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Sonagachi is a neighbourhood in Kolkata, India, located in North Kolkata near the intersection of Jatindra Mohan Avenue (north of C.R. Avenue) with Beadon Street and Sovabazar, about one kilometer north of the Marble Palace area. Sonagachi is among the largest red-light districts in Asia with several hundred multi-storey brothels residing more than 16,000 commercial sex workers.
Etymology
In Bengali, Sona Gachi means 'Tree of Gold'. According to legend, during the early days of Calcutta the area was the den of a notorious dacoit by the name of Sanaullah, who lived here with his mother. On his death, the grieving woman is said to have heard a voice coming from their hut, saying, "Mother, don't cry. I have become a Gazi", and so the legend of Sona Gazi started. The mother built a mosque in memory of her son, although it fell into disrepair. The Sona Gazi was converted into Sonagachi.
Red-light district
Current situation
Several NGOs and government organizations operate in Sonagachi for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) including AIDS. The book Guilty Without Trial by the founders of the NGO Sanlaap based much of their research into human trafficking in India on this area.
The Sonagachi project is a sex workers' cooperative that operates in the area and empowers sex workers to insist on condom use and to stand up against abuse. Run by the Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee, it was founded by public health scientist Smarajit Jana in 1992 but is now largely run by the prostitutes themselves. While some are crediting the DMSC with keeping a relatively low rate of HIV infection among prostitutes, around 5.17% of the 13,000 prostitutes in Sonagachi are estimated to be HIV positive. This rate is close to the average HIV rate for female prostitutes in India, which is estimated to be 5.1%, though the HIV infection rate among prostitutes as well as among the general population varies widely by region in India. According to some sources, prostitutes from Sonagachi who test HIV positive are not told about the results, and live with the disease without knowing about it "because the DMSC is worried that HIV positive women will be ostracized." Some prostitutes in Sonagachi have stated that "the clients, at least three quarters of them" refuse to use condoms and "if we force them to use the condom, they will just go next door. There are so many women working here, and in the end, everyone is prepared to work without protection for fear of losing trade."
Besides the Sonagachi project, the DMSC also runs several similar projects in West Bengal, organizing some 65,000 prostitutes and their children. The organization lobbies for the recognition of sex workers' rights and full legalization, runs literacy and vocational programs, and provides micro loans. The DMSC hosted India's first national convention of sex workers on 14 November 1997 in Kolkata, titled 'Sex Work is Real Work: We Demand Workers Rights'. The book Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide reports investigations revealing that, contrary to stated policy, the DMSC allows sex slavery, trafficking, and underage girls in Sonagachi project brothels.
Popular culture
The documentary Born into Brothels: Calcutta's Red Light Kids won the Oscar for best documentary award in 2005. It depicts the lives of children born to prostitutes in Sonagachi. Born into Brothels takes the viewer beyond the well-known prostitute-clogged streets and into the homes of the children who live in the so-called worst place on earth. If the film has one success story, it is the discovery of ten-year-old Avijit whose natural affinity for creating exciting compositions through the lens earned him an invitation to the World Press Photo Foundation in Amsterdam.
Sahir Ludhianavi wrote
Ye duniya do rangi hai
Ek taraf se resham ode, ek taraf se nangi hai
Ek taraf andhi daulat ki paagal aish parasti
Ek taraf jismoñ ki qeemat roti se bhi sasti
Ek taraf hai Sonaagaachi, ek taraf Chaurangi hai
Ye duniya do rangi hai
Meaning:
This world is double-faced
One side covered with silk, the other naked
On the one hand, the hedonism of blind wealth
On the other, bodies sold cheaper than bread
On the one hand lies Sonagachi, on the other Chowringhee
This world is double-faced
There is also a documentary titled Tales of The Night Fairies by Prof. Shohini Ghosh and Dr. Sabeena Ghadioke from Asia's leading Media institute AJK, Mass Communication Research Centre, about the Sonagachi area. It has won the Jeevika Award for the best documentary feature on livelihood in India.
Popular actor Kamal Haasan's movie Mahanadhi has a storyline based on the area. The Malayalam Film Calcutta News depicts the story of women being trafficked and forced to become sex workers in Sonagachi.
In his documentary The Five Obstructions, renowned Danish filmmaker Lars von Trier asks poet and experimental filmmaker Jorgen Leth to name the worst place in the world he has ever visited, and immediately Leth responds with "The Red Light District of Calcutta."
See also
Prostitution in India
Prostitution in Asia
Prostitution in Kolkata
Prostitution in Mumbai
All Bengal Women's Union
Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee
Kamathipura
Garstin Bastion Road, New Delhi
Budhwar Peth, Pune
Male prostitution
References
Further reading
Dutta, Debolina, and Oishik Sircar. “Notes on Unlearning: Our Feminisms, Their Childhoods.” In Feminism and the Politics of Childhood: Friends or Foes?, edited by Rachel Rosen and Katherine Twamley, 83–90. UCL Press, 2018.
Open Society Foundations. “Sex Worker Health and Rights: Where Is the Funding?” Open Society Foundations, 2006.
Wright, Andrea. “‘The Immoral Traffic in Women’: Regulating Indian Emigration to the Persian Gulf.” In Borders and Mobility in South Asia and Beyond, edited by Reece Jones and Md. Azmeary Ferdoush, 145–66. Amsterdam University Press, 2018.
Ghose, Toorjo, Dallas T. Swendeman, and Sheba M. George. “The Role of Brothels in Reducing HIV Risk in Sonagachi, India.” Qualitative Health Research 21, no. 5 (May 2011): 587–600.
Newman, Peter A. “Reflections on Sonagachi: An Empowerment-Based HIV-Preventive Intervention for Female Sex Workers in West Bengal, India.” Women’s Studies Quarterly 31, no. 1/2 (2003): 168–79.
Cornish, Flora, and Riddhi Banerjee. “How Do Relationships Between Peer Educators and Sex Workers Lead to Increased Condom Use?: A Social Capital Interpretation of the Sonagachi Project.” Indian Anthropologist 43, no. 1 (2013): 51–64.
Jana S, Basu I, Rotheram-Borus MJ, Newman PA. The Sonagachi Project: a sustainable community intervention program. AIDS Educ Prev. 2004 Oct;16(5):405-14. . .
Karan A, Hansen N. Does the Stockholm Syndrome affect female sex workers? The case for a "Sonagachi Syndrome". BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2018 Feb 6;18(1):10. . ; .
Ghose T, Swendeman D, George S, Chowdhury D. Mobilizing collective identity to reduce HIV risk among sex workers in Sonagachi, India: the boundaries, consciousness, negotiation framework. Soc Sci Med. 2008 Jul;67(2):311-20. . Epub 2008 May 1. ; .
Gangopadhyay DN, Chanda M, Sarkar K, Niyogi SK, Chakraborty S, Saha MK, Manna B, Jana S, Ray P, Bhattacharya SK, Detels R. Evaluation of sexually transmitted diseases/human immunodeficiency virus intervention programs for sex workers in Calcutta, India. Sex Transm Dis. 2005 Nov;32(11):680-4. . ; .
Swendeman D, Basu I, Das S, Jana S, Rotheram-Borus MJ. Empowering sex workers in India to reduce vulnerability to HIV and sexually transmitted diseases. Soc Sci Med. 2009 Oct;69(8):1157-66. . Epub 2009 Aug 28. ; .
Fehrenbacher AE, Chowdhury D, Ghose T, Swendeman D. Consistent Condom Use by Female Sex Workers in Kolkata, India: Testing Theories of Economic Insecurity, Behavior Change, Life Course Vulnerability and Empowerment. AIDS Behav. 2016 Oct;20(10):2332-2345. . Erratum in: AIDS Behav. 2017 Dec 4;: ; .
Swendeman D, Fehrenbacher AE, Ali S, George S, Mindry D, Collins M, Ghose T, Dey B. "Whatever I have, I have made by coming into this profession": the intersection of resources, agency, and achievements in pathways to sex work in Kolkata, India. Arch Sex Behav. 2015 May;44(4):1011-23. . Epub 2015 Jan 13. ; .
Rami Chhabra. “More on Sonagachi.” Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 42, no. 18, Economic and Political Weekly, 2007, pp. 1582–1582, .
Nag, Moni. “Sex Workers in Sonagachi: Pioneers of a Revolution.” Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 40, no. 49, Economic and Political Weekly, 2005, pp. 5151–56, .
GHOSE, TOORJO. “Politicizing Political Society: Mobilization among Sex Workers in Sonagachi, India.” South Asian Feminisms, edited by ANIA LOOMBA and RITTY A. LUKOSE, Duke University Press, 2012, pp. 285–305, .
Kotiswaran, Prabha. “Born Unto Brothels: Toward a Legal Ethnography of Sex Work in an Indian Red-Light Area.” Law & Social Inquiry, vol. 33, no. 3, [ American Bar Foundation, Wiley], 2008, pp. 579–629, .
Dasgupta, Simanti. “Sovereign Silence: Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act and Legalizing Sex Work in Sonagachi.” Political and Legal Anthropology Review, vol. 37, no. 1, [Wiley, American Anthropological Association], 2014, pp. 109–25, .
Bibliography
External links
Report on Sonagachi, critical of DMSC, by Tom Vater, The Irish Independent, 2004.
The Red Lights of Sonagachi Positive Nation, Dec 2003/Jan 2004; issue 85/86
Report on the Dunbar NGO, India Travel Times
The Sex Workers, 2004 PBS Frontline documentary comparing anti-HIV efforts in Mumbai and Kolkata
Giving AIDS the Red Light, The Village Voice, 18 September 2002
Changing prices for sex work in Sonagachi, a Kolkata red-light district
Living with dignity: an international development cooperation story for the Wikibook Development Cooperation Handbook
Prostitution in India
Neighbourhoods in Kolkata
Red-light districts in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonagachi |
The Big Cat may refer to:
People
Johnny Lee Bench (born 1941),Oklahoma, baseball player
Tom Erikson (born 1964), American amateur wrestler and mixed martial artist
Andrés Galarraga (born 1961), Venezuelan baseball player
Ernie Ladd (1938–2007), American wrestler and football player
Leon Lett (born 1968), American football player
Earl Lloyd (1928–2015), American basketball player
Jamaal Magloire (born 1978), Canadian basketball player
Miloslav Mečíř (born 1964), Slovak tennis player
Johnny Mize (1913–1993), American baseball player
Ronnie Robinson (basketball) (1951–2004), American basketball player
Brad Sweet (born 1985), American professional race car driver
James Williams (offensive lineman) (born 1968), American football player
Cleveland Williams (1933–1999), American professional boxer
Rayfield Wright (1945–2022), American football player
Andrei Vasilevskiy (born 1994), Russian ice hockey player
Entertainment
The Big Cat (film), a 1949 film directed by Phil Karlson
See also
Big cat (disambiguation)
The Cat (disambiguation)
Big the Cat, a character in the Sonic the Hedgehog video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Big%20Cat |
The Sunset Lake Floating Bridge is a floating bridge that carries Vermont Route 65 across Sunset Lake in Brookfield, Vermont, United States.
History
The first bridge on this site was erected in 1820. It was built this way because the lake is too deep for traditional pilings.
The seventh bridge was closed to traffic and torn down in 2008 for replacement due to failure of its flotation system, which was based on foam-filled barrels.
The current bridge, the eighth at this location, is supported by fiber-reinforced polymer pontoons.
References
External links
Road bridges in Vermont
Buildings and structures in Brookfield, Vermont
Pontoon bridges in the United States
Bridges completed in 1820
Bridges completed in 1884
Bridges completed in 1936
Bridges completed in 1978
Bridges completed in 2015
Bridges in Orange County, Vermont
1820 establishments in Vermont | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset%20Lake%20Floating%20Bridge |
The following is a list of animated films in the public domain in the United States for which there is a source to verify its status as public domain under the terms of U.S. copyright law.
For more information, see List of films in the public domain in the United States. Films published before are not included because all such films are in the public domain (Note: while the film in and of itself may be in the public domain, the original versions may incorporate elements that remain under a separate copyright).
Some shorts listed here were produced for the United States government such as the Private Snafu series. Because they were produced for the U.S. government, they automatically fall into the public domain.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
To Spring (1936)
Jerky Turkey (1945)
Doggone Tired (1949)
Warner Bros. Pictures
The films listed below were last owned by Warner Bros. Pictures when the time for their renewals came up.
Source: Film Superlist: Motion Pictures in the U.S. Public Domain
Looney Tunes
Sinkin' in the Bathtub (1930)
Congo Jazz (1930)
Hold Anything (1930)
Booze Hangs High, The (1930)
Box Car Blues (1930)
Big Man from the North (1931)
Ain't Nature Grand! (1931)
Ups 'n Downs (1931)
Dumb Patrol (1931)
Yodeling Yokels (1931)
Bosko's Holiday (1931)
The Tree's Knees (1931)
Bosko Shipwrecked! (1931)
Bosko the Doughboy (1931)
Bosko's Soda Fountain (1931)
Bosko's Fox Hunt (1931)
Bosko at the Zoo (1932)
Battling Bosko (1932)
Big-Hearted Bosko (1932)
Bosko's Party (1932)
Bosko and Bruno (1932)
Bosko's Dog Race (1932)
Bosko at the Beach (1932)
Bosko and Honey (1932)
Bosko's Store (1932)
Bosko the Lumberjack (1932)
Hollywood Capers (1935)
Boom Boom (1936)
Westward Whoa (1936)
Porky's Railroad (1937)
Get Rich Quick Porky (1937)
Porky's Garden (1937)
Ali-Baba Bound (1940)
Timid Toreador, The (1940)
Haunted Mouse, The (1941)
Joe Glow the Firefly (1941)
Porky's Bear Facts (1941)
Porky's Preview (1941)
Porky's Ant (1941)
Coy Decoy, A (1941)
Porky's Prize Pony (1941)
Meet John Doughboy (1941)
We, the Animals Squeak! (1941)
Henpecked Duck, The (1941)
Notes to You (1941)
Robinson Crusoe Jr. (1941)
Porky's Midnight Matinee (1941)
Porky's Pooch (1941)
Porky's Pastry Pirates (1942)
Who's Who in the Zoo (1942)
Porky's Cafe (1942)
Saps in Chaps (1942)
Daffy's Southern Exposure (1942)
Nutty News (1942)
Hobby Horse-Laffs (1942)
Gopher Goofy (1942)
Wacky Blackout (1942)
Ducktators, The (1942)
Eatin' on the Cuff (or The Moth Who Came to Dinner) (1942)
Impatient Patient, The (1942)
Daffy Duckaroo, The (1942)
Confusions of a Nutzy Spy (1943)
Hop and Go (1943)
Tokio Jokio (1943)
Porky Pig's Feat (1943)
Scrap Happy Daffy (1943)
Puss n' Booty (1943)
Merrie Melodies
Lady, Play Your Mandolin! (1931)
United Artists
The films listed below were last owned by United Artists when the time for their renewals came up.
Source: Film Superlist: Motion Pictures in the U.S. Public Domain
Merrie Melodies
Smile, Darn Ya, Smile! (1931)
One More Time (1931)
You Don't Know What You're Doin'! (1931)
Hittin' the Trail for Hallelujah Land (1931)
Red-Headed Baby (1931)
Pagan Moon (1932)
Freddy the Freshman (1932)
Crosby, Columbo, and Vallee (1932)
Goopy Geer (1932)
It's Got Me Again! (1932)
Moonlight for Two (1932)
Queen Was in the Parlor, The (1932)
I Love a Parade (1932)
You're Too Careless With Your Kisses (1932)
I Wish I Had Wings (1932)
Great Big Bunch of You, A (1932)
Three's a Crowd (1932)
Shanty Where Santy Claus Lives, The (1933)
I Wanna Be a Sailor (1937)
Jungle Jitters (1938)
Have You Got Any Castles? (1938)
Hamateur Night (1939)
Robin Hood Makes Good (1939)
Gold Rush Daze (1939)
Day at the Zoo, A (1939)
Prest-O Change-O (1939)
Bars and Stripes Forever (1939)
Daffy Duck and the Dinosaur (1939)
Early Worm Gets the Bird, The (1940)
Farm Frolics (1941)
Sport Chumpions (1941)
All This and Rabbit Stew (1941)
Rookie Revue (1941)
Wabbit Who Came to Supper, The (1942)
Wacky Wabbit, The (1942)
Foney Fables (1942)
Fresh Hare (1942)
Fox Pop (1942)
Dover Boys at Pimento University (or The Rivals of Roquefort Hall), The (1942)
Sheepish Wolf, The (1942)
Tale of Two Kitties, A (1942)
Ding Dog Daddy (1942)
Case of the Missing Hare (1942)
Pigs in a Polka (1943)
Fifth-Column Mouse, The (1943)
Wackiki Wabbit (1943)
Corny Concerto, A (1943)
Falling Hare (1943)
Inki and the Minah Bird (1943)
Popeye the Sailor cartoons
I'm in the Army Now (1936)
Little Swee'Pea (1936)
Popeye the Sailor Meets Sindbad the Sailor (1936)
Paneless Window Washer, The (1937)
Popeye the Sailor Meets Ali Baba's Forty Thieves (1937)
I Never Changes My Altitude (1937)
A Date to Skate (1938)
Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp (1939)
Customers Wanted (1939)
Me Musical Nephews (1942)
Shuteye Popeye (1952)
Big Bad Sindbad (1952)
Ancient Fistory (1953)
Floor Flusher (1954)
Popeye's 20th Anniversary (1954)
Taxi-Turvy (1954)
Bride and Gloom (1954)
Greek Mirthology (1954)
Fright to the Finish (1954)
Private Eye Popeye (1954)
Gopher Spinach (1954)
Cookin' with Gags (1955)
Popeye for President (1956)
Out to Punch (1956)
Assault and Flattery (1956)
Insect to Injury (1956)
Parlez Vous Woo (1956)
I Don't Scare (1956)
A Haul in One (1956)
Nearlyweds (1957)
The Crystal Brawl (1957)
Patriotic Popeye (1957)
Spree Lunch (1957)
Spooky Swabs (1957)
Looney Tunes
To Duck or Not to Duck (1943)
Yankee Doodle Daffy (1943)
Daffy – The Commando (1943)
Universal Pictures
The films listed below were last owned by Universal Pictures when the time for their renewals came up.
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
Every short from 1927 has entered the public domain as of 2023.
South Pole Flight (1928)
Bull-Oney (1928)
Africa (1930)
The Bandmaster (1931)
Mechanical Man (1932)
Making Good (1932)
The Plumber (1933)
The Quail Hunt (1935)
Woody Woodpecker
Pantry Panic (1941)
Miscellaneous
All 1949 and 1953 Coca-Cola advertisements
All advertisements made for companies such as Albers, Autolite, Carnation, Interstate Bakeries Corporation and Kellogg's
House of Magic (1937)
Boy Meets Dog (1938)
Silly Superstition (1939)
The Amazing Recovery of Inbad the Ailer (1939)
Scrub Me Mama with a Boogie Beat (1941)
Gremlin Mr. N'Tane (1944)
The Enemy Bacteria (1945)
The Story of Human Energy (1947)
Blood is Needed (1953)
National Periodical Publications
The films listed below were last owned by National Periodical Publications when the time for their renewals came up.
Superman cartoon series
Superman (1941)
Mechanical Monsters, The (1941)
Arctic Giant, The (1942)
Billion Dollar Limited (1942)
Bulleteers, The (1942)
Destruction Inc. (1942)
Electric Earthquake (1942)
Eleventh Hour (1942)
Japoteurs (1942)
Magnetic Telescope, The (1942)
Showdown (1942)
Terror on the Midway (1942)
Volcano (1942)
Jungle Drums (1943)
Mummy Strikes, The (1943)
Secret Agent (1943)
Underground World, The (1943)
National Telefilm Associates
Gulliver's Travels (film)
Harvey Films
Kartunes
Hysterical History (1953)
Noveltoons
The Seapreme Court (1954; featuring Little Audrey)
Crazytown (1954)
Pest Pupil (1957; featuring Baby Huey)
Dawg Gone (1958; featuring Little Audrey)
Casper the Friendly Ghost
The Friendly Ghost
Boo Moon (1954)
Spooking About Africa (1957)
Walt Disney Productions
The Mad Doctor (1933)
Susie the Little Blue Coupe (1952)
Hooked Bear (1956)
U.S. Government films
The films listed below are works of the United States government, which makes them public domain.
Source: Film Superlist: Motion Pictures in the U.S. Public Domain
Private Snafu (Warner Bros.)
Booby Traps
Censored
The Chow Hound
Coming! Snafu!
Fighting Tools
Gas
Going Home
Gripes
The Home Front
Hot Spot
In the Aleutians
The Infantry Blues
The Goldbrick
It's Murder She Says
A Lecture on Camouflage
Private Snafu vs. Malaria Mike
Rumors
Secrets of the Caribbean
Snafuperman
Spies
Target: Snafu
The Three Brothers
Operation: Snafu
Outpost
Pay Day
No Buddy Atoll
Mr. Hook (Warner Bros.)
The Good Egg
The Return of Mr. Hook
Tokyo Woes
Other government films
Warner Bros.
90 Day Wondering
Any Bonds Today?
Drafty, Isn't It?
Hitch in Time, A
Point Rationing of Foods
So Much for So Little
Walter Lantz Productions
Take Heed Mr. Tojo (1943)
All 1943–1944 Fred Brunish stop-motion instructional films for the U.S. Navy
Walt Disney Productions
The Spirit of '43 (1943)
United Pictures of America (UPA)
Hell-Bent for Election [allegorical campaign film]
Others
200 (1975) – made by Vincent Collins for the United States Information Agency
Others
Betty Boop cartoons
Admission Free (1932)
Betty Boop's Ker-Choo (1933)
Betty Boop's Crazy Inventions (1933)
Is My Palm Read? (1933)
Betty in Blunderland (1934)
Betty Boop's Rise to Fame (1934)
Baby Be Good (1935)
Taking the Blame (1935)
Swat the Fly (1935)
No! No! A Thousand Times No!! (1935)
A Little Soap and Water (1935)
A Language All My Own (1935)
Betty Boop and Grampy (1935)
Judge for a Day (1935)
Making Stars (1935)
Henry, the Funniest Living American (1935)
Little Nobody (1935)
Betty Boop and the Little King (1936)
Not Now (1936)
Betty Boop and Little Jimmy (1936)
We Did It (1936)
A Song a Day (1936)
More Pep (1936)
You're Not Built That Way (1936)
Happy You and Merry Me (1936)
Training Pigeons (1936)
Grampy's Indoor Outing (1936)
Be Human (1936)
Making Friends (1936)
House Cleaning Blues (1937)
Whoops! I'm a Cowboy (1937)
The Hot Air Salesman (1937)
Pudgy Takes a Bow-Wow (1937)
Pudgy Picks a Fight (1937)
The Impractical Joker (1937)
Ding Dong Doggie (1937)
The Candid Candidate (1937)
Honest Love and True (1938)
The Lost Kitten (1938)
Buzzy Boop (1938)
Buzzy Boop at the Concert (1938)
On with the New (1938)
My Friend the Monkey (1939)
So Does an Automobile (1939)
Musical Mountaineers (1939)
The Scared Crows (1939)
Rhythm on the Reservation (1939)
Yip Yip Yippy (1939)
Miscelaneous
All U.S.-based productions made prior to , including much of the Laugh-O-Gram Studio, Colonel Heeza Liar, Felix the Cat, Mutt and Jeff, Krazy Kat and Winsor McCay libraries
Bosko the Talk-Ink Kid (1929) – the animated/live action short film by Harman-Ising Productions that would spawn the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series
Man Alive! (1952) – produced by UPA for the American Cancer Society
Look Who's Driving (1954) – produced by UPA for Aetna
You Can Handle It (1958) – produced by Cal Dunn Studios for the National Safety Council
Moonbird (1959)
Calvin and the Colonel
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1964) – copyright status uncertain, see Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer copyright issues
Nina Paley's Sita Sings the Blues (2008)
Mickey Mouse in Vietnam by Whitney Lee Savage and Milton Glaser is in the public domain because it was published in 1969 without a copyright notice.
References
Lists of American animated films
Public domain in the United States
Public domain in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20animated%20films%20in%20the%20public%20domain%20in%20the%20United%20States |
The Thaler was a coin issued by Baden of varying equivalents to its currency, the South German gulden, each of 60 kreuzer.
From 1690 the Reichsthaler specie coin of 25.984 g fine silver was issued for 2 gulden.
From 1754 the Conventionsthaler of 23.3856 g fine silver was issued for 2.4 gulden (2 gulden, 24 kreuzer).
From the 19th century the Kronenthaler of 25.71 g fine silver was issued for 2.7 gulden (2 gulden, 42 kreuzer).
From the 19th century the French silver écu was accepted for 2.8 gulden (2 gulden, 48 kreuzer).
From 1837, the doppelthaler worth two Prussian thalers was issued for 3 gulden.
From 1857 to 1871 the Vereinsthaler was issued for 1 gulden.
Grand Duchy of Baden
Currencies of Germany
Modern obsolete currencies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden%20thaler |
The Red River Zoo is a zoo in Fargo, North Dakota. The zoo's first opened in the spring of 1999. It gained accreditation from the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) in 2006.
History
The zoo currently sits on that was once a farm owned by the George Anderson family, also known as Red River Ranch. Some of the farm buildings were renovated and are used today by the zoo, while others were removed because they were unsafe. Although the original property was flat and had only seven trees, hundreds of additional trees and shrubs were planted and a series of five ponds created to landscape the area.
Animals
The award-winning Red River Zoo is home to over 600 animals representing 89 species, including red pandas. It also includes a 1928 carousel that was fully restored in 1995 and donated to the zoo by the Diederich family. The zoo features a gray wolf exhibit featuring a family of six wolves. They can be viewed from outside or inside a "trapper's cabin" that has two large viewing windows to observe the wolf family. In 2013, the North American River Otter exhibit opened, featuring an indoor and underwater viewing area.
The zoo specializes in breeding and exhibiting some of the world's rarest cold climate species, having successfully bred red pandas (11 births as of 2012, including two sets of triplets), Sichuan takin, Pallas's cats, and Russian Red Tree Squirrels.
The Red River Zoological Society
The Red River Zoo receives no public funds and depends on memberships, admissions, donations, and grants to the Red River Zoological Society and by its members. The Society was formed in 1993.
Notes
Zoos in North Dakota
Buildings and structures in Fargo, North Dakota
1999 establishments in North Dakota
Tourist attractions in Fargo, North Dakota
Zoos established in 1999 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20River%20Zoo |
Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust is one of the largest National Health Service teaching Trusts in England and comprises Sandwell General Hospital in West Bromwich, City Hospital, Birmingham and Rowley Regis Hospital. The trust was established on 1 April 2002 following approval given by the Secretary of State for Health to amalgamate Sandwell Healthcare NHS Trust and City Hospital NHS Trust.
Development
In January 2014 it was reported that the trust had invested £3 million in creating a new blood sciences laboratory at Sandwell Hospital which processes more than 7,000 samples and produces around 30,000 test results a day. It was designed to fit with the needs of the proposed new Midland Metropolitan University Hospital in Smethwick.
The trust agreed in July 2015 to join the Black Country Alliance with Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust and Walsall Healthcare NHS Trust. The plan was to create a jointly owned Company Limited by Guarantee which would enable the three trusts to jointly bid for contracts. There would also be some consolidation of administrative functions like payroll, information technology and estates.
The trust planned to cut around 1,400 posts between 2015 and 2020 in order to reduce pay costs by £16.1m, though it was recruiting more staff including A&E consultants and nurses.
Midland Metropolitan University Hospital
In July 2014 it was announced that £353 million would be invested in a new 670-bed acute Midland Metropolitan University Hospital covering 16 acres in Grove Lane, Smethwick. £100 million would be provided by HM Treasury, the remainder privately. Rowley Regis Hospital in the Tory marginal seat of Halesowen and Rowley Regis would have an expanded role in non-acute, community-based care. Carillion's joint venture, the Hospital Company, was to build it at a capital cost of £297m and provide hard facilities management and life-cycle maintenance services. The new hospital will have 15 operating theatre suites.
On 15 January 2018, Carillion went into liquidation, partly due to problems with the hospital contract, and delaying the project still further On 26 March 2018, it was reported that the project had been costing over £17m more than Carillion had officially reported.
In March 2018, Skanska negotiated to take over the hospital's construction, with the project 18 months late and likely to cost an additional £125 million. In May 2018, the NHS trust had yet to confirm Skanska to complete the project, and with the unfinished site deteriorating, completion was likely to be pushed back an additional two years, to 2022. In June 2018, a consortium of banks financing the project withdrew their support, and HM Treasury cancelled the PFI contract for construction of the hospital, leaving the NHS trust with a lengthy search for new investment and pushing the completion date back to at least 2022.
In the meantime, the NHS trust started tendering for an interim contractor to deliver a £13m early works programme to protect the site until a replacement construction contractor is appointed; in October 2018, this work was awarded to Balfour Beatty.
In August 2018, market testing with contractors showed there was little appetite to bid under a private finance model, and that a PF2 bid would be over £100m more expensive and take six months longer. As a result, the NHS trust sought direct government funding, and on 16 August 2018, the government announced it would fund completion of the hospital. In November 2018, it was reported that the NHS trust was struggling to find a contractor to complete the hospital, with the possibility that the hospital might be delayed beyond 2022.
General practice
The trust took over Great Bridge Health Centre and Lyndon Health Centre in 2019 and will take over Summerfield GP and Urgent Care Practice from Virgin Care in June. Together the three practices have about 15,000 registered patients. The trust will be running them in conjunction with Your Health Partnership, a Sandwell-based GP led partnership.
Performance
The trust was among the three worst nationally over care for women giving birth.
The trust issued invoices to patients thought to be ineligible for NHS treatment totalling £2.5 million in 2018–9, but only collected £0.3 million.
Vaping
Two hospitals run by the trust opened vape shops in 2019 in conjunction with a ban on smoking. At the time, Public Health England advised hospitals to let patients vape indoors - and even in bed.
See also
List of NHS trusts
Healthcare in West Midlands
References
External links
Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust
NHS hospital trusts
Health in Birmingham, West Midlands
Sandwell
Learning and Skills Beacons
Health in the West Midlands (county) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwell%20and%20West%20Birmingham%20Hospitals%20NHS%20Trust |
In applied mathematics, the starred transform, or star transform, is a discrete-time variation of the Laplace transform, so-named because of the asterisk or "star" in the customary notation of the sampled signals.
The transform is an operator of a continuous-time function , which is transformed to a function in the following manner:
where is a Dirac comb function, with period of time T.
The starred transform is a convenient mathematical abstraction that represents the Laplace transform of an impulse sampled function , which is the output of an ideal sampler, whose input is a continuous function, .
The starred transform is similar to the Z transform, with a simple change of variables, where the starred transform is explicitly declared in terms of the sampling period (T), while the Z transform is performed on a discrete signal and is independent of the sampling period. This makes the starred transform a de-normalized version of the one-sided Z-transform, as it restores the dependence on sampling parameter T.
Relation to Laplace transform
Since , where:
Then per the convolution theorem, the starred transform is equivalent to the complex convolution of and , hence:
This line integration is equivalent to integration in the positive sense along a closed contour formed by such a line and an infinite semicircle that encloses the poles of X(s) in the left half-plane of p. The result of such an integration (per the residue theorem) would be:
Alternatively, the aforementioned line integration is equivalent to integration in the negative sense along a closed contour formed by such a line and an infinite semicircle that encloses the infinite poles of in the right half-plane of p. The result of such an integration would be:
Relation to Z transform
Given a Z-transform, X(z), the corresponding starred transform is a simple substitution:
This substitution restores the dependence on T.
It's interchangeable,
Properties of the starred transform
Property 1: is periodic in with period
Property 2: If has a pole at , then must have poles at , where
Citations
References
Phillips and Nagle, "Digital Control System Analysis and Design", 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall, 1995.
Transforms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starred%20transform |
Kathi Lynn Wilcox (born November 19, 1969) is an American musician. She is the bass player in the Julie Ruin and has been in bands such as Bikini Kill, the Casual Dots, and the Frumpies.
Music
Wilcox attended The Evergreen State College where she studied film and worked with Tobi Vail at a sandwich shop. During this time she and friends Kathleen Hanna and Vail collaborated on a feminist zine titled Bikini Kill. The three women enlisted guitarist Billy Karren and began a feminist punk band also called Bikini Kill. Wilcox provided bass, guitar, drums, and vocals for the band, which lasted throughout the '90s and is considered one of the definitive bands of the riot grrrl movement. Wilcox's other musical projects include the Frumpies with Vail, Karren, Michelle Mae (The Make-Up), and Molly Neumann (Bratmobile); The Casual Dots with Christina Billotte (Slant 6, Quixotic) and Steve Dore; and The Julie Ruin with Hanna, Kenny Mellman (Kiki & Herb), Carmine Covelli, and Sara Landeau.
Wilcox collaborated with Fugazi's Brendan Canty on the theme song to the punk rock-oriented children's show Pancake Mountain.
Personal life
Wilcox married musician Guy Picciotto from Fugazi, and in 2013 the two were reported living in Brooklyn with their seven-year-old daughter.
References
1969 births
American women drummers
American women guitarists
American women singers
American feminists
American multi-instrumentalists
American punk rock bass guitarists
American punk rock singers
American rock drummers
Evergreen State College alumni
Women bass guitarists
Women punk rock singers
Feminist musicians
Living people
Riot grrrl musicians
Third-wave feminism
Bikini Kill members
The Julie Ruin members
The Frumpies members
20th-century American drummers
20th-century American bass guitarists
20th-century American women musicians
21st-century American women
Women in punk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathi%20Wilcox |
The Tactical Airborne Reconnaissance Pod System (TARPS) was a large and sophisticated camera pod carried by the Grumman F-14 Tomcat. It contains three camera bays with different type cameras which are pointed down at passing terrain. It was originally designed to provide an interim aerial reconnaissance capability until a dedicated F/A-18 Hornet reconnaissance version could be fielded. TARPS was pressed into service upon arrival in the fleet in 1981, and remained in use up to the end of Tomcat service in 2006.
TARPS pod and Tomcat interoperability
The pod itself is long, and weighs . and is carried on the starboard side of the tunnel between the engine nacelles. The F-14A and F-14B Tomcats had to be specially modified to carry the TARPS pod which involved routing of control wiring from the rear cockpit and environmental control system (ECS) connections to the pod. Standard allowance was at least three TARPS aircraft per designated squadron (only one per airwing). All F-14Ds were modified to be TARPS capable, which allowed greater flexibility in scheduling aircraft and conducting maintenance. A control panel is fitted to the rear cockpit and the RIO has total control over pod operation except for a pilot controlled button that can activate cameras as selected by the RIO (but seldom used).
Camera bays
Each of the camera bays was designed to carry different cameras for specific tasks on reconnaissance missions. The forward bay held a 150 mm (6") focal length serial frame camera (KS-87) on a two position rotating mount which could direct the camera's view straight down or be moved to a 45° angle for a forward oblique view. The second bay or middle bay of the TARPS pod originally held the 230 mm (9") focal length KA-99 panoramic camera which rotated from horizon to horizon and could be used for side oblique photography. Each image in the wide field of view position produced a 91 cm (36") negative. The KA-99 could carry up to of film that could be exhausted if not managed carefully by the RIO. The third camera bay held an infrared line scanner camera used for night missions or daylight mission traces. All TARPS cameras were monitored by a device called a CIPDU in the tail cone section of the pod that provided camera status to maintenance personnel and during flight provided aircraft position data onto the camera imagery for intel analysis. An electrical umbilical cord connected the pod to the control panel that was positioned on the left side of the rear cockpit. A hose from the ECS from the F-14 cooled/heated the internals of the pod in flight and kept the appropriate humidity levels constant. In 1987 VF-111 was the first squadron to deploy with a KS-153 camera system in bay two. The KS-153 used a 610 mm (24") lens and was used for stand-off photography in the Persian Gulf. During Operation Desert Shield the KS-153 was used to monitor the no fly zones in Iraq.
Tomcat TARPS squadrons were staffed with Navy photographer's mates and Avionics Technicians that maintained the cameras and worked with the carrier to process the imagery. TARPS squadrons also included an extra Intelligence officer and Intelligence Specialists to help plan TARPS missions and exploit the imagery afterwards. The TARPS shop maintained the cameras and removed or loaded the pod when and if needed. Wet film processing was conducted in a processing room connected to the ship's Intelligence Center (CVIC) where the Intelligence Specialists has a dedicated space with a light table for analyzing the hundreds of feet of film and exploiting the data.
TARPS missions
The TARPS pod provided capability for the Tomcat to conduct a variety of reconnaissance tasking including:
mapping (the Tomcat software was also upgraded to assist with this demanding and painstaking mission)
pre and post strike bomb damage assessment
standoff oblique photography
maritime ship surveillance
Upgrades
Although TARPS was originally planned to be an interim solution, combat experience with VF-32 over Lebanon in 1983 resulted in upgrades to the TARPS camera suite and to the aircraft survivability. Since the KA-99 camera was designed for low-medium altitude missions, the Tomcats were forced to fly as low as over active AAA and SAM sites in the Bekaa Valley, again by VF-32, resulting in 6th Fleet requesting higher altitude cameras such as had been available in the dedicated reconnaissance platforms such as the RA-5C, RF-8 and RF-4. As a result, the first set of four KA-93 910 mm (36") focal length Long Range Optic (LOROP) cameras were shipped to NAS Oceana in the spring of 1984 for deployment with the next Tomcat TARPS squadron. VF-102 conducted an OPEVAL of the cameras en route to the MED in expectation of flying them over Lebanon, but the crisis had cooled down by then. The cameras then became forward deployed assets and cross-decked between TARPS squadrons. Later, KS-153 LOROP cameras were also procured and also used as forward deployed assets. The KS-87 camera bay was eventually upgraded with a digital sensor so that imagery could be captured onto a PCMCIA Type II card for debrief, but could also be transmitted as desired by the RIO.
The TARPS mission first exposed the Tomcat to the AAA and SAM threat on a routine basis and spurred upgrades not only to the cameras, but to the aircraft itself. The existing RHAW gear, the ALR-45/50 was vintage Vietnam era and could not keep up with the latest threats of the SA-5 and SA-6, both present in several threat countries in the Mediterranean. As such, TARPS Tomcats were provided with an Expanded Chaff Adapter (ECA) rail that provided 120 extra expendable rounds and another rail that mounted an ALQ-167 "Bullwinkle" jammer. Eventually, the F-14B arrived with the improved ALR-67 RHAW gear capable of keeping pace with the latest threats. Prior to that, some Tomcat squadrons used modified "Fuzz-buster" automotive police radar detectors mounted ad hoc on the pilot's glare shield to detect threats not handled by the ALR-45/50.
Operational history
TARPS was immediately impressed into the Cold War and used for surveillance of Soviet ships at sea and in their anchorages sometimes from over distant from patrolling aircraft carriers in the classic cat and mouse tactics of that era.
TARPS resulted in Tomcats being put in harm's way shortly after it was introduced to the fleet in 1981. VF-102 Tomcats had been inadvertently been fired on by AAA and a single SA-2 SAM over Somalia in April 1983 while conducting peacetime mapping prior to a major exercise. A few months later VF-32 conducted TARPS missions in support of the invasion of Grenada and went on to join VF-143 and VF-31 in flying missions in the Eastern Med where three carriers had gathered to respond to the crisis in Lebanon. Thus, TARPS was responsible for the Tomcat's first sustained combat baptism of fire when the crisis in Lebanon heated up in 1983 requiring daily overflights over hostile AAA and SAMs. During operation El Dorado Canyon in 1986, Libya launched SCUD missiles at a US outpost on an island in the Med and VF-102 flew TARPS to ascertain if there had been any damage.
Initially, TARPS was not a priority on the air tasking order during Desert Shield/Storm due to availability of strategic assets like the U-2/TR-1 and plentiful USAF RF-4 units. However, once Desert Storm started, the demand for realtime intel overwhelmed the other assets and TARPS missions were called upon to meet the demand. Immediately, it became obvious that Tomcats were favored for in country missions over the RF-4 as they required no escort and needed less fuel pre- and post-mission, which was a real concern at the time. TARPS continued to be utilized post Desert Storm and training was modified to take into account medium altitude tactics such as were flown in Desert Storm. Prior to that, the majority of TARPS missions training missions were low altitude overland and over water navigation and imagery. Only mapping was flown at medium altitudes. TARPS was used routinely in Operation Southern Watch over Iraq and called upon in Bosnia in 1995 and then again over Kosovo in 1999. The advent of LANTIRN into Tomcat operations provided a useful complement to TARPS. Since both systems need the same real estate in the rear cockpit for sensor operation control panels, they cannot be mounted on the aircraft at the same time, but they can be flown in formation yielding the best of both systems.
TARPS was used in the United States in 1993 when areas of the Mississippi River flooded. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) requested TARPS flights be taken over the area to determine which locations were hardest hit. TARPS has also been used for hurricane damage assessment. TARPS was also used to assess damages following the Waco siege in 1993, as well as damage to the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building following the Oklahoma City bombing. In addition, TARPS equipped F-14s were used for DEA intel missions for anti-drug operations in the early 1990s.
Notes
References
External links
FAS Intelligence Resource Program: TARPS
TARPS page at GlobalSecurity web site, retrieved 23 November 2006
Aircraft instruments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical%20Airborne%20Reconnaissance%20Pod%20System |
Chris Jaksa is an emergency physician and former professional baseball umpire. Along with fellow umpire instructor Rick Roder, Jaksa co-authored the only complete re-write of baseball's professional rules; this work is commonly known as the "Jaksa/Roder Manual."
Umpiring career
Jaksa put his studies on hold at the University of Michigan and attended the Joe Brinkman Umpire School in 1984. Upon graduation from the program, he entered professional baseball and umpired in the Appalachian League (1984), Midwest League (1985-1987), Carolina League (1988), and Southern League (1989). He was the head rules instructor at the Brinkman school from 1987 to 1989. In Jaksa's last season as an umpire, he appeared in an ESPN documentary on minor league umpires.
After baseball
After six seasons of umpiring minor league baseball, Jaksa went back to college at Michigan, earning a philosophy degree in 1993 and a medical degree in 1997. He completed an emergency medicine residency at SUNY Buffalo and practices in the emergency room at Modesto and Manteca Kaiser Permanente in California.
References
External links
rulesofbaseball.com
Living people
Minor league baseball umpires
American emergency physicians
University of Michigan Medical School alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Jaksa |
"Name" is a song by American rock band Goo Goo Dolls. It was released in September 1995 as the third single from their fifth studio album, A Boy Named Goo (1995). "Name" became the band's first major hit, topping both the US Modern Rock Tracks chart and the Album Rock Tracks chart. It also reached number five on the Billboard Hot 100. In Canada, "Name" peaked at number two on the RPM 100 Hit Tracks chart and number one on the RPM Alternative 30.
Although Goo Goo Dolls were considered an alternative group prior to the single's release, "Name" crossed over to pop and adult contemporary radio, greatly increasing the band's fan base. The band re-recorded "Name" for their compilation album, Greatest Hits Volume One: The Singles; this version featured minimal arrangements and production.
Composition
The song's unusual guitar tuning, D-A-E-A-E-E, is accomplished by replacing the B string with a high E string. In an interview with Guitar World Magazine, the singer and songwriter Johnny Rzeznik explained: "Both the top strings are high E strings. Whenever I tried tuning a regular B string up to E, it would pop. It was really tough on the tension. I've seen guys play 'Name' with regular tuning. It doesn't sound right." Rzeznik says that the song's unusual composition happened "quite accidentally". In an interview with KFOG, he explained: "It was weird, I was just sitting on my couch randomly twisting the tuning pegs, and I couldn't figure out what notes the guitar was tuned to, so I had to grab my tuner to find out, and then I jotted them down on a post it. ... I just sat there and let my fingers play the fretboard openly, and that is what became the progression of 'Name'."
In her book The Kennedy Chronicles, former MTV VJ Kennedy claimed that the song was actually about her complicated relationship with Rzeznik, with the lyrics referring to their time together and her full name being a secret to most. Rzeznik admitted to the inspiration in the book, saying, "I was trying to capture a moment...it was pretty interesting to have a song inspired by a moment. And I thought it was a very sweet song."
Reception
In October 2012, "Name" was ranked number 24 on Billboard's "Top 100 Pop Songs 1992–2012" chart. This chart also featured the Goo Goo Dolls' hits "Slide" (ranking at number nine) and "Iris" (which topped the chart). The Goo Goo Dolls are the only musicians to have three songs chart on the list, two breaking the top 10 and all three falling within the top 25. They are also the only musicians who have back to back singles ("Iris", 1998 and "Slide", 1999) featured on the list.
Track listings
US cassette single and Australian maxi-CD single
A1. "Name" – 4:29
B1. "Burnin' Up" – 2:29
B2. "Hit or Miss" – 2:43
European CD single
"Name" – 4:29
"Nothing Can Change You" – 3:11
"I Wanna Destroy You" – 2:34
Japanese CD single
"Name"
"Burnin' Up"
"Falling Down"
"Naked"
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
See also
List of number-one mainstream rock hits (United States)
Number one modern rock hits of 1995
List of RPM Rock/Alternative number-one singles (Canada)
References
1994 songs
1995 singles
Goo Goo Dolls songs
Post-grunge songs
Songs written by John Rzeznik
Warner Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name%20%28song%29 |
Raymond Brunson Huey (born 14 September 1944) is a biologist specializing in evolutionary physiology. He has taught at the University of Washington (UW), and he earned his Ph.D. in biology at Harvard University under E. E. Williams. He has recently been the chair of the UW Department of Biology, but a retirement celebration was held on 4 Oct. 2013 in Seattle.
Education
After attending Deep Springs College, Huey earned his A.B. with honors in Zoology in 1966 from the University of California, Berkeley. In 1966, he earned his M.A. in Zoology from the University of Texas at Austin, working with Eric R. Pianka. He then earned his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1975.
Awards
In 1991, he received the Distinguished Herpetologist Award from the Herpetologists League, and in 1998, he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in Organismic Biology & Ecology.
See also
Beneficial acclimation hypothesis
Comparative physiology
Ecophysiology
Evolutionary physiology
Experimental evolution
Herpetology
Phylogenetic comparative methods
References
External links
Huey web page
Huey publications
Further reading
Feder, M. E., A. F. Bennett, W. W. Burggren, and R. B. Huey, eds. 1987. New directions in ecological physiology. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York. 364 pp.
Feder, M. E., A. F. Bennett, and R. B. Huey. 2000. Evolutionary physiology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31:315-341. PDF
Garland, T., Jr., and P. A. Carter. 1994. Evolutionary physiology. Annual Review of Physiology 56:579-621. PDF
1944 births
Living people
21st-century American biologists
American physiologists
Evolutionary biologists
Harvard University alumni
Deep Springs College alumni
Fellows of the Ecological Society of America | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20B.%20Huey |
Mixite is a rare copper bismuth arsenate mineral with formula: BiCu6(AsO4)3(OH)6·3(H2O). It crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system typically occurring as radiating acicular prisms and massive encrustations. The color varies from white to various shades of green and blue. It has a Mohs hardness of 3.5 to 4 and a specific gravity of 3.8. It has an uneven fracture and a brilliant to adamantine luster.
It occurs as a secondary mineral in the oxidized zones of copper deposits. Associated minerals include: bismutite, smaltite, native bismuth, atelestite, erythrite, malachite and barite.
It was discovered in 1879 near J´achymov, Czech Republic by mine engineer Anton Mixa. Mixite has also been found in Argentina, Australia, Austria, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Namibia, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Mixite is the namesake member of the mixite mineral group, which has the general chemical formula Cu2+6A(TO4)3(OH)6·3H2O, where A is a REE, Al, Ca, Pb, or Bi, and T is P or As. In addition to mixite, this mineral group contains the isostructural minerals agardite-(Y), agardite-(Ce), agardite-(Nd), agardite-(La), calciopetersite, goudeyite, petersite-(Ce), petersite-(Y), plumboagardite, and zálesíite.
References
RRUFF Project
Further reading
Downes, P. J., Hope, M., Bevan, A. W. R. and Henry, D. A. (2006): Chalcocite and associated secondary minerals from the Telfer gold mine, Western Australia. Austral. J. Mineral. 12, 25-42.
U., Blaß, G. & Auer, C. (2010): 1618) Bleihaltiger Agardit-(La) und Brookit von der Äußeren Wimitz, St. Veit an der Glan, Gurktaler
Alpen. P. 203 in Niedermayr et al. (2010): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich LIX. Carinthia II, 200./120., 199-260.
Petr Pauliš (2000): Nejzajímavější mineralogická naleziště Čech.
Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 944; Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte (1991), 487.
Lapis 2002(7/8), 54.
Sejkora, J., Gabasova, A., Novotna, M. (1997): Mixite from Smrkovec near Marianské Lazné. Bulletin Mineralogicko-Petrologického Oddělení Národního Muzea (Praha), 4-5, 185-187.
Sejkora, J.: Minerály ložiska Moldava v Krušných horách. Bulletin Mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 1994, volume. 2, s. 110-116.
Lapis 23(4), 18-34 (1998).
Jiří Sejkora, Petr Pauliš, Radana Malíková, Miroslav Zeman & Václav Krtek (2013): Supergenní minerály As ze štoly č. 2 Preisselberg, rudní revír Krupka (Česká republika) [Supergene As minerals from the Gallery No. 2, Preisselberg, the Krupka ore district (Czech Republic)]. Bulletin Mineralogicko-Petrologického Oddělení Národního Muzea (Praha) 21, 201-209.
Kuttna, Kutná Hora; Sejkora, J., Ondruš, P., Fikar, M., Veselovský, F., Mach, Z., Gabašová, A., Skoda, R. & Beran, P. (2006): Supergene minerals at the Huber stock and Schnöd stock deposits, Krásno ore District, the Slavkovský les area, Czech Republic. Journal of the Czech Geological Society 51, 57-101.
J.-L. Hohl: "Minéraux et Mines du Massif Vosgien", Editions du Rhin (Mulhouse), 1994.
R.PIERROT, L. CHAURIS, C. LAFORET (1973) : "Inventaire minéralogique de la France : 29- Finistère.", B.R.G.M. Paris.
Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, Bulletin de l'Association Française de Microminéralogie, 1985, N° 3, pp. 3–6.
Le Règne Minéral 1997, 13, p. 5-18.
Dubru. M, (1986) Pétrologie et géochimie du marbre à brucite et des borates associés au gisement de tungstène de Costabonne, (Pyrénées orientales, France) 930p.
J.C. Escande, Z. Johan, J. Lougnon, P. Picot, F. Pillard : "Note sur la présence de minéraux de bismuth dans un filon de barytine et fluorine à Faymont, près Le Val-d'Ajol (Vosges)", Bull. Soc. Fr. Minéral. Cristallogr., 1973, 96, 398-399.
Georges Favreau - Favreau G., Eytier J-R., Eytier C. (2010), Les minéraux de la mine de Falgayrolles (Aveyron), Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, n°109
Inventaire Minéralogique de la France N°7, p127-128.
[UKJMM 2:11-15 "Cap Garonne Secondary Copper and Lead - W.R. van den Berg"]
K. Walenta: "Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes", Weise (Munich), 1992.
Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 944.
Wittern, A. (1995) Mineralien finden im Schwarzwald.
Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001.
Schrenk, D. (2000): Die Minerale des Steinbruchs 'Blessing' bei Hornberg. Erzgräber, 14 (1), 10-17.
Lapis, 18 (2), 13-24.
S. Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990.
Belendorff, K & Petitjean, K. (1987): Reichenbach im Odenwald. Die Mineralien von Fundpunkt 16.1. bei Reichenbach. LAPIS 12 (10), 23-32 + 58.
J. Gröbner und U. Kolitsch (2006): Neufunde aus dem Erzgebirge (II). Mineralien-Welt 17 (3), 22-27.
Frenzel, A. (1874): Mineralogisches Lexicon für das Königreich Sachsen.
Gröbner, J. and Kolitsch, U. (2007): The minerals of the uranium prospect at Tirpersdorf, Vogtland. Lapis 32, 37-42; 58.
Matthies, A. (2009): Mechelgrün im Sächsischen Vogtland: Uranmineralien als Haldenfunde. Lapis 34 (3), 41-43.
T. Witzke et al.: Lapis 2001(12), 13-27.
Jansa, J., Novák, F., Pauliš, P., Scharmová, M.: Supergenní minerály Sn-W ložiska Cínovec v Krušných horách (Česká republika). Bulletin mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 1998, roč. 6, s. 83-101.
Sejkora, J., Škoda, R., Škácha, P., Bureš, B. & Dvořák, Z. (2009): Nové mineralogické nálezy na Sn-W ložisku Cínovec v Krušných horách (Česká republika). Bulletin mineralogicko-petrologického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze 17 (2), 23-30.
Solomos, C., Voudouris, P. & Katerinopoulos, A. (2004): Mineralogical studies of bismuth-gold-antimony mineralization at the area of Kamariza, Lavrion. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, Proceedings of the 10th International Congress, Thessaloniki, Greece, 387-396.
Heymann, J. (1982): Al-Adamin. LAPIS 7 (3), 26-28.
Lapis, 24, 7/8 (1999).
Boscardin M., Gaetani E., Mattioli V. (1994)-Olivenite ed altre novità di Punta Corna, Valle di Viù, Piemonte-Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, Milano-Fasc. 2, pp 113–121.
Ciriotti, M.E., Blaß, G. (2010): Pot-pourri 2009: Identificazioni UKiS AMI, Minerali italiani di interesse. Micro, 1/2010, 124-127.
Vecchi, F., Rocchetti, I. & Gentile, P. (2013): Die Mineralien des Granits von Predazzo, Provinz Trient, Italien. Mineralien-Welt, 24(6), 98-117.
Orlandi, P. & Criscuolo, A. (2009). Minerali del marmo delle Alpi Apuane. Pacini editore, Pisa, 180 pp.
Panczner(1987).
Arsenate minerals
Bismuth minerals
Copper(II) minerals
Hexagonal minerals
Minerals in space group 176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixite |
Tellurium tetrafluoride, TeF4, is a stable, white, hygroscopic crystalline solid and is one of two fluorides of tellurium. The other binary fluoride is tellurium hexafluoride. The widely reported Te2F10 has been shown to be F5TeOTeF5 There are other tellurium compounds that contain fluorine, but only the two mentioned contain solely tellurium and fluorine. Tellurium difluoride, TeF2, and ditellurium difluoride, Te2F2 are not known.
Preparation
Tellurium tetrafluoride can be prepared by the following reaction:
TeO2 + 2SF4 → TeF4 + 2SOF2
It is also prepared by reacting nitryl fluoride with tellurium or from the elements at 0 °C or by reacting selenium tetrafluoride with tellurium dioxide at 80 °C.
Fluorine in nitrogen can react with TeCl2 or TeBr2 to form TeF4. PbF2 will also fluorinate tellurium to TeF4.
Reactivity
Tellurium tetrafluoride will react with water or silica and forms tellurium oxides. Copper, silver, gold or nickel will react with tellurium tetrafluoride at 185 °C. It does not react with platinum. It is soluble in SbF5 and will precipitate out the complex TeF4SbF5.
Properties
Tellurium tetrafluoride melts at 130 °C and decomposes to tellurium hexafluoride at 194 °C. In the solid phase, it consists of infinite chains of TeF3F2/2 in an octahedral geometry. A lone pair of electrons occupies the sixth position.
References
R.B. King; Inorganic Chemistry of Main Group Elements, VCH Publishers, New York, 1995.
W.C. Cooper; Tellurium, VanNostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1971.
Tellurium(IV) compounds
Fluorides
Tellurium halides
Chalcohalides | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellurium%20tetrafluoride |
The National Auto Sport Association (NASA) is an American motorsports organization promoting road racing and high-performance driver education.
Founded in 1991, NASA hosts High Performance Driving Events (HPDE), automotive rallies, Time Trial, autocross and amateur, club-level automotive racing, divided amongst regionally based chapters within the United States.
In September 2006, NASA held its first-ever National Championships at Mid-Ohio. The NASA National Championships are open to any driver who earns points in a minimum of five regional races (in any NASA region or combination of regions).
Since 2021, the NASA National Championships have been held at Daytona International Speedway.
Time trial
Racing in the time trial classes allows drivers to compete against each other for the fastest lap. It is currently NASA's mid-level offering, fitting between the HPDE and road racing series.
Competitive racing
NASA currently offers the following Road Racing series:
944 Spec
American Iron Racing
American Iron Extreme
Camaro Mustang Challenge
Endurance Racing
German Touring Series
Honda Challenge
NASA Prototype
NASA Rally Sport
Spec3
Spec E30
Spec E46
Spec Iron
Spec Miata
Spec Z
Super Touring/Super Unlimited
Thunder Roadster
Team Racing Endurance Challenge (TREC)
Other sanctioned competition series
25 Hours of Thunderhill
HyperFest: The Automotive Amusement Park
One Lap of America
NASA Rally Sport
Teen Mazda Challenge
United States Touring Car Championship
NASA regions
Arizona
NorCal
SoCal
MidAmerica
Florida
Great Lakes
Hawaii
Mid-Atlantic
Mid South
NOLA
Northeast
Rally Sport
Rocky Mountain
Southeast
Texas Region
Utah
References
External links
Official Website
National Championships Website
Official Discussion Forums
NASA Time-Trial
NASA Rally Sport
How to Build a Mustang Race Car for NASA American Iron
Auto racing organizations in the United States
Sports car racing
Auto racing series in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Auto%20Sport%20Association |
Douglas, Dougie or Doug Wilson may refer to:
Academics
Douglas Wilson (theologian) (born 1953), Christian pastor and author
Douglas L. Wilson (born 1935), professor and co-director of Lincoln Studies Center at Knox College
Television
Douglas Wilson (interior designer), designer on the television program Trading Spaces
Doug Wilson (Weeds character), fictional character in the television series Weeds, portrayed by actor Kevin Nealon
Other
Douglas Wilson (RAAF officer) (1898–1950), Royal Australian Air Force officer
Douglas Wilson (bishop) (1903–1980), Anglican bishop in the Caribbean
Doug Wilson (athlete) (1920–2010), British athlete
Doug Wilson (rugby union) (1931–2019), New Zealand rugby union player
Douglas Wilson (activist) (1950–1992), gay activist from Canada
Doug Wilson (ice hockey) (born 1957), retired professional hockey player, current GM of the San Jose Sharks
Doug Wilson (racing driver), retired NASCAR Cup Series driver
Dougie Wilson (born 1994), Northern Irish footballer
Douglas Wilson (basketball) (born 1999), American college basketball player | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas%20Wilson |
Michael Keating (born 29 September 1946) is an Irish former politician.
Early life
Keating was born in Dublin in 1946. He was educated at the Christian Brothers O'Connell School, University College Dublin, and St. Patrick's College in Maynooth where he received a Bachelor of Arts. He worked as a secondary school teacher before becoming involved in politics.
Political activity
He unsuccessfully contested the 1973 general election for Fine Gael, in Dublin Central, but was elected to Dublin City Council in 1974. He became Lord Mayor of Dublin in 1983. He was successful in his second attempt at a seat in Dáil Éireann at the 1977 general election, being elected for Dublin North-Central. In 1981 he was elected in the re-created Dublin Central, and was successfully returned there at every election until retiring in 1989. He was later appointed Opposition spokesperson on urban affairs.
Minister of State
In 1981 Fine Gael came to power in a coalition government, and Keating was appointed Minister of State at the Department of Education with responsibility for youth and sport. He remained in that position until 1982. It was the only time that he held ministerial office.
Progressive Democrats
In 1986 Keating left Fine Gael to join the newly formed Progressive Democrats and became deputy leader of the party. He won one of their 14 seats in the 1987 general election. He retired from politics in 1989 to concentrate on his business interests.
Alleged fraud
Keating paid €250,000 to the Criminal Assets Bureau for unpaid tax. The Bureau had been investigating his affairs for more than three years. He was also named in a British court in 2000 as a partner in crime, in a £20m VAT fraud.
References
1946 births
Living people
Alumni of University College Dublin
Alumni of St Patrick's College, Maynooth
People educated at O'Connell School
Fine Gael TDs
Lord Mayors of Dublin
Members of the 21st Dáil
Members of the 22nd Dáil
Members of the 23rd Dáil
Members of the 24th Dáil
Members of the 25th Dáil
Ministers of State of the 22nd Dáil
Politicians from County Dublin
Irish schoolteachers
Progressive Democrats TDs
Fine Gael local councillors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Keating%20%28Irish%20politician%29 |
Selmasaurus is an extinct genus of marine lizard belonging to the mosasaur family. It is classified as part of the Plioplatecarpinae subfamily alongside genera like Angolasaurus and Platecarpus. Two species are known, S. russelli and S. johnsoni; both are exclusively known from Santonian deposits in the United States.
Selmasaurus is unique among the mosasaurs in that its skull is unusually akinetic, meaning that it is incapable of widening to swallow larger prey. Most mosasaurs have skulls which possess "coupled kinesis" (mesokinesis and streptostyly), that is, parts of the jaw can open widely to accommodate large prey.
Description
Selmasaurus was a small predatory mosasaur at approximately 3–5 meters in length. It possesses a relatively low number of teeth for a mosasaur, the lowest of any known species at the time of its discovery. Originally classified as a plioplatecarpine mosasaur, it differs from all other plioplatecarpine mosasaurs in several respects, listed below as stated by Polcyn and Everhart (2008):
History of discovery
First recognized by geologist Samuel Wayne Shannon in his 1975 Master's thesis, "Selected Alabama Mosasaurs", the taxon remained a nomen nudum until it was officially described in 1988 in an article coauthored by Wright. The type specimen, formerly reposited at the Geological Survey of Alabama and cataloged as GSATC 221, was transferred in 2005 to the Alabama Museum of Natural History (Tuscaloosa). The holotype of this genus consists of a very well preserved but incomplete and disarticulated skull, the left atlantal neural arch, atlas centrum, and a single neural arch from a cervical vertebra. Preserved skull elements include the frontal, parietal, left ectopterygoid, left jugal, supratemporals, basioccipital and basisphenoid, and quadrates. The species was named in honor of paleontologist Dale A. Russell, for his extensive work on mosasaurs. The holotype and only known specimen of S. russelli was collected from an unknown location in western Alabama, and for decades, uncertainty surrounded the precise stratigraphic horizon from which the specimen had been recovered. Then in 1998, Caitlín R. Kiernan extracted chalky matrix from the basilar canal of the basiocciptal and identified calcareous nanoplankton that indicated GSATC 221 had originated from basal Campanian beds within the lower unnamed member of the Mooreville Chalk Formation (Selma Group). In her study of Alabama mosasaur biostratigraphy, Kiernan placed S. russelli within the Clidastes Acme Zone, though it was the rarest element in the fauna, accounting for only 0.3% of the biozone's assemblage (one specimen).
A remarkably well preserved and nearly complete Selmasaurus skull and partial postcranial skeleton was discovered by Steve Johnson and family in 1996, from the Santonian or Campanian marine horizon in the Niobrara Formation of Niobrara Chalk, western Kansas. Recovered in 1997 and donated to the Sternberg Museum of Natural History in Hays, Kansas, in 2001, the remains were determined to be a new species of Selmasaurus in 2008 after over a decade of study by Polcyn and Everhart. Named S. johnsoni after its discoverer, the skull is one of the most complete mosasaur skulls recovered and thus provides new anatomical information for Selmasaurus, a better understanding of plioplatecarpine ingroup relationships, extends the geographic and temporal range of the genus, and documents further diversity within Plioplatecarpinae. The holotype and the only known specimen is housed at the Sternberg Museum of Natural History under catalog number FHSM-VP-13910.
Classification
Wright and Shannon classified Selmasaurus as a member of the mosasaur subfamily Plioplatecarpinae, which also includes the genera Platecarpus, Plioplatecarpus, and Ectenosaurus, largely on the "basis of the mode of circulation through the basicarnium." The genus may be most closely related to Ectenosaurus, though it possesses a much shorter, stouter skull. Additional specimens would greatly expand our understanding of Selmasaurus russelli.
The cladogram below follows the most resolved topology from a 2011 phylogenetic analysis of the Plioplatecarpinae by paleontologists Takuya Konishi and Michael W. Caldwell.
[[File:
|thumb|right|]]
References
Fossil taxa described in 1988
Mosasaurs of North America
Mooreville Chalk
Mosasaurids | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selmasaurus |
Alcibiades the Schoolboy (L'Alcibiade, fanciullo a scola), an Italian dialogue published anonymously in 1652, is a defense of homosexual sodomy (anal sex) loosely styled after Socratic dialogue. Set in ancient Athens, the teacher is modelled on Socrates, who so desperately wants to consummate the relationship he has with Alcibiades, one of his students, that he uses all tactics of rhetoric and sophistry at his disposal. He argues that Nature gave us sexual organs for our own pleasure, and that it would insult her to use them otherwise, citing examples from Greek mythology and culture, as well as refuting counterarguments based on the Sodom and Gomorrah story. It is "a tour de force of pederastic fantasy and one of the frankest and most explicit texts on the subject to have been written before the twentieth century." It has been called "the first homosexual novel".
For many years the identity of the author was a mystery. The work was first attributed to Pietro Aretino, but an article in 1888 by Achille Neri identified the author as Antonio Rocco, a libertine priest and philosopher and member of the Accademia degli Incogniti founded by Giovan Battista Loredan.
The text is unashamedly explicit, and it has been argued that "it must be understood in the context of similar texts of the trend of libertinism, using the term in its original sense of a sceptical philosophical tendency."
References
Sources
Text and translations
English
Translation into English by Laura T. de Summa The Philosophical Forum, volume 42, issue 4, 2011, pp. 497–506.
Translation into English by J. C. Rawnsley with an afterword by Don Mader, Amsterdam: Entimos Press, 2000.
French
Gustave Brunet, Dissertation sur L'Alcibiade fanciullo a scola, including French translation by Giovanni Battista Baseggio. Facsimile reprint available as book-on-demand from Kessinger, 2010 .
Unsigned "Preface to the 1891 French edition", http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Alchibiades_Preface.pdf, retrieved 2014-09-01. The preface is signed "Brussels, 1891", so the "1891 French edition" is apparently that published with the imprint (very possibly false) of Brussels. Many notes prefixed "JCR" (J. C. Rawnsley), including n. 2, which says "at the time of writing (July, 2000)".
Secondary material
Giovanni Dall'Orto, "Antonio Rocco and the Background of His 'L'Alcibiade fanciullo a Scola' (1652)," Among Men, Among Women, Amsterdam: University, 1983, pp. 224–32.
Diederik Janssen, "Alcibiades the Schoolboy Redux, or the Impossibility of Childhood Sexuality", International Journal of Sexual Health, 23, no. 3 2011, pp. 158–160.
1652 books
Dialogues
Gay fiction
Pederastic literature
Works published anonymously
17th century in LGBT history
LGBT erotica
Cultural depictions of Socrates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcibiades%20the%20Schoolboy |
3C 449 is a low-redshift (z = 0.017) Fanaroff and Riley class I radio galaxy. It is thought to contain a highly warped circumnuclear disk surrounding the central active galactic nucleus (AGN). The name signifies that it was the 449th object (ordered by right ascension) of the Third Cambridge Catalog of Radio Sources (3C), published in 1959.
When observed by the Very Large Array, the galaxy features two symmetrical radio jets that end up in lobes and an unresolved core. The jets are relativistic near the core, but their speed is greatly reduced at about 10 arcseconds (which corresponds to about 5 kiloparsecs at the distance of the galaxy) from the core. The lobes appear complex, with plumes and wiggles. The north lobe is elongated while the end of the south lobe is round. The total apparent size of the radio features is about 30 arcminutes. Both lobes are leaning towards the west, indicating they are pushed that way by external gas which was formed during a galaxy merger the last 1.3 – 1.6 billion years.
3C 449 is the most prominent member of the Zwicky 2231.2+3732 galaxy cluster. The halo of 3C 449 is connected via a bridge with another galaxy located 37 arcseconds to the north.
Images
References
External links
Radio images and data from the 3CRR Atlas
Astrophysical Journal article about 3C 449 (Tremblay et al. 2006)
Simbad 3C 449
Radio galaxies
Lenticular galaxies
12064
449
Lacerta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3C%20449 |
Gregory's Two Girls is a 1999 Scottish film, set in Cumbernauld and also in various locations in Edinburgh. It is the sequel to Gregory's Girl (1981), which also starred John Gordon Sinclair and Kennie Pullen and was written and directed by Bill Forsyth. The film received mixed reviews.
Plot
Eighteen years after the events of Gregory's Girl, Gregory Underwood (Sinclair), now a 35-year-old English teacher in his former secondary school, has fantasies about 16-year-old student Frances (McKinnon). His politically motivated lessons inspire Frances and Douglas, another student, to plot to overthrow a businessman they suspect of trading in torture equipment.
Cast
Reception
Reviewing the film for The Guardian, Peter Bradshaw said: "This quaint film is from the stable of Forsyth movies such as That Sinking Feeling and Local Hero, and disconcertingly out of its time... all Forsyth's films have charm, including this one. But, unfortunately, Gregory's Two Girls has the unhappy distinction of being an Accidental Period Piece."
However, Time Out London's reviewer said: "There's still comic mileage in Gordon-Sinclair's amiable fumbling Gregory... attention is directed towards wider, broadly political issues, but Forsyth's assured craftsmanship ensures that they are deftly woven into the storytelling. Gordon-Sinclair is a revelation, and although the film suffers from a lack of pace, its wealth of human insight and the premium it places on subtlety of expression make it a rare pleasure.
References
External links
Scotland: the Movie Location Guide
1990s British films
1990s English-language films
1990s high school films
1999 comedy films
1999 films
British high school films
British sequel films
Cumbernauld
English-language Scottish films
Fictional trios
Films about educators
Films directed by Bill Forsyth
Films set in schools
Films set in Scotland
Films shot in Edinburgh
Scottish comedy films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory%27s%20Two%20Girls |
Asia Molly Vieira (born May 18, 1982) is a Canadian actress best known for her early role in the 1991 made-for-television Omen IV: The Awakening and playing as Christine Harrison in the Disney Channel original series, Flash Forward.
Early life and education
Born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, she began her career as a child model at the age of four, later gaining her first major role in 1988 alongside Diane Keaton and Liam Neeson in The Good Mother. She is an accomplished gymnast and graduated from the Etobicoke School of the Arts as a Music Theatre Major. She was also a student at the University of Toronto, studying both drama and history.
Career
Vieira has starred in numerous made-for-TV movies and popular television shows, but she is probably best known for playing the roles of Jewel Staite's best friend Christine Harrison in the TV series Flash Forward, Sally in The Adventures of Dudley the Dragon and Delia York, daughter of Damien Thorn, in Omen IV: The Awakening. She has recently been recording for both radio and cartoons, along with appearing in a number of made-for-TV movies and short films including I Am an Apartment Building which won Best Canadian short at the Edmonton Short Film Festival.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1982 births
Canadian child actresses
Canadian film actresses
Canadian television actresses
Actresses from Toronto
Living people
Etobicoke School of the Arts alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia%20Vieira |
Lawrence R. Rinder is a contemporary art curator and museum director. He directed the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive (BAMPFA) from 2008 to 2020.
Education
Rinder received a B.A. in art from Reed College and an M.A. in art history from Hunter College. He has held teaching positions at UC Berkeley, Columbia University, and Deep Springs College.
He was the Dean of Graduate Studies at California College of the Arts in San Francisco, a position he was appointed to in 2004.
Career
Exhibitions
Rinder served as the Anne and Joel Ehrenkranz Curator of Contemporary Art at the Whitney Museum of American Art where he organized exhibitions including "The American Effect", "BitStreams", the 2002 Whitney Biennial, and "Tim Hawkinson", which was given the 2005 award for best monographic exhibition in a New York museum by the United States chapter of the International Association of Art Critics. Prior to the Whitney, Rinder was founding director of the CCA Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts, in San Francisco, and served as Assistant Director and Curator for Twentieth-Century Art at the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive. Among the many exhibitions he organized at these institutions are "Searchlight: Consciousness at the Millennium" (1999), "Knowledge of Higher Worlds: Rudolf Steiner's Blackboard Drawings" (1997), "Louise Bourgeois: Drawings" (1996), "In a Different Light" (1995), "Félix González-Torres" (1994), and "Where There Is Where There: The Prints of John Cage" (1989).
In September 2007, the Judah L. Magnes Museum in Berkeley, California, opened an installation guest curated by Rinder entitled Shahrokh Yadegari: Through Music. This installation served as the latest exhibition in the Museum's REVISIONS series, in which contemporary artists create original installations based on objects in the Museum's extensive collections.
Publishing
He has published poetry, fiction, and art criticism in Zyzzyva, Fresh Men 2: New Voices in Gay Fiction, Flash Art, Artforum, nest, The Village Voice, Fillip, and Parkett. He is the author of a novel, Revenge of the Decorated Pigs, and a novella (with Colter Jacobsen) "Tuleyome", which was described by Colin Herd in 3:AM Magazine as "Comic and melancholy in equal measure, Tuleyome is the most fully realised example of a text-photo-novel I can think of, where the text and the photos are equal players in the advance of a complex and fascinating narrative, and where the formal properties of both text and photograph are interrogated and laid bare."
Art Life: Selected Writings, 1991-2005, published by Gregory R. Miller and Company in Spring 2006, is his first book of essays. His first play, “The Wishing Well," co-authored with Kevin Killian, premiered in 2006 and was published that year in The Back Room Anthology (Clear Cut Press). In 2003, Rinder was inducted into the National Register of Peer Professionals of the U.S. General Services Administration, and in 2005, he was appointed to the San Francisco Arts Commission by Mayor Gavin Newsom.
BAMPFA
Rinder led a major move for the museum from an older – seismically unstable – brutalist building, to a new building designed by Diller Scofidio + Renfro in downtown Berkeley. He announced his retirement from BAMPFA in September 2019.
References
External links
In 2005, Gregory R. Miller & Co. published Art Life: Selected Writings, 1991-2005 by Lawrence Rinder.
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American art curators
Directors of museums in the United States
Hunter College alumni
University of California, Berkeley staff
Deep Springs College faculty
Reed College alumni
People associated with the Whitney Museum of American Art | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence%20Rinder |
Württemberg used the South German gulden as its currency until 1873. Until 1824, the Gulden was a unit of account and was used to denominate banknotes but was not issued as a coin. It was worth of a Conventionsthaler and was subdivided into 50 Conventionskreuzer or 60 Kreuzer Landmünze.
The first Gulden coins were issued in 1824. The new Gulden was equal to the earlier Gulden and was subdivided into 60 Kreuzer. The rather unusual denominations of 12 and 24 Kreuzer were issued, replacing the 10 and 20 Conventionskreuzer coins.
In 1837, Baden joined the South German Monetary Union. This caused the Gulden to be reduced slightly in size, as it was now worth four sevenths of a Prussian Thaler.
The Gulden was replaced by the Mark in 1873, at a rate of 1 Mark = 35 Kreuzer.
References
Currencies of Germany
History of Württemberg
1873 disestablishments
Coins of the Holy Roman Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg%20gulden |
Vilis Krištopans (born 13 June 1954 in Omsk Oblast, Russian SFSR) is a Latvian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Latvia from 26 November 1998 to 15 July 1999.
As a prime minister he was a member of the Latvian Way political party. He then left politics and, in 2002, returned as a member of parliament from the Union of Greens and Farmers.
Prior to being prime minister, he was the minister of transport.
See also
Krištopans cabinet
References
1954 births
Living people
People from Omsk Oblast
Latvian Way politicians
Latvia First politicians
Prime Ministers of Latvia
Deputies of the 5th Saeima
Deputies of the 6th Saeima
Deputies of the 7th Saeima
Deputies of the 8th Saeima
Deputies of the 14th Saeima
Riga Technical University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilis%20Kri%C5%A1topans |
The Chevrolet Corvette (C3) is the third generation of the Corvette sports car that was produced from 1967 until 1982 by Chevrolet for the 1968 to 1982 model years. Engines and chassis components were mostly carried over from the previous generation, but the body and interior were new. It set new sales records with 53,807 produced for the 1979 model year. The C3 is the third generation of the Chevrolet Corvette, and marks the second time the Corvette would carry the Stingray name, though only for the 1969–76 model years. This time it was a single word as opposed to Sting Ray as used for the 1963–67 C2 generation. The name would then be retired until 2014 when it returned with the release of the C7.
The most expensive Corvette C3 to sell in history was a 1969 L88 Lightweight, one of only four lightweight L88s to be produced. It was sold by Barrett-Jackson in January 2014 for $2,860,000 (£1,728,941).
History
Mako Shark II Concept
The Corvette C3 was patterned after the Mako Shark II designed by Larry Shinoda. Executed under Bill Mitchell's direction, the Mako II had been initiated in early 1964. Once the mid-engined format was abandoned, the Shinoda/Mitchell car was sent to Chevrolet Styling under David Holls, where Harry Haga's studio adapted it for production on the existing Stingray chassis. The resulting lower half of the car was much like the Mako II, except for the softer contours. The concept car's name was later changed to Manta Ray. The C3 also adopted the "sugar scoop" roof treatment with vertical back window from the mid-engined concept models designed by the Duntov group. It was intended from the beginning that the rear window and that portion of the roof above the seats to be removable.
The "Shark" has the distinction of being introduced to the motoring public in an unorthodox—and unintended—fashion. GM had tried their best to keep the appearance of the upcoming car a secret, but the release of Mattel's die-cast Hot Wheels line several weeks before the C3's unveiling had a certain version of particular interest to Corvette fans: the "Custom Corvette", a GM-authorized model of the 1968 Corvette.
1968–1969
For 1968, both the Corvette body and interior were completely redesigned. As before, the car was available in either coupe or convertible models, but coupe was now a notchback fitted with a near-vertical removable rear window and removable roof panels (T-tops). A soft folding top was included with convertibles, while an auxiliary hardtop with a glass rear window was offered at additional cost. Included with coupes were hold down straps and a pair of vinyl bags to store the roof panels, and above the luggage area was a rear window stowage tray. The enduring new body's concealed headlights moved into position via a vacuum operated system rather than electrically as on the previous generation, and the new hide-away windshield wipers utilized a problematic vacuum door. The door handles were flush with the top of the doors with a separate release button. Front fenders had functional engine cooling vents. Side vent windows were eliminated from all models, replaced with "Astro Ventilation", a fresh air circulation system. In the cabin, a large round speedometer and matching tachometer were positioned in front of the driver. Auxiliary gauges were clustered above the forward end of the console and included oil pressure, water temperature, ammeter, fuel gauge, and an analog clock. A fiber-optic system appeared on the console that monitored exterior lights and there was no glove box. The battery was relocated from the engine area to one of three compartments behind the seats to improve weight distribution. New options included a rear window defroster, anti-theft alarm system, bright metal wheel covers, and an AM-FM Stereo radio. All cars ordered with a radio, like the C2 cars, continued to be fitted with chrome-plated ignition shielding covering the distributor to reduce interference.
The chassis was carried over from the second generation models, retaining the fully independent suspension (with minor revisions) and the four-wheel disc brake system. The engine line-up and horsepower ratings were also carried over from the previous year as were the 3 and 4-speed manual transmissions. The new optional Turbo Hydramatic 3-speed automatic transmission (RPO M40) replaced the two-speed Powerglide. The L30, a small-block V8 engine rated at and a 3-speed manual transmission were standard, but only a few hundred 3-speed manual equipped cars were sold. The 4-speed manual was available in M20 wide-ratio or M21 close-ratio transmission versions. The M22 “Rock Crusher”, a heavy duty, close-ratio 4-speed gearbox, was also available for certain applications. The engine line-up included the L79, a high performance version of the small-block. Also available were several variants of the big-block V8 engine, that taken together made up nearly half the cars. There was the L36, a version with a Rochester 4-barrel carburetor; The L68, a motor with a Holley triple 2-barrel carb set up (3 X 2 tri-power); The L71, generating at 5,800 rpm and at 4,000 rpm of torque also with a tri-power; The L89 option was the L71 engine but with much lighter aluminum cylinder heads rather than the standard cast iron. Then there was the L88 engine that Chevrolet designed strictly for off-road use (racing), with a published rating of , but featured a high-capacity 4-barrel carb, aluminum heads, a unique air induction system, and an ultra-high compression ratio (12.5:1). All small block cars had low-profile hoods. All big block cars had domed hoods for additional engine clearance with twin simulated vents and “427” emblems on either side of the dome. The new seven-inch wide steel wheels had F70x15 nylon bias-ply tires standard with either white or red stripe tires optional. Rare options were: L88 engine (80), J56 heavy-duty brakes (81), UA6 alarm system (388), L89 aluminum heads (624).
In 1969, small block engine displacement increased from to , though output remained the same. All other engines and transmission choices remained unchanged from the previous year, though the L30 base engine was now the ZQ3 and the L79 motor was redesignated the L46. All cars featured steel wheels (increased from 7 inches). Tire size remained the same, although this was the first year for optional white lettered tires and the last for red striped tires. Carried over from the previous year were seven available rear axle ratios ranging from 2.73 to 4.56. Standard ratio remained 3.08 with automatic and 3.36 with manual transmission. The optional Positraction rear axle, mandated on many engine/gearbox combinations, was installed on more than 95% of the cars. "Stingray" script nameplates appeared on front fenders, now one word, in contrast to the “Sting Ray” name used previously. Exterior door handles were redesigned so the finger plate would actuate the door, eliminating the separate release button. Backup lights were integrated into the inboard taillights, headlight washers were added, and front grilles were made all black. Side-mounted exhausts and front fender vent trim were options for this year only. On the inside, revised door panels provided additional shoulder room in the C3's tighter cabin and headrests became standard. Steering wheel diameter was reduced from 16 to 15 inches to permit easier entry and exit, the ignition switch was moved from the dash to the steering column, and map pockets were added to the dash area in front of the passenger seat. Accounting for 57% of the cars, coupes with their removable roof panels, began a trend of outselling roadsters. An extended production cycle due to a labor dispute increased '69 volume. This was the last year for the L88 engine and the only year for the ZL1 option, which offered an all-aluminum big-block engine listed at . Rare options: ZL1 aluminum block (2), J56 heavy-duty brakes (115), L88 engine (116), L89 aluminum heads (390).
Car and Driver magazine wrote in October 1968, “The small-engine Corvettes are marginally faster and extraordinarily civilized. The large-engine Corvettes are extraordinarily fast and marginally civilized.”
1970–1972
With January 1970 production, fender flares were designed into the body contours to reduce wheel-thrown debris damage. New were eggcrate grills with matching front fender side vents and larger squared front directional lamps. The previously round dual exhaust outlets were made larger and rectangular in shape. Interiors were tweaked with redesigned seats and a new deluxe interior option combined wood-grain wood accents and higher-spec carpeting with leather seat surfaces. Positraction rear axle, tinted glass, and a wide-ratio 4-speed manual transmission were now standard. The base engine (ZQ3) remained at and the L46 was again offered as a high performance upgrade. New was the LT-1, a small-block V8 engine delivering a factory rated . It was a solid lifter motor featuring a forged steel crankshaft, 4-bolt main block, 11:1 compression ratio, impact extruded pistons, high-lift camshaft, low-restriction exhaust, aluminum intake manifold, 4-barrel carburetor, and finned aluminum rocker covers. The new engine, making up less than 8% of production, could not be ordered with air conditioning but was fitted with a domed hood adorned with “LT-1” decals.
Motor Trend in May 1970, clocked an LT-1 covering the quarter mile in 14.36 seconds at 101.69 mph and remarked, “There is Corvette and there is Porsche. One is the best engineering effort of America, the other of Germany. The difference in machines is not as great as the disparity in price.”
A special ZR1 package added racing suspension, brakes, stabilizer bars, and other high performance components to LT-1 cars. Big-block selection was down to one engine but displacement increased. The LS5 was a motor generating SAE gross and accounted for a quarter of the cars. The LS7, which was equipped with a single 800 CFM Holley carburetor and advertised at at 5600 rpm SAE gross and at 3600 rpm of torque, was planned and appeared in Chevrolet literature but is not believed to have ever been delivered to retail customers, but offered as a crate engine. A short model year resulted in a disproportionately low production volume of 17,316, down nearly 60%. Rare options: ZR1 special engine package (25), shoulder belts in convertibles (475), LT-1 engine (1,287).
Produced from August 1970, 1971 cars were virtually identical in appearance to the previous model inside and out. This was the final year for the fiber optics light monitoring system, the headlight washer system, and the M22 heavy duty 4-speed manual gearbox. For the first time, air conditioning was installed on most of the cars, with nearly 53 percent so ordered. Engines were detuned with reduced compression ratios to tolerate lower octane fuel. The small blocks available were the base engine, which dropped to , and the high performance LT-1, now listed at . The LS5 motor was carried over and produced . Offered in ‘71 only was the LS6 big-block featuring aluminum heads and delivering , highest of the 1970-72 MYs, and could be ordered with an automatic transmission. The ZR1 option was carried over for LT-1 equipped cars and the ZR2 option, offered this year only, provided a similar performance equipment package for LS6 cars, and restricted transmission to a 4-speed manual. Rare options: ZR1 special engine package (8), ZR2 special engine package (12), LS6 425 hp engine (188), shoulder belts in convertibles (677).
1972 (Aug. 1971 prod) was the last model year for chrome bumpers at both front and rear, the vacuum actuated pop-up windshield wiper door, as well as the removable rear window common to all 1968-72 coupes. The key activated anti-theft alarm system became standard. The increasingly popular choice of an automatic transmission was installed in most Corvettes for the first time, with nearly 54 percent so equipped. This year SAE net measurement for horsepower was now utilized (away from the previous SAE gross standard), and was largely responsible for the much lower engine output figures such as the rating on the standard motor. This was the final year for the LT-1 engine, rated at , and the ZR1 racing package built around it. Although the M22 HD 4-speed was no longer a Regular Production Option, it continued to be fitted to cars outfitted with the ZR1 package. The LT-1 could now be ordered with air conditioning, a combination not permitted the two previous years. The LS5 big block was again available and came in at . Noteworthy is in ’72 the LS5 was not available to California buyers. This was the beginning of a trend where Chevrolet restricted certain power train choices to California buyers due to that state's practice of applying more stringent emission (smog) standards than mandated by federal regulations. Convertibles were a vanishing breed by ‘72, and the Stingray was no exception. It sold only 6,508 copies, amounting to 9% of the market, placing it number three; it was beaten by the number one-selling Cutlass Supreme, with 11,571, but beat the Impala's 6,456 and the Mustang's 6,401. Rare options: ZR1 special engine package (20), shoulder belts with convertibles (749), LT1 engine option (1,741).
1973–1974
Model year 1973 started Corvette's transformation from muscle to touring sports car. A Chevrolet advertisement headlined: "We gave it radials, a quieter ride, guard beams and a nose job." Indeed, redesigned body mounts and radial tires did improve Corvette's ride, and interior sound levels were reduced by 40%. The chrome rear bumper was essentially carried over from the previous year. However, the chrome blade front bumper was dropped for the federally required standard for a light-weight front bumper system with an inner transverse tube attached to the frame with two Omark-bolts-(special steel fasteners which absorbed energy when a forming die, pushed back by the bumper, was forced down their length), and an injection-molded polyurethane bumper cover. The urethane nose was chosen over Chevy's other alternative, a more protruding version of the previous metal bumper. The new urethane bumper assembly added thirty-five pounds to the front end. Two small block engines were available. The base L-48 engine produced . The L-82 was introduced as the optional high performance small-block engine (replacing the LT-1 engine) and delivered . The new hydraulic lifter motor featured a forged steel crankshaft, running in a four-bolt main block, with special rods, impact extruded pistons, a higher lift camshaft, mated to special heads with larger valves running at a higher 9:1 compression, and included finned aluminum valve covers to help dissipate heat. The L-82 was designed to come on strong at higher RPM and ordered with nearly 20% of the cars at a cost of $299.
Car and Driver on the L-82 in December 1972, “…when it comes to making a choice, the L82 is the engine we prefer. Duntov and the other Corvette engineers gravitate toward the big blocks because they like the torque. And granted, the 454s will squirt through traffic with just a feather touch on the gas pedal. But, to us at least, the small block engine contributes to a fine sense of balance in the Corvette that is rare in any GT car, so rare that it would be a shame to exchange it for a few lb.-ft. of torque.”
The LS-4 big-block V8 engine was introduced in 1973 to replace the LS-5. It delivered and 15% of the cars were ordered so equipped. “454” emblems adorned the hood of big-block equipped Corvettes. All models featured a new cowl induction domed hood, which pulled air in through a rear hood intake into the engine compartment under full throttle, increasing power (but didn't show up in the horsepower ratings). 0-60 mph times were reduced by a second while keeping the engine compartment cooler. The new tire size was GR70-15 with white stripes or raised white letters optional. An aluminum wheel option was seen on 1973 and 1974 pilot cars, and a few 1973s were so equipped, but withheld for quality issues, and wouldn't be available until 1976.
Road & Track magazine stated in a 1973 road test: "For all its age, size and compromises, if the Corvette is equipped with the right options it is a pleasant and rewarding car to drive and this 1973 example was one of the best Corvettes we've ever driven." It was also the year for the first Off Road Suspension RPO Z07 produced and today it is considered a very rare production Corvette as only 45 were produced.
For 1974, a new rear bumper system replaced the squared tail and chrome rear bumper blades introduced in 1967 with a trim, tapering urethane cover carrying an integral license plate holder and recesses for the trademark round taillights. Underneath sat a box-section aluminum impact bar on two Omark-bolt slider brackets similar to the system used in the nose which allowed the Corvette to pass federal five-mph impact tests at the rear as well as the front. The new rear design was more up-to-date than the 60's shape that it replaced with the vast majority of enthusiasts embracing the new design. For the 1974 model only, casting limitations mandated left and right bumper covers with a vertical center seam. The anti-theft alarm key activator was moved from the rear panel to the front left fender. Tailpipes were now turned down as the new bumper cover eliminated the tailpipe extensions.
Car and Driver magazine said: "...We think the front and rear together produce a 'molded' shape that speaks of function rather than decor." Chevrolet commented on the new tailpiece in the '74 Corvette sales brochure: “Take the styling. We wouldn’t just change it for the sake of change. But when we made the rear bumper stronger, we made Corvette’s rear styling look different. And, we think better...”
A 1974 Stingray equipped with the L48 small-block was capable of 0-60 mph in 6.8 seconds; comparable to the 6.5 second time of the 1968 small-block rated at ; proof the 1972-74 Corvette engines had ample power regardless of reduced horsepower and net (bhp) ratings. The L-82 engine remained at and the LS4 dropped slightly to .
Hi-Performance Cars magazine in a L48, L82, and LS4 comparison test, September 1973, said: "Our choice for the all-around best performer must go to the base 350 L48 engine...The L48 delivers all the acceleration you'll ever need on the road in a steady, forceful manner...in addition it runs cool, idles smoothly, and can cruise all day at . The L48 took 6.8 seconds to reach , the L82, 6.7 seconds and the LS4 454, 6.4 seconds. On the Bridgehampton road course and over the ride and handling course at Suffolk County Raceway, the base L48 coupe was again our choice...the L-82 had the same balance as the L48 but if we weren't at the right rpm through a corner, or in the wrong gear, the (L82's) lack of torque made itself felt once again...the L48 was the best balanced of the three." In conclusion, they stated: "The Corvette as a total concept has always been far more than the sum of its individual parts. The fanatical clientele that buys 30,000 of them a year can attest to that. And we'll attest to the fact that after 20 years, the Corvette is more than going strong. It's still the epitome of the American motoring experience."
Resonators were added to the dual exhaust system on 1974 models which further helped quiet the interior. The radiator and shroud were revised for better low-speed cooling. The inside rear-view mirror width was increased from to . For the first time, lap and shoulder seat belts were integrated, but only in coupes. The FE7 Gymkhana "off-road" suspension included stiffer springs and a stiffer front stabilizer bar with no ordering restrictions. The new $7 FE7 suspension option was included with the Z07 package — The $400 package (also included H.D. power brakes) was available for L82 and LS4 cars with M21 transmission. 1974 was the end of an era for the Corvette with the last true dual exhaust systems, the last without a catalytic converter and the last use of the big block engine.
Hot Rod magazine in its March 1986 issue selected the 1973-74 Corvette LS4 454 as one of the "10 most collectable muscle cars" in the company of the 1968-70 Chevelle, 1970 'Cuda, 1970 Challenger, 1966-67 Fairlane, 1968-70 AMX, 1970 Camaro Z28, 1968-70 GTO, 1968–69 Charger, and 1967-68 Mustang. The big-block Corvettes were the only muscle cars produced after 1970 worthy of the list.
1975–1977
The 1975 model was advertised as "a more efficient Corvette," as service intervals were extended and electronic ignition and the federally mandated catalytic converter were introduced with "unleaded fuel only" warnings on the fuel gauge and filler door. Dual exhaust pipes were routed to a single converter, then split again leading to dual mufflers and tailpipes. Starting this year, tachometers were electronically driven. The Corvette began to be influenced by the metric system as speedometers now displayed small subfaces indicating kilometers-per-hour. 75's featured revised inner bumper systems with molded front and rear simulated bumper guards. The urethane rear bumper, now in its second year, reappeared as a one-piece seamless unit. This was the final year for Astro Ventilation. Power bottomed out this year — the base engine produced only and the only remaining optional motor, the L-82, dropped an astonishing , managing to deliver . With no larger engine available, L-82 hood emblems began to appear on cars so equipped. Unchanged was the standard rear axle ratio for the base engine, which remained at 3.08 with automatic and 3.36 with manual transmission. This was the last convertible for the 1968-82 third-generation and only 12% of the cars were ordered as such. As in previous years, a folding top came standard with roadsters and a body color or vinyl covered hardtop was optional at additional cost. Anticipating further federal safety restrictions, Chevrolet believed it would be Corvette's last soft-top model ever but the convertible returned in 1986. Due to the state's strict emissions standards, this was the last year Chevrolet installed the L-82 engine in a Corvette destined for California.
Car and Driver recorded a respectable 7.7 second 0-60 mph time in a 1975 base engine-automatic, making the Corvette still one of the fastest cars available at the time. C&D said: "The Corvette feels highly competent with power-everything to help you guide the long body around..."
1976 models featured steel floor panels shielding the catalytic converter exhaust. These steel floor panels weighed less than the previous fiberglass floor and reduced interior noise levels. Horsepower rose to for the base L-48 engine; for the optional L-82. To further reduce cabin noise levels, cowl induction was dropped in favor of the air cleaner ducted over the radiator, picking up outside air from the front of the car, thus reducing wind turbulence at the base of the windshield. The hood was carried over, with its cowl vent grille and induction system opening becoming non-functional. The optional cast aluminum wheels were finally made available, which reduced the unsprung weight of the car by 32 pounds. Nearly 15% of the cars were ordered with the new wheels at a cost of $299. A standard steel rim spare was used. This was the last year for optional white striped tires, as 86% of the cars were being delivered with the optional white lettered tires. A new rear nameplate for the rear bumper cover was introduced, eliminating the individual "Corvette" letters used since 1968. An unwelcome change was the "Vega GT" 4-spoke steering wheel, although its smaller diameter did provide extra room and eased entry/exit. The steering wheel, color-keyed to the interior, continued on 1977 through 1979 models, limited to non-tilt wheel cars only. GM's "Freedom" battery, a new sealed and maintenance-free unit, was now installed in all cars. The rear window defroster option was changed from the forced-air type of previous years to the new "Electro-Clear" defogger, an in-glass heated element type. Even without a convertible model, the Corvette still set new sales records.
Car and Driver recorded 6.8 second 0-60 mph times in both L-48 and L-82 4-speed equipped 1976 Corvettes. The magazine ordered an L-48 4-speed for a road trip to Alaska. C&D summarized: "The Corvette was a big hit–we expected and thoroughly enjoyed that–but we were surprised at how well it withstood the ordeal...once we recovered from the trip we conceded that we'd developed new respect for a car we'd long regarded as something of a put on. In every sense of the word, our Yukon Corvette proved to be tough and we'd have to say that even the production versions impressed us as coming closer to being real touring cars than we might ever have thought. There's a lot more sincere ring now to our stock answer to the question, Why a Corvette?"
1977 saw the steering column repositioned closer to the dashboard to allow a more "arms out" position for the driver. The custom interior with leather seat trim was now standard, with cloth and leather a no-cost option. A redesigned center console permitted universal Delco radio options. One consequence of this modification was that an 8-track tape player was now available as an option. Auxiliary gauges were restyled and the ammeter was replaced with a voltmeter. The sun visors were redesigned to swivel so as to provide some glare protection from the side as well as the front. Chevrolet responded to the criticism of the previous year's steering wheel with an all new three-spoke leather-wrapped unit, which was well received. Chevrolet featured this new wheel prominently on the front of their new Corvette sales brochure. The new wheel came on all cars fitted with the optional tilt-telescopic steering column which was ordered on all but a few thousand Corvettes. Corvette's refinement as a touring sports car continued as both power steering and power brakes became standard and new options included body-colored sport mirrors, cruise control, and a new convenience group. Cruise control was only available on cars with automatic transmissions. The convenience group included dome light delay, headlight warning buzzer, underhood light, low fuel warning light, interior courtesy lights, and passenger side visor mirror. The black exterior paint color returned (last offered in 1969). Unchanged was the horsepower ratings for both base and L-82 engines. Early in production, the engine paint color was changed from Chevy orange to Corporate blue. The “Stingray” script, seen on front fenders since 1969 disappeared, but new cross-flags emblems began appearing on fenders before the model year ended. Windshield posts were now painted black for a “thin pillar” look and this was the final year of the "sugar scoop" tunneled roof-line and vertical back window. A Corvette milestone was reached during 1977 as Chevrolet had built a half million Corvettes since production began in 1953.
1978–1979
1978 was the Corvette's 25th anniversary, and all 78s featured silver anniversary nose and fuel door emblems. A new fastback rear window was the most dramatic and noticeable styling change, giving the ten-year-old C3 Corvette body style a fresh lease on life. The fixed-glass fastback benefited both aerodynamics and increased the usable luggage space behind the seats while improving rearward visibility in the bargain. A shade was installed that could be pulled forward to cover the rear compartment to protect cargo and carpet against the sun. The tachometer and speedometer were redesigned to match the new “aircraft styled” center console and gauge cluster first seen the previous year. Redesigned interior door panels were also new as well as an actual glove box was added in front of the passenger seat, replacing the map pockets of previous years. Available options now included power door locks, a power antenna, dual rear speakers and a CB radio. The optional convenience group, introduced the previous year, now included intermittent (delay) wipers, floor mats, and the passenger side vanity mirror was an upgraded illuminated unit. The base L-48 engine generated ; Those destined for California or high altitude areas produced . Gone was the chrome-plated ignition shielding over the distributor, replaced with a metal-lined black plastic unit. The single-snorkel air intake used since 1976 was changed to a dual-snorkel set-up on L-82 equipped cars helping to boost that output to . L-82 engines were also now fitted with an aluminum intake manifold which saved 24 pounds compared to the cast iron unit of previous years. The Corvette converted to metric tires with the P225/70R15 as standard. Wider P255/60R15 tires were available as an option and required fender trimming from the factory for clearance. The fuel tank capacity increased from 17 gal to 24 gal on all cars. To make room for the larger tank, a smaller (P195/80D15) space saver spare tire was utilized.
Two special editions were offered to celebrate Corvette's 25th year. Before he retired, Bill Mitchell had suggested a Silver Anniversary model in his favorite color - silver, appropriately enough - and it appeared as the $399 B2Z option package. The first two-tone paint option offered since 1961, it presented silver over a gray lower body with a separating pinstripe, plus aluminum wheels and dual "sport" outside mirrors as mandatory options, which added another $380 to the cost. 6,502 Indy 500 Pace car replica editions were produced featuring Black/silver two-tone paint, front and rear spoilers, mirror-tint roof panels and contoured sport seats. Reviewers praised the car's classic strengths including its impressive straight-line numbers, especially an L48/automatic's 7.8 second 0-60 mph time and top speed of , and noted its more refined, less rattling ride. On the other hand, they continued to note its weaknesses, like a rear-end that tended to step out during sharp maneuvers and a cabin that was still cramped and uncomfortable.
Road & Track took a 1978 L82 to in just 6.6 seconds, flat out, and covered the quarter-mile in 15.3 seconds at 95 mph.
1979 saw the crossed-flag emblems on the nose and fuel door revert to those seen on the '77 model. Three popular features introduced on the '78 pace car replicas made it into this year's production: the new bucket seats, the front and rear spoiler package, and the glass roof panels. The new lightweight “high back” seats were made standard equipment. The new seats had better side bolster, provided easier access to the rear storage area, and the seat pair resulted in a weight reduction of about 24 pounds. The bolt-on front and rear spoilers were offered as an option and nearly 7,000 cars were ordered so equipped. Functionally, the spoilers decreased drag by about 15% and increased fuel economy by about a half-mile per gallon. A bigger hit were the glass mirror-tint roof panels, now a regular option, with nearly 15,000 cars so fitted despite their costing $365. All T-tops were now wired into the standard anti-theft alarm system. Tungsten-halogen high-beam headlights became standard as did an AM-FM radio, and for the first time a cassette tape player could be added as a $234 option. Heavy duty shock absorbers could now be ordered without the full Gymkhana suspension. An auxiliary electric engine cooling fan was first installed, but only on L-82 equipped cars with air conditioning. Rocker panels and rear window trim were painted black. Output for all engines increased due to new "open flow" mufflers. The dual-snorkel air intake introduced on L-82 cars the previous year was now fitted to all cars and the base engine now generated . The optional L-82 engine increased to . This was the final year a manual gearbox could be ordered with the L-82 engine. This was also the last year for the M21 close-ratio 4-speed, a gearbox that, as in previous years, required the optional L-82 engine. A wide-ratio 4-speed was available for all cars. Noteworthy is that about 82% of the cars were ordered with manual transmissions in 1968. In '79, less than 20% of the cars were delivered with manual gearboxes. This year reached an all-time high in Corvette popularity. Production hit its peak in 1979 at 53,807, a record that stands to this day.
1980–1982
In 1980, both front and rear bumper covers were restyled with brand new integrated aerodynamic spoilers that resulted in a significant reduction in drag and increased radiator air flow. The hood was also restyled as well. The crossed-flag emblems disappeared from the front fenders and were revised to a more elongated style on the nose and fuel door. L-82 emblems moved from the hood to the front fenders on cars ordered with the optional high performance engine. This was the finale for the L-82 Corvette emblem, now producing but it could not be mated to a 4-speed, as the manual gearbox was offered only with the L48 engine option. The speedometer in all cars read to a maximum of , mandated by a new and controversial federal law. Air conditioning became standard, as did the tilt-telescopic steering column, power windows, exterior sport mirrors, and the convenience group. New was an optional roof panel carrier that would mount to the rear fastback deck. Many weight-saving components were introduced including thinner body panels and an aluminum Dana 44 IRS (Independent Rear Suspension) differential and crossmember. The new lighter unit replaced the arguably stronger cast iron GM 10 bolt IRS differential. In line with further weight savings, the aluminum intake manifold associated with L-82 engines since 1978 was now installed in all cars, as well as an aluminum lower alternator mounting bracket replacing the cast iron piece used since 1972. For the first time, due to California emission considerations, a unique engine application was installed in cars delivered to that state and was mandatory. This motor was a V8 engine rated at , fitted with new tubular 409 stainless steel exhaust manifolds that were far lighter than the cast iron pieces they replaced, and mated to an automatic transmission, also mandatory. The carburetor and ignition timing were controlled by Chevrolet's new Computer Command Control system. The smaller displacement engine was not available in any other state. California buyers were credited $50 as consolation but had to pay for the California emissions certification which was $250. For comparison, the L-48 engine, standard in the other 49 states, was rated at . The base price increased four times during the model year raising the cost of the car by more than $1,200 to $14,345.24.
In 1981, there was only one powerplant available, a engine that, like the L-48 base engine the previous year, produced the , but was now designated the L81. The motor was certified in all states and available with manual or automatic transmissions. Chrome air cleaner lids and cast magnesium valve covers dressed up all engines. The light weight 4 into 1 stainless steel exhaust manifolds and computer control system introduced on the California engines the previous year were now standard, as was an auxiliary electric engine cooling fan. This, the last C3 available with a manual transmission, so equipped, had a published 0-60 mph in 8.1 seconds. This model year was the first Corvette to use a fiberglass rear leaf spring, now a Corvette trademark. The spring saved thirty-six pounds, but was limited to base suspensions with automatic transmission. When equipped with Delco's brand new optional ETR (Electronically Tuned Receiver) radio with a digital clock, the quartz analog instrument panel clock was replaced with an oil temperature gauge. The cast aluminum wheels, optional since ’76, were now ordered on 90 percent of the cars at a cost of $428. New options included a power adjustable driver’s seat and power remote outside mirrors. In mid-1981 production relocated from St. Louis to Bowling Green, Kentucky, and several two-tone paint options were offered.
1982 saw the debut of the "Cross-Fire Injection" fuel delivery system. This TBI (Throttle Body Fuel Injection) was not the type of fuel injection installed previously in some C1 and C2 Corvettes. It utilized two throttle bodies combined with Chevrolet's computer control system. The engine produced and was mated to a new four-speed automatic transmission with torque converters bypass in the top three gears. Compared to the previous Turbo-Hydramatic 3-speed, the new 700-R4 transmission had a lower first and second gear for improved low-end acceleration, and a fourth gear overdrive that would reduce engine RPM by 30 percent at highway cruising speeds, resulting in better fuel economy. On the downside, the new transmission was not considered a strong unit and proved problematic. The final model C3 Corvette's published performance numbers were 0-60 mph in 7.9 seconds-the quarter-mile in 16.1 at . This was the last year for 8-track tape availability and new "cross-fire injection" emblems appeared on front fenders. Nose and fuel door crossed-flags emblems changed to a more squared design.
In 1982, Chevrolet knew this would be the last year of an entire generation of Corvettes and so commemorated the occasion by offering a Collector Edition with separate serial number sequencing, silver-beige paint, unique wheels patterned after the 1967 model's bolt-on alloys, and an operable rear hatch window.
Special models
Astrovette (1969)
In 1969, General Motors leased three special edition Corvette Stingrays for astronauts Pete Conrad, Richard F. Gordon, Jr., and Alan Bean of the Apollo 12 mission. All three units sported a gold and black paint scheme chosen by Bean and were leased to them for US$1.00 a year.
ZL1 (1969)
For the 1969 model year the ZL1 option was offered featuring an all-aluminum big-block engine listed at gross, it propelled the ZL1 through the 1/4 mile in 12.1 seconds. The option cost $4,700 (the ZL1 was a $3,010 option that consisted of aluminum cylinder block and heads on top of the $1,032.15 L88 option). Though generally believed to deliver at least 100 hp (75 kW) more, this has been proved as only rumors, proper testing of the engine revealed closer to gross and net rating of only .
According to Motor Trend in a late 1968 road test, the Corvette ZL1 was the fastest production car ever produced (up to that time). For decades, automotive experts believed only two were built (yellow and white coupes), however Car and Driver in December 1969, revealed a third red ZL1. It was purchased by a Gulf Oil engineer who still owns and occasionally races it.
In 2023, one of two factory-produced 1969 Corvette ZL-1s was auctioned off by RM Sotheby's Arizona for $3,140,000.
ZR1 & ZR2 (1970–1972)
The ZR1 special engine package was a $1,221.00 option available exclusively with the LT-1 engine option. It included the solid-lifter small-block engine, heavy-duty four-speed transmission, power brakes, aluminum radiator, and a revised suspension with special springs, shocks, stabilizer bar, and spindle-strut shafts. Since it was competition equipment, the ZR1 could not be ordered with power windows, power steering, air conditioning, a rear-window defogger, wheel covers, or a radio. Only 53 1970-1972 ZR1's were built (25 in 1970, including 8 convertibles, 8 in 1971, and 20 in 1972).
The ZR2 special engine package was a $1,747.00 (1 year only) option originally planned for 1970, but officially released in 1971. It included the special equipment in the ZR1 package, but for the 454 LS-6 engine. Per GM policy, 1971 Corvette engines were detuned to run on low-lead fuel, except for the LS-6 V8, which was rated at on premium fuel. 188 cars in the 1971 model included the LS-6 engine, with only 12 with the ZR-2 package, including only 2 convertibles. Some believe the "ZR" lettering to stand for "Zora Racer", named after chief Corvette engineer Zora Duntov, but in 2008, Corvette Production Manager Harlan Charles said, "the reality is the codes are usually random and get meaning from enthusiasts."
Indy 500 pace car (1978)
The Corvette C3 was chosen as the pace car for the 1978 Indianapolis 500.
Initially, 2500 Indy 500 replica pacers—100 for each year of production—were scheduled for sale. But it was decided that each of Chevrolet's 6502 dealers should have one for showroom display. Thus what was called the Limited Edition Indy Pace Car Replica Corvette made up some 15 percent of total production. Like the Silver Anniversary model, the Pace Car Replica was actually an option package-RPO Z78. Its main distinction was black over silver metallic with a bright red pinstripe in between with a spoiler added to each end to alter appearance more dramatically. Pace car interiors reflected Bill Mitchell's influence, with full silver leather or silver leather/gray cloth upholstery and gray carpeting. All replicas were equipped with new thin-shell design-lumbar support seats, new glass t-tops, alloy wheels, power windows, air conditioning, tilt/telescope steering wheel, power locks, rear defogger, sport mirrors, heavy-duty battery, and AM/FM stereo with either eight-track tape player or CB radio. The final touch was the Indy 500 decal set included uninstalled with each limited-edition car.
Corvette America (1980)
The Corvette America was a rare version of the C3 distinguished by its four doors. Various sources stated that either General Motors built it or that it was custom built by California Coach Motors. The wheelbase was lengthened by approximately to accommodate the rear doors and seats. Automotive forums have reported that the Corvette America could be purchased on Craigslist or eBay for prices ranging from $145,000 to $275,000. Only five examples were made.
Collector Edition (1982)
The 1982 Collector Edition was the first Corvette with a hatchback rear window, foreshadowing the C4 Corvette. A special color scheme was used inside and out and Collector Edition badges were featured. The special, exclusive aluminum wheels were designed to look like the optional bolt-on wheels of the 1967 model. The Collector Edition had a "0" in the sixth digit of the VIN rather than the "8" found on standard Corvettes. This was the first Corvette to sell for more than $20,000, with a base price of $22,537.59. The Collector Edition had unlimited availability and 6,759 were produced out of a 1982 total production of 25,407.
Engines
Production
The C3 fourteen-year run shows an extreme contrast. The list price for the Corvette in 1968 was $4,663 (~$ in ). By 1982 the base price had increased to $18,290 (~$ in ). In 1968 there were six engines, two small-block V8s and four big-block V8s. By 1982 there was only one small block V8 engine available. In '68 there were five transmissions, including four manual choices. By '82 there was one, a four-speed automatic. Although refined, emission standards and fuel economy concerns had changed America's only sports car.
Gallery
C3 Corvette Photo Chronology
See also
Corvette Mako Shark (concept car)
Zora Arkus-Duntov "Father of the Corvette"
Opel GT
Chevrolet Aerovette experimental rotary engine concept car
References
External links
C3 Vette Registry
Corvette C3 Decoder
C3
Cars introduced in 1968
Roadsters
Convertibles
1970s cars
1980s cars
Cars discontinued in 1982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet%20Corvette%20%28C3%29 |
John Hubbell may refer to:
Don Lorenzo Hubbell (1853–1930), born John Lorenzo Hubbell, trader, politician
John H. Hubbell (1925–2007), radiation physicist
John Raymond Hubbell (1879–1954), composer
John Hubbell (figure skater) (born 1948), Canadian pair skater
John W. Hubbell American bridge player
See also
John Hubble (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Hubbell |
The ball in and out of play is the ninth law of the Laws of the Game of association football, and describes to the two basic states of play in the game.
In play
The ball remains in play from the beginning of each period to the end of that period, except when:
The ball leaves the field by entirely crossing a goal line or touch line with or without touching the ground (this includes when a goal is scored); or
Play is stopped by the referee (for example when The Laws have been infringed, an injured player requires medical attention, or a period of play has concluded).
The ball touches a match official, remains on the field of play, and one of the following occurs:
A team starts a promising attack
The ball goes directly into the goal
The team possessing the ball changes
The first criterion can be phrased as "all of the ball must cross all of the line" and is of particular importance in decisions regarding goals. The question of whether the ball has crossed the line has often caused controversy in high-profile matches, such as in the example of Geoff Hurst's goal in the 1966 World Cup Final, that put England 3-2 up over West Germany in extra time. The Law specifically notes that the ball remains in play if it rebounds off a goal frame or corner flag onto the field, or in any case of the ball touching a match official that is not mentioned above.
When the ball is in play players may play the ball, contest the ball, and goals may be scored. Players are liable to punishment for committing fouls. Substitutions may not occur whilst the ball is in play.
In the case a foul is committed or misconduct occurs, the referee may "play advantage" and elect to allow play to continue if the team of the player who was victimized would be benefited if play were to continue. Once play has stopped, the referee may choose to issue punishments.
Restarts
When the ball becomes out of play, the ball is put back into play by the appropriate restart. The restarts in football are:
Kick-off: following a goal by the opposing team, or to begin each period of play. (Law 8).
Throw-in: when the ball has entirely crossed the touch line; awarded to opposing team to that which last touched the ball. (Law 15).
Goal kick: when the ball has entirely crossed the goal line having last been touched by an attacker; awarded to defending team. (Law 16).
Corner kick: when the ball has entirely crossed the goal line having last been touched by a defender; awarded to attacking team. (Law 17).
Indirect free kick: awarded to the opposing team following "non-penal" fouls (like obstruction, offside, etc.), certain technical infringements, or when play is stopped to caution/send-off an opponent without a specific foul having occurred. (Law 13).
Direct free kick: awarded to fouled team following certain listed "penal" fouls, (Law 13).
Penalty kick: awarded to fouled team following "penal" foul having occurred in their opponent's penalty area. (Law 14).
Dropped-ball: occurs when the ball touches an official in the circumstances described above, or when the referee has stopped play for any other reason (e.g. a serious injury to a player, interference by an external party, or a ball becoming defective). This restart is uncommon in adult games. (Law 8).
Once the ball is out of play, the only restart is the restart appropriate for the reason the ball went out of play in the first place; subsequent actions do not change the restart. For example, if the ball goes out of play because of a foul by Team A against Team B, the restart must be a free kick to Team B even if a Team B player strikes an opponent; offending Team B player would, however, be liable for misconduct (i.e. yellow card or red card).
Note, however, that the referee may change the original restart if he realises he has made an error or on the advice of his assistant referees, provided play has not yet restarted. For example, if the ball has gone out of play because the ball was kicked into goal by Team A and the referee has signalled that a goal has been scored, but then notices that an assistant referee has indicated a foul by a Team A player immediately before the goal was scored, the referee would change to the correct restart of a free kick to Team B where the foul occurred.
References
External links
Laws of association football
Association football terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball%20in%20and%20out%20of%20play |
Castleguard Cave is a limestone cave located at the north end of Banff National Park in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, Canada. With of surveyed passages (as of 2007), it is Canada's longest cave, and its fifth deepest at . Castleguard Cave ascends gently from its entrance and terminates beneath the Columbia Icefield.
General information
Castleguard Cave is modest in size compared to other great caves of the world, but nevertheless is well known amongst cavers and speleologists internationally. It is the subject of a film and a coffee-table book, and is mentioned in most cave reference books in print.
This attention is due in part to its magnificent, remote mountain setting. Its location within a protected area in a national park prohibits motorized ground access, and the risk of flooding in its entrance has limited most explorations to mid or late winter, so cavers must access it via a ski with towed sleds, or by helicopter. This feeling of remoteness is compounded by the cave's linear layout and its single entrance. The classic trip, from the entrance to the Ice Plug by the shortest route, traverses of cave passage. Cavers often are underground for four or five days, staying at two underground camps.
Most northern caves are not well decorated with cave formations, but Castleguard Cave has some sections with good flowstone and stalactites, and is known for its nest of exceedingly rare cubic cave pearls and extensive displays of flagged soda straws. The back passages of Castleguard Cave are the only ones in the world that end in plugs of glacial ice pushed into the cave from the sole of a surface icefield.
It has been suggested that the cave was a refuge for the isopods and other life found in its pools during periods of glaciation. One unique species, the amphipod Stygobromus canadensis, was identified in 1977.
Cave setting and form
Castleguard Cave lies within the Cathedral Formation limestone, except the headward complex which is in the overlying Stephen Formation shaley limestones. Their gently-dipping bedding (about 5 degrees) is reflected in the near-horizontal aspect of the cave. Although the entrance and headwater sections are more complex, the central portion of the cave consists of a single main passage alternating between long sections of vadose (rift or canyon) passages linked by shorter phreatic (tubular) sections. Much of the cave is dry, excepting the entrance series which floods unpredictably in summer.
Castleguard Cave has had a long genesis. The accessible, explored portion of the cave, sometimes referred to as Castleguard 1, is a long-abandoned drain. Studies of pollen found within cave sediments suggest that these cave passages were fully developed and dewatered at least 1M years before present. It is postulated that an underlying cave, Castleguard 2, carries the present-day glacial drainage, resurging at Big Springs. A third cave system, Castleguard 3, collects surface melt from Castleguard Meadows at right-angles to the main cave, joining it somewhere prior to the Big Springs resurgence. Castleguard 3 has been proven by dye tracing and has not been entered to any significant degree by cavers.
Access
Castleguard Cave lies within Banff National Park and is under the jurisdiction of Parks Canada. The entrance has been gated and access has been restricted since the 1970s. Local cavers have worked with Parks Canada to ensure that permits are available to qualified parties upon application.
Discovery and exploration
Undoubtedly the cave was known to natives throughout prehistory, but the first recorded visit was by Cecil Smith, an outfitter rounding up stray horses during a guided trip to Castleguard Meadows in 1921. Smith's client happened to be the head of the U.S. Geological Survey, and three years later the cave entrance was revisited and photographed as part of an article on the Columbia Icefield for National Geographic magazine.
Sporadic local visitations likely continued for many years, but the first formal investigations were in the summer of 1967 by members of the Karst Research Group (from McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario) led by Dr. Derek Ford, following up on a tip from a local outdoorsman. KRG teams penetrated past the cave's first obstacle, an 8m drop, and explored the main trunk passage. After Peter Thompson and Mike Boon were trapped in the cave by sudden flooding near the entrance, explorations were limited to mid or late winter, with attendant difficulties. The Ice Plug, the 'end' of the cave, was discovered by Mike Boon during a controversial solo trip in the winter of 1970. Soon thereafter cavers helped produce The Longest Cave, a National Film Board production, during which some side passages were explored. The first woman to the Ice Plug at the end of Castleguard Cave was Jane Mulkewich.
Explorations slowed somewhat following national park access restrictions, but picked up again in the 1980s when most of the major side passages (including Boulevard du Quebec and extensions to Thompson's Terror) were explored by Canadian and international teams, bringing Castleguard Cave to a known length that exceeds . Such explorations continue today, but with diminishing returns as the major leads have all been checked.
In 2005, a Norwegian group spent three days bolt-climbing the '200-foot aven', a vertical shaft going straight up from the cave level about halfway in, slightly inside of the site known as 'Camp One'. The measured height was to the floor of the top chamber. Somewhat to the disappointment of the explorers the chamber narrows to an impassable crack; however, in caving first impressions are not always authoritative and there is still some hope of further penetration in that area.
A Canadian-supported team from the UK dived the sump at Boon's Blunder in 2009 and 2010, reaching substantial dry phreatic passage after a dive of . Exploration of these passages is expected in the future.
Concurrent with exploration was the survey, or mapping, of the cave. Data was held at a number of sources, and doubts about completeness or consistency of standards led to a remapping project coordinated by Steve Worthington and supported by cave radio location work by Ian Drummond. But the prospects of hand-drafting a map seven metres long were daunting, and production was delayed until the arrival of computer technology. After further work on verification, addition of passage detail and survey of various unchecked leads, a final map in digital format was produced late in 2005 and is updated whenever new mapping occurs.
Videos
Park Canada/NFB movie
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Lpa7I1SNu0&t=3s
1973 Derek Ford, Sid Perou, Haverand Productions, National Film Board of Canada and Parks Canada
Das Caver
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WTUplwEjRjM (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UtXMecC7yCY (French)
Richard Patenaude
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=905S37j8fvQ (Amateur exploration expedition)
Marek Vokac (2013)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=905S37j8fvQ (Amateur exploration expedition)
Gallery
References
D. Muir and D. Ford, Castleguard, Parks Canada, 1985.
C. J. Yonge et al., Castleguard 1980, The Canadian Caver Vol 12 no 1, June 1980.
P. Thompson (ed.), Cave Exploration in Canada, The Canadian Caver, 1976, pp 98–112.
D. Ford et al., in Arctic and Alpine Research 15(4), pp. 427–470.
The Longest Cave, National Film Board (Canada), ID no. 113C0174540.
M. Vokáč, Climbing the 200-foot aven, 2005 PDF online report
Caves of Alberta
Limestone caves
Wild caves
Ice caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castleguard%20Cave |
The International Criminal Court Act 2001 (c. 17) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Act incorporates into English law and Northern Ireland law the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.
The principal aims of the Act are:
to incorporate into domestic law the offences contained in the Rome Statute (genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity);
to fulfill the United Kingdom's obligations under the Statute, particularly in relation to the arrest and surrender of persons wanted by the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the provision of assistance with respect to ICC investigations; and
to create a legal framework so that persons convicted by the ICC can serve prison sentences in the United Kingdom.
In 2006, three British military personnel were charged with inhumane treatment, a war crime, under the Act. Two of the three soldiers were cleared but the third, Corporal Donald Payne, became the first British person to be convicted of a war crime under this act, when he admitted to inhumanly treating Baha Mousa.
The corresponding Act of the Scottish Parliament is the International Criminal Court (Scotland) Act 2001 (asp 13).
Commencement Orders
The International Criminal Court Act 2001 (Commencement) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001/2161) (C.69) HTML PDF
The International Criminal Court Act 2001 (Commencement) (Amendment) Order 2001] (S.I. 2001/2304) (C.77) HTML PDF
See also
Human rights in the United Kingdom
International criminal law
Völkerstrafgesetzbuch
References
External links
International Criminal Court Act 2001 — text of the Act at the Office of Public Sector Information
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 2001
International Criminal Court
Human rights in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Criminal%20Court%20Act%202001 |
Central Avenue may refer to:
Roads
Central Avenue (Albany, New York) in Albany, New York
Central Avenue (Albuquerque, New Mexico) in Albuquerque, New Mexico, part of Historic Route 66
Central Avenue (Augusta, Georgia), in Augusta, Georgia
Central Avenue (Baltimore) in Baltimore, Maryland
Central Avenue (Hudson Palisades), New Jersey
Central Avenue (Los Angeles) in Los Angeles, California
Central Avenue Historic District (Hot Springs, Arkansas)
New York State Route 100 from southern tip of the route to White Plains, in Westchester County, New York
Minnesota State Highway 65 is known as Central Avenue in Minneapolis and some northern suburbs
Central Avenue Corridor in Phoenix, Arizona, United States
Central Avenue, or Chittaranjan Avenue, in Kolkata, India
Other uses
"Central Avenue" (song), a 2012 song by Bobby Womack | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Avenue |
Arnold Aletrino (1 April 1858 – 16 January 1916) was a Dutch physician, criminal anthropologist and writer, who published works on homosexuality in Dutch and French. He was a member of the Tachtigers, a group of young and revolutionary Dutch authors, who despised the pious poetry and prose of the mid-nineteenth century Dutch Victorian writers.
Biography
Arnold Aletrino was born 1 April 1858 in Amsterdam to Salomon Aletrino and Selima Pineda. As a medical student, he befriended Frederik van Eeden, who was to be a well-known psychiatrist and one of the most famous Tachtigers. In 1892, he married Rachel Mendes da Costa, who committed suicide five years later. Later, he married Jupie van Stockum. Aletrino never had children.
Aletrino published between 1889 and 1906 a few novels and collections of stories, all extremely bleak and cheerless in atmosphere. During this time, he worked as a medical doctor for the city of Amsterdam, especially for its firemen.
In his final years, an incurably ill man, he lived with his wife in Switzerland. Aletrino died 16 January 1916 in Chernex, Switzerland, near Geneva, aged 57.
Works
Aletrino had been schooled by Cesare Lombroso, who attempted to explain criminality in light of a degenerating central nervous system. Aletrino broke with Lombroso over homosexuals in a Dutch article in 1897, in which he claimed that homosexuality could occur in otherwise perfectly normal and healthy individuals. In later works he campaigned against the legal intolerance and prohibition of homosexuality in Europe.
In 1901 he defended homosexuals at the Fifth Congress of Criminal Anthropology in Amsterdam. He was accused of "defending immorality." He continued to fight throughout his life to engender a more tolerant and understanding attitude of homosexuality. In 1912 he participated in founding the Dutch branch of the Scientific Humanitarian Committee, which was first founded in Germany in 1897 by gay rights pioneer Magnus Hirschfeld.
Sources
Hekma, Gert. "Aletrino, Arnold". Who's Who in Gay & Lesbian History. From Antiquity to World War II. Robert Aldrich & Garry Wotherspoon (ed.), Routledge, 2001, p. 15.
Johansson, Warren. "Aletrino, Arnold". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. Dynes, Wayne R. (ed.), Garland Publishing, 1990, p. 39.
Joosse, Kees. Arnold Aletrino: pessimist met perspectief. Thomas Rap, 1986. Biography. 612 p.
Lieshout, Maurice van "Stiefkind der Natuur: Het Homobeeld bij Aletrino en Von Römer", Homojaarboek. 1 (1981), p. 75-106.
Lieshout, Maurice van "Pendelen tussen wetenschap en moraal. Arnold Aletrino (1858-1916)", Pijlen van naamloze liefde. Pioniers van de homo-emancipatie. Maurice van Lieshout & Hans Hafkamp (ed.), SUA, 1988, p. 83-88.
Joods Historisch Museum, Arnold Aletrino (Dutch)
External links
Dutch anthropologists
Dutch Sephardi Jews
LGBT Jews
1858 births
1916 deaths
Medical writers on LGBT topics
Writers from Amsterdam
LGBT history in the Netherlands
Dutch LGBT rights activists
Dutch LGBT writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20Aletrino |
Hercules is a 2005 American television miniseries chronicling the life of the legendary Greek hero, Heracles, called Hercules in this series. It is most often aired on television as a two-part miniseries: the first part documents his early life in Tiryns and his desire and marriage to the lady Megara; the second part follows the more widely recognised part of his life, in seeking redemption for the madness-induced murder of his family.
The series incorporates Hercules's murder of his family—usually not included in modern interpretations of the character—and includes five of his twelve labors from Greek mythology. The series alters some of the elements of the myths including placing the giant Antaeus as his father while in Greek myths his father was the king of the gods, Zeus.
Plot
Part 1
Amphitryon and his men are transporting the Cretan criminal Antaeus by ship. Amphitryon worships Zeus, and mocks his prisoner for worshiping Hera by scarring his arm with a lightning bolt symbol. Antaeus breaks free and jumps overboard.
Alcmene, Amphitryon's wife, is High Priestess of the Harvest Festival, a yearly ritual devoted to Hera, which involves the human sacrifice of a male. After it is discovered that the intended victim, Tiresias, is a hermaphrodite, the priestesses release him, but gouge out his eyes.
On her way home, Alcmene is assaulted and raped by a large man, his face hidden in the darkness. The crime is witnessed by a lyre player, Linus, who declares the culprit to be Zeus, due to the lightning symbol on his arm. Amphitryon arrives home, comforts his wife, and makes love to her. Alcmene becomes pregnant.
Alcmene gives birth to fraternal twin sons. She believes this will make her heir to the House of Perseus in Thebes, but is informed that her uncle already had a son, Eurystheus, who will be the heir. She visits the Harpies, to determine which child belongs to Amphitryon and which belongs to Zeus. One Harpy attempts to nurse one baby, who bites her breast. The Harpies declare him Son of Zeus, name him "Hercules -- glory to Hera", and order Alcmene to kill him, departing afterward.
Alcmene names the other son, Iphicles, and begs Amphitryon to kill Hercules. He cannot bring himself to do it, so she sends two snakes into Hercules' crib. The baby picks them up and squeezes them to death.
As a teenager, Hercules is headstrong, foolish, and prideful. He is constantly ridiculed and disdained by his mother, brother, and King Eurystheus. He develops an unrequited crush on Alcmene's protégé, Megara, who refuses to associate with him because she worships Hera. While being tutored by Linus, Hercules loses his temper and strikes Linus in the head, knocking him out. Everyone mistakes him for dead, so they exile Hercules to the mountains. Before he leaves, Amphitryon tells him he is Son of Zeus.
Hercules lets this news go to his head, but Chiron chides him, saying that our choices define us, not our blood. One day, Hercules is invited to join his father and King Theseus in a hunt for a wild boar, Ragged-Tusk. During the hunt, he encounters a bathing wood nymph, Deianeira, and steals her clothes. Linus, who had been her guest at this time, poses as his own ghost and frightens him into returning the clothing to her. After getting dressed, Deianeira joins the hunt alongside Hercules. Ragged-Tusk gores Hercules in the thigh before Deianeira can kill the boar with her arrows.
The wood nymph brings the boy into her home and treats his injuries. He clumsily tries to kiss her, but she teaches him to apply tenderness and affection instead of force and lust. Hercules confides that he had never experienced these things before. Deianeira confides that the human sacrifices and other barbaric spectacles are not Hera's will, but corruptions brought on by the people in charge of the rituals. She gives him an archery lesson. He proposes to her, but she tells him he is still in love with Megara.
He meets Megara, unaware that she is drunk and/or drugged, and has sex with her. The next day, Megara hates him more than ever, declaring that he had violated her, then declares him the father of her children. Later, when he and Chiron are training, they are attacked by Antaeus. The two are overwhelmed by the man's superhuman strength and are nearly killed, until he is driven off by passing soldiers. Hercules, realizing how deficient his talents are, finally takes his training seriously.
Years later, Hercules has grown into a disciplined warrior with superhuman strength. He teams up with Linus and Amphitryon to battle the Hydra, which is attacking the countryside. The monster initially has two heads, but they discover it regrows them doubling their number every time they cut them off. They learn to overcome this ability by setting its neck stumps on fire, killing it. Unfortunately, Amphitryon is killed, but not before telling his son how proud he is.
As a reward for saving the town, Hercules is given Megara to marry, but neither she nor their three sons from their earlier encounter love him. Megara, King Eurystheus (her lover), and Alcmene plot his destruction, for being Son of Zeus and technically, Hera's enemy. They drug him, then send his sons to kill him. Hercules defends himself and kills them, realizing too late who they were. In despair, he throws himself into a fire and attempts to stab himself. A lightning bolt knocks him unconscious and rain extinguishes the flames.
Part 2
Deianeira treats his injuries, and makes love to him while he is still in a drugged and feverish state. They visit Tiresias, now a prophet, who declares that to atone for his sins, he must perform six labors for King Eurystheus and the now Queen Megara.
For the first labor, he must kill the Stymphalian Birds. He and Linus find them, discovering they are the same Harpies from earlier, and kill them, taking back their heads as proof. Alcmene secretly pours blood on one head to revive it, and ask it for advice on how to kill Hercules. It suggests the Nemean Lion.
Megara gives birth to a daughter, Iole, but Tiresias prophesizes that Iole's husband will kill Eurystheus, putting him on edge.
For the second labor, he must kill the lion. Hercules and Linus journey to its cave. Alone, Hercules finds a seductive, beautiful woman hiding nude in the cave, but she is revealed to be a sphinx turned into human in order to deceive him, and she transforms into her true form to attack him. Hercules kills the monster with its own claws and puts on its nigh-indestructible skin as a cape.
For the third labor, he must capture the Cretan Bull. The Cretan Bull is really the leader of a gang of marauders. Hercules, Linus, Chiron, and an army led by Nestor stand against the gang. As the gang is defeated, The Bull kills Chiron. Hercules unmasks him as Antaeus. They battle, evenly matched, but when Antaeus boasts that his strength comes from the earth itself, Hercules knocks him into a river, rendering him helpless. Hercules brings him back to Thebes, and suggests locking him in a tower, cutting him off from the earth and keeping him too weak to break free.
Hercules and Linus return to Deianeira's home to rest. She is caring for a boy named Hyllus, and claims that he is adopted. Hercules and the boy quickly bond, and Linus deduces that he is Hercules and Deianeira's son from their earlier encounter.
Megara walks in on Iphicles and Eurystheus having a sexual encounter. Eurystheus names Iphicles his heir. In despair, she bribes Antaeus with a handful of dirt for advice on how to kill Hercules. He suggests the man-eating mares.
For the fourth labor, he must tame the man-eating mares, and give Iole the necklace belonging to their leader. He and Linus sail with Jason and the Argonauts to the island where they live. They discover Hyllus stowed away, wanting to join them. When they arrive, they find King Theseus had been shipwrecked on the island and is now the lover of Queen Hippolyta of the Amazons, who live on the island too. She tells them the mares are due to arrive that night, and they must leave if they are to survive. At nightfall, the Amazons transform into the man-eating mares and attack. Jason stabs a mare with his spear; she turns back into a human and cries out in pain as she falls. Hercules pulls Hippolyta's necklace off, turning them back to normal. The Amazons apologize, saying they had no choice, that it was Hera's bidding, but Hercules picks up the girl who was killed by Jason asking if they really believe that bloodshed and suffering are what the goddess wants. He says this was not Hera's will, but was human-doing. Remembering Deianeira's words, he proclaims they have a choice in following such superstitions.
Alcmene and Megara conduct another Harvest Festival, but Alcmene discovers too late that the sacrifice is Iphicles. As Iphicles is stabbed to death as part of the ritual, Megara pulls the distraught Alcmene aside, saying that slow revenge is sweet. After the ritual, Megara approaches Alcmene, who is attempting to move Iphicles' body. Megara acknowledges that after so many years of adoration, Alcmene had turned on Megara and plotted against her with Eurytheus. Megara goes on to say that Alcmene had shaped her to be who she is, and that Alcmene is to blame for Megara's treacherous ways.
Hercules returns with the Amazons. Deianeira works up the courage to tell Hercules that Hyllus is his son, and that she loves him. He is shocked and immediately thinks back to the night Deianeira first made love to him, which until now he had thought to be a dream. She tells him he has a home with Hyllus and herself now, if he wants it. He accepts, and they make love.
Hercules gives Iole the necklace for a second, then destroys it to prevent its curse from ever affecting anyone again. Hercules, Theseus, and the Amazons convince Thebes to abolish the Harvest Festival and other barbaric rites, but Hercules is informed of his brother's death and is saddened.
For the fifth labor, Hercules must defeat Eurystheus in contest of archery skill, the challenge being to 'bring down' the Ceryneian Hind. If Hercules loses he must perform an extra labor, but if he wins, he gets one favor. Hercules declares the favor will be the betrothal of Hyllus to Iole, securing a union of the warring families and ending the conflict between them. Deianeira warns that the Hind is sacred and to spill a drop of its blood is an offense punishable by the gods, but Hercules tells her to trust him. As the contest begins, the Hind appears with Hyllus on its back. Eurystheus shoots first, uncaring of the danger to Hyllus. Hercules deflects the shot by firing an arrow through Eurystheus', and a second through two of the Hinds legs without hitting any of its blood vessels. In his haste to win the contest, Eurystheus approaches the Hind with intent to kill it, but is stopped by Hercules. Hercules leaves judgment to Creon, who announces Hercules the winner given the task was only to bring the hind down, not kill it. Despite Hercules' victory, Eurystheus dishonorably recants his public acceptance of Hercules' requested favor, wary of the prophecy.
Megara secretly releases Antaeus, plotting to kill both Hercules and Eurystheus, then take over.
For the sixth labor, Hercules must defeat Cerberus. Hercules and Linus row down a river into a cave, where they meet Antaeus. He boasts that his strength is at its maximum, since they are underground. Hercules nevertheless gains the upper hand and nearly drowns his opponent, but Linus finally realizes that he was the one who raped Alcmene, not Zeus. Shocked, Hercules nearly loses, but decides it doesn't matter. No matter who his father is, he will continue to be a hero. A section of the cave collapses on Antaeus, killing him. Hercules takes a medallion that Megara had given the brute.
Hercules meets with Alcmene and Tiresias at a clifftop. Tiresias grants that Hercules has completed his last labor and is no longer indebted to Eurystheus, but cautions that the conflict between the two is not resolved. After telling him that she is proud of what he is accomplishing, Alcmene hugs and kisses Hercules for the first time in his life. She says she cannot live in his new world, and then intentionally falls off the cliff to her death.
Hercules comes before Eurystheus, the gathered crowd questioning his victory in the absence of evidence of Cerberus' demise. There is no Cerberus, but since Antaeus stood in its place, he has completed the last labor. Hercules states that he never had any intention of taking the throne, all he wants is for Eurystheus to keep his word and grant the betrothal of Hyllus and Iole. The King refuses and orders his army to attack. The crowd sides with Hercules, as it is composed of many Hercules has helped personally and many others who view him as a hero. At the climax of the battle, Eurystheus and Hercules stand with bows aimed at each other. A guard holds a knife to Hyllus' throat. Eurystheus orders Hercules to lower his bow, but Hercules counters that Eurystheus would then kill them both. As tension mounts, Hercules fires an arrow into the guard holding Hyllus and deflects an arrow from Eurystheus. Immediately after the guard falls dead, Hyllus throws a knife into Eurystheus, fulfilling the prophecy. Iole runs to Hyllus, and with his dying breath Eurystheus fires an arrow at Hyllus and Iole, intent that their union never happen. Simultaneously, Megara rushes forward to pull Iole from Hyllus, but she is struck in the back with Eurystheus' arrow. As she dies, Hercules tells her the union of Hyllus and Iole could heal the rift between the warring clans and possibly the rift between Zeus and Hera themselves. Megara responds that their union cannot heal her wounds, which is why she opposed it.
In the final scene, Hercules and Deianeira get married. They kiss, then Iole and Hyllus kiss as well.
Cast
Paul Telfer as Hercules
Leelee Sobieski as Deianeira
Sean Astin as Linus
Timothy Dalton as Amphitryon
Elizabeth Perkins as Alcmene
Leeanna Walsman as Megara
Kristian Schmid as King Eurystheus
John Bach as King Creon, father of Megara
Luke Ford as Iphicles
Jamie Croft as Young Hercules
André de Vanny as Young Iphicles
Trent Sullivan as Hyllus, son of Hercules and Deianeira
Susan Lay as Iole, daughter of Eurystheus and Megara
Robert Taylor as Chiron
Tyler Mane as Antaeus
Kim Coates as Tiresias
Rachael Taylor as Nemean Lion / Sphinx
William Snow as King Theseus
Peter McCauley as Nestor
Madeleine West as Hippolyta
See also
List of films featuring Hercules
List of historical drama films
Greek mythology in popular culture
External links
Hercules Official Website
Transcript
2000s American television miniseries
Sonar Entertainment miniseries
Films directed by Roger Young
Films about Heracles
Television series about Heracles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules%20%28miniseries%29 |
Seventeen is the debut album by British R&B singer Keisha White. The album features three singles: "Don't Care Who Knows" featuring the rapper, Cassidy, "Don't Fool A Woman In Love", and her critically acclaimed cover of Joan Armatrading's "The Weakness In Me", which is Keisha's biggest hit single to date, peaking inside the UK top 20. Eight songs were produced and co-written by Lucas Secon including both singles. All the key tracks appeared on her 2nd album.
Track listing
References
2005 debut albums
Keisha White albums
Warner Music Group albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeen%20%28Keisha%20White%20album%29 |
Bertrand is a former village in Gloucester County, New Brunswick, Canada. It held village status prior to 2023 and is now part of the town of Rivière-du-Nord.
History
On 1 January 2023, Bertrand amalgamated with three villages and all or part of four local service districts to form the new town of Rivière-du-Nord. The community's name remains in official use.
Geography
The community is located on the Acadian Peninsula at the mouth of the Caraquet River where it empties into Caraquet Bay, roughly 10 km west of Caraquet. The community centres around the intersection of Route 11, Route 145 and Route 325.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Bertrand had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Notable people
See also
List of communities in New Brunswick
References
Communities in Gloucester County, New Brunswick
Former villages in New Brunswick
Populated places disestablished in New Brunswick in 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand%2C%20New%20Brunswick |
Zvolen Castle ( or incorrectly , ) is a medieval castle located on a hill near the center of Zvolen, in central Slovakia. It was a part of the Kingdom of Hungary from the 1370's until the Treaty of Trianon in 1920.
The original seat of the region was above the confluence of Slatina and Hron rivers on a steep cliff in a castle from the 12th century, known today as Pustý hrad (meaning "Deserted castle"). Its difficult access had consequence in relocation of the seat to the new-built Zvolen castle, which was ordered by Louis I the Great as a hunting residence of Hungarian kings. The future queen regnant Mary of Hungary and emperor Sigismund celebrated their wedding there in 1385.
Gothic architecture of the castle built between 1360 and 1382 was inspired by Italian castles of the fourteenth century. Italian masons also contributed to a Renaissance reconstruction in 1548. The last major reconstruction occurred in 1784, when the chapel was rebuilt into the Baroque style.
Zvolen Castle hosts a regional branch of the Slovak National Gallery with an exposition of old European masters, including works by P. P. Rubens, Paolo Veronese, and William Hogarth. There is also a popular tea room located in the castle.
History
Zvolen castle was built by Louis I of Hungary, who built it like a gothic hunting castle. It was finished in 1382, when it was witness to an engagement of his daughter Mary and Sigismund. John Jiskra of Brandýs, who became one of the most powerful commanders in Hungary and this castle was one of his manors from 1440 to 1462. The castle was also often visited by king Matthias Corvinus with his wife Beatrice, who used this castle as a manor from 1490.
About 1500 the external fortifications were built up with four round bastions and entrance gate. In the middle of the 16th century was built another floor with embrasures and corner oriel towers. About 1590 an artillery bastion was built also.
The castle was rebuilt many times, but it retains its Renaissance look. The castle was nominated as a National culture monument for its historic, art and architecture values and it was reconstructed in the 1960s. The Slovak National Gallery has a seat in this castle now, where it presents its expositions.
Present
Every year The Zvolen Castle Plays are introduced to huge numbers of visitors. Here you can see actors and theatres from Slovakia, but also from other countries.
The castle also offers a rental of its King hall, Column hall and Knightly hall, which is useful for organizing concerts, receptions, wedding ceremonies, etc.
Now you can also see a computer model of this castle, which was made as an academic project.
External links
Pustý hrad and the Zvolen castle on the municipal site
Castles in Slovakia
Buildings and structures in Zvolen
Tourist attractions in Banská Bystrica Region
Art museums and galleries in Slovakia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvolen%20Castle |
In Ireland, a barony (, plural ) is a historical subdivision of a county, analogous to the hundreds into which the counties of England were divided. Baronies were created during the Tudor reconquest of Ireland, replacing the earlier cantreds formed after the original Norman invasion. Some early baronies were later subdivided into half baronies with the same standing as full baronies.
Baronies were mainly cadastral rather than administrative units. They acquired modest local taxation and spending functions in the 19th century before being superseded by the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898. Subsequent adjustments of county boundaries mean that some baronies now straddle two counties.
The final catalogue of baronies numbered 331, with an average area of ; therefore, each county was divided, on average, into 10 or 11 baronies.
Creation
The island of Ireland was "shired" into counties in two distinct periods: the east and south during the Anglo-Norman period (from the 1169 invasion to the early fourteenth century) and the rest in the Tudor conquest of the sixteenth century. "Barony" was used in three overlapping but distinct senses in the early period:
a "feudal barony" was an honour or large manor
a "parliamentary barony" was a rank of the peerage of Ireland, giving the right to sit in the Parliament of Ireland
an "administrative barony" or cantred was a unit for taxation purposes
Over the centuries, these senses diverged, and many administrative baronies were not associated with feudal or noble titles. Spurious "barony" titles have been sold by using the names of administrative baronies for which there is no corresponding hereditary or prescriptive barony. In counties Louth and Meath, the administrative subdivisions were called "baronies" from the beginning, originally as portions given by Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath to his vassals. Further south the name "cantred" was used till the fifteenth century. The cantreds declined with the rest of the English colony as its influence retreated to the Pale in the fourteenth century, and when the Tudors and Stuarts revived and extended county government, the baronies which they delimited often bore little relation to the earlier cantreds.
Most cantreds corresponded to the ('country') or ('thirty hundred [men]') of a Gaelic chief. However, sometimes baronies combined small territories, or split a large one, or were created without regard for the earlier boundaries. In the Norman period most Gaelic chiefs were killed, expelled, or subordinated by the new Norman lord; in the Tudor period, many Gaelic and Hibernicized lords retained their land by pledging allegiance to the Crown under surrender and regrant.
Sir John Perrot's commissioners reported 184 "cantreds, otherwise called hundreds or baronies" in 1589; William Petty reported 252 baronies in 1672.
Baronies were sometimes subdivided, and occasionally combined. The parts of a subdivided barony were called half-baronies, but had the same legal standing. Some subdivisions came about when new counties were formed, and the new boundary split a pre-existing barony. In three cases, there are adjacent half-baronies in neighbouring counties with the same name: Rathdown (Dublin—Wicklow), Fore (Meath—Westmeath), and Ballymoe (Galway—Roscommon). Subdivision happened especially in the 19th century, when qualifiers "Upper"/"Lower"(/"Middle"), "North"/"South", or "East/"West" were used for the half-baronies. The main basis for this subdivision was the Grand Jury (Ireland) Act, 1836, which empowered a county's grand jury to divide baronies of at least and unite baronies totalling at most . An 1837 act relaxed these restrictions for County Fermanagh, where many baronies were split by Lough Erne. The baronies of Iveagh, Muskerry, and Connello were each subdivided twice: Upper and Lower Iveagh each have Upper and Lower Halves; East and West Muskerry each have East and West Divisions; the western divisions split from Upper and Lower Connello were named Shanid and Glenquin respectively. When County Tipperary was split into North and South Ridings in 1838, the barony of Kilnamanagh was split into Upper and Lower half-baronies.
At the Reformation the parishes for civil purposes were the ecclesiastical parishes of the established Church of Ireland. Originally each parish was usually within a single barony, but less so over time. A townland might be an exclave of a parish, and potentially of its barony; under the Valuation of Lands (Ireland) Act 1836, detached parts of baronies were annexed to an adjacent barony, but not so for parishes. The rationalisation of small ecclesiastical parishes into larger benefices sometimes entailed merging the corresponding civil parishes, which might thus cross barony (and county) boundaries.
Peculiar districts
Many towns had a specific royal charter granting them borough status similar to English law. These were originally independent of the baronies, which were rural divisions of the "county at large". By the time of Beaufort's 1792 Memoir of Ireland, this was true of fewer towns. Beaufort distinguishes between baronies and "peculiar districts"; the latter encompassing counties corporate and liberties in the environs of some of the older or larger towns and cities.
Liberties
The liberties listed by Beaufort separately from baronies are those of Kinsale, Mallow and Youghal in County Cork; Callan in County Kilkenny; Kilmallock in County Limerick; Derry and Coleraine in County Londonderry; and Wexford in County Wexford. Of these, those of Wexford, Mallow, and Youghal are no longer counted as separate from the adjacent baronies. Those of Kinsale, Callen, and Kilmallock are now counted as baronies. A 1791 act dealt with the two in County Londonderry; it made the North West Liberties of Londonderry, together with the city, into a barony, while the liberties on the east bank of the River Foyle were attached to the half barony of Tirkeeran. Similarly, the North East Liberties of Coleraine formed a barony together with the town, while the liberties on the west bank of the River Bann were attached to the separate half-barony of Coleraine. The lands of the Lordship of Newry, originating with the Cistercians of Newry Abbey and passing to the Earl of Kilmorey, were similarly regularised into a barony of County Down and a civil parish of County Armagh.
Counties corporate
There were eight counties corporate: the "County of the City" of each of Cork, Dublin, Limerick, Kilkenny, and Waterford, and the "County of the Town" of each of Carrickfergus, Drogheda and Galway. These were excluded from the enclosing "county-at-large" and exercised at a single level the functions which elsewhere were split between county and barony level. Thus, they had "baronial presentment sessions" although they were not strictly speaking baronies. Each such city or town also had a municipal corporation which had parallel authority with the grand jury; however, each county corporate except Carrickfergus included rural "liberties" outside the municipal boundary. The Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840 abolished the corporations of Carrickfergus and Galway, while the Counties and Boroughs (Ireland) Act 1840, passed simultaneously, transferred the liberties of the other six counties corporate to the adjoining county-at-large. The transferred area was sometimes assigned to one or more existing county baronies, but sometimes made a barony in its own right. The reduced-size counties corporate continued till the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898, at which point each of those of Kilkenny and the three towns was merged with a neighbouring county to form a new administrative county, while the other four counties of cities each became a county borough. Both before and after 1898, where a statute presupposed that a county was divided into baronies, judges sometimes construed it by assuming that each county corporate constituted a single barony.
Historical functions
The various Plantations of Ireland were organised largely by barony. Different categories of English and Scottish settlers were planted in particular baronies in the midlands and Munster. Likewise the "precincts" into which the plantation of Ulster was organised were mostly coterminous with baronies, though some were split or combined. In certain counties after the Cromwellian reconquest, Adventurers got lands in half the baronies, with soldiers in the other half. The Irish who had forfeited their lands in those regions were resettled in Connacht and Clare, with each county of origin assigned to particular destination baronies. William Petty's Down Survey of 1655–6 collected statistics and produced maps at barony level to assist the reorganisation.
Acts of 1787 and 1792 allowed the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland to appoint a constable for each barony, and the county grand jury to appoint up to 16 sub-constables. These powers were seldom used and the constables had few powers; they were usually older men nicknamed "old Barnys", with the archetypal "old Barny McKeown". They were superseded by the Royal Irish Constabulary.
The cess to pay for roads, bridges, and other public works was set per barony. "Presentment sessions", where petitioners applied for funding for such works, were originally held as part of the county assizes, though the costs were paid from the barony cess if the work was of local benefit only. The county grand jury was supposed to have included jurors from each barony, though this did not always happen. From 1819, significantly modified in 1836, baronial presentment sessions were held for these purposes, with a local jury picked by the county grand jury from among the barony's highest rate-payers, according to a complicated formula. The baronial presentment sessions were a convoluted process, lacking public confidence and marred by allegations of corruption and favouritism. Special emergency sessions were held during the Famine of the 1840s for the make-work schemes.
Several parallel local administrative divisions were formed in the nineteenth century, which were not based on the barony. The Poor Law Unions were established in 1838, each centred on an eponymous town; most new or altered responsibilities were given to them in subsequent decades. These Unions which were divided into district electoral divisions (DEDs) for funding purposes. Petty sessions courts for civil cases and quarter sessions for criminal cases used still another set of land divisions.
For each two-seat county constituency in the Irish House of Commons, the election was held in the county town, with a separate polling booth for electors resident in each barony or half-baroiny. The single-seat divisions into which the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 split most Irish county constituencies were defined largely or exclusively in terms of the baronies which they comprised; however, in some cases a barony was split parish by parish between two divisions. The 1891 census was the last for which returns were aggregated by barony as well as by Union and DED; the 1901 census used only the latter classification, though it and the 1911 census included the barony in the detailed returns.
The 1898 Act replaced the county assizes with an elected county council; at a lower level, the county was divided into urban and rural districts, each with an elected council. These councils had power to levy rates and build public works, and the baronial presentment sessions were abolished.
Modern existence
While baronies continue to be officially defined units, they are no longer used for many administrative purposes. Their official status is illustrated by Placenames Orders made since 2003, where official Irish names of baronies are listed under "Administrative units".
Baronies continue to be used in land registration, and specification such as in planning permissions. For example, the form for registration of a freehold property includes a schedule "To contain description of the property, giving area, townland, barony and county, or, if in a city or urban district, the street or road and city or urban district".
Barony boundaries have remained essentially unchanged since 1898. An exception occurs when land is reclaimed from the sea, whereupon the maritime boundary of the coastal land units will be extended accordingly. For example, a 1994 statutory instrument extended the boundary of the Barony of Arklow, along with the boundaries of the county (Wicklow), the district electoral division (Arklow Rural), the civil parish (Arklow), and the townlands (Rock Big, Rock Little, and Money Big).
The Local Government (Ireland) Act also caused a number of county boundaries to be modified, with the result that a number of baronies now cross county boundaries. This can cause confusion to genealogy researchers, who may be unable to find an area referred to as being in a particular county in 19th century sources in the modern county. Most markedly, the entire territory of the small barony of Kilculliheen was moved from County Waterford to County Kilkenny. Likewise in 1976, when suburbs of Drogheda were transferred from County Meath to County Louth, barony boundaries were not adjusted.
The marginal relevance of baronies means many people have no idea which barony they live in. However, some remain a focus for local patriotism. Some public houses and older provincial hotels bear the name of the barony in which they are located; likewise some clubs of the Gaelic Athletic Association, for example Carbury (County Kildare), Castlerahan, and Kilmurry Ibrickane. Four of the six regional divisions of Cork GAA are named after baronies corresponding to major parts of their respective areas: Carbery, Duhallow, Imokilly, and Muskerry.
List of baronies
The final catalogue of baronies numbered 331. A figure of 273 is also quoted, by combining those divided into half-baronies, as by east–west, north–south, or upper/middle/lower divisions. Every point in Ireland is in precisely one of the listed divisions. However, the municipal area of the four cities with barony status in 1898 has extended since then into the surrounding baronies. Prior to 1898, the baronies around Dublin City were shrunk according as they ceded land to the expanding city; but there is now land which is both within the current city boundaries and within one of the pre-1898 county baronies. Notably, the Barony of Dublin, created in 1842, is almost entirely within the city, although still separate from the Barony of Dublin City.
See also
Barony (country subdivision)
List of Irish local government areas 1898–1921
Townland
References
Bibliography
Vol. I: A–C, Vol. II: D–M, Vol. III: N–Z
External links
Itineraries for Irish Topographical Botany includes large JPGs of the county maps from Robert Lloyd Praeger's copy of Philips' Handy Atlas of the Counties of Ireland (c.1880) with baronies clearly differentiated by colour and border.
Barony Map of Ireland by Dennis Walsh (archived)
Alphabetical List of Baronies in Northern Ireland Public Record Office of Northern Ireland
2011 Census Boundaries, including shapefiles for baronies; from the Central Statistics Office, Ireland
Legal history of Ireland
Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barony%20%28Ireland%29 |
1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one (DFO) is an aromatic ketone first synthesized in 1950. It is used to find fingerprints on porous surfaces. It makes fingerprints glow when they are lit by blue-green light.
DFO reacts with amino acids present in the fingerprint to form highly fluorescent derivatives. Excitation with light at ~470 nm results in emission at ~570 nm.
References
External links
RCMP report on 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one
Ketones
Forensic chemicals
Nitrogen heterocycles
Heterocyclic compounds with 3 rings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C8-Diazafluoren-9-one |
The Roman Catholic Church in Mexico comprises eighteen ecclesiastical provinces each headed by an archbishop. The provinces in turn comprise 18 archdioceses, 69 dioceses, and 5 territorial prelatures and each headed by a bishop (of some kind).
List of Dioceses
Ecclesiastical province of Acapulco
Archdiocese of Acapulco
Diocese of Chilpancingo-Chilapa
Diocese of Ciudad Altamirano
Diocese of Tlapa
Ecclesiastical province of Antequera, Oaxaca
Archdiocese of Antequera, Oaxaca
Diocese of Puerto Escondido
Diocese of Tehuantepec
Diocese of Tuxtepec
Prelature of Huautla
Prelature of Mixes
Ecclesiastical province of Chihuahua
Archdiocese of Chihuahua
Diocese of Ciudad Juárez
Diocese of Cuauhtémoc-Madera
Diocese of Nuevo Casas Grandes
Diocese of Parral
Diocese of Tarahumara
Ecclesiastical province of Durango
Archdiocese of Durango
Diocese of Mazatlán
Diocese of Torreón
Diocese of Gómez Palacio
Prelature of El Salto
Ecclesiastical province of Guadalajara
Archdiocese of Guadalajara
Diocese of Aguascalientes
Diocese of Autlán
Diocese of Ciudad Guzmán
Diocese of Colima
Diocese of San Juan de los Lagos
Diocese of Tepic
Prelature of Jesús María del Nayar
Ecclesiastical province of Hermosillo
Archdiocese of Hermosillo
Diocese of Ciudad Obregón
Diocese of Culiacán
Diocese of Nogales
Ecclesiastical province of Jalapa (Xalapa)
Archdiocese of Jalapa (Xalapa)
Diocese of Coatzacoalcos
Diocese of Córdoba
Diocese of Orizaba
Diocese of Papantla
Diocese of San Andrés Tuxtla
Diocese of Tuxpan
Diocese of Veracruz
Ecclesiastical province of León
Archdiocese of León
Diocese of Celaya
Diocese of Irapuato
Diocese of Querétaro
Ecclesiastical province of México
Archdiocese of Mexico
Diocese of Azcapotzalco
Diocese of Iztapalapa
Diocese of Xochimilco
Ecclesiastical province of Monterrey
Archdiocese of Monterrey
Diocese of Ciudad Victoria
Diocese of Linares
Diocese of Matamoros
Diocese of Nuevo Laredo
Diocese of Piedras Negras
Diocese of Saltillo
Diocese of Tampico
Ecclesiastical province of Morelia
Archdiocese of Morelia
Diocese of Apatzingan
Diocese of Ciudad Lázaro Cárdenas
Diocese of Tacámbaro
Diocese of Zamora
Ecclesiastical province of Puebla de los Angeles
Archdiocese of Puebla de los Angeles
Diocese of Huajuapan de León
Diocese of Tehuacán
Diocese of Tlaxcala
Ecclesiastical province of San Luis Potosí
Archdiocese of San Luis Potosí
Diocese of Ciudad Valles
Diocese of Matehuala
Diocese of Zacatecas
Ecclesiastical province of Tijuana
Archdiocese of Tijuana
Diocese of Ensenada
Diocese of La Paz en la Baja California Sur
Diocese of Mexicali
Ecclesiastical province of Tlalnepantla
Archdiocese of Tlalnepantla
Diocese of Cuautitlán
Diocese of Ecatepec
Diocese of Netzahualcóyotl
Diocese of Texcoco
Diocese of Valle de Chalco
Diocese of Izcalli
Ecclesiastical province of Toluca
Archdiocese of Toluca
Diocese of Atlacomulco de Fabela
Diocese of Cuernavaca
Diocese of Tenancingo
Ecclesiastical province of Tulancingo
Archdiocese of Tulancingo
Diocese of Huejutla
Diocese of Tula
Ecclesiastical province of Tuxtla Gutiérrez
Archdiocese of Tuxtla Gutiérrez
Diocese of San Cristóbal de Las Casas
Diocese of Tapachula
Ecclesiastical province of Yucatán
Archdiocese of Yucatán
Diocese of Campeche
Diocese of Tabasco
Diocese of Cancún-Chetumal
Gallery of Episcopal Sees
References
External links
GCatholic.org.
Catholic Church in Mexico
Mexico
Catholic dioceses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Catholic%20dioceses%20in%20Mexico |
Thomas McGroarty is an American Democratic Party politician who served as the mayor of the city of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania from 1996 to January 5, 2004.
Political career
In 1983, McGroarty was elected to Wilkes-Barre City Council and served for twelve years before his election as mayor.
Mayorship
McGroarty served as the twenty-second mayor of the City of Wilkes-Barre. He took his mayoral oath of office just after midnight on January 2, 1996, surprising the outgoing mayor.
McGroarty was elected mayor in 1995 and re-elected in 1999. He was the only mayor to be elected both as a Democrat and Republican, having waged a successful write-in campaign as a Republican in 1995. By securing both nominations, McGroarty enjoyed relationships with both Democratic and Republicans officials.
Personal life
McGroarty was from Wilkes-Barre's East End and was born on December 22, 1962. McGroarty graduated from Coughlin High School, Luzerne County Community College, and Bloomsburg University. He was both an officer and enlisted member of the 109th Field Artillery, where he served as service battery commander.
Quotes
"I don't know what to expect next, maybe a volcano eruption," quoted by The New York Times when major flooding hit parts of the Northeast which included Wilkes-Barre, about three weeks after the mayor took office.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Mayors of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Democrats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20McGroarty |
Contracts of Employment (Indigenous Workers) Convention, 1939 (shelved) is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1939:
Ratifications
Prior to its shelving, the convention was ratified by 31 states.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
Shelved International Labour Organization conventions
Treaties concluded in 1939
Treaties entered into force in 1948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracts%20of%20Employment%20%28Indigenous%20Workers%29%20Convention%2C%201939%20%28shelved%29 |
The (National Institute of Geographic and Forest Information), previously (National Geographic Institute) or IGN is a French public state administrative establishment founded in 1940 to produce and maintain geographical information for France and its overseas departments and territories.
Administrative organisation
The IGN depends on the French Ministry of Equipment, Transport, Town and Country Planning, Tourism and Sea. Its missions are fixed by decrees.
State subsidies represent 51% of the budget, and sales 49%.
The IGN runs four laboratories to research geographical information acquisition, production, distribution and applications. It also runs its own school to teach techniques to its staff and other students: École nationale des sciences géographiques (English: National School of Geographical Sciences) or ENSG.
Missions
The IGN is responsible for the management and updating of:
geodetic and levelling networks,
aerial photographs,
geographical databases and maps.
It has to lead research, and to take part in the standardization process in the field of geographical information. It has to manage ENSG, and the documentation service about its products, techniques and services.
A group of French public administrations, in partnership with the IGN, establish the Large Scale Reference (Référentiel à grande échelle, RGE): orthophoto, topography, cadastral survey and address databases which can be superimposed on all the French territory, with a 1-meter resolution.
Products
Covering the whole French territory:
topographic maps on the 1:25,000, 1:50,000 and 1:100,000 scales
road maps on the 1:250,000 and 1:1,000,000 scales (this last one covers metropolitan France on one sheet).
maps of foreign countries
ICAO aeronautical maps on the 1:500,000 scale for visual flying (VFR).
The IGN is also in charge of the Géoportail. The associated shop Le Monde des Cartes at 50 Rue de la Verrerie in Paris closed in 2017.
History
The IGN is the successor to the Geographical Service of the Army (Service Géographique de L’Armée or SGA), which was founded in 1887 and disbanded in 1940, itself a successor to the Dépôt de la Guerre. The old maps produced by the SGA were divided into two batches: one which remained at the Institute and one which joined the military files of Vincennes. The general Louis Hurault, who was at the origin of these modifications, was the first director of the IGN. He tried, in vain, to recover the material shared by the Germans. A law in ten articles is signed the 14 in order to define the functions of the IGN. The statutes had been signed the 8. This established the national School of geographical sciences in order to train Cartographical engineers.
During the Second World War, the IGN became famous for its counterfeiters. The cartographers are indeed experts in penmanship and the material necessary to the production of fake identity papers was available to the institute. Certain engineers of the IGN were in contact with the services of allied information based in London. In secret, they brought a complete set of maps to London covering France and North Africa in order to replace maps destroyed in a bombardment.
The agents of the IGN took an active part in armed resistance in 1943. Several agents were shot by the Germans or died in action. Between September 1944 and on 8 May 1945, the IGN was under the control of the "provisional government" and most of its personnel and of his services are transformed into "military geographical Service". At the end of the war, the IGN received the thanks of Generals Bradley and Eisenhower.
Between 1945 and 1946, the debate is intense concerning the future of the IGN, last creation of the Third Republic. A law is finally signed the 8. It confirms the membership of the IGN to the Ministry of works and create the "geographical Section of staff of the Army", new section in charge of the military map.
In 1947, the IGN receives the mission of covering the whole France, but also all the dependents' territories, like North Africa, Western Africa, Madagascar, the countries associated with Indochina and the departments and overseas territories. The task is considerable with more than 12 million km ² being covered. The independence of these countries will have as a consequence the creation of national services in each country (examples: DTGC in Senegal, IGN-N in Niger).
To carry out the aerial survey task, the IGN was equipped in 1948 with several ex USAAF Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses, specially modified for the task. They were based at Creil airfield to the north of Paris. The aircraft were replaced by French-built Hurel-Dubois HD.34 twin engined survey aircraft in the late 1950s.
The IGN then initiates a period of active co-operation with the majority of these organizations by providing some engineers of the IGN and also receive the students of the ENSG who intended to become the executives of the cartographic services of new independent countries. The activity of the IGN apart from the French territory also develops by the control geodesic project(Ecuador 1975, Libya 1979, Saudi Arabia 1981), of cartography (Saudi Arabia, Burundi, Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, Togo, Benin...).
1982 to 1988, the control of a large topometric project and numerical cartography in Riyadh is the occasion to massively introduce digital techniques into the processing production; in parallel, the idea of a topoland data base emerges at meetings of the "national Commission of the geographical information" chaired by Guy Lengagne; this commission returns his report in 1983 and outlines numerical geographical information then in agreement with the period of the basic map with 1:25 000.Publicly owned establishment related to administration since 1 January 1967, it is placed under the supervision of the ministry for Transport, the equipment, tourism and the sea.
In 1971, the IGN and the CNES form the "Group of research of geodesic space". This collaboration between the IGN and the CNES continues with the launching of the program SPOT the 5. The launching of satellite SPOT-1 takes place the 22.Six days after take SPOT-1 in orbit, the IGN create its programme of "data bases launches", the "data bases". The data base of the cities, the data base of leveling distribution, the data base of geodesic distribution, the aerial missions data base and the toponyms data base were progressively established . The "Topo data base", bases of topographic data digitized, covers from now on the whole of France and includes nearly two million toponyms.
Its activities abroad begin into 1986 within a new subsidiary private company IGN France International.
From 2000, the IGN develops the concept of Reference frame on a Large Scale (référentiel à grande échelle = RGE); it is a question of completing within a deadline short digitalization the cartography of the French territory with a meter scale and according to four components: topography, land registry and address. This RGE is entirely completed at the end of 2008. Then it enter in a cycle of maintenance in June 2006, the IGN opened the service Géoportail allowing the cartographic visualization of the French territory on a Web navigator and using on one hand funds of air photographs and on the other hand the digitized maps to the 1/25 000. "Phase 2" of Géoportail was put on line one year later, with a new ergonomics.
At the end of 2006, the IGN was involved in the production of a receiver GPS, for the excursion and automobile navigation, called Evadeo. The software of navigation was provided by BCI navigation (replaced in 2008 by CompeGPS), the road data are of Navteq and it puce GPS of SiRF, and the IGN provides a part with extracts of its maps at various scales.
In June 2007, the IGN started offering a service whereby it is possible to have a map printed centred on any location in France. This is similar to the service offered in Great Britain by the Ordnance Survey.
In July 2007, Géportail – an online map service – began offering 3D movable views in a similar style to GoogleEarth. To use this function, it is necessary to install the plugin TerraExplorer.
From 1 January 2012, the merged with the Inventaire forestier national to form the , keeping the same IGN acronym.
See also
IGN FI, private subsidiary of IGN
MicMac (software)
References
External links
Official site
IGN Fortresses history (in French)
Geography of France
National mapping agencies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut%20national%20de%20l%27information%20g%C3%A9ographique%20et%20foresti%C3%A8re |
Contracts of Employment (Indigenous Workers) Convention may refer to:
Contracts of Employment (Indigenous Workers) Convention, 1939 (shelved), International Labour Organization convention from 1939 to 1948
Contracts of Employment (Indigenous Workers) Convention, 1947 (shelved), International Labour Organization convention from 1947 to 1953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracts%20of%20Employment%20%28Indigenous%20Workers%29%20Convention |
Hesperetin is the 4'-methoxy derivative of eriodictyol, a flavanone. Hesperetin's 7-O-glycoside, hesperidin, is a naturally occurring flavanon-glycoside, the main flavonoid in lemons and sweet oranges. Hesperetin (and naringenin, the parent flavanone of naringin) are not found to a significant extent in Citrus spp.
Glycosides
A variety of glycosides of hesperetin are known, including:
Hesperidin (hesperetin-7-O-rutinoside) is a water-insoluble flavonoid glycoside whose solubility is below 5 μg/ml in water. Hesperidin is found in citrus fruits and upon ingestion it releases its aglycone, hesperetin.
Neohesperidin is the 7-O-neohesperidoside of hesperetin.
Hesperetin-7-O-α-L-Rhamnopyranoside (CAS 66513-83-5) is found in the roots of clammy cherry (Cordia obliqua a.k.a. Cordia obliqua var. wallichii).
Metabolism
Hesperidin 6-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-β-D-glucosidase is an enzyme that uses hesperidin and H2O to produce hesperetin and rutinose. It is found in the hyphomycetes species Stilbella fimetaria.
Effects
Hesperetin was found to be affecting the slow inactivation phase of inward sodium current channels (INa) and therefore could be used as a template to develop drugs against lethal cardiac arrhythmias in LQT3. Hesperetin also inhibits TRPM3 channels.
References
External links
Aromatase inhibitors
O-methylated flavanones
Flavonoids found in Rutaceae
3-Hydroxypropenals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperetin |
Lipstick Killers – The Mercer Street Sessions 1972 is a 1981 album of demos by the New York Dolls. The album's songs were later re-recorded for New York Dolls, except for "Don't Start Me Talking" and "Human Being" which were later re-recorded for Too Much Too Soon and "Don't Mess with Cupid", which was never re-recorded.
The producer of the Mercer Street Sessions, Marty Thau, was the person who discovered and managed the Dolls.
Track listing
"Bad Girl" (David Johansen, Johnny Thunders)
"Looking for a Kiss" (Johansen, Thunders)
"Don't Start Me Talking" (Sonny Boy Williamson II)
"Don't Mess with Cupid" (Deanie Parker, Eddie Floyd, Steve Cropper)
"Human Being" (Johansen, Thunders)
"Personality Crisis" (Johansen, Thunders)
"Pills" (Bo Diddley)
"Jet Boy" (Johansen, Thunders)
"Frankenstein" (Johansen, Sylvain Sylvain)
Personnel
New York Dolls
David Johansen - vocals, harmonica
Johnny Thunders - guitar, backing vocals
Sylvain Sylvain - guitar
Arthur "Killer" Kane - bass guitar
Billy Murcia - drums
References
New York Dolls albums
1981 albums
ROIR albums
Demo albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipstick%20Killers%20%E2%80%93%20The%20Mercer%20Street%20Sessions%201972 |
Blackville is a former village in Northumberland County, New Brunswick, Canada. It is now part of the rural community of Miramichi River Valley.
It is located on the Southwest Miramichi River approximately southwest of Miramichi.
History
The first post office opened in the area in 1842, under the community name "Decantillon's"; the area known as The Forks was also serviced by this post office. In 1847, these areas collectively became known as Blackville, as the area was the largest population centre in the Parish of Blackville. The parish, created in 1830 when it was partitioned from the Parish of Ludlow, had been named in honour of William Black, the acting governor of the colony of New Brunswick from 1829 to 1831.
Blackville was first incorporated as a village in 1967, annexing the neighbouring communities of Underhill and Breadalbane later that year.
On January 1, 2023, Blackville amalgamated with all or part of eight local service districts to form the new incorporated rural community of Miramichi River Valley. Blackville remains in official use.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Blackville had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Government
Blackville residents are able to cast votes in the Miramichi River Valley Rural Community's elections for mayor, three at-large councillors, and the Ward 3 councillor. The community is within the federal electoral district of Miramichi-Grand Lake, and within the provincial electoral district of Southwest Miramichi-Bay du Vin.
The mayors of Blackville during its time as an incorporated village from 1967 to 2022 included:
Lawrence Stephens (1967–1969)
Harold Connors (1969–1971)
Roland Walls (1971–1992)
Glen Hollowood (1992–1998)
Roland Walls (1998–2001)
Omer MacKenzie (2001–2004)
Glen Hollowood (2004–2012)
Harold Muck (2012–2013)
Matthew Sturgeon (2013)
Andrew Hawkes (2013–2016)
Christopher Hennessy (2016–2021)
Ian Fortune (2021–2022)
Economy
Blackville's economy was once tied to the forest industry. A large sawmill that employed 200 workers had been operated in the village by industrial conglomerate UPM Kymmene, but it closed in 2007 as a result of economic pressures.
According to the 2016 Census, Blackville citizens had a median income of $30,816 for individuals, and $62,976 for households in 2015. Blackville's unemployment rate was 21.9%.
Blackville is home to a single financial institution, Blackville Credit Union. It is the oldest of its kind in New Brunswick.
Education
Blackville School, grades K–12, is a public school in the community. This is the only grade school in Blackville, with students occasionally transporting to other Miramichi schools instead (Such as Miramichi Valley High School).
Notable people
Herb Curtis
J. F. A. McManus
Kathy McCormack
Marion Leane Smith (Lived her final years and died in Blackville.)
See also
List of communities in New Brunswick
References
External links
Village of Blackville
Communities in Northumberland County, New Brunswick
Former villages in New Brunswick
Populated places disestablished in New Brunswick in 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackville%2C%20New%20Brunswick |
The Chevrolet Corvette (C4) is the fourth generation of the Corvette sports car, produced by American automobile manufacturer Chevrolet from 1983 until 1996. The convertible returned, as did higher performance engines, exemplified by the LT5 found in the ZR-1. In early March 1990, the ZR-1 would set a new record for the highest 24 hour-5,000 mile land-speed by going over a speed of . With a completely new chassis, modern sleeker styling, and other improvements to the model, prices rose and sales declined. The last C4 was produced on June 20, 1996.
Overview
The C4 Corvette represented a clean break from the Zora Arkus-Duntov-designed C3, with a completely new chassis and sleeker, more modern but still evolutionary styling. It was the work of a team under chief Corvette designer Dave McLellan, who'd taken over from Duntov in 1975. In a departure from the fiberglass panels of its forebears, the C4's rear bumpers and panels were made from molding plastics, a sheet molding compound. The C4 fastback coupé was the first general production Corvette to have a glass hatchback (the limited edition 1982 Collector Edition being the first Corvette equipped with this feature) for better storage access. The roof panel, which was made from fiberglass or optionally from clear acrylic, was removable. The Corvette C4 came standard with an electronic dashboard with a digital liquid crystal display instrument cluster. It displayed a combination of graphics for speed and RPM, fuel level, and used digital displays for other important engine functions. For the first time since 1957, the Corvette used single headlights instead of dual units, but they were still retractable.
Since emissions regulations were still changing and electronic engine management was in its infancy, engine power output was low compared to earlier generations. The primary design emphasis at launch was therefore focused on handling and braking, with an all-independent light-weight suspension and wheels and all new brakes with aluminum calipers. The front suspension saw the C3's coil springs replaced by a transverse fiberglass mono-leaf spring, which was only 1/3 of the weight of the coil springs while also introducing an anti-roll bar-like effect on the front. The price of the emphasis on handling was ride comfort, especially with the Z51 performance and handling package. Spring rates were sequentially softened for the 1985 model year. The C4 did not use separate body-on-frame construction like its predecessors. Instead, it used what GM termed a "uniframe", which consisted of a traditional perimeter frame, with the door posts, windshield frame, halo U-shaped frame overhead behind the seats and the rear portion of the floor pan integrated into one welded assembly. This was not a unibody assembly, as none of the exterior body panels were structural members. Due to a styling decision to use a targa top instead of T-tops, there was no structural member tying the windshield frame to the halo as on the C3. This required extremely tall side rails on the frame to maintain chassis rigidity, and as a result, the door sills were quite deep, with entry and exit likened by contemporary auto journals to a "fall in and climb out" experience. The targa top bolted into place, becoming a structural component, rather than simply latching on like T-tops. The emergency brake, located between the door sill and the drivers seat, was moved lower and toward the rear of the car in 1987 for easier entry and exit.
From the 1984 model year (available January 1984) through the 1988 model year, the Corvette was available with a Doug Nash "4+3" transmission - a 4-speed manual coupled to an automatic overdrive on the top three gears. This unusual transmission was a synergy that allowed the Corvette to keep a stout 4 speed, but add an overdrive. As technology progressed, it was replaced by a modern ZF 6-speed manual transmission. However, the C4's performance was hampered by its L98 engine until 1992, when the second-generation Chevy small block, the LT1, was introduced, markedly improving the C4's performance. 1996 was a high point of small block engines development and the LT4 was introduced in all six-speed manual transmission equipped cars. The LT4 produced maximum power output at 5,800 rpm and of torque at 4,500 rpm. While the LT4 was available in any Corvette, it was highlighted in the 1996 Grand Sport package.
The 1986 Corvette saw the return of the convertible and was named as the Pace Car for the Indianapolis 500. 1986 also saw the introduction of the Pass Key I passive anti-theft system, wherein each key contained a special pellet that could be detected and identified by the car's computer system by detecting electrical resistance. Being early in the rollout of this new technology, there were only 15 different resistance values available. Once thieves discovered this weakness, it markedly reduced the value of this early system.
Only a total of 43 prototype and pre-production Corvettes were manufactured with a 1983 Vehicle Identification Number (VIN). None were made available to the public as official production vehicles. All were destroyed except one, VIN 1G1AY0783D5100023 (white with a medium blue interior), fitted with a L83 V8 engine and a 4-speed automatic transmission. It was displayed above the factory entrance for years until it was restored and is now displayed in the National Corvette Museum in Bowling Green, Kentucky. The 1983 model delay was due to problems with parts supplier quality issues and production line changeover issues. GM decided to cancel the 1983 model year production and started the 1984 model year Corvettes early. Regular 1984 model year production began on January 3, 1983, and delivery to customers began in March 1983. The 1984 models were produced for 17 months.
ZR-1 (1990–1995)
General Motors acquired Group Lotus, a UK based engineering consultant and performance car manufacturing firm, during 1986. The Corvette division approached Lotus with the idea of developing the world's fastest production car, to be based on the C4 generation of the Corvette. With input from GM, Lotus designed a new engine to fit in place of the L98 V8 that was powering the standard C4. The result was what GM dubbed the LT5, an aluminum-block V8 with the same bore centers as the L98, but with four overhead camshafts and 32 valves. Lotus also designed a unique air management system for the engine to provide a wider power band by shutting off 8 of the 16 intake runners and fuel injectors when the engine was at part-throttle, while still giving the ZR-1 a power output of when at wide open throttle.
In addition to the engine, Lotus helped GM design the ZR-1's (which in prototype version was called "King of the Hill") The ZR-1 is fitted with Goodyear Eagle Gatorback tires having size of P315/ 35ZR-17 specially made for the car along with bigger ventilated disc brakes. Due to the heavier engine and body work along with wide tires, the ZR-1 is heavier than the standard C4 Corvette. The ZR-1 came standard with the UJ6 Low-Tire-Pressure Warning System along with an ABS system manufactured by Bosch. The FX3 suspension system was engineered by Bilstein and was similar to the system used in the Porsche 959 albeit with modifications from the Lotus Formula 1 division. The system used a gas-over-oil shock absorber whose hollow center shaft came fitted with an adjustable orifice which controls the flow of oil in the shock absorber. The system allowed for six damping settings in each of the three driving modes namely Touring, Sport, and Performance and had 14 total steps. Servomotors coupled with a microprocessor governed the vehicle's speed and adjusted the suspension system accordingly.
The 5.7-litre DOHC 32-valve LT5 engine unique to the car had a central bore spacing of 4.40 inches. The distance was maintained by reducing the bore from 4.00 to 3.90 inches while the stroke was increased from 3.48 to 3.66 inches. The aluminum cylinder liners were Nikasil-coated and the engine block has a cast-aluminum oil sump. The crankcase has integral four- and six-bolt cast-iron main
bearing caps which secure the forged steel crankshaft into place. The four camshafts of the engine are driven by a roller chain and actuate hydraulic lifters that eliminate valve lash adjustment. The four-valve combustion chambers feature centrally-located spark plugs which act in combination with dished aluminum pistons enabling for a compression ratio of 11.0:1. The engine held 12 quarts of oil, 7 more than the L98 engine. The LT5 also came with a unique two valve induction system along with 16 tuned-length intake runners and a specially designed intake manifold using three throttle bodies. The small primary throttle body was for responsive low speed operation while the two large secondary throttle bodies enabled for full-power usage. The engine used direct-fire ignition: Four coils ignite two spark plugs simultaneously, upon receiving their cue from a crankshaft sensor acting in combination with the ECM. Spark advance and
retardation are electronically controlled by the ECM, which gets an additional information from a knock sensor. A distinctive cooling system incorporating a 15% larger radiator ensured that the operating temperature of the engine remained the same as the L98 despite the differences in construction and operation.
In order to transfer power efficiently to the rear wheels, a unique 6-speed manual transmission manufactured by ZF was installed with a code name of ML9. The transmission used Computer Aided Gear Selection (CAGS) which forced the driver to shift from first to fourth under low power urban driving conditions. The transmission has a tweaked ring and pinion ratio of 3.54:1 and a lower final drive ratio of 3.33:1.
Other exterior modifications include a hard coated acrylic roof panel, and seven additional exterior colors. The interior came standard with leather sports seats and a Delco/Bose sound system.
Tested performance figures by Road & Track magazine include a acceleration time of 4.9 seconds, a quarter mile time of 13.4 seconds, braking distance of 132 ft from 60 mph and 233 ft from 80 mph along with skidpad acceleration of 0.94 g. The car's tested top speed by the magazine amounted to .
GM found that the engine required special assembly, and that neither the Corvette plant in Bowling Green, Kentucky, nor any of their normal production facilities could handle the workload, so Mercury Marine corporation of Stillwater, Oklahoma, was contracted to assemble the engines under their MerCruiser division, due to their experience in working with aluminum, and ship them to the Corvette factory in Bowling Green where the ZR-1s were being assembled. The engine assembly involved 95% drilling and boring completed at the Mercury Marine plant. The engine was largely assembled by hand and was tested on an engine stand before being sent to Chevrolet. Mercury Marine secured two LT5 V8 engines for itself. These engines were used in the ZR-1 owned by the company president and a custom made speedboat called the "Wette Vette". The engine was modified to be used in the boat and had an increased output of .
The ZR-1 was introduced at the 1989 Geneva Motor Show and went on sale later that year and was available only as a fastback coupé bodystyle with a removable roof panel. It was distinguishable from other Corvette coupes by its wider tail section, 11-inch wide rear wheels and its new convex rear fascia with four square shaped taillights along with a special red ZR-1 badge in between.
In 1990, the 1991 ZR-1 and 1991 base model received updates to bodywork, interior, and wheels. The rear convex fascia and square taillights that set the 1990 ZR-1 apart from the base model found their way to all 1991 models, making the high-priced ZR-1 less distinguishable; however the ZR-1's center high mount stop lamp remained above the rear window while those on base Corvettes were integrated into the rear fascia. Further changes were made the following year in 1991, including extra ZR-1 badges on the fenders and the introduction of Acceleration Slip Regulation (ASR) or traction control. For model year 1993, modifications which were designed by Lotus were made to the cylinder heads, exhaust system and valvetrain of the LT5 bringing power output up from at 5,800 rpm and of torque at 5,200 rpm. In addition, a new exhaust gas recirculation system improved emissions control. The model remained nearly unchanged into the 1995 model year, after which the ZR-1 was discontinued as the result of waning interest, development of the LS series engines, manufacturing cost and the forthcoming introduction of the C5 generation. A total of 6,939 ZR-1 models were manufactured over the six-year period. Not until the debut of the C5 based Z06 in 2001 would Chevrolet have another production Corvette capable of matching the ZR-1's performance.
Although the ZR-1 was extremely quick for its time (0- in 4.4 seconds, and onto over ), the huge performance of the LT5 engine was matched by its robustness. As evidence of this, a stock ZR-1 set seven international and world records at a test track in Fort Stockton, Texas, on March 1, 1990, verified by the FIA (Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile) for the group II, class 11 category:
at
at
at
at (World Record)
at (World Record)
12 Hours Endurance at
24 Hours Endurance at for (World Record)
These records were later broken by the Volkswagen W12, a one-off concept car that never went into production.
ZR-1 Active Suspension prototype (1990)
The Active Suspension prototype was based on the ZR-1, but it includes active hydraulic suspension found in GTP Corvette race car. It was developed as a prototype for a limited edition run in the 1990 model year.
25 active suspension vehicles were built at the Bowling Green Plant.
A prototype was sold in 2009 at the Barrett-Jackson Palm Beach auction for $60,000 (~$ in ) (before buyer premium).
B2K Callaway Twin-Turbo
The B2K was a high-performance alternative to the standard Corvette offered by Callaway Cars under license from Chevrolet from 1987 to 1991. It was available at Chevrolet dealers if the customer selected the "RPO B2K" option on the order specification sheet. Chevrolet approached Callaway to offer such an option after seeing the power output the tuning company was able to extract reliably from modified twin-turbocharged Alfa Romeo V6 engines. The car came with normal Chevrolet warranty as well as an additional one year 12,000-mile warranty from Callaway Cars. The conversion cost an extra US$26,995 over the price of a base model Corvette. The conversion consisted of taking the engine out of the car and performing a thorough set of modifications along with installing two turbochargers. The result was the engine rated at a reportedly conservative . The car was classified as a standard Corvette by the EPA, so it wasn't subject to additional registration requirements. Over 500 cars were subject to the conversion.
A derivative of the Twin Turbo Corvette, the Callaway SledgeHammer, recorded a speed of on Ohio's Transportation Research Center track making it the fastest road-going car at the time.
Special editions
Pace Car Convertible
A yellow convertible was the pace car for the 1986 Indianapolis 500 race. This marked the return of the convertible body style, absent from the Corvette lineup since 1975. All 7,315 1986 convertible Corvettes (all exterior colors) had "Indy 500 Pace Car" console identification.
35th Anniversary
The 1988 35th Anniversary edition, also known as the "Triple White Corvette" is a white Corvette fastback coupe with white wheels and white interior (including seats & steering wheel). It also features a removable black top and came equipped with everything, including its own unique emblems. The 35th Anniversary car is the 2nd Serialized Corvette in the production history of the C4 Corvette, with each car receiving an engraved number plaque on the console. 2,050 cars were built and a quoted 180 of these were manual transmission cars, making this a rare and collectible model.
40th Anniversary
The 1993 40th Anniversary package was available on all models. It included Ruby Red metallic paint and Ruby Red leather sport seats, along with Ruby Red Center Caps on the wheels, special trim and 40th anniversary side emblems. 6,749 were sold at an additional cost of US$1,455. All leather seats have the 40th emblem embroidered due to an error on the drawings sent to the seat supplier.
Brickyard 400 Festival/Parade Car
In 1994 twenty five (25) Corvette Convertibles were delivered to the Indianapolis Motor Speedway for use in the inaugural running of the Brickyard 400. The Corvettes were primarily used to introduce the 43 NASCAR drivers in a parade lap prior to the start of the race during driver introductions. There were thirteen Red and twelve Black convertibles used, and most carried two drivers on the lap, with their names displayed on the hoods. They also carried civil, NASCAR, and Manufacturer dignitaries on other parade laps, such as "the King" Richard Petty, Bobby Allison, and Mayor Goldsmith of Indianapolis. It is unknown how many of these cars still exist in "full dress" since many dealers just removed the graphics when they received the cars after the race.
Indy Pace Car
In 1995, a C4 convertible was again the pace car for the Indianapolis 500, and a special pace car edition was offered. 527 were built.
Grand Sport
Chevrolet released the Grand Sport (GS) version in 1995 to mark the end of production of the C4 Corvette. The Grand Sport moniker is a nod to the original Grand Sport model produced in 1963. A total of 1,000 GS Corvettes were produced, 810 coupes and 190 convertibles. The 1996 GS came with the high-performance LT4 V8 engine, producing and of torque. The Grand Sport came only in Admiral Blue with a white stripe down the middle, 5-spoke black wheels, two red "hash marks" on the front driver's side wheel arch and special seat trim providing a distinctive look. The Grand Sport also has wider tires and the coupes were outfitted with small rear fender flares. The C4 Grand Sport also had a unique VIN compared with the standard C4.
Collector Edition
The 1996 Collector Edition was the last of the C4 Corvettes, just as the 1982 Collector Edition was the last of the C3s. It included Sebring Silver paint, silver 5-spoke alloy wheels, special emblems and seat trim. Of the 5,412 built, 4,031 were coupes and 1,381 were convertibles. It cost $1,250 more than the base model Corvette.
Production notes
Engines
Concept cars
Ramarro
The Ramarro is a restyled version of the C4 Corvette built by Italian design house Gruppo Bertone. The concept was unveiled in 1984 at the Los Angeles Auto Show, going on to win Auto&Design's Car Design Award in 1985. It is named after the Italian word for "green lizard".
CERV III
In June 1985, Chevrolet Chief Engineer Don Runkle and Lotus' Tony Rudd discussed creating a new show car to show off their engineering expertise. It was first unveiled at the Detroit Auto Show in January 1986 as the Corvette Indy concept car. By 1990, the project evolved into the CERV III (Corporate Engineering Research Vehicle III), which was a prototype closer to a production-ready vehicle. It was not approved for production due to its high cost.
ZR2
Also called the 'Big Doggie', the ZR2 is a concept model based on a C4 Corvette, but with a much larger big block OHV V8 engine with multi-port fuel injection similar to the tuned port injection found on the 1985-1991 base model and a 6-speed manual transmission.
The vehicle was built in 1989 by Corvette Development Engineering as a development car to study the possibility of achieving the performance of the ZR-1 while reducing cost by utilizing a big block engine. The engine was rated at .
The prototype vehicle, orange with black interior, was sold in 2009 at the Barrett-Jackson Collector Car Auction for US$71,500 (~$ in ).
Racing
Corvette GTP (IMSA)
As part of GM's initiative to promote the new C4 Corvette, the company funded a program in the IMSA GT Championship to run a GTP-class prototype under the Corvette name, mostly run by Hendrick Motorsports. Although the Corvette GTP actually shared very little with the production C4 Corvette, including the lack of a V8* engine in some races, it did use some styling cues. The project lasted until 1988 with mixed success.
* Note:
The final Corvette GTP built (HU8811.01), as raced by Peerless Racing, underwent extensive wind tunnel testing by GM, with many of the 'aero' developments (such as the short tail design) being used in later production C4s. The Peerless GTP Corvette also went back to the V8 small block engine from the turbocharged V6. This final GTP Corvette (Peerless) was driven by Hobbs, Baldwin, Villeneuve and Goodyear in IMSA before having the BBC based Eagle (10.2) engine installed to take to attempt to race at the Le Mans 24 Hours in 1990.
Le Mans
The C4 also made an appearance in international sports car endurance racing in a project orchestrated by former Corvette Cup driver Doug Rippie. The car, based on the ZR1 trim C4, competed in the popular GT1 class in 1995 at Le Mans and Sebring, where it momentarily led.
References
Further reading
External links
C4 Vette Registry
Callaway Twin-Turbo Corvette video
C4
Cars introduced in 1984
1990s cars
Cars discontinued in 1996
Front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet%20Corvette%20%28C4%29 |
The 1997 NASCAR Winston Cup Series was the 49th season of professional stock car racing in the United States and the 26th modern-era NASCAR Cup series. It began on February 9 and ended on November 16. Jeff Gordon of Hendrick Motorsports won his second Cup championship at the end of the season.
It was the last season until 2019 without Matt Kenseth.
Teams and drivers
Complete schedule
Limited schedule
Schedule
Races
Busch Clash
The Busch Clash, a race for pole winners from the previous season, and drivers who have won the event before was run on February 9 in Daytona Beach, Florida. Terry Labonte drew the pole. The race was broadcast on CBS.
Top ten results
24-Jeff Gordon
2-Rusty Wallace
3-Dale Earnhardt
22-Ward Burton
28-Ernie Irvan
6-Mark Martin
88-Dale Jarrett
25-Ricky Craven
30-Johnny Benson
37-Jeremy Mayfield
Gatorade 125s
The Gatorade Twin 125s were run on February 13 in Daytona Beach, Florida. Mike Skinner and Steve Grissom were the pole sitters for races one and two, respectively. The races were broadcast tape-delayed on CBS just prior to the Daytona 500.
Race one results
88-Dale Jarrett
31-Mike Skinner
28-Ernie Irvan
23-Jimmy Spencer
4-Sterling Marlin
6-Mark Martin
10-Ricky Rudd
18-Bobby Labonte
22-Ward Burton
29-Robert Pressley
Race two results
3-Dale Earnhardt
24-Jeff Gordon
94-Bill Elliott
33-Ken Schrader
21-Michael Waltrip
2-Rusty Wallace
30-Johnny Benson
5-Terry Labonte
40-Robby Gordon
17-Darrell Waltrip
39th Daytona 500
The 1997 Daytona 500 was run on February 16 at Daytona International Speedway. The #31 of Mike Skinner won the pole. The race ended under caution after a big crash with five laps remaining involved several cars. The race was broadcast on CBS.
24-Jeff Gordon
5-Terry Labonte
25-Ricky Craven
94-Bill Elliott
4-Sterling Marlin
37-Jeremy Mayfield
6-Mark Martin
22-Ward Burton
10-Ricky Rudd
17-Darrell Waltrip
Failed to qualify: 91-Mike Wallace, 95-Gary Bradberry, 78-Billy Standridge, 15-Larry Pearson, 42-Joe Nemechek, 97-Chad Little, 75-Rick Mast, 96-David Green*, 0-Delma Cowart, and 84-Norm Benning.
Robert Pressley's car caught air after he spun on lap 10. The rear of the car lifted so much, the car was temporarily sliding across the track on its nose. The landing was quite hard, so after the crew repaired the car, then Busch Series competitor and future 2-time Camping World Truck Series Champion Todd Bodine hopped in to complete more laps.
Joe Nemechek's car owner Felix Sabates bought the #73 entry of Phil Barkdoll, who had qualified 38th. Nemechek went to the #73 for the 500.
Dale Earnhardt rolled his #3 Chevrolet in a crash with the #28 Ford of Ernie Irvan while in a four-way battle for the lead with 12 laps to go. In the crash, the hood of Irvan's car flew into the backstretch grandstand, injuring some fans. Earnhardt famously noticed that his tires were still on the car after the roll, had his car taken off the hook, and drove it back to pit road. The car was repaired and Earnhardt finished the race, 5 laps down in 31st. The car can be found in a diecast form in 1:64 and 1:24 scale and is known to collectors as the "crash car".
At age 25, Jeff Gordon became the youngest Daytona 500 winner ever until Trevor Bayne in 2011. Richard Petty had previously been the youngest winner in 1964 when he won the 500 at age 26.
Hendrick Motorsports posted a 1-2-3 finish with Gordon winning the race, Terry Labonte finishing second, and Ricky Craven finishing in third.
Goodwrench Service 400
The Goodwrench Service 400 was run on February 23 at North Carolina Speedway. The #6 of Mark Martin won the pole. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
24-Jeff Gordon
88-Dale Jarrett
99-Jeff Burton
10-Ricky Rudd
25-Ricky Craven
2-Rusty Wallace
5-Terry Labonte
7-Geoff Bodine
28-Ernie Irvan
1-Morgan Shepherd
With this victory, Jeff Gordon became the fourth driver to win the Daytona 500 and the second race of the season.
Pontiac Excitement 400
The Pontiac Excitement 400 was held March 2 at Richmond International Raceway. Terry Labonte won the pole. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
2-Rusty Wallace
7-Geoff Bodine
88-Dale Jarrett
24-Jeff Gordon (-1)
43-Bobby Hamilton (-1)
10-Ricky Rudd (-1)
5-Terry Labonte (-1)
18-Bobby Labonte (-1)
30-Johnny Benson (-1)
44-Kyle Petty (-2)
During the post-race inspection, Rusty Wallace's engine failed to meet the proper 14:1 compression ratio. Due to this, NASCAR suspended Wallace's victory and confiscated his car's motor. After conducting another test the following day, the cooler temperature engine met the required compression ratio. As a result, Wallace's victory was certified official.
Only 3 cars finished on the lead lap in this race.
This was the last Winston Cup race at Richmond International Raceway scheduled for the daytime (excluding three races that were rain-delayed from Saturday night) until 2016, and the last time that the first Richmond race of the season was held in March, due to the cold, wet weather that is often seen at Richmond in late winter.
Primestar 500
The Primestar 500 was run on March 9 at Atlanta Motor Speedway in Hampton, Georgia. The #40 of Robby Gordon won the pole. The race was broadcast on ABC.
Top ten results
88-Dale Jarrett
28-Ernie Irvan
1-Morgan Shepherd
18-Bobby Labonte
99-Jeff Burton
6-Mark Martin
21-Michael Waltrip
3-Dale Earnhardt
5-Terry Labonte
43-Bobby Hamilton
Failed to qualify: 29-Robert Pressley, 36-Derrike Cope, 46-Wally Dallenbach Jr., 71-Dave Marcis, 77-Bobby Hillin Jr., 95-Ed Berrier, 08-Mike Miller
This was the final race held on the configuration of Atlanta Motor Speedway. Renovations had already started that would turn the racetrack into a quad-oval.
This race was red-flagged on lap 282 due to a crash involving the #41 of Steve Grissom. The #23 of Jimmy Spencer had spun out off Turn 2 and was hit by the #31 of Mike Skinner. Grissom spun to avoid this wreck and hit the inside wall near where there was a gate allowing infield access for motorhomes. Because of this, the car hit the wall tail first, breaking the wall, shearing the fuel cell out of the car, and putting Grissom on his roof. The #91 of Mike Wallace backed off the throttle upon seeing the accident, which caused his exhaust to throw flames right over the fuel cell (which was sitting along the outside wall at the end of the backstretch). This caused a significant fire. Grissom was not seriously injured.
TranSouth Financial 400
The TranSouth Financial 400 was held March 23 at Darlington Raceway. Dale Jarrett won the pole. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
88-Dale Jarrett
16-Ted Musgrave
24-Jeff Gordon
99-Jeff Burton
18-Bobby Labonte
2-Rusty Wallace
21-Michael Waltrip
33-Ken Schrader
7-Geoff Bodine
30-Johnny Benson
Failed to qualify: 41-Steve Grissom, 78-Billy Standridge, 90-Dick Trickle
Phil Parsons substituted for Joe Nemechek, who was with family after his younger brother John's death. This was Parsons' final career Cup Series start.
First of only 2 times that Dale Jarrett would score back-to-back victories. The second time would come in 2001.
Until Kevin Harvick's win in this event on April 12, 2014, this would be the last Darlington race to be won by a driver who sat on the pole.
Interstate Batteries 500
The inaugural Interstate Batteries 500 was held April 6 at Texas Motor Speedway. Dale Jarrett won the pole. This was the first race held at the track and the first NASCAR race in the state of Texas since 1981. The race was broadcast on CBS.
Top ten results
99-Jeff Burton*
88-Dale Jarrett
18-Bobby Labonte
5-Terry Labonte
10-Ricky Rudd
3-Dale Earnhardt
22-Ward Burton
4-Sterling Marlin
21-Michael Waltrip
41-Steve Grissom
Failed to qualify: 19-Gary Bradberry, 27-Rick Wilson, 29-Robert Pressley, 46-Wally Dallenbach Jr., 66-H. B. Bailey, 74-Randy LaJoie, 95-Ed Berrier, 96-David Green, 02-Mike Bliss
This was Jeff Burton's first career Winston Cup victory.
Even though this race was the inaugural event, the race date was acquired as part of the purchase of North Wilkesboro Speedway in 1996.
On the first lap of the race, 15 cars were involved in a multi-car accident in turns 1 and 2. Dale Earnhardt was involved in the incident, but was able to continue.
On lap 162, an 8-car crash on the tri-oval began when Mike Skinner, Brett Bodine and Sterling Marlin spun into the infield coming off turn 4, and Rusty Wallace struck the outside wall after getting into some oil. Later, Ernie Irvan rear-ended Greg Sacks at over 140 mph while trying to race leader Terry Labonte back to the flag to get his lap back and hit the outside wall. Jeff Gordon ran into the back of Irvan trying to avoid Sacks.
Ricky Craven suffered a concussion in a practice crash and was forced to sit out. This was the beginning of a series of injuries that adversely affected Craven's career over the next 4 years. Todd Bodine subbed for Craven in this race and ran very well until he crashed out of the lead.
Food City 500
The Food City 500 was held on April 13 at Bristol Motor Speedway. Rusty Wallace won the pole. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
24-Jeff Gordon
2-Rusty Wallace
5-Terry Labonte
88-Dale Jarrett
6-Mark Martin
3-Dale Earnhardt
94-Bill Elliott
97-Chad Little
37-Jeremy Mayfield
11-Brett Bodine
Failed to qualify: 20-Greg Sacks, 77-Bobby Hillin Jr., 78-Billy Standridge, 91-Mike Wallace
This race had 20 cautions for 132 laps. The 20 cautions at the time tied a record for most cautions with the 1989 spring event at Bristol. However, this race had an additional 34 laps run under caution compared to the 1989 event.
On the last lap, Jeff Gordon bumped Rusty Wallace out of the way in Turn 4 to win the race. Wallace barely was able to hold off Terry Labonte for 2nd.
Jack Sprague subbed for Ricky Craven in this race due to Craven's injury at Texas last weekend.
Goody's Headache Powder 500
The Goody's Headache Powder 500 was held April 20 at Martinsville Speedway. Kenny Wallace won the pole. It was FILMAR Racing's first career pole of the season. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
24-Jeff Gordon
43-Bobby Hamilton
6-Mark Martin
5-Terry Labonte
2-Rusty Wallace
81-Kenny Wallace
37-Jeremy Mayfield
18-Bobby Labonte
17-Darrell Waltrip
33-Ken Schrader
Failed to qualify: 19-Gary Bradberry, 20-Lance Hooper, 78-Billy Standridge, 79-Randy MacDonald, 96-David Green
Winner Jeff Gordon was spun out at one point of the race by Jimmy Spencer but was able to recover from the spin to win the race.
Ricky Craven returned to the #25 Chevrolet after missing 2 races due to the concussion he suffered at Texas. He finished 22nd, 2 laps down.
Jeff Gordon led 431 of the 500 laps in this race, the most laps he has led in a single race in his career.
Save Mart Supermarkets 300
The Save Mart Supermarkets 300 was held May 4 at Sears Point Raceway. Mark Martin won the pole. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
6-Mark Martin
24-Jeff Gordon
5-Terry Labonte
88-Dale Jarrett
17-Darrell Waltrip
11-Brett Bodine
21-Michael Waltrip
28-Ernie Irvan
99-Jeff Burton
22-Ward Burton
Failed to qualify: 29-Robert Pressley, 42-Joe Nemechek, 45-Gary Smith, 75-Rick Mast, 78w-Chuck Pruitt, 90-Dick Trickle, 96-David Green, 97-Chad Little, 09-R. K. Smith
The Melling Racing #9 team technically did not make the trip to Sears Point due to a lack of funding. However, they allowed Jeff Davis' Winston West Series team to use their number on their Ford so that the Melling team could get the owners' points. Davis ended up crashing out of the race, finishing 37th.
This was the last race for the Winston Cup Series on the configuration at Sears Point Raceway until 2019. After this event, a purpose-built section was added for the NASCAR weekend.
After David Green failed to qualify, Caterpillar put their logos on the #35 Ford was driven by Larry Gunselman, one of the Winston West teams. Gunselman started the race, but Green did get in the car and drive at one point.
The #19 Child Support Recovery Ford for Tri-Star Motorsports that was driven by Gary Bradberry in the race was actually qualified by Ken Pedersen, a driver in Winston West at the time.
The #78 Ford for Triad Motorsports tapped Tom Hubert, a crew member for Bahari Racing, to qualify the #78 in 2nd round qualifying. When Hubert (who had some road racing experience in other classes) qualified fast enough to earn the 27th starting spot in the race, Hubert was put in the car for the race to temporarily replace the team's regular driver, Billy Standridge.
This was the final race at Sears Point held in May, as it had been for the previous 5 years. In 1998, the race moved to the last Sunday in June, where it would remain through 2017.
Geoff Bodine Racing's sponsor; QVC, ran an unusual promotion in which a lucky fan would get their name and face on Geoff Bodine's #7 QVC Ford, with the winner being Mississippi native Dawn Gillis. Ultimately, however, Bodine would finish in last place.
Winston 500
The Winston 500 at Talladega Superspeedway was originally scheduled for Sunday, April 27, but rain forced the race to be postponed. Teams returned on Saturday, May 10 (Mother's Day weekend), and the race was held under sunny skies.
John Andretti started from the pole position. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
6-Mark Martin
3-Dale Earnhardt
18-Bobby Labonte
98-John Andretti
24-Jeff Gordon
5-Terry Labonte
23-Jimmy Spencer
99-Jeff Burton
30-Johnny Benson
28-Ernie Irvan
Failed to qualify: 19-Gary Bradberry, 42-Joe Nemechek*, 73-Phil Barkdoll, 78-Billy Standridge, 91-Mike Wallace, 95-Ed Berrier
The race was run caution-free, the first time in Talladega history. It also stands as the fastest race in NASCAR history (at , a record that still stands).
Joe Nemechek drove the #40 Chevrolet in place of Robby Gordon during this race since Gordon was attempting to do the Indy-Charlotte double in 1997. As a result of the rescheduled race, it conflicted with Pole Day at Indianapolis. As part of the contract that Gordon signed with SABCO Racing, the owner Felix Sabates provided a team for Gordon to attempt Indianapolis with. As for Nemechek, he finished 19th, 1 lap down in Gordon's car.
This was the last race for the #20 Ford for Ranier-Walsh Racing. The acquisition of their sponsor Hardee's by CKE Restaurants resulted in the company pulling sponsorship of the team. Without sponsorship, the team shut its doors. The #20 car would remain inactive until 1999 when Tony Stewart drove it for Joe Gibbs Racing.
Final time in his career that Mark Martin would win back-to-back races.
Winston Open
The Winston Open was held before The Winston All-Star Race on May 17 at Charlotte Motor Speedway as a last chance qualifier race for the cars that had not won a race yet in 1997 or late 1996 and was not a past champion. Chad Little won the pole. The winner of this race would qualify to be in The Winston All-Star Race.
Top ten results
25-Ricky Craven
41-Steve Grissom
9-Lake Speed
97-Chad Little
8-Hut Stricklin
46-Wally Dallenbach Jr.
30-Johnny Benson
33-Ken Schrader
98-John Andretti
31-Mike Skinner
The Winston
The Winston is the All-Star Race for the NASCAR Winston Cup Series held at the Charlotte Motor Speedway on May 17 after the Winston Open Race. Drivers have to qualify; Win a race since last year The Winston race, Win the Winston Open qualifier race, or Win one of The Winston All-Star Races from the past 5 years. This race was run in 3 segments with 2 30 lap segments and a 10 lap shootout segment for a total of 70 laps. Bill Elliott won the pole. Dale Jarrett won the first segment and Bobby Labonte won the second segment. The final segment results are posted in the top ten below. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten final segment results
24-Jeff Gordon
18-Bobby Labonte
5-Terry Labonte
3-Dale Earnhardt
23-Jimmy Spencer
6-Mark Martin
88-Dale Jarrett
25-Ricky Craven
10-Ricky Rudd
94-Bill Elliott
The only caution came on the 3rd lap of the first segment when Bobby Labonte spun coming off turn 4.
Gordon started 19th because of a problem during his qualifying run.
After the first segment was completed, the finishing order would be inverted for the start of the 2nd segment. The finishing order of the 2nd segment determined how the field would line up for the final segment. Caution laps counted in the first two 30-lap stages; however, only green flag laps were recorded in the final 10-lap stage.
Speedvision carried a special live in-car simulcast of this race.
During the prerace activities for The Winston, Indy Racing League driver Tony Stewart, who had qualified 2nd for the Indianapolis 500, drove several laps around the track in his IndyCar to promote an the IRL race to be held at Charlotte two months later.
Coca-Cola 600
The Coca-Cola 600 was held May 25 at Charlotte Motor Speedway. Jeff Gordon won the pole. The race was shortened to 333 laps due to time issues after a long rain delay; it was after 1:00 am EDT when the race was completed. The race was broadcast on TBS.
Top ten results
24-Jeff Gordon
2-Rusty Wallace
6-Mark Martin
94-Bill Elliott
99-Jeff Burton
18-Bobby Labonte
3-Dale Earnhardt
5-Terry Labonte
1-Morgan Shepherd
10-Ricky Rudd
Failed to qualify: 71-Dave Marcis, 77-Bobby Hillin Jr., 91-Mike Wallace, 95-Ed Berrier, 97-Chad Little
Race shortened to 333 laps (499.5 Miles) due to rain.
Geoff Bodine suffered a concussion in a practice crash on the Wednesday before the race in Turn 1. As a result, Geoff tapped his younger brother Todd to drive his #7 Ford in the race. However, the engine blew after Todd had made a run up through the field, leaving him with a 42nd-place finish.
This was the final race for flagman Doyle Ford, who had spent 38 years as a NASCAR official.
Miller 500
The Miller 500 was held June 1 at Dover Downs International Speedway. The #18 of Bobby Labonte won the pole. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
10-Ricky Rudd
6-Mark Martin
99-Jeff Burton
37-Jeremy Mayfield
44-Kyle Petty
33-Ken Schrader
21-Michael Waltrip
94-Bill Elliott
31-Mike Skinner
4-Sterling Marlin
Failed to qualify: 78-Billy Standridge, 95-Ed Berrier
This was the last race held at Dover.
Robby Gordon, in a rather freak incident during the Indianapolis 500, suffered significant burns to his legs early on when an invisible fire started in the cockpit of his #42 Chevy-powered G-Force. This forced him to sit out for a couple of weeks. Wally Dallenbach Jr. subbed for Gordon at Dover, finishing 36th after suffering electrical problems. He was credited with completing 364 laps of the 500 lap distance.
Three different leaders had problems in the last 50 miles of the race. Second-place Jeff Gordon hit the back of leader Dale Jarrett while trying to avoid a spinning Kenny Wallace on lap 452. The contact broke Gordon's radiator and forced him behind the wall for repairs, eventually finishing 26th. Jarrett retook the lead after the caution, but blew an engine 5 laps after the restart; he finished 32nd. Jarrett's teammate Ernie Irvan inherited the lead and led the following 9 laps, but on lap 472, Chad Little broke a rear end in Turn 1 and dropped grease on the track. Irvan hit it, spun, and crashed out, finishing 30th. That gave the lead to Rudd, who held it the final 27 laps to win.
Pocono 500
The Pocono 500 was held June 8 at Pocono Raceway. The #43 of Bobby Hamilton won the pole. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
24-Jeff Gordon
99-Jeff Burton
88-Dale Jarrett
6-Mark Martin
37-Jeremy Mayfield
16-Ted Musgrave
17-Darrell Waltrip
7-Geoff Bodine
5-Terry Labonte
3-Dale Earnhardt
Greg Sacks was tapped to sub for Robby Gordon in the #40 starting here at Pocono. He qualified 4th but spun into the wall coming out of Turn 1 on Lap 9 immediately in front of Jeff Gordon.
Miller 400
The Miller 400 was held June 15 at Michigan Speedway. Dale Jarrett won the pole. The race was broadcast on CBS.
Top ten results
28-Ernie Irvan*
94-Bill Elliott
6-Mark Martin
16-Ted Musgrave
24-Jeff Gordon
88-Dale Jarrett
3-Dale Earnhardt
36-Derrike Cope
18-Bobby Labonte
30-Johnny Benson
This was Ernie Irvan's 15th and final Winston Cup victory, and it came at the very same track where he had almost lost his life three years earlier. He had tears in his eyes as he brought the 28 car into Victory Lane. The win also came in his last year with Robert Yates Racing.
This was the 1st career Winston Cup start for Jerry Nadeau in the #1 Pontiac for Precision Products Racing. He replaced Morgan Shepherd in the car.
This race would be the final CBS race that Ken Squier was the lap-by-lap announcer for. Starting with the DieHard 500 in October, all future races aired on CBS would have Mike Joy as the lap-by-lap announcer while Squier was transferred to serving as the studio host.
California 500 presented by NAPA
The inaugural California 500 presented by NAPA was held on June 22 at California Speedway. The #42 of Joe Nemechek won the pole. The race was broadcast on ABC.
Top ten results
24-Jeff Gordon
5-Terry Labonte
10-Ricky Rudd
16-Ted Musgrave
23-Jimmy Spencer
18-Bobby Labonte
29-Jeff Green
88-Dale Jarrett
25-Ricky Craven
6-Mark Martin
Failed to qualify: 78-Billy Standridge, 81-Kenny Wallace, 91-Mike Wallace*
After Mike Wallace failed to qualify for the race, his team hastily entered the Winston West race which was run the day before the Winston Cup race. He finished 3rd to Ken Schrader in that race.
Mark Martin ran out of gas with 10 laps to go and was forced to the pits for additional fuel. However, they did not get enough fuel in the car. This resulted in Martin running out of gas again on the last lap and having to coast to the line.
This was the only Cup race at California Speedway run in June. The following year, the California 500 moved to the first week of May, swapping dates with Sears Point Raceway.
Pepsi 400
The Pepsi 400 was held on July 5 at Daytona International Speedway. The #31 of Mike Skinner won the pole. The race was broadcast on ESPN for the last time.
Top ten results
98-John Andretti
5-Terry Labonte
4-Sterling Marlin
3-Dale Earnhardt
88-Dale Jarrett
2-Rusty Wallace
44-Kyle Petty
99-Jeff Burton
28-Ernie Irvan
18-Bobby Labonte
Failed to qualify: 7-Geoff Bodine, 29-Jeff Green, 91-Loy Allen Jr.
This was John Andretti's first Winston Cup career win.
This was the last July race at Daytona scheduled to run during the day. The 2014 Coke Zero 400 was run during the day, but only after being postponed due to rain the previous night.
The race ended with a 1 lap shootout, likely the last such shootout in the Winston Cup Series. John Andretti's crew chief Tony Furr employed a rather cynical strategy of brake-checking the field on the final restart, resulting in a stack-up of cars on the backstretch. As the field entered the final turns, cars spread out 3 and 4 wide, resulting in a multi-car wreck developed in turn 4. On ESPN's telecast of the race, the spotter for one of the drivers involved could be heard yelling "Goddammit."
It was also Cale Yarborough's first and only victory as a car owner.
Jiffy Lube 300
The Jiffy Lube 300 was held July 13 at New Hampshire International Speedway. #33 of Ken Schrader won the pole. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
99-Jeff Burton
3-Dale Earnhardt
2-Rusty Wallace
41-Steve Grissom
6-Mark Martin
94-Bill Elliott
5-Terry Labonte
28-Ernie Irvan
10-Ricky Rudd
7-Geoff Bodine
Pennsylvania 500
The Pennsylvania 500 was held July 20 at Pocono Raceway. The #42 of Joe Nemechek won the pole. The race was broadcast on TBS.
Top ten results
88-Dale Jarrett
24-Jeff Gordon
99-Jeff Burton
16-Ted Musgrave
6-Mark Martin
31-Mike Skinner
23-Jimmy Spencer
44-Kyle Petty
37-Jeremy Mayfield
94-Bill Elliott
Brickyard 400
The Brickyard 400 was held August 3 at Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Ernie Irvan won the pole. The race was broadcast on ABC.
Top ten results
10-Ricky Rudd
18-Bobby Labonte
88-Dale Jarrett
24-Jeff Gordon
37-Jeremy Mayfield
6-Mark Martin
30-Johnny Benson
94-Bill Elliott
31-Mike Skinner
28-Ernie Irvan
Failed to qualify: 1-Mike Wallace, 7-Geoff Bodine, 8-Hut Stricklin, 61-Tim Steele, 71-Dave Marcis, 77-Morgan Shepherd, 78-Bobby Hillin Jr., 90-Dick Trickle
First time since 1987 that Ricky Rudd win multiple races in a season.
The Bud at The Glen
The Bud at The Glen was held August 10 at Watkins Glen International. The #34 of Todd Bodine (in a one-off Winston Cup race for Team 34 Racing, his Busch Series team at the time) won the pole. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
24-Jeff Gordon
7-Geoff Bodine
2-Rusty Wallace
40-Robby Gordon
6-Mark Martin
16-Ted Musgrave
94-Bill Elliott
5-Terry Labonte
41-Steve Grissom
46-Wally Dallenbach Jr.
This was Jeff Gordon's 1st career victory on a road course, beginning a streak of 6 consecutive road course wins that lasted until 2000.
This race was the 1st career Winston Cup start for Steve Park, driving the #14 Chevrolet for Dale Earnhardt Inc. He qualified well but ended up finishing 33rd, 2 laps down.
DeVilbiss 400
The DeVilbiss 400 was held August 17 at Michigan Speedway. The #30 of Johnny Benson won the pole. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
6-Mark Martin
24-Jeff Gordon
16-Ted Musgrave
28-Ernie Irvan
88-Dale Jarrett
18-Bobby Labonte
94-Bill Elliott
99-Jeff Burton
3-Dale Earnhardt
5-Terry Labonte
Mark Martin won after coming from 2 laps down after suffering a blown left rear tire.
Roush Racing drivers dominated the day leading 177 of 200 laps.
Goody's Headache Powder 500
The Goody's Headache Powder 500 was held August 23 at Bristol Motor Speedway. The #81 of Kenny Wallace won the pole. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
88-Dale Jarrett
6-Mark Martin
90-Dick Trickle
99-Jeff Burton
41-Steve Grissom
33-Ken Schrader
5-Terry Labonte
18-Bobby Labonte
7-Geoff Bodine*
4-Sterling Marlin
Failed to qualify: 40-Robby Gordon, 71-Dave Marcis, 77-Morgan Shepherd
Jeff Gordon was spun out of the lead by Jeremy Mayfield around the halfway point of the race.
David Green got on his side during a crash around lap 260. The ground along on his driver's side after getting bounced off the #36 of Derrike Cope into the wall coming off Turn 4. After sliding about with other cars spinning around him, the car flipped over once and got back on all 4 wheels. Green was ok.
Shortly after the halfway point, Geoff Bodine's crew chief Pat Tryson quit the team, apparently unhappy with the way the team was (or wasn't) being managed.
Mountain Dew Southern 500
The Mountain Dew Southern 500 was held August 31 at Darlington Raceway. Bobby Labonte won the pole. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
24-Jeff Gordon*
99-Jeff Burton
88-Dale Jarrett
94-Bill Elliott
10-Ricky Rudd
5-Terry Labonte
18-Bobby Labonte
6-Mark Martin
21-Michael Waltrip
33-Ken Schrader
Failed to qualify: 71-Dave Marcis, 77-Morgan Shepherd, 91-Greg Sacks
Jeff Gordon's victory made him the 2nd and final driver, joining Bill Elliott, to win the Winston Million. Ironically, the 2 drivers that won the Winston Million won it in the very first running in 1985, and in the very last running in 1997. The program was replaced the following season in 1998 with the No Bull 5 program, which offered five drivers (that finished in the Top 5 of the last No Bull 5 race) the chance to win 1 million dollars.
Dale Earnhardt mysteriously passed out during the pace laps for the race and hit the wall. Nobody is really sure what caused this, but Earnhardt had to step out of the car for the day. Once the car was repaired, Busch Series driver Mike Dillon (the son-in-law of car owner Richard Childress) was tapped to sub in the #3. Dillon drove the car to a 30th-place finish, 85 laps down.
"Jeff Burton will make a challenge off the corner onto the straightaway, but Jeff Gordon wins it!" - Bob Jenkins as Jeff Burton tried to challenge Gordon for the victory in the last corners
Exide NASCAR Select Batteries 400
The Exide NASCAR Select Batteries 400 was held September 6 at Richmond International Raceway. The #94 of Bill Elliott won the pole. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
88-Dale Jarrett
99-Jeff Burton
24-Jeff Gordon
7-Geoff Bodine
2-Rusty Wallace
42-Joe Nemechek
22-Ward Burton
27-Kenny Irwin Jr.*
16-Ted Musgrave
37-Jeremy Mayfield
This was Kenny Irwin Jr.'s 1st career Winston Cup start.
CMT 300
The CMT 300 was held September 14 at New Hampshire International Speedway. The #33 of Ken Schrader won the pole. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
24-Jeff Gordon
28-Ernie Irvan
43-Bobby Hamilton
41-Steve Grissom
25-Ricky Craven
88-Dale Jarrett
23-Jimmy Spencer
3-Dale Earnhardt
6-Mark Martin
8-Hut Stricklin
This was the 1st September race held at New Hampshire International Speedway. The race date was acquired as part of the purchase of North Wilkesboro Speedway in 1996 that resulted in its dates being split.
Jeff Burton had an inner ear problem and required relief from Todd Bodine.
10th and final win of 1997 for Jeff Gordon.
Jeff Gordon became the 1st driver since Darrell Waltrip in 1981 & 1982 to score 10 victories in back-to-back seasons. However, Darrell Waltrip scored 12 victories in each season.
MBNA 400
The MBNA 400 was held September 21 at Dover Downs International Speedway. Mark Martin won the pole. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
6-Mark Martin
3-Dale Earnhardt
44-Kyle Petty
18-Bobby Labonte
88-Dale Jarrett
10-Ricky Rudd
24-Jeff Gordon
94-Bill Elliott
28-Ernie Irvan
75-Rick Mast
Failed to qualify: 14-Steve Park
This was the first race at Dover.
Mark Martin and Kyle Petty dominated this race, with Martin leading 194 laps and Petty leading 191. This would also be Kyle Petty's last top 5 finish until the 2007 Coca-Cola 600.
Hanes 500
The Hanes 500 was held September 29 at Martinsville Speedway. Ward Burton won the pole. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
99-Jeff Burton
3-Dale Earnhardt
43-Bobby Hamilton
24-Jeff Gordon
94-Bill Elliott
81-Kenny Wallace
22-Ward Burton
25-Ricky Craven
33-Ken Schrader
28-Ernie Irvan
Jeff Burton inherited the lead after leader Rusty Wallace jumped a restart and was black-flagged as a result.
Steve Park drove the #40 Chevrolet in place of Robby Gordon, who was subbing for Dario Franchitti at the inaugural Marlboro 500 CART race at California Speedway. Park blew an engine early and finished 41st. Ironically, Franchitti would drive the 40 car in 2008, 11 years later.
UAW-GM Quality 500
The UAW-GM Quality 500 was held October 5 at Charlotte Motor Speedway. The #7 of Geoff Bodine won the pole. The race was broadcast on TBS.
Top ten results
88-Dale Jarrett
18-Bobby Labonte
3-Dale Earnhardt
6-Mark Martin
24-Jeff Gordon
99-Jeff Burton
94-Bill Elliott
22-Ward Burton
44-Kyle Petty
30-Johnny Benson
Failed to qualify: 14-Steve Park, 15-Greg Sacks, 17-Darrell Waltrip, 31-Mike Skinner, 40-Elliott Sadler*, 71-Dave Marcis, 75-Rick Mast
Waltrip failed to qualify because Terry Labonte, who was higher in points, used the past champion's provisional. This was Waltrip's first DNQ in 23 years; last time was the 1974 Winston 500.
This was Rick Wilson's final Cup start.
This was the first career start for Kevin Lepage in the #91 Chevrolet. He finished 40th after wrecking.
Early in the race, there was an unusual water seepage problem on the backstretch. This resulted in the track near the outside wall in the middle of the backstretch being wet to the point where cars were kicking up spray. This did not cause any problems, however.
This was the first race for ISM Racing's #35 Pontiac with Todd Bodine as the driver. The car qualified well, then sank to the rear of the field and eventually finished 26th, 4 laps down.
DieHard 500
The DieHard 500 was held October 12 at Talladega Superspeedway. Ernie Irvan won the pole. Like many Talladega races, the story was "the Big One", collecting 23 cars on lap 140 after Jeff Gordon cut a tire and turned into traffic. Mark Martin was furious after the wreck, and made an infamous quote. "I hate restrictor plate racing," he said while being interviewed by a pit reporter. The race was broadcast on CBS.
Top ten results
5–Terry Labonte
18–Bobby Labonte
98–John Andretti
33–Ken Schrader
28–Ernie Irvan
25–Ricky Craven
44–Kyle Petty
7–Geoff Bodine
75–Rick Mast
2–Rusty Wallace
Failed to qualify: 8–Hut Stricklin, 22–Ward Burton, 29–Jeff Green, 78–Gary Bradberry, 95–Ed Berrier
The top 5 (T. Labonte, B. Labonte, Andretti, Schrader, Irvan) became the first drivers eligible for the Winston No Bull 5 million dollar bonus for next season, meaning that if any of them were to win the 1998 Daytona 500, they would receive an extra $1 million.
With this win Terry Labonte became only the second Chevrolet driver to win a race in 1997. Jeff Gordon had all of the other wins for Chevrolet in 1997.
Last top 5 finish for Ernie Irvan.
Last Talladega race to be broadcast by CBS. The network's acquisition of the AFC broadcasting rights for 1998, coupled with NASCAR's shifting the second Talladega race from July to October, meant that CBS's 22-year relationship with Talladega came to an end after the 1997 running.
This was the last time the DieHard brand sponsored the second Talladega race. Starting in 1998, DieHard and Winston, sponsor of the spring Winston 500 race, swapped race sponsorships.
This would be the first CBS race for Mike Joy as the lap-by-lap broadcaster.
AC Delco 400
The AC Delco 400 was held on Monday, October 27 at North Carolina Speedway. Bobby Labonte won the pole. It was originally scheduled to be run on Sunday, October 26 but heavy rain pushed the start to Monday morning. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
43–Bobby Hamilton
88–Dale Jarrett
25–Ricky Craven
24–Jeff Gordon
90–Dick Trickle
6–Mark Martin
5–Terry Labonte
3–Dale Earnhardt
4–Sterling Marlin
42–Joe Nemechek
Failed to qualify: 11–Brett Bodine, 71–Dave Marcis
Dura Lube 500 presented by Kmart
The Dura Lube 500 presented by Kmart was held November 2 at Phoenix International Raceway. Bobby Hamilton won the pole. Dale Jarrett's victory in this race marked the final victory for the Ford Thunderbird. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
88-Dale Jarrett
2-Rusty Wallace
43-Bobby Hamilton
33-Ken Schrader
3-Dale Earnhardt
6-Mark Martin
30-Johnny Benson
41-Steve Grissom
44-Kyle Petty
7-Geoff Bodine
Failed to qualify: 1-Morgan Shepherd
NAPA 500
The 1997 championship season finale was the NAPA 500 held November 16 at Atlanta Motor Speedway. Geoff Bodine won the pole at a speed of , which at the time was the fastest qualifying lap ever run outside of Daytona and Talladega. During the summer, the track had been reconfigured from a traditional oval to a quad-shaped oval. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Jeff Gordon entered the race with a 77-point advantage over Dale Jarrett and an 88-point advantage over Mark Martin. During a practice session on Saturday, Gordon was driving down the pit lane, scrubbing his tires to heat them up on what was a cold morning. Gordon lost control and crashed into the parked car of Bobby Hamilton. Gordon had to go to a backup car, and qualified a lowly 37th. Gordon had to finish 18th or better to clinch the championship, but starting deep in the field, he had charge his way up through the pack. Jarrett finished 2nd, Martin 3rd, and Gordon 17th, while Bobby Labonte took the victory, the first win for Joe Gibbs Racing since the team switched from Chevrolet to Pontiac. Gordon ultimately hung on and won the title by only 14 points over Jarrett and 29 points over Martin, the closest three-way points finish under the Bob Latford 1975 points system.
Top ten results
18-Bobby Labonte
88-Dale Jarrett
6-Mark Martin
29-Jeff Green
36-Derrike Cope
44-Kyle Petty
43-Bobby Hamilton
42-Joe Nemechek
22-Ward Burton
30-Johnny Benson
Failed to qualify: 8-Hut Stricklin, 35-Todd Bodine, 40-Greg Sacks, 71-Dave Marcis, 77-Robert Pressley, 95-Ed Berrier, 96-David Green
Bobby Labonte won the first race on the new 1.54 mile configuration on Atlanta and became the first driver to win on both configurations of the track.
NASCAR Thunder Special Suzuka
The NASCAR Thunder Special Suzuka was a non points exhibition race held November 23 on the Suzuka Circuit - East Circuit in Japan. Mark Martin won the pole. The race was broadcast on TBS.
Top ten results
31-Mike Skinner
6-Mark Martin
74-Randy LaJoie
96-David Green
21-Michael Waltrip
09-Jim Richards
72-Kenny Wallace
38-Butch Gilliland
5-Jack Sprague
7-Geoff Bodine
This was the final race for Ford Thunderbirds. Mark Martin ran a Thunderbird and finished 2nd.
Bill France Jr. suffered a mild heart attack during the trip to Japan. He recovered to live nearly another 10 years.
Rain tires were used on Winston Cup cars for the first time ever during Qualifying and Practice sessions.
Results and standings
Drivers' championship
(key) Bold - Pole position awarded by time. Italics - Pole position set by owner's points standings. * – Most laps led.
NASCAR Rookie of the Year
After running the Cup series part-time for a decade, Mike Skinner finally ran a full-time schedule, and walked away with three top-tens and the Rookie of the Year title. His closest runner-up was David Green, despite the fact Green did not finish any higher than sixteenth. Third place was Green's brother Jeff, who came into the season midway with Diamond Ridge Motorsports. The last place finisher was Robby Gordon, who suffered through a tumultuous season with Team SABCO, dealing with injuries and personal disputes.
See also
1997 NASCAR Busch Series
1997 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series
References
External links
Winston Cup Standings and Statistics for 1997
NASCAR Cup Series seasons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%20NASCAR%20Winston%20Cup%20Series |
Mata Gujri (Gurmukhi: ਮਾਤਾ ਗੁਜਰੀ; mātā gujarī; 1624–1705), also spelt as Mata Gujari, was the wife of Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Guru of Sikhism, and the mother of Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Guru of Sikhism. She played a central role in the history of Sikhism and is one of the four consorts bestowed with the title of Guru-Mahal.
Biography
Early life
Mata Gujri was born to Bhāī Lāl Chand, a Subhikkhī Khatri and Bishan Kaur, who lived at Kartarpur.
She was betrothed to Guru Tegh Bahadur in 1629 when he visited Kartarpur for the marriage celebrations of his brother, Suraj Mal. She married Guru Tegh Bahadur at Kartarpur on 4 February 1633 and joined her husband's family in Amritsar. In 1635 the family moved to Kiratpur and, on the death in 1644 of Guru Tegh Bahadur's father, Guru Hargobind, Mata Gujri moved with her husband and mother-in-law, Mata Nanaki, to Bakala, near Amritsar.Soon after he was installed as Guru in 1664, Guru Tegh Bahadur founded a new village, which he called Chakk Nanaki, after his mother. The place, now a city, is now known as Anandpur Sahib. Not long after this, the Guru set out on a long journey, leaving his wife and mother-in-law at Patna.
On 22 December 1666 Mata Gujri gave birth to Gobind Rai, who later became Guru Gobind Singh. Guru Tegh Bahadur returned to Patna in 1670 and instructed the family to leave for Lakhnaur. Mata Gujri reached Lakhnaur on 13 September 1670 and was accompanied by the aged Mata Nanaki and her son, Guru Gobind Singh. At Lakhnaur, she stayed with her brother, Mehar Chand. After Lakhnaur, the family proceeded to Chakk Nanaki (now known as Anandpur Sahib) where Guru Tegh Bahadur rejoined them in March 1671. After the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur, the responsibility for managing the affairs of Chakk Nanaki fell to her at first as Guru Gobind Rai was still young. Her younger brother, Kirpal Chand, assisted her in this affair.
Later life
During the evacuation of Anandpur during the Mughal siege of Anandpur in December 1704 or 1705, she was accompanied by Zorawar Singh and Fateh Singh (younger two sons of Guru Gobind Singh) when they became separated from the main group of evacuees whilst crossing the Sarsa rivulet, as a battle took place between the Sikh evacuees and pursuing Mughal troops. A Brahmin servant, named Gangu, led Mata Gujri and her two younger grandchildren to his village named Saheri, located in present-day Ropar district. He is said to have then deceitfully betrayed them to two Muslim officers of Morinda and the three were arrested on 8 December. After this, they were confined to the Thanda Burj (cold tower) located at the fort of Sirhind. On the same day as the execution of the younger Sahibzades, Mata Gujri died in the cold tower. Seth Todar Mal, whom was a benevolent and wealthy local of Sirhind, cremated the three the next day.
It is said that Todar Mal Ji Jain of Sirhind paid heavy price of gold coins standing on their edge to recover the bodies of Mata Gujri and the Sahibzades.
Legacy
Her father's ancestral village was Lakhnaur Sahib, south of Ambala in Haryana, where the road from Ambala to popular pilgrimage site of Gurudawara Lakhnaur Sahib was named after her by the BJP Government of Haryana in 2017.
See also
Moti Ram Mehra
Saka Sirhind
Diwan Todar Mal
Shaheedi Jor Mela
References
Citation
Sources
Sikh martyrs
Family members of the Sikh gurus
Punjabi people
1624 births
1705 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata%20Gujri |
The Kirenga () is a river in Irkutsk Oblast in Russia. The name originated in an Evenki word. The length of the river is . The area of its basin is .
There are many settlements in the river valley. The Baikal Amur Mainline follows and crosses the Kirenga between Magistralny and Ulkan.
Course
It is a right tributary of the Lena which flows north between the upper Lena and Lake Baikal. The Kirenga begins in the Baikal Mountains west of Lake Baikal, a few dozen kilometres north of the source of the Lena. The Kirenga marks the eastern limit of the Lena-Angara Plateau. The river flows along the Cis-Baikal Depression, limited by the Akitkan Range to the east. Finally it joins the Lena at the town of Kirensk.
The Kirenga is fed mainly by rain. It freezes up in late October to early November and stays under the ice until late April to May.
Tributaries
Its main tributaries are the Ulkan, Minya, Okunayka and Kutima from the right, as well as the Khanda from the left.
See also
List of rivers of Russia
References
Rivers of Irkutsk Oblast | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirenga |
Franciscus Plante (21 April 1613 (bapt.) – 1690) was a Dutch poet and chaplain.
Biography
Plante was born in Bruges and studied theology at Oxford. In October 1636 he travelled as personal chaplain with John Maurice of Nassau to the Dutch colony in Brazil, returning together in 1644. In 1647 became a minister in Strijen, in 1653 in Zevenbergen and in 1657 in Breda, where he remained until his death. He is thought to have died in Breda.
In 1647, he finished a twelve-volume Latin epos called Mauritias (in Portuguese, Mauritiados), which in the first six volumes describes the activities of the Dutch West Indies Company from 1624 to 1634 and in the last 6 volumes praises John Maurice's leadership from 1634 to 1641. It was published in Amsterdam, and included twenty engravings that had already appeared in a work by Caspar Barlaeus, which had been published in the same year. Four maps (Ceará, Pernambuco, Paraíba, and Pernambuco Borealá) and a portrait of John Maurice were also incorporated from Barlaeus’ work. Plante later wrote Barlaeus' obituary in 1648.
Sources
Obituary of Barlaeus, by Plante
Historia naturalis Brasiliae
W.A.P. Smit, Het Latijnse epos van Franciscus Plante, pp 238 – 241 of Kalliope in de Nederlanden. Het Renaissancistisch-klassicistische epos van 1550 tot 1850. Van Gorcum & Comp., Assen 1975-1983. (Dutch)
References
1613 births
1690 deaths
17th-century Dutch Calvinist and Reformed ministers
Poets of the Spanish Netherlands
17th-century male writers
Dutch male poets
Clergy from Bruges
Writers from Bruges | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus%20Plante |
North Shore is a 1987 American action drama surf film about Rick Kane (Matt Adler), a young surfer from a wave tank in Arizona, who heads to surf the season on the North Shore of Oahu to see if he has the skills to cut it as a pro surfer. As he progresses on his journey, he learns the qualities he possesses are not going to pull him through alone.
Plot
Eighteen year-old Rick Kane has just graduated from high school. He uses his winnings from a wave tank surfing contest in his native state of Arizona to fly to Hawaii for the summer before the start of college, in order to try to become a professional surfer. He takes a plane to Honolulu with plans to stay with a surfer that he met in Arizona six months previously. He finds the friend tending bar at a seedy gentlemen's club.
At the bar Rick meets up with two pro surfers, Alex (Robbie Page) and Mark (Mark Occhilupo), and stays with them at the house of Lance Burkhart. In the morning, he goes out surfing with Alex and Mark and realizes that surfing in the ocean is totally different to surfing in a wave tank. He is not as good as he had initially thought. They end up at Sunset Beach and tries to paddle out, not knowing how to duck dive he struggles his way out to the line-up. During this scene he gets in the way of Vince Moaloka (Gerry Lopez), who is leader of a local group named "The Hui" ("The Club"). This causes Vince to wipe out and leads to a confrontation where Rick is chased off the beach, after he realizes his stuff was stolen from the beach by another member of the Hui.
With nowhere to go, he fortuitously runs into Turtle (John Philbin). Kane also meets and falls in love with Kiani (Nia Peeples), a beautiful local girl, coincidentally the cousin of Vince, who helps him acclimate to the local culture and customs. Turtle introduces him to Chandler (Gregory Harrison), a surfboard shaper and soul surfer, who teaches Rick about soul surfing and Rick masters the art of appreciating and riding the waves. During Rick's stay, Chandler is marveled at Rick's talent for art and he then designs a new graphic for Chandler.
The film's antagonist is Lance Burkhart (Laird Hamilton), a famous, top-ranked surfer whose competitive and materialistic values conflict with the spiritual teachings of Chandler ("You still have a single-fin-mentality"). The film climaxes with a surf contest on the Banzai Pipeline as Rick ends up competing against Lance in a duel of skills and beliefs. During the final round, Lance cheats by pulling on Rick's leash, causing him to wipeout. Chandler, initially hostile towards competitive surfing, is outraged, but Rick reminds him that it wasn't about winning, but going the distance.
As Rick prepares to leave for college in New York, he thanks Chandler for his friendship and lessons. While waiting for his flight, Rick is greeted by Turtle and Kiani. He shares a goodbye kiss with Kiani, and Turtle shows Rick a newspaper catching Lance in the act, who was disqualified. Rick promises to come back to the North Shore.
Cast
Matt Adler as Rick Kane
Gregory Harrison as Chandler
Nia Peeples as Kiani
John Philbin as Turtle
Gerry Lopez as Vince Moaloka
Laird Hamilton as Lance Burkhart
Robbie Page as Alex Rogers
Mark Occhilupo as Occy
John Paragon as Professor
Cristina Raines as Mrs. Kane
Corky Carroll as himself
Lord James Blears as Contest Director
Jim Trenton as Chuck King
Allan Cole as Ed Lusky
Shaun Tomson as himself
Hans Hedemann as himself
Derek Ho as himself
Mark Foo as himself
Ken Bradshaw as Surfer
Michael Ho as Surfer
Christian Fletcher as Surfer
Jimmy Star as Surfer
Production
North Shore features professional surfers Shaun Tomson, Gerry Lopez ("Vince"), Laird Hamilton ("Lance Burkhart"), Mark Occhilupo, Robbie Page ("Alex Rogers"), Mark Foo, Derek Ho, Hans Hedemann, Ken Bradshaw, Christian Fletcher, Lord James Blears and several others. The character of Rick Kane was loosely based on Connecticut born surfer Benjamin "Barney" Partyka. The first-ever professional surfer, Corky Carroll, plays a competition announcer in the film.
Laird Hamilton's adoptive father Bill Hamilton was a surfboard shaper and glasser on Oahu in the 1960s and 1970s and owned a small business. Bill was handmaking custom, high-performance surfboards for the Oahu North Shore big wave riders of the era, similar to the character Chandler in the film. In reality, Laird is a big wave rider and loathes competition like the Chandler character does.
External links
1987 films
1980s sports films
1980s action drama films
Films set in Hawaii
American surfing films
American action drama films
Films scored by Richard Stone (composer)
1980s English-language films
Films shot in Hawaii
Universal Pictures films
1987 drama films
1980s American films
English-language action drama films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Shore%20%281987%20film%29 |
Alla may refer to:
Ara Gaya, also called Alla (안라), a city-state kingdom in the part of Gaya confederacy, in modern-day Haman County of Korea
Music
"Alla" (song) a song by Swedish singer Sofia
Allá, a rock band from Chicago
At.Long.Last.A$AP, an album by American rapper A$AP Rocky
People
Alla (female name), a Slavic female given name
Alla (surname), a surname
Places
Alla, Bhutan
Alla, California, aka Alla Station or Alla Junction
Alla, Iran, a village in Semnan Province, Iran
See also
Alla, the Maltese term for "God"
Allah (الله), the Arabic term for "God" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alla |
Thomas M. "Tom" Leighton is an American politician. He served as the mayor of the city of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania from 2004 to 2016. Mayor Leighton was the first mayor under the city's Home Rule Charter to be popularly elected to three consecutive terms.
Political career
Thomas Leighton is an American politician. A Democrat, he served as the mayor of the city of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania from 2004 to 2016. Mayor Leighton was the first mayor under the city's Home Rule Charter to be popularly elected to three consecutive terms. Leighton defeated former city leader Tom McGroarty in the Democratic Party primary election in 2003, partly on a platform to revitalize Wilkes-Barre's downtown sector.
On June 9, 2005, Leighton unveiled his "I believe..." campaign for Wilkes-Barre, which was intended to boost the city's spirits and rid residents of their cyncisim and negativity about the city. Construction is complete on a planned downtown 14-screen theatre complex and a two-floor Barnes & Noble bookstore. The movie theater opened in July 2006. A Barnes & Noble bookstore opened in early October 2006. New street lights have replaced worn out red lights in the Public Square and in parts of the downtown area.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Mayors of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
King's College (Pennsylvania) alumni
Pennsylvania Democrats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20M.%20Leighton |
Podbara () is an urban neighborhood of the city of Novi Sad, Serbia.
Borders
The southern borders of Podbara are Ulica Miloša Bajića (Miloš Bajić Street), Trg Republike (Square of the Republic), Daničićeva ulica (Daničić Street), Ulica Zlatne grede (Zlatna Greda Street), Pašićeva ulica (Pašić Street), Ulica Matice srpske (Matica Srpska Street), Sterijina ulica (Sterija Street), and Ulica Hadžić Svetića (Hadžić Svetić Street), the western border is Temerinska ulica (Temerin Street), the northern border is Danube-Tisa-Danube channel, and the eastern border is Danube river.
Neighbouring city quarters
The neighbouring city quarters are: Stari Grad in the south, and Salajka in the west.
Features
The industrial zone known as the Radna Zona Sever 3 is located in the north of Podbara. Almaška Church, an Orthodox church built in 1797 is situated in Podbara.
Gallery
See also
Neighborhoods of Novi Sad
References
Jovan Mirosavljević, Brevijar ulica Novog Sada 1745-2001, Novi Sad, 2002.
Zoran Rapajić, Novi Sad bez tajni, Beograd, 2002.
Milorad Grujić, Vodič kroz Novi Sad i okolinu, Novi Sad, 2004.
External links
Detailed map of Novi Sad and Podbara
Map of Novi Sad
Novi Sad neighborhoods | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podbara |
Achthuizen is a village in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Goeree-Overflakkee, and lies about 17 km south of Spijkenisse.
The village was first mentioned around 1750 as "De Agthuisen", and means "eight houses". Achthuizen has two diagonally placed centres and looks like a number 8 from the air. Most of the settlement dates from after 1930. Achthuizen was a Roman Catholic enclave on the Protestant island of Goeree. The Catholic Assumption of Mary Church is a neoclassic church from 1846.
The village has a working windmill, Windlust, which is operated on a volunteer basis.
Gallery
References
Populated places in South Holland
Goeree-Overflakkee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achthuizen |
Cyndi Grecco (born May 19, 1952) is an American singer best-known for performing the theme tune to the popular 1970s American television show Laverne & Shirley.
The theme to Laverne & Shirley was titled "Making Our Dreams Come True," in which Grecco was accompanied by The Ron Hicklin Singers. It was also put out as a single and charted, peaking at No. 25 in the Billboard Hot 100 of July 4, 1976. The song came out on the small Private Stock Records label (#45086). Grecco was managed by Janna Feliciano, then-wife of José Feliciano, and was a featured performer at the 1977 Sun Bowl.
An album followed, though a second disco-themed single, "Dancing, Dancing", failed to chart. Grecco also provided the theme to another 1970s ABC television sitcom, Blansky's Beauties. Nevertheless, Grecco remains a one-hit wonder.
Discography
Albums
Making Our Dreams Come True (1976)
Wish Upon a Star (1982)
Singles
"Making Our Dreams Come True"
"Dancing, Dancing"
"Hello Again"
"This Time I'm in It for Love"
"You Made Love Come True"
See also
List of 1970s one-hit wonders in the United States
References
External links
[ Cyndi Grecco] at AllMusic
Cyndi Grecco at Discogs
American Bandstand 1976- Interview Cyndi Grecco via YouTube
Cyndi Grecco at Bandcamp
American women singers
Living people
1952 births
Private Stock Records artists
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyndi%20Grecco |
Artech may refer to:
Arcadia Charter School, a charter school in Northfield, Minnesota, United States
ARTech Consultores SRL, a Uruguayan software company, creators of GeneXus, Deklarit and Gxportal
Artech Digital Entertainment, video game developer
Artech House, a publisher of scientific books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artech |
Plant defense may refer to:
Plant defense against herbivory
Inducible plant defenses against herbivory
Plant tolerance to herbivory
Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense
Plant disease resistance
Secondary metabolite
Hypersensitive response
See also
Protocarnivorous plant | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%20defense |
Ignacio Carrera Pinto (February 5, 1848 – July 10, 1882) was a Chilean hero of the War of the Pacific. Carrera and his 77 men of the Fourth Company of Chacabuco are regarded in Chile as great heroes, and are commonly referred to as the "Héroes de la Concepción", after all were killed in the Battle of La Concepción.
Carrera was born in Santiago, Chile; the son of José Miguel Carrera Fontecilla, of Basque descent, and of Emilia Pinto Benavente. He was the grandson of Jose Miguel Carrera Verdugo, one of Chile's independence heroes. He was also the great-grandson and great-nephew of Chile's Presidents Francisco Antonio Pinto and Aníbal Pinto. When the War of the Pacific, between Chile, on one side, and Peru and Bolivia on the other, started in 1879, Carrera Pinto enlisted in the Chilean Army's 7th Mobilized Infantry Regimentthe "Esmeralda" regiment. Over the next few years, Carrera's accomplishments and personal merits resulted in a rapid series of promotions, becoming a lieutenant in 1881 and a captain in 1882. He participated in the Lima Campaign and in the Sierra Campaign.
In July 1882, during the Sierra Campaign, Captain Carrera was in command of the Esmeralda's Fourth Company of Chacabuco, which was guarding the Peruvian town of La Concepción. Including officers, Fourth Company totaled 77 soldiers, divided into three platoons under lieutenants Julio Montt Salamanca, Luis Cruz Martínez and Arturo Perez Canto. On July 10, 1882, in the Battle of La Concepción, the town was attacked by 400 regular Peruvian soldiers and large groups of natives, which were part of the forces of Andrés Cáceres, a Peruvian officer who was conducting a guerrilla war. Despite being greatly outnumbered and out of ammunition, the Chilean soldiers did not surrender. The last Chilean soldiers died charging the well-armed Peruvian army with only their bayonets.
The Carrera family was one of Chile's most influential families and grew considerably in number. Today, the bulk of the family remains in Santiago and the southern Province of the Bio Bio, although a portion is known to have emigrated to Sweden.
The Chilean one thousand peso banknote bears Ignacio Carrera's face.
References
1848 births
1882 deaths
Military personnel from Santiago
Chilean Army officers
Chilean people of Basque descent
Chilean military personnel of the War of the Pacific
Military personnel killed in the War of the Pacific
Carrera family | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio%20Carrera%20Pinto |
Brain ischemia is a condition in which there is insufficient bloodflow to the brain to meet metabolic demand. This leads to poor oxygen supply or cerebral hypoxia and thus leads to the death of brain tissue or cerebral infarction/ischemic stroke. It is a sub-type of stroke along with subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hemorrhage.
Ischemia leads to alterations in brain metabolism, reduction in metabolic rates, and energy crisis.
There are two types of ischemia: focal ischemia, which is confined to a specific region of the brain; and global ischemia, which encompasses wide areas of brain tissue.
The main symptoms of brain ischemia involve impairments in vision, body movement, and speaking. The causes of brain ischemia vary from sickle cell anemia to congenital heart defects. Symptoms of brain ischemia can include unconsciousness, blindness, problems with coordination, and weakness in the body. Other effects that may result from brain ischemia are stroke, cardiorespiratory arrest, and irreversible brain damage.
An interruption of blood flow to the brain for more than 10 seconds causes unconsciousness, and an interruption in flow for more than a few minutes generally results in irreversible brain damage. In 1974, Hossmann and Zimmermann demonstrated that ischemia induced in mammalian brains for up to an hour can be at least partially recovered. Accordingly, this discovery raised the possibility of intervening after brain ischemia before the damage becomes irreversible.
Symptoms and signs
The symptoms of brain ischemia reflect the anatomical region undergoing blood and oxygen deprivation. Ischemia within the arteries branching from the internal carotid artery may result in symptoms such as blindness in one eye, weakness in one arm or leg, or weakness in one entire side of the body. Ischemia within the arteries branching from the vertebral arteries in the back of the brain may result in symptoms such as dizziness, vertigo, double vision, or weakness on both sides of the body . Other symptoms include difficulty speaking, slurred speech, and the loss of coordination. The symptoms of brain ischemia range from mild to severe. Further, symptoms can last from a few seconds to a few minutes or extended periods of time. If the brain becomes damaged irreversibly and infarction occurs, the symptoms may be permanent.
Similar to cerebral hypoxia, severe or prolonged brain ischemia will result in unconsciousness, brain damage or death, mediated by the ischemic cascade.
Multiple cerebral ischemic events may lead to subcortical ischemic depression, also known as vascular depression. This condition is most commonly seen in elderly depressed patients. Late onset depression is increasingly seen as a distinct sub-type of depression, and can be detected with an MRI.
Causes
Brain ischemia has been linked to a variety of diseases or abnormalities. Individuals with sickle cell anemia, compressed blood vessels, ventricular tachycardia, plaque buildup in the arteries, blood clots, extremely low blood pressure as a result of heart attack, and congenital heart defects have a higher predisposition to brain ischemia in comparison to the average population. Sickle cell anemia may cause brain ischemia associated with the irregularly shaped blood cells. Sickle shaped blood cells clot more easily than normal blood cells, impeding blood flow to the brain.
Compression of blood vessels may also lead to brain ischemia, by blocking the arteries that carry oxygen to the brain. Tumors are one cause of blood vessel compression.
Ventricular tachycardia represents a series of irregular heartbeats that may cause the heart to completely shut down resulting in cessation of oxygen flow. Further, irregular heartbeats may result in formation of blood clots, thus leading to oxygen deprivation to all organs.
Blockage of arteries due to plaque buildup may also result in ischemia. Even a small amount of plaque build up can result in the narrowing of passageways, causing that area to become more prone to blood clots. Large blood clots can also cause ischemia by blocking blood flow.
A heart attack can also cause brain ischemia due to the correlation that exists between heart attack and low blood pressure. Extremely low blood pressure usually represents the inadequate oxygenation of tissues. Untreated heart attacks may slow blood flow enough that blood may start to clot and prevent the flow of blood to the brain or other major organs. Extremely low blood pressure can also result from drug overdose and reactions to drugs. Therefore, brain ischemia can result from events other than heart attacks.
Congenital heart defects may also cause brain ischemia due to the lack of appropriate artery formation and connection. People with congenital heart defects may also be prone to blood clots.
Other events that may result in brain ischemia include cardiorespiratory arrest, stroke, and severe irreversible brain damage.
Recently, Moyamoya disease has also been identified as a potential cause for brain ischemia. Moyamoya disease is an extremely rare cerebrovascular condition that limits blood circulation to the brain, consequently leading to oxygen deprivation.
Pathophysiology
During brain ischemia, the brain cannot perform aerobic metabolism due to the loss of oxygen and substrate. The brain is not able to switch to anaerobic metabolism and, because it does not have any long term energy stored, the levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) drop rapidly, approaching zero within 4 minutes. In the absence of biochemical energy, cells begin to lose the ability to maintain electrochemical gradients. Consequently, there is a massive influx of calcium into the cytosol, a massive release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, lipolysis, calpain activation, and the arrest of protein synthesis. Additionally, removal of metabolic wastes is slowed. The interruption of blood flow to the brain for ten seconds results in the immediate loss of consciousness. The interruption of blood flow for twenty seconds results in the stopping of electrical activity. An area called a penumbra may result, wherein neurons do not receive enough blood to communicate, however do receive sufficient oxygenation to avoid cell death for a short period of time.
Diagnosis
Classification
The broad term, "stroke" can be divided into three categories: brain ischemia, subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hemorrhage. Brain ischemia can be further subdivided, by cause, into thrombotic, embolic, and hypoperfusion. Thrombotic and embolic are generally focal or multifocal in nature while hypoperfusion affects the brain globally.
Focal brain ischemia
Focal brain ischemia occurs when a blood clot has occluded a cerebral vessel. Focal brain ischemia reduces blood flow to a specific brain region, increasing the risk of cell death to that particular area. It can be either caused by thrombosis or embolism.
Global brain ischemia
Global brain ischemia occurs when blood flow to the brain is halted or drastically reduced. This is commonly caused by cardiac arrest. If sufficient circulation is restored within a short period of time, symptoms may be transient. However, if a significant amount of time passes before restoration, brain damage may be permanent. While reperfusion may be essential to protecting as much brain tissue as possible, it may also lead to reperfusion injury. Reperfusion injury is classified as the damage that ensues after restoration of blood supply to ischemic tissue.
Due to different susceptibility to ischemia of various brain regions, a global brain ischemia may cause focal brain infarction. The cerebral cortex and striatum are more susceptible than the thalamus, and the thalamus in turn is more sensitive than the brainstem. Partial cerebral cortex infarction from global brain ischemia typically manifests as watershed stroke.
Biomarker
Use of biomarker is one method that has been evaluated to predict the risk of stroke, diagnose stroke and its causes, predict stroke severity and outcome, and guide prevention therapy.
Blood Biomarkers: Many proteins and RNA biomarkers identified are connected to ischemic stroke pathophysiology includes
Central Nervous System Tissue Injury Biomarkers- S100B, Glial fibrillary acidic protein, enolase 2, Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis.
Inflammatory Biomarkers - c-reactive protein, Interleukin 6, Tumor necrosis factor α,VCAM-1.
Coagulation / Thrombosis Biomarkers - Fibrinogen, D-dimer, Von Willebrand factor
Other Biomarkers- PARK7, B-type neurotrophic growth factor.
Treatment
Alteplase (t-PA) is an effective medication for acute ischemic stroke. When given within 3 hours, treatment with tpa significantly improves the probability of a favourable outcome versus treatment with placebo.
The outcome of brain ischemia is influenced by the quality of subsequent supportive care. Systemic blood pressure (or slightly above) should be maintained so that cerebral blood flow is restored. Also, hypoxaemia and hypercapnia should be avoided. Seizures can induce more damage; accordingly, anticonvulsants should be prescribed and should a seizure occur, aggressive treatment should be undertaken. Hyperglycaemia should also be avoided during brain ischemia.
Management
When someone presents with an ischemic event, treatment of the underlying cause is critical for prevention of further episodes.
Anticoagulation with warfarin or heparin may be used if the patient has atrial fibrillation.
Operative procedures such as carotid endarterectomy and carotid stenting may be performed if the patient has a significant amount of plaque in the carotid arteries associated with the local ischemic events.
Research
Therapeutic hypothermia has been attempted to improve results post brain ischemia . This procedure was suggested to be beneficial based on its effects post cardiac arrest. Evidence supporting the use of therapeutic hypothermia after brain ischemia, however, is limited.
A closely related disease to brain ischemia is brain hypoxia. Brain hypoxia is the condition in which there is a decrease in the oxygen supply to the brain even in the presence of adequate blood flow. If hypoxia lasts for long periods of time, coma, seizures, and even brain death may occur. Symptoms of brain hypoxia are similar to ischemia and include inattentiveness, poor judgment, memory loss, and a decrease in motor coordination. Potential causes of brain hypoxia are suffocation, carbon monoxide poisoning, severe anemia, and use of drugs such as cocaine and other amphetamines. Other causes associated with brain hypoxia include drowning, strangling, choking, cardiac arrest, head trauma, and complications during general anesthesia. Treatment strategies for brain hypoxia vary depending on the original cause of injury, primary and/or secondary.
See also
Mechanism of anoxic depolarization in the brain
Watershed stroke
References
Bibliography
Further reading
Chang, Steven; Doty, James; Skirboll, Stephen; Steinberg, Gary. Cerebral ischemia . cgi.stanford.edu. URL last accessed February 26, 2006.
External links
Vascular diseases
Stroke
Ischemia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain%20ischemia |
Gladiator, known in Japan as , is an arcade video game developed by Allumer and published in 1986 by Taito. It was followed by a sequel titled Blandia. Home ports of Gladiator were released for the ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC and Commodore 64 as Great Gurianos; the Spectrum version was intentionally made unwinnable.
Gameplay
The player controls a gladiator/knight named Great Gurianos as he walks through a castle. The joystick direction moves the character left and right and raises his shield up and down. The game's three buttons correspond to a high, medium, and low attack with Great Gurianos's sword. Gladiator consists of four levels. The reward for completing the game is a fifth stage, the "Treasure Place".
Gameplay is split between two modes; in the "obstacle" mode, Great Gurianos walks forward, and the player must use the sword and shield to defend him from bats, fireballs, arrows, shuriken, and other flying hazards. The "obstacle" mode is broken up by a "fight" mode, in which Great Gurianos must fight against another, similarly armored knight. In both modes, an undefended hit to Great Gurianos knocks off part of his armor (his helmet for a high hit, his breastplate for a middle hit, and his leggings for a low hit), and a subsequent hit to the same area kills him. The character can generate a temporary force field during the obstacle course phases (when weapons and bats fly at him) by rapidly moving the shield up and down. During the combat phases, Great Gurianos can become invincible (flashing golden) for a short time.
References
External links
1986 video games
Allumer games
Arcade video games
Hack and slash games
Taito beat 'em ups
ZX Spectrum games
Amstrad CPC games
Commodore 64 games
Side-scrolling beat 'em ups
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Mark Cooksey
Video games set in castles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator%20%28video%20game%29 |
Hotel Sterling was a hotel in downtown Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, at the intersection of River Street and Market Street. It was opened in 1898 by local businesspeople, who then owned a music hall located at the site, and was named after Emma E. Sterling, whose late husband, Walter G. Sterling, a local banker and businessman, owned a share of the music hall. Emma was a driving force behind the building of the hotel. The hotel was later expanded by Andrew Sordoni by connecting it to the Plaza Hotel in 1936. After lying abandoned for years, the non-profit organization CityVest purchased the hotel and demolished the 14-story Plaza tower portion and four-story connecting building in 2007 in an attempt to make the property more marketable to developers. Demolition of the original 1897-built building began on July 25, 2013 and finished on July 30, 2013.
History
The Hotel Sterling was built in 1897 and opened on August 14, 1898 by local businesspeople, who owned a music hall located at the site, and was named after Emma E. Sterling, whose late husband, Walter G. Sterling, a local banker, owned a share of the music hall. Walter G. Sterling died in 1889, and had nothing to do with the building of the Hotel Sterling, which had often been previously thought. His wife, Emma, was a driving force behind the building of the hotel, and it was thus decided to name it after her; although for a short time, the original name chosen was Algonquin, that name was never used.
Wilkes-Barre and the surrounding region was a major source of anthracite coal. Wilkes-Barre was reliant on the coal industry for the first half of the 20th century.
The hotel was designed by local architect J. W. Hawkins, whose first, European chateau-like design was rejected. It was said: "The hotel was planned as a brick Victorian Chateau whose high roof would have risen in two tall peaks, covered with several rows of gabled dormers" The design was then changed to something more modern for the time, and the building's facade facing River and Market streets was changed from brick to limestone. The remainder of the facades remained brick. The hotel was erected by W. H. Shepard & Sons of Wilkes-Barre. It is possible that a portion of the hotel may have contained some re-built external walls from the music hall, and this may account for a portion of a sign that now appears on the east side of the building after the tower and connector buildings were demolished in 2007. This truncated sign appears to say "Matinees".
The Hotel Sterling opened with approximately 175 rooms and 125 bathrooms. This suggests a large number of suites with adjoining parlor rooms. Thus each suite would equal two or more rooms along with one bathroom. It is possible that some hotel rooms had to share a bathroom, but also possible that all accommodations had a private bathroom. While still not common, it was becoming fashionable at the turn of the century that the best hotels would have a bathroom for each form of accommodation. Prior to opening, the hotel was leased for 10 years to W. A. Reist, of York, Pa., and Sylvanus Stokes, of Baltimore. These gentlemen would run the hotel, and oversaw the final fitting out of the structure as to furnishings, etc. The elegant hotel opened to great fanfare, and was instantly the largest and best hotel in the area, and among the best in the northeast United States.
By 1920, a key player in the Hotel Sterling's fortunes was Homer Mallow, who became a majority stockholder and president of the company. The hotel then became known as the Mallow-Sterling. Shortly thereafter, around 1923, a competing hotel opened just down the block on Market street: the Hotel Plaza. Designed by the New York architectural firm of Warren and Wetmore, the fourteen-story structure was twice the height of the Sterling. The Hotel Plaza would not last, however, and was acquired by the Sterling in 1927.
The Great Depression greatly disrupted the hotel's revenue, putting the Sterling in financial trouble by the mid-1930. In 1936 the hotel was purchased by Andrew Sordoni, a former state senator and construction magnate. He combined the Sterling and Plaza Tower with a four-story connector building. A long, wide hallway flowed from the original Sterling, through the connector building to the tower, and was called "Peacock Alley", after a similar area located at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City. Sordoni also purchased other hotels in Pennsylvania and New York, and this group of hotels became known as the "Sterling Hotels System".
After World War II, the anthracite coal industry in Northeastern Pennsylvania began to decline. The Knox mine disaster in 1959 essentially ended coal mining in the area. In time, other forms of manufacturing also departed the area.
In the following decades, the Sterling experienced a gradual decline, along with some changes of ownership.
In the 1960s–70s the hotel became a dormitory space for students from Kings and Wilkes college; both campuses were located nearby. The original 1897 building was converted into apartments, mostly for retirees. The former Plaza tower hosted students and also some permanent residents, many of whom rented rooms that were converted into "efficiency" units. These were two rooms that were combined, with the redundant bathroom converted into a small kitchen. The connector building still served for transient guests.
By the 1980s, the college students had left, and the Sterling could no longer compete for transient guests, if not permanent residents and catering business. There were more modern hotels in the area that attracted that business. A decline in population and economic productivity in the city also contributed to the Sterling's downfall.
Demolition
In 1998, the hotel closed after its owner was unable to pay a $227,000 electric bill. The hotel was essentially abandoned after that point, and a small fire broke out two years later. The fire and lack of maintenance quickly took its toll on the buildings, which then suffered from vandalism, leaking roofs, and the freeze-thaw cycle the area experiences.
The hotel was purchased in a tax sale in 2002 by a non-profit organization named CityVest, who had plans to restore the hotel. Part of these plans included acquiring additional land, including an adjacent parking lot, and after advisement from appropriate professionals, demolishing the Plaza Tower and connector building, and leaving just the original 1897 hotel building. This demolition was completed in 2007. The money to accomplish this, over $6 million, came from federal, state and county government. The idea was to make the property attractive to potential developers. However, CityVest failed to mothball the original Hotel Sterling, and as a result the building stood in a state of great decrepitude, with restoration costs estimated at up to $35 million. This is aside from the cost of potentially developing the adjacent properties to make the eventual development viable. Such costs could reach $100 million.
During July 2011, CityVest indicated that they failed to attract an investor-developer to the Sterling site, and now wishes to demolish the remaining original 1897 hotel, and local politicians agreed with this course of action. The cost of demolition was estimated to be between $1 and $2 million.
In September 2011, Luzerne County suffered record flooding due to Tropical Storm Lee. Flood waters from the nearby Susquehanna River flooded the Sterling's basement to a height of several feet. While the water eventually drained, it left several inches of mud in the basement, and a subsequent inspection by local engineers determined that parts the building may be in danger of collapse. This was reported by the Times Leader newspaper. The city of Wilkes-Barre announced plans to divert Market street traffic away from the Sterling as reported by the Times Leader. On November 17, 2011, Wilkes Barre City Council voted unanimously on a $1 million project to demolish the Hotel Sterling in February 2012.
After a 17-month delay from the originally scheduled demolition date, demolition of the building commenced on July 25, 2013, the building was completely demolished by July 30, 2013, and clean-up is expected to be mostly complete by August 6, 2013. Below ground stabilization work will continue until around August 27, 2013. It must be completed no later than September 23, 2013. Brdaric Excavating was awarded the bid on June 18, 2013 for the demolition project after submitting the lowest bid ($419,000) out of 14 considered by the city.
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20120308164100/http://pahomepage.com/fulltext/?nxd_id=176186
Hotel buildings completed in 1898
Hotel Sterling
Defunct hotels in Pennsylvania
Hotels established in 1898
Hotels disestablished in 2011
Hotel Sterling
1898 establishments in Pennsylvania
Demolished hotels in the United States
Buildings and structures demolished in 2013
Demolished buildings and structures in Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel%20Sterling |
The White Hotel is a novel written by the British (Cornish) poet, translator and novelist D. M. Thomas. It was first published in January 1981 by Gollancz in the United Kingdom and in March 1981 by The Viking Press in the United States.
The narrative is told principally in the form of an erotic journal and letters between the female narrator and a fictionalized Sigmund Freud as well as Freud's case history analysis of the narrator.
The White Hotel won the 1981 Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Fiction, the 1981 Cheltenham Prize for Literature and was shortlisted for the same year's Booker Prize.
Development
Thomas wrote some of it in Hereford, where he was living, and at New College, Oxford, where he was on a sabbatical, and used two typewriters, one in each city.
Summary
Set in 1919, the book's first three movements consist of the erotic fantasies and case history of a patient of Sigmund Freud, “Anna G”, an opera singer referred to him for analysis and treatment of chronic psychosomatic pains in her left breast and ovary. Freud attempts to identify some incident in her past that would explain these pains, and elicits from her a long erotic narrative – called "Don Giovanni", because she had written it on this musical score – in verse and then prose. Freud draws inferences from the incidents described and discusses these with his patient, with Anna notably deducing that her father may have been unfaithful to her mother with her mother's twin sister (Anna G's aunt). Anna is an unreliable narrator, changing key details in the account of her life she offers Freud. Only late in the treatment does she reveal that she considers herself to have second sight. Freud does not, however, consider the possibility that either her erotic journal or her pains might arise from an incident not in her past, but in her future.
Following inconclusive treatment, Frau Anna G – revealed to be Elisabeth (Lisa) Erdman of Vienna – pursues a moderately successful musical career and marries a Russian Jewish opera singer, with whom she moves to Kiev in the 1920s. When he disappears in a Communist purge, she falls upon hard times and the third movement is set in 1941, when German troops capture Kiev. Lisa and her young son are ordered, along with the city's Jews, to Babi Yar.
An other-worldly ("in Palestine or Purgatory", according to the author) epilogue ends the narrative.
Awards and nominations
1981 Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Fiction
1981 Cheltenham Prize
1981 Booker Prize (shortlist)
Legacy
A number of efforts have been made to make the novel into a film, which some have described as unfilmable or unadaptable. These have included attempts by Bernardo Bertolucci with Barbra Streisand, by David Lynch with Isabella Rossellini, by Simon Monjack with Brittany Murphy, and by Emir Kusturica with Nicole Kidman.
In 1992, London artist Maty Grunberg created a portfolio titled "Don Giovanni" (woodcuts, limited edition); text - "Don Giovanni", the opening poem of the book.
In August 2018, BBC Radio 4 broadcast an adaptation of Dennis Potter's screenplay, produced by Jon Amiel, producer of Potter's earlier The Singing Detective, with author Thomas's reminiscences about the book's publication and various film proposals. The BBC production starred Anne-Marie Duff as Lisa and Bill Paterson as Dr Probst.
The Irish Times published a piece on the book in April 2020.
See also
Babi Yar
Babi Yar memorials
References
Notes
Bibliography
Clute, John and John Grant. The Encyclopedia of Fantasy. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997. .
Clute, John and Peter Nicholls. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. New York: St Martin's Griffin, 1995. .
External links
1981 British novels
1981 fantasy novels
Novels about the Holocaust
The Holocaust in Ukraine
Victor Gollancz Ltd books
Novels by D. M. Thomas
Cultural depictions of Sigmund Freud | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20White%20Hotel |
Black rifle may refer to:
ArmaLite AR-15
Black Rifle Coffee Company
Colt AR-15
M16 rifle
Modern sporting rifle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20rifle |
The Atle-Tiba, also known as Atletiba or Athletiba, is one of the most traditional derbies in Brazilian football. It is the match between the two biggest football clubs of Paraná: Coritiba and Athletico Paranaense. The teams founded in 1909 and 1924 respectively and have been each other's rival for many decades. On many occasions the championship of Campeonato Paranaense, the state competition of Paraná, was decided by an Atle-Tiba.
History
Background
The Brazilian city of Curitiba, capital of the state Paraná in the south of Brazil, has always been divided in two halves when it comes to football. The traditional families that had lived in Curitiba for generations rooted for América and Internacional, whereas the new immigrants (mainly the Germans) were represented by Coritiba. It stayed like that, until the traditional families were united when América and Internacional merged to become "Atlético Paranaense" in 1924.
For the fans of Athletico, the opposite fans were 'coxas brancas' – white thighs – because of the skin color of most of Coritiba's fans and players. Athleticanos got the nickname 'almofadinhas', which means something like 'rich people' with a negative sense. Traditionally the Atle-Tiba is the battle between the new immigrants (Coritiba) and the older colonists (Atlético), and of the poor against the rich. Nowadays club loyalty is no longer aligned with these cleavages though.
Matches
The first official game between Coxa and o Furacão took place on June 8, 1924. On the field of Coritiba, Parque Graciosa, the new immigrants won 6–3. It took until December 25, 1927, for Athletico to win its first Atle-Tiba in Água Verde where Coritiba was beaten 2–1. Then it was Coritiba's turn to wait 3 years for a victory. In 1930 Coritiba broke the spell and won 7–3.
The largest victory of Athletico against Coritiba took place on April 6, 1938. In the Estádio Joaquim Américo, Athletico beat its archrival 6–2. Coritiba's largest victory is not the earlier mentioned 7–3, but a 6–0 victory on November 14, 1959. The highest scoring games is a 7–4 victory for Coritiba as well as a 6–5 Athletico victory.
In the Campeonato Paranaense, the state competition, Coritiba holds the record with 38 titles, followed by Athletico, with 26 titles. They have played against each other in the final of the tournament nineteen times, with Athletico having the slight advantage in winning eight of those matches, Athletico won 10 times while Coritiba won 9 times.
Statistics:
Topscorers
Titles comparison
Note (1): Seletiva para a Libertadores is not considered a title, as the criterion for participation in it was the elimination of clubs in the Brazilian Championship, that is, it "rewarded failure" of participants in another competition.
Note (2): The "Torneio do Povo" in 1973 had an official character but this was the only edition with an official character, the other editions of the tournament had no official character.
See also
Brazilian Football State Championship
Campeonato Paranaense
References
External links
History of the Atle-Tiba - Portuguese
Curiosities of the Atle-Tiba - Portuguese
Football derbies in Brazil
Coritiba Foot Ball Club | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atle-Tiba |
Balmoral is a former village in Restigouche County, New Brunswick, Canada. It held village status prior to 2023 and is now part of the village of Bois-Joli. It is approximately 10 kilometres south of Dalhousie. Balmoral also contains the neighbourhoods of Blair Athol, Saint-Maure, Selwood, and Upper Balmoral.
History
The area was settled in the 1850s by Joseph Drapeau. When a later contingent of settlers from Scotland arrived, they gave the community its present name after Balmoral Castle.
On 1 January 2023, Balmoral amalgamated with the neighbouring village of Eel River Crossing and all or part of five local service districts to form the new village of Bois-Joli. The community's name remains in official use.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Balmoral had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Population trend
Language
Mother tongue (2016)
Economy
Forestry is the most important industry in the village.
Notable people
See also
List of communities in New Brunswick
References
External links
Village of Balmoral
Communities in Restigouche County, New Brunswick
Former villages in New Brunswick
Local service districts of Restigouche County, New Brunswick
Populated places disestablished in New Brunswick in 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmoral%2C%20New%20Brunswick |
Howard Edward Cross Jr. (born August 8, 1967) is a former professional American football player and current broadcaster. He spent 13 seasons as a tight end for the New York Giants in the National Football League (NFL), and was a member of two Super Bowl teams, Super Bowl XXV in 1991 and appearing in Super Bowl XXXV in 2001. Since 2007, he has served as a broadcaster for the New York Giants radio network, and a broadcaster for the YES Network.
Early life
Cross played football at New Hope High School in New Hope, Alabama. In college, he was a member of the Fellowship of Christian Athletes. He was drafted out of the University of Alabama in the 1989 NFL Draft by the New York Giants in the sixth round.
Career
Over his career, Cross played in a total of 207 games as a Giant, trailing only Michael Strahan's 216 games, and Eli Manning’s 236 games. Cross won a Super Bowl ring with the Giants in Super Bowl XXV when they defeated the Buffalo Bills 20-19. He was the only player on both the 1990 Giants team as well as the 2000 team that lost Super Bowl XXXV to the Baltimore Ravens 34-7.
Although he was known more for his blocking expertise, he finished his career with 201 receptions for 2,194 yards and 17 touchdowns.
Post-playing career
After retiring, Cross moved into broadcasting. He has co-hosted the YES Network's This Week in Football, as well as serving as color commentator alongside John Sterling on the network's Ivy League football telecasts. Cross is also a sideline reporter for the New York Giants Radio Network as well as an analyst on Giants First and 10. He has spent a great deal of time working with youth to help ensure that they stay in school. He currently resides in Northern New Jersey and is a commercial real estate broker in NY/NJ for Cushman & Wakefield; where he works closely with Global Chairman Bruce Mosler. His son, Howard Cross III, plays football for Notre Dame, and his daughter, Bella Cross, attends The University of Alabama Honors College.
References
1967 births
Living people
American football tight ends
Alabama Crimson Tide football players
National Football League announcers
New York Giants players
Players of American football from Huntsville, Alabama
YES Network | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Cross |
Valentine Brown Lawless, 2nd Baron Cloncurry (19 August 1773 – 28 October 1853), was an Irish peer, politician and landowner. In the 1790s he was an emissary in radical and reform circles in London for the Society of United Irishmen, and was twice detained on suspicion of sedition. He gained notoriety for his celebrated lawsuit for adultery against his former friend Sir John Piers, who had seduced Cloncurry's first wife, Elizabeth Georgiana Morgan. He took up residence at Lyons Hill, Ardclough, County Kildare and, commensurate with his status as an Anglo-Irish lord, appeared to reconcile to the Dublin authorities. Lawless served as a Viceregal advisor and eventually gained a British peerage, but it was not as an Ascendancy loyalist. He pressed the case for admitting Catholics to parliament and for ending the universal imposition of Church of Ireland tithes.
Family and education
Lawless was born in Merrion Square in Dublin. His father, Nicholas Lawless, son of the Dublin merchant Robert Lawless, who Lawless recounts was "one of the many Irish Roman Catholics" who sought, in France, the "liberty to enjoy those privileges of property and talent from which they were debarred [under the Penal Laws] in their native land". He purchased an estate near Rouen; but finding that in France the Catholic Church "made invidious distinctions in the distribution of her honours among the faithful", not only returned to Ireland but conformed to the established Anglican communion. A successful wool merchant and banker, Nicholas Lawless was created a baronet in 1776 and elevated to the peerage as Baron Cloncurry in 1789. Valentine's mother was Margaret Browne, only daughter and heiress of Valentine Browne of Mount Browne, County Limerick; she died in 1795. The family lived mainly at Maretimo House, Blackrock, County Dublin, which Nicholas had built around 1770.
At the age of 12 years he was placed at the school of the Rev. Dr. Burrowes, at Prospect, Blackrock: "not then sent", he remarked, like many of his class "to learn absenteeism and contempt, too often hatred, for our country, in the schools and colleges of England." With a view to preparing him for Oxford, he was briefly enrolled King's School, Chester, but prevailed on his father to let him study in his "native city". In 1792, Lawless graduated with a bachelor in arts from Trinity College Dublin. While at Trinity he was active in the Historical Society, the club formed by Edmund Burke, in which, preceding Lawless, the future United Irishmen Wolfe Tone and Thomas Addis Emmet had engaged in their first debates. He then spent two years in Switzerland.
Lawless was to write that while he "left Ireland with a mind freely sown with the seeds of love of country and nationality, and hatred of the oppressions imposed upon the Irish masses by the oligarchy into whose hands the legislative power had fallen", he returned "more Irish than ever". Among the French emigres he encountered in Switzerland, were officers of the Irish Brigade. While he little sympathises with "the cause of royalty" for which they had suffered, he was moved by the tales of the betrayal and dispossession that, following the Williamite War in Ireland, had forced their fathers to seek fortune abroad.
Revolutionary career
Lawless returned to Ireland in the spring of 1795 after hopes of reform had been dashed by the recall of William Fitzwilliam who, Lord Lieutenant, had spoken in favour of Catholic Emancipation. In June 1795, Lawless was sworn into the Dublin Society of United Irishman. According to his own account, he took the Society's original—as he saw it, pre-republican—membership test. Composed by William Drennan, this committed Lawless to forward a "union of power among Irishmen of every religious" so as to attain "an impartial and adequate representation of the Irish nation in parliament". Reflecting the growing impatience and insurrectionary tenor of the movement, a convention in Belfast had, the previous month, adopted amendments dropping the reference to the Irish Parliament and swearing members to secrecy.
Lawless played an open, constitutionalist, role, publicly protesting what he knew to be Prime Minister William Pitt's undeclared Irish policy: the abolition of the Dublin parliament and the incorporation of Ireland into a united kingdom with Great Britain. In the spring of 1797, he wrote and published his Thoughts on the Projected Union between Great Britain and Ireland, the first of a long succession of pamphlets on the subject. He was also a regular contributor to the paper of the Dublin Society of United Irishmen, The Press. On the dissolution of parliament in 1797, he tried to persuade Lord Edward Fitzgerald to stand, as he had in 1790, for County Kildare as a Patriot and to oppose a union. He also presided over a large anti-union protest meeting at the Royal Exchange. But then, with Fitzgerald, Lawless began attending the United Irish executive in Dublin which increasingly turned to preparations for a French-assisted insurrection.
Lawless personally administered the society's new test to Father James Coigly, who was to be the executive principal agent in attempts to coordinate an insurrection with radical circles in England and with the French directory. Valentine, himself, seconded Cogly efforts in London where he is known to have been in contact with Edward Despard who, in 1803, was to hang as the alleged ringleader in a plot to assassinate the king.
At the end of February 1798 Coigly was arrested with Arthur O'Connor and three others seeking a Channel crossing in Margate. Coigly, carrying an address from the "United Britons" to the Directory in Paris, was convicted of treason and hanged. In furnishing funds for Coigly's defence, Lawless heightened the suspicion with which he was regarded by the authorities. On 31 May 1798, he was arrested at his London lodgings and was committed to the Tower of London where he was held, without charge, until March 1801. It was widely believed that his long imprisonment hastened his father's death in August 1799.
Paris and Rome
On his release, Lawless went to Paris and then Rome, where he met and married his first wife, Elizabeth Gergiana Morgan, daughter of General Charles Morgan. It was an impulsive love marriage to a "woman he adored", but which he later came to regret as "hasty and imprudent". He was in Rome during Robert Emmet's rebellion and is believed by Emmet's biographer Ruan O’Donnell to have been a member of the new Republican Government in waiting. Lawless used his time in Rome to purchase works of art being sold off by Italian nobles under pressure from Napoleon's oppressive taxation, and sent four shiploads to Ireland for the refurbishment of Lyons House. They included a statue of Venus excavated at Ostia and three pillars from the palace of Nero originally looted from Egypt, but other artefacts were lost when the third shipment sank off Wicklow Head.
Lyons House
Lawless returned in 1804 to oversee Sir Richard Morrison's £200,000 refurbishment of Lyons House (equivalent to €15.25m today) and the reorganisation of his extensive estates. He employed the Italian painter Gaspare Gabrielli to paint the frescoes, a fact which assumed great significance during his subsequent action against Sir John Piers for adultery.
At Lyons, Lawless hosted Catherine Despard, possibly at the request of Sir Francis Burdett who had helped secure her a pension following the execution of her husband, Captain Edward Despard, for treason (the Despard Plot) in 1803.
Divorce and remarriage
In 1807 Lawless brought a sensational action for criminal conversation against Sir John Bennett Piers, 6th Baronet, a neighbour and school friend, whose dalliance with Lady Cloncurry had been witnessed by the painter Gaspare Gabrielli while he was at work painting frescoes at Lyons House. The lurid details of the case aroused huge public interest, in particular the barely credible evidence that the couple had been too preoccupied to notice that the painter was up a ladder in the same room. Lawless first became suspicious when he saw his wife and Piers walking hand in hand: he confronted his wife who broke down and confessed. Piers did not contest the action, having fled to the Isle of Man, where he remained for some years.
Lawless was awarded the then enormous sum of £20,000 in damages, although it was many years before he actually saw the money. As usual the action was the prelude to a divorce from his wife, which he obtained by a private Act of Parliament in 1811. They had a son, Valentine, who died young, and a daughter, Mary, who married firstly Henry Fock, 3rd Baron De Robeck, by whom she had three children. Like her parents, her marriage ended in divorce by Act of Parliament. She married secondly in 1828 Lord Sussex Lennox, by whom she had three further children.
Elizabeth had a second son, born in 1807, who was generally believed to have been fathered by Sir John Piers. Lady Cloncurry was the youngest daughter of General Charles Morgan, Commander-in-Chief, India, and his wife Hannah Wagstaff, daughter of William Wagstaff of Manchester. After returning to live with her father for some years, she went to Italy, where she remarried the Rev John Sandford, the absentee vicar of Nynehead, Somerset, in 1819, and died in 1857. She and Sandford had one daughter Anna, who married Frederick Methuen, 2nd Baron Methuen.
Her former husband remarried in 1811 Emily Douglas, third daughter of Archibald Douglas and Mary Crosbie, and widow of the Hon. Joseph Leeson, by whom she was the mother of Joseph Leeson, 4th Earl of Milltown. They had three more children, including Edward, 3rd Baron Cloncurry. Emily died in 1841: her husband in his memoir paid loving tribute to their thirty years of uninterrupted happiness.
Viceregal advisor
From 1811 Lawless championed Catholic Emancipation and later urged O’Connell to prioritise repeal of the Act of Union. But not wishing to compromise his friendship with Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey, the new Lord Lieutenant, he was steadfast in not aligning himself publicly with O’Connell. After 1828 he became a member of the Anglesey's private cabinet and kept horses ready at Lyons for impromptu meetings with the viceroy both from 1828 to 1829 (when Anglesey was popular), and from 1830 to 1834 (when he was not). Dublin Castle remained suspicious, however. In 1829 Daniel O’Connell stated that the Lord Lieutenant had been recalled to London "because he visited Lord Cloncurry".
Lawless ran for parliament but remained prominent as a magistrate (he helped introduce public petty sessions in Kildare to make the legal system more accessible to the people) and as a "tithe abolitionist". He spoke out on the "partial and oppressive" nature of forcible tithe collection for the Church of Ireland in the House of Lords in December 1831. By then, shortly after the death of William IV, he had been admitted to the privy council and had been created the second Baron Cloncurry in the British peerage.
Death and reputation
His health began to fail in 1851. He died at the older family home, Maretimo House, Blackrock, on 28 October 1853, and was buried in the family vault at Lyons Hill. The title passed to his eldest surviving son Edward, who committed suicide in 1869 by throwing himself out of a third-floor window at Lyons Hill.
Daniel O'Connell, despite their frequent and bitter political differences, praised Cloncurry warmly: "In private society, in the bosom of his family, the model of virtue, in public life worthy of the admiration and affection of the people".
He was a good landlord, and worked hard to alleviate the suffering caused by the Great Hunger. He had a keen interest in law reform, and as a magistrate began the practice of holding a court of petty session, which was later established on a nationwide basis by the Petty Sessions (Ireland) Act 1851.
Writings
His memoir, published in 1849, claimed: "The independence of Ireland is sure to come at last – as sure as that the Roman Empire fell in pieces, or the North American provinces are now free states. When misfortune shall overtake England, or the lot common to empires as to individuals, can she lay the flattering unction to her soul that she has acted with probity towards Ireland?"
References
Bibliography
Valentine Lawless, Personal recollections of the life and times, with extracts from the correspondence of Valentine Lord Cloncurry, Dublin: J. McGlashan; London: W.S. Orr, 1849. (Online version available)
Linebaugh, Peter; Rediker, Marcus,The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic. Boston: Beacon Press. (2000) .
Annals of Ardclough by Eoghan Corry and Jim Tancred (2004).
1773 births
1853 deaths
Barons in the Peerage of Ireland
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
United Irishmen
Prisoners in the Tower of London
Irish Anglicans
Protestant Irish nationalists
Peers of the United Kingdom created by William IV | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%20Lawless%2C%202nd%20Baron%20Cloncurry |
The 10th Marine Regiment is an artillery regiment of the United States Marine Corps based at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. They fall under the command of the 2nd Marine Division and the II Marine Expeditionary Force.
Subordinate units
Headquarters Battery, 10th Marines
1st Battalion, 10th Marines (1/10)
2nd Battalion, 10th Marines (2/10)
3rd Battalion, 10th Marines (3/10) was disbanded on 26 April 2013.
4th Battalion, 10th Marines (4/10) was disbanded.
5th Battalion, 10th Marines (5/10) was disbanded on 1 June 2012.
Mission
Provide fire support to the 2nd Marine Division using organic indirect fire assets while coordinating both lethal and non-lethal fires from other II Marine Expeditionary Force fire support agencies in order to suppress, neutralize or destroy the enemy.
History
Early years
10th Marines was originally formed in Quantico, Virginia on 25 April 1914 as an artillery battalion under the 1st Marine Brigade. As a battalion, the unit took part in conflicts in Haiti and the Dominican Republic from August 1915 to May 1917. The battalion was expanded throughout mid-1917 and finally, on 15 January 1917 the unit was re-designated as the 10th Marine Regiment of Field Artillery.
Between World War I and II, the Regiment filled many different roles, including building their Barracks and various other construction around the base, and guarding the mail. It even participated in annual reenactments of Civil War battles. During this same time, the regiment was deployed to China and to Iceland just prior to American involvement in World War II.
World War II
During the War the Regiment was involved in the assault on Guadalcanal and later took part in the bloody battles of Tarawa, Saipan, Tinian and Okinawa.
After World War II
After the end of World War II, the 10th Marines found themselves at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, which would be their home until present day. As the Korean War started, the 10th Marines were working with a skeleton crew, but five months later they were fully mobilized and back up to wartime strength and ready to fight. Again, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, they were mobilized to participate in the blockade of Cuba.
Modern-Day Activities
Since the end of the Korean War, that time the Regiment has participated in exercises testing the methods of firing 155mm howitzers from landing craft, as well as the biannual Fire Exercise at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. The Regiment has also continuously sent firing batteries and battalions to train in Okinawa; and to participate in CAX, a desert training operation held at Twenty-Nine Palms, California on the edge of the Mojave Desert; and to northern Norway in support of NATO training exercises.
First Gulf War
In January 1990, the Regiment deployed to Saudi Arabia in support of Operation Desert Shield. The Regiment was tasked with providing fire support for the 2nd Marine Division in the war to oust Iraqi forces from occupied Kuwait.
Global War on Terrorism
10th Marines deployed to Kuwait in early 2003 and provided fire support for Task Force Tarawa during the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. Since 2003, the Regiment has continued to deploy battalion headquarters units and their subordinate batteries to Iraq to provide fire support and sometimes also act as provisional rifle companies especially in the Al Anbar province of western part of the country. Units of the regiment also continued to deploy to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.
Unit Awards
Presidential Unit Citation with 1 Bronze Star
Navy Unit Commendation
Asiatic Pacific Campaign Medal with 4 Bronze Stars
World War II Victory Medal
World War II Navy of Occupation Medal
See also
List of United States Marine Corps regiments
Organization of the United States Marine Corps
References
Notes
Bibliography
Web
10th Marines official website
10
10
10th Marine
United States Marine Corps in World War II
Military units and formations established in 1914
10th Marine
1914 establishments in Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th%20Marine%20Regiment |
Red Patent Leather is a live album by the American rock and roll group New York Dolls, released in 1984. It was recorded in New York a decade earlier, in March 1975, just a month before the group broke up while on tour in Florida.
Background
The New York performance was recorded at the "Little Hippodrome" club. The shows were the last performed by the classic line-up in New York, and as such, they made the small, unusual venue famous. The venue itself closed later that same year. The entire show was included in the From Here To Eternity box set, featuring the tracks on disc 3.
Band performances were rare at the "Little Hippodrome", a drag and comedy club which was located at 227 East 56th Street, between Second and Third Avenues. The club was named after the Hippodrome Theatre, a nearby landmark Theater District building in Midtown Manhattan that had been torn down in 1939.
The group dressed in red for the show and decorated the club with a faux communist red theme, and dubbed the event 'Red Patent Leather' in their press release, which explained: "This show is in coordination with the Dolls' very special 'entente cordiale' with the People's Republic of China."
The press release also claimed that the intended backdrop behind the stage would even include "a huge red flag bearing the hammer and sickle"
Songs
Several "new" songs being played by the Dolls at this stage in their career would show up on later solo records. The song "Pirate Love" would later be recorded by Johnny Thunders' next band The Heartbreakers on their debut. "Down, Down Downtown" would be recorded as "Downtown" on Thunder's solo debut So Alone. "Girls" would be recorded by David Johansen for his solo debut. "Teenage News" would be recorded by Sylvain Sylvain for his solo debut. The band were going to record "Teenage News" as a single in October 1974 at Record Plant East but only Johansen and Sylvain showed up in a condition to record (Thunders did not appear at all). Thus, it is likely that some of the songs on this album would have been on the band's third studio album had they made one.
Track listing
Personnel
New York Dolls
David Johansen - vocals, harmonica
Johnny Thunders - lead guitar, backing vocals, lead vocals on 8 & 14
Sylvain Sylvain - rhythm guitar, electric piano on 7, 8, & 10, lead vocals on 5
Arthur "Killer" Kane - bass
Peter Jordan - second bass
Jerry Nolan - drums
References
New York Dolls albums
Live punk rock albums
1984 live albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Patent%20Leather |
The Guyana Defence Force (GDF) is the military of Guyana, established in 1965. It has military bases across the nation. The Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Force is always the incumbent President of Guyana.
History
The GDF was formed on 1 November 1965. Members of the new Defence Force were drawn from the British Guiana Volunteer Force (BGVF), Special Service Unit (SSU), British Guiana Police Force (BGPF) and civilians. Training assistance was provided by British instructors.
In January 1969, the GDF faced their first test when the Rupununi Uprising, a bloody separatist movement in southern Guyana, attempted to annex the territory to Venezuela that was contained 3 days later with a balance of between 70 and 100 dead.
In August 1969 the GDF launch a surprise attack code name Operation Climax to remove Suriname military personnel from the New River Triangle. The operation was executed with maximum precision and the Suriname ultimate decision was a hasty withdrawal. To date, this operation remains one of the most successful ventures of the Force.
The GDF is an integral part of the Guyanese nation. Resources and equipment of the GDF are used to help other Guyanese; examples include medical mercy flights and the construction of roads and airstrips by the Engineering Corps.
Enlistment into the force is voluntary for officers and soldiers. Basic training is done within GDF training schools, which has also trained officers and soldiers from Commonwealth Caribbean territories. However, officers are trained at one of two British officer training schools: Royal Military Academy Sandhurst (Infantry Training) and Britannia Royal Naval College (Coast Guard Training).
The training and skills gained by the members of the GDF have been used when they move either into civilian life or into the sister military organizations, the Guyana National Reserve (now the Second Infantry Battalion Group Reserve, which numbers around 3,000 reservists) and formerly the Guyana National Service (disbanded in 2000) and the Guyana People's Militia.
Role of the GDF
Defend the territorial integrity of Guyana.
Assist the civil power in the maintenance of law and order when required to do so.
Contribute to the economic development of Guyana.
Organization
1st Infantry Battalion Group
3rd Infantry Battalion
2nd Infantry Battalion Group Reserve (formerly the Guyana People's Militia)
31 Special Forces Squadron
21st Artillery Company
Engineer Battalion
Signals Corps
Defence Headquarters
Training Corps
Intelligence Corps
Coast Guard
Band Corps
Medical Corps
Air Corps
1st Infantry Battalion Group
In the 1980s, the Guyana Defence Force manned the Amawai, Roraima, Ireng, and Takutu sectors, while the Kutari Sector was manned by the then Guyana National Service. In 1988, these GDF battalions were merged to create the 1st Infantry Battalion, later known as the 1st Infantry Battalion Group. At that time, the Force had more resources, including human, financial, and materiel, compared to its current state. However, today, the amalgamated battalion faces significant challenges as it is now required to carry out the tasks previously handled by multiple units. This poses a considerable challenge, especially given the changing dynamics in the global environment, which are impacting the nation's security.
GDF Band Corps
The Guyana Defence Force Band Corps is the official musical unit of the GDF whose role is to provide musical accompaniment for ceremonial functions of the GDF. The members were drawn from the Rifle Companies and the defunct Volunteer Force and were brought out during regimental military parades. The Guyana Defence Force Steel Band would soon follow the main band's lead after its own establishment in 1970, three years after the original band was founded.
Medical Corps
The Medical Corps provides medical and dental care to all the members of the GDF and their immediate families. It often liaises with the Health ministry for medical procedures and protocol to be carried out effectively. The corps is situated in Base Camp Ayanganna which includes facilities such as a medical laboratory and a dental lab.
Chief of Staff
Army equipment
Small arms
Vehicles
Reconnaissance
Armored personnel carriers
Utility vehicles
Artillery
Air defence
Man-portable air-defence systems
Aircraft inventory
The Defence force air wing was formed in 1968 and was then renamed the Guyana Defence force air command in 1973. Seven Britten-Norman BN-2A Islander were delivered over a five-year period in the 1970s and then were supplemented by Short Skyvans series 3Ms in 1979. In 1986 3 Mil Mi-8 were delivered. The GDF currently operates 24 fixed-wing aircraft and 24 helicopters. 2 Do-228 aircraft for Guyana Defence Force (GDF) – Air Corps was ordered from Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
Current inventory
Retired aircraft
Previous notable aircraft operated by the Air Wing were the Cessna 182, Cessna 206, Embraer EMB 110, Helio Courier, Aérospatiale Alouette III, Bell 212, and the Mil Mi-8.
Coast Guard
The Guyana Defence Force Coast Guard is the naval component of the Guyana Defence Force.
1 150 DEFIANT metal shark boat on order
1 River-class minesweeper — Acquired from the United Kingdom around August 2001. GDFS Essequibo is ex-Royal Navy Orwell (M2011). The ship is considered in unserviceable condition, .
4 T-44 patrol boats — Ex-United States Coast Guard motor lifeboats acquired from the United States around June 2001. 18 tons full load.
7 Metal Shark Boats patrol boats — 5 28-foot, and 2 38-foot. The first 3 of the aluminum-hulled 28-foot boats were donated by the United States in March 2014. In March 2017, 2 of the 38-foot boats were acquired.
1 Metal Shark Boats offshore patrol vessel — 1 on order, scheduled for delivery in 2022.
References
External links
Military units and formations established in 1965 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana%20Defence%20Force |
The BMW Car Club of America (BMW CCA) is a U.S.-based organization of enthusiasts and owners of BMW-made automobiles (including MINI). Organized into five regions and 69 chapters, the club boasts more than 55,000 active members within the United States, making it the largest BMW owner/enthusiast organization in the world. The BMW CCA arranges a wide variety of social, technical and driving events, including autocross, high-performance driver's education, rallies, club racing and owner education on topics such as mechanical repair, automotive maintenance and collecting vintage vehicles.
History and structure
Founded in Boston in 1969, the organization began as an owner-support network, the club exists as a separate entity from BMW AG and its North American subsidiary, although there is a close working relationship, such as discounts on vehicles and parts provided to club members by the company. Currently headquartered at 2350 Highway 101 South Greer, SC, the BMW CCA is a not-for-profit corporation, governed by an elected board of directors that meets quarterly. Five Regional Vice Presidents, who serve on the board, represent the interests of the chapters. Each chapter is an independent corporation chartered by BMW CCA and operates within with minimum standards of service to the membership. All chapters are geographically based except for the E30 and E31 Chapters, which are non-geographic model-specific chapters.
Past Locations
PO Box 99 at the Prudential Center, Boston MA (Jul 1969)
2 Brewer Street, Cambridge, MA (Dec 1974)
345 Harvard Street, Cambridge, MA (Jul 1978)
640 South Main Street, Suite 201 Greenville, SC (2001)
BMW CCA Foundation
In March 2002, the BMW CCA formed the 501(c)(3) BMW CCA Foundation. This charity is dedicated to preserving the history of the BMW marque in the U.S., the club's history and to fund and operates a Teen Driver Safety School Program, known as Street Survival. The Foundation operates a car museum and archive building adjacent to the BMW Manufacturing Plant and BMW Performance Center in Greer, South Carolina.
The Street Survival program is aimed at teaching young American drivers, age 15-21 the importance of safe driving through emergency and accident avoidance training conducted in their own cars by qualified volunteers and professionals. Since 2002, over 1000 Street Survival Schools have been conducted in the United States and Canada.
Publications
Roundel
Roundel is the club's national, monthly magazine. More akin to mainstream automotive periodicals than a newsletter, Roundel covers the history of the BMW marque, reviews current models and trends, offers articles on vehicle modification and maintenance, coverage of the organization's club races and columns by notable authors, racing drivers and club officials. Local BMW CCA chapters publish newsletters to inform members about upcoming events.
BimmerLife
BimmerLife is the BMW CCA's public-facing online news site, sharing stories about the BMW community. BimmerLife covers BMW news, motorsports, events (both CCA and non-CCA) as well as general interest articles from the BMW community as a whole. While some content is user submitted, BimmerLife also has recurring articles from columnists such as The Hack Mechanic: Rob Siegel.
National programs
Oktoberfest
Each year the club hosts a week-long event, Oktoberfest, a national club gathering, that includes non-speed competitive driving events, a wide variety of technical sessions, vendor displays and presentations, as well as plenty of socializing with fellow BMW enthusiasts.
The first BMW CCA Oktoberfest was held in 1970 in Concord, Massachusetts. Since then, the annual gathering of the Club has been held every year. Here are the Oktoberfest locations and the years:
1970 Concord, MA
1971 Washington, DC (New Carrollton, MD)
1972 Virginia Beach, VA
1973 Atlantic City, NJ
1974 Waterbury, CT
1975 Alpine Valley, WI
1976 Washington, DC (Silver Spring, MD)
1977 San Mateo, CA
1978 Oconomowoc WI
1979 Danvers, MA
1980 San Diego, CA
1981 Milwaukee, WI
1982 Albany, NY
1983 Colorado Springs, CO
1984 Sturbridge, MA
1985 Monterey, CA
1986 Orlando, FL
1987 Tulsa, OK
1988 Rochester, NY
1989 Keystone, CO
1990 Columbus, OH
1991 Waterbury, CT
1992 West Palm Beach, FL
1993 Sonoma Valley, CA
1994 Andover, MA
1995 Breckinridge, CO
1996 Tysons Corner, VA
1997 Waterville Valley, NH
1998 Orlando, FL
1999 Indianapolis, IN
2000 Spartanburg, SC
2001 Waterville Valley, NH
2002 Keystone, CO
2003 Austin, TX
2004 Pasadena, CA
2005 Greensboro, NC
2006 Grand Rapids, MI
2007 Fort Worth, TX
2008 Watkins Glen, NY
2009 Lake Lanier, GA
2010 Elkhart Lake, WI
2011 Birmingham, AL
2012 Columbus, OH
2013 Monterey, CA
2014 Beaver Creek, CO
2015 Absecon, NJ
2016 Monterey, CA
2017 New Orleans, LA
2018 Pittsburgh, PA
2019 Greenville, SC
BMW CCA Club Racing
The BMW CCA organizes and oversees the BMW CCA Club Racing series, one of the largest single-marque amateur racing series in the United States. Begun in 1995, BMW CCA Club Racing has grown to nearly 50 races annually, organized by region, with more than a dozen classes for different models and levels of modification.
Techfest
Techfest is not currently an active program. The BMW CCA Techfest was a national three- to four-day gathering of Club members and BMW technical experts and vendors. Techfest presented lectures, panels, and technical instruction workshops aimed at informing BMW owners on advanced repair and maintenance techniques, and also provided a forum for independent service providers and aftermarket vendors to show off their wares and services. Techfest 2003 was held in the Los Angeles, California area. Techfest 2004 was in Reston, Virginia. There was no event in 2005. In 2006, Techfest was hosted in St. Louis, Missouri. The last Techfest was held in 2007 in Tacoma, Washington.
Techfest was the successor to the long-running Gateway Tech, which was held annually by the Saint Louis BMW Club, a BMW CCA chapter, starting in 1982. Although it was presented by the St. Louis chapter and staffed mostly by volunteers from that chapter, and remained a chapter event, Gateway Tech eventually became sanctioned as a regional event by BMW CCA. Gateway Tech was always held in the St. Louis, Missouri area, but attendees came from all over the United States. The last Gateway Tech under that name was held in 2002. For 2006, Gateway Tech's successor event, Techfest, returned the gathering to its roots in St. Louis, Missouri.
References
External links
Official site
Auto racing organizations in the United States
Companies based in Greenville, South Carolina
BMW
Automobile associations in the United States
Car-related mass media | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW%20Car%20Club%20of%20America |
Rotating radio transients (RRATs) are sources of short, moderately bright, radio pulses, which were first discovered in 2006. RRATs are thought to be pulsars, i.e. rotating magnetised neutron stars which emit more sporadically and/or with higher pulse-to-pulse variability than the bulk of the known pulsars. The working definition of what a RRAT is, is a pulsar which is more easily discoverable in a search for bright single pulses, as opposed to in Fourier domain searches so that 'RRAT' is little more than a label (of how they are discovered) and does not represent a distinct class of objects from pulsars. over 100 have been reported.
General characteristics
Pulses from RRATs are short in duration, lasting from a few milliseconds. The pulses are comparable to the brightest single pulses observed from pulsars with flux densities of a few Jansky at 1.4 GHz. Andrew Lyne, a radio astronomer involved in the discovery of RRATs, "guesses that there are only a few dozen brighter radio sources in the sky." The time intervals between detected bursts range from seconds (one pulse period) to hours. Thus radio emission from RRATs is typically only detectable for less than one second per day.
The sporadic emission from RRATs means that they are usually not detectable in standard periodicity searches which use Fourier techniques. Nevertheless, underlying periodicity in RRATs can be determined by finding the greatest common denominator of the intervals between pulses. This yields the maximum period but once many pulse arrival times have been determined the periods which are shorter (by an integer factor) can be deemed statistically unlikely. The periods thus determined for RRATs are on the order of 1 second or longer, implying that the pulses are likely to be coming from rotating neutron stars, and led to the name "Rotating Radio Transient" being given. The periods seen in some RRATs are longer than in most radio pulsars, somewhat expected for sources which are (by definition) discovered in searches for individual pulses. Monitoring of RRATs for the past few years has revealed that they are slowing down. For some of the known RRATs this slow-down rate, while small, is larger than that for typical pulsars, and which is again more in line with that of magnetars.
The neutron star nature of RRATs was further confirmed when X-ray observations of the RRAT J1819-1458 were made using the space-based Chandra X-ray Observatory.
Cooling neutron stars have temperatures of order 1 million kelvins and so thermally emit at X-ray wavelengths. Measurement of an x-ray spectrum allows the temperature to be determined, assuming it is thermal emission from the surface of a neutron star. The resulting temperature for RRAT J1819-1458 is much cooler than that found on the surface of magnetars, and suggests that despite some shared properties between RRATs and magnetars, they belong to different populations of neutron stars. None of the other pulsars identified as RRATs has yet been detected in X-ray observation. This is in fact the only detection of these sources outside of the radio band.
Discovery
After the discovery of pulsars in 1967, searches for more pulsars relied on two key characteristics of pulsar pulses in order to distinguish pulsars from noise caused by terrestrial radio signals. The first is the periodic nature of pulsars. By performing periodicity searches through data, "pulsars are detected with much higher signal-to-noise ratios" than when simply looking for individual pulses. The second defining characteristic of pulsar signals is the dispersion in frequency of an individual pulse, due to the frequency dependence of the phase velocity of an electromagnetic wave that travels through an ionized medium. As the interstellar medium features an ionized component, waves traveling from a pulsar to Earth are dispersed, and thus pulsar surveys also focused on searching for dispersed waves. The importance of the combination of the two characteristics is such that in initial data processing from the Parkes Multibeam Pulsar Survey, which is the largest pulsar survey to date, "no search sensitive to single dispersed pulses was included."
After the survey itself had finished, searches began for single dispersed pulses. About a quarter of the pulsars already detected by the survey were found by searching for single dispersed pulses, but there were 17 sources of single dispersed pulses which were not thought to be associated with a pulsar. During follow-up observations, a few of these were found to be pulsars that had been missed in periodicity searches, but 11 sources were characterized by single dispersed pulses, with irregular intervals between pulses lasting from minutes to hours.
over 100 have been reported, with dispersion measures up to 764 cm−3pc.
Possible pulse mechanisms
In order to explain the irregularity of RRAT pulses, we note that most of the pulsars which have been labelled as RRATs are entirely consistent with pulsars which have regular underlying emission which is simply undetectable due to the low intrinsic brightness or large distance of the sources. However, assuming that when we do not detect pulses from these pulsars that they are truly 'off', several authors have proposed mechanisms whereby such sporadic emission could be explained. For example, as pulsars gradually lose energy, they approach what is called the pulsar "death valley," a theoretical area in pulsar pulsar period—period derivative space, where the pulsar emission mechanism is thought to fail but may become sporadic as pulsars approach this region. However although this is consistent with some of the behavior of RRATs, the RRATs with known periods and period derivatives do not lie near canonical death regions. Another suggestion is that asteroids might form in the debris of the supernova that formed the neutron star, and infall of these debris in to the light cone of RRATs and some other types of pulsars might cause some of the irregular behavior observed. Since most RRATs have large dispersion measures that indicate larger distances, combining with the similar emission properties, some RRATs could be due to the telescope detection threshold. Nevertheless, the possibility that RRATs share the similar emission mechanism with those pulsars with so called "giant pulses" can neither be excluded. To fully understand the emission mechanisms of RRATs would require directly observing the debris surrounding a neutron star, which is not possible now, but may be possible in the future with the Square Kilometer Array. Nevertheless, as more RRATs are detected by observatories such as Arecibo, the Green Bank Telescope, and the Parkes Observatory at which RRATs were first discovered, some of the characteristics of RRATs may become clearer.
See also
Accretion-powered pulsar
Anomalous X-ray pulsar
Fast radio burst—have large DM with some confirmed at cosmological distances
Soft gamma repeater
References
External links
Astronomers Discover Peek-A-Boo Stars
New Kind of Star Found. SciAm 2006
Neutron stars
Astronomical events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating%20radio%20transient |
Fernando Martín Álvarez (born 30 May 1947, in Trigueros del Valle near Valladolid) is a Spanish businessman who was the unofficial President of Real Madrid, replacing Florentino Pérez who resigned on 27 February 2006, until he unexpectedly himself resigned on 26 April of the same year. Álvarez was a member of the Real Madrid board of directors under Pérez.
He has an MS degree in Chemistry, which he obtained from the University of Valladolid. Álvarez was a politician at a local level in the Christian Democratic Party which later amalgamated with the main conservative Popular Party.
In 1983, he came to Madrid to work in property and worked his way up the ladder. In 1991, he set out on his own and founded Martinsa. Álvarez owned a three percent stake in Spain's number three electricity provider Union Fenosa, also under a one percent stake in telecommunication giant Telefonica as well as Spain's top two banks Santander Central Hispano (BSCH) and Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria (BBVA). In 2005, he formed an alliance with the Nozar group to develop urban projects in and around Madrid.
References
1947 births
Living people
People from Valladolid
Spanish businesspeople
University of Valladolid alumni
Real Madrid CF presidents | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando%20Mart%C3%ADn%20%28businessman%29 |
|}
The Queen Mary Stakes is a Group 2 flat horse race in Great Britain open to two-year-old fillies. It is run at Ascot over a distance of 5 furlongs (1,006 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in June.
The event is named after Queen Mary, the consort of King George V. It was established in 1921, and the inaugural running was won by Wild Mint.
The present system of race grading was introduced in 1971, and for a period the Queen Mary Stakes was classed at Group 3 level. It was promoted to Group 2 status in 2004. The Queen Mary Stakes is now staged on day two of the five-day Royal Ascot meeting.
Records
Leading jockey (5 wins):
Sir Gordon Richards – Supervisor (1932), Maureen (1933), Caretta (1934), Snowberry (1939), Apparition (1946)
Leading trainer (7 wins):
Fred Darling – Margeritta (1924), Supervisor (1932), Maureen (1933), Caretta (1934), Snowberry (1939), Sun Chariot (1941), Apparition (1946)
Winners since 1978
Earlier winners
1921: Wild Mint
1922: Cos
1923: Mumtaz Mahal
1924: Margeritta
1925: Aloysia
1926: Book Law
1927: Stadacona
1928: Arabella
1929: Qurrat-al-Ain
1930: Atbara
1931: Diamalt
1932: Supervisor
1933: Maureen
1934: Caretta
1935: Fair Ranee
1936: Night Song
1937: Queen of Simla
1938: Belle Travers
1939: Snowberry
1940: no race
1941: Sun Chariot
1942: Samovar
1943: Fair Fame
1944: Sun Stream
1945: Rivaz
1946: Apparition
1947: Masaka
1948: Coronation V
1949: Diableretta
1950: Rose Linnet
1951: Primavera
1952: Devon Vintage
1953: Sybil's Niece
1954: Bride Elect
1955: Weeber
1956: Pharsalia
1957: Abelia
1958: A.20
1959: Paddy's Sister
1960: Cynara
1961: My Dream
1962: Shot Silk
1963: Lerida
1964: Brassia
1965: Visp
1966: Petite Path
1967: Sovereign
1968: Grizel
1969: Farfalla
1970: Cawston's Pride
1971: Waterloo
1972: Truly Thankful
1973: Bitty Girl
1974: Highest Trump
1975: Rory's Rocket
1976: Cramond
1977: Amaranda
* The race was run at Newmarket during the wartime period of 1941–44.
See also
Horse racing in Great Britain
List of British flat horse races
References
Paris-Turf:
, , , , ,
Racing Post:
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
galopp-sieger.de – Queen Mary Stakes.
ifhaonline.org – International Federation of Horseracing Authorities – Queen Mary Stakes (2019).
pedigreequery.com – Queen Mary Stakes – Ascot.
Flat races in Great Britain
Ascot Racecourse
Flat horse races for two-year-old fillies
Recurring sporting events established in 1921
1921 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20Mary%20Stakes |
Herrstein is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Birkenfeld district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde Herrstein-Rhaunen.
Geography
Location
The municipality lies in the Hunsrück south of the Idar Forest on the Deutsche Edelsteinstraße (“German Gem Road”) in the Naheland, roughly 10 km north of Idar-Oberstein. The Fischbach flows through the village.
Constituent communities
Also belonging to Herrstein are the outlying homesteads of Lindenhof, Steinäckerhof and Walkmühle.
History
Herrstein owes its beginnings to the crags at which a little stream called the Dietersbach emptied into the Fischbach, which seemed like a good place to build a castle to watch over the lordly holdings near Niederwörresbach, from which Herrstein was at first administered. At the foot of this stronghold on the so-called Herren-Stein (“Lord’s Stone”) arose a village, as so often happened when a castle was built in the Middle Ages. The castle and the village belonged then to the Counts of Sponheim, and Herrstein grew in importance as the seat of a Sponheim Oberamtmann
The exact time when the village was first settled is lost in the mists of history, but on 9 April 1279, Herrstein had its first documentary mention along with a knight named Ruther von Heresteyn. The Count of Sponheim eventually granted this slowly developing village town and market rights in 1428, although there was still sometimes compulsory labour, and the townsmen were also obliged to do maintenance on the town wall.
It is unknown whether these town fortifications arose before town rights were granted or only afterwards, but whatever the case, they only afforded the inhabitants protection from attack, and thereby also only offered any incentive to settle here, until firearms were developed. In the 17th and 18th centuries, they had rather the opposite effect to the originally intended one, provoking enemies’ attacks instead, for it was believed that the town must harbour considerable booty. It was the Herrsteiners themselves who actually knocked parts of their girding wall down in 1674 when the enemy was making his way through the country.
Whether the wall was ever reconstructed and whether the second town gate planned in 1710 was ever built are things that are uncertain. What is known is that as early as the earlier half of the 18th century, the first house outside the town wall was built. Until that time, the only buildings there had been barns and buildings that had needed to be on the Fischbach, namely tanneries and mills.
In 1792, during the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic times, Herrstein lost its town rights. However, Herrstein has kept its function as an administrative centre of one kind or another until the present day; it is currently the Verbandsgemeinde seat.
The Schinderhannesturm, a tower in Herrstein, gets its name from Schinderhannes (Johannes Bückler), Germany's most famous robber, who was locked up there for one night in 1798.
Further growth in the 18th and 19th centuries was largely thwarted by the municipality's failure to undergo population growth as so many places did at this time. The only expansion in the 19th century was a new “ring road” outside the old town wall, which allowed some new houses to be built right onto the outside of the wall.
The legacy of this time of meagre growth, however, had an unexpected advantage: nowhere else in the Nahe-Hunsrück area was there a mediaeval town that was so well preserved. Restoration on the old village centre began in 1971, including partial reconstruction of the town wall, most of which had been torn down to give the village growth room, and the result has been the driving force behind the village's tourism industry. Timber-frame houses that had had their framing plastered over or even covered with asbestos slabs were stripped to reveal their structure.
Politics
Municipal council
The council is made up of 12 council members, who were elected by majority vote at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.
Mayor
Herrstein's mayor is Eberhard Weber.
Coat of arms
The German blazon reads: Über silbernem Schildfuß, darin ein blauer Dreiberg, von silbernem Faden gespalten, vorn blau-goldenes Schach, hinten rot-silbernes Schach.
The municipality's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Per fess abased an endorse argent between chequy azure and Or and chequy gules and argent, and argent issuant from base a mount of three of the second.
The two “chequy” fields in the arms are a reference to the village's former allegiance to the County of Sponheim. The composition is said to have been drawn from that in a court seal from the mid 17th century.
Culture and sightseeing
Buildings
The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate’s Directory of Cultural Monuments:
Castle Herrstein, on the north side of the town settlement (monumental zone) – built in the latter half of the 13th century by the Counts of Sponheim; upper castle: fortress-type originally with four towers at the ringwall’s corners, three of which are preserved: Schinderhannesturm (“Schinderhannes Tower”), Stumpfer Turm (“Blunt Tower” or “Stubby Tower”; keep, today a churchtower), Sichelturm (“Sickle Tower”); former castle chapel since the 15th century a parish church; on the site of the bailey so-called Schloss (palatial castle) built in 1742 (Schlossweg 12)
Evangelical parish church Schlosskirche, Schloßweg 14 – single-naved building, partly Gothic, partly Baroque; quire arch and east part of the south wall possibly from the late 13th century, five-eighths quire 1416, nave expanded in 1437 (dendrochronologically dated), west wall marked 1766; memorial stones from the 17th century
Village centre, Hauptstraße, Niederhosenbacher Weg, Pfarrgasse, Schlossweg, Uhrturmgasse (monumental zone) – late mediaeval town settlement that arose in connection with the lordly castle within the town walls, houses with eaves facing the street in tight rows, partly going back to the 16th century, many timber-frame buildings
Town fortifications – built beginning with the granting of town rights in 1428, abandoned in 1677, partly reconstructed in the late 20th century; Schinderhannesturm, Oberpforte (“Upper Gate”; 1711), Uhrturm (“Clocktower”), Sichelturm, parts preserved at Pfarrgasse 5, Uhrturmgasse 3, 4, 6, 8, Schlossweg 3, 5, 6, 10, 13
Bachweg – two-arch sandstone quarrystone bridge over the Fischbach
Hauptstraße 30 – former Bürgermeisterei (mayoral house); plastered building on a high melaphyre pedestal, hipped mansard roof, 1915; characterizes village's appearance
Hauptstraße 44 – three-floor corner house, partly timber-frame, 1712; characterizes village's appearance
Hauptstraße 45 – timber-frame row house, in the back two-floor wooden gallery, 1716
Hauptstraße 46 – so-called Französische Schule (“French School”); Late Classicist building with hipped roof, 1854; characterizes village's appearance
Hauptstraße 47 – timber-frame row house, in the back two-floor wooden gallery; 1716
Hauptstraße 48 – house, partly timber-frame, 1715
Hauptstraße 75 – Alte Schule (“Old School”); building with forms of Oldenburg Classicism, about 1840
Niederhosenbacher Weg 12 – timber-frame house with commercial wing in the back, 1829; brick building in between about 1900
Pfarrgasse 2 – house, partly timber-frame, 1680
Pfarrgasse 5 – timber-frame barn with mansard roof, 1795; characterizes village's appearance
Pfarrgasse 6 – house, partly timber-frame, partly slated, about 1595, conversion in the earlier half of the 19th century
Pfarrgasse 7 – timber-frame house, about 1890, ground floor and gable use some pieces of wood from 1589
Pfarrgasse 9 – rectory; two- or three-floor solid building, partly timber-frame (slated), 1716
Schloßweg 1 – stately corner house, partly timber-frame, in the back wooden gallery, hipped mansard roof, marked 1801
Schloßweg 2 – wood-shingled house, 1743
Schloßweg 3 – timber-frame house, marked 1710
Schloßweg 4 – three-side estate, partly timber-frame, in the inner yard surrounding wooden gallery, 1715
Schloßweg 6 – stately timber-frame house, 1709/1710
Schloßweg 11 – scattered estate; house, wooden gallery, marked 1855
Schloßweg 12 – so-called Schloss (palatial castle); building with mansard roof above two vaulted cellars, 1741; terraced gardens
Before Schloßweg 12 – warriors’ memorial for the victims of the First World War, stele with relief, design by Wilhelm Heilig, 1922
Schloßweg 13 – former tithe barn, building with half-hipped roof, marked 1526
Schloßweg 17 – house, partly timber-frame, 1692
Schloßweg 18 – parallel estate, buildings with half-hipped roofs, partly timber-frame, partly slated, 1784
Schloßweg 22 – former commercial building, partly timber-frame, mansard roof, marked 1816, essentially possibly older
Schloßweg 24 – former inn, partly timber-frame, hipped mansard roof, 1723, spire light from the 19th century; characterizes street's appearance
Uhrturmgasse – Uhrturm (“Clocktower”); three-floor Late Gothic gatetower, hipped roof, 1449 (dendrochronologically dated); Marienglocke (“Mary’s Bell”) from time of building
Uhrturmgasse 3 – former house with stable on ground floor, timber-frame building, 1575; in the back commercial buildings, about 1775
Uhrturmgasse 4 – corner house, partly timber-frame, 1698
Uhrturmgasse 8 – house, partly timber-frame, partly slated, 1740; characterizes street's appearance
Uhrturmgasse 9 – house, partly timber-frame, 1478
Uhrturmgasse 10 – barn, partly timber-frame, marked 1747; characterizes street's appearance
Uhrturmgasse 11 – house, partly timber-frame (plastered), in the back wooden gallery, mansard roof, after 1840
Uhrturmgasse 12 – corner house, partly timber-frame, 1712
Uhrturmgasse 14 – house, partly timber-frame (plastered), marked 1547
Uhrturmgasse 16 – timber-frame corner house, partly solid, 1682; escutcheon in relief “Zur Krone”, 1844
Inhabitants’ nickname
Hankel is a word that has been used as a nickname for Herrstein's inhabitants. It arose from the once locally common hyphenated forename “Johann-Karl”, which was elided to “Hann-Karl”, and then eventually to “Hankel”. Among the Hankels themselves, the term seems to mean a self-assured and usually also somewhat bigheaded member of the landed bourgeoisie. In the surrounding villages, though, the perception of the term rather differs.
At the so-called Hankelbrunnen, a fountain in Herrstein, the adult figure represents the Hankel. That the Hankel was often exposed to the chaffing of his surrounding area is symbolized by the boy, who is squirting him with water. The figures were created by the artist Hans-Ulrich Pauly (Veitsrodt) after an idea by mayor Wolfgang Hey, and poured in 1983 by the Glocken- und Kunstgießerei Rincker, a foundry in Sinn that makes bells and artistic objects.
Regular events
Handwerkermarkt (Craftsmen's Market), second weekend in September
Martinimarkt (Saint Martin's Market), first weekend in November
Famous people
Count Heinrich II of Sponheim, the Younger (b. between 1292 and 1295; d. before 11 October 1323), Loretta's husband, lived at Castle Herrstein
Loretta of Sponheim (b. 1300; d. 1346), Count Heinrich II's wife, lived at Castle Herrstein
References
External links
Tourist information about Herrstein
Birkenfeld (district)
Naheland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrstein |
In manufacturing, andon () is a system which notifies managerial, maintenance, and other workers of a quality or process problem. The alert can be activated manually by a worker using a pullcord or button or may be activated automatically by the production equipment itself. The system may include a means to pause production so the issue can be corrected. Some modern alert systems incorporate audio alarms, text, or other displays; stack lights are among the most commonly used.
“Andon” is a loanword from Japanese, originally meaning paper lantern; Japanese manufacturers began its quality-control usage.
Details
An andon system is one of the principal elements of the Jidoka quality control method pioneered by Toyota as part of the Toyota Production System and therefore now part of the lean production approach.
The principle of Andon works as such: if there are any production issues happening in Production line, the affected work station operator will need to trigger alert by pulling down the andon cord. But since 2014, Toyota is slowly replacing the andon cord with "andon button" as it can be operated wirelessly and reduce the clutter mess of tangling cables in production floor which leads to avoidance of tripping incidents in production floor. It gives workers the ability, and moreover the empowerment, to stop production when a defect is found, and immediately call for assistance. Common reasons for manual activation of the andon are:
Part shortage
Defects created or found
Tools/machines malfunction
Existence of a safety problem.
All work in production line is stopped until a solution has been found. The alerts may be logged to a database so that they can be studied as part of a continual improvement process. Once the problem is troubleshot and fixed, a second pull of the andon cord authorizes the production to be resumed.
The system typically indicates where the alert was generated, and may also provide a description of the issue. Modern andon systems can include text, graphics, or audio elements. Audio alerts may be done with coded tones, music with different tunes corresponding to the various alerts, or prerecorded verbal messages.
History
The concept/process of giving a non-management (production line) worker the authority to stop the production line because of a suspected quality issue is often attributed to W. Edwards Deming and others who developed what became Kaizen after World War II. Many attribute Japan's rise from wartime ashes to the world's second largest economy (the Japanese economic miracle) to their post-war industrial innovations:
Better design of products to improve service
Higher level of uniform product quality
Improvement of product testing in the workplace and in research centers
Greater sales through side [global] markets
See also
Stack light (commonly used in andon and lean manufacturing initiatives)
References
Japanese business terms
Lean manufacturing
Manufacturing in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andon%20%28manufacturing%29 |
Cass-Clay or Cass-Clay Creamery is a creamery headquartered in Fargo, North Dakota. It was founded in 1934 in neighboring Moorhead, Minnesota. Its present-day headquarters are at 200 20th St North in Fargo. It manufactures dairy products such as milk, cream, butter, sour cream, cottage cheese, yogurt and ice cream. It also manufactured dips and juices.
History
In 1935 Cass-Clay Cooperative Creamery opened its first plant in Moorhead Minnesota
In 2007 it was acquired by Associated Milk Producers Inc. and in 2012 it was purchased by Kemps LLC
References
External links
Cass-Clay Creamery website
Drink companies of the United States
Companies based in Fargo–Moorhead
Dairy products companies of the United States
Food and drink companies based in North Dakota
Manufacturing companies based in North Dakota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass-Clay |
Lamartine Griffin Hardman (April 14, 1856 – February 18, 1937) was an American physician, farmer, businessman, entrepreneur, and politician who served two terms as the 65th Governor of the state of Georgia from 1927 to 1931. He believed that state government should be run like a business and was best known for his effort to make governmental processes more efficient.
Family
William B. J. Hardman, Lamartine's father, was Harmony Grove's first 'legitimate' doctor, and had come to Jackson County around 1848 as a 26-year-old graduate of Georgia Medical College in Augusta, Georgia, and Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. On January 2, 1851, W.B.J. Hardman married Miss E.S. Colquitt, who counted four governors of Georgia and Texas among her relatives. W.B.J. Hardman farmed a large tract of land, kept up a medical practice, and ministered in the newly formed Harmony Grove Baptist Church (now Commerce First Baptist Church) as its first preacher and pastor. He was active in city government, instrumental both in crafting the liquor prohibition clause in the city charter and in having the Northeastern Railroad located through Harmony Grove.
Physician, farmer, entrepreneur
Lamartine Griffin Hardman was born on April 14, 1856, in Harmony Grove, Georgia. Hardman followed in his father's footsteps by attending medical college, graduating from Georgia Medical College around 1877. He then studied at Bellevue Hospital in New York, the University of Pennsylvania, the New York Polyclinic, and Guy's Hospital in London, from which he received a second degree. In 1890 he returned to Harmony Grove to join his father's medical practice.
Hardman quickly began buying up farming property in nearby counties. He founded the Harmony Grove Mills in 1893 for the purpose of stimulating economic growth in Harmony Grove and, by extension, rural north Georgia.
The Harmony Grove Mill only recently closed down (2004). It was in nearly continuous operation under a number of owners for over a century and employing as many as 600 people.
In 1899, L.G. Hardman, in partnership with his physician brother, William B. Hardman, opened the Hardman Sanitorium in Harmony Grove, the most advanced hospital facility in northeast Georgia at that time. It was soon claimed that Hardman had become a nationally renowned physician.
Hardman Sanitorium was located on what is today the site of the nBank headquarters. It was in operation until 1945 when it was sold, renamed Commerce Hospital, and relocated outside of the city. Today it is known as Northridge Medical Center.
During his time as physician in Harmony Grove, Hardman experimented in the field of anesthesiology, being influenced by the work of Crawford Long, a pioneer in the field of anesthetics from nearby Jefferson, Georgia.
By the turn of the century, Lamartine Hardman was widely regarded as one of the wealthiest men in north Georgia. He owned 10,000 acres (40 km²) of peach and apple orchard in over seven Georgia counties and Florida. He was active in agricultural experimentation, developing many new methods that he generously shared with the farming community.
His commitment to agricultural innovation was reflected by his active service as a trustee of the Georgia State College of Agriculture in nearby Athens (now the College of Agriculture of the University of Georgia). He also sat on the board of trustees for Shorter College in Rome; Mercer University in Atlanta; and the Southern Baptist Seminary in Louisville, Kentucky.
Georgia legislator, 1902–1910
Hardman ran for and was elected to a seat in the Georgia General Assembly in 1902 as a Representative of Jackson County. In 1907 he was elected Senator, and in 1909 was re-elected as Representative. Hardman was an active legislator; he introduced legislation which required public schools to offer basic agricultural courses, established the State Board of Health, provided free treatment for individuals with hydrophobia, utilizing the 'Pasteur method', prohibited the production, sale, and consumption of alcohol, considered to be an early victory in the national Prohibition movement, and petitioned the United States Congress to commission a drainage survey for the state.
In 1901, Hardman had been introduced to the 19-year-old daughter of a socially prominent family from Valdosta, Emma Wiley Griffin, and they married in 1907; the couple had four children: Lamartine Jr., Josephine, Sue, and Emma.
Hardman served as the Federal Fuel Administrator for the state of Georgia in 1914–1917, during the "Great War" (now known as World War I). His was the responsibility of enforcing the nationwide rationing of coal, especially to evaluate and dole out fuel to those industries that were essential to the war effort.
Georgia Governor, 1927–1931
Hardman campaigned unsuccessfully for the office of governor twice, the first time in 1914, losing to Nathaniel E. Harris, and again in 1916, losing to Hugh M. Dorsey. His third try came in 1926, against three other candidates. He campaigned on the promise to bring more business-like administration to state government. The election ended up in a run-off with fellow Jackson County politician and chair of the Georgia Highway Department, John Holder of Jefferson. Hardman won the run-off with 276 county unit votes to Holder's 138: a rather narrow victory.
He was the oldest elected governor in the state's history, being 71 at the time of his first election.
The 1926 race for governor between John Holder and Dr. L.G. Hardman created a bitter political split between the neighboring cities of Commerce and Jefferson, the two largest in Jackson County. (It is said that the rivalry lives on in the athletic rivalries of the town's two high schools.) Hardman made efforts to remove John Holder from the chairship of the Highway Department, but Holder, much better connected to the legislature than Governor Hardman, was able to keep his post. Highway work progressed slowly during this time while the two rivals continued their political feud.
Two years later he was elected for a second term, again opposite his rival, John Holder.
As governor, Hardman oversaw the renovation of the Georgia State Capitol building in Atlanta, the procurement of the Rhodes home as a depository for the state archives, and a plant to produce license tags.
One of his most significant contributions to the state while in the office of governor was the establishment of a study in governmental efficiency, called the Allen Commission on Simplification and Coordination, headed by prominent Atlanta businessman, Ivan Allen Sr. However, the findings of this commission were not implemented until after Hardman had left office; the Great Depression dampened any support for the sweeping changes he might have garnered with the General Assembly. The findings paved the way for the sweeping governmental reorganizations of Hardman's gubernatorial successor, Richard Russell, Jr.
An interesting anecdote has been told about Governor Hardman: Two men had been convicted of murder and sentenced to death. A third person then confessed that she and the male confederate had actually committed the fatal crime. Lawyers for the two condemned men begged Hardman for a stay of execution until the new evidence could be evaluated. The governor settled the matter by studying photographs of the two men, concluding that they were definitely criminal types, and permitting their executions.
Due to his age, Hardman's terms as governor were plagued by ill-health and fatigue. After completing his two terms, he spent his final years in his home in Commerce (he was none-too-pleased that Harmony Grove had changed its name some three decades before), he died of heart failure at Emory University Hospital in Atlanta on February 18, 1937.
He is buried in Gray Hill Cemetery in Commerce, Georgia.
Legacy
Hardman Hall at the University of Georgia was completed in 1918 and named for L. G. Hardman.
The Governor L. G. Hardman House is a historic site in Commerce, Georgia. (Link to historic site marker)
Hardman Farm State Historic Site near Helen, Georgia
The Medical Association of Georgia's Lamartine Hardman Cup is named in memory of Dr. Hardman.
References
Further reading
External links
Lamartine Hardman in New Georgia Encyclopedia
Lamartine G. Hardman Collection at the University of Georgia
Home of Gov. L. G. Hardman historical marker
Democratic Party members of the Georgia House of Representatives
Democratic Party Georgia (U.S. state) state senators
Democratic Party governors of Georgia (U.S. state)
1856 births
1937 deaths
Physicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
People from Commerce, Georgia
American temperance activists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamartine%20Griffin%20Hardman |
Claudinei Quirino da Silva (born November 19, 1970 in Lençóis Paulista) is a retired Brazilian sprinter who competed primarily in 200 metres.
Career
He has been successful on regional and world level, and won a 2000 Olympic silver medal with the Brazilian 4 x 100 metres relay team.
In 1999 he ran the 200m dash in 19.89 seconds, the former South American record.
At the 1997 World Championships in Athletics in Athens, Claudinei Quirino won the bronze medal in the 200 meters, with a time of 20s26; in 1999 World Championships in Athletics, in Sevilla, Spain he won silver in the 200 meters, with 20 seconds and bronze in the 4x100m.
At the 1999 Pan American Games in Winnipeg, he won gold in the 200 meters and 4x100m relay. Still in 1999, he won gold in the final stage of the IAAF Grand Prix, in 1999, in Munich, Germany, in the 200 meters race, with a time of 19s89.
Achievements
(200 metres unless noted)
2003 South American Championships - silver medal
2000 Olympic Games - silver medal (4x100 metres relay)
2000 Olympic Games - sixth place
1999 Pan American Games - gold medal (4x100 metres relay)
1999 Pan American Games - bronze medal (100 m)
1999 Pan American Games - gold medal
1999 World Championships - silver medal
1999 South American Championships - gold medal (4x100 metres relay)
1997 South American Championships - gold medal (4x100 metres relay)
1997 South American Championships - gold medal
1997 World Championships - bronze medal
1995 World Championships - fifth place
1995 South American Championships - silver medal
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1999 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2003 Pan American Games
Bobsledders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Brazilian male bobsledders
Brazilian male sprinters
Olympic athletes for Brazil
Olympic bobsledders for Brazil
Olympic silver medalists for Brazil
Pan American Games athletes for Brazil
World Athletics Championships medalists
Pan American Games gold medalists for Brazil
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Goodwill Games medalists in athletics
South American Games silver medalists for Brazil
South American Games medalists in athletics
Competitors at the 1994 South American Games
Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games
Medalists at the 1999 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2003 Pan American Games
Athletes from São Paulo (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudinei%20da%20Silva |
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Acapulco () is a Latin rite Metropolitan Archdiocese in Mexico's southwestern Guerrero state.
Its cathedral archiepiscopal see is Catedral Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, dedicated to Our Lady of Solitude, in the touristic port city of Acapulco. It is currently led by Archbishop Leopoldo González González.
History
The Diocese of Acapulco / Acapulcan(us) (Latin) was erected on 18 March 1958, on territory split off from the then Diocese of Chilapa (now its suffragan as Diocese of Chilpancingo–Chilapa)
On 1964.10.27 it lost territory to establish Diocese of Ciudad Altamirano, now its suffragan.
It was elevated on 10 February 1983 to Metropolitan Archdiocese of Acapulco.
Statistics
As of 2014, the archdiocese pastorally served 2,039,000 Catholics (76.9% of 2,650,000 total) on 18,000 km² in 78 parishes and 4 missions with 132 priests (107 diocesan, 25 religious), 19 deacons, 152 lay religious (30 brothers, 122 sisters) and 33 seminarians.
Bishops
(all Roman Rite native Mexicans)
Episcopal Ordinaries
Suffragan Bishops of Acapulco
José del Pilar Quezada Valdez (1958.12.18 – retired 1976.06.01), died 1985
Rafael Bello Ruiz (1976.06.01 – 1983.02.10 see below), succeeding as previous Titular Bishop of Segia (1974.02.12 – 1976.06.01) and Auxiliary Bishop of Acapulco (1974.02.12 – 1976.06.01)
Metropolitan Archbishops of Acapulco
Rafael Bello Ruiz (see above 1983.02.10 – retired 2001.05.08), died 2008
Felipe Aguirre Franco (2001.05.08 – retired 2010.06.07), previously Titular Bishop of Otricoli (1974.03.12 – 1988.04.28) as Auxiliary Bishop of Tuxtla Gutiérrez (Mexico) (1974.03.12 – 1988.04.28), succeeding as Bishop of Tuxtla Gutiérrez (1988.04.28 – 2000.06.30), Coadjutor Archbishop of Acapulco (2000.06.30 – succession 2001.05.08)
Auxiliary Bishop : Juan Navarro Castellanos (2004.01.31 – 2009.02.12), Titular Bishop of Caput Cilla (2004.01.31 – 2009.02.12); next Bishop of Tuxpan (Mexico) (2009.02.12 – ...)
Carlos Garfias Merlos (2010.06.07 – retired 2016.11.05), previously Bishop of Ciudad Altamirano (Mexico) (1996.06.24 – 2003.07.08), Bishop of Nezahualcóyotl (Mexico) (2003.07.08 – 2010.06.07); next Metropolitan Archbishop of Morelia (Mexico) (2016.11.05 – ...)
Leopoldo González González (2017.06.30 – ...), previously Titular Bishop of Voncaria (1999.03.18 – 2005.06.09) as Auxiliary Bishop of Archdiocese of Morelia (Mexico) (1999.03.18 – 2005.06.09), Bishop of Tapachula (Mexico) (2005.06.09 – 2017.06.30).
Coadjutor bishop
Felipe Aguirre Franco (2000–2001)
Auxiliary bishops
Rafael Bello Ruiz (1974–1976), appointed Bishop here
Juan Navarro Castellanos (2004–2009), appointed Bishop of Tuxpan, Veracruz
Ecclesiastical province
The Metropolitan's suffragan sees are :
Roman Catholic Diocese of Chilpancingo-Chilapa, its mother (then as Diocese of Chilapa)
Diocese of Ciudad Altamirano, its daughter
Roman Catholic Diocese of Tlapa.
See also
List of Catholic dioceses in México
Sources and external links
GCatholic - data for all sections
Archdiocese of Acapulco page at catholichierarchy.org retrieved July 14, 2006
Roman Catholic dioceses in Mexico
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century
Roman Catholic ecclesiastical provinces in Mexico
Acapulco
Religious organizations established in 1958
1958 establishments in Mexico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Catholic%20Archdiocese%20of%20Acapulco |
The Waterloo Memorial Arena was an arena located in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. It was built in 1947 and primarily used by the Waterloo Siskins junior B hockey team, although it was also once briefly home to the Waterloo Hurricanes major junior team in the Ontario Hockey League.
The arena's roof was deemed structurally unsafe in 1987 and much of the building was demolished, although the grandstands, ice surface, and front facade and dressing rooms remained. The ice was then enclosed in an inflatable vinyl bubble. The arena was made redundant by the 1993 opening of the Waterloo Recreation Complex, although it stayed open until 2001, when it was finally torn down. The Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics currently occupies the site.
History
Plans for an arena in the downtown area were completed by 1938, with funding of $70,000 arranged through a debenture and subscriptions and donations. The selected location was a former garbage dump near Silver Lake.
After the start of the Second World War in 1939, however, plans for the Waterloo Civic Auditorium were shelved and money returned to donors. It was not until August 1945, that council agreed to proceed again, starting by issuing a $50,000 debenture. A contractor from Preston (now Cambridge, Ontario), N. O. Hipel Company, was retained; work on the structure began in May 1946, and was completed in less than a year. The cost exceeded estimates, and totaled roughly $150,000, including the equipment. In addition to use by the public for skating in 1947, the arena was the home of the Intermediate B Waterloo McPhail's, the Waterloo Kent Junior C team, and the Waterloo Tigers. In the early 1950s, the Waterloo Hurricanes began to play there but lasted only two seasons. In later years, the arena was home to the Waterloo Siskins; the Kitchener Rangers played there occasionally into the 1980s. The Siskins won the Sutherland Cup (Ontario Hockey Association Junior B Champions) on 12 occasions, most recently in 2018-19 (of course, they had moved to the rec-complex after the arena was demolished).
In 1963, the facility, now named Waterloo Memorial Arena, required remedial work to stabilize the subsoil. By May 1987, the building was deemed structurally unsound and closed. The walls and roof were removed and an air-supported dome was installed, allowing the arena to be used for over a decade, finally being closed and demolished in spring 2001. By that time, the much larger, nearby Waterloo Recreation Complex had been in use for eight years; it was renamed in 2002, and has since been called the Waterloo Memorial Recreation Complex. After the arena was demolished, the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics was built at that location.
References
External links
The OHL Arena & Travel Guide - Waterloo Memorial Arena
Defunct indoor arenas in Canada
Defunct indoor ice hockey venues in Canada
Ontario Hockey League arenas
Sports venues in Waterloo, Ontario
Sports venues demolished in 2001
Demolished sports venues | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo%20Memorial%20Arena |
Isser Zalman Meltzer () (February 6, 1870 – November 17, 1953), was a Ashkenazi rosh yeshiva and posek. He is also known as the "Even HaEzel"—the title of his commentary on Rambam's Mishneh Torah.
Early life
Isser Zalman Meltzer was born on 5 Adar 5630 (February 6, 1870) in the city of Mir, in the Minsk Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Republic of Belarus) to Rabbi Baruch Peretz
and Miriam Reisel Meltzer. From the age of 10, he studied with Yom-Tov Lipman, the rabbi of the city, and at the Mir Yeshiva. In 1884, at the age of 14, he began studying at the Volozhin yeshiva under the Netziv and Rabbi Chaim Soloveitchik, where he remained for seven years.
While at the yeshiva, he became involved in the secret [Orthodox] Ness Ziona Society, part of the Hovevei Zion movement. Together with his brother-in-law, Rabbi Moshe Mordechai Epstein, he contributed to the founding of the city of Hadera by buying land for an etrog orchard.
In 1892, at age 22, he married Beila Hinda, daughter of R. Faivel Frank of Ilukste. During his engagement period, he studied at the Raduń Yeshiva with the Chofetz Chaim. During his studies, he contracted tuberculosis due to his roommate hanging animal skins in the room they were renting, and he was forced to return to his parents' home in Mir. His fiancee's family sent him money to pay for medical treatment while pressuring her to cancel the match. She refused, despite the pessimistic predictions of the doctors, and they married after he had recovered.
In 1894, Melzer was appointed by Rabbi Nosson Tzvi Finkel as a maggid shiur at the Slabodka yeshiva, together with his brother-in-law Epstein. In 1897, Meltzer left Slabodka to lead the Slutsk Yeshiva which had been established by the Ridvaz in Slutsk.
Later life
In 1903, Meltzer was appointed as the rabbi of Slutsk, a position he held for 20 years. Although he had already been serving as the rosh yeshiva in that city, he had no document of semicha because he had never planned on accepting a position in the rabbinate, but to teach Torah instead.
When the communal leaders resolved to appoint him as their rabbi, Meltzer wrote to his teacher Soloveitchik and to Rabbi Yechiel Michel Epstein, author of the Arukh HaShulkhan, asking them to send him the necessary affirmation. Epstein immediately mailed him a letter of semicha, while Soloveitchik made do with a brief telegram that simply bore the words, "Yoreh yoreh, yodin yodin".
Meltzer was also a disciple of Yisrael Meir Kagan and Finkel. He was the father-in-law of Rabbi Aharon Kotler and maternal grandfather of Rabbi Shneur Kotler. He and Rav Aharon fled from Russia to Poland
at the outbreak of the outbreak of the Bolshevik revolution.
Rabbi Meltzer, who subsequently emigrated to Eretz Yisrael, was a friend and admirer of Abraham Isaac Kook, the chief rabbi of Israel and a self-avowed supporter of Zionism. Meltzer once said to the famous sage Rabbi Chaim Ozer Grodzinsky of Vilna, “We are considered Torah giants only up until the point that we reach the door of Rabbi Kook’s room.”
In his later years, Meltzer served as the rosh yeshiva of the Etz Chaim Yeshiva in Jerusalem.
He died on Tuesday, 17 November 1953 (10th Kislev 5714) at age 83, exactly 20 years after his brother-in-law Moshe Mordechai, and was interred on Har HaMenuchot in Jerusalem.
Students
Rabbis who were his students include:
His son, Zvi Yehuda Meltzer, Chief Rabbi of Rehovot, and the father-in-law of Rabbi Yehuda Amital
His son, Dr. Feivel Meltzer, a professor of Biblical Hebrew in Israel and contributor to the Da’at Miqra commentary on the Tanach
His son-in-law, Yitzchack Ben Menachem, Chief Rabbi of Petah Tikva
His son-in-law, Aharon Kotler, founder of Bais Medrash Gevoha in Lakewood, New Jersey
His granddaughter's husband, Yehuda Amital, rosh yeshiva of Yeshivat Har Etzion.
Shlomo Zalman Auerbach, rosh yeshiva of Kol Torah and leading posek of his time.
Yisroel Yaakov Fisher
Shlomo Goren, former Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel.
Yosef Eliyahu Henkin, founder of Ezras Torah
Moshe Aharon Poleyeff, rosh yeshiva of Yeshiva University.
Elazar Shach, rosh yeshiva of Ponevezh Yeshiva in Israel, and leader of Lithuanian Jews
Avraham Yaakov Zelaznik, rosh yeshiva of Etz Chaim Yeshiva.
Shimon Zelaznik, (the above's brother) rosh yeshiva in Yeshivat Shaalvim
Amram Zaks, rosh yeshiva of the Slabodka yeshiva of Bnei Brak
Eliezer Waldenberg, leading 20th century posek on medicine and halacha; dayan in Jerusalem.
Avraham Shapira, rosh yeshiva of Mercaz haRav Yeshiva in Jerusalem.
Chai Yitzchok Twersky, Rebbe of Rachmistrivka Borough Park
References
Eckman, Lester: History of Yeshivot and White Russia from their Beginnings Until 1945: publ Judaic Research institute, Elizabeth, New Jersey : p 253-259
1870 births
1953 deaths
People from Karelichy District
People from Novogrudsky Uyezd
Belarusian Haredi rabbis
Soviet emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Israeli people of Belarusian-Jewish descent
Haredi rosh yeshivas
Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah
Haredi rabbis in Europe
Haredi rabbis in Israel
Burials at Har HaMenuchot
Academic staff of Slabodka yeshiva
People from Mir, Belarus
Mir Yeshiva alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isser%20Zalman%20Meltzer |
Rhaunen is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Birkenfeld district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It was the seat of the former Verbandsgemeinde Rhaunen.
Geography
Location
The municipality lies at the Idar Forest in the Hunsrück in a sprawling, well watered hollow. The hollow separates the Idar Forest massif from the Soonwald massif. Within the village itself, the Lingenbach empties into the Rhaunelbach, which itself, along with the Näßbach, the Macherbach and the Büdenbach, empties into the Idarbach.
The nearest major centres are Idar-Oberstein, Simmern, Morbach and Kirn.
Constituent communities
Also belonging to Rhaunen are the outlying centre of Neuzenbrunnen and the homesteads of Hochwälderhof and Königstein.
Geology
The solid rock in Rhaunen, Hunsrück slate, comes down from the Devonian. The hollow in which Rhaunen lies was formed by the many brooks that flow together here and that shaped various alluvial fans, which have very loamy subsoil. The Hunsrück slate can be found on the slopes overlooking the hollow, whereas the floodplains down in the dale are characterized by loaminess. While the slopes are mostly covered with mixed forests, meadowland is to be found in the dales, and on the higher-lying terraces and hills, cropraising. The slate was once intensively used as a building material, both for roofing and building walls. Even the many public buildings built in Rhaunen about the turn of the 20th century have unplastered walls made of slate quarrystone. Of the many slate quarries that were once to be found in the dales around Rhaunen, none is still in business. Here and there, though, tailing heaps can still be seen. The biggest operation in the slatemining business was the “Abenstern” quarry on the Wartenberg, going towards Hausen. It was quarrying slate until the late 1950s. The high ridges, of the Idar Forest massif for example, are formed of the most extremely weathering-resistant Taunus quartzite, whose effect on the land is to leave it rather useless for agriculture, although not altogether unusable in forestry. This Taunus quartzite harbours bog iron deposits, which until about the middle of the 19th century were mined and smelted. This was done at the Weitersbacher Hütte (ironworks) near Rhaunen.
Climate
Yearly precipitation in Rhaunen amounts to 744 mm, which falls into the middle third of the precipitation chart for all Germany. At 50% of the German Weather Service's weather stations lower figures are recorded. The driest month is April. The most rainfall comes in November. In that month, precipitation is 1.4 times what it is in April. Precipitation varies only slightly and is spread quite evenly throughout the year. Only at 1% of the weather stations are lower seasonal swings recorded.
History
Given the central location, the place now called Rhaunen was already settled in Roman times, as witnessed by the sandstone blocks in the Evangelical church's north wall, which were formerly walled up. Rhunanu, first named in a record from Lorch Abbey (not to be confused with Lorsch Abbey) in the late 8th century, crops up again in 841 as Rhuna in a donation to Fulda Abbey. Rhaunen became the seat of the like-named high court district. Until the 14th century, the Waldgraves were the unqualified owners of the court and the places that it governed. Besides Rhaunen itself, these were Bollenbach, Bruschied, Bundenbach, Gösenroth, Hausen, Krummenau, Laufersweiler, Lindenschied, Oberkirn, Schwerbach, Stipshausen, Sulzbach, Weitersbach and Woppenroth. Also under the court's sway was the Schmidtburg. With this Waldgravial castle’s loss to Archbishop Baldwin of Trier in 1330, however, part of the court’s territory in the form of three villages also passed to the Electorate of Trier. Baldwin also managed at the same stroke to relieve the Waldgraves of one fourth of the high court. Territorial relations remained so until an end was put to the Old Empire in the late 18th century and the old mediaeval governmental body, the court, was likewise swept away.
In the course of the French occupation of the lands on the Rhine’s left bank in the wake of the Treaty of Lunéville, Rhaunen was grouped into the Department of Sarre, the arrondissement of Birkenfeld and the canton of Rhaunen. After the French withdrew in 1814, Rhaunen found itself in Prussia’s new Rhine Province, also becoming the seat of a Bürgermeisterei (“mayoralty”) in the Bernkastel-Kues district. Parts of the old high court district, however – Bundenbach, for instance – now belonged to the Principality of Birkenfeld, an exclave of the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, most of whose territory was in what is now northwest Germany, with a coastline on the North Sea. Even after the First World War, through the Weimar Republic and on through the time of the Third Reich, Rhaunen was the administrative seat for the surrounding villages. In the course of administrative restructuring in the 1960s, the Amt of Rhaunen became the Verbandsgemeinde of Rhaunen in the Birkenfeld district. This arrangement still stands.
The Baroque house at Otto-Conradt-Straße 5 (until 1978, Am Bach 5) was the Waldgravial Oberamtshaus (administrative centre of the Oberamt), and later, through inheritance, it fulfilled the same function for the comital family of Salm. Under French rule, it was the Gendarmerie barracks. In Prussian times, it first became a Catholic rectory, and then until 1899 a court building. Today it is an inn. The Amtmann who oversaw the Electoral-Trier fourth of the Rhaunen high court sat at the Schmidtburg (near Bundenbach).
The parish of Rhaunen comprised not only the like-named village but also Sulzbach, Weitersbach and, until 1504, Stipshausen. Rhaunen had a simultaneous church beginning in 1685, used by both Catholics and Evangelicals. This arrangement lasted more than two centuries, until 1887/1888, when the Catholic community built its own church on the way out of the village towards Sulzbach. Rhaunen was for centuries a judiciary, administrative and commercial hub. Its development peaked in Prussian times when it had the mayor's office, the Amt court and prison on the way out of the village towards Hausen, the chief forester's house on Hauptstraße, a notary's office, the cadastral office – later a professional college – on Poststraße on the way out of the village towards Bundenbach, a dairy likewise there, Catholic and Evangelical churches, a synagogue on Salzengasse and a hospital on the way out of the village towards Stipshausen, although this last site has been occupied since the 1960s by the Verbandsgemeinde administration building. Over the last few decades, though, with the growth of regional centres, the village has gradually lost its functions as a centre. Still left, however, are the Verbandsgemeinde administration, the two churches and a Mittelpunktschule (“midpoint school”, a central school, designed to eliminate smaller outlying schools) on the road towards Weitersbach.
The long timespan during which Rhaunen functioned as a centre for the other local villages has left its mark on the village's structure: Unlike the scattered settlement pattern seen in most of its neighbours, Rhaunen has a much more heavily concentrated built-up centre. The old neighbourhoods can still be made out in the three heavily built-up blocks bounded by Otto-Conradt-Straße (formerly called Am Bach, for its geographical location alongside the brook), Unterdorf, Hauptstraße, Straße am Wartenberg and Marktplatz (“Marketplace”). The church stands a short way outside this zone on a slope overlooking the village. This seemingly odd location is explained by the church's construction on top of an existing building – one of Roman origin.
Politics
Municipal council
The council is made up of 16 council members, who were elected at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.
The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results:
Mayor
Rhaunen's mayor is Manfred Klingel, and his deputies are Sascha Diepmanns, Anneliese Hammes and Andreas Endres.
Coat of arms
The German blazon reads:
The municipality's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Per bend sable a wolf's head couped argent, and Or a lion rampant gules armed and langued azure.
The charge on the dexter (armsbearer's right, viewer's left) side, the wolf's head, was drawn from a 1711 seal used by the Rhaunen high court, while the one on the sinister (armsbearer's left, viewer's right) side, the lion, is a reference to the village's former allegiance to the Waldgraves and Rhinegraves.
Town partnerships
Rhaunen fosters partnerships with the following places:
Drebach, Erzgebirgskreis, Saxony
Saint-Valérien, Yonne, France
Culture and sightseeing
Buildings
The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate’s Directory of Cultural Monuments:
Evangelical parish church, Schustergasse 3 – aisleless church, about 1700; Late Gothic three-sided apse and west gable; north tower from the latter half of the 13th century, pointed spire about 1570; décor; organ 1723 by Johann Michael Stumm; characterizes village's appearance
Saint Martin's Catholic Parish Church (Pfarrkirche St. Martin), Kirchstraße – three-naved Gothic Revival hall church, 1887/1888, built to plans by the Franciscan Paschalis (secularly: Theodor Gratze), Warendorf; characterizes village's appearance
Am Wartenberg 2 – corner house, partly timber-frame (slated), early 18th century; characterizes village's appearance
Am Wartenberg 3 – blocky building with hipped roof, late 19th century
Hauptstraße 8 – town hall; building with half-hipped roof and council loggia, partly timber-frame (slated), belfry, marked 1723
Hauptstraße 10 – former Amtshaus (Amt administrative centre); Late Historicist slate quarrystone building, Renaissance Revival, 1901
Hauptstraße 43 – forester's office; Swiss chalet style building, 1911
Kirchstraße 3 – Catholic rectory; Late Classicist solid building, 1863
Otto-Conrad-Straße 3 – former Waldgravial estate; plastered building with mansard roof, from the latter half of the 18th century
Poststraße 18 – former cadastral office; slightly asymmetrically grouped buildings with mansard roofs, 1911
Pühlstraße 35/37 – former Royal Amt Court with prison and prison yard; castlelike Baroque Revival slate quarrystone complex, 1899; equipment
Salzengasse 1 – Gründerzeit house with gable with exposed rafters, late 19th century
Salzengasse 3 – former Catholic school; blocky building with hipped roof, Rundbogenstil, 1862
Schulstraße 9 – former new school; three-winged complex, 1928, architect Nicolaus Coenen, Bernkastel
Unterdorf 8 – stately house, partly timber-frame (plastered), mansard roof, about 1800
Unterdorf 12 – house, partly timber-frame, partly slated, 18th century
Jewish graveyard, east of the village in the woods (monumental zone) – 33 gravestones in two rows, earliest from 1893; front sides mainly in Hebrew, backs inscribed in Latin
The organ at the Evangelical church is from 1723, making it the oldest preserved Stumm organ. Information about the various buildings of interest around the village is presented on historical plaques for visitors. At the Verbandsgemeinde administration building, visitors can see local Roman archaeological finds. Standing on a bridge over the ugly concrete channel through which the Rhaunelbach runs within the village – it is a flood-control measure – is a bronze statue, a personification of the Bachspautzer (roughly “Brook Spitter”), a traditional nickname for people from Rhaunen.
Parks
The Wartenberg, a mountain that forms a semicircle around Rhaunen, has many trails and good views of the village below.
Natural monuments
The ancient menhir standing at the way out of the village towards Stipshausen, a quartzite block known as the Königsstein (“King’s Stone”), is not a natural monument in the usual sense, but the slate plaque there identifies it as such. Genuine natural monuments amount to a few very old oaktrees and the Jakobstanne on the Wartenberg, a mighty Douglas-fir.
Sport
Rhaunen has a sport club, “TUS” Rhaunen, with various departments. Nationally known is the hike in the spring.
Regular events
Rhauner Herbstmarkt (Autumn Market), first Saturday in October
Weihnachtsmarkt (Christmas Market), December
The event Päädscher Laafe (or in High German, Pfade laufen – “Walk paths”) is a kind of “open house” day in the municipality, on which people can get a glimpse into places that are not otherwise open to the public. At the same time, it gives businesses and other institutions an opportunity to present themselves from a different angle.
Culinary specialities
These include Spießbraten (spit roast), Schaukelbraten (“swung” roast), Gefüllte Klöße (filled dumplings), Reibekuchen (potato pancake) and Schaales (another kind of potato pancake).
Economy and infrastructure
Service sector
Rhaunen offers the surrounding area many services, including physicians, authorities, churches, schools, workshops, filling stations and shops for daily and occasional needs, which can all be found in the village. There are, however, no businesses in the industrial sector.
Transport
Serving Rhaunen are bus routes 345, 351 and 352, run by Omnibusverkehr Rhein-Nahe (ORN). There are stops at Rhaunen Markt, the church, the Verbandsgemeinde administration building and the outdoor swimming pool. Route 345 runs from Idar-Oberstein railway station by way of Tiefenstein (a constituent community of Idar-Oberstein), Asbach and Stipshausen to Rhaunen Markt. Routes 351 and 352 run as links to Frankfurt-Hahn Airport, with 351 coming from Idar-Oberstein station and 352 from Kirn station.
Idar-Oberstein's railway station, as a Regional-Express and Regionalbahn stop, is linked by way of the Nahe Valley Railway (Bingen–Saarbrücken) to the Saarland and the Frankfurt Rhine Main Region. The Rhein-Nahe-Express running the Mainz-Saarbrücken route serves the station hourly. Every other one of these trains goes through to the main railway station in Frankfurt with a stop at Frankfurt Airport. Formerly, fast trains on the Frankfurt-Paris route had a stop at Idar-Oberstein. Kirn station, too, is on the Nahe Valley Railway.
Public institutions
Rhaunen is seat of the Verbandsgemeinde administration and also the Idarwald (Idar Forest) forester's office, whose area of responsibility has grown considerably in the wake of reform to forest administration. On the other hand, the notary's office, which had been in Rhaunen for more than a century, was moved to Morbach in the course of structural reform in 2007. There are, however, still consultations in Rhaunen. Also in the municipality are two clergymen, one Evangelical and one Catholic.
Education
Rhaunen has two kindergartens, a primary school, a branch location of the Sohren regional school and a folk high school.
Famous people
Sons and daughters of the town
Sigbert Josef Maria Ganser (1853–1931), famous psychologist. Ganser syndrome was named after him.
Albert Kahn (1869–1942), one of the most important industrial architects in modern times; emigrated to the United States
Walter Dix (1879–1965), plant cultivation scientist
Otto Conrad (1890–1968), teacher, photographer and local historian (“Vom Hunsrück zur Nahe”)
Gerd Heinz-Mohr (1913–1989), Evangelical theologian and writer, earned a doctorate in social studies of Nicholas of Cusa (“Unitas Christiana”)
Erwin Echternacht (b. 7 September 1925 - 2012), lives in Munich, sculptor, graphic artist, painter and writer, Staatliche Bildhauerschule, Landeskunstschule Mainz, Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, master's pupil with diploma, academic and competition prizes, exhibitions in Germany and abroad
Famous people associated with the municipality
Julius Bellinger (1831–?), German politician of the German Centre Party and Member of the Reichstag, was from 1867 to 1869 a justice of the peace in Rhaunen
Albin Edelhoff (1887–1974), painter and Friend of Nature
Peter Joseph Rottmann (1799–1881), important Hunsrück dialectal poet, married Wilhelmine Maull from Rhaunen
Further reading
Wilhelm Fabricius: Das Hochgericht Rhaunen. Erläuterungen zum Geschichtlichen Atlas der Rheinprovinz, dritter Band, Bonn 1901.
References
External links
Birkenfeld (district)
Naheland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhaunen |
Sam or Samuel Baker may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Samuel Burtis Baker (1882–1967), American artist and teacher
Samuel Henry Baker (1824–1909), English artist
Sam Baker (actor) (1907–1982), American actor in Jungle Mystery
Sam Baker (musician) (born 1954), American folk musician from Texas
Sam Baker (writer) (born 1966), British writer and former editor-in-chief of Cosmopolitan
Samiyam (Sam Baker, born 1984), American hip hop producer
Sports
Sam Baker (halfback) (1930–2007), American football player
Sam Baker (offensive tackle) (born 1985), American football player
Sam Baker (Australian footballer) (1874–1946), Australian rules footballer
Others
Samuel Baker (divine) (died 1660), English clergyman
Sam Aaron Baker (1874–1933), American politician and governor of Missouri
Samuel Baker (died 1778), bookseller and founder of Sotheby's
Sir Samuel Baker (1821–1893), English explorer
See also
Samuel Baker House (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Baker |
A crossing network is an alternative trading system (ATS) that matches buy and sell orders electronically for execution without first routing the order to an exchange or other public displayed market such as an electronic communication network (ECN). Such crossing networks are a type of dark pool that employ computerized systems to match buyers and sellers of large blocks of shares without using a stock exchange. The advantage of the crossing network is the ability to execute a large block order without impacting the public quote and avoidance of market impact (i.e., the movements in a stock's price due to an investor's indication of interest).
These networks are often owned and operated by broker-dealers to match buyers and sellers of large blocks of shares. Depending on the particular broker-dealer's system and the type of securities traded (e.g., exchange-listed or OTC securities), these crosses could occur at various times during the day, or after the close of trading, and could be priced at the last sale price or some other objective price, such as the midpoint between the bid and offer or the volume weighted average price (VWAP).
Crossing networks tend to be used for highly liquid stocks and offer money managers the advantages of very low commissions, anonymity for the buying or selling, and avoidance of market impact. , examples of crossing networks included Liquidnet, Pipeline Trading Systems, ITG POSIT and Goldman Sachs' SIGMA X.
References
Financial markets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing%20network |
Philip C. Hanawalt (born 1931) is an American biologist who discovered the process of repair replication of damaged DNA in 1963. He is also considered the co-discoverer of the ubiquitous process of DNA excision repair along with his mentor, Richard Setlow, and Paul Howard-Flanders. He holds the Dr. Morris Herzstein Professorship in the Department of Biology at Stanford University, with a joint appointment in the Dermatology Department in Stanford University School of Medicine.
Early life and education
Philip C. Hanawalt was born on 1931 in Akron, Ohio. He was raised in Midland, Michigan. Having an interest in electronics from youth, Hanawalt earned an honorable mention in the 1949 Westinghouse Science Talent Search, receiving a scholarship to attend Deep Springs College. Hanawalt eventually transferred to Oberlin College where he received his B.A. degree in physics in 1954. He received his M.S. degree in physics from Yale University in 1955. Hanawalt also received his Ph.D. in Biophysics from Yale University in 1959. His doctoral thesis advisor was Richard Setlow.
He undertook three years of postdoctoral study at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, and at the California Institute of Technology before joining the faculty at Stanford in 1961.
DNA repair
DNA repair is the process by which all living cells deal with damage to their genetic material. Such damage occurs as a consequence of exposure to environmental radiations and genotoxic chemicals, but also to endogenous oxidations and the intrinsic instability of DNA. Hanawalt and his colleagues discovered a special pathway of excision repair, called transcription-coupled repair, which is targeted to expressed genes, and he studies several diseases characterized by defects in DNA repair pathways. DNA repair is important for protecting against cancer and some aspects of ageing in humans, and its deficiency has been implicated in the etiology of a number of hereditary diseases.
Career
In 1965 Hanawalt became associate professor in the Department of Biological Sciences at Stanford, and was promoted to professor in 1970.
He has served on the Board of Trustees and is now an Honorary Trustee of Oberlin College. He has received an Honorary Doctor of Science Degree from Oberlin and the Doctor Honoris Causa from both the University of Seville, Spain, and the University of the Bío-Bío, Chile.
Hanawalt was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1989, and to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2008. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Academy of Microbiology, and he is a Foreign Associate of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO). He currently serves on the Editorial Board of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, and as a Senior Editor for the journal, Cancer Research. He has served on the Board of Directors for the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR). He has served on many editorial boards and advisory committees in academia and government.
He has trained 29 Ph.D. students at Stanford and many postdoctoral researchers. Thirty-five different countries are represented among the participants in his research group over the past 48 years.
Awards and honors
Hanawalt won the Excellence in Teaching Award from the Northern California chapter of Phi Beta Kappa in 1991, and the Peter and Helen Bing Award for Distinguished Teaching at Stanford University. He has won annual research awards from the American Society for Photobiology and the Environmental Mutagen Society (EMS) in 1992, from which he also received the annual Student Mentoring Award.
He won the International Mutation Research Award for Excellence in Scientific Achievement in 1987, and the Princess Takamatsu Cancer Foundation Annual Lectureship in Japan in 1999 and he was more recently a visiting scholar at the Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University.
He has served as president of the EMS and was the president/organizer of the 9th International Conference on Environmental Mutagens (ICEM) in San Francisco in 2005. In 2009 he delivered the Keynote Lecture for the 10th ICEM in Florence, Italy. He has organized many meetings on DNA repair, including the first international conference in this field, at Squaw Valley, CA, in 1974, and subsequent Gordon Conferences on Mutagenesis and on Mammalian DNA Repair.
Personal life
Hanawalt is married to Graciela Spivak and has 4 children, the first two children from a previous marriage to Joanna Thomas Hanawalt: David, Steve, Alex, and famed cartoonist and television producer, Lisa Hanawalt. Hanawalt lives in Palo Alto, California.
Notes
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Deep Springs College alumni
Living people
Stanford University Department of Biology faculty
Oberlin College alumni
University of Seville alumni
1931 births
Academic staff of Osaka University
21st-century American biologists
Yale University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Hanawalt |
Olive Frances Gibbs, DL (née Cox; 17 February 1918 – 28 September 1995) was a British Labour politician and anti-nuclear weapons campaigner.
Gibbs entered Oxfordshire politics in 1953 and became the second woman Lord Mayor of Oxford (the first was Florence Kathleen Lower). She served as Lord Mayor twice, in 1974–75 and 1981–82, stepping in the second time to replace a colleague who had died halfway through his term. She was also the first woman to chair Oxfordshire County Council. Her husband, Edmund (accountant and founder of an eponymous Oxfordshire firm) was also a councillor for some time.
Gibbs chaired the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament between 1964 and 1967. She was made an Honorary Freeman both of the City of Oxford and of the City of London.
She was awarded Oxford Brookes University's first-ever honorary degree in 1986 and was a Deputy Lieutenant of Oxfordshire. Gibbs Crescent, a new street of social housing, was named after her, as was the Humanities building at Oxford Brookes (then Oxford Polytechnic).
A blue plaque to Olive Gibbs was unveiled on her childhood home at Christ Church Old Buildings, St Thomas's, Oxford on 11 April 2015.
An oil portrait of Gibbs by P.G. Rose is held by Oxford Brookes University, and reproduced in the Art UK catalogue.
See also
List of peace activists
References
Our Olive: The Autobiography of Olive Gibbs, Robert Dugdale, 1989 -
External links
Olive Gibbs: Local politician and campaigner — Oxfordshire Blue plaque awarded to Olive Gibbs
1918 births
1995 deaths
Labour Party (UK) councillors
Politicians from Oxford
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament activists
Members of Oxford City Council
Members of Oxfordshire County Council
Lord Mayors of Oxford
Deputy Lieutenants of Oxfordshire
Women mayors of places in England
Women councillors in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive%20Gibbs |
Jackson Lake is one of the oldest reservoirs in Georgia, United States, southeast of Atlanta in a rural area situated within parts of three counties (Jasper, Newton and Butts). The Lloyd Shoals Dam was built in 1910 by Central Georgia Power Company, and electricity was originally generated for the city of Macon. Relative to others in the state, it is a smaller lake (about with of shoreline), which still generates electricity and provides a location for water sports, boating, wakeboarding and fishing. Jackson Lake is formed by the confluence of the Yellow, Alcovy and South rivers. Tussahaw Creek is also a significant tributary. Below the Lloyd Shoals Dam, the lake's outlet is the Ocmulgee River.
Lloyd Shoals Dam
In 1907, Jordan Massee, Sr. and associates bought the Macon Railway and Light Company from Jacob Collins of Savannah. After acquiring it, Masse became the president. When he was 35, he put together the Bibb Power Company. Soon after the Bibb Power Company was organized, it came to be known as the Central Georgia Power Company.
The power company acquired the land that the facility is on from Captain William F. Smith of Butts County, Georgia, who had long been a supporter of the kind of facility that the power company was planning on building there.
The power company hired Theodore Ellis and associates, which was based in Macon, to clear the basin for the future reservoir. A number of local farmers were displaced in the process, having to give up their rich bottomland in the process. Since it was a rural area and no hotel or inn was nearby, the workers had to sleep in tents. Theodore Ellis's relative, Roland Ellis, was a lawyer and advised Theodore Ellis and associates on the legal matters, and was on the board of directors.
In a period of economic decline, Masse was still able to convince A. B. Leach and Company of New York to endorse the project. Thereafter, A. B. Leach hired Masse to sell bonds. Masse arranged a trip for 200 northern bankers to come south and survey the site. Masse hired a private train car for the trip to Macon. After taking the bankers on a tour of the city, Masse took them to the dam site. There he hosted a barbecue consisting of 14 pigs. The bankers were then shown the dam site where the Lane Brothers were pouring the concrete foundation, on funds already acquired.
James I. Buchanan of the Pittsburgh Trust Company was the first banker to commit to the project. Most of the other bankers soon followed. Among the notable investors was a representative for the Bank of Scotland and the son of the English Viscount of Weymouth.
After the necessary funds were acquired, the power company hired David W. Hilliard to supervise the construction of the multimillion-dollar project. There were two shifts of hundreds of men, with the second shift working through the night. By this point, the power company had constructed wooden cabins for the workers to live in.
The main concern for the construction was how to get the supplies to the building site.
In 1911, the Lloyd Shoals Dam project was completed at 100 feet tall and 1,070 feet of concrete masonry. Transmission lines were erected to extend power to substations in Macon, Forsyth, Griffin, Barnesville, rural Bibb County, and extending to Jackson. The basin was slow to fill, creating pools of stagnant water favorable to the growth of mosquitoes. This, in turn, led to an outbreak of malaria which drove away additional locals who had not initially been displaced by the project. Even after the lake filled to full pool, and for some time thereafter, it was red and muddy from erosion along the clay shoreline. The electrification of Jackson, and rural Butts County led to economic expansion when new industry was attracted to the area. Among the new businesses were several soft drink bottling plants and the Jackson Ice Corporation (1920).
Then, it had four 2,400 kilowatts generation units. In 1916, a fifth unit generating 2,400 kilowatts was added, and a year later a sixth unit generating 2,400 kilowatts was added. With all six units operational, it can have an output of 14,400 kilowatts. Because of improvements since then, it now can generate up to 21,000 kilowatts.
In 1928, Georgia Power bought out the Central Georgia Power Company, along with several other utilities in the area. The first few years after Georgia Power acquired the facility, it had a staff for generating and maintenance, as well as a superintendent.
Eventually, the muddy lake cleared and became a local attraction and recreation site with numerous fish camps located along its shores.
It became part of the Central Georgia Power Group in 1978. It is the only member of that group located on the Ocmulgee River.
In January, 1983, there was a fire that badly damaged the powerhouse, which was replaced the next year. The wiring and most of the electrical equipment had to be replaced as well as the transformers and part of the building's top floor. Generator 6 was also rewound at that time. The fire did not damage the dam structure itself. The reconstruction cost $2.8 million.
Lloyd Shoals Dam is currently maintained by personnel based at nearby Wallace Dam.
Recreation
Fishing
There are several species of fish in Jackson Lake, including white catfish, bullhead catfish, channel catfish, blue catfish, black crappie, white crappie, redear sunfish, redbreast sunfish, bluegill, spotted bass, largemouth bass, striped bass, and hybrid bass.
References
External links
at GNIS
Protected areas of Butts County, Georgia
Protected areas of Jasper County, Georgia
Protected areas of Newton County, Georgia
Reservoirs in Georgia (U.S. state)
Dams in Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia Power dams
Bodies of water of Butts County, Georgia
Bodies of water of Jasper County, Georgia
Bodies of water of Newton County, Georgia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson%20Lake%20%28Georgia%29 |
Brookwood Village was a upscale shopping mall located near Birmingham in the cities of Mountain Brook and Homewood, Alabama.
History
Early history
Originally known as Brookwood Mall, it was constructed in 1973 by the Shepherd family. The original building was designed by Giattina Fisher Aycock Architects and won a design award that year from Shopping Center World Magazine. The original anchors were Pizitz and Rich's. Because the mall is located next to a stream bed with weak soil, the foundation for the mall is built in deep piles bearing on rock strata. A feature of the original mall was a large skylit atrium in the center with a large fountain populated with tree-like sprayers that filled the area with white noise and mist.
An interior remodeling in the late 1980s decked over the fountain to create a dining and special events platform. New lighting, escalators and flooring were installed and many shop fronts were upgraded. Pizitz became McRae's during this time.
Renaming to Brookwood Village
In 1997, Brookwood Mall was purchased for $35 million by Colonial Properties and renamed "Colonial Brookwood Village." Colonial embarked almost immediately on an extensive $50 million overhaul which was completed in 2001. Major additions include a new two-story atrium with a food court on the upper level with a "front entrance" for the mall, facing a new outdoor shopping street, modeled on "lifestyle centers" like the Summit Birmingham. What had been a relatively anonymous interior-facing design was transformed into an attractive outdoor space with a pedestrian bridge over Shades Creek and a shared terrace for two anchor restaurants. This outdoor space also provides outside entrances for several mall tenants, features limited parallel parking, and serves as a valet parking station. The street is also part of a six-mile (10 km) long walking trail which follows Shades Creek from Green Springs Highway to Jemison Park in Mountain Brook.
The enclosed three separate parking areas (East and West 2-level decks and Center Ground Level under the Mall) have been connected by ramps. Faux building facades energize the outer walls of the decks. The redesign was conceptualized by Street-Works, an Arlington, Virginia-based urban design firm. HKW Architects of Birmingham served as architect of record and developed the conceptual designs for construction. Gar Muse of Cooper Carry planned the interiors and contributed to the overall look, drawing from characteristics of the nearby Mountain Brook and Lakeshore communities. Brasfield & Gorrie were general contractors for the revitalization.
Colonial Properties recently added a 9-story office tower on the western end of the mall to house its corporate headquarters as well as additional office and retail space. Further expansion will include a mix of retail, office, residential condos and possibly a hotel.
In 2005, Rich's location was converted to Macy's on March 6 marking Macy's third entry into the Birmingham market. McRae's also became Parisian before becoming Belk in 2007.
Building of Colonial Center
In February 2006, Colonial Properties went before the Homewood Planning Commission with plans for a new nine-story office tower to be located adjacent to Belk on the west side of the mall. The plans called for of ground floor specialty retail, a covered walkway connecting the building to Belk, and redundant power feeds from two separate substations to reduce the likelihood of outages. In April, law firm Johnston Barton Proctor & Powell announced that they would be moving from their present offices in downtown Birmingham into of the new $35.8 million office building. Colonial Properties Trust plans to consolidate its Birmingham-area staff of about 150 people into the new building. In June 2014, Surgical Care Affiliates announced that they will be moving into the tower from their current office in Hoover.
Decline And Closure
On July 11, 2017, it was announced that Belk would be closing in January 2018.
In August 2021, Fairway Investments of Birmingham, and Atlanta's Pope & Land Real Estate purchased Brookwood Village for an undisclosed amount. Plans for redevelopment have not been announced.
On January 5, 2022, it was announced that Macy’s would close its Brookwood Village location leaving the Riverchase Galleria location as the only store in Alabama. The few remaining tenants closed shortly thereafter and the mall itself was closed to the public.
References
Inline citations
General references
Johnson, Rob. (October 1, 2000) "Turning Birmingham's Brookwood Village inside out." Retail Traffic accessed March 26, 2006.
Colonial Brookwood Village. Description of geotechnical engineering performed by BHATE Geosciences. - accessed March 26, 2006.
Goodman, Sherri C. (April 21, 2006) "New building's design lures downtown law firm: 9-story tower set for Homewood." Birmingham News.
External links
Buildings and structures in Birmingham, Alabama
Defunct shopping malls in the United States
Shopping malls in the Birmingham, Alabama metro area
Shopping malls established in 1973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookwood%20Village |
Édson Luciano Ribeiro (born December 8, 1972) is a Brazilian sprinter competing mostly in 100 metres. He has been successful on regional level, and won two Olympic medals with the Brazilian 4 x 100 metres relay team.
His personal best time achieved in 1998, is 10.14 seconds.
Achievements
(100 metres unless noted)
2003 South American Championships - gold medal
2003 World Championships in Athletics - silver medal (4x100 metres relay)
2000 Olympic Games - silver medal (4x100 metres relay)
1999 South American Championships - gold medal (200 metres)
1999 World Championships in Athletics - bronze medal (4x100 metres relay)
1996 Olympic Games - bronze medal (4x100 metres relay)
1995 South American Championships - silver medal
External links
1972 births
Living people
Brazilian male sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1999 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2003 Pan American Games
Pan American Games athletes for Brazil
Olympic athletes for Brazil
Olympic bronze medalists for Brazil
Olympic silver medalists for Brazil
World Athletics Championships medalists
People from Bandeirantes
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Pan American Games gold medalists for Brazil
Medalists at the 1999 Pan American Games
Sportspeople from Paraná (state)
21st-century Brazilian people
20th-century Brazilian people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89dson%20Ribeiro |
|}
The Coventry Stakes is a Group 2 flat horse race in Great Britain open to two-year-old horses. It is run at Ascot over a distance of 6 furlongs (1,207 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in June.
History
The event was established in 1890, and it was named after the 9th Earl of Coventry, who served as the Master of the Buckhounds at that time.
The present system of race grading was introduced in 1971, and for a period the Coventry Stakes was classed at Group 3 level. It was promoted to Group 2 status in 2004. It is usually contested on the opening day of the Royal Ascot meeting.
Records
Leading jockey (9 wins):
Sir Gordon Richards – Manitoba (1932), Medieval Knight (1933), Hairan (1934), Nasrullah (1942), Khaled (1945), Tudor Minstrel (1946), The Cobbler (1947), Palestine (1949), King's Bench (1951)
Leading trainer (10 wins):
Aidan O'Brien - Harbour Master (1997), Fasliyev (1999), Landseer (2001), Statue of Liberty (2002), Henrythenavigator (2007), Power (2011), War Command (2013), Caravaggio (2016), Arizona (2019), River Tiber (2023)
Winners since 1967
Earlier winners
1890: The Deemster
1891: Danure
1892: Milford
1893: Ladas
1894: Whiston
1895: Persimmon
1896: Goletta
1897: Orzil
1898: Desmond
1899: Democrat
1900: Good Morning
1901: Sterling Balm
1902: Rock Sand
1903: St Amant
1904: Cicero
1905: Black Arrow
1906: Traquair
1907: Prospector
1908: Louviers
1909: Admiral Hawke
1910: Radiancy
1911: Lady Americus
1912: Shogun
1913: The Tetrarch
1914: Lady Josephine
1915: Marcus
1916: Diadem
1917: Benevente
1918: Bruff Bridge
1919: Sarchedon
1920: Milesius
1921: Pondoland
1922: Drake
1923: Knight of the Garter
1924: Iceberg
1925: Colorado
1926: Knight of the Grail
1927: Fairway
1928: Reflector
1929: Diolite
1930: Lemnarchus
1931: Cockpen
1932: Manitoba
1933: Medieval Knight
1934: Hairan
1935: Black Speck
1936: Early School
1937: Mirza II
1938: Panorama
1939: Turkhan
1940: no race
1941: Big Game
1942: Nasrullah
1943: Orestes
1944: Dante
1945: Khaled
1946: Tudor Minstrel
1947: The Cobbler
1948: Royal Forest
1949: Palestine
1950: Big Dipper
1951: King's Bench
1952: Whistler
1953: The Pie King
1954: Noble Chieftain
1955: Ratification
1956: Messmate
1957: Amerigo
1958: Hieroglyph
1959: Martial
1960: Typhoon
1961: Xerxes
1962: Crocket
1963: Showdown
1964: Silly Season
1965: Young Emperor
1966: Bold Lad
* The race was run at Newmarket during the wartime periods of 1915–18 and 1941–44.
See also
Horse racing in Great Britain
List of British flat horse races
References
Paris-Turf:
, , , ,
Racing Post:
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
galopp-sieger.de – Coventry Stakes.
ifhaonline.org – International Federation of Horseracing Authorities – Coventry Stakes (2019).
pedigreequery.com – Coventry Stakes – Royal Ascot.
Flat races in Great Britain
Ascot Racecourse
Flat horse races for two-year-olds
Recurring sporting events established in 1890
1890 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry%20Stakes |
The Glascock Poetry Prize is awarded to the winner of the annual Kathryn Irene Glascock Intercollegiate Poetry Contest at Mount Holyoke College. The "invitation-only competition is sponsored by the English department at Mount Holyoke and counts many well-known poets, including Sylvia Plath and James Merrill, among its past winners" and is thought to be the "oldest intercollegiate poetry competition."
The contest
Each year, about six young poets from the nation's top colleges and universities are selected to participate. After being selected, participants submit a brief manuscript of poems, which they read at a public reading during the culmination of the contest.
History
The annual Kathryn Irene Glascock Intercollegiate Poetry Contest is named after Kathryn Irene Glascock. Glascock was a young poet who graduated from Mount Holyoke in 1922.
Glascock died in 1923. Shortly after her death, Glascock's parents established the Glascock Prize. It became an intercollegiate event in 1924.
The Glascock Poetry Competition has launched the careers of many of America's most important poets including James Merrill who won in 1946 (and participated in 1938), Sylvia Plath who won in 1955, Kenneth Koch in 1948, Donald Hall who took second place in 1951 and Gjertrud Schnackenberg in 1973.
Other notable participants include Mark Halperin, Mary Jo Salter, Katha Pollitt, Mary Ann Radner, William Kunstler, James Agee and Frederick Buechner.
List of winners and participants
Select judges
Virginia Hamilton Adair
Léonie Adams
Kaveh Akbar
Elizabeth Alexander
A. R. Ammons
Mary-Kim Arnold
John Ashbery
W. H. Auden
Cameron Awkward-Rich
Leonard Bacon
Robert Bagg
Mary Jo Bang
Ari Banias
C.L. Barber
Phyllis Bartlett
William Rose Benet
April Bernard
Mei-mei Berssenbrugge
Martha Dickinson Bianchi
Frank Bidart
Elizabeth Bishop
W.W. Bison
Louise Bogan
Marie Borroff
Annie Boutelle
Gerald Warner Brace
Mrs. Marshall Bragdon
Anna Hempstead Branch
John Malcolm Brinnin
Howard Buck
Stephanie Burt
Witter Bynner
Henry Seidel Canby
Helen Chasin
Marilyn Chin
Franny Choi
John Ciardi
Amy Clampitt
Sarah Norcliffe Cleghorn
Billy Collins
Grace Conkling
Jane Cooper
Alfred Corn
Sidney E. Cox
Douglas Crase
Robert Gorham Davis
Fannie Stearns Davis
Erica Dawson
Sara de Ford
Oliver de la Paz
Thomas Del Vecchio
Babette Deutsch
Mark Doty
Alan Dugan
Richard Eberhart
Martín Espada
Rhina Espaillat
David Ferry
Arthur Davison Ficke
Rosamund Field
Donald Finkel
Dudley Fitts
Robert Fitzgerald
Wallace Fowlie
Robert Francis
Kimon Friar
Robert Frost
Elizabeth Hollister Frost
Kay Gabriel
Sarah Gambito
George Garrett
Dana Gioia
Rolland Greenwood
Eamon Grennan
Susan Griffin
Emily Grosholz
Marilyn Hacker
Pamela White Hadas
Rachel Hadas
Donald Hall
William Haller
Michael S. Harper
Jeffrey Harrison
Matthea Harvey
Seamus Heaney
Anthony Hecht
Daniel Hoffman
John Hollander
Margaret Holley
John Holmes
Anna Maria Hong
Richard Howard
Barbara Howes
Andrew Hudgins
Rolfe Humphries
Erica Hunt
Josephine Jacobsen
Donald Justice
Donika Kelly
X. J. Kennedy
Myung Mi Kim
Galway Kinnell
Karl Kirchwey
Carolyn Kizer
Kenneth Koch
Stanley Koehler
John Koethe
Maxine Kumin
Stanley Kunitz
Joseph Langland
Joseph O. Legaspi
David Lehman
Denise Levertov
Sarah Lindsay
Audre Lorde
John Livingston Lowes
Jay Macpherson
Dawn Lundy Martin
Cleopatra Mathis
Glyn Maxwell
Nathan McClain
J. D. McClatchy
Joshua Mehigan
William Morris Meredith Jr.
James Merrill
Edwin Valentine Mitchell
Marianne Moore
Stearns Morse
David Morton
Fred Moten
Edwin Muir
Paul Muldoon
Eileen Myles
Marilyn Nelson
Howard Nemerov
Hoa Nguyen
Diana O'Hehir
Ed Ochester
Alicia Ostriker
Curtis Hidden Page
Linda Pastan
Molly Peacock
John Peck
Joyce Peseroff
Carl Phillips
Robert Pinsky
Sylvia Plath
Katha Pollitt
Wyatt Printy
John Crowe Ransom
Jessie Rehder
Alastair Reid
Adrienne Rich
Jessie Rittenhouse
Florence Dunbar Robertson
Stephen Romer
Mary Jo Salter
Tony Sanders
May Sarton
Gjertrud Schnackenberg
Grace Schulman
James Scully
Winnifred Wlles Shearer
Evie Shockley
Jane Shore
Charles Simic
L. E. Sissman
Hallet D. Smith
Susan Snively
W. D. Snodgrass
Charles Wilbert Snow
Barry Spacks
Stephen Spender
Elizabeth Spires
Kathleen Spivack
Jane Springer
George Starbuck
Leonard, Stevens
Mark Strand
Roberta Teale Swartz
John L. Sweeney
Larissa Szporluk
Genevieve Taggard
Ridgely Torrence
John Updike
Jean Valentine
Lyrae van Clief-Stefanon
Mona Van Duyn
Peter Viereck
Ellen Bryant Voigt
Diane Wakoski
Derek Walcott
Andrews Wanning
Rosanna Warren
Deborah Warren
Theodore Weiss
Rachel Wetzsteon
George F. Whicher
Ruth Whitman
Richard Wilbur
Nancy Willard
William Carlos Williams
Greg Williamson
Ronaldo V. Wilson
Terri Witek
Baron Wormser
James Wright
John Yau
Cynthia Zarin
Preludes
In 1973, in honor of the 50th anniversary of the contest, the English department of Mount Holyoke College published a collection of poems titled Preludes: Selected Poems from the Kathryn Irene Glascock Intercollegiate Poetry Contest 1924-1973.
The collection included selected works from the first 50 years of the competition such as "The Black Swan" by James Merrill.
References
External links
Glascock Poetry Contest
Kathryn Irene Glascock Poetry Prize Records
75th Anniversary Celebration
List of participant and judge 1923-2018
American poetry awards
Mount Holyoke College
Awards established in 1924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glascock%20Prize |
The BN-600 reactor is a sodium-cooled fast breeder reactor, built at the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station, in Zarechny, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia. It has a 600 MWe gross capacity and a 560 MWe net capacity, dispatched o the Middle Urals power grid. It has been in operation since 1980 and represents an evolution on the preceding BN-350 reactor. In 2014, its larger sister reactor, the BN-800 reactor began operation.
The plant is a pool type LMFBR, where the reactor, coolant pumps, intermediate heat exchangers and associated piping are all located in a common liquid sodium pool. The reactor system is housed in a concrete rectilinear building, and provided with filtration and gas containment features.
In the first 24 years of operations, there have been 12 water-into-sodium leaks in the steam generators, routinely addressed isolating the faulty module with gate valves. These incidents did not have off site impact, did not interest radioactive material (sodium in secondary circuit is not neutron activated) and was not reported to IAEA having no impact on safety.
As of 2022, the cumulative "energy Availability factor" recorded by the IAEA was 76.3%.
The reactor core is 1.03 meters tall with a diameter of 2.05 meters. It has 369 fuel assemblies, mounted vertically, each consisting of 127 fuel rods enriched to between 17–26% 235U. In comparison, normal enrichment in other Russian reactors is between 3–4% 235U. The control and scram system comprises 27 reactivity control elements including 19 shimming rods, two automatic control rods, and six automatic emergency shut-down rods. On-power refueling equipment allows for charging the core with fresh fuel assemblies, repositioning and turning the fuel assemblies within the reactor, and changing control and scram system elements remotely.
The unit employs a three-circuit coolant arrangement; sodium coolant circulates in both the primary and secondary circuits. Water and steam flow in the third circuit. The sodium is heated to a maximum of 550 °C in the reactor during normal operations. This heat is transferred from the reactor core via three independent circulation loops. Each comprises a primary sodium pump, two intermediate heat exchangers, a secondary sodium pump with an expansion tank located upstream, and an emergency pressure discharge tank. These feed a steam generator, which in turn supplies a condensing turbine that turns the generator.
There is much international interest in the fast-breeder reactor at Beloyarsk. Japan has its own prototype fast-breeder reactors. Japan paid 1 billion for the technical documentation of the BN-600. The operation of the reactor is an international study in progress; Russia, France, Japan, and the United Kingdom currently participate.
The reactor has been licensed to operate up to 2025.
See also
Generation IV reactor
References
External links
Rosenergoatom the Reactor BN-600
Overview of Fast Reactors in Russia and the Former Soviet Union
BN-600 Hybrid Core Benchmark Analyses (IAEA TECDOC 1623)
BN-600 Fuel (Russian firm that produces fuel for the BN-600)
Liquid Metal Cooled Reactors: Experience in Design and Operation (IAEA TECDOC 1529)
Operating experience from the BN600 sodium fast reactor, IAEA
Assessment of changes to the BN-600 to operate with a plutonium burner core
Liquid metal fast reactors
Nuclear power in Russia
Nuclear technology in the Soviet Union
Soviet inventions
1980 in the Soviet Union
de:BN-Reaktor#BN-600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BN-600%20reactor |
NGC 1872 is an open cluster within the Large Magellanic Cloud in the constellation Dorado. It was discovered by James Dunlop in 1826.
NGC 1872 has characteristics of both globular clusters and open clusters - it is visually as rich as a typical globular but is much younger, and, like many open clusters, has bluer stars. Such intermediate clusters are common in the Large Magellanic Cloud.
Gallery
References
External links
Open clusters
Dorado
1872
Large Magellanic Cloud | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201872 |
The Mahamuni Buddha Temple (, ) is a Buddhist temple and major pilgrimage site, located southwest of Mandalay, Myanmar (Burma). The Mahamuni Image () is enshrined in this temple, and originally came from Arakan. It is highly venerated in Burma and central to many people's lives, as it is seen as an expression of representing the Buddha's life.
Ancient tradition refers to only five likenesses of the Buddha made during his lifetime; two were in India, two in paradise, and the fifth is the Mahamuni Image in Myanmar. Legend holds that the Buddha himself visited the Dhanyawadi city of Arakan in 554 BC. King Sanda Thuriya requested that an image be cast of him. Once complete, the Buddha breathed upon it, and thereafter the image took on his exact likeness.
History
Origins
According to legend, the Gautama Buddha visited Dhanyawadi, the capital city of Arakan during his travels on a missionary mission to spread Buddhism. During the 26th anniversary of the King at the time, a devout Buddhist, the Buddha accompanied by Shin Ananda and 500 disciples landed at Salagiri mountain peak near Khaukrah town. The King of Arakan, along with his Chief Queen Sandra Mala (with her retinue of 1,600 ladies in waiting), and an entourage of ministers, generals and officials, paid homage to the Buddha. They were deeply moved by his teachings and upon his departure to Thawuthi (Sravasti), the King insisted that he leave his image for people to worship. For this purpose, the Buddha then sat under a Bodhi tree for a week of meditation. During this time Sakka (in Pāli, the ruler of the Tavatimsa, in sanskrit called Trāyastriṃśa) one of the heavens in Buddhist cosmology, supported by his assistant Vissakamma (or Vishvakarman), moulded a lifelike image of the Buddha using ornaments donated by the king and his people. It is also said that Sakka and Vissakamma created a separate pavilion for the Buddha to live and enjoy during these seven days. After looking at his own lifelike image, believed at the time to have been his only true-likeness, Buddha was pleased and "imbued the image with his spiritual essence", or "enlivened and consecrated" the image, naming it "Candasara". He also stated that the image would last for five thousand years as his representative.
Historian Juliane Schober has very succinctly explained this legend and the cult worship that has evolved around the "living" double image of Mahamuni Buddha:
Another legend narrated in the Arakanese chronicle relates to the nine phenomena that occurred when the image was consecrated in the temple and continued to occur after the Buddha had departed. These nine phenomena were: holy water used for washing the image would not overflow the collecting vessels; the water from the tank that was used for washing the Buddha's head would retain its quality throughout the year; six coloured rays appeared when the devotees worshipped the image in the evenings; the rays faded in the presence of non-believers; the space in the temple would automatically accommodate any number of devotees; the leaves of trees would tilt in the direction of the Buddha image; birds would not fly over the temple; and the stone guardians at the entrance would sense the presence of evil doers and prevent them from entering the temple.
Image history
In the ancient history of Arakan, King Anawratha of Pagan (r. 1044–1077) attempted to move the image to Bagan, without success. In 1784, the Burmese under the military leadership of Crown Prince Thado Minsaw of Konbaung dynasty conquered the Kingdom of Mrauk U. The religious relics of the kingdom, including the Mahamuni Buddha image, were confiscated and installed in the Mahamuni temple or pagoda at Amarapura. Amarapura, located within modern-day Mandalay District, had recently become the new royal capital just two years prior. As the Mahamuni image was too large to transport as a whole, it was cut into sections and later reassembled and housed in the new temple. Mandalay became the capital under King Mindon (r. 1853–1878). It was also the capital under his son Thibaw (r. 1878–1885) of the Konbaung Dynasty (1752–1885). When the British annexed Upper Burma in 1885 to prevent the French from dominating it, monarchic rule ended. However, veneration of the Mahamuni image has continued, and is visited and worshipped by many pilgrims, mainly Rakhine, Mon and Burmans peoples.
Several old bronze statues that line the courtyard of the temple have a long history as war loot. They were originally Khmer statues, found at Angkor Wat in Cambodia, and were taken to Ayutthaya in 1431 by the Siamese. In 1564, the Burmese king Bayinnaung conquered Ayutthaya and took thirty such statues to Bago. In 1599, King Razagri of Mrauk U invaded Bago and brought the statues to Mrauk U. Finally, Thado Minsaw took them to Amarapura in 1785. According to local belief, many more of these statues were brought from Arakan. However, King Thibaw melted many of them to cast cannons for fortification of his palace. Of the thirty statues Bayinnaung brought from Siam, only six remain today, and are displayed in the temple complex.
Another legend narrated is linked to the six Khmer bronze statues (three lions–with heads substituted later in Burmese style, a three-headed elephant known as Airavata, and two warriors in the form of Shiva), which are installed in the temple in the northern end of the courtyard. These statues were originally at the Angkor Wat temple complex in Cambodia. Devotees believe that the statues have healing qualities to rub a particular part of the body against the statues to cure themselves of various ailments and diseases. Today, they are a major attraction because of their purported healing qualities.
Damage
The Mahamuni image and its precincts suffered damage from fires in 1879 and 1884. In the fire that broke out during the reign of King Thibaw, the seven-tiered spire on the brick temple, devotional halls, causeways and others were burnt down, although the Great Image itself was saved. Gold recovered after the fire was made into a robe that currently adorns the image. In 1887, Minister Kinwun Mingyi U Kaung took charge of the site and in 1896 constructed the present temple around the original shrine built by King Bodawpaya.
In 1996, the military rulers in Burma undertook renovation work on the Mahamuni Pagoda. During this period, the Mahamuni Buddha image was damaged in 1997 when a hole appeared in the belly of the Great Image. It was believed that thieves had drilled the hole in an attempt to steal jewels believed to be secreted within the image. It was reported that a military officer had requested to open the temple in the night, resulting in a meeting of all the senior monks from major monasteries in the area to discuss the matter. Whilst the meeting was in progress, attention was diverted to a purported rape incident committed by a Muslim man on a Buddhist girl. A major riot broke out but it turned out afterward that the Buddhist girl had not been raped at all. It was a coverup to divert attention away from the Buddha so it could be repaired. However, the mystery remains as to whether any jewellery did exist and was actually removed from the Great Image at all.
Architecture
Main Temple/Pagoda
The Mahamuni Temple or Pagoda is a complex of structures located along a road from Mandalay leading to the southwest. It was originally located on A brick paved road which was constructed from the Royal Palace of King Bodawpaya to the eastern gate of the temple, although only remnants of this road can still be seen. A major teaching monastery of some 400 monks of the Thudhamma Nikaya (order), is one among the many monasteries which are adjacent to the Pagoda. The temple has a central shrine and is framed by an extensive grass lawn. The arcades leading to the main shrine have many kiosks, selling religious paraphernalia such as incense, candles, rosaries, flowers, robes, sandals etc., and various restaurants and tea shops. The sanctum sanctorum, where the large Mahamuni image is deified, is a small chamber and has a roof covering made up of seven pyatthat meaning tiered roofs (derivative of the Sanskrit word prasada). The ceiling has an ornate mosaic covering. The arcades are supported by 252 gilded and carved columns adorned with fine frescoes.
Mahamuni image
The Mahamuni Buddha image is housed in a small chamber, seated on a throne in a divine posture known as the Bhumisparsa Mudra. This posture or mudra symbolises Buddha's vanquishing of Mara). The legs are crossed with feet turned inwards, and the right hand touches the ground ritualistically, as a witness of his past deeds. The image is cast in bronze and weighs 6.5 tonnes and is erected on a high pedestal and reaches a height of . Its shoulders measure and its waist measures . It is draped in royal costumes with "Brahmanic cords (salwe) and regalia crossing his chest". The image is crowned, bejewelled with diamonds, rubies and sapphires. The left hand appears imprecise, unusually large, and is seen resting in the lap with an upturned palm.
Gold leaves are regularly applied to the face of the Mahamuni Buddha by male devotees. Consequent to the frequent application of gold leaves, the coating of gold (thickness ) has given a shapeless contour to the Mahamuni image. However, it is also noted that the right hand, crown and other iconographic characteristics of royalty are free of gold leaf covering, which gives an impression that these were later additions to the original image of the Mahamuni. In 1884, when the pagoda was burnt down, of gold was recovered from the site, which represents the continued historical veneration and perpetuation of the cult of Mahamuni.
Other features
A large number of 'inscription stones' collected by King Bodawpaya are seen in a long gallery in the southeastern corner of the temple courtyard. These inscriptions, some of which are made from gilded marble and sandstone, have been collected from many regions of the country. There is also a large water tank in the southeast direction of the temple where fish and turtles are fed with rice cakes by the large number of pilgrims who visit the temple every day. Adjacent to the Buddha temple is the Mahamuni Museum, which contains displays of Buddhism throughout Asia.
Daily rituals
On 17 February 1988, the present Sayadaw of Htilin Monastery and Pitaka Kyaung initiated the ritual of daily face washing of the deity at dawn. This ritual commences every morning at 4 am or 4:30 am when monks wash the face and brush the teeth of the Buddha image. It is an elaborate ritual performed for over an hour by a senior monk dressed in monastic attire, assisted by several lay helpers, dressed in white and wearing formal headdress. As soon as the drums are struck, the senior monk residing in the adjoining monastery enters the sanctum and starts the formal face washing ritual with a succession of fresh towels, offered by devotees. He then performs the act of cleaning the Mahamuni's teeth with a large brush followed by one more sequence of cleaning with fresh towels. After this, sandalwood paste is applied to the image and it is again cleaned with towels and finally sprinkled with scented water. After the ceremony is completed, the used towels are returned to the devotees who keep these towels with reverence in their home shrines.
On special occasions, such as Uposatha day, an orange stole is placed around its shoulders by the presiding monk and is fanned. A major congregation of devotees witness the rituals; some men sit in the front enclosure while others including women and children sit in the middle and rear end of the foyer. Devotees offer food and other items brought by them on a tray to the deity and chant prayers while the rituals are being performed. During the winter season, the image is covered by a cloak of the monastic order.
During the reign of Burmese monarchs, offerings were made daily to the Great Image in a formal way. Food and other offerings, sheltered by a Royal white umbrella, were taken in a procession from the palace, escorted by a Minister, as an honour due to a sovereign head of the state.
Festival
A major annual pagoda festival known as the 'Mahamuni Paya Pwe' ('pwe' meaning "festival") is held in early February, at the end of the Buddhist Lent to celebrate the history of the pagoda. During this festival, aside from the daily rituals, the Paṭṭhāna from a "Book of Conditional Relations" in Abhidhamma Piṭaka is recited. This book is a philosophical text which Buddha recounted to his mother in a sermon in Tavatimsa heaven and is a sacred scripture in the Pali language. The Pattana recitation is a special feature, which continues for several days. Monks recite from the scriptures, in groups of two or three. The festivities also include various forms of entertainment programmes such as dance, music, theatre etc., and there is also a social event, allowing families and friends gather to greet each other. Given that large crowds of pilgrims are attracted during the festive season, guards are posted near the Great Image and video cameras are placed in many parts of the temple precincts to protect it.
Gallery
See also
Cetiya
Htilin Monastery
Notes
References
Buddhist temples in Mandalay
Buddhist art
Buddha statues
Buddhist pilgrimage sites in Myanmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahamuni%20Buddha%20Temple |
Brandon Raymond James Prust (born March 16, 1984) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger. Prust was drafted in the third round, 70th overall, by the Calgary Flames in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft, and has played in the NHL for the Flames, Phoenix Coyotes, New York Rangers, Montreal Canadiens and Vancouver Canucks. Prust was best known for his role as an enforcer.
Playing career
Amateur
Prust played three seasons of major junior hockey with his home town London Knights of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). During his junior career, he won an OHL and Memorial Cup Championship. A Thorndale, Ontario, native, Prust was a walk-on during the Knights' open tryouts, having been bypassed in the OHL Priority Draft.
Professional
Prust was drafted by the Calgary Flames in the third round, 70th overall, at the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He was sent back down to London to play his final OHL season. After spending the following season with the Omaha Ak-Sar-Ben Knights, Prust made his NHL debut on November 1, 2006, against the Detroit Red Wings.
Prust suffered an injury during the 2008–09 season when he broke his jaw after being elbowed by Cam Janssen of the St. Louis Blues. On March 4, 2009, Prust was traded, along with Matthew Lombardi and a 2009 first-round draft pick, to the Phoenix Coyotes in exchange for Olli Jokinen, and was then traded back to Calgary in exchange for Jim Vandermeer on June 27.
On February 1, 2010, Prust, along with Olli Jokinen, were traded to the New York Rangers in exchange for Aleš Kotalík and Chris Higgins. The Rangers re-signed Prust to a two-year, $1.6 million contract after the end of that season, 2009–10, on July 3.
In the 2010–11 season, Prust, a fourth-line utility player and occasional enforcer, was one of only seven NHL players to score at least ten goals as well as engage in at least ten fights. He was awarded the Steven McDonald Extra Effort Award at the end of the season, given to the Rangers player who "goes above and beyond the call of duty" as voted on by the fans.
Prust also played as the Rangers faced the Philadelphia Flyers in the 2012 NHL Winter Classic, which took place at Citizens Bank Park, Philadelphia, on January 2, 2012. Prust posted two assists in a 3–2 Rangers win. Prust proved to be a valuable member of the Rangers' penalty kill during his tenure there. Prust became a free agent at the end of the season and signed a four-year, $10 million contract with the Montreal Canadiens on July 1, 2012.
After the start of the lock-out-shortened 2012–13 season, Prust scored his first goal as a Canadien against Martin Brodeur of the New Jersey Devils on January 27, 2013. Prust was awarded the Jacques-Beauchamp Trophy at the end of the regular season, an award voted on by the members of the media in Montreal to honour the team's unsung hero.
During the 2014 Eastern Conference Finals against his former team, the New York Rangers, Prust was suspended for two games following a hit on Rangers forward Derek Stepan during the first period of Game 3. Stepan suffered a broken jaw on the play and subsequently missed Game 4.
On July 1, 2015, Prust was traded to the Vancouver Canucks for Zack Kassian and Vancouver's 5th round draft pick in the 2016 NHL Entry Draft. Prust struggled with the Canucks, putting up the fewest points since his rookie 2008–09 season. On February 2, 2016, he was waived by the Canucks and subsequently after clearing waivers, was sent down to the Canucks' AHL affiliate the Utica Comets. On March 10, he returned to his home in London, ON, and was taken off the roster due to an ankle injury. He became an unrestricted free agent on July 1, 2016, after the Canucks declined to re-sign him.
Due to his ankle injury, teams were unwilling to give Prust a contract, with concerns continuing to be raised over his foot speed and ankle itself. Going unsigned for the duration of the summer, he agreed to sign a Professional Try Out contract with the Toronto Maple Leafs on August 22, 2016. Prust's main reason for signing the try out was to fulfil his childhood dream of playing for the Maple Leafs, the team he grew up cheering for. After an unremarkable training camp, along with stiff competition for role players on the Leafs roster, he was released by the team on October 11, 2016, He then embarked on his first overseas stint and European professional experience in late November 2016 after signing with the Thomas Sabo Ice Tigers of the German top-flight Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). In the 2016-17 season, Prust added a needed physical presence to the Ice Tigers, contributing 8 points in 29 games with the team.
As a result of the Ice Tigers' lack of interest in re-signing Prust, coupled with his disinterest in playing overseas, once again as a free agent, Prust opted to return for another attempt at an NHL comeback in signing a professional try-out contract to attend the Los Angeles Kings training camp on August 4, 2017. After attending Kings camp for 10 days, Prust along with Shane Harper were the first to be released from their PTO with Los Angeles on September 25, 2017.
On November 29, 2017, Prust signalled the conclusion of his 12-year professional career in joining his former major junior club, the London Knights, as a coach. Although Prust did not formally announce his retirement from professional hockey, his role as mentor and coach to the London Knights proved useful over the 2017–18 season and he was reported to be continuing in the position.
Personal life
Prust grew up in London, Ontario, where he attended Regina Mundi Catholic College. While there, he excelled in multiple sports, and was recognized as the outstanding student athlete in 2000–01 school year. The number 8 he wore with the Canadiens is the same number he wore as a football player in high school. His favourite team growing up was the Toronto Maple Leafs, and his favourite player was Wendel Clark, after whom he has tried to model his game.
Prust has an uncle who was a Broadway actor. His interests other than hockey include golf and watching baseball.
Prust began dating Montreal TV host Maripier Morin in 2010. On June 22, 2015, the couple got engaged, and married in 2017. Morin has been a cast member on three seasons of the Canadian reality series Hockey Wives and is a popular host of her own talk show in Quebec, as well as starring in her first French-language feature-length film. It was announced September 7, 2019 that the couple had separated.
On June 4, 2018, via Instagram, Prust announced that he had begun working at the financial guidance firm Navigator Financial.
In 2020 Prust's charitable foundation launched a campaign to raise money for families of sick children to find accommodations in London during the COVID-19 pandemic. Prust was an outspoken opponent of mandates and "vaccine passport" policies related to COVID-19 vaccines. Prust was criticized after, in an August 2021 Twitter exchange related to vaccines, he replied to a woman that he hoped she would be subjected to forced prostitution. Prust apologized for this. Prust had, for a time leading up to this, generated controversy for polarizing and combative Twitter exchanges on subjects such as racial relations and the 2020 United States presidential election (in which he was opposed to the candidacy of Democrat Joe Biden).
Career statistics
References
External links
1984 births
Living people
Calgary Flames draft picks
Calgary Flames players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
London Knights players
Montreal Canadiens players
New York Rangers players
Omaha Ak-Sar-Ben Knights players
Phoenix Coyotes players
Quad City Flames players
Ice hockey people from London, Ontario
Thomas Sabo Ice Tigers players
Utica Comets players
Vancouver Canucks players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon%20Prust |
Regional councils (plural: , Mo'atzot Ezoriyot / singular: , Mo'atza Ezorit) are one of the three types of Israel's local government entities, with the other two being cities and local councils. As of 2019, there were 54 regional councils, usually responsible for governing a number of settlements spread across rural areas. Regional councils include representation of anywhere between 3 and 54 communities, usually spread over a relatively large area within geographical vicinity of each other.
Each community within a regional council usually does not exceed 2,000 in population and is managed by a local committee. This committee sends representatives to the administering regional council proportionate to their size of membership and according to an index which is fixed before each election. Those settlements without an administrative council do not send any representatives to the regional council, instead being dealt by it directly. Representatives from those settlements which are represented directly are either chosen directly or through an election. The predominant form of communities represented on regional councils are kibbutzim and moshavim.
List of regional councils
The following sortable table lists all 53 regional councils by name, and the district or area according to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics.
The list includes the regional councils in the Golan Heights and the West Bank, areas considered occupied territories under international law, although the Israeli government disputes this.
Former regional councils
See also
City council (Israel)
Local council (Israel)
List of Israeli cities
References
External links
Local Government in Israel. The Knesset Lexicon of Terms. 2009
Subdivisions of Israel
Regional councils | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional%20council%20%28Israel%29 |
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