far the largest of Michigan's three numbering plan areas, covering as much territory as the other two combined. It was also the largest numbering plan area east of the Mississippi River that did not comprise an entire state.
In 1961, the Upper Peninsula was split off with area code 906. This configuration remained in place for 38 years. In 1999, the northwestern Lower Peninsula, including Muskegon, Traverse City and Cadillac, became area code 231. As a result, 616 was now mostly coextensive with the core of West Michigan, though Muskegon was now in 231.
The 1999 split was intended to be a long-term solution for the region. However, within two years, the proliferation of cell phones and pagers brought 616 close to exhaustion. In 2002, the lower third of the old 616 territory, including Kalamazoo and Battle Creek, was split off and assigned area code 269, leaving the present area.
Prior to October 2021, area code 616 had telephone numbers assigned for the central office code 988. In 2020, 988 was designated nationwide as a dialing code for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, which created a conflict for exchanges that permit seven-digit dialing. This area code was therefore scheduled to transition to ten-digit dialing by October 24, 2021.
References
External links
NANPA map of Michigan area codes
List of exchanges from AreaCodeDownload.com, 616 Area Code
616
616
West Michigan
Telecommunications-related introductions in 1947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area%20code%20616 |
The Human Defense Corps are a comic book military organization published by DC Comics. They first appeared in Human Defense Corps #1 (July 2003), and were created by writer Ty Templeton and artist Clément Sauvé.
Publication history
Human Defense Corps is a six-issue limited series published by DC Comics in 2003, written by Ty Templeton and drawn by Clément Sauvé.
The series did not sell well, and the concept was allowed to disappear until Superman and Justice League of America writer James Robinson began to feature the Corps in Superman vol. 3, starting with a passing mention of the events in the limited series in The Coming of Atlas (Superman #677, August 2008) and followed by the gradual introduction of Project 7734 from Superman: New Krypton Special (December 2008), Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen Special #1 (December 2008), and Action Comics #871 (January 2009) by Geoff Johns, building through the more recent issues of Superman and Action Comics and the associated Superman titles Supergirl and Jimmy Olsen Special #2 (October 2009).
DC Comics later extended the Corps presence in the DC Universe in a 10-page Human Defense Corps feature in Adventure Comics (vol. 2) #8 (March 2010), directly linking it with the other stories featured in the title as part of the lead up to DC Comics' major War of the Supermen event for summer 2010.
Fictional group history
In the DC Comics universe, the Human Defense Corps is a branch of the military established by then President of the United States Lex Luthor to reduce government dependency on superhumans when a major alien crisis breaks out, act as back-up to Earth's superheroes, and specifically counter any alien threat to Earth. Membership of the Corps is open to 'Decorated veterans of alien campaigns only'.
The Corps has bases all over Earth, including below the sea (Human Defense Base Area 53) and in space (Fort Olympus Orbital Defense Station). The sea-base included scientific facilities run by Doctor Zaius, a sentient gorilla from Gorilla City, which experiments on captured extraterrestrials and demons, although its location has recently been moved off-Earth.
Their first mission comes when the 1st Special Armoured Division are sent on a reconnaissance trip to the former Soviet satellite Bulgravia to support Government troops who had encountered shape-shifting aliens with high firepower weaponry and assumed to be Durlans. They are attacked in the Forest of Galantz by vampiric aliens invisible to special tech weapons but not ordinary eyesight, and all but Sgt. Montgomery Kelly of the forward platoons, sixty-six men, are killed in the skirmish, some by blanket bombing of the area with 'holy napalm', a cross between holy water and fire-retardant gel which destroys the vampires. Sgt. Kelly and Colonel Reno Rosetti, who designed the weapon and ordered the attack on the drop site, are decorated as a result.
Some time afterwards the Corps are involved in a 'centaur attack in Turkey', of which nothing is known, and are also pursuing a drawn-out war against a mole-like race of underground people called the A'Corti, specifically in London, England.
Two years later, after dreams of the Galatz Forest incident affect a number of soldiers who were not there, a seance held by HDC Head Chaplain Charlie Graham ascertains that the members of the Corps who were assumed killed in the incident are in Hell but not actually dead and the "vampires" they fought were actually demons. Interrogating Calcabrina, a captive demon from the incident, they discover a Bulgravian mage had made a deal for his village to be spared the ravages of civil war in exchange for 66 souls and the Human Defense Corps team had stumbled in and taken their place. The demon clan took them alive to feed on their energy - which is more powerful than the energy of the dead - as part of a plan to extend their power in Hell. Guided by Calcabrina, the Third Special Armoured Division invade Hell (code-named Trans-Dimensional Interactive Zone 4 - T-Zone 4) to recover the 66 Corps members. Sgt. Kelly is supposed killed by the demon he killed two years before in Galatz Forest - but discovers he has demon blood in him as a result of the incident and cannot die and is now blood related to the demon clan. He claims the staff of the demon clan's leader Lord Scarmiglione in battle, takes his place and the Corps rescue the 66 men. The five men who are killed in the sortie now also have demon links and unspecified powers and Sgt. Kelly and the five form a diplomatic link between Hell and Earth.
Project 7734
Seven years later General Sam Lane, Lois Lane's father - who is assumed dead but, obsessed by alien invasion and 'the Kryptonian threat', has been working covertly on a programme for the U.S Government called Project 7734 - has taken external command of Squad K of the Human Defense Corps under Colonel Hazard as part of the Project and moved the main base of Project 7734 to the home planet of another dimension. The Corps now has a new motto and insignia Ad Infernos et Retrorsum (loosely meaning 'To Hell and Back') and suit technology and weaponry designed specifically to deal with Kryptonians. Squad K has nominally been created to neutralise and disarm specific Kryptonian threats, but this has been allocated to Major Krull, the villain Reactron, who is actually working directly for General Lane on Lane's own agenda - the destruction of all Kryptonians, including Superman. Reactron kills Colonel Hazard for opposing him in this.
The whereabouts of most of the original Corps team is currently unknown, although Sgt. Kelly is currently learning spell-casting with his team within Project 7734.
Membership
Most of the current membership of Human Defense Corps is unknown as of January 2010, with the exception of Sgt. Kelly. The following have been mentioned as members of the Corps at some time:
Colonel Skynner (Human Defense Corps #1).
Colonel Hazard (Perseus Hazard) of K Squad - killed by Reactron for opposing his lethal actions (Action Comics #882). He was the grandson of World War II hero Ulysses "Gravedigger" Hazard.
Colonel Reno Rosetti (Lt. Rosetti in Human Defense Corps #1) - ordered the kill on the drop site in Galatz Forest, awarded DSM (Human Defense Corps #6).
Sergeant Montgomery Kelly (Specialist First Class) ex-Marine - only survivor of the team from the first mission. Left in charge of Corps in Hell after gaining demonic powers, now on Earth in Section K studying spell-casting with his team.
Sergeant Chad Kiyahani - grandson of Louis "Little Sure Shot" Kiyahani from Sgt. Rock's Easy Company. Rescued from Hell.
Sergeant Dobbs - killed in Hell and became part of 'Kelly's 5'.
Jake Grimaldi - part of the rescue team in Hell. Now in the Science Police (Superman #677).
Sergeant Pruett - details unknown.
Corporal Taylor - killed in Hell and became part of 'Kelly's 5'.
Specialist Colin Mitchell - Air Force Special Corps, rescued from Hell.
Private David Page - rescued from Hell.
Private Eric Stewart - ex-Coast Guard, rescued from Hell.
Private Reynolds - rescued from Hell.
Bradley - rescued from Hell.
David Page - presumed killed, as contacted by seance. Rescued from Hell.
Head Chaplain, Charlie Graham
Doctor Zaius - seconded from Gorilla City, working on understanding alien physiology. Now lead scientist in General Lane's Project 7734.
In other media
Reno Rosetti appears in Superman & Lois, portrayed by Hesham Hammoud. He is a military lieutenant who works under Sam Lane. Rosetti later gets empowered by Morgan Edge through X-Kryptonite offscreen, kills Jason Trask before he can torture John Henry Irons, and fights Superman in Project 7734's room before being killed by a Kryptonite spear wielded by John Henry Irons.
The Bizarro version of Reno Rosetti appears in the episode "Bizarros in a Bizarro World". He was a member of the DOD before he sided with Bizarro Ally Allston.
Notes
References
External links
Human Defense Corps #1, 4 and 6 at the DCU Guide
Fictional military organizations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Defense%20Corps |
The Cologne Carnival () is a carnival that takes place every year in Cologne, Germany.
Traditionally, the "fifth season" (carnival season) is declared open at 11 minutes past 11 on the 11th of the 11th month November. The Carnival spirit is then temporarily suspended during the Advent and Christmas period, and picks up again in earnest after 6 January, Epiphany, in the New Year. The time of merrymaking in the streets is officially declared open at downtown square "Alter Markt" on the Thursday before the beginning of Lent. Street carnival, a week-long street festival, also called "the crazy days", takes place between Fat Thursday () and Ash Wednesday (). The highlight of carnival is Rose Monday (), two days before Ash Wednesday. All through these days, Cologne folks go out masqueraded. The typical greeting during the festival is , a Kölsch phrase.
Dreigestirn
Every year three people (the or triumvirate) are granted the titles of , , and (maiden, prince and peasant respectively), who pay a large sum of money for the privileges. The carnival prince is deemed to be the highest representative of the festivities, leading the main parades throughout the week. Traditionally, the ("maiden") is always portrayed by a man dressed as a female.
As an entity, the trio has existed since 1883. In earlier times these were individual characters, but all three entered the Cologne carnival in the 1820s.
The prince, also called "" (His Madness), is the most important personage of the Cologne carnival. His float is the final one in the large parade on Shrove Monday. The naming as "prince" came as late as 1872, prior to it the name was "Held Carneval" (hero carnival), the personification of carnival. His attributes however remained unchanged, those of a regent: crown with peacock tail, a golden chain, a girdle with glitzy stones, white undershorts and a purple jacket. A sceptre in the right hand, and a slapstick in the left one. The slapstick is known as a general symbol of the fool, but specifically it is a fertility symbol and the symbol of the princely reign over his fool people during carnival.
The peasant bears the title of "" (His Heftyness). As Cologne is a large city, the peasant must be a stately guy. He expresses the boldness of the old privileged imperial city of Cologne (became a full-fledged free imperial city finally in 1475. At that time, Cologne was the largest central European city, having a huge percentage of agricultural land inside its walls and the farmers guild was well respected and influential). The sword and the flail symbolize his loyalty to the empire and his truthfulness. As the keeper of the city, he also keeps the city keys at his girdle. The key symbolizes the heroes of the city militia contingent in the Battle of Worringen AD1288, whereafter the city achieved independence from the archbishop of Cologne.
The maiden, also called "" (Her Loveliness) symbolizes the patronizing mother Colonia and is traditionally played by a man. Beard or moustache are forbidden for this role. From 1936-43, the maiden was ordered by Nazi authorities to be played by a real woman.
The Cologne maiden wears a mural crown. This "defender" crown and her virginity symbolize the impregnability of the city. Also she has a hand mirror symbolizing "female vanity", a recent attribute with no deeper meaning.
Her Roman dress is a reminder of the Roman empress Agrippina (the younger, AD 15–59), wife of emperor Claudius. Agrippina was born in the city in AD15 and succeeded in getting a renaming of the place as the new Roman city of Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (CCAA) by AD50.
Events
The official carnival with its parades, balls and stage shows (Sitzungen) is run by the Festkomitee Kölner Karneval (Cologne Carnival Celebration Committee), which was founded in 1823. Alongside there are many autonomous carnival events throughout the city's bars, clubs and local communities, including "Stunksitzung", a leftist comedy show caricaturing official carnival Sitzungen in style and poking fun at both traditional, conservative carnival as well as politics. There are numerous parades in the city districts, a so-called ghost parade on Saturday evening and a colourful parade of the Cologne schools and smaller carnival clubs on carnival Sunday. As there have been continuously more than one million spectators on the streets for the Rose Monday parade every year Cologne carnival is one of the largest street festivals in Europe.
The Cologne Carnival traditionally ends with the burning of the Nubbel on the night of Ash Wednesday. This straw doll hangs above many pubs where carnival is celebrated and is theatrically carried to the grave and burned at the end.
German carnival singers and bands
Alt-Schuss
Bernd Stelter
Bläck Fööss
Brings
Cat Ballou
Colör
Dä Radschläger
De Fätzer
Höhner
Die 3 Colonias
De Kläävbotze
De Klüngelköpp
Kasalla
Kolibris
Marie Luise Nikuta
Miljö
Paveier
Paraplüs
Querbeat
Rabaue
De Räuber
Die Rheinländer
Schmackes Royal
Schmitti
De Vajabunde
Köbes Underground
A very special songwriter and singer was . Two of his carnival songs, "Trizonesien-Song" and "", were occasionally used instead of the German national anthem in the early 1950s.
Notes
External links
Official homepage
2000 years of carnival
Carnival in Germany 2007
General info
Detailed information about the Cologne Carnival
Carnivals in Germany
Festivals in Cologne
Tourist attractions in Cologne | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne%20Carnival |
Magic Juan (born July 27, 1971) is an American merengue and hip hop artist. He was the lead singer and rapper of Dominican-American merengue group Proyecto Uno. The group gain huge success with hits like "Brinca", "El Tiburon", "25 Horas", among others. Later on he pursued a solo career.
Early life and education
Magic Juan was born in Washington Heights, Manhattan, New York City and raised in Teaneck, New Jersey. He is of Dominican descent. He joined the school choir at the age of ten and took piano, guitar, and drum lessons. After high school he played with the idea of studying marketing, but an offer to join Proyecto Uno, a merengue band with heavy urban and hip-hop influences, he decided to drop out of New York Institute of Technology in order to pursue his interest in music.
Career
Juan's bilingual rapping was featured on the cut "Brinca," a single that went to number one in over eight countries in Latin America. Proyecto Uno went on to sell over three million albums worldwide. Juan soon desired to record his own solo material. In 2003, he released his solo debut, La Prueba, and became the New York correspondent for Telemundo's Latin hip-hop show, The Roof.
In 2004, he released Libertad: The Magic Juan Mix and the double CD, Inevitable. On June 9, 2009, Magic released his third studio album as a solo artist, The Sure Bet, containing a wide variety of musical influences including hip hop, reggae, bachata, salsa, and merengue. The album's first single was "Baby Come Back".
Solo albums
Hokus Pokus : Give Me The World (1991)
Flia: The Album (2000)
La Prueba (2003)
El Duro (2004)
Libertad: The Magic Juan Street Mix Jump Off (2004)
Inevitable (2004)
Quiscalle (2007)
The Sure Bet (2009)
References
Record producers from New York (state)
Musicians from Teaneck, New Jersey
Musicians from Washington Heights, Manhattan
American reggaeton musicians
American merengue musicians
American hip hop musicians
American rappers of Dominican Republic descent
Living people
1971 births
21st-century American rappers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic%20Juan%20%28musician%29 |
Tebbe's reagent is the organometallic compound with the formula (C5H5)2TiCH2ClAl(CH3)2. It is used in the methylidenation of carbonyl compounds, that is it converts organic compounds containing the R2C=O group into the related R2C=CH2 derivative. It is a red solid that is pyrophoric in the air, and thus is typically handled with air-free techniques. It was originally synthesized by Fred Tebbe at DuPont Central Research.
Tebbe's reagent contains two tetrahedral metal centers linked by a pair of bridging ligands. The titanium has two cyclopentadienyl (, or Cp) rings and aluminium has two methyl groups. The titanium and aluminium atoms are linked together by both a methylene bridge (-CH2-) and a chloride atom in a nearly square-planar (Ti–CH2–Al–Cl) geometry. The Tebbe reagent was the first reported compound where a methylene bridge connects a transition metal (Ti) and a main group metal (Al).
Preparation
The Tebbe reagent is synthesized from titanocene dichloride and trimethylaluminium in toluene solution.
Cp2TiCl2 + 2 Al(CH3)3 → CH4 + Cp2TiCH2AlCl(CH3)2 + Al(CH3)2Cl
After about 3 days, the product is obtained after recrystallization to remove Al(CH3)2Cl. Although syntheses using the isolated Tebbe reagent give a cleaner product, successful procedures using the reagent "in situ" have been reported. Instead of isolating the Tebbe reagent, the solution is merely cooled in an ice bath or dry ice bath before adding the starting material.
An alternative but less convenient synthesis entails the use of dimethyltitanocene (Petasis reagent):
Cp2Ti(CH3)2 + Al(CH3)2Cl → Cp2TiCH2AlCl(CH3)2 + CH4
One drawback to this method, aside from requiring Cp2Ti(CH3)2, is the difficulty of separating product from unreacted starting reagent.
Reaction mechanism
Tebbe's reagent itself does not react with carbonyl compounds, but must first be treated with a mild Lewis base, such as pyridine, which generates the active Schrock carbene.
Also analogous to the Wittig reagent, the reactivity appears to be driven by the high oxophilicity of Ti(IV). The Schrock carbene (1) reacts with carbonyl compounds (2) to give a postulated oxatitanacyclobutane intermediate (3). This cyclic intermediate has never been directly isolated, presumably because it breaks down immediately to the produce the desired alkene (5).
Scope
The Tebbe reagent is used in organic synthesis for carbonyl methylidenation.
This conversion can also be effected using the Wittig reaction, although the Tebbe reagent is more efficient especially for sterically encumbered carbonyls. Furthermore, the Tebbe reagent is less basic than the Wittig reagent and does not give the β-elimination products.
Methylidenation reactions also occur for aldehydes as well as esters, lactones and amides. The Tebbe reagent converts esters and lactones to enol ethers and amides to enamines. In compounds containing both ketone and ester groups, the ketone selectively reacts in the presence of one equivalent of the Tebbe reagent.
The Tebbe reagent methylidenates carbonyls without racemizing a chiral α carbon. For this reason, the Tebbe reagent has found applications in reactions of sugars where maintenance of stereochemistry can be critical.
The Tebbe reagent reacts with acid chlorides to form titanium enolates by replacing Cl−.
Modifications
It is possible to modify Tebbe's reagent through the use of different ligands. This can alter the reactivity of the complex, allowing for a broader range of reactions. For example, cyclopropanation can be achieved using a chlorinated analogue.
See also
Related organotitanium reagents and reactions
Kulinkovich reaction
Petasis reagent
Lombardo reagent
McMurry reaction
Related methylidenation reactions
Nysted reagent
Peterson olefination
Wittig reaction
Kauffmann olefination
References
Reagents for organic chemistry
Titanocenes
Organoaluminium compounds
Chloro complexes
Titanium(IV) compounds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebbe%27s%20reagent |
William Stone Hubbell (April 19, 1837 – August 28, 1930) was a United States Army captain during the American Civil War, and a recipient of the Medal of Honor.
Biography
Hubbell entered army service at North Stonington (New London County), Connecticut.
Captain Hubbell served in Company A of the 21st Connecticut Infantry at the Battle of Chaffin's Farm. In that battle on September 30, 1864, at Fort Harrison, Virginia, he led out a small flanking party, engaged a Confederate force and at great risk captured a large number of prisoners. For this action, Hubbell was awarded the Medal of Honor on June 13, 1894.
William Stone Hubbell died on August 28, 1930.
Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Captain, Company A, 21st Connecticut Infantry. Place and date: At Fort Harrison, Va., September 30, 1864. Entered service at: North Stonington, Conn. Born: April 19, 1837, Wolcottville, Conn. Date of issue: June 13, 1894.
Citation:
Led out a small flanking party and by a clash and at great risk captured a large number of prisoners.
See also
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: G–L
William Spring Hubbell (1801–1873), American politician, congressman from New York
Notes
1837 births
1930 deaths
Burials at Indian Hill Cemetery
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People of Connecticut in the American Civil War
Union Army officers
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
Military personnel from Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Stone%20Hubbell |
is a railway station in Kōtō, Tokyo, Japan, operated jointly by Tokyo Metro, East Japan Railway Company (JR East), and Tokyo Waterfront Area Rapid Transit (TWR).
Lines
Shin-Kiba Station is served by the following lines:
Station layout
Each of the three lines has its own station facilities.
JR East platforms
The JR East station consists of a single island platform serving two tracks.
Tokyo Metro platforms
TWR platforms
History
The Teito Rapid Transit Authority (now Tokyo Metro) station opened on 8 June 1988, as the southern terminus of the Yūrakuchō Line.
On 1 December 1988, JR East opened its Shin-Kiba Station platforms as the western terminus of the Keiyō Line. The Keiyō Line was extended from Shin-Kiba Station to Tokyo Station from 10 March 1990.
The TWR station opened on 30 March 1996, as the eastern terminus of the Rinkai Line. From 1 December 2002, JR Saikyō Line trains were extended to operate over the Rinkai Line to Shin-Kiba Station.
Station numbering was introduced to the Rinkai Line platforms in 2016 with Shin-Kiba being assigned station number R01. Later in 2016 the JR East platforms were assigned station number JE05 for the Keiyo Line.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2013, the JR East station was used by an average of 70,831 passengers daily (boarding passengers only), making it the 61st-busiest station operated by JR East. In fiscal 2013, the Tokyo Metro station was used by an average of 101,043 passengers per day (exiting and entering passengers), making it the 34th-busiest station operated by Tokyo Metro. In fiscal 2013, the TWR station was used by an average of 30,312 people daily (boarding passengers only). The average daily passenger figures for each operator in previous years are as shown below.
Note that JR East and TWR figures are for boarding passengers only.
Surrounding area
Tokyo Gate Bridge (within walking distance)
Yumenoshima Park
Yumenoshima Tropical Greenhouse Dome
AgeHa nightclub and event space
Tokyo Metro Shinkiba Depot
Tokyo Heliport
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
Tokyo Metro station information
JR East station information
TWR station information
Railway stations in Tokyo
Keiyō Line
Tokyo Metro Yurakucho Line
TWR Rinkai Line
Stations of East Japan Railway Company
Stations of Tokyo Metro
Stations of Tokyo Waterfront Area Rapid Transit
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin-Kiba%20Station |
The North German thaler was the currency of the Landgravate, then Electorate of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) until 1858. Until 1807, the Thaler was subdivided into 32 Albus, each of 12 Heller. It was worth th a Conventionsthaler from 1754 to 1841.
Between 1807 and 1813, the Westphalian Thaler and Westphalian Frank circulated in Hesse-Kassel.
The Thaler and Heller were reintroduced in 1813, but without the Albus (the last coins denominated in Albus were issued in 1782). Thus, 384 Heller = 1 Thaler. In 1819, the Thaler was set equal to the Prussian Thaler. In 1841, a new currency system was introduced, dividing the Thaler into 30 Silbergroschen, each of 12 Heller.
The Thaler was replaced at par by the Vereinsthaler.
References
External links
Currencies of Germany
Modern obsolete currencies
Early Modern currencies
1858 disestablishments
Coins of the Holy Roman Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse-Kassel%20thaler |
Metallica is an American heavy metal band.
Metallica may also refer to:
Metallica (album) or The Black Album, a 1991 album by Metallica
Guitar Hero: Metallica
as well as:
Metallica (beetle), a beetle genus
Metallica Resources, a Canadian mineral exploration and development company
De re metallica, a 1556 catalog of the mining and refining of metals, by Georgius Agricola
Metallica, the stand of Risotto Nero, an antagonist in the manga series Jojo’s Bizarre Adventure story arc Golden Wind
See also
Metalica, a prototype Pentax camera
Metallic (disambiguation)
Metallicus (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Wakefield High School may refer to:
Wakefield High School (Kansas) in Wakefield, Kansas
Wakefield Memorial High School in Wakefield, Massachusetts
Wakefield High School (Nebraska) in Wakefield, Nebraska
Wakefield High School (Raleigh, North Carolina)
Wakefield High School (Arlington County, Virginia)
Wakefield Girls' High School, Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield%20High%20School |
Joe Feeney (August 15, 1931 – April 16, 2008) was an American tenor singer who was a member of The Lawrence Welk Show television program.
Early years
Born to an Irish-American family in Grand Island, Nebraska, Feeney had two brothers. He started singing as a boy soprano in St. Mary Cathedral, his parish church choir and after graduating from St. Mary's Cathedral High School, he landed a guest appearance on the show Youth Opportunity Hour. His mother Mary supported him in all of his activities.
Feeney studied at St. Benedict College in Atchison, Kansas, and at the University of Nebraska. While he attended to his studies at the University of Nebraska, he entered several singing contests, which included a spot on the Arlene Francis program, Talent Patrol. In 1956, while he was working at radio station WOW in Omaha, the station manager sent recordings of Feeney's voice to the Welk offices in Santa Monica, California where Lawrence Welk offered him a job on his show.
After their second child was born, Feeney had to drop out of the university for financial reasons. He sold children's encyclopedias until the position on the Welk show became available.
The Lawrence Welk Show
From 1957 to 1982, when the Welk show ended production, Feeney was the program's featured Irish tenor. Among his selection of musical numbers that were popular with the Welk audience were Danny Boy, Galway Bay, Sweet Leilani and the Mario Lanza classic Be My Love.
Other professional activities
He also has the distinction of singing for five US Presidents and performed at Carnegie Hall three times; in 1975 he sang for Pope Paul VI at the canonization of Mother Seton, the first native-born American saint.
Personal life
Feeney was the father of ten children with his first wife Georgia Lee Gryva, whom he met and married while they were at the University of Nebraska. One of his sons, Chris, is an accomplished opera singer in his own right and often sang with his father in concerts.
Death
Feeney, a non-smoker, died of emphysema at a hospice in Carlsbad, California on April 16, 2008. A son, Tim Feeney, said the family suspects he got the illness from years of exposure to second-hand smoke in clubs and casinos. He was survived by sons Joe Jr., George Patrick, Chris, Sean, Timothy, and Matt; daughters Kathy Feeney and Georgia Feeney, and nine grandchildren.
References
External links
Official Website
1931 births
2008 deaths
American tenors
Singers from Nebraska
Deaths from emphysema
University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni
People from Grand Island, Nebraska
Lawrence Welk
20th-century American singers
20th-century American male singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Feeney |
The Kids & Me is the ninth studio album by Billy Preston, released in 1974, after his famous tour in Europe. This album included "You Are So Beautiful", later covered by Joe Cocker, and the hit single "Nothing from Nothing".
The album's dedication, reflected in the title, was to St. Elmo's Village, an inner-city children's recreation centre, located in mid-city Los Angeles.
Track listing
All tracks composed by Billy Preston and Bruce Fisher except where indicated.
Side One
"Tell Me You Need My Loving" – 2:42
"Nothing from Nothing" – 2:33
"Struttin'" (Preston, George Johnson, Louis Johnson) – 2:31
"Sister Sugar" – 3:01
"Sad Sad Song" – 2:27
"You Are So Beautiful" – 4:44
Side Two
"Sometimes I Love You" (Preston) – 3:12
"St. Elmo" (Preston) – 2:26
"John the Baptist" (Preston, John Schuler) – 3:19
"Little Black Boys and Girls" – 2:28
"Creature Feature" (Preston, Hubert Heard) – 3:27
Personnel
Billy Preston - keyboards, piano, vocals
Tony Maiden, Joe Walsh - guitar
Bobby Watson - bass guitar
Al Perkins - banjo
Kenneth Luper, Hubert Heard - keyboards
Manuel Kellough - drums
References
1974 albums
Billy Preston albums
Albums produced by Billy Preston
A&M Records albums
Albums recorded at A&M Studios
Albums recorded at Record Plant (Los Angeles)
Albums recorded at Westlake Recording Studios | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Kids%20%26%20Me |
Christopher O'Dowd (born 9 October 1979) is an Irish actor and comedian. He received wide attention as Roy Trenneman, one of the lead characters in the Channel 4 comedy The IT Crowd, which ran for four series between 2006 and 2010. He has also starred in several films, Gulliver's Travels (2010), Bridesmaids, Friends with Kids (both 2011), Cuban Fury (2014), Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) and The Cloverfield Paradox (2018). He created and starred in the Sky 1 television series Moone Boy, which aired between 2012 and 2015 and brought him Irish Film and Television Award nominations in acting, writing, and directing.
Since 2017, he has appeared as Miles Daly in the Epix comedy series Get Shorty. He had a recurring role on the comedy-drama series Girls. His performance in the British comedy TV series State of the Union won him a Primetime Emmy Award. He made his Broadway debut in the play adaptation of Of Mice and Men in 2014, for which he was nominated for a Tony Award. In 2020, he was listed at number 39 on The Irish Times list of Ireland's greatest film actors.
Early life
O'Dowd was born and raised in Boyle, in County Roscommon on 9 October 1979. His father, Seán, is a sign designer, and his mother, Denise, a counsellor and psychotherapist. He is the youngest of five siblings.
He represented Roscommon in Gaelic football at under-16, minor and under-21 levels, the highlight being his performance as a goalkeeper in the 1997 Connacht Minor Football Championship final against Mayo, a game which RTÉ Sport covered and aired as part of its The Sunday Game highlights programme.
He studied politics and sociology at University College Dublin (UCD), and subsequently attended the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (leaving before graduating after 18 months). He told the UCD student newspaper the College Tribune: "I didn't finish my degree. The politics part of it was fine, but I was doing sociology as well and I could never bring myself to find an interest in it." He contributed to The University Observer and was active in UCD Dramsoc and the Literary and Historical Society.
Career
O'Dowd starred in the United Kingdom in Channel 4's comedy The IT Crowd, BBC Two's Roman's Empire, Red Cap, and the award-winning documentary-drama The Year London Blew Up. He has also appeared on Irish television, having starred in the RTÉ One drama The Clinic and the drama Showbands alongside Kerry Katona.
He has appeared in How to Lose Friends & Alienate People in a minor role. He has also had roles in a number of films, including the 2005 film Festival where he played stand-up comedian Tommy O'Dwyer, a role for which he won a Scottish BAFTA award, and a small role in Vera Drake. He appears in Frequently Asked Questions About Time Travel, a comedy sci-fiction film with Marc Wootton, Dean Lennox Kelly, and Anna Faris. He played Liam in the 2007 German film .
He starred in the 2009 film The Boat That Rocked, inspired by the story of offshore pirate broadcasters Radio Caroline, which was released in Canada and the U.S. as Pirate Radio. O'Dowd plays Simon, the station's breakfast DJ. "The breakfast jock on Radio Caroline at the time was Tony Blackburn, so there's definitely an element of him in it," O'Dowd says of his character. "And then I called in different Irish DJs that would have been contemporaries of Tony Blackburn at the time, a guy called Larry Gogan and a couple of other people."
O'Dowd starred opposite Sienna Miller in the film Hippie Hippie Shake, about the groundbreaking '60s magazine Oz, the precursor to a whole generation of lad mags. O'Dowd plays Felix Dennis, who later became the publisher of Maxim, and his landmark indecency trial. In preparation for the role, O'Dowd met with Dennis, and said, "He was an incredibly charismatic man."
In April 2009, it was announced that O'Dowd was cast in a remake of Gulliver's Travels as General Edward Edwardian. "It's shooting in Pinewood from the end of April", he said, shortly after his participation was announced. "I'm just going back to England to learn how to ride a horse... I'm a general in the army, so there's going to be a little bit of horse riding. I think it's going to be really fun though, we're all kind of learning together."
O'Dowd appeared in the 2010 film Dinner for Schmucks, an American version of the French farce Le Dîner de Cons. He also appeared on panel show Never Mind the Buzzcocks (season 21, episode 11), and starred in an ITV2 comedy series entitled FM. In 2010, he took part in Little Crackers, writing and directing a short film loosely based on his own childhood and Christmas in his family home from 1984 to 1988. In April 2011, he starred in the BBC adaptation of The Crimson Petal and the White as William Rackham, and in the May 2011 release Bridesmaids as Officer Nathan Rhodes.
O'Dowd had a supporting role in This Is 40. He described "fighting over Megan Fox in a pool" during filming as "one of the most fun things I've ever done".
He played Dave in Wayne Blair's 2012 debut feature Australian musical The Sapphires. Based on a popular stage show, it was shot across Australia and Vietnam and produced by Goalpost Australia. He is to write and executive produce a new American comedy series called Big Men, after NBC won the bidding war for it.
He co-wrote Moone Boy, a series based on his childhood, for Sky 1. It was filmed in his hometown of Boyle. Segments of it ran from 2012 to 2015. O'Dowd has also co-written some books based on the series: Moone Boy: The Blunder Years (published May 2015), Moone Boy: The Fish Detective (October 2015), Moone Boy: The Notion Potion (September 2017), and an activity book, Moone Boy: The Marvellous Activity Manual (May 2017).
From April to July 2014, O'Dowd starred in the Broadway revival of Of Mice and Men, directed by Anna D. Shapiro and co-starring James Franco and Leighton Meester, for which O'Dowd was nominated for a Drama Desk and Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play. He starred as a Catholic school teacher in the 2014 film St. Vincent with Bill Murray and Melissa McCarthy. He was also the narrator for the 2014 RTÉ documentary Man on Bridge.
From 2017 to 2019, O'Dowd played the lead role in three seasons of the MGM+ television show Get Shorty, created by Davey Holmes and co-starring Ray Romano, for which O'Dowd received a nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role from the 2018 IFTA Film & Drama Awards.
In 2022 Chris played Philip in the Netflix film Slumberland alongside Jason Momoa, Kyle Chandler and young actress Marlow Barkley.
Personal life
O'Dowd married British writer, director, and television presenter Dawn Porter in 2012. After their wedding, Dawn changed her surname to O'Porter. On 1 February 2015, it was announced on Twitter that O'Porter had given birth to their son, Art O'Porter, a week earlier. On 1 July 2017, O'Porter gave birth to their second son, Valentine. The family divide their time between homes in Los Angeles, California, Bermondsey in London, and Margate in Kent.
O'Dowd says he has developed an antitheist philosophy, and believes religion is "going to be like racism" in terms of social unacceptability and condemnation.
In April 2014, he presented at the Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS Easter Bonnet Competition with Leighton Meester and James Franco, after raising donations for their Broadway show Of Mice and Men.
Filmography
Film
Television
Stage
Books
Moone Boy: The Blunder Years, Chris O'Dowd and Nick V. Murphy (2015)
Moone Boy: The Fish Detective, Chris O'Dowd and Nick V. Murphy (2016)
Moone Boy: The Notion Potion, Chris O'Dowd and Nick V. Murphy (2017)
References
External links
1979 births
20th-century Irish male actors
21st-century Irish male actors
Living people
Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art
Alumni of University College Dublin
Audiobook narrators
Best Actor AACTA Award winners
Critics of religions
Former Roman Catholics
Gaelic football goalkeepers
Irish atheists
Irish former Christians
Irish male comedians
Irish male film actors
Irish male stage actors
Irish male screenwriters
Irish male television actors
Irish male video game actors
Irish male voice actors
Irish screenwriters
Irish television producers
People from Boyle, County Roscommon
People from Sligo (town)
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Roscommon Gaelic footballers
Theatre World Award winners
Actors from County Roscommon
Irish male comedy actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20O%27Dowd |
Hardware Management Console (HMC) is a Physical / Virtual appliance used to manage IBM Systems including IBM AS/400, IBM System p, IBM System z, and IBM Power Systems. HMC supports command line (ssh) as well as web (https) user interfaces and REST API. Using an HMC, the system administrator can manage many systems and partitions. It can also be used for monitoring and servicing a system.
Power Systems HMC Versions
HMC HMC V10 R2 M1040 for POWER8, POWER9 and POWER10 Servers
HMC V9, for POWER7, POWER8 and POWER9 models (POWER6 support was dropped)
HMC V9R9.1.0 (Initial release - Support for both x86_64 and ppc64le based HMCs - dropped support for Classic GUI)
HMC V8, for POWER6, POWER7 and POWER8 models (POWER5 support was dropped)
HMC V8R8.7.0 (latest version)
HMC V8R8.6.0
HMC V8R8.5.0
HMC V8R8.4.0
HMC V8R8.3.0 (Initial support for Enhanced+ GUI)
HMC V8R8.2.0
HMC V8R8.1.0 (Initial release)
HMC V7, for POWER5, POWER6 and POWER7 models
HMC V7R7.9.0 (Initial support for SR-IOV cards, REST API)
HMC V7R3.3.0
Unsupported Versions
HMC V7
HMC V7R7.2.0 (initial support for Power 710, Power 720, Power 730, Power 740 and Power 795 models)
HMC V7R7.1.0 (initial support for POWER7)
HMC V7R3.5.0 (released Oct. 30, 2009)
HMC V7R3.4.0
HMC V7R3.2.0
HMC V7R3.1.0 (initial support for POWER6 models)
HMC V6
HMC V6R1.3
HMC V6R1.2
5.2.1
5.1.0
4.5.0
4.4.0
4.3.1
4.2.1
4.2.0, for POWER5 models
4.1.x
3.x, for POWER4 models
HMC for System z
The HMC is a PC connected to the mainframe. zSeries mainframes prior to the IBM System z9 used a modified version of OS/2 with custom software to provide the interface. System z9's HMC no longer uses OS/2, but instead uses a modified version of Linux with an OS/2 lookalike interface to ease transition as well as a new interface. Unlike the previous HMC application on OS/2, the new HMC is web-based which means that even local access is done via a web browser. Remote HMC access is available, although only over an SSL encrypted HTTP connection. The web-based nature means that there is no longer a difference between local console access and remote access, which means a remote user potentially has full control if authorized, allowing more flexibility for locating systems within data centers. IBM refers to the new HMC as a "closed platform" which does not allow the user to install software or access the command line interface to increase security and stability. The HMC is also firewalled by default with a minimal number of open ports for remote access.
References
External links
HMC community
IBM HMC support homepage
IBM Information Center / HMC
HMC on Series P
Hardware Management Console
IBM mainframe technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20Hardware%20Management%20Console |
Marie McDonald (born Cora Marie Frye, July 6, 1923 – October 21, 1965) was an American singer from Burgin, Kentucky. She started her career at a young age, participating in beauty pageants and gaining attention as "The Queen of Coney Island" and "Miss New York State." She ventured into show business by debuting in George White's Scandals of 1939 and landed roles in Broadway productions and Hollywood films. McDonald earned the nickname "The Body" for her attractive figure and became a popular pin-up girl during World War II.
Despite initial success, McDonald faced professional challenges and sought recognition for her acting and singing abilities. She switched studios, moving from Universal to Paramount and later to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures. Throughout her career, she also faced personal challenges, including multiple marriages and romances that kept her in the media spotlight. One of the most notable incidents in her life was a controversial kidnapping claim. McDonald reported being abducted by two men who demanded a ransom, but the police found inconsistencies in her story, leading to no conclusive evidence or charges.
In October 1965, her sixth husband, Donald F. Taylor, found her dead in their California home. The coroner attributed her death to "active drug intoxication due to multiple drugs", later determined to be accidental rather than suicide. Her three surviving children were raised by former husband Harry Karl and his wife Debbie Reynolds.
Early life
Born in Burgin, Kentucky, McDonald was the daughter of Evertt "Ed" Frye and Marie Taboni (née McDonald) who performed in the Ziegfeld Follies. After her parents divorced, she eventually moved with her mother and stepfather to Yonkers, New York. At age 15, she began competing in numerous beauty pageants and was named "The Queen of Coney Island", "Miss Yonkers" and "Miss Loew's Paradise". At age 15, she dropped out of school and began modeling. In 1939, McDonald was named "Miss New York State". Later that same year, she debuted in George White's Scandals of 1939. The following year, at age 17, she landed a showgirl role in the Broadway production at the Earl Carroll Theatre titled Earl Carroll's Vanities.
Shortly thereafter, she moved to Hollywood hoping to develop a career in show business. She continued modeling and continued to work for the owner of the Broadway theatre as a showgirl at his Sunset Boulevard nightclub.
Career
After auditioning for Tommy Dorsey in December 1940, she joined Dorsey & His Orchestra on his radio show and she later performed with other big bands. Dorsey suggested that she change her last name from Frye to her mother's maiden name McDonald, which she used professionally for the rest of her life. In 1942, she was put under contract by Universal for $75 per week and immediately appeared in several minor roles. That year, she appeared in three motion pictures, most notably, Pardon My Sarong, which earned her the nickname "The Body" for her shapely physique.
She was eventually dropped by Universal and signed with Paramount Pictures, earning $100 per week. While at Paramount, McDonald appeared in Lucky Jordan (1942). The following year, she was lent to Republic Pictures, where she co-starred in A Scream in the Dark, a "B" detective mystery that met with reasonable success. During World War II, McDonald became one of Hollywood's most popular pin-up girls and posed for the United States military magazine Yank. While she initially did not mind being called "The Body", McDonald soon grew tired of the nickname and focus on her body, and she expressed a desire to be known for her acting and singing skills.
She returned to Paramount where she appeared in supporting roles. In 1944, McDonald co-starred in Guest in the House, in which she received the first positive reviews in her career. Her next starring role came when she worked for independent producer Edward Small as the title character in the 1945 screwball comedy Getting Gertie's Garter. In 1947, she signed with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and co-starred with Gene Kelly in Living in a Big Way (1947). McDonald and Kelly did not get along while shooting, and the film was a financial failure. She bought out the rest of her contract at MGM and went to Columbia Pictures, where she appeared in a supporting role in Tell It to the Judge (1949).
In 1950, McDonald appeared in Once a Thief and Hit Parade of 1951, and she did not make a movie for the next eight years. For the remainder of the 1950s, she focused on theatre and music, recording The Body Sings, an LP for RCA Victor in 1957, backed by Hal Borne and His Orchestra, which consisted of 12 standard ballads. She also toured the world in a successful nightclub act. She returned to the screen in 1958 when she was cast as actress Lola Livingston in The Geisha Boy, a slapstick comedy with Jerry Lewis. In 1963, she made her last film appearance in Promises! Promises!, with Jayne Mansfield.
Personal life
McDonald's seven marriages and various romances kept her in the media throughout her career. Her first marriage was to sportswriter Richard Allord in 1940. The marriage was annulled after three weeks. In January 1943, she married her agent Victor Orsatti in Reno, Nevada. They divorced in May 1947. While awaiting her divorce from Orsatti, McDonald had an affair with mobster Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel. Siegel reportedly dumped McDonald because of her chronic tardiness.
McDonald's third and fourth marriages were to millionaire shoe manufacturer Harry Karl. They initially married in September 1947. After McDonald suffered several miscarriages, the couple adopted two children, Denice and Harrison. They separated in August 1954 and were divorced that November. Shortly thereafter, the couple announced that they would remarry. By January 1955 however, McDonald claimed that plans to remarry were "all off" because she discovered she was allergic to Karl. Despite this claim, McDonald and Karl remarried in Arizona in June 1955. They separated in March 1956 and, in May, Karl filed for divorce claiming that McDonald had beat him, causing him "grievous mental suffering". At the time of their separation, McDonald was pregnant with the couple's first biological child. Karl dropped the divorce suit in June. In July, McDonald filed for divorce from Karl and was granted an interlocutory divorce decree later that month but their divorce was never finalized. Their daughter Tina Marie was born in September 1956. During their separation, McDonald dated Michael Wilding. McDonald and Karl reconciled again in 1957 but separated again in December 1957. They divorced for good on April 16, 1958. Karl later married actress Debbie Reynolds.
During her final separation from Karl, McDonald began dating George Capri, one of the owners of the Flamingo Las Vegas. On June 12, 1958, Capri accompanied McDonald to the hospital after she accidentally overdosed on sleeping pills while the two were staying in Las Vegas. The following month, McDonald told the media that the two planned to marry after Capri's divorce. They broke up in September 1958.
On May 23, 1959, McDonald married television executive Louis Bass in Las Vegas. She filed for divorce after ten months, charging Bass with "mental cruelty". On August 6, 1961, she married banker and attorney Edward Callahan in Las Vegas. On September 17, 1962, Callahan filed suit in Los Angeles asking for a divorce from McDonald for mental cruelty or that the marriage be annulled due to fraud. Callahan claimed that the two had only lived together for two days because McDonald had no intention of making a home with him or having his children. Callahan also charged that McDonald would not convert to Catholicism. McDonald counter sued dismissing Callahan's claim, stating that they had lived together until September 7. She also claimed that Callahan had committed adultery and borrowed $2600 from her to finance their wedding and honeymoon which he did not repay. McDonald married for the seventh time in 1963 to her sixth and final husband, Donald Taylor. They met while she was appearing in Promises, Promises, the final film which Taylor produced. They remained married until McDonald's death.
Alleged kidnapping
On January 4, 1957, McDonald's mother contacted the police, reporting that a nervous-sounding man had claimed to have abducted her daughter from her Los Angeles home in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles. McDonald's mother found a note in the mailbox of her daughter's house, instructing her not to involve the police. Later, McDonald's estranged husband, Harry Karl, also received a call from a male who sounded "like a nervous young kid", warning against contacting the authorities if he wanted to see her alive.
McDonald claimed that she had been taken to another location, where she managed to make three phone calls to her agent, Harold Plant, actor Michael Wilding (whom she was dating), and columnist Harrison Carroll. According to her account, two men demanded her ring and money and gave her a mysterious injection. She then claimed to have been blindfolded before being loaded into a car which was then driven for some time. Upon hearing news of her kidnapping on the radio, the abductors reportedly abandoned her on the side of the road.
The next day, a truck driver discovered McDonald on a highway near Indio, California. She recounted to police that two abductors had brandished a sawed-off gun with threats to shoot her children, taken some jewelry, and discussed a $30,000 ransom. She claimed they then forced her into their car, and she was blindfolded before being driven to a home. At the home, McDonald said the men forced her to swallow pills that made her drowsy before being able to make three phone calls when alone. After a medical examination, doubts arose about the veracity of McDonald's story, as her injuries, including two cracked teeth and bruises on her face, did not align with the assault she described.
Police immediately began to doubt McDonald's story, which changed several times. Those doubts deepened when police found suspicious evidence at her home, including newspapers used in the construction of the note in her fireplace. Additionally, a novel called The Fuzzy Pink Nightgown was discovered, mirroring the kidnapping story of a movie star who is kidnapped by two men. Although asked to undergo a polygraph test, McDonald's lawyer refused. McDonald agreed to a re-enactment, which was filmed by police. Her estranged husband Harry Karl also doubted the story and claimed McDonald was "not a well woman". McDonald accused Karl of orchestrating the abduction for publicity purposes, but later admitted that she fabricated his alleged involvement.
After investigating the alleged kidnapping, police admitted that they could find no conclusive evidence that the event took place due to "perplexing discrepancies". On January 16, a grand jury convened to investigate the kidnapping. McDonald testified that her story changed frequently because she was in shock when she gave her initial statement and had been taking sedatives when she gave other statements. After weighing the evidence, the grand jury could not come up with any conclusive evidence to bring charges against anyone.
Death
On October 21, 1965, McDonald's sixth husband, Donald F. Taylor, found her slumped over her dressing table in their home in Hidden Hills, California. On October 30, the coroner announced that McDonald's death was caused by "active drug intoxication due to multiple drugs" and was determined to be an accident or a suicide. The case was referred to a suicide team of psychologists and psychiatrists which determined the final mode of her death. McDonald's funeral was held on October 23 at the Church of the Recessional at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale in Glendale, California. Her remains were interred in the Freedom Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale. In December 1965, the suicide team classified her death as "accidental" after determining that she likely did not choose to die by suicide.
Three months after McDonald's death, on January 3, 1966, her widower Donald F. Taylor died of an intentional overdose of Seconal. McDonald's three surviving children were raised by Harry Karl (her former husband) and his wife Debbie Reynolds. On May 4, 1967, McDonald's father Evertt "Ed" Frye died by a self-inflicted gunshot to the head in the garage of his home in New Smyrna Beach, Florida.
Filmography
References
External links
1923 births
1965 deaths
20th-century American actresses
Accidental deaths in California
Actresses from Kentucky
American film actresses
American musical theatre actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
Drug-related deaths in California
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
Paramount Pictures contract players
People from Mercer County, Kentucky
RCA Victor artists
Traditional pop music singers
20th-century American singers
Singers from Kentucky
20th-century American women singers
1965 suicides | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20McDonald |
The Windsor Hotel (opened 1878, closed 1981) was a hotel located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is often considered to be the first grand hotel in Canada, and for decades billed itself as "the best in all the Dominion".
Early years
The hotel was constructed between 1875 and 1878 by the Windsor Hotel Company consortium of six Montreal businessmen, including William Notman. It was capitalized at C$500,000. At the time Montreal was Canada's largest city, and the centre of commerce in the young country. The consortium was formed to construct an opulent new hotel to symbolize the city's growing prominence and wealth. As of 1889, the hotel was accessed by visitors from outside of Montreal through Windsor Station, which was designed by New York architect Bruce Price).
The hotel opened without fanfare on January 28, 1878. Soon after, an opening gala was held that was the largest social gathering Montreal had ever seen. It was attended by the Right Honourable Sir John A. Macdonald, Princess Louise and the Marquess of Lorne.
The hotel was not an immediate success. It was leased by the consortium to James Worthington and losses led to the operation being returned to the consortium to run. Instead of retrenching, the hotel expanded to include the 'Stanley Street Wing'. The hotel was buoyed by the successes of the Montreal Winter Carnivals of the 1880s, which were held in the square outside the hotel.
The Windsor Hotel was soon at the centre of Montreal's social and business worlds, attracting not only railway visitors, but also business leaders, politicians, socialites, artists, and even royalty. The hotel was home to both the annual St. Andrew's Society Ball and the Winter Carnival Ball, the former being a mainstay of the hotel and of Montreal's social calendar for nearly a century. Sarah Bernhardt, Mark Twain, Dolores Costello, Rudyard Kipling, Fanny Davenport, Lillie Langtry and Oscar Wilde were among the Windsor's famous guests in its early years.
Expansion
In 1906, a fire destroyed almost 100 guest rooms. The fire did not adversely impact the hotel's success or reputation, but simply prompted significant renovations and the addition of a new wing, known as the Windsor Annex, to the north of the original building. The number of rooms more than doubled, going from 368 to 750, and the hotel now occupied an entire city block. The north annex contained the famous "Peacock Alley" (named after the peacock designs in its stained glass windows), and two additional ballrooms. Unlike the rest of the hotel, the north annex was designed in the Second Empire style. The new annex cost C$1 million to construct and opened in 1908.
The success of the hotel helped draw large commercial enterprises to this part of Montreal, including Morgan's and Ogilvy's, and contributed to the slow decline of Montreal's other grand railway hotel, the Hotel Place Viger.
Montreal's pre-eminent hotel
In 1917, the owners of the Montreal Canadiens, the Quebec Bulldogs, the Ottawa Senators and Montreal Wanderers met in one of the Windsor Hotel's restaurants to form the National Hockey League. In 1919, the Dominion of Canada Football Association (today known as the Canadian Soccer Association) held its fifth General Meeting at the Windsor, the first after a four-year hiatus because of the Great War.
Executives of both the Canadian Pacific Railway and Grand Trunk Railway kept permanent residences in the hotel, making the Windsor home to men who controlled most of Canada's transportation infrastructure and much of its economy. In his later years, Stephen Leacock spent his winters living in the Windsor Hotel. Some of Leacock's writing, and much of his correspondence, was written on hotel stationery.
During the first ever royal tour of Canada by a reigning monarch, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth stayed at the Windsor Hotel, and their arrival on May 18, 1939, attracted throngs of well-wishers to the hotel. The crowds were so large that one man died of a heart attack, many others collapsed due to heat and exhaustion, and the police found 64 children that had been separated from their parents. At a state banquet in the hotel prepared by chef Gabriel Meunier, Montreal's francophone mayor, Camillien Houde, famously remarked in his address to the monarchs: "I thank you from the bottom of my heart for coming. And my wife thanks you from her bottom, too."
Decline
In 1957, another fire destroyed a third of the hotel. This time the damage was extensive, and the original hotel structure had to be demolished. The cupola, weighing some 15 tons, came down on August 12, 1959. Within the next five years, the Tour CIBC office tower was constructed on the site of the original hotel.
The North Annex was all that remained of the Windsor Hotel, but it did contain 200 guest rooms, two ballrooms and Peacock Alley. The Windsor Hotel continued to operate out of the North Annex for almost another 25 years, but competition from newer hotels led to the Windsor's slow decline. In 1975, Dolores Costello returned to the hotel for her seventieth birthday party, in honour of the hotel that had been her second home decades earlier. This party was perhaps the last true glimpse of the hotel's former grandeur before the Windsor's closure in 1981.
Conversion of North Annex to office building
In 1987, the Windsor Hotel reopened as an office building called "Le Windsor".
In 2006, the building was once again renovated with a total project cost of $15 million.
The office building currently houses the headquarters for Valeurs mobilières Desjardins, the securities and investment banking division of Desjardins Group, and Claridge, the trust management offices for the Bronfman family.
Preservation of the ballrooms
Peacock Alley and a number of marble staircases have been preserved, and the two ballrooms are still used for banquets, wedding receptions and conferences.
Le Windsor's ground floor space along the front façade has been occupied by Le Piment Rouge, a Chinese restaurant and bar-lounge, for nearly three decades. During their 1988 and 1999 renovations, the restaurant restored and preserved a number of the North Annex's original architectural and design features, included ornate plaster ceilings, arched stained glass windows, and Austrian crystal chandeliers. Since 2016, the space is acquired by the management of the Windsor Ballrooms and is another event space for rent. During the 2017 renovation, the bar and most of the balcony were removed.
See also
Donegana's Hotel, Montreal
Ritz-Carlton Montreal
References
External links
Le Windsor Ballrooms - official website
Restoration of the Windsor Hotel
Mark Twain's 1881 speech at the Windsor Hotel
Emporis Listing
Photograph:Windsor Hotel Floor Plan, 1921 - McCord Museum
Hotel buildings completed in 1878
Hotels in Montreal
Defunct hotels in Canada
Second Empire architecture in Canada
Burned buildings and structures in Canada
Downtown Montreal
Demolished hotels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor%20Hotel%20%28Montreal%29 |
Milorad Dodik (, ; born 12 March 1959) is a Bosnian Serb politician serving as the 8th president of Republika Srpska since 2022. Previously, he served as the 7th Serb member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 2018 to 2022.
Dodik has also been serving as the president of the Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (SNSD) since its creation in 1996, and has occupied a number of political positions in Republika Srpska, the Serb-majority entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Dodik was the prime minister of Republika Srpska from 1998 to 2001 and from 2006 to 2010, and the president of Republika Srpska from 2010 to 2018.
Much like the SNSD, Dodik was initially considered as a moderate and reformist alternative to the ultranationalist Serb Democratic Party in the 1990s and early 2000s. Since then, Dodik and the SNSD have pursued an increasingly-Serbian nationalist and separatist line, invoking the right of the Bosnian Serbs to self-determination. His time in power has been characterised by perceived authoritarianism, repudiation of federal Bosnian institutions, and closer connections to both Russia and Serbia.
Early life and education
Dodik was born in Banja Luka to Bogoljub and Mira Dodik. He lived in Laktaši, where he attended elementary school. There, he played on the town's basketball team in Yugoslavia's amateur league. In 1978 he graduated from an agricultural high school in Banja Luka, after which he entered the Faculty of Political Sciences at the University of Belgrade, where he graduated in 1983.
Early political career (1986–1998)
From 1986 through 1990, Dodik was the Chairman of the executive board of the Municipal Assembly of Laktaši. In 1990, at the first multi-party elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina, he was elected to the Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as a candidate of the Union of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia and was a political disciple of liberal reformer Ante Marković. During the Bosnian War, Dodik served as a representative in the National Assembly of Republika Srpska.
During that time, he formed the Independent Members of Parliament Caucus (Клуб независних посланика у Народној Скупштини Републике Српске, Klub nezavisnih poslanika u Narodnoj Skupštini Republike Srpske), which was the only political opposition to the Serb Democratic Party (Српска демократска странка, Srpska demokratska stranka) and its allies, which held the absolute majority in the war-time parliament of the Republika Srpska. The caucus he chaired was to form the core of the Party of Independent Social Democrats (Stranka nezavisnih socijaldemokrata, or SNSD) in 1996, after the peace was signed as a result of the Dayton Agreement. He was elected as the first President of SNSD. The party later united with another social-democratic party to form the Alliance of Independent Social Democrats, of which Dodik is president.
Prime Minister of Republika Srpska
First term (1998–2001)
After conflicts between Biljana Plavšić with the rest of Radovan Karadžić's Serb Democratic Party (SDS), she founded a new political party, the Serb National Alliance (SNS). Early elections in Republika Srpska were held in 1997, after which Plavšić and her SNS closely cooperated with the smaller Serbian socialist parties (Socialist Party and Dodik's SNSD). Dodik was nominated Prime Minister of Republika Srpska, even though his party had only two seats in the National Assembly.
Second term (2006–2010)
During the campaign for the 2006 general election, following Montenegrin independence, Dodik said that Republika Srpska didn't rule out its right for an independence referendum. At the election, Dodik's SNSD won 46.9% percent of votes, while the SDS won 19.5%. The international community saw him as a moderate democratic leader of Republika Srpska. Dodik had support from Western countries that were seeking to marginalise the Serbian nationalists. They believed that they had found an alternative in Dodik. After he became a prime minister, the West continued to support him at the expense of Serb nationalist parties. The Western countries promised that, if Dodik remains the prime minister, Republika Srpska would receive Western economic assistance. The OHR and the Western powers also wanted to ensure that he realised his promise to return 70,000 Croat and Bosniak refugees to Republika Srpska.
As promised, after Dodik won the election, Republika Srpska received financial aid from the European Union, that money was used to pay salaries for civil servants and the police. In mid-February 2007, Dodik traveled to the United States, where he was received by Madeleine Albright. She described him as "a breath of fresh air" and pledged €3.6 million of immediate aid. Republika Srpska also received aid from the British government in the same month. British Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook, said in front of the National Assembly of Republika Srpska that Dodik's government "did more in its first two weeks to improve the lives of the people than its predecessor did in two years."
Later, Dodik became the most powerful Serb politician in Bosnia and Herzegovina and later the West viewed him as "an unabashed nationalist and the greatest threat to Bosnia and Herzegovina's fragile, multiethnic peace." After he became a prime minister, Dodik became even more nationalist than the SDS. During a police reform in Republika Srpska, Dodik managed to create a nationalist profile for himself. Haris Silajdžić, meanwhile, won election for Bosniak member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As he was a minister during the Bosnian War and close associate of Alija Izetbegović, Silajdžić criticised Republika Srpska as genocidal entity and called for its abolition. Moreover, Silajdžić advocated further centralisation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
On 5 May 2008, Dodik and Serbian President Boris Tadić inaugurated the Park Republika Srpska in Belgrade.
On 1 June 2008, during a visit to Zagreb, Dodik stated that Operation Storm was an act of ethnic cleansing carried out against Serbs and regarded it the "greatest ethnic cleansing committed after World War II". Croatian president Stjepan Mesić criticised Dodik for encouraging dissatisfied Serbs in Croatia to live in Republika Srpska while neglecting to invite Bosniak and Croat refugees to return. Ivo Banac, president of the Croatian Helsinki Committee, stated that Croatia had been defending itself at the time, and criticized Dodik's comments as provocations.
On 12 December 2008, Dodik stated that Muslim judges should not be allowed to preside over cases in Republika Srpska. He elaborated that "it is unacceptable for RS that Muslim judges try us and throw out complaints that are legally founded. And we think that it is only because they are Muslims, Bosniaks and that they have a negative orientation towards the RS, and we see the conspiracy that has been created." Dodik's comments were condemned as "extremely chauvinistic" by international institutions, the United States Embassy in Sarajevo and other officials.
On 9 September 2009, he and Boris Tadić, President of Serbia, opened a school in Pale with the name "Serbia". Bosniak and Croat members of the tripartite Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina were not consulted about Tadić's trip.
On 27 October 2009, Dodik provided an RS government jet to pick up Biljana Plavšić, former President of Republika Srpska convicted of war crimes, and welcomed her to Belgrade after her early release from a Swedish prison. He cited "purely moral reasons" for doing so. Željko Komšić, Croat member of the Bosnian Presidency, cancelled a planned visit to Sweden in protest.
In November 2009, Dodik refused to hand over requested documents detailing the financing of a government building complex in Banja Luka worth 110 million euro and the construction of a highway to international prosecutors at the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He stated that the court had no jurisdiction over Republika Srpska and filed a lawsuit against Deputy High Representative Raffi Gregorian and international prosecutors. Dodik accused Gregorian of leading a plot against Republika Srpska and said a bias against Serbs existed among central-level prosecutors and judges.
On 10 November 2009, Dodik revealed that he seriously considered giving Biljana Plavšić an office in the Senate. He stated "we are working on revising the law on the President of the Republic, which would award Plavšić, and other former presidents, the opportunity to enjoy some privileges like the office, monetary compensation, counselor, secretary, official car with a driver and so forth." Mladen Bosić, leader of the Serb Democratic Party, criticized Dodik.
On 19 January 2010, Croatian president Stjepan Mesić stated that if Dodik were to call a referendum for independence for Republika Srpska he would send the Croatian military to intervene.
Presidency (2018–2022)
2018 general election
Dodik announced his candidacy in the Bosnian general election on 26 December 2017, running for Bosnia's three-person Presidency member, representing the Serbs.
At the general election, held on 7 October 2018, Dodik was elected to the Presidency, having obtained 53.88% of the vote. The incumbent Bosnian Serb presidency member Mladen Ivanić, was second with 42.74%.
Domestic policy
In the first month of his presidency, Dodik had a confrontation with the newly elected Bosniak Presidency member Šefik Džaferović, with Dodik stating he would not attend the first Presidency session under the new leadership until the flag of Republika Srpska, the entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina, was put in his office. He eventually relented, agreeing to hold the session with only the flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
In March 2019, Dodik appointed acclaimed filmmaker Emir Kusturica as his advisor.
On 28 January 2021, the Central Election Commission of Bosnia and Herzegovina reported Dodik to the Prosecutor's Office of Bosnia and Herzegovina for spreading national hatred. He was reported for verbally insulting Central Election Commission member Vanja Bjelica-Prutina for deciding to repeat the 2020 Bosnian municipal elections in the cities of Doboj and Srebrenica, where Dodik's party had won, because of electoral irregularities.
On 22 May 2021, Džaferović and Croat Presidency member Željko Komšić attended a military exercise between the United States Army and the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina on mount Manjača, south of the city Banja Luka in Bosnia and Herzegovina, while Dodik refused to attend it.
On 5 January 2022, the United States Office of Foreign Assets Control imposed sanctions on Dodik under Executive Order 14033 ('Blocking Property and Suspending Entry Into the United States of Certain Persons Contributing to the Destabilizing Situation in the Western Balkans'). In making the announcement, Under Secretary of the Treasury for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence Brian E. Nelson said that "Milorad Dodik’s destabilizing corrupt activities and attempts to dismantle the Dayton Peace Accords, motivated by his own self-interest, threaten the stability of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the entire region". On 11 April 2022, Dodik and Željka Cvijanović, the president of Republika Srpska, were sanctioned by the United Kingdom for attempting to undermine the legitimacy of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with British Foreign Secretary Liz Truss stating that Dodik and Cvijanović "are deliberately undermining the hard-won peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Encouraged by Putin [Vladimir Putin], their reckless behavior threatens stability and security across the Western Balkans."
On 16 November 2022, Dodik was succeeded by Željka Cvijanović as the Serb member of the Presidency.
COVID-19 pandemic
As the COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina started in March 2020, the Presidency announced Armed Forces' placement of quarantine tents at the country's borders intended for Bosnian citizens returning home. Every Bosnian citizen arriving to the country was obligated to self-quarantine for 14 days starting from the day of arrival. Tents were set up on the northern border with Croatia.
On 21 December 2020, Dodik was admitted to hospital due to bilateral pneumonia, but did not contract COVID-19. One day later though, on 22 December, it was confirmed that he tested positive for COVID-19; by 28 December, Dodik recovered.
On 2 March 2021, Serbian president Aleksandar Vučić came to Sarajevo and met with Dodik and other presidency members, Džaferović and Komšić, and donated 10,000 dozes of AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines for the COVID-19 pandemic. Three days later, on 5 March, Slovenian president Borut Pahor also came to Sarajevo and met with Dodik, Džaferović and Komšić, and stated that Slovenia will also donate 4,800 AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines for the pandemic.
On 21 April 2021, he received his first dose of the Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine.
Renunciation of the High Representative
On 27 May 2021, Valentin Inzko resigned from his office of the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, with German politician Christian Schmidt set to become the new High Representative on 1 August 2021, after getting nominated by the German government. This was met with disapproval by Dodik, with him stating that "we [Republika Srpska] do not accept Schmidt, everything is a simple bluff of the international community." A few days later, Dodik said that "Schmidt will have no legitimacy for Republika Srpska unless he gets confirmed by the United Nations Security Council", adding that Republika Srpska will "receive Schmidt only as a tourist if he does not get confirmed by the Security Council."
On 29 June, Bosnian Foreign Minister Bisera Turković had a heated diplomatic exchange with Russian Ambassador to the United Nations Vasily Nebenzya at a United Nations Security Council meeting in New York City. The topic of the meeting was the political situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with focus being on the Office of the High Representative, regarding if it's time for its closure after being created in 1995 following the Bosnian War. Her address at the Security Council was heavily criticized by Dodik. Some days before, Dodik unsuccessfully tried to prevent Turković's Security Council address, even writing a letter to Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov asking him for help.
In the last ten days of his term as High Representative, on 23 July 2021, Valentin Inzko unexpectedly imposed changes to the law banning the denial of genocide in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This was met with outrage by Bosnian Serb politicians, especially by Dodik, stating "We [Republika Srpska] are forced to go into dissolution" and repeating many times that the "genocide did not happen." As a response to Inzko's imposed law, most Serb representatives in the national institutions, led by Dodik, decided to reject Inzko's law, as well as deciding not to participate in the work of Bosnian national institutions until further notice, sparking a new political crisis in the country.
Following a United Nations Security Council meeting on 4 November 2021, Dodik vowed to sue the new High Representative Christian Schmidt, and described the meeting as a "Victory for Republika Srpska" and proving that "Christian Schmidt is the High Representative only in his mind", even though all the UN Security Council members, except Russia, expressed their support for Schmidt and his powers as High Representative.
On 26 January 2022, following a meeting on constitutional reform in Sarajevo, Dodik said that he and his party would be "willing to participate in the work of the national institutions if a law, banning calling the country's entities genocidal, was passed in Parliament."
Military helicopters controversy
In August 2021, Komšić and Džaferović, without including Dodik, instructed the Ministry of Security to be available for putting out the wildfires in Herzegovina which had formed a few days before. This came after Dodik, as the third member of the Presidency, refused to give consent on the Bosnian Armed Forces to use its military helicopters to help in putting out the fires, because the consent of all three members of the Presidency is required for the military force's helicopters to be used. His actions were met with outrage by Bosnian politicians and media, with Damir Šabanović, the municipal mayor of Jablanica, a town in risk of the wildfires, filing criminal charges against Dodik for "failing or refusing to react and committing a criminal offense by exploiting his official position and failing to perform his official duty."
On 19 August, Dodik justified himself saying that the "Helicopters are 40–50 years old. The people flying them have courage. Of course, that is not the only reason why I did not participate in the Presidency sessions. That reason is well known and it will remain so." However, on 23 August, the Bosnian Defence Minister, Sifet Podžić, reacted to Dodik's statement, saying "The helicopters are perfectly fine, the only reason they didn't help in putting out the fires is Dodik."
Withdrawal of jurisdiction
Following a forestry law passed by the Republika Srpska government, the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, on 23 September 2021, ruled that the law's provision that the forests are the property of Republika Srpska was unconstitutional. Dodik criticized this decision, stating "In RS [Republika Srpska], everything outside the Constitution and Dayton [Dayton Agreement] should be annulled."
On 27 September, he announced that Republika Srpska will be withdrawing the approvals which it gave to the agreements on the formation of the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He later on said that no matter what, nothing will be done "outside the Constitution." Although supporting Dodik's opinion regarding the law banning the denial of genocide, Mirko Šarović, the president of the Serb Democratic Party (SDS), the major opposition party in Republika Srpska, does not support the withdrawal of jurisdiction of the Armed Forces and other national institutions, stating "From Dodik's frivolous initiatives, Republika Srpska will become a target, we have no use of these decisions."
On 20 October 2021, the National Assembly of Republika Srpska just narrowly voted to form an entity Medicines Agency, thus withdrawing their support for the national Bosnian Medicines Agency. The opposition, including the SDS and the Party of Democratic Progress, did not attend the vote in protest against Dodik and his actions.
On 8 November 2021, Dodik announced further withdrawal from the Armed Forces, stating "We will not allow the Armed Forces to become a Muslim army" and saying that "It is good for Bosnia and Herzegovina to be demilitarized, that was our earlier proposal." Following Dodik's actions, the House of Commons of the United Kingdom organized a debate on the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, during which great accusations were made against the work of Dodik, but also Serbia and Russia as countries that support his doings.
On 10 December 2021, the Republika Srpska National Assembly adopted a set of conclusions, including those regarding the Armed Forces, paving the way for the withdrawal of jurisdiction from national to entity levels. Once again, in protest, the opposition did not attend the vote and refused to support the conclusions, stating "This is a farce and a simple election campaign."
Foreign policy
In May 2021, during a flareup in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Dodik was thanked by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu for expressing his support for Israel, unlike his presidency counterparts who expressed their support for Palestine.
In June 2021, Dodik signed the SEECP Declaration in Antalya, Turkey, which among other things, incorporates talks about NATO integration.
On 6 November 2021, he met with Hungarian prime minister Viktor Orbán in Banja Luka, in process thanking him "for the understanding that Hungary has for Republika Srpska." Orbán said that "Republika Srpska is key to peace in the Balkans" and that Hungary will "expand its economic program with Republika Srpska."
On 2 December 2021, Dodik had a meeting with Russian president Vladimir Putin in Moscow, with Dodik stating "He [Putin] is familiar with the details of the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina." Following Russia recognizing the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic as independent states on 21 February 2022, which are disputed territories in the Ukrainian region of Donbas, Dodik said that Republika Srpska will seek neutrality at the national level regarding the issue of Ukraine. On 24 February, Putin ordered a large-scale invasion of Ukraine, marking a dramatic escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War that began in 2014. Regarding the invasion, Dodik said that Bosnia and Herzegovina was neutral, having stated the previous day that the "events showed it was a good decision for Bosnia and Herzegovina to not enter NATO, and that the country would not support sanctions."
European Union
Originally a big advocate and supporter of the European Union, Dodik has gradually become much more Eurosceptic and critical about the EU.
In September 2020, Dodik and his fellow Presidency members said that an EU candidate status for Bosnia and Herzegovina was possible in the year 2021 if the country "implements successful reforms."
In September 2021, Dodik went to Budapest, Hungary to attend its Demographic Summit. There he met with Slovenian prime minister Janez Janša on 22 September. On 23 September, Dodik made a speech at the summit, where he criticized the European Union, LGBT community and the handling of the previous European migrant crisis. Apart from Dodik and Janša, the summit was also attended by Hungarian prime minister Viktor Orbán, Serbian president Aleksandar Vučić, Czech prime minister Andrej Babiš, Polish prime minister Mateusz Morawiecki and former U.S. vice president Mike Pence, as well as 2022 French presidential election candidate Éric Zemmour.
On 30 September, Dodik, Džaferović and Komšić met with European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen at the Presidency Building in Sarajevo. This was part of von der Leyen's visit to Bosnia and Herzegovina, since she some hours before opened the Svilaj border checkpoint and a bridge over the nearby Sava river, which bears the internationally important freeway Pan-European Corridor Vc.
In an interview for the largest German news website Der Spiegel, given in October 2021, Dodik, among other things, said that "the Western Balkans have never been further from European Union membership than they are today", thus continuing expressing his Eurosceptic views. In December 2021, German Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock proposed a "values-driven" foreign policy in conjunction with other European democracies and NATO partners, and called on the EU to implement sanctions against Dodik. On 20 May 2022, Dodik met with European Council President Charles Michel, during his visit to Sarajevo, with whom he discussed about Bosnia and Herzegovina's accession to the EU.
Relations with Turkey
On 16 March 2021, Dodik, Džaferović and Komšić went on a state visit to Turkey to meet with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. While there, Erdoğan promised to donate Bosnia and Herzegovina 30,000 COVID-19 vaccines for the COVID-19 pandemic. Also on the meeting, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Turkey agreed on mutual recognition and exchange of driving licenses, as well as signing an agreement on cooperation in infrastructure and construction projects, which also refers to the construction of a highway from Bosnia's capital Sarajevo to Serbia's capital Belgrade; the agreement being signed by Minister of Communication and Traffic Vojin Mitrović.
On 27 August 2021, Erdoğan came to Sarajevo on a state visit in Bosnia and Herzegovina and met with all three Presidency members, having talks about more economic and infrastructural cooperation, as well as looking into the construction of the highway from Sarajevo to Belgrade. Also, a trilateral meeting between Turkey, Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina was agreed on and should happen in the near future.
In November 2021, Dodik went to Ankara and again met with Erdoğan. His meeting with Erdoğan was focused on the political crisis in Bosnia and Herzegovina, following Valentin Inzko's imposed changes to the law banning genocide denial in the country. At the meeting, as reported by Dodik, it was said that "the threat of force cannot solve any problem" and that "speculators imposed the story of a possible conflict."
President of Republika Srpska
First and second term (2010–2018)
In October 2010, Dodik narrowly won the RS presidential election already in the first round, thus becoming the 8th president of the republic.
On 30 November 2010, leaked United States diplomatic cables revealed that Dodik supported the Ahtisaari plan for the independence of Kosovo. The cable was sent by Daniel Fried, a U.S. State Department official, in May 2007 and quoted Dodik as stating that "Kosovo's recognition would follow after such a decision (to adopt the plan) by the UN Security Council". Dodik denied the accusations and stated that Daniel Fried was a liar and a troublemaker.
In May 2011, Dodik planned to have a referendum held in June that he viewed would reflect on the rejection of Bosnian state institutions, including the war crimes court. The High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Valentin Inzko, warned that the referendum could potentially jeopardize the Dayton Agreement. However, shortly after tensions increased in regards to the proposed referendum, Republika Srpska decided to cancel the referendum, after Dame Catherine Ashton, the EU's High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy reassured Dodik in Banja Luka that the EU will examine the complaints of RS on abuses in justice system of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and recommend the changes.
On 25 October 2011, Dodik spoke on "An American Foreign Policy Success Story: The Dayton Accords, Republika Srpska and Bosnia's European Integration" at Columbia University. The event was protested by numerous organizations including the Congress of North American Bosniaks, the Advisory Council for Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Canadian Institute for the Research of Genocide, the Bosnian American Genocide Institute and Education Center, and the International Center for Transitional Justice. Protests also took place while the speech was in progress.
In October 2012, Dodik proposed that Bosnia and Herzegovina's unified armed forces be abolished. On 3 November 2012, Dodik announced that the government of Republika Srpska would donate an undisclosed amount to help pay for the renovation of Serbian Orthodox Patriarch Irinej's old residence in Belgrade. Irinej commented that "this is a great opportunity to show practically the unity of the Serbian people and Serbian church outside our borders." Serb bloggers expressed "disagreement with both at a time of severe economic crisis and hardship" followed.
On 13 November 2012, High Representative Valentin Inzko, cited Dodik as "the most frequent, although certainly not the sole, proponent of [Bosnian] state dissolution" in a report to the UN Security Council. He added that "the most recent and troubling of these is an initiative sent by the president to the Republika Srpska National Assembly attempting to create conditions that would unilaterally force the dissolution of the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina." Vitaly Churkin, Russian Representative to the United Nations, defended Dodik and blamed the Bosniaks for the tension.
In November 2012, German state prosecution implicated Dodik and his son in a corruption case involving the Hypo Alpe-Adria-Bank International. The investigation concerned "several criminal offenses, including falsifying of documents, faking financial and business reports and fraud." The judicial system of Bosnia and Herzegovina initially investigated the case following a complaint filing, but "political pressures soon stopped the judicial bodies and the police in the RS." According to Domagoj Margetić, a Croatian journalist, Dodik had bribed and threatened him in order to not link him to the Hypo Group Alpe Adria affair story. On 26 November 2012, High Representative in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Valentin Inzko, confirmed that there was no investigation against President of Republika Srpska Milorad Dodik and his family in Germany or Austria.
On 1 January 2017, the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) imposed sanctions on Dodik pursuant to Executive Order 13304 and due to his role in defying the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina. "By obstructing the Dayton Accords, Milorad Dodik poses a significant threat to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Bosnia and Herzegovina," said John E. Smith, Acting OFAC Director. "Today's action underscores the U.S. commitment to the Dayton Accords and supports international efforts for the country's continued European integration. Any property of Milorad Dodik within the U.S. jurisdiction is to be blocked and U.S. persons, individuals or companies, are prohibited in to engage in business transactions with him."
Third term (2022–present)
2022 general election
On 1 July 2022, Dodik announced his candidacy in the Republika Srpska general election, running for a third time as president of Republika Srpska.
Following the release of the preliminary results in the Republika Srpska election, opposition parties filed accusations of electoral fraud directly against Dodik, who they claimed had coordinated stuffing ballot boxes with thousands of illegal votes to put the Alliance of Independent Social Democrats ahead in the polls and that Jelena Trivić of the Party of Democratic Progress was the true winner of the Republika Srpska presidential election. As a result of the allegations, the Central Election Commission began a recount the ballots. When the Election Commission verified the preliminary results, they did not verify the Republika Srpska elections. However on 27 October, officials confirmed Dodik's victory. The commission noted that while there were irregularities, none were on a level that would have changed the outcome of the election.
Tenure
Dodik was sworn in as president on 15 November 2022 in the National Assembly of Republika Srpska, succeeding Željka Cvijanović.
On 23 November, Dodik asked the incumbent prime minister, Radovan Višković, to form a new Republika Srpska government. On 21 December 2022, the National Assembly of Republika Srpska confirmed the appointment of Višković's cabinet.
On 8 January 2023, Dodik awarded Russian President Vladimir Putin in absentia with the entity's highest decoration, the Order of the Republika Srpska.
In March 2023, violence occurred in Banja Luka over a planned LGBT event and several human rights activists were assaulted by a few dozen men. Also in March, The United States Secretary of State Antony Blinken said that "Dodik’s attacks on basic rights and freedoms in Republika Srpska show he is on President Putin’s authoritarian path" and that the "State Department continues to advocate for the democratic and prosperous future that all citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina deserve."
On 27 June 2023, the National Assembly of Republika Srpska voted to suspend rulings by the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina and stopping publishing the High Representative's decrees and laws in the official gazette. Following this decision, High Representative Christian Schmidt annulled the two laws which the Assembly had adopted, citing that the decisions "directly violate the constitutional order of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Dayton peace agreement."
Dodik condemned Hamas' actions during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war and expressed his support to Israel. The Palace of the Republic in Banja Luka was decorated with the Israeli flag on 8 October 2023.
Indictement
In August 2023, the Prosecutor's Office of Bosnia and Herzegovina charged Dodik with defying decisions by the High Representative, facing a possible maximum sentence of five years in prison. High-ranking Bosnian Serb officials dismissed the indictement against Dodik as politically motivated, saying they would not recognise decisions by an "unconstitutional court and prosecution." On 16 October 2023, Dodik refused to enter a plea on the indictment at the first hearing, later telling reporters he could not understand the indictment.
Views
Opinions on Tuzla and Markale
In 2009, Dodik stated that the Tuzla massacre was staged and questioned the Markale massacres in Sarajevo. The city of Tuzla filed charges against Dodik over these statements. The city of Sarajevo filed criminal charges against Dodik for abuse of power, and inciting ethnic, racial and religious hatred.
The Office of the High Representative said Dodik denied the war crimes committed and stated that "When such skewed facts come from an official in a position of high responsibility, an official who is obliged to uphold the Dayton Peace Accords and cooperate with the Hague Tribunal, then they are particularly irresponsible and undermine not only the institutions responsible for upholding the rule of law, but the credibility of the individual himself".
Genocide and Srebrenica massacre denial
Dodik described the Srebrenica massacre as a "fabricated myth".
He stated in an interview with the Belgrade newspaper Večernje novosti in April 2010 that "we cannot and will never accept qualifying that event as a genocide", and disowned the 2004 Republika Srpska report which had acknowledged the scale of the killing and had apologised to the relatives of the victims, claiming that the report had been adopted because of pressure from the international community. Without substantiating the figure, he claimed that the number of victims was 3,500 rather than the 7,000 accepted by the report, alleging that 500 listed victims were alive and that over 250 people buried in the Srebrenica Genocide Memorial in Potočari had died elsewhere. During the same month, on 10 April 2010, Dodik initiated a revision of the 2004 report saying that the numbers of killed were exaggerated and the report was manipulated by a former peace envoy. The Office of the High Representative responded and stated that: "The Republika Srpska government should reconsider its conclusions and align itself with the facts and legal requirements and act accordingly, rather than inflicting emotional distress on the survivors, torture history and denigrate the public image of the country".
On 12 July 2010, at the 15th anniversary of the Srebrenica massacre, Dodik declared that he acknowledges the killings that happened on the site, but does not regard what happened at Srebrenica as genocide, differing from the conclusions of the ICTY and of the International Court of Justice, stating that, "(i)f a genocide happened then it was committed against Serb people of this region where women, children and the elderly were killed en masse," referring to eastern Bosnia. In December 2010, Dodik condemned the Peace Implementation Council (PIC), an international community of 55 countries, for referring to the Srebrenica massacre as genocide.
He used variety of claims, espoused by other deniers and conspiracy theorists, such as that Srebrenica was, in fact, revenge for the 1993 Kravica attack and other Bosnian Muslim crimes against Serbs, confirmed or alleged.
In 2017, Dodik introduced legislation, effectively banning the teaching of the Srebrenica genocide and Sarajevo siege in Republika Srpska's schools, stating that it was "impossible to use here the textbooks … which say the Serbs have committed genocide and kept Sarajevo under siege. This is not correct and this will not be taught here".
On 14 August 2018, again initiated by Dodik after his previous attempt in 2010, the National Assembly of Republika Srpska dismissed the 2004 report and decided for a new commission to be assembled to revise report surrounding events in Srebrenica and area around the town in July 1995. This move was immediately criticized by the international community.
The Humanitarian Law Center, in their report signed by 31 high-profile signatories, described this new development as "the culmination of more than a decade of genocide denial and historical revisionism by the SNSD government in Republika Srpska". The United States State Department issued a communique in which they criticized the move, describing it as "(a)ttempts to reject or amend the report on Srebrenica are part of wider efforts to revise the facts of the past war, to deny history, and to politicize tragedy".
Radovan Karadžić
In March 2016, a student dormitory in Pale was named in honor of the wartime Serb leader Radovan Karadžić, an act which was supported by Dodik. The event took place only a few days before Karadžić was convicted for war crimes by the ICTY.
In December 2020, the plaque honoring Karadžić had to be removed after High Representative Inzko, with the help of Karadžić's daughter Sonja Karadžić-Jovičević, publicly called for its removal.
Personal life
Milorad is married to Snježana Dodik, with whom he has two children. His nephew is Bosnian businessman and football administrator Vico Zeljković.
Honours
Order of the Republic of Serbia
Order of the Republika Srpska
Order of Friendship
Award of the International Foundation for the Unity of Orthodox Christian Nations
Order of Peter the Great with Sash – awarded by the National Committee for Social Awards of the Russian Federation for extraordinary contribution to enhancement of the Russian – Serbian cooperation
Order of the Nemanjić dynasty
Order of St. Sava
Order of Saint Simeon the Myrrh-streaming
Order of the Saint bishop Nikolaj
Holy Cross of the Holy Sepulchre Guardians, awarded by Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem
Order of Alexander Nevsky
Honorary awards
Honorary president of KK Partizan
Honorary citizen of Drvar
Honorary citizen of Gradiška
Honorary citizen of Trebinje
References
Bibliography
External links
Official biography
SNSD Official Website
President of the Republic Milorad Dodik
1959 births
Living people
People from Banja Luka
Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
University of Belgrade Faculty of Political Science alumni
Bosnia and Herzegovina politicians
Alliance of Independent Social Democrats politicians
Prime ministers of Republika Srpska
Members of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Chairmen of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serbian nationalists
Deniers of the Bosnian genocide
Yugoslav men's basketball players
KK Igokea
Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List
Recipients of the Order of Alexander Nevsky | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milorad%20Dodik |
Ernst Constantin Fetterlein (3 April 1873 – June 1944) was a Russian cryptographer who later defected to Britain.
Fetterlein was born in St Petersburg, the son of Karl Fedorovich Fetterlein, a German-language tutor, and Olga Fetterlein, née Meier. He studied a variety of eastern languages at the University of St Petersburg, graduating in 1894. On 25 November 1896 he joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He eventually became the chief cryptologist for the Tsar of Russia, holding the rank of "General-Admiral," an honorary title in Tsarist Russia. During World War I, he was known for a time as Ernst Popov as his German-derived name could have drawn unwanted attention. Amongst others, he solved German, Austrian and British codes.
Upon the Russian Revolution of 1917, he fled to Western Europe with his wife on board a Swedish ship, narrowly evading capture. He contacted the British and French intelligence organisations, offering to work for whoever would pay him the most, which was apparently the British, as he was recruited to Room 40 in June 1918 to work on Georgian, Austrian and Bolshevik codes. After the end of World War I, he worked for the successor to Room 40, the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), becoming a senior assistant on 17 December 1919. During this time he worked on Soviet Communist traffic. He was thought well of by his colleagues, one of whom wrote, "He was a brilliant cryptographer. On book cipher and anything else where insight was vital he was quite the best. He was a fine linguist and would usually get an answer no matter the language." He retired in 1938. His brother, P. K. Fetterlein, also worked for GC&CS.
Fetterlein came out of retirement during World War II to assist GC&CS's diplomatic section at Berkeley Street. He worked on "Floradora", a German diplomatic code.
References
Cryptographers from the Russian Empire
British cryptographers
1873 births
1944 deaths
Foreign Office personnel of World War II
White Russian emigrants to the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20Fetterlein |
The town of Wittlich (; Moselle Franconian: Wittlech) is the seat of the Bernkastel-Wittlich district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Its historic town centre and the beauty of the surrounding countryside make the town a centre for tourism in southwest Germany.
Wittlich is the middle centre for a feeder area of 56 municipalities in the Eifel and Moselle area with a population of roughly 64,000. With some 18,000 inhabitants, Wittlich is the biggest town between Trier and Koblenz and the fourth biggest between Mainz and the Belgian border.
Geography
Location
The town lies in the South Eifel on the River Lieser in a side valley of the Moselle on the northern edge of the Wittlich Depression. This stretch of country is bounded in the west by the low mountains of the Moselle Eifel and in the east by the Moselle valley.
Constituent communities
Wittlich's Stadtteile or Ortsbezirke (districts or suburbs), besides the main centre, also called Wittlich, are Bombogen, Dorf, Lüxem, Neuerburg, and Wengerohr, each of which was a self-administering municipality. until 7 June 1969.
History
The oldest known remnants of human settlement activity come from the third millennium BC.
In Roman times there stood right on the River Lieser, where the autobahn bridge is now, a stately villa rustica or countryside villa.
In 1065, Wittlich had its first documentary mention. In 1300, Archbishop-Elector Diether von Nassau of Trier granted Wittlich town rights. It had long been assumed, however, that Wittlich had already been granted town rights in 1291, leading to the 700th-anniversary celebrations in 1991.
In the middle ages, the prince-electors of Trier constructed a castle in Wittlich, Burg Ottenstein. This castle was replaced in the 18th century by a hunting lodge, Schloss Philippsfreude, which was destroyed during the times of the French Revolution.
In 1912, Germany's first youth prison was built in Wittlich, which also still borders on the Justizvollzugsanstalt Wittlich (“Wittlich Correctional Facility”).
Building projects in town
In 2009, the town of Wittlich was included in the programme Aktive Stadtzentren (“Active Town Centres”) of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Since then, some investors have been interested in the town of Wittlich.
On 12 November of the same year, the Schlossgalerie was opened, in which C&A, Müller, Ernsting's Family and Depot all have locations. There is still somewhere between 600 and 1 500 m² of available free floor area.
In mid March, work began on the project Altstadt, die neue (roughly “New Old Town”). It comprises three new houses in which later, on the ground floors, there will be 220 m² of storage room and a passage, while upstairs there will be room for medical practices and flats. Furthermore, there will be an underground garage with 20 parking places. Work is set to finish on this project in mid-2011.
Planned for Schlossstraße in Wittlich is a new theatre-cinema with four big and modern cinema halls and one big theatre hall for 600 theatregoers. There is to be a further 500 m² for dining, 850 m² of commercial space and 1 500 m² for flats. A new four-floor building is foreseen for this project. Its name will be Schlosstheater.
Politics
Town council
The council is made up of 32 honorary council members, and a full-time mayor as chairman.
Recent municipal elections have yielded the following results:
Coat of arms
The German blazon reads: In rotem Feld parallel nebeneinander zwei aufrecht, mit dem Schlüsselbart nach oben voneinander abgekehrte silberne Schlüssel mit übereinandergelegten Griffen, wobei der linke über dem rechten angeordnet ist. Die Mauerkrone ist Zierelement des Wappens: ein Zinnenturm mit offenem Tor in der Mitte zwischen Mauern und Zinnen.
The town's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Gules two keys palewise addorsed, the wards to chief and the bow of the dexter surmounting that of the sinister, argent, ensigning the shield a tower with an open gateway and flanking walls, the whole embattled, of the second.
The German blazon identifies the “left” key as the one that surmounts the other, although the example shown at the town's own website clearly shows the dexter key surmounting the sinister. This may arise from a common misunderstanding about heraldry, in which left and right – or sinister and dexter – are told from the armsbearer's point of view, not the viewer's.
The example of the arms shown at the town's own website shows the crenellated (“embattled”) tower on top of the escutcheon; however, the example at Heraldry of the World shows the arms without this. This same webpage also shows a coat of arms for Wittlich which apparently appeared in the old Coffee Hag albums. It might be described as “Argent two keys per saltire, the wards to chief, the one in bend sinister surmounting the other, azure.” In other words, the field tincture was silver (“argent”) instead of red (“gules”), and the keys were not only blue instead of silver, but also crossed to form an X (“per saltire”).
Whichever way the keys are arranged, they symbolize Saint Peter, who was the patron saint of the Electorate of Trier, to which Wittlich belonged until 1794. The current tinctures were the ones borne by Trier, whereas the ones in the Coffee Hag image were those borne by the House of Wittelsbach.
The town's first great seal, from the time just after Wittlich had been raised to town, showed a crenellated tower over an open gate between two turrets, each with a roundle high on its wall. The court seal from the early 14th century, on the other hand, showed a two-key charge quite similar to the one in today's arms, thus providing the model for the coat of arms now borne by the town.
The crenellated tower on top of the escutcheon was only “rediscovered” much later.
Town partnerships
Wittlich fosters partnerships with the following places:
Boxtel, North Brabant, Netherlands
Brunoy, Essonne, France since 1979
Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, England, United Kingdom since 1993
Zossen, Teltow-Fläming, Brandenburg (“friendly relations”) since German reunification
Culture and sightseeing
Sightseeing
Old Town Hall on the marketplace with the Alten Rathaus museum for modern art. It was previously the Georg-Meistermann-Museum until the city held an exhibition there by Nazi artist Hans Schell. The Meistermann family withdrew his name in protest but many of his great works are still there - including the Four Horsemen of The Apocalypse.
Former synagogue, today a cultural and conference centre with a permanent exhibit on “Jewish Life in Wittlich”
Türmchen (“Little Tower”), part of an old town gate
Baroque Saint Mark's Parish Church (Pfarrkirche St. Markus)
Remnants of a Roman villa between Wittlich and Altrich, beside the A 1
Saint Paul's Mission House (Missionshaus St. Paul) of the Divine Word Missionaries (closed in autumn 2005)
Haus Daus at Karrstraße 19-21, among Wittlich's oldest townsmen's houses
Regular events
Wittlich's Shrovetide festivities – Fastnacht – are outfitted each year by the two Carnival clubs, Schääl Saidt e.V. and Narrenzunft Rot-Weiß e.V. (“Fools’ Guild”). On the third weekend in August, the Säubrennerkirmes (“Sow Burner Fair”) is held; it is one of Rhineland-Palatinate's biggest folk festivals and was begun in 1951, based on the mediaeval Säubrennersage (a legend that tells of a sow that inadvertently allowed a siege force to enter Wittlich, sack it and burn it down after she ate the carrot that the gatekeeper had used instead of the bolt, which he could not find; all swine in the town were accordingly punished with burning – meaning, in effect, a huge pork barbecue). In October, Wittlich also holds Rhineland-Palatinate's biggest Oktoberfest.
Offener Kanal Wittlich
Wittlich also has a public access channel, the Offener Kanal Wittlich, which several times weekly reports on local news, events and suchlike.
Economy and infrastructure
Economy
In Wittlich, counting only workers on the social welfare contribution rolls, 14,500 people have jobs. This rises to more than 16,000 if officials and the self-employed are counted, making Wittlich's job density about 852 for each thousand inhabitants, and putting Wittlich itself in the very highest group of towns in Rhineland-Palatinate. Wittlich's importance as an economic and tourism centre is favoured by its location on two autobahns and by its mainline railway station on the Koblenz-Trier railway line.
Established businesses
Dr. August Oetker Nahrungsmittel KG runs one of its biggest food freezing works in the outlying centre of Wengerohr.
Goodyear Dunlop Tires Germany GmbH runs a plant in Wittlich which has been specialized in truck tire production.
On 12 November 2009, the Schlossgalerie opened in Wittlich in which C&A, Müller and Ernsting's Family, among others, have locations.
The Chinese firm Heng Feng, which makes furniture and fishing tackle, has its only European location in Wittlich through its daughter company Westfield Outdoors.
The Bungert department store is Rhineland-Palatinate's biggest family business.
Franklin Fueling Systems GmbH manages a major distribution warehouse supplying fueling and service station equipment to all of Europe, Middle East and Africa.
Transport
Through the municipal area runs the Autobahn A 1 between Cologne and Saarbrücken.
The Autobahn A 60, coming from Liège, thus far ends at the Wittlich Cross at the A 1.
A new four-lane highway, the so-called B 50 neu, is currently being built. It will run from the Wittlich Autobahn Cross, where currently the A 60 ends, towards the Frankfurt Rhine Main Region and the Autobahn A 61. The first section, between Wittlich-Wengerohr and the Wittlich Autobahn Cross, will be completed in 2013, and the whole highway with its centrepiece, a long, high bridge over the Moselle (Hochmoselbrücke) is to be finished by 2016.
Also crossing in Wittlich are Bundesstraßen 49 and 50.
The railway station, Wittlich Hbf (Wengerohr station) with InterCityExpress connections lies in the outlying centre of Wengerohr on the Koblenz–Trier line. Regional services include the Mosel-Saar-Express from Koblenz by way of Trier to Saarbrücken, the Moseltal-Bahn from Koblenz by way of Wittlich to Trier and the Elbling Express from Wittlich by way of Trier to Perl. Long-distance services include ICE service between Luxembourg and Berlin and Intercityverkehr between Luxembourg and Emden. These trains all stop at Wittlich Hbf. The French railway operator SNCF is planning a long-distance service between Metz and Hamburg, which may stop at Wittlich.
Right near the station, spurs once branched off the mainline to Daun by way of Wittlich-Stadt and Bernkastel-Kues, which have now been converted into cycle paths (the Maare-Mosel-Radweg). The transport link has been replaced by a bus route.
The Maare-Mosel-Radweg (cycle path) is a tourist attraction that leads from Daun in the Vulkaneifel to the Moselle and Bernkastel-Kues. Bicycles can be transported on the cyclists’ bus from Bernkastel to Daun by way of Wittlich.
The nearest airports are Luxembourg – Findel Airport and Frankfurt-Hahn Airport, each of which can be reached in about 40 minutes.
Famous people
Honorary citizens
Louis Constans Berger (1829–1891), industrialist and politician, honorary citizen since 1884
Hans-Günther Heinz (1933– ), entrepreneur and politician, honorary citizen since 2004
Matthias Joseph Mehs (1893–1976), politician and local author, honorary citizen since 1966
Willi Schrot (1915–2016) master locksmith, municipal politician, 1948–1979 Member of the district council, 1967–1979 Member of the Rhineland-Palatinate Landtag, honorary citizen since 2004
Sons and daughters of the town
Mathias Agritius (b. 1545), poet, humanist
Max René Hesse (1877–1952), physician, writer, novelist
Georg Fischer (1881–1962), publisher and local author, owner of the Georg-Fischer-Verlag (publishing house) (1906–1956)
Matthias Joseph Mehs (1893–1976), politician and local author
Hans Kalbfell (b. 1930), professional boxer
Hans Friderichs (b. 1931), politician (FDP), Federal Minister for Economics (1972–1977)
Tony Munzlinger (b. 1934), painter and cartoonist
Hermann Schäfer (b. 1942), historian, former leader of the Culture and Media department in the German Chancellery
Reinhold Bohlen (b. 1946) professor, rector of the Trier Theological Faculty, cathedral capitulary, director of the Emil-Frank-Institut in Wittlich
Brigitte Bastgen (b. 1955), newsreader at ZDF
Christian Klippel (b. 1955), writer
Georg Holkenbrink (b. 1961), cathedral capitulary at the High Cathedral Church at Trier, episcopal vicar general, moderator curiae and economist of the Diocese of Trier
Jürgen Roth-Lebenstedt (b. 1962), two-time German amateur football champion with Eintracht Trier and shooter of ARD Sportschau's “Goal of the Month” in February 1996
Thomas Mussweiler (b. 1969), social psychologist, Leibniz Prize winner 2006
Hanin Elias (b. 1972), techno artist, founding member of Atari Teenage Riot
Julian Klein (b. 1973), composer and conductor
Alfons Heck (1928–2005), internationally published author and lecturer. Winner of a Peabody Award. Appeared in several documentaries aired on HBO and the BBC. Wrote about his experiences as a German youth during World War II.
Jordan Carver (b. 1986), fashion and glamour model
Further reading
Ernst Wackenroder: Die Kunstdenkmäler des Kreises Wittlich Düsseldorf 1934
Freckmann, Klaus: Stadt Wittlich. Neuss 1977
References
External links
Säubrennerkirmes
Towns in Rhineland-Palatinate
Bernkastel-Wittlich
Districts of the Rhine Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittlich |
The County Ground (currently known as the Energy Check County Ground for sponsorship purposes) is a stadium located near the town centre of Swindon, Wiltshire, England, and has been home to Swindon Town Football Club since 1896. The current capacity of 15,728, all-seated, has been at that level since the mid-1990s. A record attendance of 32,000 was set on 15 January 1972, against Arsenal in the third round of the FA Cup. North of the football stadium is Swindon Cricket Club, with their pitch also named The County Ground following its use by the football club from 1893 until 1896.
History
Thomas Arkell of Arkell's Brewery donated £300 to finance the construction of a stand on what was then known as the Wiltshire County Ground; this investment was enough to begin development of a purpose built football stadium. Since its original construction, the ground has been periodically updated with new features or fittings. A covered stand on the Shrivenham Road side was erected in 1932, it was replaced in 1960 with one obtained second hand from Aldershot Military Tattoo. At a cost of £4,300 a roof was erected over the Town End, this was raised by the supporters' club, and was opened on 27 August 1938 by local MP W.W. Wakefield.
The War Department took over the ground in 1940, where for a while POWs were housed in huts placed on the pitch. For this the club received compensation of £4,570 in 1945.
The addition of floodlights in 1951 at a cost of £350, gave Swindon the honour of being the first League club to do so. These were first tried out v Bristol City on 2 April 1951, ahead of Arsenal by six months.
These original set of lights were supplemented by lights on both side stand roofs, which were sufficient for the County Ground to stage its first floodlit league match on 29 February 1956 v Millwall, seven days after Fratton Park became the first ground to stage a floodlit league fixture. The present pylons date from 1960. In 1963, the Italian architect Pier Luigi Nervi, who had been responsible for stadia in Florence and Rome, was commissioned to design a replacement for the North stand. However, his futuristic plan was never realised due to the high construction cost and the club's on-field relegation.
Additions included the building of the "new" all-seater Arkell's (or North) stand in 1971 (behind the original) and following the Hillsborough disaster; the County Ground was converted to an all-seater stadium beginning with the addition of extra seating in front of the North stand and the building of a sponsored stand (originally the Intel stand, then the Nationwide stand, now the Don Rogers stand) in the early 90s. The Nationwide stand replaced the Shrivenham Road enclosure, a two-tiered terrace. In its last years, due to safety concerns, the upper tier was used by TV cameras and for crowd monitoring only.
A Rolex clock is located at the rear of the Stratton Bank stand, next to the scoreboard. Erected in 1963 following the club's promotion to the Second Division, it is the only Rolex clock to be found at any football stadium in the world.
The ground itself is on land previously owned by Swindon Borough Council to which the club had paid rent. In 2006 a redevelopment campaign for the County Ground began, with the club and TrustSTFC (the supporters' trust) raising a petition to Save Our Home urging the council to "facilitate the redevelopment of the stadium and do everything they can to keep the club within the borough", including the proposed upgrading of the adjacent cricket club to county standard and athletic club to Olympic standard.
On the 24th March 2023 Swindon Town bought the County Ground for £2.3 million, with them giving fans the opportunity to own a percentage of the Ground.
Future developments
In 2008, Swindon Town's owners released a 10-point plan after they took over the club in January. Outlining future plans for the County Ground. In this 10-point plan various upgrades to the current ground were noted. The club plans to have only red and white seats to unify the seating and make the stadium look more up to date. The club also plan to improve disabled access and the playing surface. The current owners of Swindon Town also hope to commence with a ground redevelopment at the County Ground site or new stadium for Swindon Town, hence the reasons for minor modifications until a new stadium becomes a reality.
Relocation was first proposed around the year 2000, but since then redevelopment appears to have been the preferred option.
In September 2009 Swindon Town announced that the County Ground would be redeveloped into a 25,000-seater stadium ready for the 2012-13 season. Had Bristol become a World Cup host city, it had been hoped that international teams would use the County Ground as a training ground in 2018 or 2022. However, England's bid to host the World Cup failed in December 2010.
In January 2011, revised plans were announced, to expand the stadium capacity to 19,000 by rebuilding the town end to a 4,000 seater stand, putting a roof over the Stratton Bank, putting executive boxes in the Don Rogers stand, then finally refurbishing the Arkell's stand with a technology park built behind for more income. It was also suggested that in the future, if needs be, the stadium could be increased to hold 25,000. This proposition was chosen due to the increased financial viability and sustainability for the future. The land which the county ground is on would also be bought in the process.
These plans, however, were delayed due to Swindon Town's relegation to League Two at the end of the 2005–06, 2010–11 and 2016–17 seasons.
Talks with the council resurrected again in 2021 when Clem Morfuni took control of the club and restarted plans to buy the County Ground in a joint venture with the supporters' trust. On 16 March 2022 Swindon Borough Council confirmed it would sell the stadium to the joint venture. Early plans included a £22.5m redevelopment project including a refurbished Stratton Bank, executive boxes in the Don Rogers stand and a new Town End with a conference centre and hotel. Work is expected to be completed by 2027. On 21 March 2022 the council officially approved the sale of the stadium to the joint venture. Finalisation of legal documentation to complete the sale was expected to be completed in May/June 2022. However, completion of the sale took several further months, through to the end of January 2023.
Current stands
Arkell's John Trollope stand
Located on the north side of pitch. The majority of this stand was constructed in 1971, with extra seating being added near the pitch-side in late 1992. At either end of the stand are large windshields, and there are two roof-supporting beams within the stand. It contains an executive seating area, VIP lounge, the players' dressing rooms and a tunnel out onto the pitch. It is named after Thomas Arkell of Arkell's Brewery, which funded the original Arkell's stand. The west corner of this stand is allocated to away fans. 1,200 of the total 3,300 away allocation is here. This stand has undergone a facelift, with multiple-coloured seats replaced with red or white seats to give the stand a cleaner, more up-to-date look.
It also is home to the two new dugouts which were built during the facelift. The stand will be thoroughly refurbished during County Ground's future developments.
In August 2021, the club renamed the stand after former club player John Trollope
It has a capacity of roughly 5,800.
Stratton Bank
This is at the east end of the pitch. It is a former terrace, now with seats bolted on, and has no roof. Although planning permission was granted to build a roof on the stand, due to the club's financial plight at the time the necessary funds were not available. The Stratton Bank stand makes up the remaining 2,200 of the away allocation, but is only really needed for big games (local derbies, big league, or cup games) or for larger clubs with big away support. The 1,200 in the Arkell's stand is usually more than adequate. The stadium scoreboard is located at the back of this stand. A notable feature is a large Rolex clock adjacent to the scoreboard which is owned by Deacon's Jewellers, the only one in the world
as part of a football stadium.
On 28 February 2009 for Swindon Town's 40th anniversary of winning the League Cup in 1969 it announced it would be holding a competition to rename Stratton Bank to whatever the winner chose for the 2009/10 and 2010/11 seasons. The winner, the Adkins Family stand, was announced on Sky TV's Soccer A.M. show on 2 May 2009 with the draw being done by then-Swindon Town chairman Andrew Fitton.
Don Rogers stand
This stand, on the south of the pitch was built in 1994 as the Intel stand. It then was sponsored by the Nationwide Building Society until the end of the 2006/07 season, and then it was sponsored by the Kingswood Group until March 2008. It is sometimes referred to as the South stand by supporters. It features a cantilevered roof, which means there are no roof supports obstructing the view of the game. It replaced an old two-tier stand named the Old Shrivenham Road stand, of which the upper tier had become unusable due to structural problems.
There is a second concourse inside the stand which can be opened and used as a second executive area to the ground. If some seats were removed, this would allow the club to use this concourse to add executive boxes to the County Ground. It is understood this concourse has never been opened due to the lack of funds Swindon Town have had over the last 10 years.
On 14 April 2008, chief executive Nick Watkins told a fans' forum that the club was then considering opening up the second concourse to add executive boxes to the ground, and, in 2011, when plans for redeveloping a new County Ground coalesced, this was confirmed.
From the start of the 2007/08 season, the stand was renamed as the Don Rogers stand. It was sponsored by Samsung after the 2011/12 season and then by Smiths Roofing in the 2014/15 season. From the start of the 2015/16 season Nationwide Building Society sponsorship was brought back.
It currently has a capacity of around 4,868.
Alan McLoughlin Town End
At the west end of the pitch, this stand is named for its being closest to the town centre. Since the mid-2000s it has become popular with the more vocal fans, and therefore has what is considered to be the best atmosphere in the stadium on a match day. One factor is the lower ticket prices for this end and Swindon Town offering the same prices on match day as in advance.
The south end of this stand is notable because the floodlight located there pierces the stand's roof and is integrated into the stand. The Town End is currently sponsored by Imagine Cruising, however companies such as Better, Buzz Gym and Fast Plant have previously held sponsorship rights. The Fast Plant sponsorship was first seen during Swindon Town's derby match against Bristol Rovers in 2015, a match that the hosts won 2–1.
In August 2021, the club renamed the stand after late player and academy director Alan McLoughlin.
The Town End holds approximately 1,846.
Other uses
The ground has been used to host England international games, including the women's international between England and the Netherlands on 14 March 2007 and hosted an England Women friendly match with Spain on 9 April 2019, which England won 2–1. Also, one England under-17s match has been hosted at the County Ground, that was a friendly between the USA U-17s team on 2 September 2004. In conjunction with these matches, the ground has also hosted other football events such as local school competitions and community soccer schools. Another community function was included in the early 2000s, with the Arkell's stand's concourse being converted into a polling station for the town's local elections.
The ground has in the past been used as a concert venue; most notable for performances by Elton John, Lulu and Bryan Adams. In 2006 the County Ground was in the running to be one of the venues for Bon Jovi's Have A Nice Day tour; however, the County Ground was rejected as it was said to be too small. The County Ground is located close to Swindon's Magic Roundabout.
References
Football venues in England
Swindon Town F.C.
Premier League venues
Sports venues in Swindon
Sports venues completed in 1896
English Football League venues | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County%20Ground%20%28Swindon%29 |
Valentina Sergeyevna Stenina (; born 29 December 1934) is a former speed skater who competed for the Soviet Union.
Born Valentina Miloslavova in Babruysk (which is now part of Belarus), she fled to Sverdlovsk – taken by her mother – in 1941 because of World War II. In Sverdlovsk, she took up speed skating, training at VSS Trud, and met and married fellow skater Boris Stenin.
In 1959, Stenina participated in her first World Allround Championships, held in her home town of Sverdlovsk, and she won silver. The next year, 1960, was a very good year for Stenina: her husband Boris became Soviet Allround Champion, then Boris won silver at the European Allround Championships, then she herself became World Allround Champion, then Boris became World Allround Champion, and then at the 1960 Winter Olympics of Squaw Valley, she won silver on the 3,000 m behind Lidia Skoblikova, while Boris won bronze on the 1,500 m. In addition, Boris received the Oscar Mathisen Award that year. Valentina was not even considered for that award since women were not eligible to win it until 1987.
The following year (1961), Stenina successfully defended her World Champion title in a grand way with victories in three distances and a second place in the fourth. Later that month, she won the Soviet National Championships – a title she would win a total number of four times in her career (in 1961, 1965, 1966, and 1967). Stenina did not compete in 1962 but returned in 1963, winning bronze at the World Championships. At the 1964 Winter Olympics of Innsbruck, she won another silver medal on the 3,000 m, again behind Skoblikova. Another silver medal at the World Championships would follow in 1965 and she became World Champion for the third and final time in 1966, this time not winning any of the four distances.
For her accomplishments, Stenina was awarded the title of Honorable Citizen of Sverdlovsk in 1967 – the year she won her third consecutive (and fourth total) Soviet National Championships title. In 1968, she ended her career as a speed skater. Stenina currently lives in Yekaterinburg (which is the name that Sverdlovsk was changed back to in 1991). Her husband Boris died in 2001.
Medals
An overview of medals won by Stenina at important championships she participated in, listing the years in which she won each:
Personal records
To put these personal records in perspective, the WR column lists the official world records on the dates that Stenina skated her personal records.
External links
Valentina Stenina at SkateResults.com
Valentina Stenina. Deutsche Eisschnelllauf Gemeinschaft e.V. (German Skating Association).
Results of Championships of Russia and the USSR from SpeedSkating.ru
Historical World Records. International Skating Union.
1934 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Babruysk
Soviet female speed skaters
Olympic speed skaters for the Soviet Union
Olympic silver medalists for the Soviet Union
Speed skaters at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 1964 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in speed skating
Russian people of Belarusian descent
Russian female speed skaters
Medalists at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1964 Winter Olympics
World Allround Speed Skating Championships medalists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentina%20Stenina |
Buttercrambe is a small village in the Buttercrambe with Bossall civil parish, in North Yorkshire, England.
The village is situated approximately to the north-east of York and near the border with the East Riding of Yorkshire. It, with Bossall parish, had a recorded population of about 100 in the 2001 Census.
The village was part of the Ryedale district between 1974 and 2023. It is now administered by North Yorkshire Council.
Aldby Hall and the Church of St John the Evangelist are at the centre of the village. To the west of Buttercrambe, on high ground, are the remains of a Roman Temporary Camp: a square enclosure, ditched and banked, constructed quickly by an army on manoeuvres in enemy territory and used either overnight or for a short period of time, and demolished upon abandonment of the site. The camp was constructed probably 20 years before the establishment of nearby Eboracum, Roman York, in 71 AD.
Gallery
References
External links
Villages in North Yorkshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttercrambe |
Vindobona (; from Gaulish windo- "white" and bona "base/bottom") was a Roman military camp (or ) in the province of Pannonia, located on the site of the modern city of Vienna in Austria. The settlement area took on a new name in the 13th century, being changed to Berghof, or now simply known as Alter Berghof (the Old Berghof).
Around 1 AD the kingdom of Noricum was included in the Roman Empire. Henceforth, the Danube marked the border of the empire, and the Romans built fortifications and settlements on the banks of the Danube, including Vindobona with an estimated population of 15,000 to 20,000.
History
Early references to Vindobona are made by the geographer Ptolemy in his Geographica and the historian Aurelius Victor, who recounts that emperor Marcus Aurelius died in Vindobona on 17 March 180 from an unknown illness while on a military campaign against invading Germanic tribes. Today, there is a Marc-Aurelstraße (English: Marcus Aurelius street) near the Hoher Markt in Vienna.
It is possible that Vindobona as a legionary fortress was built around the year of 100, because from the archeological records there are no building inscriptions dating earlier than the year of 103.
Vindobona was part of the Roman province Pannonia, of which the regional administrative centre was Carnuntum. Vindobona was a military camp with an attached civilian city (Canabae). The military complex covered an area of some 20 hectares, housing about 6000 men where Vienna's first district now stands. The Danube marked the border of the Roman Empire, and Vindobona was part of a defensive network including the camps of Carnuntum, Brigetio and Aquincum. By the time of Emperor Commodus, four legions (X Gemina, XIV Gemina Martia Victrix, I Adiutrix and II Adiutrix) were stationed in Pannonia.
Vindobona was provisioned by the surrounding Roman country estates (Villae rusticae).
A centre of trade with a developed infrastructure as well as agriculture and forestry developed around Vindobona. Civic communities developed outside the fortifications (canabae legionis), as well another community that was independent of the military authorities in today's third district. It has also been proven that a Germanic settlement with a large marketplace existed on the far side of the Danube from the second century onwards.
The asymmetrical layout of the military camp, which was unusual for the otherwise standardised Roman encampments, is still recognisable in Vienna's street plan: Graben, Naglergasse, Tiefer Graben, Salzgries, Rabensteig, Rotenturmstraße. The oblique camp border along today's street Salzgries was probably caused by a tremendous flood of the River Danube that occurred during the 3rd century and eroded a considerable part of the camp. The name “Graben” (English: ditch) is believed to hark back to the defensive ditches of the military camp. It is thought that at least parts of the walls still stood in the Middle Ages, when these streets were laid out, and thus determined their routes. The Berghof was later erected in one corner of the camp.
Rebuilt after Germanic invasions in the second century, the town remained a seat of Roman government through the third and fourth centuries. The population fled after the Huns invaded Pannonia in the 430s and the settlement was abandoned for several centuries.
Evidence for the Roman presence in Vindobona
Archaeological remains
Remains of the Roman military camp have been found at many sites in the centre of Vienna. The centre of the Michaelerplatz has been widely investigated by archaeologists. Here, traces of a Roman legionary outpost (canabae legionis) and of a crossroad have been found. The centrepiece of the current design of the square is a rectangular opening that evokes the archaeological excavations at the site and shows wall remains that have been preserved from different epochs.
Part of a Roman canal system is underneath the fire station am Hof.
Directly under the Hoher Markt are the remains of two buildings unearthed during the canalisation works of 1948/49 and made accessible to the public. After further excavation, a showroom was opened in 1961. For this purpose some of the original walls had to be removed; white marks on the floor show the spots where. The buildings, which are separated from one another by a road, housed an officer and his family. In 2008 this Roman ruins exhibit was expanded into the Museum of the Romans. Only a small portion can today be seen, for the majority of the remains are still located underneath the square and south of it.
The remains of the walls date from different phases from the 1st to the 5th century AD. The houses were typical Roman villas, with living quarters and space for working set around a middle courtyard with columned halls.
During drillings for the U5 underground line, new brick kiln and metal smelting sites were discovered that revealed further reaching suburbs of the ancient roman settlement.
Evidence for the Roman military presence
Over 3,000 stamped bricks, several stone monuments and written sources prove that several legions, cavalry units and marines were stationed in Vindobona. Around 97 AD, Legio XIII Gemina was responsible for construction of the legionary camps. Because of the wars in Dacia, they were pulled out and redeployed in 101 AD. A decade later, Legio XIIII Gemina Martia Victrix followed. Legio X Gemina from Aquincum arrived in 114 AD and remained in Vindobona until the 5th century.
About 6,000 soldiers were stationed in the Roman camp. Many of them were free from active duty during peaceful times and had other jobs. These so-called immunes were needed for the supply of goods and for the production and maintenance of weapons and commodities. They also extracted stone from quarries and wood from forests, produced bricks, and maintained the streets, bridges and the water system. Administrating the camp and ensuring its security required additional manpower.
Roman canals
The Romans provided their cities, including Vindobona, with clean potable water through an elaborate systems of Roman aqueducts, canals, and large subterranean pipes. Excavations have revealed that Vindobona received its supply through a 17 km long water pipeline. The source is in the Vienna Woods around today's Kalksburg. Wells, latrines and the thermae were supplied with water. Central buildings such as the commander's office and the hospital had their own supplies, as did the settlement outside the camp, where households had their own groundwater wells.
Archaeological excavations done over the last 100 years have discovered the following Roman water supply fragment locations:
In the Zemlinskygasse: at numbers 2-4 - (23rd district, found in 1924)
In the Breitenfurter Straße: at number 422 - (23rd district, in 1959)
In the Rudolf Zeller-Gasse/Anton-Krieger-Gasse - (23rd district, 1992)
In Atzgersdorf - (23rd district, 1902–1907)
In the Tullnertalgasse: at number 76 - (23rd district, 1973)
In the Lainergasse: at number 1 - (23rd district, 1958)
In the Wundtgasse - (12th district, 1951)
In the Rosenhügelstraße: at number 88 - (12th district, 1926)
In the Fasangartenstraße: at number 49 - (12th district, 1916)
In the Pacassistraße - (13th district, 1928)
In the Sechshauserstraße: at number 7 - (15th district, 1879 - leading towards the first district)
Waste from the Roman camp was transported through an elaborate subterranean sewerage system that was planned from the beginning. The sewers were lined with brick walls and plates and ran beneath the main roads. Gradients were used in such a way that the waste water descended through the canals into the River Danube. Since the canals were up to two meters deep, they could be cleaned out regularly. Large waste was probably deposed at the slope of the river. In the civilian settlement, waste was deposed in former water wells and dumps.
Legacies in today's streets
The layout of a Roman camp (castra) was normally standardised. This has helped archaeologists to reconstruct what the camp must have looked like, despite the heavy rebuilding that has taken place in Vienna throughout the centuries. The basic contours of the camp, which was surrounded by a mighty wall with towers and three moats (today the Tiefer Graben, Naglergasse, Graben, and Rotenturmstraße) are identifiable. Along these axes, main roads connected the gates with one other. The main buildings were the commander's headquarters, the Palace of the Legate, the houses of the staff officers, and the thermae. At right angles to these, the soldiers' accommodation, a hospital, workshops, and mews (stables) were constructed.
In popular culture
In the American film Gladiator (2000), Maximus (Russell Crowe) fights in the battle of Vindobona under the order of Marcus Aurelius (Richard Harris). There are also two lines that make reference to Vindobona. In one, the lead character's servant, Cicero, trying to get the attention of Lucilla, states, "I served your father at Vindobona!" In the other, the lead character asks if anyone in his group of gladiators has served in the army, to which an anonymous fighter responds, "I served with you at Vindobona."
The historical novel Votan by Welsh writer John James begins in "Vindabonum" and imagines 2nd century C.E. life there.
See also
List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire
References
Further reading
Michaela Kronberger: Siedlungschronologische Forschungen zu den canabae legionis von Vindobona. Die Gräberfelder (Monographien der Stadtarchäologie Wien Band 1). Phoibos Verlag, Wien 2005.
Christine Ranseder e.a., Michaelerplatz. Die archäologischen Ausgrabungen. Wien Archäologisch 1, Wien 2006. .
Vindobona. Die Reise in das antike Wien. DVD-Rom, 2004.
Vindobona II. Wassertechnik des antiken Wiens. DVD-Rom, 2005.
External links
Wien Museum | Ausgrabungsstätten
Forschungsgesellschaft Wiener Stadtarchäologie | Legionslager Vindobona
Animationsfilme zu vindobona
Seite mit sehenswerter Rekonstruktion des Lagertores
Livius.org: Vindobona (Vienna)
Austrian Mint Coin Features Vindobona
History of Vienna
Roman towns and cities in Austria
Roman aqueducts outside Rome
Innere Stadt
Celtic towns
Celtic toponyms
Populated places in Pannonia
Roman fortified camps in Austria
Roman fortifications in Pannonia Superior | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindobona |
Guilderland High School is a public senior high school, located in Guilderland Center, New York. It is part of the Guilderland Central School District. Constructed in 1953, the high school has since undergone additions in 1955, 1960, 1997, 2010, and 2021. Originally, the building functioned as a Junior-Senior High School, but after the construction of Farnsworth Middle School in 1970, the district divided the schools into two. As a school, Guilderland High School's enrollment jurisdiction also includes the village of Altamont, NY and the North Bethlehem neighborhood of Bethlehem, NY.
Currently, the school runs on block scheduling.
Course levels
Guilderland High School boasts a variety of different course levels and types to accommodate the different needs of students. Types include Advanced Placement, SUPA (Syracuse University Project Advance), Honors, Regents, Core, Focus, Vo-Tech, ESL, as well as various additional college programs. This school also is included in the Project Lead The Way course (PLTW) along with other schools in the United States.
Courses in advanced study
Guilderland High School offers numerous opportunities for students to take Advanced Placement examinations, as well as place a year ahead in various courses. Advanced course standing may first be attained when a student is in eighth grade.
Accelerated foreign language study is available for students in French and Spanish during a student's freshman year. The "2A" course selection allows for two years of study condensed into one year. Therefore, a student is able to progress from "French 2A" directly to "French 4." Effectively the acceleration allows for a one-year advancement in foreign language study.
Additionally, Guilderland High School offers numerous Advanced Placement courses to its students. Decision to enroll in AP courses is at the discretion of the student and his or her guidance counselor, though teacher recommendations may also be influential. At present, AP courses available to GHS students include European History, American History, English Language, English Literature, Calculus AB, Calculus BC, Chemistry, Music Theory, Studio Art, US Government and Politics, Physics, and Computer Science, but students have been known to take the Microeconomics, Macroeconomics, Biology, Statistics, Psychology, and Human Geography exams after self-preparation and/or preparation in non-AP classes.
The Guilderland Players
Guilderland High School is also known for its theatre program. The group, called the Guilderland Players, was organized in the 1968-69 school year by English teacher Bob Scrafford, but did not put on their first performance, Bye Bye Birdie, until the next year. Musicals were directed for many years by the inimitable Fred Heitkamp. Producing two shows each year, a drama in the fall and a musical in the spring, the Guilderland Players, known as 'GP' by its members, is one of the largest extracurricular activities at Guilderland High School, including more than one hundred students in its cast, stage crew, and pit. It is staffed by John Fatuzzo (Pit Conductor), Claudia Golub (music director), and Andy Maycock (director). The Guilderland Players' 2006 production of Steel Pier won the SLOC Award for 'Best Choreography.' Various alumni of the Guilderland Players have also gone on to other acting opportunities, including appearing on the TV show American Dreams, the Original Broadway Cast of La Bohème, and in the cast of multiple seasons of Park Playhouse.
Lyle E Warner, English teacher, also directed plays 1971-1973, one I remember was Lost Horizons.
Music
Guilderland High School is home to an award-winning music department. Consisting of six credit-bearing ensembles and four extracurricular ensembles, the department holds many concerts a year in addition to participating in other events or area concerts.
The Concert Orchestra and Symphony Orchestra are directed by Susan Curro. She also directs the Chamber Strings, an extracurricular ensemble consisting of approximately 15 string players, with occasional guest winds, including many players in the Empire State Youth and Repertory Orchestras. The orchestra was featured on WMHT's Music for the Holidays program in 2004. The Wind Ensemble is directed by Kathleen Richards Ehlinger. Ehlinger, a trumpetist for the Tri City Brass Quintet, is a graduate of the Crane School of Music in Potsdam, New York and George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia. She also directs the Guilderland Town Band during the summer and is an active clinician throughout the state. The Wind Ensemble, traveled to Annapolis, Maryland in April 2007 for a music festival and received the award for best instrumental group. The oboe section also received the best section award. In addition, the ensemble received a rating of Gold with Distinction at its NYSSMA evaluation in 2007 and 2008. Symphonic Band and the extracurricular Jazz Band are directed by John Fatuzzo, a recent graduate of the Crane School of Music. Jazz Band is composed of many members of the Empire State Jazz Ensembles.
The Women's Choir and Concert Choir are directed by Claudia Golub. Golub also conducts the extracurricular Chamber Choir, a select group of 16-24 singers. In December 2006, the Chamber Choir performed at the NYSSMA Convention in Rochester, NY. In March 2007, the ensemble won the New York State High School A Cappella Championship. They have also appeared at the Albany Pro Musica High School Choral Festival and on WMHT's Music for the Holidays. The Mixed Choir is conducted by Shannon deFrancqueville. The Mixed Choir, with the Women's Choir, performed at the State Capitol as part of Music in Our Schools Month in 2007. In 2023, the Chamber Choir and Jazz Band performed for the opening day of Music In Our Schools Month at the State Capitol.
The music department also offers AP Music Theory, Music Theory I, Music Technology I and II, and Music in Our Lives, as courses for credit. Students also have the option of taking Applied Music, whether they are members of the music department or not. Credit can be received for regular private music lessons and regular practice, with occasional performance examinations.
Extracurricular activities
Student media
The school has an award-winning student newspaper named The Journal, which is published seven times in the school year. The school's Media Club produces a live televised news program The GHS Reporter that runs at the start of homeroom prior to the televised announcements, replays on Time Warner Cable Educational-access television cable TV Channel 16 in Guilderland, and is available to view in the Media's YouTube channel here where you can view livestreams of athletic events, Board of Education meetings, graduations, concerts, informational meetings like Admissions nights, feature segments in the GHS Reporter, skits, and the GHS Reporter itself.
The GHS Reporter covers many stories each show, such as the ones seen here and here.
In the 2005-2006 school year, the GHS Reporter won an award in New York City for a production titled "Motivation" that was produced during the 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 school years. The video was centered on the club's trip to New York City and the various news packages produced. Three packages were made: Fleet Week, Safety and Security, and the Impact of 9/11 on Surrounding Businesses. Students from the Guilderland High School Media Club as well as the student newspaper The Journal participated.
Guilderland High School also features the yearly "Graffiti" Literary Magazine, run by students to publish poems, stories, and other literary works.
The Journal has won numerous student journalism awards. The newspaper commonly receives multiple awards at the Empire State Student Press Association's annual convention, including awards for Best Overall Newspaper, Best Design and individual writing, design, photography and graphics awards. The Journal was awarded Best Overall Newspaper by the New York State Press Association in the high school newspaper category in 2005 Better Newspaper Contest, in addition to a Best Design award and individual awards for writing.
Student government
The student body of Guilderland High School is represented by the GHS Student Government, a group of elected and appointed officers and volunteers who serve both to serve as a link between the student body and administration, and also to improve student life by hosting events and aiding clubs among other duties.
Sports
Guilderland's athletes are known as the Flying Dutchmen. The district offers 19 sports at all levels. Guilderland is home to one of the top cross-country programs in the Northeast, a strong tennis program, a skilled boys' soccer team that won the Class A State Championship in 1989, the 2006, 2007 and 2008 co-ed cheerleading national champions, the 2007 New York State Section II Class A Girls' lacrosse team and New York State's 2007 section 2 class AA champion baseball team. In 2007, the baseball team won its first title since the 1970s and the girls' lacrosse team ended Bethlehem High School's run of eight titles to win their first ever Section II and Suburban Council Title. Also in 2008, the football team became the first in school history to make it to the Section II Class AA Finals, while the boys' lacrosse team competed in the Suburban Council final. That same year, the girls' cross country team attended the prestigious Federation Cross Country Meet for the first time since 1999, where they placed tenth out of 28 teams. The 2008 girls' lacrosse team repeated what it had accomplished in 2007 by winning back to back Suburban Council and Section II Championships. It went on to become Regional Champions that year after defeating Lakeland-Panas High school and Kingston high school. The 2008 boys' soccer team went undefeated with 22 wins (the most in school history) on their way to their first Section II championship since 1997. They were also ranked 15th on ESPN's list of Top 50 Boys' Soccer Teams. In 2005, the boys' Tennis team went 16-0 and won the Suburban Council Championship over Bethlehem High School, and in 2011, the boys' tennis Team went 11-3 and won the Suburban Council Championship over Bethlehem Highschool. In 2009 the Wrestling team placed 3rd in the Section II State Qualifier. They also had six wrestlers place in Section II. In 2010 one of the senior captains was featured as WNYT's High School Player of the Week.
Each Year the graduating class of Guilderland High School collects a "Senior Superlative" survey to be presented in the yearbook. Superlatives include Best Friends, Best Smile, Easiest to talk to, Best Laugh, etc.
Clubs and organizations
Guilderland High School sponsors dozens of student-organizations, each advised and supervised by a teacher who may participate in the club's activities. They include but are not limited to:
Alliance, Best Buddies, Chess Club, S.T.A.T.I.C. (Christian Fellowship), Debate Club, English Club, Environmental Club, Future Business Leaders of America (FBLA), Free the Children, German Club, Graffiti - Literary Magazine, the Guilderland Players, International Club/Cultural Fair, Jewish Student Union (JSU) Journal Newspaper, Key Club International, Math League, Masterminds, Media Club, Medical Club (Club Med), Model United Nations, Music Council, National Honor Society, Natural Helpers, Peer Network, Philosophy Club, Ski Club, Students Against Destructive Decisions (SADD), Students for Improving Health Care (SIHC), Student Government, Students/Teachers Against Racism (STAR), Students Environmental Action Coalition, Travel Club, Tri-M Music Honor Society, Young Democrats of America, Yearbook - Tawasenthan, and Youth Ending Hunger.
The school's Math League is a member of the New York Math League, a contest consisting of six timed exams administered throughout every academic year. Since 2005, the Guilderland team has come first in the region and, in 2008, placed 10th in the region.
GreatSchools.org rating
In 2009, GHS earned a 6 out of 10 rating according to metrics measured by the website GreatSchools.org. Though the school continues to achieve parity in state testing scores relative to other high schools across the state of NY, only 50% of the students passed the Mathematics A examination in 2009, which led to the school's diminished rating.
In 2018, GHS earned an 8 out of 10 rating according to metrics measured by the website GreatSchools.org. The school is above average in academics receiving a 10/10 in college readiness. Where the school loses points is its equity overview.
Notable alumni
Kristin Russo, 1998 - American speaker, personality, and LGBTQ activist
Harold J. Greene, 1977 - Major General, US Army-General Officer killed in Combat August 5, 2014
Clancy Newman, 1995 - cellist and composer
Lidiya Yankovskaya, 2004 - Conductor - Orli and Bill Staley Music Director, Chicago Opera Theater
References
External links
Guilderland High School
GreatSchools.org
1953 establishments in New York (state)
Educational institutions established in 1953
Guilderland, New York
Public high schools in Albany County, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilderland%20High%20School |
Bavaria used the South German gulden (also called 'Florin') as its currency until 1873. Between 1754 and 1837 it was a unit of account, worth of a Conventionsthaler, used to denominate banknotes but not issued as a coin. The Gulden was worth 50 Conventionskreuzer or 60 Kreuzer Landmünze.
The first Gulden coins were issued in 1837, when Bavaria entered into the South German Monetary Union, setting the Gulden equal to four sevenths of a Prussian Thaler. The Gulden was subdivided into 60 Kreuzer. In 1857, the Gulden was set equal to four sevenths of a Vereinsthaler.
The Gulden was replaced by the Mark at a rate of 1 Mark = 35 Kreuzer.
References
Kingdom of Bavaria
Currencies of Germany
Modern obsolete currencies
1873 disestablishments in Bavaria
Coins of the Holy Roman Empire
1754 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
18th-century establishments in Bavaria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian%20gulden |
The Royal Swedish Ballet is one of the oldest ballet companies in Europe. Based in Stockholm, Sweden, King Gustav III founded the ballet in 1773 as a part of his national cultural project in response to the French and Italian dominance in this field; he also founded the Royal Swedish Opera and the Royal Dramatic Theatre. All of these were initially located in the old theatre of Bollhuset. The troupe was founded with the opening of the Royal Swedish Opera, which has served as its home since that time.
History
In 1773, the cultural professions of acting, opera-singing and ballet-dancing in Sweden were all performed by foreign troupes. The first ballet performance was performed at the Swedish court when the French ballet troupe of Antoine de Beaulieu was hired at the court of Queen Christina in 1638, and the first Public ballet performance were performed by the foreign theatre troupes at the theatre of Bollhuset later the same century. The only exception had been the period of 1737–1753, when the first professional Swedish troupe of actors had performed at Bollhuset; during this period, ballets were performed by the first Swedish dancers in this troupe. The perhaps first ballet performed by professional native Swedish dancers was in the play Den afvundsiuke ("The Envious") by Olof von Dahlin in August 1738. However, no names are known about these first dancers. They were probably educated by Jean Marquard as dancing-master, and one of the dancers were also French, Gabriel Senac. In 1753, however, the first Swedish ballet, theatre and opera at Bollhuset were dissolved.
Gustav III wanted to create and educate native talents in these professions. To accomplish this, he used the same method in the ballet as he was to use with the theatre; by having the first generation of native dancers educated by foreign professionals. When he fired the French theatre-company to create his national-stage in 1773, he kept many of the French dancers of this troupe. Dancers from France, Italy and Belgium, such as Antoine Bournonville, Louis Gallodier, Giovanna Bassi and Julie Alix de la Fay were hired to perform and to educate Swedish students. Most of the first students to the troupe were taken among children to the staff at the royal court and to professional musicians, as were the first students to the theatre and the opera. In the first ballet-troupe in the national stage of 1773, they were very few native talents with former professional experience; one of them was Charlotte Slottsberg, who could be counted as the first native Swedish ballerina known by name. The greatest triumph of the Swedish ballet during the 18th century is considered to be the Ballet performed by Gallodier to the Opera Gustav Adolf och Ebba Brahe (Gustav Adolf and Ebba Brahe) (1786); also the Ballet Fiskarna (The Fishes) by Antoine Bournonville (1789) became a great success.
The Ballet was from the beginning closely linked to the Opera; ballets were a part of the performances of the Opera, and the dancers were also active on the Royal Dramatic Theatre. When the Royal Swedish Opera were closed down between 1806 and 1809–1812, the Ballet was not closed, only moved over to the theatre.
During the 19th century, new ballets were made all the time, and older ones seldom performed; En komisk balett (A comic Ballet) by Louis Deland was given 127 times between 1796 and 1809, followed by La Fille Mal Gardée, given 54 times in 1812–1842. August Bournonville was active as a guest Ballet master 1839, 1847, 1857, 1858 and 1861–1864, and his favorite Swedish ballerinas Charlotta Norberg and Johanna Sundberg educated students in his techniques. The Ballet is considered to have been in a state of decay during the end of the 19th century; after the dismissal of Anders Selinder and Sophie Daguin in 1856, the Ballet was used more as a supplement to the opera and not as an independent artform, and Sigurd Lund, a student of Bournonville, was not independent enough to prevent this. It was not until 1913, that the Ballet returned to a more independent form.
The Kungliga Hovkapellet (Royal Swedish Orchestra), the orchestra of the Royal Swedish Opera, is the performing partner for the Royal Swedish Ballet.
Nicolas LeRiche is the director of the Royal Swedish Ballet.
Birgitta Svendén is the general director of the Royal Swedish Opera. The members of Operans Balettklubb are supporters of the Royal Swedish Ballet.
Ballet Masters
1773–1803 : Louis Gallodier
1803–1804 : Filippo Taglioni
1804–1806 : Federico Nadi Terrade
1806–1816 : Louis Deland (1st time)
1817–1818 : Filippo Taglioni
1818–1820 : Louis Deland (second time)
1820–1823 : André Isidore Carey
1823–1827 : Giovanni Battista Ambrosiani
1827–1830 : Sophie Daguin (jointly with Wallqvist)
1827–1833 : Per Erik Wallqvist
1833–1856 : Anders Selinder
1856–1862 : Sigurd Harald Lund (1st time)
1862–1870 : Théodore Martin
1870–1886 : Theodore Marckl
1887–1890 : Robert Sjöblom
1890–1894 : Sigurd Harald Lund (second time)
1894–1901 : Max Glasemann
1901–1905 : Otto Zöbisch (1st time)
1905–1908 : Robert Köller
1911–1913 : Otto Zöbisch (second time)
1918–1920 : Michel Fokine
1922–1926 : Gunhild Rosén
1926–1927 : Lise Steier
1927–1931 : Jan Cieplinsky
1931–1951 : Julian Algo
1949–1951 : Antony Tudor
1953–1962 : Mary Skeaping
1962–1963 : Antony Tudor
1964–1966 : Brian Macdonald
1967–1971 : Erik Bruhn
1971–1980 : Ivo Cramér
1980–1984 : Gunilla Roempke
1986–1993 : Nils Ake-Häggbom
1993–1995 : Simon Mottram
1995–1999 : Frank Andersen
1999–2001 : Petter Jacobsson
2002–2008 : Madeleine Onne
2008–2011 : Marc Ribaud
2011–2017 : Johannes Öhman
Since 2017 : Nicolas Le Riche
Principal dancers
Brendan Collins
Marie Lindqvist
Dragoș Mihalcea
Jenny Nilson
Nathalie Nordquist (on leave)
Anders Nordström
Christian Rambe
Nadja Sellrup
Judith Simon
Anna Valev
Olof Westring
Jan-Erik Wikström
Calum Lowden
Soloists
Katja Björner
Jenny Brandt
Ann Brattselius
Jurgita Dronina
Karin Forslind
Nikolaus Fotiadis
Tibor Horvath
Magdalena Irigoyen
Pascal Jansson
Calum Lowden
Eunsun Jun
Irina Laurenova
Andrey Leonovitch
Nathalie Perriraz
Nicole Rhodes
Jens Rosén
Oscar Salomonsson
Lykke Håkansson
Joakim Stephenson
Hugo Therkelson
Gina Tse
Jenny Westring
Johannes Öhman (on leave)
Stockholm 59° North
Stockholm 59° North is a chamber company of soloist dancers from the Royal Swedish Ballet.
Artistic Director is Mia Hjelte.
See also
Royal Swedish Opera
Drottningholm Palace Theatre
Confidencen – Ulriksdal Palace Theatre
Charlotte Slottsberg
Hedda Hjortsberg
Ulrika Åberg
References
Kennedy Center Arts Edge
Georg Nordensvan : Svensk teater och Svenska skådespelare. Första bandet 1773–1842 (1917)
Tryggve Byström: Svenska Komedien, 1737–1754
Klas Ralf, Prisma: Operan 200 år. Jubelboken
Klas Åke Heed: Ny svensk teaterhistoria. Teater före 1800. Gidlunds förlag (2007)
External links
Royal Swedish Ballet homepage on Operan.se (click "language" for English translation)
Archival footage of Stockholm/59 North performing Dancing on the Front Porch of Heaven in 1997 at Jacob's Pillow
NY Times review of Stockholm/59° North at Jacob's Pillow August 5, 2005
1773 establishments in Sweden
Ballet companies in Sweden
1773 in Sweden
History of ballet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Swedish%20Ballet |
Guilderland Center is a hamlet in the town of Guilderland, Albany County, New York, United States. The hamlet lies along New York Route 146 and the Black Creek, a tributary of the Normans Kill.
History
Guilderland Center includes the factories established at French's Mills, the first of these was built in 1795 by Peter Broeck. The name French's Mills (also referred to as French's Hollow) comes from Abel French, who established a mill of his own here in 1800. French's Hollow and the mills were mostly destroyed when the Black Creek was dammed for the creation of the Watervliet Reservoir in 1916. Abel French's Mill was razed and became the site of the pumping station. Guilderland Center was originally called by the locals Bang-all, in reference to ill effects and reputation that rum, horse racing, and the rough manners of the place brought. Circa 1803, when the town of Guilderland was formed from Watervliet, the name Guilderland Center began to come into fashion; the post office when established also took the name Guilderland Center. By 1866, the hamlet had a population of 450. In 1860 District Number 6 Cobblestone School was built in Guilderland Center, and though the building has not been used as such since 1941, it is still owned by the Guilderland Central School District. The school building is on the National Register of Historic Places.
Geography
As a hamlet, the borders of Guilderland Center are indeterminate. Generally, Guilderland Center is along New York Route 146 from Van Buren Boulevard west to Hurst Road, and includes adjacent areas along School Road (Albany County Route 201) and Depot Road (Albany County Route 202) to their common intersection; and the length of Hurst and French Mill roads. Guilderland Center lies to the south of the Watervliet Reservoir, along the Black Creek.
Location
Important locations
Centerpointe Community Church
Helderberg Reformed Dutch Church – on the National Register of Historic Places
St. Mark's Lutheran Church – on the National Register of Historic Places
Frederick Crouse House – on the National Register of Historic Places
Guilderland Center Nursing Home
Northeastern Industrial Park
French's Hollow Fairways
Keenholts Park
Guilderland High School
Park Guilderland Shopping Center
Town of Guilderland Landfill
References
Guilderland, New York
Hamlets in New York (state)
Hamlets in Albany County, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilderland%20Center%2C%20New%20York |
The Münchener Post (Engl. Munich Post) was a socialist newspaper published in Munich, Germany, from 1888 to 1933. The paper was known for its decade-long campaign against Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party before their accession to power. It was shut down by Hitler in March 1933 immediately after he became the Reich Chancellor.
History
The newspaper had been founded by the Bavarian Social Democratic Party, and its initial opposition to Hitler was based on ideological grounds, but quickly acquired a personal dimension both for the journalists involved and for Hitler himself. The newspaper was highly critical of Hitler and the Nazi Party and ran a series of extremely negative investigative exposés about Hitler in the 1920s and early 1930s. In 1931, it broke the Röhm scandal, revealing the homosexuality of SA leader Ernst Röhm.
Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party called the newspaper and its editors “Giftküche” (The Poison Kitchen) and “Münchener Pest” (“Munich Pestilence” or “Munich Plague”). Hitler considered the paper one of his most vexing public adversaries, and the paper was the target of libel actions by the Nazi Party.
The Post wrote from a populist perspective, viewing Hitler and his party as a dangerous band of gangsters rather than as ideological enemies, or as a bona fide political movement at all.
In 1933, as part of the Nazi elimination of media opposition, they ordered the closure of certain news outlets across Germany. All Socialist newspapers’ buildings were taken over by the government. The newspaper’s offices were ransacked by the SA on 9 March 1933, ending publication of the Post, and the paper’s staff went into hiding. They were eventually arrested and put in Munich jails. The journalists were banned from practicing their profession, struggled to find other work and deprived of their pensions. Julius Zerfaß spent six months at the Dachau concentration camp.
Operations
The Munich Post did not pretend to be a neutral newspaper. The paper was one of the few early warning voices regarding the dangers posed by the rise of the Nazi Party, although their warnings went largely unheeded at the time.
The editors in charge of the Münchener Post's coverage of Hitler and the Nazis were Editor in Chief Erhard Auer, Editor Martin Gruber, Political Editor Edmund Goldschagg and Features Editor Julius Zerfaß.
Post-war importance to the Holocaust
In the 50th anniversary addition of the Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, Ron Rosenbaum discusses how the Post tried to expose the Nazi Party's plans of mass genocide and extermination of European Jews in the early 30s, to no avail.
References
Works cited
Silvia Bittencourt (2013). A Cozinha Venenosa - Um Jornal contra Hitler. São Paulo, Brazil: Editora Três Estrelas. .
Further reading
Sara Twogood "The Munich Post: its undiscovered effects on Hitler" - University of California, Santa Barbara
Sara Twogood History of the Poison Kitchen - University of California, Santa Barbara
Ron Rosenbaum. Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil. Random House. 1998.
External links
Münchener Post - Historisches Lexikon Bayern
Poison Kitchen - Holocaust Chronicle
1888 establishments in Germany
1933 disestablishments in Germany
Views on Adolf Hitler
Anti-fascism in Germany
Defunct newspapers published in Germany
German-language newspapers
Newspapers published in Munich
Newspapers established in 1888
Publications disestablished in 1933
Socialist newspapers
Banned newspapers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchener%20Post |
Shanbeh ( Šanbe; Tajik: Шанбе Šanbe) is the name of the first day of the week in the Persian language and the Solar Hijri calendar, mainly used in Iran and Afghanistan. The week names are also used in Tajik, a Cyrillic based standard of Persian, though Tajikistan does not use the Solar Hijri Calendar. It is equivalent to Sabbath or Saturday of the Gregorian Calendar.
The name of the other days of the week are Yekšanbe (Sunday); Došanbe (Monday); Sešanbe (Tuesday); Čahâršanbe (Wednesday); Panjšanbe (Thursday); Jom'e (Friday), which is an Arabic word, the Persian equivalent being Âdine.
The modern Turkish names of Wednesday and Thursday, çarşamba and perşembe, are derived from the shanbeh system.
Iranian calendar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanbeh |
The Archdiocese of Hermosillo () is a Roman Catholic Archdiocese located in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Its area is 90,959 sq. miles, and its population (2004) 1,067,051. The bishop resides at Hermosillo.
The Archdiocese of Hermosillo is a Metropolitan Archdiocese. Until 2006, its suffragan dioceses were the dioceses of Ciudad Obregón, La Paz, Mexicali and Tijuana but on November 26, 2006, Tijuana became an archdiocese and Metropolitan while Mexicali and La Paz became suffragan dioceses of the latter. Currently, the Archdiocese of Hermosillo has three suffragan dioceses: Ciudad Obregón and Culiacán, and the newly created (in 2015) Nogales.
The Diocese of Hermosillo was originally created as the Diocese of Sonora on May 7, 1779. On September 1, 1959 the name was changed to Diocese of Hermosillo; it was elevated to Archdiocese on July 13, 1963.
The Archbishop of Hermosillo is Ruy Rendon Leal.
The Archdiocese is headed in Hermosillo Cathedral.
History
The Gospel was first preached in the territory by the celebrated Father Niza, who accompanied the daring expeditions of the first explorers and conquerors of Mexico. The Spaniards settled at different places in this section; they evangelized the numerous tribes who lived in that region in the beginning of the seventeenth century, after having established the new See of Durango, to which all these lands were given. The Jesuits, who were assigned the task of converting to Christianity the people of these lands, founded the famous missions of Río Yaqui, Río Mayo, and Upper and Lower Pimeria. Notable among these priests was the celebrated Father Kino. When the Jesuits were expelled from all the Spanish colonies (1767) they had the following residences: Mission of the Upper and Lower Pimeria (Guazaves, Aconche, Mátape, , Movas, S. Ignacio, Arizpe, Aribechi, Batuco, Onavas, Cucurupe, Cumuripa, Saguaripa, Sta Maria Soanca, Tubutama, Odope, Saric, Tecoripa, Ures, Caborca, Babispe, Baca de Guachi, Cuquiarachi, Onapa, Banamichi); S. Javier del Bac, Santa Maria Basoraca, and Guebabi, which were then in the territory now belonging to the United States; Mission del Rio Yaqui (Huirivis, Belem, Rahum, Torim, Bacum); Mission del Rio Mayo (Santa Cruz, Caamoa, Nabojoa, Conicari, Batacosa).
On 7 May 1779, Pius VI established the Diocese of Sonora to which belonged at that time the present states of Sinaloa and Sonora and the two Californias (Upper and Lower). It was suffragan of the then immense Archdiocese of Mexico. This territory was divided in 1840 when the See of San Francisco de California was founded. In 1863 it ceased to be a suffragan of Mexico and became suffragan of the new metropolitan see established at Guadalajara. In 1873 it was separated from Lower California, which became a vicariate Apostolic, and in 1883, when the See of Sinaloa was created, the See of Sonora was reduced to its present limits. In 1891 Leo XIII, by the Bull Illud in Primis, separated this See from the ecclesiastical Province of Guadalajara and made it a suffragan of the new Archdiocese of Durango. The bishop's residence was first situated in the city of Arizpe, but owing to the uprising of the Indians it was removed to Álamos and later to Culiacán, the present capital of the State of Sinaloa. When the new See of Sinaloa was created the Bishop of Sonora made his residence at Hermosillo. And in June 1959 more territory was lost from the Archdiocese of Hermosillo with the creation of the Diocese of Ciudad Obregón. Further, on Thursday, 19 March 2015, Pope Francis took territory from the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hermosillo to erect the new suffragan diocese of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Nogales, naming Auxiliary Bishop José Leopoldo González González of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guadalajara, in Guadalajara, Mexico, as the first Bishop.
Bishops
Bishops of Diocese of Sonora and of Diocese/Archdiocese of Hermosillo
Bishop Antonio María de los Reyes Almada, O.F.M. (1780–1787)
Bishop José Joaquín Granados y Gálvez, O.F.M. (1788–1794), appointed Bishop of Durango
Bishop J. Damián Martínez de Galinsonga, O.F.M. (1794–1795), appointed Bishop of Tarazona, Spain
Bishop Francisco Rousset de Jesús y Rosas, O.F.M. (1798–1814)
Bishop Bernardo del Espíritu Santo Martínez y Ocejo, O.C.D. (1817–1825)
Bishop Angel Mariano de Morales y Jasso (1832–1834)
Bishop José Lázaro de la Garza y Ballesteros (1837–1850), appointed Archbishop of México, Federal District
Bishop Pedro José de Jesús Loza y Pardavé (1852–1868), appointed Archbishop of Guadalajara, Jalisco
Bishop Gil Alamán y García Castrillo (1868–1869)
Bishop José de Jesús María Uriarte y Pérez (1869–1883), appointed Bishop of Sinaloa
Bishop Jesús María Rico y Santoyo, O.F.M. (1883–1884)
Bishop Herculano López de la Mora (1887–1902)
Bishop Ignacio Valdespino y Díaz (1902–1913)
Bishop Juan María Navarrete y Guerrero (1919–1968), raised to Archbishop in 1963
Archbishop Carlos Quintero Arce (1968–1996)
Archbishop José Ulises Macías Salcedo (1996–2016)
Archbishop Ruy Rendon y Leal (2016–)
Coadjutor archbishop
Carlos Quintero Arce (1966–1968)
Auxiliary bishop
Juan Francisco Escalante y Moreno (1855–1872)
Other priests of the diocese who became bishops
Teodoro Enrique Pino Miranda, appointed Bishop of Huajuapan de León, Oaxaca in 2000
Faustino Armendáriz Jiménez, appointed Bishop of Matamoros, Tamaulipas in 2005
See also
List of Roman Catholic archdioceses in México
References
External links
Archdiocese of Hermosillo website
Roman Catholic dioceses in Mexico
Sonora
Hermosillo
Roman Catholic ecclesiastical provinces in Mexico
A
Religious organizations established in 1779
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 18th century | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Catholic%20Archdiocese%20of%20Hermosillo |
Mother Brook is a stream that flows from the Charles River in Dedham, Massachusetts, to the Neponset River in the Hyde Park section of Boston, Massachusetts. Mother Brook was also known variously as East Brook and Mill Creek in earlier times. Digging the brook made Boston and some surrounding communities an island, accessible only by crossing over water, making Mother Brook "Massachusetts' Panama Canal."
Dug by English settlers in 1639 to power a grist mill, it is the oldest such canal in North America. Mother Brook was important to Dedham as its only source of water power for mills, from 1639 into the early 20th century.
Today, Mother Brook is part of a flood-control system that diverts water from the Charles River to the Neponset River. The brook's flow is under the control of the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation and is used for flood control on the Charles. There are three remaining dams on the stream, plus a movable floodgate that controls flow from the Charles into Mother Brook.
The brook has given its name to the modern day Mother Brook Community Group, the Mother Brook Arts and Community Center, Riverside Theatre Works, and the erstwhile Mother Brook Club and Mother Brook Coalition.
Early history
Origins
Dedham, Massachusetts was first settled in 1635 and incorporated in 1636. The settlers needed a mill for grinding corn as hand mills took too much effort. Wind mills had been tried, but the wind was too unreliable and the North End, where a windmill was moved to in 1632, was too far away. In 1633, the first water powered grist mill was established in Dorchester along the Neponset River at a dam he erected just about the tidal basin. By the late 1630s, the closest watermill was in Watertown, some distance away.
Abraham Shaw who, like many other Dedhamites, came from Watertown, arrived in Dedham in 1637. He was granted of land as long as he erected a watermill, which he intended to build on the Charles River near the present day Needham Street bridge. Every man in the town was required to bring the millstone to Dedham from Watertown. Shaw died in 1638 before he could complete his mill, however, and his heirs were not interested in building the mill.
Although the initial settlement was adjacent to the Charles, in this vicinity it is slow-moving, with little elevation change that could provide power for a water wheel. A small stream, then called East Brook, ran close by the Charles River, about from present day Washington Street behind Brookdale Cemetery, and emptied into the Neponset River. In the spring, the Charles would occasionally flood into a swamp at Purchase Meadow between its banks and East Brook. Additionally, East Brook had an elevation change of more than 40 feet on its 3.5 mile run from near the early Dedham settlement to the Neponset River, which was sufficient to drive a water mill. However, East Brook had a low water flow insufficient to power a mill. The drop in the first mile alone is .
A year after Shaw's death the town was still without a mill. A committee was formed and "an audacious plan" was devised to "divert some of the plentiful water from the placid Charles into the steep but scarce East Brook. The 4,000 foot ditch was ordered to be dug at public expense by the town on March 25, 1639, and a tax was levied on settlers to pay for it. The settlers may have been influenced by the draining of the Fens in The Wash, an area in England near many of their hometowns.
The town was so confident in this course of action that the work began before they found a new miller to replace Shaw. There is no record of who dug it or how long it took, although Whiting family history claims it was done by Nathaniel Whiting. The labor pool would be confined to the 30 men who headed households in the town at the time, plus various servants and other male relatives. While it is unknown when exactly it was completed, there was water running through it by July 14, 1641, and has been known as Mother Brook since at least 1678. There is no record of any celebration that may have taken place upon its completion.
The work was completed amidst all the other work being done to establish a town out of the wilderness: felling trees, building homes, planting crops, clearing fields, and more.
Early mills
The town also offered an incentive of 60 acres of land to whoever would construct and maintain a corn mill, as long as the mill was ready to grind corn by "the first of the 10th month"[i.e. December]. The first corn mill was erected in 1641 by John Elderkin, a recent arrival from Lynn, at a dam on East Brook next to the present day Condon Park and near the intersection of Bussey St and Colburn St. He was given a tract of land in return. Elderkin had previously built a mill in Lynn and, in 1642, only months after opening the mill, moved out of town. This was the first public utility in the nation. Early settlers could grind their corn at the mill, and in return paid a tithe to help maintain the mill. The town relinquished rights to the brook in 1682 and placed an historical marker on the site in 1886.
In 1642, Elderkin sold half of his rights to Whiting and the other half to John Allin, Nathan Aldis, and John Dwight. They operated the mill "in a rather stormy partnership" until 1649 when Nathaniel Whiting became the sole owner. The town was displeased with the "insufficient performance" of the mill under Whiting's management. In 1652, Whiting sold his mill and all his town rights to John Dwight, Francis Chickering, Joshua Fisher, and John Morse for 250 pounds, but purchased it back the following year. Whiting and five generations of his descendants ran their mill from 1641 until 1823, when it was sold.
In January 1653 the town offered land to Robert Crossman if he would build a mill on the Charles where Shaw had originally intended. Crossman refused, but Whiting was so displeased by the prospect of a second mill that he offered to sell his mill back to the town for 250 pounds. Whiting's performance did not improve, however, and the town wanted an alternative. Daniel Pond and Ezra Morse were then given permission by the town to erect a new corn mill on the brook above Whiting's, so long as it was completed by June 24, 1665.
Whiting was upset by the competition for both water and customers and, "never one to forgive and forget, Whiting made something of a crusade of opposition" to the new mill. Records show that the town spent "considerable time" trying to resolve the issue. After meeting with the Selectmen, both agreed to live in peace and not interfere with the business of the other. Two years later Morse was instructed to not hinder the water flow to such an extent that it would make milling difficult for Whiting.
The town resolved that "in time of drought or want of water, the water shall in no such time be raised so high by the occasion of the new mill, that the water be thereby hindered of its free course or passage out of the Charles River to the mill. The proprietors of the old mill are at the same time restricted from raising the water in their pond so high as to prejudice the new mill by flowage of backwater." At the same time, Whiting was also told to repair leaks in his own dam before complaining about a lack of water.
Trouble and disputes, including a lawsuit, continued between the two until 1678 when the Town Meeting voted not to hear any more complaints from Whiting. In 1699, the Morse dam at present day Maverick Street was removed, and Morse was given 40 acres of land near the Neponset River at Tiot in compensation. This seems to have been Morse's idea. He would go on to open a new mill there, in what is today Norwood, Massachusetts, next to a sawmill that opened in 1644.
The next mill was constructed in 1682 at Saw Mill Lane. Originally requested by Jonathan Fairbanks and James Draper, the privilege was granted to Whiting and Draper instead, likely to avoid any more problems with Whiting. He died the day the selectmen granted him the privileged, however. This mill was for fulling wool, and was the first textile mill in Dedham. A condition was attached to this permission, however, that if the town wanted to erect a corn mill on the brook that they may do so, unless Draper and Whiting did so at their own expense. This mill, like the one above it, was held by the descendants of Nathaniel Whiting for 180 years. One of Whiting's mills burned in 1700, and so the town loaned him 20 pounds to rebuild.
At some point in the early 1700s a new leather mill was constructed by Joseph Lewis at the site of the old Morse dam. A fourth mill was established, at present day Stone Mill Drive, just down stream from the third in 1787 by two of Whiting's descendants. For a short period of time it produced copper cents, and then was used to manufacture paper. A third of Whiting's descendants opened a wire factory on the same site.
Industrialization of Mother Brook
Eventually, dams and mills were constructed at five locations called "privileges" in Dedham and in what is now the Readville section of Hyde Park, which was originally part of Dedham. Mother Brook provided water power at various times for industrial mills of several types, for the manufacture of cotton, wool, paper, wire, and carpets. They also produced corn, fulled cloth, stamped coins, sawed lumber, cut and headed nails, manufactured paper, wove cloth, and leather. There were mills operating on Mother Brook until some time in the 20th century. At least one mill located on Mother Brook was equipped with a steam engine as an energy source, probably to supplement the water power when the water supply was insufficient but possibly to supplant the water power entirely. The brook may also have served for cooling the steam machinery.
The development of industry spurred the production of housing in the area for the mill workers, and churches, shops, and other businesses followed. The East Dedham Firehouse was also built to protect the area. Dating to 1855, it is still in operation as of today.
19th century
In the 1800s, as the region and country became more prosperous, mills began to be used for the first time to produce goods not used solely by Dedhamites and those in the immediate area. They were so profitable that by the 1820s, landowning farmers were worried about losing control of Town politics. The growth of the industrial part of the town was so great that it was said that the factories, dye houses, dwellings, and other buildings associated with the operation of just one privilege "of themselves constitute a little village."
The mills began to attract immigrants from Europe and Canada who came to America seeking employment and a better life. The Irish came beginning with the Great Famine in the 1840s, and the Germans followed in the 1850s. Italians and other immigrants began arriving in large numbers at the end of the century. Working in harsh conditions, many only stayed for a short period of time and then moved on.
In 1870 the Merchant's Woolen Company was the largest taxpayer in town and owned two houses on High Street, five on Maverick, ten on Curve, and two "long houses" on Bussey St. These houses were rented to employees. Several of the homes built during this time to house workers still exist as of 2020. Benjamin Bussey build a number of boarding houses, including what is today 305 and 315 High Street and 59 Maverick Street. The two buildings on High Street were originally connected by an ell. In 1829, the ten men who lived in them paid $1.50 per week and the 15 "girls" each paid $1.25.
From Mother Brook and the Neponset River out to the Boston Harbor, it was estimated that there was between $2,000,000 and $5,000,000 worth of manufacturing property along the banks in 1886.
Second privilege
The leather mill was replaced in 1807 by the Norfolk Cotton Manufactory. The local men who invested the funds for the large, wooden, spinning mill, Samuel Lowder, Jonathan Avery, Rueben Guild, Calvin Guild, Pliny Bingham, William Howe, and others, have been described as a "daring group of investors." The mill spun imported bales of cotton, which was then put out to be woven. The fabric was then returned to the mill, finished, and shipped out. As cotton was still new in New England, "the inhabitants felt a degree of pride in having a cotton factory in their town, and whenever their friends from the interior visited them, the first thing thought of was to mention that there was a new cotton factory in the town, and that they must go and see its curious and wonderful machinery."
It was a prosperous company, esteemed by the community, and the annual meetings of the company were marked by festivities. From 1808 through the next decade, the company advertised for labor in the local papers as the work required more manpower than the part-time grist and saw mills that were on the brook before. The company would lend out machines to workers so they could work from home to clean and blend the raw cotton fiber.
During this time period the owners of mills downstream also complained that the Norfolk Cotton Manufactory did not provide enough water downstream for them to use. The complaints continued, despite the creation of a committee in 1811 to look into the matter.
The War of 1812 brought ruin to the company, however, when cheap imports flooded the market. The mill was purchased by Benjamin Bussey, "a man of excellent business capacity," in 1819 for a sum far below cost. Bussey also purchased a mill on the street that now bears his name from the Dedham Worsted Company only three years after they opened. Agreement was made then on the level of the water, and was marked by drill holes in rocks along the banks still visible in 1900.
Fourth privilege
The fourth privilege was used for a variety of purposes in the 19th century, including copper cents, paper, cotton, wool, carpets, and handkerchiefs. In the 1780s another mill, connected by the same wheel, was constructed on the site to produce wire for the new nation's nascent textile industry. The first mill on this site burned in 1809, but was rebuilt with a new raceway and foundation.
The second mill began producing nails in 1814, and five years later its owner, Ruggles Whiting of Boston, sold it to the owner of the first mill, George Bird, who began using the whole site to manufacture paper. In 1823 it switched to cotton, using the machinery of the former Norfolk Cotton Company. In 1835 a new stone mill was erected. It stands today, and was converted into a condominium complex in 1986–87. Unlike the other mills, which were constructed in a strictly utilitarian style, this factory boasted a date stone reading "1835" and a dome-roofed cupola over the mill bell. Together they stood as a testament to the primacy of the mills in the neighborhood.
The mill at the fourth privilege, under the ownership of Bussey and with his agent, George H. Kuhn, was among the first to install water-powered broad looms. The looms enabled raw wool to enter the mills, be spun into thread, and then weaved into finished fabric, all under a single roof.
Fifth privilege
In 1814 a fifth privilege was granted in what was then Dedham, but is today the Readville neighborhood in Hyde Park. Readville, known as early as 1655 known as the Low Plain and then Dedham Low Plain, was settled the same year the privilege was granted when the Dedham Manufacturing Company built a mill there. James Read, one of the original proprietors, was the namesake of the neighborhood when it officially became Readville on October 8, 1847.
Conflict with Charles River mills
As Dedham became industrialized and its economic activity increasingly depended on its water power, so did other communities in the Charles River valley. This led to conflict between the mills on Mother Brook and those using the Charles River downstream from the diversion to Mother Brook. As early as 1767, mill owners in Newton and Watertown petitioned officials for relief from the Mother Brook diversion. A sill was installed to determine the percentage of water diverted into Mother Brook and the percentage to remain in the Charles.
In 1895 it was said that Mother Brook was the most audacious attempt of robbery ever recorded in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. It was the effort made by Dedham ... to actually steal the river Charles. ... The bold pirates built a canal from the headwaters of the Charles across to the Neponset river, and by widening and deepening this 'mother brook' they were gradually robbing their neighboring town of its beautiful waterway.
Because water diverted from the Charles River through Mother Brook increased the flow in lower sections of the Neponset River, mill owners on the Neponset joined with the Mother Brook mill owners in their defense of the diversion. After a special act of the Great and General Court the mill owners incorporated as the Mother Brook Mill-owners Association on September 1, 1809. Mill owners on the Charles had formed a similar corporation to advocate for themselves a few months earlier. They argued that deviating the flow of the Charles "from its natural course" into Mother Brook violated their rights, and that as a public resource that it deserved state protection.
The Mother Brook Mill-owners Association and their counterpart on the Charles went to the Supreme Judicial Court in March 1809, and petitioned for Commissioners of Sewers to determine the proper amount of water to be diverted into Mother Brook. The 1767 sill could not be located, and a new method was established. The Court ruled that one quarter of the Charles could flow into Mother Brook. The Mother Brook mill owners were not happy with this solution, and successfully petitioned the Court to stay their order limiting the amount of water flowing into the Brook.
The Sewer Commission did not present its findings to the Court for 12 years, however, at which time the Mother Brook owners objected and the report of the Commissioners was set aside. In 1825, after another court battle, it was determined that the previous agreement was no longer viable due to the length of time taken to file the report and evidence not considered at the time. Work on the issue resumed from 1829 to 1831, and the dispute was finally settled by an agreement among the mill owners on December 3, 1831. This agreement established that one-third of the Charles River flow would be diverted to Mother Brook, and two-thirds would remain in the Charles for use by downstream owners. This agreement, which was reaffirmed in 1955, "brought peace to the valley" after decades of conflict. This agreement is still in effect as of 2017.
In 1915 it was estimated that one-third of the water of the Charles River ran through the brook, while in 1938 it was said to be one-half. In 1993, an average of 51 million gallons per day flowed from the Charles into Mother Brook, although that flow can be altered depending on water levels further downstream.
20th century and the decline of industry
In 1900, and even 1915, after "275 years of constant usefulness," the brook made up "the source of the principal business of the town [of Dedham]." Though the mills remained open into the 20th century, they were not immune from the larger economic forces at play. In the late 1800s they began "losing ground in the national economic picture, inexorably sliding into an increasingly marginal sort of operation, and finally succumbing entirely to the slump which followed the First World War." Beginning in the 1910s and 1920s they began to close as the textile industry was in decline, and by 1986 the cotton mills and brick factories that once lined the brook were "long-gone."
In the 1960s, the pond at the fifth privilege had been drained, and the land owner wanted to build a strip mall on the site. The Department of Conservation and Recreation purchased the land instead. They cleaned up a junkyard, dredged out silt and fill, rebuilt the dam, and published a plan to promote boating, hiking, and other outdoor activities on the site. It also spoke about building a bathhouse, assuming the water quality improved. When the Dedham Mall was built in the 1960s, part of the Brook was piped underground.
The sill placed at the mouth has since been replaced with a mechanical floodgate that can be raised or lowered depending on water levels in the Charles. There is a small brick building on the site with the floodgate controls. It was proposed in 1978 to use the three remaining dams on the bridge to generate hydroelectric power. In 2009, the Dedham Selectmen proposed designating the brook as an historic waterway to better qualify for grants.
Pollution
During the early 1900s, the state Board of Health began enforcing pollution regulations that prevented additional manufacturing enterprises from setting up along the brook, having "resolutely set its decision against the pollution of this stream." One plant was required to install an expensive filtration system to clean its liquid waste before dumping it in the waterway.
In 1910 the water being pumped by the Town of Hyde Park at Mother Brook was deemed unsafe for use without first boiling, and in 1911 that Town applied to be hooked up to the metropolitan water system. By 1944 the Neponset was said to be "loaded with putrefacation."
When marshlands were reclaimed in the 1960s it was for partially for the purposes of flood control. One of those reclaimed areas was where the Dedham Mall now stands, very near the headwaters of the brook. The runoff from that development, however, flowed into the brook and then the Neponset, which could not handle the extra water during heavy rains.
By the mid-20th century, "after over 300 years of industrial use, the Mother Brook was intensely polluted." Gasoline, PCPs, and even raw sewerage had been dumped into the Brook over the years. An oil spill of 1,300 gallons was discovered near Milton Street in 1975, and gasoline was discovered bubbling into the brook in 1990. L. E. Mason Co. was fined $250,000 by the Environmental Protection Agency for dumping trichloroethylene into the brook from 1986 to 1994. The company was also known to dump zinc, fats, oils and greases into the waterway.
During the 1990s a science teacher at Dedham High School and her chemistry students ran water quality tests on the brook. She found that water quality is good, though fecal coliform counts allow only partial body contact. While great progress has been made, in 2017 Mother Brook remained one of the most polluted tributaries to the Neponset River. Unlike most waterways in the Neponset watershed, Mother Brook is less polluted during heavy rains than during drier times, due to the abundance of clean Charles River water flowing into it.
Cleanups and maintenance
After centuries of industrialization and dumping, Mother Brook became quite polluted. Cleanups have been organized by a number of groups in recent decades.
In 2007, the brook was redirected under Hyde Park Avenue by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to clean up the PCBs that had previously been dumped into the water. That cleanup led to a federal lawsuit over who would pay for the cost of the remediation. Ten years later, in 2017, the Department of Conservation and Recreation unveiled plans to remove several trees and overgrown vegetation close to the diversion point at the Charles River in order to stabilize and protect the dam controlling the flow of water from the river into the brook.
National Register of Historic Places
In the 2010s, the Mother Brook Community Group, the East Dedham neighborhood association, began a campaign to get Mother Brook listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The results of the first phase of the effort, an architectural study of the Brook and adjourning areas, was completed by Heritage Consultants and presented in January 2020. The consultants discovered over 70 buildings, areas, and structures still standing that relate in some way to the history of the mills. They include
202 Bussey St. which was originally built circa 1855 as the Merchant Woolen Company's Factory Mill Number 2. It originally housed a carpenter's shop with spinning machines on the upper floors.
Two private homes on Maverick and High Streets that were built as boarding houses for workers of the Maverick Woolen companies circa 1825. Room and board at these establishments cost $1.50 a week for men and $1.25 in 1829 when there were ten men and 15 women living there.
Brookdale Cemetery, which was built to accommodate a swelling population that moved to town to work in the mills.
The consultant's research was submitted to the Massachusetts Historical Commission who will determine whether Mother Book qualifies for the National Register listing.
Accidents and floods
Floods
In 1886, waters flooded their banks and put the dams, and the one at Merchant's Mill especially, in danger of breaching. There were fears that a dam in Dover would give way, and the resulting rush of water would destroy the Dedham dam. Prior to this Merchant's Mill was considered impregnable. It was one of the greatest floods Dedham Center had ever seen.
Streets in the Manor section of Dedham had water two to three feet deep when the brook flooded in March 1936. Rain and melting snow caused the Charles and Mother Brook to flood their banks in 1948, putting some parts of Dedham under water.
Ice chunks at two of the dams caused flooding in 1955. Firefighters sprayed high pressure water at the ice jam off Milton Street, and a crane scooped out debris from the dam and broke the ice at Maverick Street. The water level dropped two feet that day as a result.
Later that year, during the worst floods in New England's history, 150 people in Hyde Park had to evacuate their homes after flood waters from Mother Brook and the Neponset River collapsed preventative embankments. Mayor John Hynes led an inspection party to survey the damage. Roads, including the V.F.W. Parkway, were flooded in Dedham. That fall the state approved $2 million for flood control in Mother Brook and the Neponset. Another $2 million was approved by the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1960.
A team of 120 men descended on Hyde Park at the junction of the Neponset and Mother Brook with 1,200 sandbags to prevent flooding in March 1958. The water was already threatening homes and roads in January of that year. At least "a couple hundred" residents along the Charles, Neponset, and Mother Brook had to be evacuated when those rivers flooded in 1968. The worst area in town was along Bussey St, along the brook.
1938 flood
In 1938, while much of the Charles and Neponset Rivers were flooding their banks and causing $3,000,000 in damage, the area around Mother Brook was unharmed in the early days of the surge. Dams along the brook controlled the heavy flow of water which were said to be 15,000 cubic feet per second. It was close to the level of the 1936 flood, but six inches below the flood of 1920.
Scores of homes in low-lying areas eventually had their basements flooded, and the wooden bridge at Maverick Street was threatened. Sandbags, an oil truck, and granite slabs were placed on the bridge to keep it from washing away. The Boston Envelope Company, located next to the bridge, had their first floor flooded.
Three young men who tried to canoe down the Charles during the 1938 flood were overturned in a whirlpool and were swept down the swollen Mother Brook. They were saved after an East Street rescuer ran 500 yards and tossed them a garden hose.
Drownings and rescues
Over the years there have been a number of accidents on the brook, including some resulting who drowned. In December 1905, a 12-year-old boy named James Harnett drowned while skating across ice only half an inch thick on Mill Pond. His brother William, 17, rushed to save him, but both ended up in the water. The older brother was saved by a human chain of other skaters, while the younger boy's body was recovered by police an hour later.
An 8-year-old boy fell through the ice and was under water for 20 minutes in 1980. A passing motorist and three others dove in the brook, but were not able to locate him. A WHDH radio traffic helicopter broke the ice with its pontoons, allowing Boston firefighters to spot and recover David Tundidor's body. He was in a medically induced coma, but died four days later.
Others have been more fortunate, and were able to be rescued. After sneaking out of the house in July 1899, 13-year-old William Dennen dove off a bridge near his house on Emmett Ave to save the life of 7-year-old Mary Bouchard, who had fallen in. John F. McGraw, a 33-year-old Scottish immigrant, attempted suicide by drowning in the brook in 1916. After going over a dam and landing in shallow water, the father of three climbed onto shore and was taken to the psychiatric hospital for evaluation. Paul Flanagan, 23, survived for 3.5 hours in the water after his car plunged into the brook in February 1983. He was brought to Norwood Hospital with hypothermia and was later released.
Two boys claimed to have found a human leg in the brook in 1937, but police could not find either the leg or the body.
Other events
In April 1878, a "balky horse" sent six people into the brook, but none were injured. A similar incident occurred in 1837 when a thirsty horse brought himself, the teamster driving him, and the load of paper he was carrying from the mills in Dedham to Braintree into the brook.
Moments after leaving Dedham Square for Forest Hills in 1911, a streetcar jumped the track on Washington Street and dangled 35 passengers over the brook. Only two minor injuries were reported. A cat was saved from a flooded culvert in 1938 by a team of neighborhood boys after the Dedham Fire Department was unable to do so. A 13-year-old boy, William Sullivan, was kneeling on a raft in 1956 behind Brookdale Cemetery when his friend accidentally shot him in the leg with a .32 caliber gun.
Mills
First privilege
The first privilege was located next to present day Condon Park, corner of Bussey St and Colburn St.
Second privilege
The second privilege was located at present day Maverick Street.
Third privilege
The third privilege was located at present day Saw Mill Lane.
Fourth privilege
The fourth privilege's first mill was located at present day Stone Mill Drive.
The fourth privilege's second mill was located at present day Stone Mill Drive.
Fifth privilege
The fifth privilege was located at the corner of Knight St. and River St. in Readville.
Bridges
Today, after diverting from the Charles, Mother Brook immediately runs under a bridge on Providence Highway. When it was constructed, a tablet was erected on the bridge commemorating the brook. Shortly thereafter it runs under a culvert at the Dedham Mall before appearing again at the transfer station and running to the Washington Street Bridge. It then crosses under Maverick Street, Bussey Street, and Saw Mill Lane, sites of three old mills. Within the Mother Brook Condominium complex, just downstream from Centennial Dam, the brook runs under a small bridge that connects North Stone Mill Drive and South Stone Mill Drive. After entering Hyde Park, it runs under bridges at River Street and Reservation Road, before merging with the Neponset.
Various improvements to the bridges have been proposed and carried out over the years by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the Town of Dedham, the City of Boston, and private interests.
Recreation
A canoeist in 1893 wrote of his trip down the brook that upon entering from the Charles he
bid adieu to the flat marshlands and broad views of the farther river, for the little brook caries us thought varied scenery now by a barnyard with it lowing cattle, ducks splashing and dibbing in the water and a dilapidated old carryall backed into the stream, left to wash itself, and then into the cool woodlands, where we can almost touch the banks on either hand. And the green alder bushes arch over our heads, forming a cool and shady tunnel.
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The water is so shallow that we see plainly the brilliantly colored pebbles on the bottom and daintly hued little fish darting hither and thither. it is a busy, brawling stream and hurries on to join the Neponset, industrioulsy turning the numerous mills on the way.
The Brook was long a popular place to swim and ice skate. A public bath house was constructed in 1898 at a cost of $700. In 1907, afternoons on Tuesdays and Fridays were set aside for women's use. Girls 16 and under were allowed in free, while those older were charged 5 cents. The youngest member of the Parks Commission, J. Vincent Reilly, taught crowds of more than 200 how to swim. It burned down in 1923, and a proposal in 1924 to rebuild it was expected to receive an unfavorable recommendation from the Warrant Committee. The swimming area at present day Mill Pond Park was considered a perk of working at the Boston Envelope Company in 1936. According to one contemporary, in the winters of the 1870s and 1880s the "youth then gathered on the ice [to ice skate] must have numbered in the hundreds."
Future Supreme Court justice Louis D. Brandeis wrote to William Beltran De Las Casas, the Chairman of the Metropolitan Park Commission, in 1905, asking him to consider including the brook in the Metropolitan Park System of Greater Boston. He said "unique in the metropolitan district. It is quite like the Main woods." He added that if it was added, though it is separated from the rest of the parks, "the future interests of our metropolitan park system would in my opinion be greatly subserved." De Las Cas agreed with Brandeis, but the mill owners in the area threatened to sue to prevent the action, and the costs of taking it by eminent domain were high.
In 1915 it was said that well-kept gardens could be seen along both sides of the length of the brook. It was also a popular boating and bathing destination. In at least the 1930s and 1940s, the state Division of Fish and Game stocked the brook with trout for fishing. The banks were lined with fishermen during parts of 1941.
While Dedham had a Commissioner of Mother Brook during this time period, the Planning Board was responsible for the recreation aspects of the brook, appointing a special police officer and life-saver, and running swimming and diving competitions. The swimming competitions drew crowds of 800.
In 1968 the Metropolitan Park Commission applied for an "Open Spaces Grant" from the federal government, during which time part of the area near the headwaters were being drained to build the Dedham Mall. The Boston Natural Areas Fund conserved a lot along the brook in 1980 as "green relief from massed buildings and pavement." The City of Boston built a new park on Reservation Road in 1999, shoring up the banks of the brook while they worked. The project on the six acre site included a skateboard park, a landscaped nature area along the brook, and a cleanup of contaminants.
Today along the banks of the brook are walking trails, a picnic area, a canoe launch, Condon Park, a handicapped accessible playground, and more. The Mother Brook Community Group won a grant from Dedham Savings to turn the old Town Beach at the intersection of Bussey and Colburn Street into a passive park with an observation deck, benches, landscaping and a stone path. Mill Pond Park opened on July 12, 2014. The Community Group has also opened more areas of the brook back up to fishing, and the catches are safe to eat in moderate amounts. At the 2015 Fall Annual Town Meeting, the town established the Mother Brook 375th Anniversary Committee. Serving on it were Dan Hart, Nicole Keane, Brian Keaney, Vicky L. Krukeberg, Charlie Krueger, Gerri Roberts, and Jean Ford Webb.
Notes
References
Works cited
Further reading
"Men of Useful Trades, Craftsmen and Mills of the Dedham Grant, 1636-1840," by Electa Kane Tritsch, Dedham Grant Survey Project, 1981
Parks in Dedham, Massachusetts
Charles River
Neponset River
Watersheds of Boston Harbor
Rivers of Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Rivers of Massachusetts
Canals in Massachusetts
Canals opened in 1639
1639 establishments in the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Articles containing video clips
Transportation buildings and structures in Norfolk County, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother%20Brook |
The complex-toothed flying squirrel (Trogopterus xanthipes) occurs in the southern Chinese provinces Hubei, Hunan, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Yunnan. The common name refers to the teeth, which differ from those of other species of flying squirrels.
Description
Trogopterus xanthipes looks much like other flying squirrels, but with a characteristic tuft of black hair below the base of the ear. The fur is generally grey-brown, but white beneath. There is a slight reddish tinge to the face and the tail. The overall length is about 60 cm, of which the tail is about half.
Conservation
The conservation status of the complex-toothed flying squirrel is near threatened because the population is shrinking as a result of habitat loss and excessive hunting for food and traditional Chinese medicine. The droppings of the flying squirrel are made into a tea used in traditional medicine in parts of China.
With the initial purpose of improve living and mating conditions for the fragmented populations of the giant panda, nearly 70 natural reserves have been combined to form the Giant Panda National Park in 2020. With a size of 10,500 square miles the park is roughly three times as large as Yellowstone National Park and incorporates the area of the Wolong National Nature Reserve. Flying squirrels are among the various other species who profit from the protection of their habitat and there is hope that their numbers will rise again due to this measure.
A large number of the former inhabitants of the protected area have been relocated, however local officials have been known to turn a blind eye on local farmers allowing their cattle to graze within the limits of the park, so in order to ensure effective conservation of nature, of all species populating the area, some rules will have to be enforced with more vigor in the future.
Biology and reproduction
Trogopterus xanthipes builds its nests in cliffs, usually around 30 m above the ground. They live in mountainous terrain in altitudes of 1300 to 1500 m above sea level, or even up to 2750 m according to some sources. Their activity pattern is nocturnal; they leave their nests at night to search for food such as nuts, fruits, and leaves. They become sexually mature at about 22 months. A litter may comprise up to four young, and gestation lasts for roughly 80 to 90 days. Captive specimens have been reported to live for ten to twelve years.
Taxonomy
Though five species of the genus Trogopterus have been described, current opinion favours including them all in the same species: Trogopterus xanthipes. The hairy-footed flying squirrel (Belomys pearsoni) is closely related, and may be added to the genus Trogopterus.
Medical and commercial interest
The species is collected as a meat animal, and also is captured for collection of the fecal matter, which is valued in traditional Chinese medicine as "five spirits grease" (五靈脂, wǔ líng zhī). It is used in the treatment of ulcers in the duodenum. Recent research has attempted to establish whether the fecal matter includes components of possible medical interest. Antithrombotic flavonoids have been reported. Various diterpenoids, both known and unknown, have been evaluated for cytotoxicity against human tumor cell lines, and so have various neolignans classed as trogopterins. Although none of the compounds showed clinically significant activity against important tumor cell lines, some did produce detectable cytotoxic effects, suggesting a source of lignans with cytotoxic activity.
References
Flying squirrels
Rodents of China
Endemic fauna of China
Mammals described in 1867
Taxa named by Alphonse Milne-Edwards
Traditional Chinese medicine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex-toothed%20flying%20squirrel |
The French Parliamentary Commission on Rwanda was invested in the beginning of 1998, following a press-led campaign and articles by journalist Patrick de Saint-Exupéry in the Figaro newspaper, which called for an examination into the role of the French government in the events surrounding the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. The Belgian Senate undertook a similar initiative in 1997.
The French deputies decided to examine French policy in Rwanda between 1990 and 1994. For the first time in the history of the Fifth Republic, the Assembly examined events related to the "reserved domains" of the President of the Republic, in other words, functions of government historically seen as the exclusive realm of presidential authority. Composed of members of the Foreign Relations Parliamentary Committee and the National Defence and Armed Forces Parliamentary Committee, this mission was thus an expression of a renewed intent of parliamentarians to extend the democratic field of the Parliament.
The commission was presided over by Paul Quilès, and the hearings took place between March 24 and July 9, 1998. In connection with the inquiry, the committee members spent two days in Rwanda, visiting the Murambi memorial and meeting with Rwandan officials and private organizations. Entitled "Report of the Information Mission of the National Defense and Armed Forces Committee and the Foreign Affairs Committee on the military operations led by France, other countries and the United Nations in Rwanda between 1990 and 1994", the final report was published on December 15, 1998 .
See also
Rwandan genocide
External links
December 15, 1998 Official report on the Rwandan genocide
Rwandan genocide
Foreign relations of France
1998 in Rwanda
French commissions and inquiries
Parliamentary committees
1998 establishments in France
1998 disestablishments in France
1998 in international relations
National Assembly (France)
France–Rwanda relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20Parliamentary%20Commission%20on%20Rwanda |
The Virginia Creeper Trail is a multi-purpose rail trail. Located in southwestern Virginia, the trail runs from Abingdon to Whitetop, Virginia, near Mount Rogers National Recreation Area and the North Carolina state line.
The trail accommodates hikers, cyclists and equestrians on its descent from Abingdon to Damascus, near the North Carolina state line – passing through National Forest, crossing a number of restored trestles and the Appalachian Trail.
Following Laurel Creek and traversing rolling farm countryside as well as a number of privately owned sections, the route necessitates cyclists open and close private gates. The trail features numerous intermediate access points, and between Abingdon and Watauga, five emergency call boxes can access emergency services.
Travelling from Abingdon, the trail goes through Watauga, Alvarado, Damascus, Straight Branch, Taylors Valley, Creek Junction, Green Cove and Whitetop. Elevation drops approximately from Abingdon to the South Holston River (near Damascus) and then climbs nearly to Whitetop. From Damascus, numerous private services are available to shuttle cyclist to Whitetop for the return descent.
The trail is for recreational use, but is also used to host numerous local events and races such as the Yeti Trail Runners events.
History
The trail runs on a rail right-of-way dating to the 1880s — first belonging to the Abingdon Coal and Iron Railroad. After investing sizable capital without actually opening, that company went out of business. In the early 1890s, the company's assets were purchased by the Virginia–Carolina and Southern Railway. It too had financial trouble and its assets were purchased by the Virginia–Carolina Railway.
In February 1900, the Virginia–Carolina Railway began operating in Damascus, Virginia. By 1912, the railroad extended to Whitetop and by the end of the decade to Elkland, North Carolina (now Todd). In 1919, the Norfolk & Western railroad, which had partially funded the building of the line, took control of it and dubbed it its Abingdon Branch. In 1933, service to Todd ended when the terminus moved to West Jefferson.
In 1957, the last steam engine retired, replaced by diesel-powered engines. By 1974, the Norfolk and Western Railroad Company petitioned the Interstate Commerce Commission to abandon the line. Finally, circumstances in 1977 induced the ICC to approve abandonment, as train service was forced to cease when hard rains flooded and damaged most of the line, which was left unrepaired.
Removal of the track began very soon after and the land in Virginia was secured by the US Forest Service for a recreation trail. The land in North Carolina was returned to the land owners. In Virginia, the right-of-way is owned by the Towns of Abingdon and Damascus, and by the National Park Service and the National Forest Service.
This colorful and rustic branch line was a favorite of famed railroad photographer Ogle Winston Link. In contrast to his large number of night shots, using black-and-white film and synchronized flashbulb arrays, he photographed the Abingdon Branch during the day, in color. Many of his world-famous images are now housed in the former Norfolk and Western passenger station in Roanoke, Virginia: now the O. Winston Link Museum.
An original 4-8-0 steam locomotive No. 433 is located directly next to the trailhead at Abingdon, and the trail itself passes several restored stations. Two railroad cabooses are also located along the trail; one at the midpoint in Damascus and another at Taylors Valley.
See also
Cycling infrastructure
Rail trail
List of rail trails
High Bridge Trail State Park
New River Trail State Park
Greenbrier River Trail
Virginia Capital Trail
Fall Line Trail
Washington & Old Dominion Trail
References
External links
Official Website of the Virginia Creeper Trail Organization
Iron Mountains
Long-distance trails in the United States
Mount Rogers National Recreation Area
Rail trails in Virginia
Protected areas of Washington County, Virginia
National Recreation Trails in Virginia
George Washington and Jefferson National Forests
Southwest Virginia
Bike paths in Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%20Creeper%20Trail |
Khutsong is a township on the West Rand of South Africa, and scene of widespread unrest starting in February 2006. It is situated close to the town of Carletonville, in the Merafong City Local Municipality of the Gauteng province. With a terrible history of violence and gangsterism, the main factors causing crime rates to spike up from 2011 until late 2019 are mainly high poverty rates, municipality mismanagement and corruption and the lack of employment/job creating opportunities. In 2017/18 thousands of mine workers lost their jobs due to mines shutting down.
Climate
Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as subtropical highland (Cwb). Summer days are generally warm or slightly hot, summer nights are mild, while winter days are warm and winter nights are cool. Most of the rain falls in summer.
Local events
Riots
Following the abolition of cross-border municipalities, the entire Merafong City Local Municipality which includes Khutsong, was transferred from the West Rand District Municipality in Gauteng Province to the Southern District Municipality in the North West Province. The residents of Khutsong objected to the transfer from wealthy Gauteng to the poorer North West. Only 123 votes were cast in the local government elections held on 1 March 2006.
Actions taken by residents included an application to the Pretoria High Court and violent incidents, including petrol bombing the homes of African National Congress candidates, blocking roads and the destruction of municipal property.
One important element in the Khutsong issue relates to environmental security. The Khutsong community is physically located alongside some of the richest gold mines in the world. Recent research conducted by the Water Research Commission in South Africa has shown that heavy metal and radionuclide contamination is closely associated with rivers and wetlands downstream of major mining operations. The Khutsong community is located in such an aquatic ecosystem, so the environmental dimension to this conflict is an important and largely unexplored one.
On 27 April 2007 when President Thabo Mbeki was celebrating Freedom Day at Bhisho renewed riots reminiscent of those which occurred in Soweto on 16 June 1976 took place in the streets of Khutsong.
On 4 December 2008 it was announced that Khutsong and the rest of the Merafong Municipality would be reintegrated into the Gauteng Province. The passage of the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution of South Africa, altering the provincial boundaries accordingly, came into effect on 3 April 2009.
Vigilantism
On the 3 November 2013 number of vigilante mobs totalling around 700 people attacked alleged gang members across Khutsong. Six people died in the attacks including five alleged gangsters and one sangoma believed to have been giving the gangsters muti and moral support.
It is reported that the event took place as a result of high levels of violent crime and the ongoing abduction of young girls as well and the recruitment of school children into the gangs. Local community members tried to organise a meeting with the police but were unable to gain an audience with them. After which they organised a meeting of their own to discuss the gang problem. One of the largest of the local gangs, the Casanovas, then sought to break-up the meeting by sending over one hundred gang member to beat people at the meeting. Twenty people were injured and this led to the community to regroup and vow revenge and the vigilante mob was formed. Arrests were never made.
See also
COSATU
SACP
South African municipal election, 2006
Notes and references
External links
Inkatha Freedom Party - Mbeki must intervene at Khutsong
Gauteng government page on Khutsong
Government Notice on transfer of Merafong City Local Municipality
Merafong City Local Municipality page
Google News Link on Khutsong
Townships in Gauteng
Populated places in the Merafong City Local Municipality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khutsong |
Bahdinan or Badinan was one of the most powerful and enduring Kurdish principalities. It was founded by Baha-al-Din originally from Şemzînan area in Hakkari in sometime between 13th or 14th century CE. The capital of this emirate was Amadiya for a long time. The rulers of the Bahdinan emirate governed over the Emirate since the Abbasid Empire, an early dynasty in Islamic history.
It was centered in the town of Amadiya (or Amêdî) in the present-day Dahuk province in Iraqi Kurdistan. According to Evliya Celebi the principality was divided into the following districts:
Aqra, Zakho, Shikhoyi, Duhok, Zibari, and Muzuri.
The districts were autonomous units under their own rulers who were appointed by the Khan of Amadiya. In addition to this, there were tribal chieftains with formalized positions (for example, the chiefs of the Sindi and Silvane tribes needed confirmation from the ruler of Zakho).
The principality reached its peak during the reign of Bahram Pasha the Great (re. 1726–1767).
Threatened by the expansionist and centralizing efforts of the Ottoman and Safavid empires, Bahdinan princes were drawn into prolonged confrontations with these two rival powers. The Bahdinan rulers, Esmail Pasha and Mohammad Said Pasha were deposed by the emir of the neighboring Soran principality in 1831. However, their rule was restored after the Ottomans defeated Soran in 1836. Although the Soran influence lasted only for a few years, the Bahdinan principality never fully recovered. Pursuing their centralization policy, the Ottomans overthrew the Bahdinan principality in 1843 (or 1838) and incorporated it in the Sandjak of Mosul.
The most famous ancient library in the region, in the Qubehan school at Amadiya, was destroyed by British troops putting down a revolt in the region in 1919, although some 400 manuscripts were rescued and eventually found their way into the Iraq Museum's collection.
References
Bahdinan, Encyclopædia Iranica, p. 485, By Amir Hassanpour.
Bahdīnān , The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Brill Academic Publishers.
See also
Bahdini
Former Kurdish states in Iraq
Dohuk Governorate
Former principalities
Geography of Iraqi Kurdistan
1376 establishments in Asia
1370s in the Middle East | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahdinan |
Vance Aaron Law (born October 1, 1956) is an American former professional baseball third baseman. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Pittsburgh Pirates (1980–81), Chicago White Sox (1982–84), Montreal Expos (1985–87), Chicago Cubs (1988–89), and Oakland Athletics (1991). He also played one season in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Chunichi Dragons in 1990. Law batted and threw right-handed. He is the son of Cy Young Award winner Vern Law. He served as head baseball coach at Brigham Young University from 2000 to 2012.
College
Vance Law played college baseball for Brigham Young University. In 1978, he was drafted by the Pittsburgh Pirates, the same team his father Vern starred for when Vance was a child. The Pirates drafted Law in the 39th round of that year's draft. The only other player drafted that round that would make it to the majors was Tim Hulett, who would briefly be a teammate of Law's in the mid 80's with the White Sox.
Pro career
Law made his major league debut on June 1, 1980 against the New York Mets, getting one hit in five at bats. Over the course of the next two seasons, Law split time between the Pirates and their Triple-A team, the Portland Beavers of the Pacific Coast League. In March 1982, the Pirates traded Law, along with pitcher Ernie Camacho to the Chicago White Sox for pitcher Ross Baumgarten and Butch Edge. He spent the next few seasons with the White Sox, becoming their regular second baseman. In 1984, Law hit 17 home runs, the most homers he'd ever hit in one season in the majors. Law would be on the move again, this time traded to the Montreal Expos in exchange for pitcher Bob James. In 1987, the Expos did not renew his contract, which allowed him to become a free agent. He signed with the Chicago Cubs later that winter. Law's best season in the Major Leagues was in when he hit .293, with 163 hits, and 78 RBIs. He was selected to the 1988 All-Star Game as one of a then-record six Cubs players on the team (Andre Dawson, Greg Maddux, Ryne Sandberg, Rafael Palmeiro, and Shawon Dunston were the other five.)
Law holds an American League record for the longest errorless game by a third baseman when he played all 25 innings of the longest game in AL history (May 8 and 9, , against the Milwaukee Brewers). Law also appeared as a pitcher in 7 games, all as an emergency relief pitcher in games that were already blowout losses. While a position player may occasionally have one or two career pitching appearances, seven such appearances is an extraordinarily high number. Law finished all 7 games he appeared in, and had a career ERA of 3.38 in 8 innings.
After being let go by the Cubs, Law signed with the Chunichi Dragons of the Japan Central League. He'd have one of his finest seasons as a pro, hitting 29 home runs, and batting .313 for the season. Law wasn't the only American on the roster for the Dragons that year. Former Pirates prospect Benny Distefano was also on the roster. After his stint in Japan, Law signed with the Oakland A's and split time between the major league club and their triple-A team the Tacoma Tigers.
Vance is the first of only three sons of former Cy Young Award winners to reach the big leagues, the others being Kyle Drabek (son of 1990 NL winner Doug Drabek), and Cam Bedrosian (son of 1987 NL winner Steve Bedrosian). Law's son Adam also played baseball, but never made it to the majors.
Coaching career
Law coached at Provo High School after which he became head baseball coach at Brigham Young University in 2000. Following the 2012 season, Law did not have his contract renewed. Law was 397–347–2 as head coach over a 13-year span.
In December 2012, the Chicago White Sox announced Law would rejoin the organization as a minor league coach.
In December 2019, the Cleveland Indians announced Law would join the organization as a minor league coach.
See also
List of second-generation Major League Baseball players
References
External links
Vance Law at Baseball Almanac
Vance Law at Baseball Biography
1956 births
Living people
Águilas Cibaeñas players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
Baseball coaches from Idaho
Baseball players from Boise, Idaho
BYU Cougars baseball coaches
BYU Cougars baseball players
Chicago Cubs players
Chicago White Sox players
Chunichi Dragons players
Gulf Coast Pirates players
Latter Day Saints from Idaho
Major League Baseball infielders
Major League Baseball outfielders
Montreal Expos players
National League All-Stars
Nippon Professional Baseball second basemen
Nippon Professional Baseball third basemen
Oakland Athletics players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Portland Beavers players
Provo High School alumni
Salem Pirates players
Tacoma Tigers players
Alaska Goldpanners of Fairbanks players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vance%20Law |
Gedeon (Gideon) Barcza (August 21, 1911, in Kisújszállás – February 27, 1986, in Budapest) was a Hungarian chess grandmaster. He was eight-time chess champion of Hungary.
Chess career
In 1940, Barcza took third place, behind Max Euwe and Milan Vidmar, at Maróczy Jubiläum in Budapest. In September 1942, he took sixth place at the first European Championship in Munich; the event was won by Alexander Alekhine. In 1948, he took second place in Karlovy Vary; the event was won by Jan Foltys. In 1948, he tied for second/third place in Venice; the event was won by Miguel Najdorf. In 1950, he tied for second/fourth place in Salzbrunn (Szczawno Zdrój); the event was won by Paul Keres. In 1952, he took fifteenth place in Saltsjöbaden (interzonal). In 1957, he won in San Benedetto del Tronto. In 1961, he took third place in Vienna. In 1962, he tied for third/sixth place in Moscow. In 1962, he tied for fourteenth/fifteenth place in Stockholm (interzonal).
Barcza won the Hungarian Chess Championship eight times (1942, 1943, 1947, 1950, 1951, 1955, 1957, and 1966). He played for the Hungarian team in seven Chess Olympiads (1952, 1954, 1956,1958, 1960, 1962, and 1968). Barcza was awarded the Grandmaster title in 1954.
Legacy
Barcza is remembered for the opening 1.Nf3 d5 2.g3, known as the Barcza System. Harry Golombek once said of Barcza, "He is a most versatile player in the openings. He plays g2–g3 sometimes on the first, sometimes on the second, sometimes on the third, and sometimes not until the fourth move."
Notable games
Gedeon Barcza vs. Harry Golombek, Sweden izt (18) 1952, Queen's Indian Defense: Spassky System (E14), .
Gedeon Barcza vs. Lodewijk Prins, Sweden izt (14) 1952, Zukertort Opening: Queen Pawn Defense (A06), .
Gedeon Barcza vs. Robert James Fischer, Zurich 1959, Formation: King's Indian Attack (A07), ½–½.
See also
King's Indian Attack
References
External links
1911 births
1986 deaths
Burials at Kerepesi Cemetery
People from Kisújszállás
Hungarian chess players
Chess grandmasters
Chess Olympiad competitors
20th-century chess players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedeon%20Barcza |
Yeon Namgeon (淵男建, 연남건) (635 ~ ?) was the second son of the Goguryeo military leader and dictator Yeon Gaesomun (Unknown-665), and third Dae Magniji of Goguryeo during the reign of Goguryeo's last ruler, King Bojang.
Fall of Goguryeo
Following the death of his father in 666, Namgeon became embroiled in a power struggle with his elder brother Yeon Namsaeng. Namgeon and his younger brother Namsan staged a coup against their older brother when he was inspecting all of the fortresses of Goguryeo to prepare for war against the Tang. Namgeon and Namsan's coup forced Namsaeng to surrender to the Tang, and ultimately led to the destruction of Goguryeo. Namgeon appointed himself Dae Mangniji (대막리지, 大莫離支) and seized control of the government.
During Tang's subsequent invasion of 668, Namgeon led armed resistance to the Chinese forces near the Amnok River and continued to resist the Tang forces all the way to Pyongyang. With Goguryeo's defeat, Namgeon found himself a prisoner of war and was transported to China and later banished to Qianzhou (黔州), in what is today China's Sichuan province, where he apparently died. The tomb steles of Namgeon's siblings Namsaeng and Namsan are extant but offer no particulars regarding the life of Namgeon. Had Namgeon and his brothers united to work together, Goguryeo would have lasted for a much longer period of time, but Silla sent their spies into the brothers' inner circle of advisors to try and create a rift between the brothers.
Popular culture
Portrayed by Ahn Hong-jin in the 2006-2007 KBS TV series Dae Jo Yeong.
Portrayed by Kim Hong-pyo in 2006-2007 SBS TV series Yeon Gaesomun.
See also
Goguryeo
Bojang of Goguryeo
Yeon Gaesomun
Notes
7th-century government officials
7th-century Korean people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeon%20Nam-geon |
Vacallo is a municipality in the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It is the first (or last) village of the Valle di Muggio.
History
Like nearby Chiasso, Vacallo was formerly a suburb of Como, until, along with the rest of Ticino it was then annexed from Italian cities in the 15th century by various Swiss forces in the last transalpine campaigns of the Old Swiss Confederacy. More precisely it was 1416 when it was incorporated in the Pieve of Balerna and given to the Rusca family to manage. In the Helvetic Republic, established 1798, it formed part of the canton of Lugano. The creation of the Swiss Confederation in 1803 saw a merger with neighbouring canton of Bellinzona to form the modern canton of Ticino.
Due to its proximity with the Italian border, Vacallo was a tense place to be during World War II but since then has turned into a sleepy suburb of Chiasso.
In 2007, the three mayors of Chiasso, Vacallo and Morbio Inferiore decided to unite into one commune. In return for losing independence, the commune would have gained access to more services, such as retirement homes in the surrounding areas. The new united commune which would have had a population of approximately 15,300 people over a territory of , was voted against by the population in November 2007.
Geography
Vacallo has an area, , of . Of this area, or 45.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 37.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 45.3% is settled (buildings or roads), or 1.9% is either rivers or lakes and or 2.5% is unproductive land.
Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 31.7% and transportation infrastructure made up 9.9%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 3.1%. Out of the forested land, 32.9% of the total land area is heavily forested and 4.3% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 8.7% is used for growing crops, while 5.0% is used for orchards or vine crops and 31.7% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules an inverted chevron throughout argent between three bunches of grapes or.
Each bunch of grapes symbolises the three parishes or 'frazione' of the commune, including San Simone and Roggiana and Pizzamiglio.
Demographics
Vacallo has a population () of . , 23.2% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 0.2%. Most of the population () speaks Italian language (2,564 or 93.0%), with German being second most common (113 or 4.1%) and French being third (42 or 1.5%). There is 1 people who speak Romansh.
, the gender distribution of the population was 47.8% male and 52.2% female. The population was made up of 1,078 Swiss men (35.9% of the population), and 359 (12.0%) non-Swiss men. There were 1,246 Swiss women (41.5%), and 321 (10.7%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 754 or about 27.3% were born in Vacallo and lived there in 2000. There were 846 or 30.7% who were born in the same canton, while 256 or 9.3% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 882 or 32.0% were born outside of Switzerland.
In there were 20 live births to Swiss citizens and 7 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 15 deaths of Swiss citizens and 3 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 5 while the foreign population increased by 4. There were 3 Swiss women who immigrated back to Switzerland. At the same time, there were 30 non-Swiss men and 14 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 36 and the non-Swiss population change was an increase of 34 people. This represents a population growth rate of 2.4%.
The age distribution, , in Vacallo is; 252 children or 8.4% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 306 teenagers or 10.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 272 people or 9.1% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 411 people or 13.7% are between 30 and 39, 526 people or 17.5% are between 40 and 49, and 380 people or 12.6% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 412 people or 13.7% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 282 people or 9.4% are between 70 and 79, there are 163 people or 5.4% who are over 80.
, there were 1,024 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 1,476 married individuals, 165 widows or widowers and 93 individuals who are divorced.
, there were 1,169 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household. There were 326 households that consist of only one person and 60 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 1,172 households that answered this question, 27.8% were households made up of just one person and 27 were adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 319 married couples without children, 400 married couples with children There were 78 single parents with a child or children. There were 19 households that were made up unrelated people and 3 households that were made some sort of institution or another collective housing.
there were 338 single family homes (or 60.6% of the total) out of a total of 558 inhabited buildings. There were 185 multi-family buildings (33.2%), along with 19 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (3.4%) and 16 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (2.9%). Of the single family homes 10 were built before 1919, while 45 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (105) were built between 1946 and 1960.
there were 1,416 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 469. There were 37 single room apartments and 337 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 1,164 apartments (82.2% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 30 apartments (2.1%) were seasonally occupied and 222 apartments (15.7%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 1.7 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 2.77%.
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Sights
A plaque commemorates the fact that Giacomo Puccini stayed in Vacallo between 1889 and 1892 and composed the second act of Manon Lescaut here.
Other visitors include Ruggero Leoncavallo and the local celebrity Luigi Pagani, also known as Mattirolo or Matiröö. Vacallo is also known for its basketball team, which has won multiple national titles.
Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 25.74% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (24.87%), the SP (18.62%) and the Ticino League (18.02%). In the federal election, a total of 996 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 52.3%.
In the Gran Consiglio election, there were a total of 1,986 registered voters in Vacallo, of which 1,283 or 64.6% voted. 19 blank ballots and 3 null ballots were cast, leaving 1,261 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PPD+GenGiova which received 292 or 23.2% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the PLRT (with 272 or 21.6%), the PS (with 216 or 17.1%) and the SSI (with 204 or 16.2%).
In the Consiglio di Stato election, 18 blank ballots and 7 null ballots were cast, leaving 1,258 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the LEGA which received 279 or 22.2% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the LEGA (with 279 or 22.2%), the PLRT (with 251 or 20.0%) and the PS (with 228 or 18.1%).
Economy
, Vacallo had an unemployment rate of 4.3%. , there were people employed in the primary economic sector and about businesses involved in this sector. 68 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 11 businesses in this sector. 201 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 51 businesses in this sector. There were 1,267 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 40.1% of the workforce.
the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 290. The number of jobs in the primary sector was, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 87, of which 34 or (39.1%) were in manufacturing and 39 (44.8%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 203. In the tertiary sector; 54 or 26.6% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 12 or 5.9% were in the movement and storage of goods, 19 or 9.4% were in a hotel or restaurant, 6 or 3.0% were the insurance or financial industry, 6 or 3.0% were technical professionals or scientists, 18 or 8.9% were in education and 11 or 5.4% were in health care.
, there were 321 workers who commuted into the municipality and 1,066 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 3.3 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 32.7% of the workforce coming into Vacallo are coming from outside Switzerland, while 1.2% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work. Of the working population, 6.9% used public transportation to get to work, and 70.8% used a private car.
, there was one hotel in Vacallo.
Religion
From the , 2,400 or 87.0% were Roman Catholic, while 100 or 3.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 8 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.29% of the population), there were 5 individuals (or about 0.18% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 29 individuals (or about 1.05% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Jewish, and 14 (or about 0.51% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 2 individuals who were Buddhist. 139 (or about 5.04% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 60 individuals (or about 2.18% of the population) did not answer the question.
Education
In Vacallo about 1,169 or (42.4%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 355 or (12.9%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 355 who completed tertiary schooling, 47.9% were Swiss men, 28.5% were Swiss women, 17.7% were non-Swiss men and 5.9% were non-Swiss women.
In Vacallo there were a total of 463 students (). The Ticino education system provides up to three years of non-mandatory kindergarten and in Vacallo there were 84 children in kindergarten. The primary school program lasts for five years and includes both a standard school and a special school. In the municipality, 134 students attended the standard primary schools and 4 students attended the special school. In the lower secondary school system, students either attend a two-year middle school followed by a two-year pre-apprenticeship or they attend a four-year program to prepare for higher education. There were 118 students in the two-year middle school, while 54 students were in the four-year advanced program.
The upper secondary school includes several options, but at the end of the upper secondary program, a student will be prepared to enter a trade or to continue on to a university or college. In Ticino, vocational students may either attend school while working on their internship or apprenticeship (which takes three or four years) or may attend school followed by an internship or apprenticeship (which takes one year as a full-time student or one and a half to two years as a part-time student). There were 29 vocational students who were attending school full-time and 37 who attend part-time.
The professional program lasts three years and prepares a student for a job in engineering, nursing, computer science, business, tourism and similar fields. There were 3 students in the professional program.
, there were 29 students in Vacallo who came from another municipality, while 239 residents attended schools outside the municipality.
Sports
SAV Vacallo Basket in based in Vacallo.
References
External links
Page with some pictures
Primary school
SAV Basket team | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacallo |
Boris Ivanovich Nicolaevsky () (20 October 1887 – 22 February 1966) was a Russian Marxist activist, archivist, and historian. Nicolaevsky is best remembered as one of the leading Menshevik public intellectuals of the 20th century.
Biography
Early years
Boris Nicolaevsky was born on October 20, 1887 N.S. in Belebey, Bashkiria, then part of the Russian empire the oldest of seven children of an Orthodox priest of Greek origin. He became interested in radical politics at the age of 14, for which he was expelled from the Gymnasium (secondary school) in Samara as a "bad political influence." His family then moved to Ufa, where he joined the Bolshevik wing of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, though he switched to the Mensheviks when he was still a youth. He was arrested in 1904, which meant that his schooling ended at 16. Subsequently he was arrested another seven times and sent into Siberian exile three times by the Tsarist government.
Political career
Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Nicolaevsky became the head of the Marx-Engels Institute in Moscow. In 1918, he was elected to the Central Committee of the RSDLP (Mensheviks). As an active Menshevik, Nicolaevsky was arrested by the Soviet secret police on 22 February 1921 and in 1922 was sentenced to be deported from Soviet Russia indefinitely. He was stripped of his Soviet citizenship in February 1932, for criticising the forced collectivisation of agriculture and the dictatorship.
Nicolaevsky settled in Berlin, where he was a member of the Foreign Delegation of the Menshevik party, and established himself as one of the leading historians of Soviet communism. He was associated with the Marx-Engels Institute there, before becoming the director of the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam, repository of the archives of the Socialist International.
Many individuals of all political complexions confided their archival treasures to him.
In June 1933, Nicolaevsky moved to Paris, to avoid living under Nazi rule. In March 1936, he had several long meetings with Nikolai Bukharin, who had been sent by Joseph Stalin to negotiate the purchase original manuscripts by Karl Marx, which Nicolaevsky had smuggled out of Germany. Their conversations stretched through two months, and formed the basis of Nicolaevsky's Letter of an Old Bolshevik, which Bukharin's biographer described as "a remarkable document and the source of much of our knowledge about Soviet politics in the thirties". But years later, Bukharin's widow, who was with her husband in Paris, denounced the Letter as a "fraud", and denied that Bukharin had ever spoke to Nicolaevsky, except in the presence of witnesses. She was angry because Nicolaevsky had put her husband in danger. When Bukharin was on trial in March 1938, he was forced to confess that he had conducted "counter-revolutionary conversations" with Nicolaevsky. The negotiations failed because Stalin refused to accept the price demanded by Nicolaevsky.
Early in November 1936, Leon Trotsky's son, Lev Sedov and a collaborator named Mark Zborowski, aka 'Etienne', handed over a batch of Trotsky's papers to Nicolaevsky, to be stored at his premises at 7, rue Michelet, Paris. Less than a week later, burglars broke in and stole the papers, leaving money and valuables untouched. When questioned by the French police, Sedov asserted that the theft must have been carried out by the NKVD. He suspected that Nicolaevsky had accidentally alerted them through careless talk. In fact, Zborowski was later exposed as an NKVD agent.
Nicolaevsky is the author of the book Karl Marx: Man and Fighter, first published in German in 1933. It was translated into English by Otto Mänchen-Helfen and published in 1936. Some subsequent English editions restore the notes, appendices, and bibliography omitted from the first English edition.
Nicolaevsky also wrote "Forced Labour in Soviet Russia", with David Dallin, published in 1948, which was one of the first books to give a truthful and documented account of the scale of the USSR's labour camp system.
His other works included Power and the Soviet Elite and Aseff the Spy. He also wrote an essay "On the History of the Bolshevik Centre" and an unfinished biography of Georgy Malenkov.
Nicolaevsky emigrated to the United States in 1942, where he remained until his death, lecturing at various American universities and serving as the curator of the Hoover Institution Archives. His extensive collection of revolutionary documents is now held by the Hoover Institution Archives in Palo Alto, California.
Family
Nicolaevsky's brother, Vladimir, was married to the sister of Alexei Rykov, who was head of the Soviet government in 1924-30.
Death and legacy
Nicolaevsky died on February 21, 1966, in New York City. He was 78 years old at the time of his death. He was buried at Alta Mesa Cemetery in Palo Alto, California.
Footnotes
Further reading
Ladis K. D. Kristof: Russian Review, Vol. 25, No. 3 (Jul 1966), pp. 324–327. JSTOR link
External links
Boris I. Nicolaevsky Collection at the Hoover Institution Archives
Biography, photo (in Russian)
1887 births
1966 deaths
People from Belebey
People from Ufa Governorate
Mensheviks
Asian democratic socialists
European democratic socialists
Russian anti-communists
Russian Marxist historians
Soviet emigrants to the United States
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
People denaturalized by the Soviet Union
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Germany
Soviet emigrants to Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris%20Nicolaevsky |
In marine engineering, a ship motion test is hydrodynamic test performed with ship models for the purpose of designing a new (full sized) ship, or refining the design of a ship to improve its performance at sea. Tests are carried out in a ship model basin or "towing tank". There are various types of test: the model may be towed along a straight line or circular path, and may be subjected to oscillations. Forces acting on the vessel are measured using a dynamometer. The tests may be evaluating the overall design, or focusing on the characteristics of a propeller.
Straight line test
The velocity-dependent derivatives Yv and Nv of the ship at any draft and trim can be determined from the model test carried in the towing tank. The model is towed with a constant velocity corresponding to a given ship Froude number at various angles of attack, β. A dynamometer at the origin O, measures the force Y and the moment N experienced by the model at each value of β. The dimensional ship values of the derivatives can then be obtained by multiplying the non-dimensional derivatives by the same respective combinations of ship length, ship speed and sea water density.
It can also be used to determine the cross-coupling effects of v on Yδ and Nδ and of δR on Yv and Nv.
Rotating-arm technique
The Rotating Arm facility measures the rotary derivatives Yr and Nr on the model, in a special type of towing tank and apparatus called a rotating-arm facility. In this facility, an angular velocity is imposed on the model by fixing it to the end of a radial arm and rotating the arm about a vertical axis fixed in the tank. The model is oriented with its x-axis and z-axis normal to the radial arm and it is attached to the arm preferably at the model’s midlength. As a result of the particular orientation, as the model revolves about the tank axis, rotates at the rate r while its transverse velocity component v is at all times zero (yaw angle of attack β=0), and its axial velocity component u1 is identical to its linear speed. The model is rotated at a constant linear speed at various radii R, and the dynamometer measures the force Y and the moment N acting on the model. The derivatives Yr and Nr are obtained by evaluating the slopes at r=0.
The rotating arm facility can also be used to determine Yv and Nv as well as Yr and Nr. By cross plotting the values of Yv and Nv obtained at each r-value against r, the values of Yv and Nv at r=0 can be obtained.
Planar motion mechanism
The Planar motion mechanism (PMM) can be used instead of Rotating Arm Test where towing tank facilities are longer and narrower. It can measure velocity dependent derivatives Yv and Nv, the rotary derivatives Yr and Nr as well as the acceleration derivatives Yύ and N ύ.
The PMM consists of two oscillators, one of which produces a transverse oscillation at the bow and the other a transverse oscillation at the stern while the model moves down the towing tank at the constant velocity as measured along the centerline of the towing tank.
The DTMB Planar-Motion-Mechanism System was conceived and
developed jointly by the Author and Mr. Alex Goodman, both members
of the staff of the Hydromechanics Laboratory of the David Taylor Model
Basin. Patent proceedings have been initiated in behalf of the United
States Navy Department with the names of Messers. Gertler and
Goodman as originators of the system. The originators wish to express
their gratitude to the many members of the Industrial Department of
the Model Basin whose contributions and efforts in the design and construction
of components made the ultimate system possible. Particula:
thanks are due to Messers. M. W. Wilson, J. E. Stern, T. G. Singleton,
G. J. Norman, 3. W. Day, P. P. Day, C. W. Scott, 3. G. Tisdale,
R. G. Hellyer, and E. J. Mosher, all of the Industrial Department.
40
Propeller test
Open-water test
It is carried out to determine the open water characteristics of a propeller. A geometrically similar model is produced with the model-prototype correlation.
The model propeller is attached to a propeller dynamometer fitted in an open water boat.
The dynamometer measures the thrust and torque of the propeller. The propeller shaft extends a sufficient length forward from the boat to ensure that the flow around the propeller is not disturbed by the boat.
The test is conducted by towing the open water boat at a steady speed while running the propeller at a constant revolution rate. The speed of the boat (speed of advance VA), and the revolution rate n, thrust T and torque Q of the propeller are measured in each run.
The speed of advance is varied in steps from zero to the value at which the propeller thrust just becomes negative.
The open water characteristics of the model propeller can be easily calculated from the measured values of VA and n, and the corrected values T and Q.
Performance prediction method
Some of the formulations given by the ITTC 1978 for the performance prediction method are as follows:
VRM2 = VAM2 + (0.75π nM DM) 2
RncM = VRM cM / υM
KTS = KTM - ΔKT
KQS = KQM – ΔKQ
Where,
VRM = resultant velocity of the blade section at 0.75R
VAM = speed of advance of the model propeller
nM = revolution rate of the model propeller
DM = model propeller diameter
RncM = Reynolds number of the model propeller
cM = expanded blade width of the section at 0.75R of the model propeller
υM = Kinematic viscosity of the water for model
KTM, KTS = thrust coefficient of the model and ship propeller respectively
KQM, KQS = torque coefficient of the model and ship propeller respectively
See also
References
External links
Automation for the Maritime Industries
Practical Ship Hydrodynamics
Ship design | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship%20motion%20test |
Cerball mac Muirecáin (died 909) was king of Leinster. He was the son of Muirecán mac Diarmata and a member of the Uí Fáeláin, the descendants of Fáelán mac Murchado (died 738), of one of three septs of the Uí Dúnlainge of modern County Kildare in Ireland.
Cerball succeeded his distant cousin Muiredach mac Brain of the Uí Dúnchada sept as king of Leinster on Muiredach's death in 885. Unlike Muiredach, who was lay abbot of Kildare as well as king, Cerball appears to have been king only as one Lergus son of Cruinnén, bishop of Kildare, was killed in the battle of the Pilgrim, fought by Flann Sinna, the High King of Ireland, against the Vikings of Dublin in 888. That same year, the neighbouring king of Osraige Cerball mac Dúnlainge, who had repeatedly attacked Leinster over the previous decades in an attempt to make it subject to him, died.
The Annals of Ulster contain relatively few reports of Cerball's reign. In 902 they state that he, together with Máel Finnia mac Flannacain of Brega lead an expedition to Dublin which drove the "foreigners", the Vikings and Norse-Gaels, from Ireland. He fought alongside Flann (whose daughter Gormflaith ingen Flann Sinna he married), against the men of Munster at the Battle of Bellaghmoon (near Castledermot) where Cormac mac Cuilennáin, King of Munster and Bishop of Cashel, was killed.
Cerball died in 909, when the Annals of Ulster report:Cerball son of Muirecán, an excellent king of the Laigin, died of a sickness. Given the biases of the Annals of Ulster, it is understood that Cerball had been a reliable ally of his father-in-law Flann Sinna. He was memorialised in a poem by his poet, Dallán mac Móre.
After Cerball's death, Gormflaith married Niall Glúndub. Later traditions had it that she had wished to marry Cormac mac Cuilennáin, but that he had taken vows of celibacy, so for reasons of state she was married to the brutal Cerball, before finding a short period of happiness with Niall, who died in battle in 917. These tales appear to be largely poetic invention.
Cerball was succeeded by his distant cousin Augaire mac Ailella of the Uí Muiredaig sept. He himself had no recorded issue.
References
Byrne, Francis John, Irish Kings and High-Kings. Batsford, London, 1973.
Herbert, Máire, "Ri Éirenn, Ri Alban: kingship and identity in the ninth and tenth centuries" in Simon Taylor (ed.), Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500–1297. Four Courts, Dublin, 2000.
External links
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork The Corpus of Electronic Texts includes the Annals of Ulster and the Four Masters, the Chronicon Scotorum and the Book of Leinster as well as Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in progress
9th-century births
909 deaths
Kings of Leinster
Kings of Uí Dúnlainge
9th-century Irish monarchs
People from County Kildare
10th-century kings of Leinster | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerball%20mac%20Muirec%C3%A1in |
The Most Exciting Organ Ever is the second album by Billy Preston. The fully instrumental album was released in 1965, several weeks before Preston's nineteenth birthday, at a time when he was a regular performer on the ABC TV pop music series Shindig! The album includes "Billy's Bag", which was a favorite among British musicians and club-goers at the time. Preston included a live version of the track on his 1974 album Live European Tour.
Extra songs recorded during the sessions for The Most Exciting Organ Ever were released on Preston's next studio album.
Track listing
All songs by Billy Preston, except where noted.
"If I Had a Hammer" (Lee Hays, Pete Seeger) – 2:54
"Low Down" – 2:13
"Slippin' and Slidin'" (Richard Penniman, Edwin Bocage, Al Collins, James Smith) – 3:06
"Drown in My Own Tears" (Henry Glover) – 3:24
"I Am Coming Through" – 2:04
"The Octopus" – 2:13
"Don't Let the Sun Catch You Cryin'" (Joe Greene) – 2:30
"Soul Meetin'" (Don Covay) – 2:42
"Let Me Know" (Ted Wright) – 2:05
"Billy's Bag" – 3:48
"The Masquerade Is Over" (Herbert Magidson, Allie Wrubel) – 4:20
"Steady Gettin' It" – 2:50
References
Billy Preston albums
Vee-Jay Records albums
1965 debut albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Most%20Exciting%20Organ%20Ever |
Transmission is the fourth album recorded by the Canadian band The Tea Party, released in 1997. The band expanded on the mix of rock, blues and world music found in their previous albums by adding electronic instruments and recording techniques to their repertoire.
While still using several exotic instruments and maintaining the "eastern" influence in the recording, many songs also include samples, sequencers and loops alongside the traditional acoustic instruments. The result is a harder, industrial sound. The album makes lyrical references to the afterlife ("Psychopomp"), the dystopian works of Aldous Huxley, George Orwell, Yevgeny Zamyatin ("Army Ants") and Giovanni Piranesi's 'Imaginary Prisons' ("Alarum").
Transmission continued to build on the momentum generated by The Edges of Twilight, reaching #3 on the Canadian album chart, double platinum status in Canada and receiving a 1998 Juno nomination for "Blockbuster Rock Album of the Year". An edited version of the song "Temptation", as well as an instrumental version of "Babylon", can be found on the PlayStation game Road Rash 3D, from the same year.
Track listing
Hidden tracks
Transmission contains two hidden pieces of music, both hidden in the pregap:
An untitled piece consisting solely of electronically processed voices and sounds is located between tracks 6 and 7, lasting approximately 15 seconds
An instrumental piece entitled "Embryo", lasting approximately 2 minutes, can be found between tracks 8 and 9
Personnel
Production
Produced and recorded by: Jeff Martin
Recording assistants: Don Hachey and Lee Moro
Recorded at: Alkemical Studios (Montreal), NRG Studios (Los Angeles), Le Studio (Morin Heights)
Mixed by: Jeff Martin
Tracks 2, 3, and 6 mixed by: Jeff Martin and Adam Kasper
Mixed at: NRG Studios (Los Angeles), Studio Morin Heights (Morin Heights)
Mastered by: Bob Ludwig
Mastered at: Gateway Mastering (Portland)
Assistants: Don Hachey, Brian Virtue and Robert Carranza
Design
Cover painting: "The Earth We Inherit" by Stuart Chatwood
Concept: Stuart Chatwood and James St. Laurent
Art design: Verve Graphic Design Consultants Inc.
Charts and sales
Sales
20th anniversary tour
In 2017 The Tea Party celebrated the 20th anniversary of Transmission with a world tour and release of a remix EP. The 20 Years of Transmission Tour was promoted on social media through hashtag #tx20. From February 2017 to April 2017 the band played 33 shows across Canada, Buffalo, NY and along the US west coast. Six additional concerts were played in Australia October 27 through November 10, 2017. The Tea Party played Transmission in full, including songs never before played live, then after a break they performed a second set of the band's hit songs." Fans purchasing a concert VIP package could also receive a special limited edition Transmission coffee table book containing a photo essay compiled by band member Stuart Chatwood that covered the album's release period.
Tx 20
Tx 20 is a studio EP by The Tea Party containing four reworked modern versions of songs from Transmission. Preceding the Australian leg of the 20th anniversary world tour, the digital-only release first appeared on Spotify in the Australia region on October 19, 2017. October 27 it was made available worldwide on streaming music services as well as lossless audio and MP3 digital downloads from the band's web site.
Track listing
References
1997 albums
The Tea Party albums
Industrial rock albums
Albums recorded at Le Studio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission%20%28The%20Tea%20Party%20album%29 |
Quetzal is a group of colourful birds of the trogon family found in the Americas.
Quetzal (sometimes spelled quezal) may also refer to:
Resplendent quetzal, the best-known species
The Resplendent Quetzal, a 1977 short-story by Margaret Atwood
Quetzal, a character on the Dragon Tales animated series
Quetzal (band), a music band from East Los Angeles
Quetzal file format, a computer file format
The Quetzal, a fictional species of half-creatures featured in The Echorium Sequence
Guatemalan quetzal, the currency of Guatemala
Puerto Quetzal, Guatemala's largest Pacific Ocean port
Quantal Quetzal, a release of Ubuntu, a Linux operating system
Quetzalcoatl, an indigenous Central Mexican creator deity
Topiltzin Ce Acatl Quetzalcoatl, 10th century Toltec leader and mythologised figure
El Quetzal, a municipality in the San Marcos department of Guatemala
Quetzal Guerrero, American-born, Latin soul singer
, species of plant
, species of arachnid | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetzal%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Charles Anthony D'Ambrosio, Jr (born 1958) is an American short story writer and essayist.
Life
The son of Charles D'Ambrosio, Sr (1932-2011), a professor of finance at the University of Washington, D'Ambrosio grew up with two brothers and four sisters in Seattle, Washington. He attended Oberlin College and graduated from the Iowa Writers Workshop, where he is currently on faculty. Previously, D'Ambrosio was on the faculty of Portland State University's MFA Program in Creative Writing, and has also been a visiting instructor at the Tin House Summer Writers Workshop and the Warren Wilson MFA Program for Writers. In 2005 he married writer and musician Heather Larimer; the two divorced in 2008.
D'Ambrosio is the author of two collections of short stories, The Point (1995) and The Dead Fish Museum (2006). He has also published a collection of essays Orphans (2005). His writings have appeared in The New Yorker, The Stranger (newspaper), The Paris Review, Zoetrope All-Story, and A Public Space. His newest book, Loitering is a collection of essays from Tin House Books.
Little Brown published D'Ambrosio's first short story collection, The Point in 1995. The collection was a finalist for the Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award and was a New York Times Notable Book of the Year.
Orphans, a collection of essays, was published in 2005 by Clear Cut Press. The book, which gained something of a cult status, sold out of its small-print run and was never reprinted. Ten years after his first collection, The Point, Knopf published his second book of fiction, The Dead Fish Museum. Six of the eight stories in the collection were originally published in The New Yorker. The book was a finalist for the PEN/Faulkner Award. In October 2006, D'Ambrosio was awarded the prestigious Whiting Award. Among other honors, he has received an Academy Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, a Lannan Foundation Fellowship, and is presently a USA Rasmuson Fellow. The Rasmuson Fellowship earned him a $50,000 grant from United States Artists, a relatively new organization that supports and promotes the work of American artists in a variety of disciplines.
The Dead Fish Museum won the 2007 Washington State Book Award for Fiction.
Works
Short story collections
The Point (1995)
The Point, originally published in The New Yorker, 1990-10-01.
Her Real Name, originally published in The Barcelona Review, Spring 1993.
American Bullfrog
Jacinta, originally published in Story
All Aboard, originally published in The Cimarron Review
Lyricism, originally published in Story (as A Christmas Carol)
Open House, originally published in The Paris Review, Winter 1994.
The Dead Fish Museum (2006)
The High Divide, originally published in The New Yorker, 2003-02-03.
Drummond & Son, originally published in The New Yorker, 2002-10-07.
Screenwriter, originally published in The New Yorker, 2003-12-08.
Up North, originally published in The New Yorker, 2005-02-14.
The Scheme of Things, originally published in The New Yorker, 2004-10-11.
The Dead Fish Museum, originally published in A Public Space, Spring 2005.
Blessing, originally published in Zoetrope: All-Story, Winter 2005.
The Bone Game, originally published in The New Yorker, 2006-03-06.
Essay collections
Orphans (2005)
Documents, originally published in The New Yorker, 2002-06-17.
Loitering (2014)
Uncollected short stories and essays
The Allegorical Tourist: Jonathan Raban Straddles a Sea and Its Meanings, published in The Stranger, 1999-12-09.
Train in Vain, published in The New Yorker, 2004-06-14.
Summer of '42, published in The New Yorker, 2007-06-11.
Reviews
...in the last few years, writers in this book review have lamented the decline of slice-of-life realism, pronouncing it dead at least once. But pronouncing things dead is the job of critics, and the truth is that understated realism remains a robust tradition, as evidenced by the work of, among others, Charles D'Ambrosio, whose stories frequently appear in The New Yorker. Eleven years after the publication of his first book, "The Point," and one year after his book of essays, "Orphans," along comes "The Dead Fish Museum," which largely traverses the same Carveresque territory staked out in his debut: the charged relationships between fathers and sons, drifters and workers, in the outskirts of the American Northwest.
References
External links
Profile at The Whiting Foundation
Audio reading of "Screenwriter", Narrative Magazine (Spring 2009).
Interview at Powells.com. Accessed 3 July 2006.
Excerpt from "The Dead Fish Museum A Public Space, April, 2006.
Rasmuson 2007 Fellows
United States Artists arts advocacy organization.
Interview with D'Ambrosio from The Quarterly Conversation.
"Tribute to Philip Roth", ID 204924-1, C-SPAN
Fiction Writers Review Stories We Love: "The Point" by Charles D'Ambrosio
1968 births
Living people
21st-century American essayists
American short story writers
Oberlin College alumni
Iowa Writers' Workshop alumni
Iowa Writers' Workshop faculty
Writers from Portland, Oregon
Place of birth missing (living people)
PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20D%27Ambrosio |
The Challenge Index is a method for the statistical ranking of top public and private high schools in the United States, created by The Washington Post columnist Jay Mathews. It is also the only statistical ranking system for both public and private high schools. The ranking is determined by the extent of availability of the Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate Programs in the school's curriculum and the number of graduating seniors.
For each school, the study tallies the total number of AP and IB exams that are taken that year in the school. This sum is divided by the number of students graduating in that same year. This ratio is the Challenge Index. Not incorporated with the study are any school that accepts over 50% of its students via a placement test or other type of admission criterion. The study effectively demonstrates the public schools with the greatest opportunity for all students to challenge themselves with college-level courses.
However, critics argue that this ranking system does a disservice by not taking into consideration the actual performance of the student exams, but merely the number of exams taken. Administrators of the study acknowledge that the system is "not a measurement of the overall quality of the school but illuminates one factor that many educators consider important."
The validity of the Challenge Index has been strongly criticized by education analysts Andrew J. Rotherham and Sara Mead of Education Sector in Washington, DC. Their 2006 paper, "Challenged Index" showed how many schools that are among the top 100 nationally, according to Newsweek, actually have high dropout rates and wide gaps in achievement separating students by race and income. A summary of their argument appeared in The Washington Post and Jay Mathews responded.
The editors, primarily Jay Mathews, defend their ratings by citing recent studies by U.S. Department of Education senior researcher Clifford Adelman. In 1999 and 2005, Adelman showed that the best predictor of college graduation was not good high-school grades or test scores, but whether or not a student had an intense academic experience in high school. The demands of higher level, college-type courses in high school would, according to Newsweek, provide that experience. The editors are critical of some other indices of school excellence, such as U.S. News & World Report “America’s Best Colleges”, as including too many factors, and of American high schools in general since only 5% of all US high schools make the Newsweek list by having at least 1 AP or IB test score per each graduating senior.
Tabulated results of the Challenge Index are published for Washington area high schools in The Washington Post annually. Newsweek also publishes nationwide results each year.
References
External links
The Washington Post's coverage of the 2005 Challenge Index
2005 table of 1000 top schools nationwide The Washington Post
Educational assessment and evaluation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge%20Index |
This is a list of islands of Romania.
Balta Ialomiței
Insula Ada Kaleh
Insula Ceaplace
Insula Golu
Insula Mare a Brăilei
Insula Mică a Brăilei
Insula Moldova Veche
Insula Popina
Insula Sacalinu Mic
Insula Sacalinu Mare
Insula Şimian
Insula Belina
Insula Cighineaua
Insula Ciobanu
Insula K
Ostrovul Calinovăţ
Ostrovul Moldova Veche
Ostrovul Braniştei
Ostrovul Gârla Mare
Ostrovul Chichinete
Ostrovu Mare
Ostrovu Acalia
Ostrovu Pietriş
Ostrovu Vană
Ostrovu Gâtanului
Ostrovu Copaniţa
Ostrovu Păpădiei
Ostrovu Băloiu
Ostrovul Calnovăţ with Ostrovul Mare, Islaz
Ostrovu Mic
Ostrovu Dinu
Ostrovu Urucu
Ostrovu Cioroiu
Ostrovu Mocanului
Ostrovu Elena
Ostrovul Ciocăneşti
Ostrovu Fermecat
Ostrovu Lung
Ostrovu Găzarului
Ostrovu Nou
Ostrovu Alionte
Ostrovu Balaban
Ostrovu Ruptura
Ostrovu Gâştei
Insula Vărsăturii
Ostrovul Crăcănel
Ostrovu Orbului
Iezeru Popii
Insula Calia
Insula Fundul Mare
Insula Arapului
Ostrovu Tătaru
Ostrovul Cernovca
Ostrovu Babina
Former islands
Ada Kaleh
Haţeg Island
Sacalinu Mic Island
Sacalinu Mare Island
See also
List of islands
Romania, List of islands of
Islands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20islands%20of%20Romania |
The Four Branches of the Mabinogi or are the earliest prose stories in the literature of Britain. Originally written in Wales in Middle Welsh, but widely available in translations, the is generally agreed to be a single work in four parts, or "branches." The interrelated tales can be read as mythology, political themes, romances, or magical fantasies. They appeal to a wide range of readers, from young children to the most sophisticated adult. The tales are popular today in book format, as storytelling or theatre performances; they appear in recordings and on film, and continue to inspire many reinterpretations in artwork and modern fiction.
Overview
The are known as the Four Branches of the , or in Welsh. The tales were compiled from oral tradition in the 11th century. They survived in private family libraries via medieval manuscripts, of which two main versions and some fragments continue to survive today. Early modern scholarship of the saw the tales as a garbled Welsh mythology which prompted attempts to salvage or reconstruct them. Since the 1970s the tales have become recognised as a complex secular literature, though rooted in and containing elements of Welsh Mythology, with powerfully explored characters, political, ethical and gendered themes, as well as imaginative fantasies. The style of writing is admired for its deceptive simplicity and controlled wordpower, as well as intricate doublets where mirrorings have been compared to Celtic knotwork. The world displayed within the extends across Wales, to Ireland, and into England. It presents a legendary Britain as a united land under a king, yet with powerful separate princedoms, where native Welsh law, (magic), and romance, combine in a unique synergy. Possible authors who have been proposed for the Four Branches include and .
Each Branch contains several tale episodes in a sequence, and each Branch is titled with the name of a leading protagonist. These titles are and , but this is a modern custom; the Branches are not titled in the mediaeval manuscripts. Only one character appears in all four Branches, , though he is never dominant or central to any of the Branches.
Prince of tells of the heroic and magical sojourn of in , his shapeshifting, chastity and a duel, which all establish a mighty alliance. The formidable courts him, and he helps her win her freedom to marry him. The strange abduction at birth of their baby son follows, with his rescue, fostering and restoration by the good lord of the Kingdom of Gwent. The child is named .
Daughter of follows 's marriage to the King of Ireland, who abuses her due to insult by her half brother, . A tragically genocidal war develops fomented by , in which a Cauldron which resurrects the dead figures, and the giant king Bran's head survives his death in an enchanted idyll. is merely named as a war survivor, and dies, heartbroken.
Son of brother of , heir to the throne of Britain, becomes 's good friend during the war. arranges his friend's marriage to . The land of is devastated. Journeys in England setting up craft businesses follow. An enchanted trap removes and becomes a farmer. He cannily negotiates their release, as well as the restoration of the land, by confronting the villain behind it all.
Son of is a dark sequence of deception and treachery: war with , the death of , the double rape of a virgin girl, and the rejection of an unwanted hero son by proud her magician brother is the architect of all these destinies. He adds an artificially incubated pregnancy, and a synthetic woman. She, , creates a treacherous love triangle, murder in a peculiar manner. makes a shamanic journey of redemption.
The Branches
First branch: , Prince of
, " Prince of ", hunting on his own land, meets the shining or "Hounds of ", and takes another man's kill, a stag, for himself. , the king of , is greatly offended. As recompense, switches bodies with and dwells in to vanquish 's adversary. chastely shares the queen's bed for a year. defeats 's enemy , and is then rewarded with an alliance between his land of , and then returns home to where he finds it has been well ruled by in the past year.
Next, encounters , a beautiful and powerful maiden on a shining magical horse. They are strangely unreachable by anyone, for as they attempt to approach, and her horse get further away. Finally, they ask her to stop in which she complies and it is revealed that has chosen as her husband, which he welcomes. On and 's wedding day in the court of appears in disguise and tricks into giving him the entire wedding feast and then guides through a cunning strategy using her magic bag which can never be filled, to extricate her from her betrothal to the princely is trapped in the bag and beaten by 's men until he agrees to 's terms, including foregoing vengeance.
eventually bears a son and heir, but the child disappears the night he is born. 's maids, in fear of their lives, accuse her of killing and eating her own baby. negotiates a penalty where she must sit at the castle gate every day for seven years telling her terrible tale to strangers and offer them a ride on her back. Meanwhile, the child is rescued from its monstrous abductor by . He and his wife adopt the boy who grows heroically apace, and adores horses. They called him ( 'Golden Hair', ). sees the boy's resemblance to , so he restores the boy to for a happy ending. is vindicated as is 's loyalty to her. Their son is renamed "Loss", as is custom from his mother's first words to him: puns on anxiety and labour. In due course, inherits the rule of .
Second Branch: , Daughter of
In the second branch, , sister of Brân the Blessed, king of Britain, is requested by and given in marriage to , king of Ireland. 's half-brother , angered that no one consulted him, insults by mutilating all his valuable horses so horribly they become useless. the Blessed gives compensation in the form of new horses and treasure, then added a magical cauldron () which can restore the dead to life, although the revived persons will always remain unable to speak. The legend of this cauldron, when the two kings compare its lore, is that it came from Ireland.
In Ireland, and have a son, . The Irish nobles continue to be hostile because of what did. allows them to sway him, and casts away to serf in the kitchens, struck on the face every day by a low-caste butcher. trains a starling to take a message to across the Irish Sea. He musters his host and crosses the sea to war on is so huge he wades across with his ships beside him. persuades the Irish to sue for peace by building a colossal building to house , which he has never had before.
The Irish hide two hundred warriors in the house, hanging in bags on its pillars. shrewdly suspects treachery and disbelieves the Irish story these are bags of flour. He crushes the skull of each hidden warrior, singing after he does it. Later, at the feast, deliberately seeks to create discord. He throws his infant nephew on the fire and kills him. Fighting breaks out and the Irish use the Cauldron to revive their dead. hides among the corpses to get in the Cauldron, stretches and cracks it, dying as he does so.
The war had become a genocide. Five pregnant women survive to repopulate Ireland. Only Seven Survivors remained of the British host, besides . One is 's other brother, and his good friend , mortally wounded by a poisoned spear, bids the survivors to cut off his head, and take it to bury at the White Tower in London. He prophesies his head will be their good companion and advise them, while they will sojourn for many years of idyllic feasting, first at in , then on the isle of in . But on arriving back in Britain, dies of grief for the many who have died.
means 'raven'; means 'white raven'; and means 'trouble, strife'.
Third Branch: , son of
of returns from the Irish War as one of its few survivors, to reunite with his mother , and his wife . He brings with him his beloved war comrade, , the heir to the kingship of all Britain. But 's rights as heir to Britain have been usurped by , and he does not want more war. establishes him as the lord of , including marriage to , a union which both partners welcome. The four of them, and her new husband , become very good friends indeed, and travel the land of admiring how bountiful it is.
Together they sit the , as once did. A clap of thunder, a bright light, and magical mist descend. Afterwards the land is devastated of all other life except wild animals. The four live by hunting, but after two years they want more, so they travel to England. In three towns in turn they craft saddles, shields and shoes of such quality that the local craftsmen cannot compete, so their envy becomes dangerous. dislikes the lower class way of life, and stops him from fighting their enemies. Instead insists on moving away. After three attempts like this, they return to .
Once more living as hunters and follow a shining white boar to a strange castle. , against 's advice, follows his hounds inside to become trapped there by a golden bowl. waits, then reports to who rebukes his failure to rescue his friend. But when she follows her son she too becomes trapped. Alone with reassures her he will respect her virtue. After another attempt in England as shoemakers, the pair return to , and farms three fields of wheat next to . But his first field's harvest is cut down by thieves, and his second. He sits vigil at night, and sees a horde of mice eating the ripe corn. He catches a slow, fat one. Against 's protest he sets up a miniature gibbet to hang it as a thief.
A scholar, a priest and a bishop in turn offer him money if he will spare the mouse which he refuses. When asked what he wants for the mouse's life he first demands an explanation. The bishop tells him he is , friend of the wronged , the mouse is 's shapeshiften wife, and the devastation of is to avenge bargains to release of and , and the lifting of the curse on .
Fourth Branch: , son of
in North Wales is ruled by the magician king , whose feet must be held by a virgin at all times except while he is at war. 's nephew is infatuated with , the royal maiden foot-holder, so 's brother plots to aid him. He deceives of with magical sham gifts of horses and dogs, in exchange for 's valuable swine, a gift from makes war in revenge, so leaves without his protection. and rape her, and kills in single combat. marries in compensation for her rape. He punishes the two brothers by shapeshifting them into animal pairs who must mate and bear young; first deer, then boars, then wolves. The sons they bear become 's foster sons, and after three years the brothers are reconciled with .
suggests his sister as the new footholder. magically tests her virginity requiring her to step over his wand. She immediately gives birth to a son, , who takes to the sea. She also drops a scrap of life which scoops up and incubates in a chest by his bed. is deeply shamed and angered so she utterly rejects the boy. She swears a doom upon him that he cannot have a name, nor warrior arms, unless she gives them to him. tricks her into naming the boy (Bright Skillful Hand) by speaking to him, not knowing who he is as he is shapeshifted. More shapeshifting fakes a military attack so gives them arms - dressing and arming herself.
's third curse is may not marry a human woman. and construct a beautiful wife for him from oak blossom, broom flowers, and meadowsweet, naming her (Flower Face). But and fall deeply in love. tells her to find out the secret of 's protected life, which she does in the trust of her marriage bed. She begs to explain so she can know how to protect him. The method is complicated, taking a year of almost impossible effort but completes it and falls to his spear, transforms into an eagle and departs. and then live together.
pursues a quest to find , who far away in eagle form perches up a tree, dying. tracks a sow which he finds eating maggots falling from 's rotting body. sings a magical (poem) gradually bringing back to humanity. offers to compensate ; but insists on returning the blow as it was struck against him. is cowardly and attempts to evade it using a stone shield. kills with his spear, which pierces him through the stone. punishes by transforming her into an owl, a pariah among birds.
See also
Mabinogion, a larger collection of British/Welsh medieval literary tales
Resources
Introductory
ONLINE - FREE translation in English, a page for each Branch, by Will Parker. Includes footnotes.
BOOK John Bollard's edition in English, 'Legend and Landscape of Wales: The Mabinogi' 2007. Illustrated with photographs of the sites in the tales. (See Translations)
BOOK Sioned Davies translation 'The Mabinogion' 2008. (See Translations)
VIDEO Cybi. (1996) The Mabinogion. Partly free on YouTube, fuller version of the retelling on DVD, by Cybi the laughing monk. Valley Stream.
RECORDING Jones, Colin. 2008. “Mabinogion, the Four Branches.” Recordings of the Guest text, with background music. The first episode is free on the site.
Ifor Williams, 'Pedeir Keinc y Mabinogi, Allan o Lyfr Gwyn Rhydderch' 1930, 1951. In Welsh. Scanned at online.
Tales from the Mabinogion, trans. Gwyn Thomas. Illustrated by Margaret Jones. 2006.
Key Resources for Study
Morgain, Shan. (2013) The Mabinogi Bibliography. Comprehensive annotated bibliography, searchable on tags; can derive citations. Includes much material on the wider Mabinogion, and some background context e.g. history, language.
Parker, Will. (2002) “Bibliographic Essay. The Four Branches of the Mabinogi, A Medieval Celtic Text; English Language Scholarship 1795-1997.” Mabinogi.net. A survey of Mabinogi scholarship from the 19thC to the end of the 20thC.
Parker, Will. (2003) Annotated translation of the Four Branches. Mabinogi.net. Translations made for his book (Parker, Will. (2005) The Four Branches of the Mabinogi. Dublin: Bardic Press. See www.mabinogi.net for Parker's articles.
Welsh sources
For the Welsh text in Middle Welsh spelling see Williams, Ifor. (1930, 1951). Pedeir Keinc y Mabinogi. Allan o Lyfr Gwyn Rhydderch. CUP. Classic text for modern students, and Welsh speakers, based on all the surviving MSS. This was the first modern use of the title Pedair Keinc y Mabinogi.
For the Welsh text in modernised spelling see J. M. Edwards, Mabinogion (o Lyfr Coch Hergest): Pwyll, Pendefig Dyfed, Branwen Ferch Llyr, Manawyddan fab Llyr, Math fab Mathonwy (Wrecsam: Hughes A'i Fab, 1921)
The Four Branches are edited individually in Middle Welsh with English glossary and notes as follows:
First Branch: R. L. Thomson, Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1957.
Second Branch: D. S. Thomson, Branwen Uerch Lyr. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1976.
Third Branch: Patrick K. Ford, Manawydan uab Llyr. Belmont, Mass.: Ford and Bailie, 2000.
Fourth Branch: Patrick K. Ford, Math uab Mathonwy. Belmont, Mass.: Ford and Bailie, 1999.
For the Middle Welsh text closely copied from the mediaeval manuscripts (diplomatic editions) see: Rhys, John; and Evans, John Gwenogvryn. 1907,1973, 2010. The White Book of the Mabinogion: Welsh Tales and Romances Reproduced from the Peniarth Manuscripts. Series of Welsh Texts 7. Pwllheli. Also Evans transcript of the Llyfr Coch 1887.
The three mediaeval manuscripts which have survived into modern times, were scribed in the 13th and 14th centuries, later than the compilation period of the work in the 11th century. The text in all three does not greatly differ, but it is thought that they are not copies of each other, but of lost earlier originals. The oldest is only a fragment; Peniarth 6, c. 1225; containing parts of the Second and Third Branches. The other two are named by the colour of their covers: LLyfr Gwyn ("White Book") and Llyfr Coch ("Red Book").
The oldest complete version is the "White Book of Rhydderch" (Llyfr Gwyn Rhydderch), one of the Peniarth Manuscripts. It was scribed c. 1350 by five different writers, probably commissioned by Ieuan ab Rhydderch ab Ieuan Llwyd near Ceredigion. It was then copied and studied by various Welsh scholars. About 1658, it was acquired by the antiquary Robert Vaughan and preserved in his famous library of Hengwrt near Dolgellau, Gwynedd. In 1859 it was passed to the Peniarth library by William Watkin Edward Wynne. Finally, John Williams presented it to the National Library of Wales in 1904, where it can be viewed today in two volumes.
The second complete version which has survived is the "Red Book of Hergest" (Llyfr Coch Hergest). The scribing was c. 1382–1410, in a time of unrest culminating in Owain Glyndŵr's uprising. The scribe has been identified as Hywel Fychan fab Hywel Goch of Buellt, who worked for Hopcyn ap Tomas ab Einion (fl. 1337–1408) near Swansea. The Hopcyn library changed hands due to war and politics several times, with owners including the Vaughans of Hergest. The MS. wandered on, sometimes slightly dubiously via 'borrowing'. Edward Lhuyd is one of many who copied it to study. In 1701 it was donated to Jesus College Oxford where it remains today. Here it was copied by the young Ioan Tegid when a student at University of Oxford c. 1815-17 for Charles Bosanquet. Later Tegid, as a senior bard and scholar, assisted Lady Charlotte Guest in her bilingual publication series, The Mabinogion, which brought the tales to the modern world. Her volume containing the Mabinogi was published in 1845, and her work is still popular today.
Welsh Icons United a 2014 exhibition at the National Library of Wales, guested the Llyfr Coch, the Red Book, as part of its display; thus bringing the two main Mabinogi MSS. under one roof for the first time. (12 October – 15 March 2014)
Translations into English
Pughe, William Owen. 1795. “The Mabinogion, or Juvenile Amusements, Being Ancient Welsh Romances.” Cambrian Register, 177–87. First publication, and English trans. of the first story in the First Branch. Also: Pughe, William Owen. 1829. “The Mabinogi: Or, the Romance of Math Ab Mathonwy.” The Cambrian Quarterly Magazine and Celtic Repository 1: 170–79. English trans. of the First Branch.
Guest, Charlotte; aka Charlotte Schreiber, trans. and editor. The Mabinogion. (1845 part of a series, bilingual; 1849 part of 3 vols bilingual; 1877 one vol. English only.) Llandovery, Wales; and London; simultaneously. Guest's trans. continue to introduce many to the stories today in her characteristically flowing style.
Ellis, Thomas Peter., and Lloyd, John; trans. (1929) The Mabinogion: A New Translation by T.P. Ellis and John Lloyd. Oxford: Clarendon Press. An accurate and useful edition for students.
Jones, Gwyn and Thomas Jones; trans. (1949) The Mabinogion. Everyman's Library, 1949; revised 1974, 1989, 1993. The first major edition to supplant Guest.
2001 Edition, (Preface by John Updike), .
Gantz, Jeffrey; trans. (1976) The Mabinogion. London and New York: Penguin Books. . A popular edition for many years, still very readable pocket edition.
Ford, Patrick K. ; trans. (1977)The Mabinogi and Other Medieval Welsh Tales. Berkeley: University of California Press. . Focuses on the native tales of the Mabinogion, including the Mabinogi.
Parker, Will. 2003. “Mabinogi Translations." Very useful free online resource for instant access, and quick checks.
Bollard, John K. trans, and Griffiths, Anthony; photog. (2006) The Mabinogi: Legend and Landscape of Wales. Gomer Press, Llandysul. . An excellent introduction, clear, beautifully designed, with photographs of the Mabinogi sites today.
Davies, Sioned. (2007) The Mabinogion. Oxford: Oxford University Press. . A modern edition in practical format, backed by solid scholarship.
J. R. R. Tolkien began work on a translation of Pwyll Prince of Dyfed. His translation is held at the Bodleian Library.
Modern Interpretations
Walton, Evangeline. "The Mabinogion Tetralogy." Prose retelling. "The Island of the Mighty" 1970, first publ. as "The Virgin and the Swine" 1936; "The Children of Llyr" 1971; "The Song of Rhiannon" 1972; "Prince of Annwn" 1974. As a tetralogy New York: Ballantine Books. .
Cybi. (1996) The Mabinogion. Partly free on YouTube and a fuller version of the retelling on DVD, by Cybi the laughing monk. Valley Stream. A lovely intro.
Hayes, Derek W. (2007). Otherworld. S4C / BBC Wales. Animation and video with leading musicians and actors, using cutting edge CGI tech. of the time, an impressive work. See artwork on the site.
Arberth Studios. (2008) Rhiannon: Curse Of The Four Branches (PC DVD). Not very closely based, more loosely inspired.
Eames, Manon. (2008) Magnificent Myths of the Mabinogi. Stage performance of the full Mabinogi, in Aberystwyth. Staged in a slightly abridged version by Jill Williams at the Pontardawe Arts Centre, 2009. Each was performed by youth theatre.
Jones, Colin. 2008. Mabinogion, the Four Branches. Recordings of the Guest text, with atmospheric background music. The first episode is free on the site.
In 2009 Seren Books began publishing a radical new interpretation of the tales, as a series, setting them in modern times and in different countries. The series completed 2014. See here.
Damh the Bard has released three albums retelling the first three branches in a combination of song and spoken word with accompaniment. "Y Mabinogi - The First Branch" (2017), "Y Mabinogi - The Second Branch" (2018), "Y Mabinogi - The Third Branch" (2020). As of 2023, the final album is forthcoming. See here.
References
Medieval Welsh literature
Mabinogion
Welsh-language literature
Welsh mythology
gl:Mabinogion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four%20Branches%20of%20the%20Mabinogi |
Yeon Namsan (淵男産, 연남산) (639–701) was the third son of the Goguryeo military leader and dictator Yeon Gaesomun (603?–665).
The course of his career shadowed closely that of his elder brother Yeon Namsaeng. From an early age he was appointed Seonin (선인, 先人), and rising through the ranks of sohyeong (소형, 小兄), daehyeong (대형, 大兄) uidu daehyeong (위두대형, 位頭大兄) and junggun juhwal (중군주활, 中軍主活) (all obscure Goguryeo ranks whose exact nature is unknown.)
Following Yeon Gaesomun's death around 666 Namsan joined forces with his elder brother Yeon Namgeon against their oldest brother Namsaeng, who ultimately fled to Tang China to seek its aid. However, upon the fall of Goguryeo in 668 Namsan submitted to Tang. In Tang Namsan was accorded the office of Vice Minister of the Court of Imperial Entertainments (Sizai shaoqing 司宰少卿).
Following his death from illness he was buried along with his eldest brother in Luoyang. His tomb stele was later discovered in the Tang eastern capital of Luoyang, along with that of Namsaeng.
References
639 births
701 deaths
Goguryeo people
Tang dynasty government officials
Korean politicians
7th-century Korean people
7th-century government officials | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeon%20Namsan |
Gregg Hammann (born 1963) is an American businessman who was the president of the Nautilus Corporation from 2003–2007 and a vice president of The Coca-Cola Company from 1996 to 2000.
Early life
Hammann grew up on a farm near Bellevue, Iowa and attended Bellevue High School. He received a BBA from the University of Iowa (1981–1984), and earned his MBA from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. At Iowa, he played wide receiver for Hawkeyes coach Hayden Fry.
Business career
Hammann managed the Scope and Crest brands for consumer products giant Procter & Gamble. He developed a business program for
shoe marketer Famous Footwear that supported the company's plan to triple its retail presence. Hammann served as general manager of the Canadian division of battery maker Rayovac. He then was named a vice president of The Coca-Cola Company from 1996 to 2000, where he led the National Account fountain group. Hammann was chief customer officer for global apparel giant Levi Strauss & Co. from 2001 to 2003.
Hammann joined Nautilus Corporation in 2003, replacing Brian Cook, who had held the CEO position for 17 years. Under Hammann's leadership in 2005, Nautilus launched a three-year plan to leverage its five brands, Nautilus, Bowflex, Schwinn Fitness, Stairmaster, and Pearl Izumi. Hammann resigned in August 2007. Hammann was replaced by Robert Falcone, who was named to the positions of president and chief executive. A report of Falcone's appointment noted that Nautilus had encountered financial difficulties due to increased distribution of the company's Bowflex machines and apparel lines to sports retailers just as consumer spending sharply tailed off. Hammann was also CEO at Metacommunications, based in Iowa City, IA.
In 2008, Hammann returned to his home town, Bellevue, Iowa, to coach track and football at Bellevue High. In 2009, he was named the head football coach at Beckman High School in Dyersville, Iowa. From 2008 till September 2012 he was the CEO at Power Plate International Limited, which manufactures fitness equipment and also CEO at Action Advisors.
References
Living people
American chief executives of manufacturing companies
Iowa Hawkeyes football players
People from Jackson County, Iowa
1963 births
People from Dyersville, Iowa
Levi Strauss & Co. people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg%20Hammann |
Freedom of the press in the United States is legally protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.
History
Thirteen Colonies
In the Thirteen Colonies before the signing of the Declaration of Independence, the newspapers and the works produced by printing presses in general was subject to a series of regulations. British authorities attempted to prohibit the publication and circulation of information of which they did not approve, and often levied charges of sedition and libel as a means of controlling printing presses.
One of the earliest cases concerning freedom of the press occurred in 1734. In a libel case against The New York Weekly Journal publisher John Peter Zenger by British governor William Cosby, Zenger was acquitted and the publication continued until 1751. At that time, there were only two newspapers in New York City and the second was not critical of Cosby's government.
U.S. Constitution
The First Amendment permits information, ideas and opinions without interference, constraint or prosecution by the government. It was adopted on December 15, 1791, as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights.
Early federal laws
In 1798, eleven years after adoption of the Constitution and seven years after ratification of the First Amendment, the governing Federalist Party attempted to stifle criticism with the Alien and Sedition Acts. According to the Sedition Act, criticism of Congress or the president (but not the vice-president) was a crime; Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican, was vice-president when the act was passed. These restrictions on the press were very unpopular, leading to the party's reduction to minority status after 1801, and eventual dissolution in 1824. Jefferson, who vehemently opposed the acts, was elected president in 1800 and pardoned most of those convicted under them. In his March 4, 1801, inaugural address, he reiterated his longstanding commitment to freedom of speech and of the press: "If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it."
19th century
In mid-August 1861, four New York City newspapers (the New York Daily News, The Journal of Commerce, the Day Book and the New York Freeman’s Journal) were given a presentment by a U.S. Circuit Court grand jury for "frequently encouraging the rebels by expressions of sympathy and agreement". This began a series of federal prosecutions during the Civil War of northern U.S. newspapers which expressed sympathy for Southern causes or criticized the Lincoln administration. Lists of "peace newspapers", published in protest by the New York Daily News, were used to plan retributions. The Bangor Democrat in Maine, was one of these newspapers; assailants believed part of a covert Federal raid destroyed the press and set the building ablaze. These actions followed executive orders issued by President Abraham Lincoln; his August 7, 1861, order made it illegal (punishable by death) to conduct "correspondence with" or give "intelligence to the enemy, either directly or indirectly".
20th century
World War I
The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918, which amended it, imposed restrictions on the press during wartime. The acts imposed a fine of $10,000 and up to 20 years' imprisonment for those publishing "... disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the form of government of the United States, or the Constitution of the United States, or the military or naval forces of the United States, or the flag ..." In Schenck v. United States (1919) the Supreme Court upheld the laws, setting the "clear and present danger" standard. Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) revised the clear-and-present-danger test to the significantly less-restrictive "imminent lawless action" test.
Near v. Minnesota
The 1931 U.S. Supreme Court decision Near v. Minnesota recognized freedom of the press by roundly rejecting prior restraints on publication, a principle that applied to free speech generally in subsequent jurisprudence. The court ruled that a Minnesota law targeting publishers of malicious or scandalous newspapers violated the First Amendment (as applied through the Fourteenth Amendment).
Branzburg v. Hayes
Freedom of the press was described in 1972's Branzburg v. Hayes as "a fundamental personal right", not confined to newspapers and periodicals. In Lovell v. City of Griffin (1938), Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes defined the press as "every sort of publication which affords a vehicle of information and opinion." This right has been extended to newspapers, books, plays, movies, and video games.
Associated Press v. United States
Associated Press v. United States (1945) dealt with media cooperation and consolidation. The court held that the AP violated the Sherman Antitrust Act by prohibiting the sale or proliferation of news to nonmember organizations and keeping nonmembers from joining; the AP bylaws constituted restraint of trade, and the fact that AP had not achieved a monopoly was irrelevant. The First Amendment did not excuse newspapers from the Sherman Antitrust Act. News, traded between states, counts as interstate commerce and is subject to the act. Freedom of the press from governmental interference under the First Amendment does not sanction repression of that freedom by private interests (326 U.S. 20). Justice Hugo Black wrote, "The First Amendment ... rests on the assumption that the widest possible dissemination of information from diverse and antagonistic sources is essential to the welfare of the public ... Freedom to publish is guaranteed by the Constitution, but freedom to combine to keep others from publishing is not".
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
In New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964), the Supreme Court ruled that when a publication involves a public figure, to support a suit for libel the plaintiff bears the burden of proving that the publisher acted with actual malice: knew of the inaccuracy of the statement or acted with reckless disregard of its truth.
Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Association, Inc. v. Bresler
In 1970, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a news organization couldn't be sued over the use of "rhetorical hyperbole". The usage in question was when quoting eyewitnesses, but the court ruled that, even if it hadn't, to call it libel "would subvert the most fundamental meaning of a free press".
New York Times Co. v. United States
In 1971, the Supreme Court upheld the publication of the Pentagon Papers.
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier
In Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (1988), the Supreme Court upheld the right of a school principal to review (and suppress) controversial articles in a school newspaper funded by the school and published in its name.
21st century
Although it had been uncertain whether people who blog or use other social media are journalists entitled to protection by media shield laws, they are protected by the Free Speech and Free Press Clauses (neither of which differentiates between media businesses and nonprofessional speakers). This is further supported by the Supreme Court, which has refused to grant increased First Amendment protection to institutional media over other speakers; In a case involving campaign finance laws, the court rejected the "suggestion that communication by corporate members of the institutional press is entitled to greater constitutional protection than the same communication by" non-institutional-press businesses.
In United States v. Manning (2013), Chelsea Manning was found guilty of six counts of espionage for furnishing classified information to WikiLeaks.
Stop Online Piracy Act
On October 26, 2011, the Stop Online Piracy Act, which opponents said would threaten free speech and censor the Internet, was introduced to the U.S. House of Representatives. White House Press Secretary Jay Carney said that President Obama "[would] not support legislation that reduces freedom of expression." The bill was shelved in 2012 after widespread protests.
Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox
On 2014, blogger Crystal Cox accused Obsidian and Kevin D. Padrick of corrupt and fraudulent conduct. Although the court dismissed most of Cox's blog posts as opinion, it found one post to be more factual in its assertions (and, therefore, defamatory).
It was ruled for the first time, by the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, that a blogger is entitled to the same free speech protection as a journalist and cannot be liable for defamation unless the blogger acted negligently. In the decision, journalists and bloggers are equally protected under the First Amendment because the "protections of the First Amendment do not turn on whether the defendant was a trained journalist, formally affiliated with traditional news entities, engaged in conflict-of-interest disclosure, went beyond just assembling others' writings, or tried to get both sides of a story."
Ranking and polling of United States press freedom
In 2022, the U.S. ranked 42nd in the Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index. This is an overall measure of freedom available to the press, including a range of factors including government censorship, control over journalistic access, and whistleblower protections. The U.S.'s ranking fell from 20th in 2010 to 49th in 2015, before recovering to 41st in 2016.
According to Reporters Without Borders the United States ranks behind most other Western nations for press freedom, but ahead of most Asian, African and South American countries.
Freedom House, a U.S.-based watchdog organization, ranked the United States 30th out of 197 countries in press freedom in 2014. Its report praised the constitutional protections given American journalists and criticized authorities for placing undue limits on investigative reporting in the name of national security. Freedom House gives countries a score out of 100, with 0 the most free and 100 the least free. The score is broken down into three separately-weighted categories: legal (out of 30), political (out of 40) and economic (out of 30). The United States scored 6, 10, and 5, respectively, that year for a cumulative score of 21.
In a Pew Research survey of 11,889 U.S. journalists conducted from February 16 to March 17, 2022, 57% stated that they were "extremely" or "very" concerned about the prospect of press restrictions being imposed in the United States.
U.S. Press Freedom Tracker
The U.S. Press Freedom Tracker documents press freedom violations in the United States.
The tracker was founded in 2017 and was developed from funds donated by the Committee to Protect Journalists. It is led by the Freedom of the Press Foundation and a group of organizations. Its purpose is "to provide reliable, easy-to-access information on the number of press freedom violations in the United States – from journalists facing chargers to reporters stopped at the U.S. border or asked to hand over their electronics."
The database is supported by a steering committee of Committee to Protect Journalists and twenty press freedom groups. It was developed to document the increasing rate of assaults, seizures of equipment, arrests, and stops at the border. It tracks the type of law enforcement—local, state, and the National Guard—and the nationality of the journalists. The tracker is maintained and findings are published by the Freedom of the Press Foundation.
Violence against journalists in the U.S.
According to the U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, in 2020, approximately 300 journalists were assaulted in the U.S. (primarily by law enforcement) and at least 110 were arrested or criminally charged in relation to their reporting.
On September 3, 2022, investigative journalist Jeff German of the Las Vegas Review-Journal was stabbed to death outside his home. Police arrested a government official who was the subject of German's reporting for the murder.
See also
Free Flow of Information Act
Freedom of speech in the United States
Photography Is Not a Crime
Reporter's privilege
Shield laws in the United States
References
Sources
Further reading
Epps, Garrett and David B. Oppenheimer. Freedom of the Press: The First Amendment: Its Constitutional History and the Contemporary Debate (2008)
Martin, Robert W.T. The Free and Open Press: The Founding of American Democratic Press Liberty, 1640–1800 (2012).
Nelson, Harold Lewis, ed. Freedom of the Press from Hamilton to the Warren Court (Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1967)
Powe, Lucas A. The Fourth Estate and the Constitution: Freedom of the Press in America (Univ of California Press, 1992)
Ross, Gary. Who Watches the Watchmen?: The Conflict Between National Security and Freedom of the Press (2015)
United States
Journalism in the United States
Human rights in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom%20of%20the%20press%20in%20the%20United%20States |
The 46th British Academy Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1993, honoured the best films of 1992.
James Ivory's Howards End won the awards for Best Film and Best Actress (Emma Thompson). Robert Downey Jr. won Best Actor for his portrayal of Charlie Chaplin in Chaplin while Best Supporting Actor and Best Supporting Actress were awarded to Gene Hackman (for Unforgiven) and Miranda Richardson (for Damage), respectively. Additionally, Robert Altman won Best Director for The Player.
Furthermore, The Crying Game, with no competition, received the Alexander Korda Award for the Outstanding British Film of the Year (later renamed "Outstanding British Film") of 1992, an award given in honour of Alexander Korda and a category that was revived this year after being discontinued in 1969. The film was directed by Neil Jordan, an Irishman—and with not a small amount of irony, it marked the end of one era of British cinema and the beginning of another.
Winners and nominees
Statistics
See also
65th Academy Awards
18th César Awards
45th Directors Guild of America Awards
6th European Film Awards
50th Golden Globe Awards
4th Golden Laurel Awards
13th Golden Raspberry Awards
7th Goya Awards
8th Independent Spirit Awards
19th Saturn Awards
45th Writers Guild of America Awards
References
External links
Film in 1993 at BAFTA
BAFTA Awards (1993) at IMDb
1992 awards in the United Kingdom
046
March 1993 events in the United Kingdom
British Academy Film Awards
British Academy Film Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46th%20British%20Academy%20Film%20Awards |
The World Christian Conference (WCC) is an annual conference that is held near Santa Cruz, California. The stated purpose is to mobilize Christians to become strategically involved in God's plan to make disciples of all nations.
History
The conference started in 1985 as the World Christian Conference for Chinese Graduates (WCCCG). Its conveners saw the need to bring fellow Christians together and challenge them to engage in evangelism throughout the world as well as the need for more workers in North America.
Each year, since 1985, conference attendees from churches on the West Coast and beyond have come together in a forum where biblical teaching is given, models and examples are presented, and practical issues are discussed.
Since 1985, WCC has gained momentum reaching over 400 in attendance each year.
Speakers
2014 - Dr. L, Timothy Paul Svoboda
2012 - Patrick Fung, Leslyn Musch
2011 - Viji Nakka-Cammuaf, Philip Gee
2010 - John Lo, Donna Fong
2009 - Sabastian Huynh, Michelle Rickett
2008 - George Verwer, Jackie Pullinger
2007 - Thom Wolf
2006 - Loren Cunningham, Keith Wheeler
2005 - Jimmy Seibert
2004 - Bob Sjogren
2003 - Marilyn Laszlo, Lee Yi
2002 - Greg Fritz, Chi-Hok Wong
External links
World Christian Fellowship
Christian conferences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Christian%20Conference |
Hussein Chalayan, (; ; born 12 August 1970) is a British-Cypriot fashion designer. He has won the British Designer of the Year twice (in 1999 and 2000), and he was awarded the MBE in 2006.
Chalayan is currently teaching at HTW Berlin.
Early life and education
Hussein Chalayan was born in Nicosia in 1970 and graduated from the Türk Maarif Koleji secondary school in his hometown. At that time the population of the island was divided because of the constant struggles between the Greek and Turkish authorities. Ethnic conflicts between the Turkish and Greek Cypriot communities eventually led to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus and led to human right abuses towards civilians on both sides. For this reason Chalayan and his family were forced to move to England in 1978.
After attending Highgate School, he studied for a National Diploma in fashion and clothing at the Warwickshire School of Arts, and proceeded to study Fashion Design at Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design in London. His graduate collection in 1993, titled "The Tangent Flows", contained clothes which he had buried in a back yard and exhumed just before the show where they were presented with an accompanying text that explained the process. The ritual of burial and resurrection was said to give the garments a dimension that referenced life, death, and urban decay. The work attracted the attention of the Browns fashion boutique in London who borrowed the collection to feature in their window display.
Early career
Chalayan established his own company in 1994, Cartesia Ltd., as well as his ready-to-wear line, Hussein Chalayan (which he changed in 2010 to just "Chalayan" because of the oriental connotation of his first name, Hussein).
Professional career
Hussein Chalayan's fashion shows are characterised by minimal sets and a mood of suspense, incorporating elements of contemporary interiors, urban architecture, and geometric structures. In the shows the conceptual and theoretical inspirations behind his garments are played out across the body.
In 1995 Chalayan clinched a London fashion design award organised by the company "Absolut". Chalayan won a £28,000 grant to develop creations for the British capital's Fashion Week in October 1995. In the same year, Chalayan worked with avant-garde star Björk, designing the jacket featured on the cover of her album Post. Björk's Post tour also featured several creations by Chalayan and Björk modelled for Chalayan in October 1995 for London Fashion week.
His collection Lands Without for Spring/Summer 1997 featured several "Kite" dresses, which were notable because of the way in which he directed the relationship between his garments and the body, and his use of architectural proportions to amplify their interplay with their surroundings.
In his collection Between for Spring/Summer 1998 he sent models onto the catwalk wearing black chadors of varying lengths and nothing else, alluding to fashion's continual shift of erogenous zones around the female body arising in response to changing ideals. The first wore a chador which covered most of her body and allowed a gap just for her eyes. Each veil became shorter and shorter until, finally, the last one was nude apart from a mask covering her face. According to Chalayan this piece was about defining cultural territory.'
The Panoramic collection for Fall/Winter 1998 expressed the idea of infinity in a surreal cityscape of geometric forms and distorted images. The models were distorted into generic shapes and unified by architectural proportions; cones were fixed to the top of the head and faces and bodies swathed in black to obscure their identity. As Chalayan explored the idea of representing nature in this collection, he broke it down into its most basic graphic representation, pixels. Body and clothing were then merged into a digital landscape, which was recreated in enlarged cube-shaped pixels.
In the Autumn of 1998, while still designing his signature line, he was appointed as a design consultant for New York knitwear label TSE. His collaboration with them lasted till 2001 when the company decided not to renew his contract.
For his Echoform collection for Autumn/Winter 1999 Chalayan created leather dresses inspired by car interiors to represent externalising speed. He also mimicked aeroplane interiors by attaching padded headrests to dresses This project was based on exploring the relationship of the body's inherent mobility and aimed to evoke thoughts on speed, spatiality and well-being.
The Before minus now collection for Spring/Summer 2000 contained a series of architectural dresses which evolved from his collaboration with B Consultants, a London-based firm of architectural engineers. The dresses featured wire-frame architectural prints against static white backgrounds, generated by a computer program that allows designers to draw within a range of three-dimensional perspectives inside an architectural landscape. The images were then transferred onto silk and cotton fabrics using a mechanised fabric-printing process. This collection also featured the "Remote Control" dress which premiered at the Hyères Festival in France in 2000 and clearly illustrated Chalayan's interest in technology. The dress incorporated the aerodynamics of aeroplane travel into its form and aesthetic and was considered a hi-tech triumph that connected fashion to technology and technology to the body, establishing a dialogue between the body and the environment. The Remote Control dress was the first wireless device to be presented as a fully functioning fashion garment.
His Geotrophics collection for Spring/Summer 1999 had already featured Chair Dresses that represented the idea of a nomadic existence and a completely transportable environment. This concept was later expanded in Chalayan's After Words collection for Fall/Winter 2000. which included some of his most well known designs such as ‘the coffee table dress'. In Afterwords, Hussein Chalayan focused on the involuntary and dramatic aspect of mobility, and illustrated the sentimental impacts of forced migration. Presented at Sadler's Wells theatre in London, the show featured a bare, white stage flanked by asymmetrical planes on three sides and contained 1950s-style furniture that the models adapted as clothing in the show's finale and either carried or wore off the stage. One of the models transforms a mahogany coffee table into a geometrical and telescopic skirt, so that it becomes displaceable on human body. The show was based on the idea of having to evacuate home during a time of war, hiding possessions when a raid was impending, and using clothing as the means to carry away possessions more quickly. The theme was an autobiographical expression of Chalayan's Turkish Cypriot roots and the political events that affected his childhood.
However Chalayan does not merely illustrate the situation, he challenges the historical context in which the immigrants had to leave behind their possessions and lose their identity because of their un-portable quality of the objects. Since he designs the clothes as portable private properties, the immigrants can carry these items that define their identities and cultures with them during their unwanted journeys. This way he allows them a relatively more active position where they can adapt the physical nature to the social context. The Table Skirt and the entire set from the show were later featured in the 2001 Tate Modern's Century City exhibition in London.
Despite this attention and recognition for his work Chalayan struggled with sponsorship and funding, often receiving it from various other companies and his own country. TSE's decision not to renew his contract caused further financial difficulties as the designer amounted 250,000 pounds in debt and was forced to go into voluntary liquidation. Subsequently, he restructured his company and staged a comeback collection in 2001 without a catwalk presentation, and designed for high-street label Marks and Spencer to make ends meet. Italian clothing manufacturer Gibo also helped the designer as did British jeweller Asprey, who appointed him as their fashion director the same year.
He was crowned 'British Designer of the Year' in 1999 and 2000, and was awarded a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) on 17 June 2006. International recognition also followed, where he was awarded the Design Star Honoree by The Fashion Group International at their annual Night of Stars Gala, New York in 2007.
In 2002 Chalayan expanded his design portfolio with his menswear line, the exclusive rights of which were sold to internet retailer Yoox.com in 2007. After going through financial woes including having to move his studio three times and working from home with his team in-between, he announced plans to relocate his fashion shows to Paris. In 2004, he added another diffusion line to his expanding list of design duties.
In 2007 he donated a showpiece to the Fashion is Art exhibition in aid of radio station Capital 95.8's Help a London Child charity which was sold at an exclusive auction in London.
In early 2008 he designed a series of laser LED dresses in collaboration with luxury label Swarovski, showcased in Tokyo. 28 February 2008, Chalayan was appointed as the creative director for German sportswear label Puma. Puma have also announced that they have purchased a majority stake in his label. The designer also collaborated with German hosiery and legwear label Falke to produce one-off footwear pieces for his Autumn/Winter 2008 collection showcased in Paris.
In 2010 he opened his I Am Sad Leyla multimedia installation at the Lisson Gallery in London, and bought back his brand from Puma. On 13 February 2011, he and Nicola Formichetti collaborated with Lady Gaga at the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards.
Apart from his fashion collections Chalayan has also been renowned for his short movies such as Absent Presence which represented Turkey at the 51st Venice Biennale in 2005 and Ambimorphous screened at Mode Natie in Antwerp in 2002.
In 2014 Chalayan was hired to design Vionnet's demi-couture line. He then joined the ready-to-wear creative team for Vionnet in 2015.
Chalayan joined the University of Applied Arts Vienna as the Head of Fashion of the Institute of Design in 2015.
In 2019 Chalayan became professor at the University of Applied Sciences Berlin (HTW Berlin) at fashion department with specialization on sustainability.
Solo and other exhibitions
"Hussein Chalayan, The Box" art project commissioned by the Pippy Houldsworth Gallery (2013 May)
Solo exhibition "Fashion Narratives" at Les Arts Decoratifs, Paris (2011 July – November)
Installation " I Am Sad Leyla (Üzgünüm Leyla)" exhibited during a solo show at Lisson Gallery, London.
Solo exhibition '1994–2010' at the Istanbul Modern (2010 July – October)
Solo exhibition ' From Fashion and Back' at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Tokyo (2010 April – June)
Hussein Chalayan: From Fashion and Back – Comprehensive selection of Hussein Chalayan's 15 years of work exhibited at the Design Museum, London (2009 January – May)
Hussein Chalayan, 10 years of work retrospective exhibition, Groninger Museum, The Netherlands, then travelled to Wolfsburg, Germany. Sponsored by Turquality (2005 April – September)
Echoform retrospective, Galerist, Istanbul (2003 April)
Airmail clothing – Musee de la Mode, Palais du Louvre, Photography by Paul Wetherell, Graphics by Mike and Rebecca (1999 December)
Solo exhibition at Collete, Paris (1998 Paris)
Solo exhibition – The Window Gallery, Prague (1996 August – September)
Awards
Hussein Chalayan received "Fashion Visionary Award" for his 20 years of Design Excellence during Audi Fashion Festival, Singapore (2013 May)
Hussein Chalayan received The Lucky Strike Designer Award. This award is annually presented by the Raymond Loewy Foundation (2012 November)
Winner of Outstanding Lifetime Achievement to Design at the FX International Interior Design Awards, London (2009 November)
Brit Insirance Designs of the Year Award in the Fashion category for the A/W'07 Airborne collection (2008 March) . A/W'07 LED Dress exhibited as part of the 100 nominations exhibition in the Design Museum, London.
Awarded Design Star Honoree by The Fashion Group International at their annual Night of Stars Gala, New York (2007 October)
Hussein Chalayan awarded an MBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours List 2006 (2006 June)
British Fashion Awards – Designer of the Year (2000 February)
British Fashion Awards – Designer of the Year (1999 March)
Winner of the first Absolut Vodka, Absolut Creation Award (1995 September)
References
39
External links
Hussein Chalayan – Exhibition in Istanbul Modern – Blog LeMonde.fr
H.C. portraits @ The Design Museum 17-04-2009
Video interview with Hussein Chalayan in 2010
A MAGAZINE curated by
Turkish fashion designers
Haute couture
Turkish Cypriot artists
1970 births
Living people
Turkish people of Cypriot descent
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Alumni of Central Saint Martins
People educated at Highgate School
Cypriot emigrants to England
People from North Nicosia
High fashion brands
20th-century Cypriot artists
21st-century Turkish artists
Türk Maarif Koleji alumni
Clothing brands of Turkey
Turkish Cypriot emigrants to the United Kingdom
Lucky Strike Designer Award recipients
Royal Designers for Industry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein%20Chalayan |
Superman: Ultimate Flight is the name of three flying roller coasters currently operating at three Six Flags amusement parks in the United States, those being Six Flags Over Georgia, Six Flags Great Adventure and Six Flags Great America. Each of these steel coasters were designed and built by Swiss manufacturer Bolliger & Mabillard and opened in 2002 and 2003. Since 2003, Six Flags has installed Superman: Ultimate Flight in three of their parks. Themed to the popular comic book character, Superman: Ultimate Flight simulates flying by positioning its passengers parallel to the track, supported by harnesses and facing the ground through most of the ride. In the station, riders board the train sitting down. After the train is locked and checked, the trains are raised into the flying position. After the ride, the seats are lowered back into the sitting position for the next round of riders.
History
The first flying roller coaster, in which passengers ride parallel with the track, was launched in 1997 at Granada Studios Tour as Skytrak Total. Shortly after, Bolliger & Mabillard began designing their own flying roller coaster. In January 2002, both Alton Towers in the United Kingdom and Six Flags Over Georgia in the United States announced their intentions to build Bolliger & Mabillard "Flying Coasters". On March 16, 2002, Alton Towers opened the first installation, Air. Less than a month later, Superman: Ultimate Flight opened at Six Flags Over Georgia in Austell, Georgia.
Six Flags ordered two more versions of the attraction for the 2003 season for Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson Township, New Jersey and Six Flags Great America in Gurnee, Illinois. Six Flags Great Adventure's version of the ride officially opened to the public on April 17, 2003. In preparation for the ride's installation at Six Flags Great America, the park removed Shockwave, an Arrow Dynamics roller coaster that was located on part of the park's parking lot. Grading works also had to take place to convert the parking lot into something more suitable for Superman: Ultimate Flight. The ride at Six Flags Great America opened on May 3, 2003.
In 2006, a clone of the Superman: Ultimate Flight installations opened as Crystal Wing at the Happy Valley amusement park in Beijing, China.
In 2019, the Great Adventure installation's rails were repainted red.
Characteristics
Whilst all three Superman: Ultimate Flight roller coasters are the same model, there are some differences between them. All three feature a top height of and a first drop. They all reach a top speed of and feature two inversions. Superman: Ultimate Flight's signature element is its pretzel loop; it was the first roller coaster in the world to feature one. A single cycle of the ride takes nearly 3 minutes to complete.
The original version at Six Flags Over Georgia features a dual-platform loading station, permitting three trains to operate simultaneously. Each train has seven cars, with each car carrying four riders side-by-side in a single row. The other two versions use a more standard single-platform loading station. While this allows a maximum of only two trains to operate at a time, each train compensates by having one additional row for a total of eight rows per train.
The length of the ride also varies between the locations. Both the Georgia and New Jersey installations feature a track length of , while the Illinois version features a track length of .
The ride reaches its maximum speed of 51 miles per hour (82 km/h) at the bottom of the 78 foot tall (24m) pretzel loop, not on the first drop because the ride dives slightly below ground level.
The New Jersey and Illinois versions were also built on what used to be sections of parking lot. Georgia's version was built on hilly terrain, and hence there is a short tunnel when the track enters the 270 degree helix leading into the heartline roll.
All three roller coasters were manufactured by Clermont Steel Fabricators located in Batavia, Ohio.
As its name suggests, Superman: Ultimate Flight is themed after DC Comics' Superman character. The track of all three rides is red, with yellow rails and blue supports. The rides' queues are contained within each ride's footprint and contain various elements of Superman theming. The installations at Six Flags Great America and Six Flag Great Adventure have dedicated gift shops near the ride's exit that sell a variety of DC Comics merchandise.
Experience
Station and loading
Once in the station, riders of Superman: Ultimate Flight board a train sitting down, in a similar style to inverted roller coasters. Riders are restrained through a padded over-the-shoulder harness and a lap bar. At the ankles, two flaps hold the legs in position and close as the harness is locked in place. After the train is fully locked and checked, the trains are raised into the flying position and depart the station.
Layout
Superman: Ultimate Flight begins as the train turns to the right and begins to climb the chain lift hill. After cresting the top of the lift hill, the train drops 100 feet (30 m) to the right at a 50-degree-angle, reaching a top speed of 51 miles per hour (82 km/h) and preparing to enter the pretzel loop. In a pretzel loop, a train swoops up to a height of before diving toward the ground, looping back under the starting point. At the bottom of the loop, riders face upward and experience strong, positive g forces. To complete the pretzel loop, the train climbs back to the top of the element, parallel to where it started. After exiting the element, the train then enters a 270-degree turn to the left, dropping back through the middle of the pretzel loop.
Next, the train passes through two consecutive horseshoe turns, first to the right and then to the left. As the name suggests, Horseshoe turns are highly banked horseshoe-shaped turns which feature track entering from roughly the same direction as where it exits. As the train exits the second horseshoe, it swoops down and begins a 270-degree helix to the right, which leads into the ride's second inversion, an inline twist. The inline twist sees riders perform a full rotation around the track, starting from a position where they are facing downward. After completing the twist, the train reaches the brake run and a final right-hand turn that leads back into the station.
Reception
Superman: Ultimate Flight was generally well received. Arthur Levine from About.com rated the ride four out of five stars, describing the flying sensation as wonderful. He also praised Six Flags for the choice of theme, saying, "the Superman theme is ideally suited for the flying concept and adds a nice touch". Alex Bove of Ultimate Rollercoaster also reviewed the ride favorably: "From its comfortable restraints, silky ride and delightful pacing to its avian aesthetics, Superman: Ultimate Flight demonstrates B&M's unmatched attention to detail and their genuine desire to create enjoyable rides that surprise us over and over again". Jeremy Thompson of Roller Coaster Philosophy compared the ride unfavorably to Batman: The Ride, which also appears at all three parks: "Batman is gritty and intense and based on quick variations in the layout, while Superman is graceful and slower paced, based on creating a singular flight sensation, and quite honestly it's all a tad boring". However, he added that the "flying position does transform the ride experience into something relatively different from the rest".
In Amusement Today's annual Golden Ticket Awards, Superman: Ultimate Flight was ranked in the top-50 steel roller coasters numerous times since its opening. It peaked at position 35 in 2004, before dropping off the poll in 2007.
References
External links
Superman: Ultimate Flight at Six Flags Over Georgia
Superman: Ultimate Flight at Six Flags Great Adventure
Superman: Ultimate Flight at Six Flags Great America
Six Flags Great Adventure
Roller coasters operated by Six Flags
Roller coasters introduced in 2002
Roller coasters introduced in 2003
Flying roller coasters manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard
Ultimate Flight
Steel roller coasters
Roller coasters in New Jersey
Roller coasters in Georgia (U.S. state)
Roller coasters in Illinois
Six Flags Over Georgia
Six Flags Great America
2002 establishments in the United States
Warner Bros. Global Brands and Experiences attractions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman%3A%20Ultimate%20Flight |
Edmundo Desnoes (Havana, Cuba, 1930), is a Cuban writer author of the novel Memorias del subdesarrollo (Memories of Underdevelopment), a complex story depicting the alienation of a Cuban bourgeois intellectual struggling to adapt to the process of the Revolution staying on the island after his family decides to leave the country. He originally called the work Inconsolable Memories in the first English edition. The book was adapted in 1968 into the seminal Cuban film of the same title Memorias del Subdesarrollo (Memories of Underdevelopment) by the director Tomás Gutiérrez Alea, the name by which it is also known in English.
During the 1960s and 1970s, while living in Cuba, Desnoes wrote for the newspaper "La Revolucion" and was editor of art and literature for the Editorial Nacional de Cuba and El Instituto del Libro, and was a member of the editorial board of Casa de Las Americas and was also professor of Cultural History at the Escuela de Diseño Industrial (2) He has lived in New York City since 1979. In 2008 he published Memorias del Desarrollo a follow-up to his original novel which was adapted by Miguel Coyula into the 2010 movie Memories of Overdevelopment. He has focused his writing on essays, short stories, art reviews, poetry, and many novels.
See also
Herman Puig
References
2. https://montgomery.dartmouth.edu/edmundo-desnoes
Living people
Cuban male novelists
Cuban essayists
Male essayists
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmundo%20Desnoes |
The Uí Dúnlainge, from the Old Irish "grandsons (or descendants) of Dúnlaing", were an Irish dynasty of Leinster kings who traced their descent from Dúnlaing mac Énda Niada a fifth century King of Leinster. He was said to be a cousin of Énnae Cennsalach, eponymous ancestor of the rival Uí Chennselaig.
Their claims to the kingship of Leinster were unopposed after the death of Áed mac Colggen in the Battle of Ballyshannon on the 19th August 738AD. Three of the sons of Murchad mac Brain (d. 727), Dunchad, Faelan, and Muiredach reigned in turn after him as kings of Leinster. These kings were progenitors of the most powerful branches of Ui Dunlainge in the following three centuries: Ui Dunchada, Ui Faelain, and Ui Muiredaig. These three kindreds rotated the kingship of Leinster between them from 750AD to 1050AD. This is unusual in early Irish history as it was the equivalent of "keeping three oranges in the air" (the east Ulster kingdom of Ulaid also rotated the kingship between families). Fourteen Uí Muiredaig kings (from whom descend the O'Toole family) were based at Mullaghmast/Máistín. Nine Uí Faelain kings (from whom descend the O'Byrne family) were based at Naas/Nás na Ríogh and ten Uí Dúnchada kings (later known as the MacGillaMo-Cholmoc and, after the Norman invasion, renamed the FitzDermots) were based at Lyons Hill/ Líamhain nearest to Dublin city. By the end of this remarkable run, the kingship of Leinster was being rotated between 7th cousins.
The Fitzdermots later gave their names to the placenames Dolphin's Barn and Ballyfermot.
The influence of the Uí Dúnlainge family helped secure place-myths for prominent Kildare landmarks in the heroic and romantic literature such as the Dindseanchas, Dinnshenchas Érenn as one of the "assemblies and noted places in Ireland".
After the death of the last Kildare-based King of Laighin, Murchad Mac Dunlainge in 1042, the Kingship of Leinster reverted to the Uí Cheinnselaig kindred based in the south east of Leinster.
See also
Laigin
Irish nobility
Irish royal families
References
Further reading
O'Brien, Michael A. "A Middle Irish poem on the Christian kings of Leinster." Ériu 17 (1955). pp. 35–51.
Kings of Leinster
History of County Kildare
Laigin
Gaelic-Irish nations and dynasties
Gaels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%AD%20D%C3%BAnlainge |
Kröv-Bausendorf is a former Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the district Bernkastel-Wittlich, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. On 1 July 2014 it merged into the Verbandsgemeinde Traben-Trarbach. Its seat of administration was in the village Kröv, which is situated on the river Moselle, approx. 15 km east of Wittlich.
Kröv-Bausendorf consisted of the following Ortsgemeinden ("local municipalities"):
Bausendorf
Bengel
Diefenbach
Flußbach
Hontheim
Kinderbeuern
Kinheim
Kröv
Reil
Willwerscheid
Former Verbandsgemeinden in Rhineland-Palatinate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B6v-Bausendorf |
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