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Davenham (; ) is a village and civil parish in Cheshire, England. It is part of the Borough of Cheshire West and Chester. It had a population of 2,745 at the 2011 census. It is in the centre of the Cheshire Plain near both the River Dane and River Weaver.
Overview
Davenham is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Devenham. Its name means "hamlet on the River Dane". The site of the Norman Shipbrook Castle by the River Dane is indicated by the name of Castle Hill, between Shipbrook Bridge and Shipbrook Hill Farm, but no traces now remain. In 1936, the whole of Eaton (near Davenham) and part of Leftwich civil parish (which extended into Davenham village) was added to Davenham, and in 1955 part of Davenham was transferred to Northwich civil parish.
Between 1996 and 2006, a large housing development was built on farmland to the northwest of the village centre. The estate is known as Kingsmead and is separated from the historic village of Davenham by the A556 Northwich bypass. This area was originally the Kingsmead ward of the civil parish with five members representing the ward on Davenham parish council. Following a community governance review, Kingsmead became a separate parish with its own parish council in April 2011.
In 2006, the Kingsmead Residents' Association was formed by residents who were concerned at the state of maintenance of the public areas of the estate. By Easter 2007 the association had over 500 members and expanded its interests to cover topics such as litter on the estate, speeding on the main spine and loop roads and the adoption of the estate's roads by the County Council, in addition to the association's primary aim which was to take over the Estate Management company responsible for the upkeep of the public areas of the estate.
Davenham parish council along with Moulton parish council decided in 2007 to part-fund a Police Community Support Officer (PCSO) in order to keep a police presence in Davenham and Kingsmead. Due to policing boundaries it was decided that one PCSO from Winsford Neighbourhood Policing Unit would police Davenham and Moulton, whilst a PCSO from Northwich would cover Kingsmead and Leftwich.
The village has a football team in Davenham FC, who most notably reached the final of the 1887 Welsh FA Cup.
The church of St. Wilfrid goes back to the Domesday period but the current edifice is the fourth on the site, dating from a major reconstruction between 1844 and 1870 in the Victorian Gothic revival style. The tower has a recessed spire built in 1850. Legend says that the church was founded by St Wilfrid on a journey through Cheshire in the 7th Century, but the first documented evidence of a church on the site is an existing priest and church in 1086.
Davenham's main primary school is Davenham Church of England Primary School. However, the parish now includes parts of the Kingsmead development, which includes Kingsmead Primary School. Both schools are feeder schools to Leftwich's County High School and more distant high schools such as Weaverham High School or The Grange in Northwich.
Governance
An electoral ward in the name of Davenham and Moulton exists, covering much of Davenham and stretching to areas including Northwich and Winsford. The total population of the ward at the 2011 census was 13,565, while Davenham proper had a population of 2,745 (down from 5,655 at the 2001 census).
Notable people
Paula Radcliffe (born 1973), long-distance runner, born in Davenham
See also
Listed buildings in Davenham
Davenham Hall
References
External links
Davenham Parish Council website
GENUKI Website entry
Photographs
St. Wilfrids Church website
Kingsmead Primary school website
Villages in Cheshire
Civil parishes in Cheshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenham |
Roderick O'Connor (; 28 November 1883 – 8 December 1922) was an Irish republican revolutionary. He was Director of Engineering for the IRA in the Irish War of Independence.
O'Connor opposed the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 and was chairman of the republican military council that became the Anti-Treaty IRA in March 1922. He was the main spokesman for the republican side in the lead-up to the outbreak of the Irish Civil War in June of that year. On 30 June, O'Connor was taken prisoner at the conclusion of the attack by Free State forces on the Four Courts in Dublin. On 8 December 1922, he was executed along with three other senior members of the IRA Four Courts garrison. All four men were executed without trial or courts martial.
Background
O'Connor was born in Kildare Street, Dublin, on 28 November 1883. He was educated in St Mary's College, Dublin, and then in Clongowes Wood College, Co Kildare, a boarding school run by the Jesuit order. It was also attended by the man who would later condemn O'Connor to death, his close friend Kevin O'Higgins. O'Connor studied experimental physics, logic, and metaphysics; he also attended the College of Science, Merrion St. He took a Bachelor of Arts degrees in 1906 and received a Bachelor of Engineering in 1911, both at University College Dublin. Prominent in UCD's Literary and Historical Society, he advocated militant constitutional nationalism as one of the many society members active in the Young Ireland branch of the United Irish League.
O'Connor went to work as a railway engineer, moving to Canada where he was an engineer for the Canadian Pacific Railway and Canadian Northern Railway, being responsible for the construction of of railroad. O'Connor returned to Ireland in 1915 at Joseph Plunkett's request and worked for Dublin Corporation as a civil engineer. He joined the Ancient Order of Hibernians, a Catholic nationalist organisation, and served in the Easter Rising in 1916 in the GPO as an intelligence officer. O'Connor was wounded by a sniper during reconnaissance at the College of Surgeons.
War of Independence
During the subsequent Irish War of Independence from 1919 to 1921 he was Director of Engineering of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), a military organisation descended from the Irish Volunteers. The specialist skills of engineering and signalling were essential to the development of the 5th Battalion, Dublin Brigade. Its men were forbidden frontline duty as their contribution was regarded as vital, their number too small. But units only expanded on an incremental local basis, disappointing Gen Richard Mulcahy.
O'Connor was also involved in the Republican breakout from Strangeways Prison in Manchester, England on 25 October 1919. Michael Collins had taken a particular interest in the escape, and actually visited Austin Stack in the prison under a false name to finalise the arrangements. IRA men held up traffic while a ladder was propped up against the outside of a prison wall. In all six prisoners were to escape, among them Piaras Beaslaí who had again been arrested.
Outbreak of civil war
O'Connor refused to accept the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, which established the Irish Free State. It was ratified by a narrow vote in Dáil Éireann, the Irish parliament. O'Connor and many like him felt that the Treaty confirmed the partition of the six counties of Northern Ireland and undermined the Irish Republic declared in 1916. "Oh we must work it for all its worth. If I could get enough to support me I would oppose it wholeheartedly", O'Connor said to a fellow-IRA man, Liam Archer.
On 10 January, a meeting was held at O'Connor's home in Monkstown, Dublin. In attendance were all senior anti-Treaty IRA officers except Liam Mellows. O'Connor was appointed to chair this grouping, known as the Republican Military Council. It was agreed that an IRA convention should be called without delay; failing this, a separate GHQ would be formed.
At a further meeting in O'Connor's office on 20 March, a temporary IRA GHQ staff was elected under Liam Lynch as chief of staff. O'Connor remained in charge of engineering.
On 26 March 1922, the anti-Treaty officers of the IRA held a convention in Dublin, in which they rejected the Treaty and repudiated the authority of the Dáil. However, they were prepared to discuss a way forward. The convention met again on 9 April. It created a new army constitution and placed the army under a newly elected executive of 16 men, including O'Connor, that would choose an army council and headquarters staff.
Asked by a journalist if this development meant the anti-treatyites were proposing a 'military dictatorship' in Ireland, O'Connor replied, "You can take it that way if you want."
On 14 April 1922 O'Connor was one of a number of IRA leaders in a 200-strong force of that occupied the Four Courts building in the centre of Dublin in defiance of the Provisional Government. They intended to provoke the British troops (who were still in the country) into attacking them, which they thought would restart the war with Britain and re-unite the IRA against their common enemy. They also occupied other smaller buildings regarded as being associated with the former British administration, such as the Ballast Office and the Freemasons' Hall in Molesworth Street, but the Four Courts remained the focus of interest. On 15 June, O'Connor sent out men to collect the rifles that belonged to the mutineers of the Civic Guards.
Michael Collins tried desperately to persuade the IRA men to leave the Four Courts. At the Third IRA Convention on 18 June, the Executive was split over whether the Irish Government should demand that all British troops leave within 72 hours. A motion to this effect, opposed by Lynch, was narrowly defeated, whereupon O'Connor and others left the meeting to set up a separate GHQ. The IRA had split into two factions opposed to the government.
On 22 June 1922 Sir Henry Wilson was assassinated in London by two IRA men, Reginald Dunne and Joseph O'Sullivan, each a former British soldier. Some now argue that this was done on the orders of Michael Collins, who had been a close friend of Dunne's in the London IRB. Lloyd George wrote an angry letter to Collins, which included the line "...still less can Mr. Rory O'Connor be permitted to remain his followers and his arsenal in open rebellion in the heart of Dublin... organizing and sending out from this centre enterprises of murder not only in the area of your Government..."
On 28 June 1922, after the Four Courts garrison had kidnapped Ginger O'Connell, a general in the National Army, Collins gave orders for the shelling of the Four Courts with borrowed artillery lent by Winston Churchill. The shelling led to the Four Courts catching fire, damaging parts of the building in addition to destroying numerous government documents. O'Connor was one of 130 men that surrendered on 30 June; some of these were arrested and imprisoned in Mountjoy. This incident marked the official start of the Irish Civil War, as fighting broke out openly around the country between pro- and anti-Treaty factions.
Execution
On 8 December 1922, along with three other republicans Liam Mellows, Richard Barrett and Joe McKelvey captured with the fall of the Four Courts, Rory O'Connor was executed by firing squad in reprisal for the anti-treaty IRA's killing of Free State TD Sean Hales. The execution order was signed by Kevin O'Higgins. O'Connor had been best man at his wedding on 27 October 1921. Their deaths remain a symbol of the bitterness and division of the Irish Civil War. O'Connor, one of 77 republicans executed by the Provisional Government, is seen as a martyr by the Republican movement in Ireland.
Commemoration
"Rory O'Connor Place" in Arklow is named in his honour. There is also a pub in Crumlin, Dublin named after him and a housing estate near Dún Laoghaire (County Dublin), called "Rory O'Connor Park".
On his execution, the equestrienne Joan de Sales La Terriere, a close friend of O'Connor, named her son in his honour.
A Sinn Féin cumann (UCD) is named after him.
Sources
Foster, G, 'Republicans and the Irish Civil War', New Hibernian Review (2012) p. 20–42.
Hart, P, IRA at War 1916-1923 (OUP 2005)
Hopkinson, Michael, Green against Green: the Irish Civil War (Dublin 1988)
Hopkinson, M, The Irish War of Independence (Dublin and Montreal 2002)
Macardle, Dorothy, The Irish Republic 1911-1923 (London 1937)
O'Malley, Ernie, The Singing Flame (Dublin 1963)
Purdon, Edward, The Irish Civil War 1922-23 (The Mercier Press Ltd 2000)
Notes
1883 births
1922 deaths
Executed people from County Dublin
Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) members
Irish Republican Army (1922–1969) members
People executed by Ireland by firing squad
People executed by the Irish Free State
Politicians from Dublin (city)
People killed in the Irish Civil War
People of the Easter Rising
People of the Irish Civil War (Anti-Treaty side) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory%20O%27Connor%20%28Irish%20republican%29 |
Roundel is a periodical that serves as the newsletter of the BMW Car Club of America. Their mission is to inform, entertain, and promote a sense of community for their 75,000 members. They review new cars as well as perform comparison tests. There is a classified ads section which has a large selection of BMWs.
The headquarters of Roundel was first in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Later it was moved to in Greer, South Carolina. The magazine presumably takes its name from the fact that the BMW logo is a roundel.
In 2020, the magazine was renamed BMW Car Club Magazine: Roundel, and is published ten times a year. It is joined biannually by BMW Car Club Magazine: BimmerLife.
References
External links
Online Version
Roundel Masthead
Car Key Duplication
Automobile magazines published in the United States
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Greenville, South Carolina
Magazines with year of establishment missing
Magazines published in South Carolina
Magazines published in Boston
Ten times annually magazines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundel%20%28magazine%29 |
The rufous-capped warbler (Basileuterus rufifrons) is a New World warbler native from Mexico south to Guatemala, rarely occurring as far north as southeastern Arizona and south Texas. Birds in the southern part of the range are now split out as a separate species, as the chestnut-capped warbler (Basileuterus delattrii).
Rufous-capped warblers generally reach a length of about . They are plain-olive to olive-gray, with white underbellies, bright yellow chests and throats, and a distinctive facial pattern consisting of a rufous cap, a white eyebrow-line (or superciliary), a dark eye-line fading into a rufous cheek, and a white malar marking. The bill is rather stout for a warbler, the wings are round and stubby, and the tail is long, often raised at a high angle and flicked.
While rufous-capped warblers are generally birds of tropical shrubby highlands, North American sightings tend to be in oak woodland canyon bottoms, near running water, while the birds stay low in dense vegetation.
The courtship song of the rufous-capped warbler is a rapid, accelerating series of chipping notes (), somewhat reminiscent of the rufous-crowned sparrow, while the call note is a hard or , often repeated. Like other New World warblers, this species does not actually warble. Male rufous‐capped warblers have complex songs with many syllable types shared both within and between males’ repertoires. The males also show seasonal, temporal and annual variation in their song use.
Rufous-capped warblers primarily feed on insects and spiders, foraging through dense brush and scanning close to the ground for movement. They are not generally known to flycatch from perches.
References
External links
Rufous-capped warbler at Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan)
rufous-capped warbler
rufous-capped warbler
Birds of Central America
Birds of Colombia
rufous-capped warbler | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufous-capped%20warbler |
MWD may refer to:
Matte World Digital, an American visual effects company
Measurement while drilling, a procedure used in oil well drilling
Metropolitan Water District, a water wholesale supplier to local cities in Southern California, United States
Military working dog, used in warfare
Murakami-Wolf-Dublin, American animation studio
Myawaddy TV, a Burmese military-owned network
PAF Base M.M. Alam (IATA code), a Pakistan Air Force airbase located at Mianwali, Pakistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MWD |
Arzfeld is a municipality in the district Bitburg-Prüm, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated in the Eifel, near the border with Luxembourg, approximately 20 km north-west of Bitburg and 25 km south-east of Sankt-Vith.
Arzfeld is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Arzfeld.
References
Bitburg-Prüm
Populated places in the Eifel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzfeld |
The Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI; ) is the official Danish meteorological institute, administrated by the Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate. It makes weather forecasts and observations for Denmark, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands.
History
It was founded in 1873, largely through the efforts of Ludwig A. Colding.
The Danish Meteorological Institute – DMI – encompasses the combined knowledge of the former Meteorological Institute, the Meteorological Service for Civil Aviation and the Meteorological Service for Defence. The Meteorological Institute was founded in 1872 under the Ministry of the Navy. The Meteorological Service for Civil Aviation was established in 1926, and used to be part of the Civil Aviation Administration. The Meteorological Service for Defence was established in 1953. The present-day DMI was established in 1990 through the merger of the three above-mentioned institutions. DMI is organized under the Ministry of Transport, and has a staff of about 380. In addition, DMI has around 450 voluntary weather and climate observers.
The institute was founded for the purpose of “making observations, communicating them to the general public, and developing scientific meteorology”. These remain DMI's most important tasks, even though society and means of communication have developed enormously in the intervening period, as too has the need for qualified meteorological advice. DMI presently possesses comprehensive, internationally acclaimed knowledge about every aspect of weather and climate.
DMI is responsible for serving the meteorological needs of society within the kingdom of Denmark (Denmark, the Faroes and Greenland) including territorial waters and airspace. This entails monitoring weather, climate and environmental conditions in the atmosphere, on the land and at sea. The primary aim of these activities is to safeguard human life and property, as well as to provide a foundation for economic and environmental planning – especially within the armed forces, aviation, shipping and road traffic.
DMI's most familiar services are the media weather forecast, but the institute also assists the business community, institutions and members of the public in making sound decisions from the economic, environment and safety points of view. A wide range of services is also utilized by the fishery and agricultural sectors, by sports associations and others.
DMI's expertise and service is to some extent founded on advanced new technology within super computers, satellites, radar and automatic measuring equipment. Solid research and development work ensures that DMI is run economically and rationally, and that the quality of the products meets modern expectations.
In 1985, DMI together with other national weather services in Nordic countries and the Netherland, Ireland and Spain to form a research collaboration around HIgh Resolution Limited Area Model (HIRLAM) for weather forecasting. The cross-country research collaboration on limited area numerical weather prediction (NWP) is the first of its kind in the world, which resulted in successful operational implementation of state of art short range regional weather forecast model in Denmark and other member services of HIRLAM. Since 2004, HIRLAM entered a research collaboration with the ALADIN consortia led by Météo-France in joint research and development for the mesoscale, nonhydrostatic forecast system AROME. Through this code collaboration, HIRLAM consortia developed the new generation cloud-resolving NWP system Harmonie-arome, which focus on operational application of kilometer scale, ensemble forecast with focus to predict and warn high impact weather such as flash flooding, thunderstorms, heavy rain in summer and gusty wind, snow storms etc. in winter. At DMI, Harmonie-based kilometer-scale forecast system has been gradually operationalised since 2013 for use in routine forecast for Greenland, Faroe Islands and Denmark. In 2017, DMI introduced an innovative 25-member 2.5 km resolution ensemble forecast system COMEPS (COntinuous Mesoscale Ensemble Prediction System), which is based on hourly data assimilation on overlapped observation window, and an hourly refresh of probabilistic forecast with lagging. In 2018, DMI operationalised the first hectometric scale NWP system for prediction of strong coastal wind in south Greenland.
DMI runs an ice patrol service based in Narsarsuaq (southern Greenland) that observes the sea ice and icebergs along the coasts of Greenland, draws up ice charts and solves other safety-related tasks for navigation in Greenland marine waters.
Equipment
In 1984, DMI acquired a Sperry 1100 from University of Copenhagen, and upgraded it with vector processors in 1985. It was replaced with a Convex 3880 in 1992. A NEC SX 4 was used from 1996, and a NEC SX-6 from 2002. A dual Cray XT5 marked the switch from vector to scalar in 2007. From 2016, the Icelandic Meteorological Office (Veðurstofa) manages a 192 teraFLOPS dual Cray XC30 system for DMI as weather forecast, due to cheaper electricity and cooling. One is used for development, the other for daily operations. Data traffic between Iceland and Denmark uses two 10 Gbit/s cables (Danice/FARICE-1). The XC30s are scheduled to be upgraded to 700 Tflops in 2018.
See also
North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
NinJo workstation used by DMI
References
External links
Official website
Scientific organizations based in Denmark
Meteorological Institute
Governmental meteorological agencies in Europe
Government agencies established in 1872
1872 establishments in Denmark | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish%20Meteorological%20Institute |
Marburg is a rural town in the City of Ipswich and a locality split between the City of Ipswich and the Somerset Region, both in Queensland, Australia. In the , the town had a population of 873 people.
Geography
Marburg is located approximately 50 km west-south-west from Brisbane city. The land has an elevation of between approximately 80 and 120 metres above sea level.
A small creek, the Black Snake creek, runs through Marburg. It is named after the Red-bellied Black Snake.
History
German settlers arrived around the 1860s in the region, which is part of the land of the Indigenous Jagera people. The district was initially named Sally Owens Plains, but the town itself takes its present name from Marburg in Hesse, Germany.
The story goes that the settlers used to respond with 'ober dar' when asked where they lived. Eventually they named their settlement after the German town of Marburg, which was well known at the time.
The timber, sugar cane and dairy industries put Marburg on its feet and the town grew over time. About 46 acres, sub-divided into 200 allotments, were offered for sale by auction on 29 November 1884. Advertising included details of the clearing of the Rosewood Scrub, of close-by townships, and the future rail and telegraph services, following "the establishment of the police station". In 1900 Marburg had a courthouse, police barracks, a post office, two hotels, five churches, a State school, a School of Arts, several stores, a blacksmith, a butter factory, a sugar factory and a rum distillery. At that time nearly 80 percent of Marburg's population came from Germany or were of German descent.
Frederick State School opened on 18 March 1879. In 1888, the name was changed to Marburg State School. From 1920 to 1934, it incorporated a rural school, which taught practical skills needed for farming. In 1977, a pre-school centre was added.
Marburg Post Office opened on 1 October 1879 (a receiving office named Frederick had been open from 1878), was renamed Townshend in 1917 during World War 1 and reverted to Marburg in 1919.
On 4 July 1891, All Saints' Anglican Church was officially dedicated by Bishop William Webber. It was built at 2-6 Seminary Road () adjacent to the present Warrego Highway on of land donated by Thomas Lorimer Smith, the owner of the mansion Woodlands, also in Seminary Road. It was designed by architect George Brockwell Gill of Ipswich and built by W. Luder for £225. On Wednesday 9 November 1892, Bishop Webber returned to consecrate the church's burial ground. Not being located in the town itself led to requests to relocate the church. In 1956, land was bought in Queen Street and a church hall was built on the site, opening in February 1959, but the church remained at its original location. However, in the 1970s, the plan to make the Warrego Highway four lanes wide required the resumption of part of the church's land. The last service was held at the original location on 22 May 1977 after which it was moved onto the Queen Street site beside the hall. On 22 October 1979, the church re-opened with a service conducted by Reverend John Magee. The cemetery remains at the original site.
Marburg grew rapidly in the first half of the twentieth century, as the main road from Brisbane to Toowoomba passed through the town's centre. Marburg became popular as a stopover for travellers.
Marburg was the administrative centre for local government in the area, composing Walloon Division (1879-1903) and Shire of Walloon (1903-1917).
In 1912, the Marburg branch railway line from Rosewood to Marburg was opened but only a few years later the railway began to suffer from the competition of highway traffic. It still survived until 1965 when the line was closed. There were two stations within the locality (from north to south):
Marburg railway station ()
Malabar railway station ()
Because of an anti-German sentiment of some State politicians the name of Marburg was changed during the First World War into Townshend, a name change the locals did not support. Dr. Sirois, the local General Practician at the time, was instrumental in having the name Marburg be re-introduced after the war in 1920, which created a storm of protest but the name Marburg prevailed.
When the Warrego Highway was built in the 1960s, most of the traffic from Brisbane to Toowoomba bypassed Marburg, and subsequently the town has become less populated.
In the , Marburg had a population of 567 people.
In the , Marburg had a population of 873 people.
Heritage listings
Marburg has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
Edmond Street: Marburg Hotel
71 Edmond Street: Marburg Community Centre and First World War Memorial
73 Edmond Street: Rosewood Scrub Historical Society Building
Louisa Street: Marburg State School
Seminary Road: Woodlands
Education
Marburg State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at Louisa Street (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 52 students with 5 teachers (4 full-time equivalent) and 6 non-teaching staff (4 full-time equivalent).
Amenities
Marburg has active community groups such as the Marburg and District Resident's Association, the Rosewood Scrub Historical Society, the Marburg Harness Racing Club, the Marburg Show Society and show grounds.
The town hosts the Marburg Fire and Rescue Station, the Marburg Rural Fire Brigade, and the Marburg branch of the State Emergency Services.
Weekly Sunday services are held at All Saints' Anglican Church at 111 Queen Street ().
A quirky street library was installed in the park in the centre of the town by the Marburg Residents Association. It includes a reading room in the form of a typical Australian outhouse.
Attractions
'Woodlands' is Marburg's finest building. It is an example of the nineteenth century plantation owner's residence and for its historic significance in relation to the development of various primary industries in Queensland. It was built between 1888 and 1891 by Thomas Lorrimar Smith who was the owner of the sawmill, sugarmill, distillery and other business interests in the region.
At present the property serves as a centre for functions such as weddings, business meetings and conferences.
Events
The Marburg Black Snake Creek Festival is an annual event held in October and features musicians and other attractions.
The 'Band in the Park' is an initiative of the Marburg and District Resident's Association
on the first Friday of the month at 6.30 pm.
Marburg is well known for its 'Marburg Dances' which take place every Saturday night in the hall on the show grounds.
Harness racing takes place regularly on the Marburg race course at the show grounds.
References
External links
Town map of Marburg, 1973
Information about Marburg
Marburg Travel Guide
Woodlands of Marburg
Black Snake Creek Festival
Queensland Family History Society
Towns in Queensland
City of Ipswich
Suburbs of Somerset Region
Localities in Queensland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburg%2C%20Queensland |
Shwenandaw Monastery (, ; lit. "Golden Palace Monastery") is a historic Buddhist monastery located near Mandalay Hill, Mandalay Region, Myanmar (formerly Burma).
Shwenandaw Monastery was built in 1878 by King Thibaw Min, who dismantled and relocated the apartment formerly occupied by his father, King Mindon Min, just before Mindon Min's death, at a cost of 120,000 rupees. Thibaw removed the building on 10 October 1878, believing it to be haunted by his father's spirit. The building reconstruction was finished in 31 Oct 1878, dedicated in memory of his father, on a plot adjoining Atumashi Monastery.It is said that King Thibaw used it for meditation, and the meditation couch he sat on can still be seen.
The building was originally part of the royal palace at Amarapura, before it was moved to Mandalay, where it formed the northern section of the Hmannan (Glass Palace) and part of the king's royal apartments. The building was heavily gilt with gold and adorned with glass mosaic work.
The monastery is known for its teak carvings of Buddhist myths, which adorn its walls and roofs. The monastery is built in the traditional Burmese architectural style. Shwenandaw Monastery is the single remaining major original structure of the original Royal Palace today.
Notes
Gallery
References
External links
Monasteries in Myanmar
Buddhist temples in Mandalay
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shwenandaw%20Monastery |
Strawberry Creek is the principal watercourse running through the city of Berkeley, California. Two forks rise in the Berkeley Hills of the California Coast Ranges, and form a confluence at the campus of the University of California, Berkeley. The creek then flows westward across the city to discharge into San Francisco Bay.
The north fork has also been called "Blackberry Creek", a name which has also been applied to another small creek in Berkeley, a portion of which has been daylighted through Thousand Oaks School Park. The canyon in which the north fork of Strawberry Creek runs is called "Blackberry Canyon".
Strawberry Creek serves as a significant marker for the movement of the Hayward Fault. The creek is offset at the mouth of Strawberry Canyon, precisely at the locus of California Memorial Stadium. The filled-in middle forks located in the middle of the UC campus are thought to represent remnants of the former course of the south (main) fork of the creek, which have moved northward by fault action.
History
Strawberry Creek was the first surface water source for the University and parts of the city of Berkeley. A reservoir was constructed in the late 19th century in Strawberry Canyon, above the site of California Memorial Stadium. The reservoir became obsolete in the early 20th century by construction of the East Bay Municipal Utility District water system. Construction of the stadium removed a waterfall and culverted the creek in that area.
In the latter half of the 19th century, a road bridge and a railroad trestle both spanned Strawberry Creek in the downtown section at what is now the intersection of Shattuck Avenue and Allston Way. These were torn down and replaced by culverts in April–May 1893. In the process, a small grove of large and ancient oaks in the same locale was cut down.
Skeletons of Native Americans have been un-earthed along the banks of Strawberry Creek.
The creek has been culverted over the years in several other locations, notably in public-works projects during the Great Depression of the 1930s, but has remained open through most of the UC campus, except in the central glade where the two small middle forks were long ago filled in. The south fork of Strawberry Creek has some riparian coast redwood groves on the university campus and is also suitable habitat for the California slender salamander and arboreal salamander.
Water pollution due to urbanization in the beginning of the twentieth century has degraded the environmental quality of the creek. In 1987, a program dedicated to improving water quality and reintroducing native species was a success. The condition of Strawberry Creek was restored to satisfaction in 1991. Since then, environmental education and restoration programs continues to monitor the quality of the creek.
Reintroduction of native organisms
Fish
Strawberry Creek used to have around 13 native fish species, including coldwater salmonids, anadromous steelhead and coho salmon. However, observing fish was difficult due to pollution, a decrease in fish population, and poor water quality. Therefore, historical trend data was not available, so the reintroduction data was majorly based on recent studies. Since then, five species have been reintroduced to the creek: three spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), California roach (Lavinias symmetricus), California Hitch (Lavinia exilicauda), Sacramento sucker (Catostomus occidentalis), and the prickly sculpin (Cottus asper).
The attempts to reintroduce native fish were not successful. First, the water quality of the creek was not good enough for fish to inhabit. Water quality tests confirmed the water contained a disturbing amount of mercury and coliform, which was dangerous for not only humans, but also animals that contact with the water. The sanitary issues were partly caused by improper disposal of garbage and poorly engineered drain system. Secondly, high flow rates, and more importantly, great difference in flow rates is a great concern for the reintroduction of fish. High flow rates can be up to 118 times faster than the regular flow rates at the same location. High flow rates were caused by the construction of dams along the creek. Reintroduced fish were not able to inhabit under such circumstances. Finally, the introduction of a non-native fish, Pacifastacus leniusculus, or Crayfish has a negative impact on the native fish population. Crayfish is more aggressive than the native fish species in predation, therefore, has a potential to threaten local fish abundance.
Plants
Since urbanization, new species were introduced to Strawberry creek. The invasion of exotic plants has endangered the existence of local seedlings. Low biomass of native seedlings is caused by the competition of water in the soil. Exotic species have different rates of growth and evapotranspiration, which changes the soil moisture of the creek. For example, Algerian ivy and English Ivy have taken over the native habitat. They required minimum management and were capable of absorbing pollution, therefore, they were able to spread quickly and dominate the creek area. Ivy has decreased the soil moisture, which even harder for native species to survive.
Daylighting proposals
Efforts to re-open or daylight the creek throughout its natural course through Berkeley continue, and have so far resulted in the establishment of "Strawberry Creek Park" in West Berkeley on the site of what used to be a small freight yard of the Santa Fe Railway. The creek is also open through several private yards in the blocks east of the park, starting just below (west of) Sacramento Street.
In 2010, momentum grew behind a plan to divert water from Strawberry Creek to the surface alongside Center Street. This proposal, backed largely by Ecocity Builders' Richard Register, would not restore the creek's original riparian habitat or path (which lies one block south along Allston Way). Instead, it would incorporate representational elements of the stream into a pedestrian plaza.
Mouth
At the mouth of Strawberry Creek where it enters San Francisco Bay, the local indigenous people built up a shellmound. Until the end of the 1700s, the Ohlone indigenous people would eat shellfish provided by the creek and pile the empty shells into a mound, signifying a sacred burial site. There was also a small wood of native willows here which was used in the late 19th century as a park. Jacobs' Landing, established early during the California Gold Rush, was the nucleus around which the Ocean View settlement that predated Berkeley was founded. The creek now enters San Francisco Bay from a rectangular concrete culvert mouth, south of University Avenue and west of the I-80/580 freeway, behind Sea Breeze Market and Deli. This area is now part of Eastshore State Park, managed by the East Bay Regional Park District. The tide flats at the creek mouth are important shorebird habitats, popular with bird watchers. Friends of Five Creeks, a volunteer group, has worked since 2000 to control invasives and re-establish some native vegetation here.
Land use
UC Berkeley has developed the upper Strawberry Creek watershed. The university's central campus, including parking lots, green spaces, roadways, and Lawrence Berkeley Labs were built in this area. In addition, recreational structures such as Kleeberger Field, Memorial Stadium, and the Hats Recreation Area were constructed in the area. The total urbanized areas in the watershed comprised about 37% of the total area.
See also
Cerrito Creek
Codornices Creek
List of watercourses in the San Francisco Bay Area
Schoolhouse Creek
Temescal Creek
References
External links
Strawberry Creek – Friends of Five Creeks information about Strawberry Creek mouth restoration and access
Map and photos of Strawberry Creek
UC Berkeley Strawberry Creek – UC Berkeley Office of Environmental Health and Safety
Strawberry Creek Watershed – Oakland Museum of California Guide to San Francisco Bay Area Creeks
Rivers of Alameda County, California
Berkeley Hills
Geography of Berkeley, California
Subterranean rivers of the United States
Tributaries of San Francisco Bay
Rivers of Northern California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry%20Creek |
Thameslink was a train operating company in the United Kingdom owned by Govia that operated the Thameslink franchise between March 1997 and March 2006.
The franchise was originally due to end on 31 March 2004, however a two-year extension was awarded to Govia by the Strategic Rail Authority on 13 February 2004. In December 2005, the Department for Transport awarded the new franchise to FirstGroup; thus the services operated by Thameslink were transferred to First Capital Connect on 1 April 2006.
Services
Thameslink operated passenger services from Bedford via the Thameslink route to London Moorgate, Sutton, Wimbledon and Brighton.
Rolling stock
Thameslink inherited a fleet of 66 Class 319s from Network SouthEast.
During 2002, Thameslink hired two Class 317s from West Anglia Great Northern for services to Moorgate. Thameslink received some extra Class 319s from Southern in 2004.
Between September 2004 and May 2005, Class 317s were hired from West Anglia Great Northern to operate Bedford to St Pancras services while the Thameslink line was severed for six months for the new St Pancras station to be built.
Depots
Thameslink's fleet was originally maintained at Selhurst Depot under sub-contract by Connex South Central/Southern. With the Thameslink line to be severed for six months, Bedford Cauldwell depot was built in 2004. It progressively took over all work from Selhurst.
Demise
In April 2005, the Strategic Rail Authority announced the parties shortlisted to bid for the new Thameslink Great Northern franchise; Govia was not shortlisted. In December 2005, the Department for Transport awarded the new franchise to FirstGroup. Accordingly, the services that were operated by Thameslink were transferred to First Capital Connect on 1 April 2006. However, it was announced in May 2014 that Govia had reclaimed the Thameslink franchise, which started on 14 September 2014, thus ending the First Capital Connect franchise. Govia now operates Thameslink under Govia Thameslink Railway.
See also
Thameslink (route)
References
External links
Internet archive of official site as at 30 March 2005
Defunct train operating companies
Go-Ahead Group companies
Keolis
Railway companies established in 1997
Railway companies disestablished in 2006
Railway operators in London
Rail transport in Bedfordshire
Thameslink
1997 establishments in England
2006 disestablishments in England
British companies established in 1997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thameslink%20%28train%20operating%20company%201997%E2%80%932006%29 |
Bitburg-Land is a former Verbandsgemeinde (municipal association) in the district Bitburg-Prüm, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It was situated around the town Bitburg, which was the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde, but not a part of it. On 1 July 2014 it merged into the new Verbandsgemeinde Bitburger Land.
Bitburg-Land consisted of the following Ortsgemeinden ("local municipalities"):
References
Former Verbandsgemeinden in Rhineland-Palatinate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitburg-Land |
Den Bommel is a village in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Goeree-Overflakkee, and lies about 14 km south of Spijkenisse.
History
The village was first mentioned in 1473 as Bommele, and refers to a form of peat. It was originally the name of a shoal which was diked between 1476 and 1477 by order of Mary of Burgundy. Den Bommel became an independent parish in 1642.
The Dutch Reformed church is an aisleless church built between 1646 and 1647. The ridge turret was added in 1759. The grist mill De Bommelaer was built in 1735. The windmill had become derelict and started to deteriorate by 1951. Between 1969 and 1971, it was restored and returned to active service.
Den Bommel was home to 620 people in 1840. In 1944, the sluice from 1722 was blown up by the Germans causing the destruction of the town hall. Den Bommel was flooded during the North Sea flood of 1953 and was later extended further east. It was an independent municipality until 1966 when it was merged into Oostflakkee. In 2013, it became part of the municipality of Goeree-Overflakkee.
In 1964, a grog statue was revealed for Sir Olivier B. Bommel. It had started to deteriorate and in 1995, the Society of Gentlemen of Good Standing was founded to construct a bronze statue of their role model. The new statue was revealed in 1997.
Gallery
References
Former municipalities of South Holland
Populated places in South Holland
Goeree-Overflakkee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den%20Bommel |
Mandalay Hill ( ) is a hill that is located to the northeast of the city centre of Mandalay in Myanmar. The city took its name from the hill. Mandalay Hill is known for its abundance of pagodas and monasteries, and has been a major pilgrimage site for Burmese Buddhists for nearly two centuries. At the top of the hill is the Sutaungpyei (literally wish-fulfilling) Pagoda. A panoramic view of Mandalay from the top of Mandalay Hill alone makes it worthwhile to attempt a climb up its stairways. There are four covered stairways called saungdan leading up the hill from the south, southeast, west and north, and convenient seats of masonry work line these stairways all the way up. A one-way motor road today saves time and also makes it accessible for those who are unable to climb up the stairs, leading to an escalator and a lift to the pagoda at the summit.
Climbing Mandalay Hill
Buddhists consider climbing the hill a rewarding experience and a meritorious deed at the same time, for those able to do so. Two statues of chinthes or leogryphs (stylised lion figures) stand guard at the southern and main approach at the foot of the hill, popularly known as the Chinthe hnakaung atet (, ). It is a gentle climb and there are many stops along the way, most importantly the hermit U Khanti's dazaung or hall where the Peshawar Relics ( three fragments of bone of the Gautama Buddha) were kept from 1923 until after the Second World War when they were moved to a building at the foot of the hill and no longer on display. Leaving U Khanti's dazaung is by way of a tunnel lined by Hnakyeik shissu or the 28 Buddhas of the past and present worlds, or alternatively up a steep flight of steps next to the tunnel. Climbers will see plenty of stalls selling flowers, paper streamers, miniature pennants and umbrellas for the Buddha, and food and refreshment for visitors and pilgrims. All the dazaungs have frieze paintings, most of them from the late Konbaung dynasty period; there is one depicting 'Awizi ngayè (Avici Hell) in gory detail.
Farther up, halfway to the summit, a large standing image of the Buddha called the Shweyattaw (literally standing) or Byadeippay (prophesying) Buddha occupies the Shweyettaw Buddha Pavilion. The statue depicts the Buddha with his right hand pointing towards the city, a non-traditional mudra. Legend has it that the Buddha once visited the place and prophesied that in the year 2400 of the Buddhist Era a great city would be built at the foot of the hill where his teachings would flourish. One curiosity that belongs to the myth surrounding the ancient kingdom of Bagan is the so-called 'Kyanzittha's spear mark' near the top of the hill. According to legend, he executed a miraculous pole vault across the Irrawaddy using his spear .
The last stop before the Sutaungpyei pagoda completes the legend of Mandalay. Here on the south terrace of a small stupa is the image of the ogress Sanda Muhki who, for want of something to offer the Buddha, made an offering of her own breasts. And for this extreme act of merit the Buddha made the prophecy that Sanda Muhki would be reborn as a great king who would build a city at the foot of the hill and become a great supporter of Buddhism in the year 2400 of the Buddhist Era (1857 AD), the year King Mindon laid the foundations of Mandalay. On each of the four corners of the terrace can be seen a king of the ogres with his army of miniature ogre images behind him paying obeisance to the Buddha. There are also images of various creatures, one at each level before a Buddha image, such as a rabbit, a cockerel or a lizard, representations of the Buddha's innumerable rebirths during his cycle of Samsara (birth, suffering, death and rebirth).
At the summit
Once on the terrace of the Sutaungpyei Pagoda, a panoramic view of the Mandalay plain stretches far to the horizon, with the old city walls and moat, the Thudhamma Zayats (rest houses), various stupas around such as the Kuthodaw Pagoda and its 729 satellite stupas each housing a page inscribed in stone the world's largest book (the entire Pali Buddhist Canon), Kyauktawgyi Buddha Temple and Sandamuni Pagoda, the Irrawaddy to the west and the Minwun Hills on its opposite bank, the road to Madaya and Mogok to the north, and the Shan Yoma range of mountains to the east. There is yet a final stop down the northern slope immediately after the Sutaungpyei Pagoda called the Mwegyi hnakaung (Two Great Snakes) Pagoda. It has the images of two great cobras that were believed to frequent the hill to pay their obeisance to the Buddha and above these images seated are those of two Nats that they became when they died. Pilgrims stuff bank notes in the cobras' mouths and pray. The Champac, with its fragrant white blossoms on branches like candelabra, grows wild on the hill, along with the crimson red flowers over the feathery foliage of the Flame tree. Sunset over the river and the western hills as seen from Mandalay Hill can be a wonderful experience, and crowds of tourists may be encountered in the evenings enjoying it.
World War II
In March 1945, the British Fourteenth Army's Indian 19th Infantry Division under the command of Major-General Thomas Wynford 'Pete' Rees, dubbed the 'Pocket Napoleon' by his men on account of his size and successful military career, was closing in on the Japanese in Mandalay where resistance was based mainly at Mandalay Hill with its pagodas and temples honeycombed for machine-guns, well supplied and heavily garrisoned. Fort Dufferin or the walled city with the royal palace was another pocket of resistance by the remaining Japanese troops. A Gurkha battalion stormed up the hill engaging in fierce hand-to-hand fighting all day and night on the 9th of March, and they were joined the next day by two companies of a British battalion.
The Japanese stood firm and the last defenders had to be blown out from the cellars by rolling down petrol drums and igniting them with tracer bullets. It was not until the 11th of March that the hill fell into British hands. Aerial bombardment was resorted to when shelling from the hill failed to breach the city wall and destroy the enemy, and Mandalay Palace, a national heritage of great importance, burnt down during the siege. Whether it was the shelling and bombing or the enemy that destroyed the splendid teak palace was never determined with any certainty.
Gallery
See also
Sandamuni Pagoda
Kuthodaw Pagoda
Tripiṭaka tablets at Kuthodaw Pagoda
List of mountains in Burma
References
External links
Asian Historical Architecture: Mandalay Hill
Burmese culture
Hills of Myanmar
Buddhist pilgrimage sites in Myanmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalay%20Hill |
Simian were an English rock band, formed in Manchester in 2000.
Members
Simon William Lord (vocals, lead guitar, drum programming)
Alex MacNaghten (bass)
James Anthony Shaw (keyboards, drum programming, percussion)
James Ellis Ford (drums, drum programming)
Touring members
Michael Tighe - additional guitar, keyboards, percussion (2003)
History
Simian were formed while members of the band were studying at Manchester University. MacNaghten, Shaw and Ford were formerly members of live breakbeat project King Rib, alongside MC Mr. Wrong and DJ Silver.
Main releases
Their debut album Chemistry Is What We Are was first released in the UK on 9 July 2001 on Source Records and in the US on 18 September 2001 on Astralwerks. The US edition contained two bonus tracks, "The Tale of Willow Hill" and "Grey", that had previously been released in the UK as part of The Wisp and Watch It Glow EPs respectively.
Their second album, We Are Your Friends was released in the UK on 28 October 2002 (on Source Records) and in the US on 29 October 2002 (on Astralwerks). The Japanese release (26 March 2003) also included the bonus tracks, "Out of Bed", "Coins" and "Reasons", the first two of which had previously been released in the UK as B-sides of the "Never Be Alone" single.
Other work
In 2000, the band recorded a cover version of the Prince song "Under the Cherry Moon" from his album Parade (1986). This song was released on the tribute album, If I Was Prince (2001).
The band remixed various tracks by other artists, including "Playgirl" by Ladytron, "AM/PM" by Appliance, "Destiny" by Zero 7, and "Papua New Guinea" by The Future Sound of London.
In 2005, their song "La Breeze" was featured in a Peugeot 1007 television advertisement. It was also used in the 2007 Dove advertisement "Onslaught".
Split
The band split up in 2005 with Ford and Shaw forming the spin-off group Simian Mobile Disco. The new group is more dance-oriented and are in demand as remixers and DJs. Ford is also in the baroque pop group The Last Shadow Puppets with Arctic Monkeys singer Alex Turner. Lord is now in The Black Ghosts, an electronica act with DJ Touche from The Wiseguys.
Justice Remix
In 2006, the single "We Are Your Friends", which is a remix of their song "Never Be Alone", was released on a reactivated Virgin Records subsidiary label called Ten Records. This single was credited to "Justice vs Simian", and started life as a submission by the French music group Justice in a remix competition. The video for the single won the award for best video at the 2006 MTV Europe Music Awards. At the awards ceremony, fellow nominee Kanye West appeared on stage to complain about the Justice vs Simian victory.
"Illmerica" (by Wolfgang Gartner) was, in turn, mashed up with "We Are Your Friends" to form the track "Illmerica Are Your Friends" by Australian DJ Steve Camp; the song became popular after it was played as the opening track on episode 186 of Tiësto's radio show Club Life in 2010.
In 2011, NME placed "We Are Your Friends" at number 19 on its list "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years".
Discography
Albums
Chemistry Is What We Are (2001)
We Are Your Friends (2002)
Singles and EPs
The following releases were in the UK only on Source Records:
Watch It Glow (EP, 16 October 2000)
The Wisp (EP, 21 May 2001)
"One Dimension" (22 October 2001) - UK #95
"Mr. Crow" (4 February 2002) - UK #84
"Never Be Alone" (21 October 2002) - UK #76
"La Breeze" (31 March 2003) - UK #55
"In Between" (15 September 2003)
"We Are Your Friends" - Justice vs Simian (2006) - UK #20
References
External links
Simian fan blog
Simian Mobile Disco
BBC Collective article on Simian
English rock music groups
Musical groups established in 2000
Musical groups disestablished in 2005
Musical groups from Manchester
Astralwerks artists
Psychedelic pop music groups
English synth-pop groups
Trip hop groups
MTV Europe Music Award winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simian%20%28band%29 |
A hayrack () is a freestanding vertical drying rack found chiefly in Slovenia. Hayracks are permanent structures, primarily made of wood, upon which fodder for animals is dried, although their use is not limited to drying hay. Other food stuffs such as field maize are dried on them as well. Although it is a practical structure, a hayrack is often artistically designed and handcrafted and is regarded by Slovenes as a distinctive form of vernacular architecture that marks Slovene identity.
Distribution
The hayrack can be found throughout Slovenia except in the Prekmurje region, eastern Styria and the Slovenian Littoral. Similar structures can also be found in Friuli in Italy and in the East Tyrol region of Austria. In German, it is called or .
Names and typology
Slovenian names for the hayrack include kozolec and kazuc (colloquial, usually referring to a single straight-line hayrack), stog (commonly found in Upper Carniola and especially in the area around Studor in the Bohinj region), and toplar. Both kozolec and kozuc are probably diminutive forms of kozel 'goat', referring to a branching structure used for holding and drying hay or grain (cf. the similarly motivated German Sägebock and U.S. English sawbuck). The word stog also refers to a haystack and is derived from Common Slavic stogъ 'stack, heap'. The word toplar (or doplar) is borrowed from Austrian German Doppler, referring to a double structure in general.
Specific varieties of hayrack include:
Single straight-line hayrack (enojni stegnjeni kozolec)
Single straight-line hayrack with catslide roof (stegnjeni kozolec s plaščem)
Double straight-line hayrack (dvojni stegnjeni kozolec)
Roofed double hayrack (dvojni vezani kozolec)
Roofed double hayrack with one strut (dvojni vezani kozolec v eno drevo)
Roofed double hayrack with two struts (dvojni vezani kozolec v dve drevesi, toplar)
Roofed double hayrack with extension (toplar z repom)
Roofed double hayrack with shed (kozolec s hišo)
Split-level double hayrack (kozolec na kozla, kozolec na psa)
Open-air museum
From 2010 until 2013, the Municipality of Šentrupert in southeastern Slovenia built the first ever open-air museum "Land of Hayracks" (slovene: Dežela kozolcev) in the southern part of Šentrupert, its administrative centre. The collection includes 19 hay drying devices, which includes 17 hayracks, with the oldest from 1795, and presents all types of hayracks. The museum also serves as a venue for events. The main organiser of the project was Rupert Gole, the mayor of Šentrupert. Over 650 hayracks have been counted in the Mirna Valley, where the settlement lies. The largest of them and in the entire country is the Simončič Hayrack.
Gallery
References
Further reading
Čop, Jaka; Cevc, Tone: Slovenski kozolec = Slovene Hay-rack, Žirovnica 1993, Agens (Slovene, English)
External links
kozolec.si - Various types of hayracks.
Architecture in Slovenia
Slovenian folklore | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayrack |
NGC 1850 is a double cluster and a super star cluster in the Dorado constellation, located in the northwest part of the bar of the Large Magellanic Cloud, at a distance of from the Sun. It was discovered by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop in 1826.
This is an unusual cluster system because the main distribution of stars is like a globular cluster, but unlike the globular clusters of the Milky Way it is composed of young stars. The only similar object in the Milky Way is Westerlund 1. The main cluster has the appearance of a globular cluster with an age of Myr. The second is a more loosely distributed sub-cluster with an age of Myr, located at an angular separation of to the west of the main cluster. There are indications of interactions between the two, with the larger component being irregular and showing a tail toward the northwest.
The main cluster is around 100 million years old, with a tidal radius of 10 light years and an overall radius of 16 light years. It has an estimated mass of 42,000 times the mass of the Sun. The stellar component is split into two main sequence populations, with about a quarter of the stars in a blue (hotter) group and the rest in a redder (cooler) population. The cluster is embedded in an ionization region designated Henize 103.
The much younger subcluster, often designated NGC 1850A, contains a number of young, massive O/B-type stars that are on or near the main sequence, distributed up to from the central clump. Seven subcluster members have masses of , and two of those are . Lower mass members up to are still on the pre-main-sequence stage. The age distribution of the subcluster members indicate star formation has been active almost constantly since its formation. The eastern side of the cluster is more obscured and has fewer OB stars.
In November 2021, astronomers using MUSE on the Very Large Telescope reported the discovery of a stellar-mass black hole in NGC 1850 by viewing its influence on the motion of a star in close proximity, the first direct dynamical detection of a black hole in a young massive cluster.
Gallery
References
External links
Globular clusters
Open clusters
Large Magellanic Cloud
Dorado
1850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201850 |
Fighting Mania: Fist of the North Star, released in Japan as , is a boxing game based on the manga series Fist of the North Star released by Konami in 2000 as a coin-operated arcade game.
Cabinet
The arcade cabinet stands about 6'2" tall, 34" wide (when facing the machine), and about 4' deep. The monitor is recessed into the cabinet a fair distance, and in the front of the cabinet are six orange, sturdy punching pads with red LED lights embedded near their hinges. The pads are at rest along the inside walls of the recession of the cabinet, lining the monitor. There are also two black plastic "special gloves" that rest in pockets on the front of the machine, which are normally tied with rope or chain to the arcade cabinet to prevent theft. The player is to wear these gloves while playing (although it is also common practice to play without the gloves, though this can scrape the knuckles).
Gameplay
When an on-screen enemy makes an attack on the player, a punch pad will swing out on its hinge at a smooth pace, and upon reaching full extension at 90 degrees, the LEDs light up red. The pad stays lit for a short time, and then the pad returns inside the cabinet to rest. The player must punch this pad while the LEDs are lit. The strength of the player's punch is irrelevant to the game, and the game warns the player not to punch hard, to prevent the risk of breaking the machine. Only the timing of the punch is important, punches should be delivered at half strength, with exact timing.
Punching a pad when it is fully extended and the LEDs lit results in the attack being blocked, and the opponent receiving damage in the form of a counter-attack. Punching too early or too late results in either blocking the move with no counter-attack, or receiving lessened damage from the attack, also with no counter-attack damage to the opponent. Missing a pad completely (the pad retracting without ever being hit) results in full damage taken by the player. As opponents get more difficult - and particularly when they use their special moves - punches will be thrown and pads will pop out in faster succession and in more chaotic patterns, or special precautions may need to be taken, such as only striking one pad that is lit while other dummy pads pop up, or striking pads in the exact order they deploy.
Like conventional fighting games, the player has a life gauge at the top, and the enemy has a life gauge that must be brought to zero as well. Also both characters have a tech meter, in the form of seven stars remotely resembling the Big Dipper'. As attacks are landed or damage is taken, the stars light up along the super gauge and when full, the game will automatically execute the special move for the player. The game will also instruct the player how to use the particular special move it chose, based on the enemy the player is fighting. The game follows the Fist of the North Star series, as each enemy is not only a character from the series, but the finishing moves the player must use to defeat them are taken from the series as well. The game grades the player's performance based on their remaining life, agility, wisdom (wiz), skills and the use of finishing moves (arts).
At the start of the game, the player must choose their course. Each course consist of a set of opponents within a certain story arc. This serves as a difficulty setting. The first course is a tutorial where Kenshiro's master, Ryuken, will teach the player how to play the game and explain the finer points of timing punches. The subsequent courses involve progressively harder opponents moving toward the right, and are based on specific story arcs in the manga.
Playable characters
Kenshiro - The main character from Fist of the North Star. He is the player's character for all paths, except Course 5 and 7.
Rei - Kenshiro's ally in the series, and the hero for the fifth course. In Rei's quest, the first opponent is Raoh, who ends the battle with a fatal blow. At this point, "the Death Omen Star has fallen over Rei." Whatever life is left in the gauge after this battle will be what he will start with against the next opponent, and so on through the path without regaining life after each battle.
Raoh - In the seventh and final course, the player plays as Raoh, Kenshiro's main adversary in the game. The path follows Raoh's rise to power to become the "King of Fists."
Courses and opponents
Regional differences
A few differences exist between Fighting Mania and Punch Mania.
All the voice acting was dubbed into English. In the Japanese version, some of the voice actors from the original anime series (namely Akira Kamiya, Kaneto Shiozawa, Toshio Furukawa and Kenji Utsumi) returned to reprise their characters, while other characters were voiced by new actors.
When a character performs a special technique, it will display the name of the technique in Japanese characters. In the overseas version, it will display the name of the technique in romanized Japanese, accompanied by an English translation. The translated name for the style switches between the literal meaning of "South Dipper" and the more stylized choice of "South Star" depending on the technique.
In the Japanese version, the original theme song from the anime series, Ai o Torimodose will be played in the background during key battles. In the overseas version, it was replaced with new music composed for the game.
Sequel
is a sequel to the original Fighting Mania that was released on December 2000. In addition to containing all seven courses from the original game, the sequel adds five additional paths based on the later portion of the manga (the Hokuto no Ken 2 anime series), including one where the player controls the bounty hunter Ein, as well as a few new game modes. The sequel was distributed in a deluxe two monitor cabinet that allowed two-players to play simultaneously in competitive matches against each other or cooperative against the computer.
New courses and opponents
New game modes
Clash! Death Star - A single-player mode where the player gets the chance to play any of the 24 possible battles from the previous game and play them in any order.
Versus Mode - A competitive two-player mode where both players face each other as one of eight possible fighters (Kenshiro, Rei, Raoh, Mr. Heart, Jagi, Ein, han, Falco and Kaioh)
Tag Team Mode - A cooperative two-player mode where both players fight against a series of computer-controlled adversaries. The available teams consists of Kenshiro and Rei, Bat and Ein, or Kenshiro and Raoh.
See also
Fist of the North Star
Arcade game
System 573
Sonic Blast Man
Citations
External links
Official Japanese site
Fighting Mania - KLOV entry
Arcade video games
Arcade-only video games
Konami games
2000 video games
Boxing video games
Fist of the North Star video games
Konami arcade games
Video games developed in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting%20Mania |
Levi George Wright (15 January 1862 – 11 January 1953) was an English footballer and first-class cricketer. He played association football for Derby County and Notts County and cricket for Derbyshire from 1883 to 1909 being captain for a season and a half in 1906–07. He scored over 15,000 runs in his first-class career and took 237 catches. He was one of nineteen sportsman who achieved the Derbyshire Double of playing cricket for Derbyshire and football for Derby County.
Wright was born at Oxford and moved to Derby in 1881 to become a teacher at St Anne's School. He first played for the Napier Cricket Club, a pub team based at 'Sir Charles Napier' in Derby and then for the Derby Midland Club. He played for Derbyshire from 1883 through to 1909, his career including the period from 1888 to 1894 when Derbyshire were demoted from first-class status because of poor results. They were reinstated in 1894 and admitted to the County Championship in 1895. He captained Derbyshire for part of 1906 and for the whole season in 1907, although the team finished bottom of the Championship in both seasons.
Wright was a right-handed batsman and a renowned fieldsman at point. He also occasionally kept wicket. Wright made almost 15,000 runs for Derbyshire at an average of 26 runs per innings. His best seasons came as he got older: he scored 1,000 runs in a season six times, the first when he was 37 years old, and his best season of all was 1905, when in all matches he scored 1,855 runs, at an average of more than 42 runs per innings. The citation as a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in the 1906 edition of Wisden paid tribute not just to his run-getting at the age of 43, but also his continued quick reactions as a fielder.
He took many brilliant catches, standing within four or five yards of the bat, and on one occasion came in so close that he caught the bat instead of the ball.
Football career
Levi Wright played association football for local club Derby Midland from 1887 until 1888. He was signed by Derby County before the inaugural Football League season began in September 1888.
Levi Wright, playing at centre–half, made his Derby County and League debut on 29 September 1888 at County Ground, the then home of Derby County. The visitors were Preston North End and Derby County lost the match 3–2. Levi Wright also scored his debut and only League goal in this match. He scored Derby County' second goal to put Derby County 2–0 in the lead. On 13 October 1888 Levi Wright was supplanted as the oldest Derby County League player by William Chatterton. Wright appeared in four of the 22 League matches played by Derby County in season 1888–89.
Levi Wright only played the four League matches for Derby County, scoring the one goal, and was not retained for 1889–90 season and was signed by Notts County but he never played for them and never played top-flight football again.
Wright died at Normanton, Derbyshire at the age of nearly 91.
Football statistics
See also
List of English cricket and football players
References
External links
– Run Crazy Derbyshire A Cricket Record
1862 births
1953 deaths
English men's footballers
English cricketers
Derbyshire cricket captains
Gentlemen cricketers
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Derby Midland F.C. players
Derby County F.C. players
Notts County F.C. players
Men's association football central defenders
North v South cricketers
Footballers from Oxford
Cricketers from Oxford | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi%20Wright |
Ooltgensplaat is a village in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Goeree-Overflakkee, and lies about 17 km south of Spijkenisse.
History
The village was first mentioned in 1554 as Oitkensplate, and means "shoal of Oltken (person)". Ooltgensplaat developed after the Het Oudeland polder was created between 1481 and 1483. The village has a harbour canal to the Volkerak. Ooltgensplaats became strategically important during the Eighty Years' War because it controlled the access to the Volkerak.
The Dutch Reformed church is an aisleless L-shaped church which was built in 1847 as a replacement of the 16th century church. The former town hall is a building in mannerist style built between 1617 and 1618. It was restored between 1938 and 1939, and many of the alterations from 1839 were undone.
Fort Prins Hendrik was built as Fort Duquesne by the French. It is a square fortress surrounded by a moat with bastions on the corners. L-shaped barracks were added between 1880 and 1883. The fortress was decommissioned in 1928. In 1969, it was used as a holiday resort. The company went bankrupt in 2014, and in 2018, the fort and surrounding area was bought by the municipality.
Ooltgensplaat was home to 1,583 people in 1840. It was a separate municipality until 1966, when it became part of Oostflakkee. In 2013, it became part of the municipality of Goeree-Overflakkee.
Gallery
References
Former municipalities of South Holland
Populated places in South Holland
Goeree-Overflakkee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooltgensplaat |
Robert Vance Gentry (July 9, 1933 – January 28, 2020) was an American young Earth creationist and nuclear physicist, known for his claims that radiohalos provide evidence for a young age of the Earth.
Thesis
Gentry noted that the 218 polonium radio halos only formed at temperatures below 300 degrees and were visible for less than 3 minutes, thus requiring the Precambrian granites where they are to have formed by a quick process yet "mysterious" cold, highlighting the singularities of the continental crust in relation to the oceanic crust. When questioned in debates that defended the thermal paradigm in the formation of the earth's rocks, Gentry challenged them to then reproduce Precambrian granites containing the same, in miniature, since such a process should then be able to imitate the formation of granites containing halos. After unanswered decades, Australian geologist Andrew Snelling proposed "a model in which hydrothermal fluids separated 222 Rn and their parents' Po isotopes 238 U in zircons and transported them over very short distances along cleavage planes in the host and adjacent, biotites until 222 Rn decays and the Po isotopes were chemically concentrated in radiocentres, to later produce the Po radiohalos.
Career
Gentry received a master's degree in physics from the University of Florida, and then worked in the defense industry in nuclear weapons research. In 1959, he was influenced by a verse he read in the Bible while looking at polonium halos, and subsequently converted to Seventh-day Adventism. Thereafter, he entered the doctoral program at Georgia Institute of Technology, but left when he was refused permission to work on the age of the Earth for his dissertation.
By this time he was convinced that radiohalos might be the key to determining the age of the Earth, and might be capable of vindicating flood geology. He continued to work on the subject at home using a small microscope and attempted to publish his results (minus his creationist conclusions) in one or more peer reviewed scientific journals. In 1969, while Gentry was affiliated with an Adventist college in Maryland, Oak Ridge National Laboratory invited him to use their facilities, as a guest scientist in the hope that his work on radiohalos might lead to discovering super-heavy elements. This relationship was terminated as a result of his participation in McLean v. Arkansas.
Claims and criticism
Gentry has had strong disagreements with other creationists over some details of flood geology. A number of creationists, including fellow Seventh-day Adventists, have criticised his work.
In the late 1970s, Gentry challenged the scientific community to synthesize "a hand-sized specimen of a typical biotite-bearing granite" as a test of his claims. The scientific response was dismissive. Geologist G. Brent Dalrymple stated: "As far as I am concerned, Gentry's challenge is silly. … He has proposed an absurd and inconclusive experiment to test a perfectly ridiculous and unscientific hypothesis that ignores virtually the entire body of geological knowledge."
In 1981, Gentry was a defense witness in the McLean v. Arkansas case over the constitutional validity of Act 590 that mandated that "creation science" be given equal time in public schools with evolution. Act 590 was ruled to be unconstitutional (a verdict that was upheld by the Supreme Court in Edwards v. Aguillard).
Gentry has devised his own creationist cosmology and filed a lawsuit in 2001 against Los Alamos National Laboratory and Cornell University after personnel deleted ten of his papers about his cosmology from the public preprint server arXiv. On 23 March 2004, Gentry's lawsuit against arXiv was dismissed by a Tennessee court on the grounds that it lacked territorial jurisdiction, as neither defendant in the case was considered to have a significant presence in the state of Tennessee.
His self-published book Creation's Tiny Mystery was reviewed by geologist Gregg Wilkerson, who said that it has several logical flaws and concluded that "the book is a source of much misinformation about current geologic thinking and confuses fact with interpretation." Wilkerson also noted that the book contains considerable autobiographical material and he observed that "[i]n general I don't think educators will find it's worth their time to tread through this creationist's whining." This criticism of Gentry's "frequent whining about discrimination" has also been made by fellow creationists, who concluded that "his scientific snubs resulted more from his own abrasive style than from his peculiar ideas", according to critic Ronald L. Numbers, a historian of science.
Selected publications
Robert V. Gentry, (1986). Creation's Tiny Mystery. (Knoxville, Tenn.: Earth Science Associates) Page 66
References
Further reading
Ellenberger, C.L., with reply by Gentry, R.V. 1984. "Polonium Halos Redux," Physics Today. December 1984. pp. 91–92
Ellenberger, C.L. 1986. "Absolute Dating," unanswered surrebuttal to Gentry, Physics Today. March 1986. pp. 152, 156
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Osmon, P., 1986, "Gentry’s pleochroic halos: Creation/Evolution," Newsletter, Feser, Karl D., Editor, v. 6, no. 1, Concord College, Athens, West Virginia
Schadewald, R., 1987. "Gentry’s tiny mystery, Creation/Evolution" Newsletter, Fezer, Karl D, Editor, v. 4, no. 2 & 3. Concord College. Athens. West Virginia, p 20.
External links
Earth Science Associates, Robert Gentry's website about radiohaloes.
The Orion Foundation, Robert Gentry's site criticizing Big Bang cosmology.
Talk Origin's critique of radiohalos
Additional ways of naturally forming Po halos
Answers In Creation article arguing that radiohalos do not support a young earth
Defendant transcripts in McLean v Arkansas where you can read the transcript of his deposition.
1933 births
2020 deaths
Converts to Adventism
American Seventh-day Adventists
American Christian Young Earth creationists
Georgia Tech alumni
University of Florida College of Liberal Arts and Sciences alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20V.%20Gentry |
Mark Andrew Guthrie (born September 22, 1965) is a former Major League Baseball relief pitcher who played for several teams between 1989 and 2003, and was a member of the 1991 World Series Champion Minnesota Twins.
Career
After graduating from Venice High School, Guthrie attended LSU where he led the team in ERA in 1985 and was all SEC first team in 1986. After the 1986 season, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Harwich Mariners of the Cape Cod Baseball League.
He was selected by the Twins in the 7th round of the 1987 amateur entry draft and played in Minnesota from 1989 to 1995. On November 6, 1996, he signed as a free agent with the Los Angeles Dodgers, where he played until the close of 1998. Following his membership with the Dodgers, Guthrie was a player for the Boston Red Sox, Chicago Cubs, Oakland Athletics, Toronto Blue Jays and the New York Mets. Throughout his entire professional career (1989–2003) Guthrie earned over $15 million. As a member of the Chicago Cubs in 2003, Guthrie took the loss in Game 1 of the 2003 National League Championship Series surrendering an 11th inning home run to the Marlins Mike Lowell.
Personal
His son, Dalton Guthrie, played college baseball at the University of Florida, was drafted in the sixth round of the 2017 MLB Draft by the Philadelphia Phillies, made his major league debut in 2022 with the Phillies, and in 2023 was traded to the San Francisco Giants.
References
External links
1965 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball players from Buffalo, New York
Boston Red Sox players
Chicago Cubs players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Louisiana State University alumni
Major League Baseball pitchers
Minnesota Twins players
New York Mets players
Oakland Athletics players
Orlando Twins players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
Portland Beavers players
Tampa Bay Devil Rays players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Visalia Oaks players
Harwich Mariners players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Guthrie |
Maurice Ascalon (; 1913–2003) was an Israeli designer and sculptor. He was, by some accounts, considered the father of the modern Israeli decorative arts movement.
Biography
Moshe Klein (later Maurice Ascalon) was born in eastern Hungary (the town of Fehérgyarmat). From an early age, he was drawn to art, which was frowned upon in the eastern Hungarian "shtetl" in which he was raised. When he was 15 years old Klein left his boyhood home to study art at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels. He took with him an understanding of Jewish rituals and traditions which knowledge he later incorporated in his work.
In 1934, after undertaking his formal artistic training in Brussels and later Milan, Maurice Ascalon immigrated to the land of Israel (then the British Mandate of Palestine). There he met his wife-to-be, Zipora Kartujinsky] a Polish-born Jew, granddaughter to the distinguished cartographer and scientist of the same surname. (Zipora, who died in 1982, became a sculptor in her own right late in her life, creating bas reliefs depicting the shtetl life of her childhood).
Art career
In 1939, Maurice Ascalon designed and created the enormous hammered repoussé copper relief sculpture of three figures, "The Tiller of the Soil, the Laborer and the Scholar", which adorned the façade of the Jewish Palestine Pavilion of the 1939 New York World's Fair. Ascalon was commissioned to create this work for the historically significant Pavilion which introduced the world to the concept of a modern Jewish state. (The work is now part of the collection of the Spertus Institute for Jewish Learning and Leadership in Chicago.)
In the late 1930s, Ascalon founded an Israeli decorative arts manufacturing company, Pal-Bell, which produced trademark bronze and brass menorahs and other Judaic and secular decorative art and functional items that were exported in large numbers worldwide. Maurice Ascalon's designs, some art deco, others more traditional, introduced the use of a chemically induced green patina (verdigris) to Israeli metalwork. During Israel's War for Independence in 1948, he designed munitions for the Israeli army and, at the request of the Israeli government, retrofitted his factory to produce munitions for the war effort. In 1956 Maurice immigrated to the United States.
During the latter part of the 1950s through the 1960s, Maurice resided in New York and Los Angeles. He gained a reputation as a master silversmith, creating for synagogues Torah crowns and other objects of Jewish ceremonial art. For a time, he taught sculpture on the fine arts faculty of the University of Judaism (now the American Jewish University) in Los Angeles.
In the late 1970s, Ascalon Studios, relocated to the Philadelphia area. It became (and still is today, under the direction of Maurice's son, David Ascalon) a multifaceted art studio dedicated to the design of and creation of site-specific art for worship and public spaces.
In February 2003, Maurice Ascalon celebrated his 90th birthday as a resident of Cuernavaca, Mexico, where he lived with his eldest son, Adir Ascalon (Adir was a surrealist painter and sculptor who collaborated with the noted Mexican muralist David Alfaro Siqueiros). In August 2003, Maurice Ascalon succumbed to complications related to Parkinson's disease.
Maurice Ascalon's commissions include permanent installations at worship and public spaces throughout the United States, Mexico, and Israel. His works have been exhibited at and are among the collections of institutions including the Jewish Museum (New York), the Museum of American Jewish History in Philadelphia, Spertus Institute for Jewish Learning and Leadership in Chicago, the Eretz Israel Museum in Tel Aviv, and the University of Judaism in Los Angeles.
References
Bibliography
"New Jersey Artist Honored Posthumously in Tel Aviv" New Jersey Jewish News, December 15, 2005 at 50.
"In the Frame" by Gil Goldfine, The Jerusalem Post, August 15, 2003 p.B14.
Sculptor Maurice Ascalon Dies" by Barbara Rothschild, The Courier-Post, August 7, 2003 at B1.
"M. Ascalon Maker of Judaic Art", The Philadelphia Inquirer, August 5, 2003.
"From Hungary to Israel to South Jersey", by Joanne Palmer, The Jewish Standard, May 24, 2023.
"Sculpture by Cherry Hill artist that envisioned modern State of Israel is memorialized", by Ezra Solway, The Jewish Community Voice, June 14, 2023.
See also
Visual arts in Israel
Brad Ascalon
External links
Maurice Ascalon's Pal-Bell Co. Ltd.
Pal-Bell Online Collectors Forum
1913 births
2003 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
Israeli people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
Hungarian Jews
Hungarian sculptors
Hungarian emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Israeli emigrants to the United States
Israeli sculptors
Ashkenazi Jews in Mandatory Palestine
Israeli Ashkenazi Jews
Jewish sculptors
Mexican Ashkenazi Jews
Modern sculptors
People from Cuernavaca
Neurological disease deaths in Mexico
Art Deco artists
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century Israeli male artists
American male sculptors
20th-century American male artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice%20Ascalon |
Irrel is a municipality in the district Bitburg-Prüm, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated in the Eifel, near the border with Luxembourg, at the confluence of the rivers Prüm and Nims. It is located approximately 15 km south-west of Bitburg and 5 km north-east of Echternach.
Irrel was the seat of the former Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Irrel. Since 1 July 2014 it is part of the Verbandsgemeinde Südeifel.
Sights
Devil's Gorge
References
Bitburg-Prüm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrel |
The Pink Line is an rapid transit line in Chicago, run by the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) as part of the Chicago "L" system. It is the CTA's newest rail line and began operation for a 180-day trial period on June 25, 2006, running between 54th/Cermak station in Cicero, Illinois and the Loop in downtown Chicago. As the line enters downtown Chicago, it begins to share tracks with Green Line trains on Lake Street. This connection is handled by the previously non-revenue Paulina Connector set of tracks. In 2022, over 3 million passengers boarded Pink Line trains.
Operation
On the Pink Line, what was once the Blue Line's Cermak branch, begins at 54th Avenue and Cermak Road in Cicero (5400 W. – 2200 S.). The line runs on at-grade tracks parallel to Cermak Road from the terminal to about a quarter-mile (400 m) east of Cicero Avenue, then diagonals northeast until it reaches a corridor parallel and adjacent to 21st Street at Kostner Avenue. It then continues east between 21st Street and Cullerton Street, climbing up from at-grade tracks to elevated tracks, through the North Lawndale, Little Village and Pilsen neighborhoods of Chicago, with stops at Kostner, Pulaski, Central Park, Kedzie, California, Western and Damen.
The line turns north near Paulina Street stopping at 18th and Polk stations, then crosses over the Eisenhower Expressway (Interstate 290). Here, a two track non-revenue branch diverges that descends to the expressway to provide a non-revenue track connection to the Blue Line. It continues on the Paulina Connector to share tracks with the Green Line on Lake Street with stops at Ashland, Morgan and Clinton, before operating around the Loop clockwise.
History
As the Blue Line Douglas/Cermak branch
Until 1996, the Cermak branch was known as the Douglas branch, for Douglas Park along its route. Originally, Douglas trains were operated by the Metropolitan West Side Elevated directly into the Loop by means of the Metropolitan's main line. Construction of the Congress Street Superhighway (known now as the Eisenhower Expressway, I-290) in the 1950s required the removal of the Metropolitan's main line, resulting in Douglas trains being routed to the Loop via the Paulina Connector and the Lake Street 'L' similar to the current service.
Upon completion of the new Congress branch in the median of the expressway, all trains of the Douglas branch were operated via the Milwaukee-Dearborn Subway to the city's Northwest Side and to . The Douglas branch was re-named the Cermak branch in the mid-1990s. The entire Cermak branch is ADA accessible.
Converting to the Pink Line
In January 2006, the CTA held hearings on its proposal to reroute trains from 54th/Cermak via the recently rebuilt Paulina Connector to the Lake Street Green Line tracks, then operating around the Loop clockwise for the first time since Douglas trains began using the Milwaukee-Dearborn Subway in downtown Chicago on June 22, 1958. This would allow a doubling of Blue Line trains to Forest Park on the Congress Branch, since service would no longer be divided between the Forest Park and 54th/Cermak terminals. The CTA has also promised that service to/from 54th/Cermak would be increased 100% during weekday rush hours.
At the initial time of proposal, this plan was often referred to as the "Silver Line", as the original idea was to use gray as the line color on printed materials and give it the route name of "Silver".
In February 2006, the CTA approved the separate plan. Non-rush hour trains would be routed via the Loop, Green Line tracks and Paulina Connector. During weekday rush hours, service would be available on this routing as well as the original route via the Dearborn Street subway every half hour. These changes went into effect beginning June 25, 2006, with the trial period scheduled to end 180 days later on December 22, 2006.
In March 2006, the Chicago Transit Authority announced that of the top three colors, Pink, Gold and Silver, Pink had received the most votes in a write-in essay contest for Chicago-area schoolchildren in kindergarten through 8th grade—a $1,000 savings bond was awarded to a selected essay writer who advocated for the color pink.
The Pink Line began operation in June 2006, using the rebuilt Paulina Connector, which had not been used in regular revenue service for 48 years.
The service, which was originally set up as a temporary service to be run for a trial period of 180 days (6 months), doubles service on both the Douglas branch and the Forest Park branch of the Blue Line. This is accomplished by routing all but 12 trains per day coming from to and adding entirely new service from the 54th/Cermak terminal in Cicero to The Loop via the Paulina Connector and the Lake Street branch of the Green Line. Pink Line trains operate clockwise on the Inner Loop track via Lake-Wabash-Van Buren-Wells before returning to 54th/Cermak.
On December 12, 2006, the CTA board approved a six-month extension to the trial period before making a decision on whether or not to make the changes permanent, and another 180-day extension was added to the trial in June 2007. On December 4, 2008, CTA announced its decision to make the Pink Line permanent.
Operating hours and headways
The Pink Line operates between 54th/Cermak and the Loop weekdays from 4 a.m. to 2 a.m., and weekends from 5 a.m. to 2 a.m. Trains run on a minimum headway of 20 minutes after midnight, decreasing to 8–9 minutes during weekday rush hours.
Rolling stock
The Pink Line is operated with the Bombardier-built 5000-series railcars. Trains operate using four cars on weekdays and weekends. Frequently, the Pink and Green Lines borrow each other's cars when either line is short on cars. Since September 2018, two cars sets assigned to the Pink Line make weekday rush hour trips on the Blue Line. At the time of their reintroduction, all Pink Line consists using 5000-series cars were six cars long. As of mid-August 2012, the Pink Line was using the 5000-series cars in four and six car consists.
With the successful testing of the Pink Line 5000-series cars in four car consists during August, the Pink Line reverted to running four cars during most times of the day. Some of the 5000-series cars that had been assigned to the line, were reassigned to the Green Line. The last 2600-series cars were removed from service from the Pink Line in June 2012, making the Pink Line the first line to be fully equipped with the 5000-series cars. Most of the Pink Line's 2600-series cars were reassigned to the Blue Line to replace its 2200-series cars.
Possible route to Ravenswood
In 2002, the CTA proposed the creation of the "Circle Line", which would utilize segments of existing rail lines to keep new construction to a minimum, in addition to of new subway and elevated segments to the 'L' system to complete the circumferential route. Maps additionally suggested increasing the route length of two lines: Possibly running the Brown Line from its terminus at Kimball, to the Loop, and continuing to the 54th/Cermak terminus via the current Pink Line route from the Loop; and Orange Line service from , to the Loop, and continuing to Midway Airport via the current Orange Line route. These considerations have been undergoing study and analysis.
Station listing
After stopping at Washington/Wells, Pink Line trains return to Clinton, then make all stops back to 54th/Cermak.
Rail yard
The 54th Yard is a CTA rail yard for the Pink Line in Cicero, Illinois. Currently, 5000-series railcars are stored here.
See also
Cermak branch
References
External links
Pink Line at CTA official site
CTA Selects Winning Essay of Name the Line Contest – CTA Press Release on the Pink line
Railway lines opened in 2006
Railway lines in Chicago
2006 establishments in Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink%20Line%20%28CTA%29 |
David Arthur Granger (born 15 July 1945) is a Guyana former politician and retired military officer who served as the ninth president of Guyana from 2015 to 2020. A member of the People’s National Congress (PNC), he previously served as Commander of the Guyana Defence Force and as National Security Adviser from 1990 to 1992. He was leader of the Opposition in the National Assembly of Guyana from 2012 to 2015.
Granger stood as the opposition coalition's presidential candidate in the November 2011 general election but was defeated. He was elected as President in the May 2015 general election. He lost a vote of confidence on 21 December 2018 that led to a snap election.
Career
Born in Georgetown, David Arthur Granger became a senior officer of the Guyana Defence Force (GDF) by Prime Minister Linden Forbes Sampson Burnham.
He attended Queen's College, one of Guyana's most prestigious schools, along the likes of Presidents Forbes Burnham, Cheddi Jagan, Samuel Hinds and scholars Walter Rodney and Rupert Roopnaraine.
After leaving Queen's College, where he was a member of the Queen's College Cadet Corps, Granger joined the Guyana Defence Force as an officer cadet in 1965 and was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in 1966.
He received his professional military training at the Army Command and Staff College in Nigeria; the Jungle Warfare Instruction Centre in Brazil; and the School of Infantry and the Mons Officer Cadet School, respectively, in the UK.
He became commander of the Guyana Defence Force in 1979 and was promoted to the rank of brigadier. In 1990, Granger was appointed as National Security Adviser to the President and retired from the military service in 1992.
Granger founded the Guyana Review news magazine in 1992 and served as its Managing Editor. He has researched and published essays on military, historical and media themes, and is also the author of Guyana's State Media: the quest for control, and A Preliminary Study of Women Soldiers in the Anglophone Caribbean. For the 1995–1996 academic year he was a Hubert H. Humphrey/Fulbright Fellow at the Philip Merrill College of Journalism at the University of Maryland, College Park.
In 2010, he made a successful bid to be elected as the presidential candidate of the People's National Congress–Reform for the November 2011 general election.
Standing as the opposition coalition's presidential candidate, Granger was defeated by Donald Ramotar. He was unanimously elected as Leader of the Opposition in the National Assembly on 16 January 2012.
Granger stood again as the presidential candidate of the opposition coalition, APNU – AFC, in the 11 May 2015 general election. The coalition secured the majority of votes, and Granger was sworn in as President of Guyana on 16 May 2015.
He lost a vote of no confidence on 21 December 2018, leading to a snap election.
2020 Elections
After losing the vote of No Confidence in December 2018, elections were held on 2 March 2020. The elections were overseen by many international entities such as the Organisation of American States, Carter Center, CARICOM and European Union. Initially, Granger and his party tried to claim victory on manipulated numbers.
He later tried to claim the elections were tainted by fraud and should be cancelled. Ultimately, a national recount of votes on the indicated a win for the opposing People's Progressive Party presidential candidate Irfaan Ali. This is the third Guyanese President to attempt to win an election by rigging, the previous being Forbes Burnham and Desmond Hoyte, both from Granger's PNC party.
Education
Granger attended the prestigious institution of Queen's College. He did some workshops from time and he was covered by the Army.
He attended the Urban Policy Development Workshop at the University of California, Los Angeles; the Defense Planning and Resource Management course at the National Defense University, Washington DC; and the Counter-Terrorism Educators' Workshop at the Joint Special Operations University (Florida, USA).
Commander
Granger was Commander of the Guyana Defence Force (GDF) and National Security Adviser to President Hoyte. He received his military training at the Mons Officer Cadet School, and the School of Infantry in the United Kingdom; the Jungle Warfare Instruction Centre in Brazil, and the Army Command and Staff College in Nigeria. He was a member of several defence and security agencies. He held the chairmanship of the Central Intelligence Committee; co-chairmanship of the Border and National Security Committee; and was a member of the Guyana Defence Board, National Drug Law Enforcement Committee, and the Disciplined Forces Commission. Granger has served in several public organisations.
Academic/Historian
He was elected to the presidencies of the History Society, the Guyana Heritage Society, the University of Guyana Guild of Graduates; and the Guyana Chess Federation. He was also a member of the University of Guyana Council, Association of Caribbean Historians, Caribbean Studies Association, Guyana Press Association, Guyana Book Foundation, and is currently a member of the Guyana Legion and the Board of Trustees of the Guyana Veterans Foundation.
Author
Granger has written extensively on national defence and public security issues. He is the author of National Defence: A Brief History of the Guyana Defence Force, 1965 – 2005; Public Security: Criminal Violence and Policing in Guyana; and Public Policy: The Crisis of Governance in Guyana.
He wrote several monographs, including Five Thousand Day War: The Struggle for Haiti's Independence, 1789–1804; The British Guiana Volunteer Force, 1948–1966; The Guyana National Service, 1974–2000; The Guyana People's Militia, 1976–1997; The Queen's College Cadet Corps, 1889–1975; Guyana's Coinage, 1808–2008; The Era of Enslavement, 1638–1838; and The Village Movement, 1839–1889. He was co-editor, with Winston McGowan and James Rose, of Themes in African–Guyanese History, and was publisher of the Guyana Review and Emancipation magazines.
Awards
Granger has received various academic awards, including the President's Medal for the best graduating student; Dennis Irvine Prize for the student who has made the greatest contribution to all cultural life of the university; Council of the University Prize; Elsa Goveia Medal of Excellence; Guy de Weever History Prize; Earl Attlee History Prize; Mary Noel Menezes Award for History; Department of History Prize and others, from the University of Guyana.
He also holds three national awards: the Military Efficiency Medal (1976), the Military Service Medal (1981), and the Military Service Star (1985) for distinguished military service.
Personal life
Granger is married to Sandra Granger (née Chan-A-Sue) and has two daughters, Han and Afuwa.
In November 2018, Granger was diagnosed with Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
References
External links
1945 births
Afro-Guyanese people
Graduates of the Mons Officer Cadet School
Guyanese writers
Guyanese military personnel
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Guyana)
People from Georgetown, Guyana
People's National Congress (Guyana) politicians
Presidents of Guyana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20A.%20Granger |
Middlewich Town Football Club is a football club based in the Cheshire town of Middlewich. They currently play in the .
History
Middlewich has had a town football club since at least 1912, with Middlewich Athletic playing at Seddon Street since 1912. Middlewich Athletic were mid-Cheshire league champions five times between 1952 and 1975. In 1998 Middlewich Town was formed by combining Middlewich Athletic with the Middlewich Town Youth teams, so that the club now has junior squads ranging from under 8s to under 16s, a reserve team and a first XI. Since the name change Middlewich have been runners up in the mid-Cheshire league three times, and won the league once.
Honours
Mid-Cheshire League/Cheshire League Division One
Champions 1961–62, 1964–65, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1974–75, 2003–04, 2005–06, 2006–07
Runners-up 1955–56, 1965–66, 1973–74, 1999–2000, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2007–08, 2008–09
Mid-Cheshire League Division Two
Runners-up 1992–93
Records
FA Amateur Cup
Second Round 1973–74
FA Trophy
First Qualifying Round 1976–77, 1977–78, 1978–79
FA Vase
Fifth Round 1974–75, 1980–81
Former players
1. Players that have played/managed in the Football League or any foreign equivalent to this level (i.e. fully professional league).
2. Players with full international caps.
3. Players that hold a club record or have captained the club.
Hughie Reed
References
External links
Football clubs in Cheshire
Middlewich
North West Counties Football League clubs
Association football clubs established in 1998
1998 establishments in England
Football clubs in England
Cheshire Association Football League
Cheshire County League clubs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlewich%20Town%20F.C. |
In heraldry, an inescutcheon is a smaller escutcheon that is placed within or superimposed over the main shield of a coat of arms, similar to a charge. This may be used in the following cases:
as a simple mobile charge, for example as borne by the French family of Abbeville, illustrated below; these may also bear other charges upon them, as shown in the arms of the Swedish Collegium of Arms;
in pretence (as a mark of a hereditary claim, usually by right of marriage), bearing assumed arms over one's own hereditary arms;
in territorial claim, bearing a monarch's hereditary arms en surtout over the territorial arms of his domains.
Inescutcheons as mobile charges
Inescutcheons may appear in personal and civic armory as simple mobile charges, for example the arms of the House of Mortimer, the Clan Hay or the noble French family of Abbeville. These mobile charges are of a particular tincture but do not necessarily bear further charges and may appear anywhere on the main escutcheon, their placement being specified in the blazon, if in doubt.
Inescutcheons may also be charged with other mobile charges, such as in the arms of the Swedish Collegium of Arms (Right) which bears the three crowns of Sweden, each upon its own escutcheon upon the field of the main shield. These inescutcheons serve as a basis for including other charges that do not serve as an augmentation or hereditary claim. In this case, the inescutcheons azure allow the three crowns of Sweden to be placed upon a field, thus not only remaining clearly visible but also conforming to the rule of tincture.
Inescutcheon of pretence
Inescutcheons may also be used to bear another's arms in "pretence".
In English heraldry the husband of a heraldic heiress, the sole daughter and heiress of an armigerous man (i.e. a lady without any brothers), rather than impaling his wife's paternal arms as is usual, must place her paternal arms in an escutcheon of pretence in the centre of his own shield as a claim ("pretence") to be the new head of his wife's family, now extinct in the male line. In the next generation the arms are quartered by the son.
Use by monarchs and states
A monarch's personal or hereditary arms may be borne on an inescutcheon en surtout over the territorial arms of his/her domains, as in the arms of Spain, the coats of arms of the Danish royal family members, the greater coat of arms of Sweden, or the arms of Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England (1653–1659). The early Georgian kings of England bore an inescutcheon of the royal arms of Hanover on the arms of the Stuart monarchs of Great Britain, whose territories they now ruled.
Notes
References
Works cited
Heraldry
Shields | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inescutcheon |
Robert "Bob" Blauner (May 18, 1929 – October 20, 2016) was an American sociologist, college professor and author. He introduced the theory of internal colonialism.
Biography
He was born in Chicago, Illinois.
Bob spent his high school years at Sullivan High School in Chicago. He was the editor of the school paper, the Sentinel. He was also the valedictorian of his high school class. He was interested in sports and was an avid tennis player. His friends in high school included LeRoy Wollins who went on to be active in Veterans for Peace and earned his living importing Russian language materials. Another friend was Charles Garvin who taught social work at the University of Michigan and Daniel Joseph who was a distinguished professor at the University of Minnesota.
Blauner's sociological writings and teachings on class, race, and men are rooted in his years as a factory worker. He took that employment after his return from France where he lived during the so-called McCarthy period.
His formal studies led to a B.A. from the University of Chicago in 1948, followed by an M.A. in 1950; he earned his Ph.D. from U.C. Berkeley in 1962. His dissertation at Berkeley, which later became his first book Alienation and Freedom was supervised by William Kornhauser, Seymour Martin Lipset, and Philip Selznick. His master's thesis was on the sociological significance of first names.
He began teaching at San Francisco State University, the University of Chicago, and from 1963 on he taught at Berkeley. His first wife was his high school classmate Virginia Bauer. He had a sister Sonia. His mother was a librarian and his father was a lawyer. His wife at the time of his death was Karina Epperlein who was a noted maker of documentary films, often portraying oppressed people such as incarcerated mothers.
The well-known "Blauner Hypothesis" states that minority groups created by colonization, because it is forced on them, experience a greater degree of racism and discrimination than those created by voluntary immigration.
In his studies, Blauner contrasts the assimilation experiences of Cubans, Puerto Ricans, and Mexican-Americans.
His work was funded by major groups such as the National Institute of Mental Health, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Social Science Research Council. He died in North Berkeley, Berkeley, California on October 20, 2016, at the age of 87.
Bibliography
Alienation and Freedom: The Factory Worker and His Industry (1964).
Racial Oppression in America (1972).
Black Lives, White Lives: Three Decades of Race Relations in America (1989).
Our Mothers' Spirits: Great Writers on the Death of Mothers and the Grief of Men, editor (1997).
Resisting McCarthyism: To Sign or Not to Sign California’s Loyalty Oath (2009).
Colonized and Immigrant Minorities
See also
Policy alienation
Social alienation
Sources
"Robert Blauner." World of Sociology. Gale Group, 2001.
1929 births
2016 deaths
American sociologists
University of Chicago alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of California, Berkeley faculty
American non-fiction writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Blauner |
"Speed of Life" is the first instrumental by David Bowie. It is the opening track for his album Low from 1977.
"Speed of Life" introduces the Low album, and, coupled with the instrumental "A New Career in a New Town", provides a front bookend for the A-side of the album. The track makes several immediate implications about the content of the album, with its heavy use of synthesizers as both effects and instruments, with the presence of Dennis Davis' drums and the overlaid harmonizer creating a distinctly different mix than any previous Bowie album.
The song includes the refrain from Here Comes That Rainy Day Feeling Again.
Lyrics were originally planned for this song, but Bowie abandoned the idea after several attempts, deciding that the piece stood better on its own.
Live versions
Performances from the Isolar II Tour have been released on Stage (1978) and Welcome to the Blackout (2018). The song was also performed during the 2002 tour, in which Bowie played the Low album in its entirety on selected dates.
Other releases
It was released as the B-side of the single "Be My Wife" in June 1977.
It also appeared in the Sound + Vision box set.
It was released as a picture disc in the RCA Life Time picture disc set.
Production credits
Producers:
Tony Visconti
Musicians:
David Bowie: ARP synthesizer, Chamberlin
Carlos Alomar: Guitar
George Murray: Bass
Dennis Davis: Drums
Roy Young: Piano
Cover versions
ST-37 – Only Bowie (1995)
Insect Surfers – Ziggy Played Surf Guitar (Various Artists Compilation) (2011)
Shearwater – as part of a live performance of the entire Berlin Trilogy for WNYC (2018)
Sources
Greatorex, Johnathan. "Just a Mortal With Potential." Teenage Wildlife. Nov. 1996. 6 Mar. 2006 <http://www.teenagewildlife.com/Interact/fc/misc/JG/index.html>.
Griffin, Roger. "Low." Bowie Golden Years. Jan. 2005. 6 Mar. 2006 <http://www.bowiegoldenyears.com/low.html>.
Wilcken, Hugo, Low, Continuum International Publishing Group Inc, 2005,
References
David Bowie songs
1977 songs
Songs written by David Bowie
Rock instrumentals
Song recordings produced by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by Tony Visconti | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed%20of%20Life%20%28David%20Bowie%20song%29 |
The Madness of King George: The Ingenious Insanity of Our Most "Misunderestimated" President is a political satire book written by Michael K. Smith and illustrated by Matt Wuerker. It was published in 2004 by Common Courage Press in Canada. Alternating between text and cartoons, it takes a critical look at George W. Bush's life and first term as president of the United States, portraying it all as a rush to war in Iraq.
2004 non-fiction books
American political books
Books about the 2003 invasion of Iraq
Books about George W. Bush
American non-fiction books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Madness%20of%20King%20George%20%28book%29 |
PDFtk (short for PDF Toolkit) is a toolkit for manipulating Portable Document Format (PDF) documents. It runs on Linux, Windows and MacOS. It comes in three versions: PDFtk Server (open-source command-line tool), PDFtk Free (freeware) and PDFtk Pro (proprietary paid). It is able to concatenate, shuffle, split and rotate PDF files. It can also show and update metadata. Both CLI and GUI versions of PDFTK are available.
Java implementation
pdftk-java is a port of PDFtk into Java which is developed by Marc Vinyals and GPL licensed. The initial release was on December 30, 2017.
See also
List of PDF software
References
External links
PDF Chain, a GUI for Linux (GPL)
An older GUI, working under Windows and most Linux distributions (GPL)
PDFTK4ALL, a GUI for Windows (GPL), last release 0.2.1.0 beta from February 25, 2009 including a copy of PDFTK 1.41
PDFTK Builder, a GUI for Windows (GPL), last release 3.10.0 from July 13, 2018
Free PDF software
Free software programmed in Java (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDFtk |
Kyllburg () is a town in the Waldeifel region in the district of Bitburg-Prüm, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated in the Eifel mountains, on the river Kyll, approximately 10 km north-east of Bitburg.
Kyllburg was the seat of the former Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Kyllburg. Since 1 July 2014 it is part of the Verbandsgemeinde Bitburger Land.
References
Bitburg-Prüm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyllburg |
Ķengarags is a neighborhood in the city of Riga, Latvia. It is located in the southern part of the city. Ķengarags borders the Daugava River to the west, the Riga-Moscow railway line to the east, Rumbula to the south, and Krasta Residential Neighborhood to the north.
History
Ķengarags was the location of a Sword Brothers fort, built in 1208. Knights settled in Ķengarags even before Riga was founded. The name Ķengarags dates back to the late 16th century and is a combination of two words – Ķenga, a name of a farmer who lived in the area, and rags, the Latvian word for horn. (The Daugava River makes a horn shaped turn in the Ķengarags area.)
Present
Ķengarags consists of three neighborhoods, known as Ķengarags, Ķengarags-2, and Ķengarags-3 from the north (center of Riga) to the south (outskirts) respectively. Each of these parts of Ķengarags consists of both residential and commercial areas. The main streets of Ķengarags are Lokomotīves iela and Maskavas iela bordering Ķengarags on the east and west respectively.
There are several public transport links with central Riga in Ķengarags. The train stations on the railway line within Ķengarags are Jāņavārti, Daugmale and Šķirotava stations. The PV train service uses the Riga-Moscow railway. From Riga Central Train Station by train it takes about 15 minutes. An alternative would be the route 7 tram which follows Maskavas iela and terminates at the Dole supermarket.
The most commonly used method of Ķengarags residents to get to city center is the route 15 trolleybus, which runs through residential neighborhoods and terminates at the southern tip of Ķengarags on Višķu iela.
The residential areas of Ķengarags consist of private houses and apartment buildings, consisting of 4, 5, 9, and 12-story buildings. Most apartments have cable television which was installed in the last years of the Soviet period. Most other Riga neighborhoods receive their television programs through on-roof antennas. The residents of Ķengarags also benefit from the proximity of the Daugava river which is within walking distance for many people.
External links
apkaimes.lv
Neighbourhoods in Riga | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6engarags |
NGC 2080, also known as the Ghost Head Nebula, is a star-forming region and emission nebula to the south of the 30 Doradus (Tarantula) nebula, in the southern constellation Dorado. It belongs to the Large Magellanic Cloud, a satellite galaxy to the Milky Way, which is at a distance of 168,000 light years. NGC 2080 was discovered by John Frederick William Herschel in 1834. The Ghost Head Nebula has a diameter of 50 light-years and is named for the two distinct white patches it possesses, called the "eyes of the ghost". The western patch, called A1, has a bubble in the center which was created by the young, massive star it contains. The eastern patch, called A2, has several young stars in a newly formed cluster, but they are still obscured by their originating dust cloud. Because neither dust cloud has dissipated due to the stellar radiation, astronomers have deduced that both sets of stars formed within the past 10,000 years. These stars together have begun to create a bubble in the nebula with their outpourings of material, called stellar wind.
The presence of stars also greatly influences the color of the nebula. The western portion of the nebula has a dominant oxygen emission line because of a powerful star on the nebula's outskirts; this colors it green. The rest of the nebula's outskirts have a red hue due to the ionization of hydrogen. Because both hydrogen and oxygen are ionized in the central region, it appears pale yellow; when hydrogen is energized enough to emit a second wavelength of light, it appears blue, as in the area surrounding A1 and A2.
NGC 2080 should not be confused with the Ghost Nebula (Sh2-136) or the Little Ghost Nebula (NGC 6369).
See also
List of NGC objects (2001–3000)
References
External links
SEDS
Hubble Sends Season's Greetings from the Cosmos to Earth – Hubble Space Telescope news release
Release on NGC 2080 at ESA/Hubble
2080
Dorado
Diffuse nebulae
Large Magellanic Cloud
Tarantula Nebula
Discoveries by John Herschel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202080 |
The Max M. Fisher College of Business is the business college of The Ohio State University, a public research university located in Columbus, Ohio. Fisher's campus is located on the northern part of the university within a partially enclosed business campus adjacent to St. John Arena. At the time of its construction, the six-building, 370,000 square-foot (34,000 m2) complex was the largest multi-building construction project ever undertaken by the university and it remains one of the few fully integrated management education campuses in the nation.
Fisher College of Business offers educational programming to undergraduate, graduate, PhD and executive education students from around the world. The college is home to five academic departments: Accounting and Management Information Systems, Finance, Management and Human Resources, Marketing and Logistics, and Operations and Business Analytics.
History
The college was established in 1916 as the College of Commerce and Journalism before being renamed for Max M. Fisher, a 1930 Ohio State graduate who later became a successful business leader statesman and philanthropist. In the mid-1990s, Max Fisher led fundraising efforts to transform Ohio State’s business college into the campus it resembles today. In recognition of his efforts and his $20 million gift toward the project, the college was renamed in his honor in 1993.
Fisher College of Business is a founding member of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, also known as AACSB International. The accreditation organization, which dates back to 1916, “provides quality assurance, business education intelligence, and learning and development services to over 1,850 member organizations and more than 950 accredited business schools worldwide.”
Location & environment
The Max M. Fisher College of Business is located in Columbus, Ohio, the largest city in Ohio and the 14th- largest city in the United States with a population of more than two million, as of 2021. The major metropolitan region is home to headquarters of companies including Abercrombie & Fitch, Co., American Electric Power, Bath& Body Works, Battelle, Cardinal Health, Huntington, JPMorgan Chase & Co., Nationwide Insurance, Victoria’s Secret & Co., and The Wendy’s Company.
Campus
The Fisher College of Business campus consists of the following buildings and offices:
Fisher Hall
Faculty offices
Administrative offices
Gerlach Hall
Graduate business programs
Office of Career Management
JPMorgan Chase & Co. Graduate Student Lounge
Mason Hall
Student computer labs
Research and business partnership centers
Office of Information Technology Services
Rohr Cafe
Pfahl Hall
Executive education programs
Conference center
2110 at The Blackwell restaurant
Schoenbaum Hall
Undergraduate business programs
Berry Auditorium
The Blackwell Inn and Conference Center
151 hotel rooms
Conference rooms
Banquet facilities
Academics
Fisher College of Business offers educational opportunities, degrees and certificates for undergraduate, graduate, PhD and executive education students that highlight core skills necessary to succeed in any organization or industry: principled leadership, global awareness, entrepreneurial thinking and commitment to social impact.
Undergraduate
With nearly 8,500 students, Fisher’s undergraduate program is the largest at the college. Undergraduate students pursue a bachelor’s degree in business administration and can choose to tailor their degrees via 13 specializations:
Accounting
Finance
Economics
General Business (Regional campus)
Human Resources
Information Systems
Insurance
International Business
Logistics Management
Marketing
Operations Management
Real Estate
Special Major
Undergraduate students can also pursue a business minor focused in six areas:
Business
Business Analytics
Entrepreneurship
Insurance
International Business
Real Estate
Fisher offers undergraduate students access to six honors programs:
Integrated Business and Engineering (IBE) Honors (offered jointly with the College of Engineering)
Accounting Honors Program
Finance Honors
Honors Cohort
Honors Contract
Research Distinction
Undergraduate students at Fisher are supported by the Undergraduate Leadership and Engagement Office (ULEO). Exclusive to Fisher students, ULEO offers programs and opportunities specifically designed to help Fisher students develop as future business leaders.
Graduate
More than 1,000 students make up the graduate and PhD programs at Fisher. The college offers seven graduate degree programs that are focused on key industries and areas of business:
Full-Time MBA
Working Professional MBA
Master of Accounting
Master of Human Resource Management
Master of Supply Chain Management
Specialized Master in Business-Analytics
Specialized Master in Finance
PhD
Fisher’s PhD programs equip tomorrow’s academic thought leaders with the perspectives, expertise and skill to shape the business world through teaching and research. The college offers two PhD degrees: a PhD in Accounting and Management Information Systems, and a PhD in Business Administration, with specialization options in:
Finance
Human Resources
International Business
Logistics
Marketing
Organizational Behavior
Operations Management
Strategy and Entrepreneurship
Executive Education
For nearly 70 years, Executive Education offerings at The Ohio State University have provided organizations regionally, nationally and globally with customized, comprehensive learning experiences designed to shape their thinking and behaviors. Fisher offers two executive education degrees — the Executive MBA and the Master of Business Operational Excellence.
The Executive Education department also offers three certificates — a Graduate Certificate in IT Business Strategy, a Graduate Certificate in Business Leadership, and a Graduate Certificate in Analytics. Other programmatic offerings include custom programming and non-degree offerings for organizations, as well as short, topic-based programs that provide professionals with opportunities to augment their knowledge with deeper dives into areas of business demanded by the workforce, marketplace and individual organizations.
Student Support
Fisher students have access to three college-wide offices that support key areas of their educational experiences and post-graduate success:
Office of Career Management (OCM): Through events, career counseling and advising services, the office connects undergraduate and graduate students at Fisher with corporate recruiters for full-time positions and internships.
Office of Global Business (OGB): The office provides students with in-person and virtual global programming and events designed to build strategic international understanding and cross-cultural competencies.
Office of Diversity and Inclusion Student Services and Corporate and Community Outreach: The office provides students with counseling, scholarship opportunities, career support and tutoring services.
Undergraduate students at Fisher are supported by the Undergraduate Leadership and Engagement Office (ULEO). Exclusive to Fisher students, ULEO offers programs and opportunities specifically designed to help Fisher students develop as future business leaders.
Research
Fisher College of Business has more than 160 faculty members, nearly 100 of which are tenure-track. These faculty members are thought leaders in their respective fields, producers of hundreds of articles that have been published in the most influential journal outlets, founders and editors of top-ranked academic journals and advisors to the next generation of business scholars.
The Journal of Business Logistics was created at Fisher (then the College of Business) in 1978. The Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire, a tool still used today to measure and describe the behavior of leaders, was created at the college in 1962.
The American Accounting Association's Hall of Fame was established at Fisher in 1950 to honor those who in some way distinguished themselves in the field. An international board of accountants nominate and select new members annually to add to the 78 inducted members. Current Ohio State University faculty are prohibited from nomination.
Faculty thought leadership from Fisher is available and accessible to the practitioner community via Forefront, the college’s research newsroom. Forefront houses translations of the latest and most impactful research, as well as media coverage of Fisher’s faculty, expertise and insights.
Research Centers of Excellence
Fisher is home to 10 research centers of excellence — partnerships with the business community that connect Ohio State faculty, students and the corporate community to spark intellectual innovations that fuel business growth.
Charles A. Dice Center for Financial Economics
Center for Innovation Strategies
Center for International Business Education and Research
Center for Operational Excellence
Fisher Leadership Initiative
Keenan Center for Entrepreneurship
National Center for the Middle Market
Nationwide Center for Advanced Customer Insights
Ohio State Center for Real Estate
The Risk Institute
Alumni
Fisher College of Business has more than 88,000 alumni living around the world, many of whom have built or led top companies or shaped government policy and industry regulations.
Max Fisher
Born in Salem, Ohio, Max M. Fisher enrolled at Ohio State in 1926 and graduated four years later with a bachelor’s degree in business. After graduation, Max moved to Detroit, Michigan, to join his family, where he worked for his father’s oil reclamation business. He eventually helped grow the business — Aurora Gasoline — into one of the largest gas station chains in the Midwest. The business was later bought out by Marathon Petroleum.
Max once described Ohio State as a place that provided him with opportunities to take risks, shape his own future and develop a base to make lasting and meaningful impacts on the world. In 1993, a $20 million gift from Max spearheaded the transformation of Ohio State’s business college into a highly competitive, top-ranked business school. In recognition of his generous commitment, the college was named The Ohio State University Max M. Fisher College of Business.
Together with Marjorie, his wife of 52 years, and his family, Max cultivated a lifetime legacy of philanthropy that impacted countless causes and organizations, including Fisher College of Business, through the Max M. & Marjorie S. Fisher Family Foundation.
Campus plan and architecture
The six-building campus is oriented around its largest building, the signature Fisher Hall, which is the same height as the main university library and on axis with it. This visually links the college to the larger Ohio State campus. The organization of undergraduate buildings, graduate study, and administration cluster around the Alutto Quad, a traditional campus green. The brick architecture reinterprets the Neo-Classical tradition found throughout Ohio State’s campus.
In 2022, construction on the newest addition to Fisher’s campus began. The Daley Family Pavilion and Daley Family Terrace will offer 13,000 square feet of permanent entertaining space adjacent to The Blackwell Inn, the Pfahl Conference Center and Fisher Hall. The structures are named to recognize the family of Clayton Daley, Jr. (MBA ’74), a business leader at The Procter & Gamble Company, member of the college’s Dean’s Advisory Council and a proud alumnus, as well as two other generations of Daleys to graduate from Fisher.
Affiliations
Fisher College of Business has exchange programs and MoUs with other universities, including Atatürk University in Erzerüm, Turkey, Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, India.
Gallery
See also
List of Big Ten business schools
List of United States business school rankings
List of business schools in the United States
References
External links
Official website
Business schools in Ohio
Colleges, schools, and departments of Ohio State University
Universities and colleges established in 1916
University District (Columbus, Ohio)
New Classical architecture
1916 establishments in Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher%20College%20of%20Business |
Neuerburg () is a city in the district of Bitburg-Prüm, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
It is situated in the Eifel, near the border with Luxembourg, approximately 20 km north-west of Bitburg and 20 km north-east of Diekirch.
Neuerburg was formerly the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") of Neuerburg, and since 1 July 2014 has been the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde Südeifel.
References
Bitburg-Prüm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuerburg |
The Hamilton Red Wings were a junior ice hockey team in the Ontario Hockey Association from 1960 to 1974. The team was based in Hamilton, Ontario, at the Barton Street Arena, also known as the Hamilton Forum.
History
The Hamilton Tiger Cubs were renamed in 1960 becoming the Hamilton Red Wings as they wanted to gain increased ticket sales to emphasize the affiliation with the parent Detroit Red Wings which dated back to 1953. The team played for 14 seasons before being renamed the Hamilton Fincups as they had an ownership change as well as the partnership with Detroit was terminated in the late 60's.
The Red Wings of 1962 were coached by Eddie Bush, and managed by Jimmy Skinner (1954-55 Stanley Cup Champion Coach) . The team finished second overall in the OHA standings, then lost only 1 game in the post-season run to the Memorial Cup. In the playoffs Hamilton defeated the St. Catharines Teepees, Niagara Falls Flyers, and the Metro Jr. A. champs Toronto St. Michael's Majors 4 games to 1, winning the J. Ross Robertson Cup. The Red Wings then swept the series against the Quebec Citadelles for the George Richardson Memorial Trophy to win the Eastern Canadian Championship.
The Red Wings would play the Western Canadian champion Edmonton Oil Kings for the Memorial Cup. The first game of the 1962 Memorial Cup was played on home ice at the Barton Street Arena which Hamilton won 5-2. The next three games were played at the Guelph Memorial Gardens. Hamilton won game two 4-2. Edmonton won game three 5-3. Hamilton shutout Edmonton 3-0 in game four. The fifth and deciding game was played in the Kitchener Memorial Auditorium. The Red Wings defeated the Oil Kings 7-4 to win the series and the Memorial Cup, 4 games to 1.
Five years later the Red Wings made it to the OHA finals again in 1967, but were swept 4 games to 0 by the Toronto Marlboros.
Once the sponsorship money from the Detroit Red Wings ended at the conclusion of the 1966-67 season the franchise went in a free for all and owner Nick Durbano who had cash flow issues and little interest to maintain a competitive team. Durbano finally found a buyer in the summer of 1974.
Players
The two most famous Hamilton Red Wings alumni are "Little M" Pete Mahovlich, and 1972 Summit Series hero Paul Henderson. Many Hamilton Red Wings went on to play for the Detroit NHL team.
Award winners
1960-1961 - Bud Blom, Dave Pinkney Trophy, Lowest team GAA
1961-1962 - Pit Martin, Red Tilson Trophy, Most Outstanding Player
1961-1962 - Lowell MacDonald, William Hanley Trophy, Most Sportsmanlike Player
1962-1963 - Paul Henderson, William Hanley Trophy, Most Sportsmanlike Player
1964-1965 - Jimmy Peters, William Hanley Trophy, Most Sportsmanlike Player
1967-1968 - Jim Rutherford & Gerry Gray, Dave Pinkney Trophy, Lowest team GAA
NHL alumni
Yearly results
Regular season
Playoffs
1960-61 Defeated Peterborough Petes 8 points to 2 in quarter-finals. Lost to St. Michael's Majors 9 points to 5 in semi-finals.
1961-62 Defeated St. Catharines Teepees 9 points to 3 in OHA semi-finals. Defeated Niagara Falls Flyers 8 points to 0 in OHA finals. Defeated St. Michael's Majors 8 points to 2 in all-Ontario finals. OHA CHAMPIONS Defeated Quebec Citadelles in Richardson Trophy playoffs. Defeated Edmonton Oil Kings 8 points to 2 in Memorial Cup finals. MEMORIAL CUP CHAMPIONS
1962-63 Lost to Niagara Falls Flyers 8 points to 2 in OHA semi-finals.
1963-64 Out of playoffs.
1964-65 Out of playoffs.
1965-66 Lost to Montreal Junior Canadiens 8 points to 0 in quarter-finals.
1966-67 Defeated Peterborough Petes 8 points to 4 in quarter-finals. Defeated Niagara Falls Flyers 8 points to 6 in semi-finals. Lost to Toronto Marlboros 8 points to 0 in finals.
1967-68 Defeated London Knights 8 points to 2 in quarter-finals. Lost to Kitchener Rangers 8 points to 4 in semi-finals.
1968-69 Lost to Montreal Junior Canadiens 8 points to 0 in quarter-finals.
1969-70 Out of playoffs.
1970-71 Lost to Ottawa 67's 9 points to 5 in quarter-finals.
1971-72 Out of playoffs.
1972-73 Out of playoffs.
1973-74 Out of playoffs.
References
Defunct Ontario Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in Hamilton, Ontario
1960 establishments in Ontario
1974 disestablishments in Ontario
Ice hockey clubs established in 1960
Ice hockey clubs disestablished in 1974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton%20Red%20Wings |
Alexis Georgievich Toth (Алексий Георгиевич Товт or Alexis of Wilkes-Barre; March 18, 1853 – May 7, 1909) was a Russian Orthodox church leader in the Midwestern United States who, having resigned his position as a Byzantine Catholic priest in the Ruthenian Catholic Church, became responsible for the conversions of approximately 20,000 Eastern Rite Catholics to the Russian Orthodox Church, which contributed to the growth of Eastern Orthodoxy in the United States and the eventual establishment of the Orthodox Church in America. He was canonized by the Orthodox Church in 1994.
Early life
Alexis Georgievich Toth was born to George and Cecilia Toth (or Tovt) on March 14, 1853, in Kobylnice, near Prešov in the Szepes county of Slovakia (then a part of the Austrian Empire) during the reign of Franz Joseph. Having completed his primary schooling, he attended a Roman Catholic seminary for one year, followed by three years in a Greek Catholic seminary and additional time at the University of Prague, where he graduated with a degree in theology.
Toth married Rosalie Mihalics on April 18, 1878, and was ordained to the priesthood in 1878 by Bishop Nicholas Toth, the Greek Catholic Bishop of Prešov. Following the death of his wife and child a few years later, he served in local parishes, as diocesan chancellor, and as professor and director at the Greek Catholic seminary of Prešov. In 1889, Fr. Alexis' bishop received a petition from the Ruthenian Catholic Church in the United States, asking that Toth be sent to them as a priest. He arrived on November 15, 1889, and by the 27th of that month was holding services at St. Mary's Greek Catholic Church in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Finding the church barely furnished and deeply in debt, he set about rectifying the situation, ultimately bringing the parish to a place of fiscal stability whilst never drawing a salary.
Conflict with Bishop John Ireland
As an Eastern Rite Catholic, Toth honored the custom of paying a visit to the local Latin Church Catholic bishop in his area, since there was no Eastern Rite Catholic bishop serving in the United States at that time. The ordinary of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis was John Ireland, who had been attempting to "Americanize" German and other Catholic immigrants, and was hostile to ethnic parishes such as the one in which Toth served.
When speaking of their meeting, Toth later claimed that Ireland became angry and threw Toth's priestly credentials onto his table while ardently protesting his presence in the city. Toth reported that Ireland said he did not consider Toth or his bishop to be truly Catholic, in clear contradiction of the Union of Uzhhorod and papal decrees to the contrary. Toth reported that the conversation became more heated as it progressed, with both men losing their tempers. Ireland refused to give Toth permission to serve as a priest in Minneapolis, and furthermore ordered his parishes and priests not to have anything to do with the Ruthenian Catholic priest or his parishioners. Although Toth sent letters to his bishop in Hungary, detailing his experience and requesting specific instructions, he reportedly never received a reply.
Toth came to believe that he and other Eastern Rite Catholic priests in North America were to be recalled to Europe, and their parishioners folded into existing Roman Catholic congregations in their respective cities.
From Rome to Russian Orthodoxy
Having heard nothing from his own bishop, he and other Eastern Rite Catholic priests who had shared similar experiences began to cast about for a solution to their dilemma. In December 1890, they contacted the Russian consul in San Francisco, California, asking to be put in touch with a Russian Orthodox bishop. Correspondence and personal meetings with Bishop Vladimir Sokolovsky of San Francisco followed, culminating in Toth's decision to formally enter the Russian Orthodox Church in March 1892. Toth was accompanied by 361 fellow Eastern Rite Catholics; thousands more would follow in the years to come, largely due to his own efforts to evangelize them toward this move.
Following his conversion to Orthodoxy, Toth tirelessly preached his new faith to other Eastern Rite Catholics in North America. This, combined with further demands by U.S. Latin bishops against Eastern Rite parishes facilitated the conversion of over 20,000 Eastern-rite Catholics to Russian Orthodoxy by the time Toth died in 1909. The Orthodox Church in America has claimed that by 1916 the Latin Catholic Church had lost 163 Eastern Rite parishes, with over 100,000 faithful, to the Russian missionary diocese.
Death and glorification
Toth was elevated to the rank of protopresbyter later in life, continuing his efforts to convert the Eastern Catholics of North America to Eastern Orthodoxy. He died on May 7, 1909, in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, and was honored with a special shrine at St. Tikhon's Monastery in South Canaan, Pennsylvania. On May 29, 1994, Toth was glorified (canonized) as Saint Alexis of Wilkes-Barre by the Orthodox Church in America, whose establishment and membership numbers are largely traceable to his efforts.
Notes
External links
Orthodox Christians in North America: 1792–1994, Chapter 2, contains info on Toth, including particulars of his conversation with Bishop Ireland.
Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἀλέξιος ὁ Ὑπερασπιστὴς τῆς Ὀρθοδόξου Πίστεως. 7 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
St. Alexis Toth - Confessor of the Orthodox Faith in America. Page by the American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese of America
1853 births
1909 deaths
People from Svidník District
American people of Rusyn descent
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States
American saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Catholicism
20th-century Christian saints
Russian saints
Married Eastern Orthodoxy clergy
Russian people of Slovak descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis%20Toth |
A day spa is a business that provides a variety of services for the purpose of improving health, beauty, and relaxation through personal care treatments such as massages and facials. The number of day spas in the US almost doubled in the two years from 2002 to 2004, to 8,734, according to the International Spa Association, and by 2020 there were 21,560 spas across the United States, according to Statista.
Differences from beauty salon and destination spa
A day spa is different from a beauty salon, in that it contains facilities such as a sauna, pool, steam room, or whirlpool that guests may use in addition to their treatment.
A day spa is also different from a destination spa, as no overnight accommodation is provided. In contrast, a destination spa offers similar services integrated into packages that may include diet, exercise programs, instruction on wellness, life coaching, yoga, tai chi, and accommodations in which participants reside for the duration of their stay. It may also function as a day spa, if it allows day access to patrons who are not guests of the resort.
Medspa
A medspa, also known as a medical spa, is a spa that provides the client with medical spa services. Medspas specialize in non-surgical aesthetic services, including laser hair removal and medical-grade skin therapies. The three most popular procedures at medspas, according to the American Med Spa Association, are: neuromodulators (to soften facial muscle activity and reduce wrinkles, such as Botox), hyaluronic acid fillers (temporary skin fillers, such as Juvederm & Restylane), and microneedling (to help with skin tightening and the removal of acne scars). Body shaping and contouring account for a 19% share of the global medical spa market, according to one industry report.
They are operated by licensed medical professionals, but generally look and feel like a boutique personal service. In 2010, there were 1,600 medspas in the US generating $1.1 billion in revenue ($700,000 per medspa on average); by 2018, there were over 5,000 medspas generating $7–8 billion in revenue ($1.4 million per medspa on average). The 2018 profit margin for medspas was 29%. The number was expected to grow to over 10,000 medspas by 2023. As of April 2022, the United States accounted for 37.7% of the global medspa market, which was projected in one study reported by CNBC to reach $25.9 billion by 2026.
Treatments
Treatments that may be provided include body massage, hair, foot massage, facials, waxing, microdermabrasion, body treatments, manicures, pedicures, and aromatherapy.
See also
Spa
References
Further reading
Carol Clinton, MD & Sara Shikhman, Esq. (2022), Medspa Confidential, ,
Therapy
Balneotherapy
Bathing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day%20spa |
Londonderry Port and Harbour Commissioners (LPHC) No. 3 R H Smyth is a preserved Irish steam locomotive.
Built by Avonside Engineering Company of Bristol, England works No. 2021 in 1928. A fairly typical built to the Irish broad gauge, it led a rather uneventful life shunting the dual gauge (5 ft 3 in and 3 ft) docks in Derry on the west bank of the River Foyle in Northern Ireland. It was equipped with a single off-centre buffer and coupling at each end for shunting gauge stock, in addition to conventional buffers and drawhooks for 5 ft 3 in gauge. After withdrawal, it was bought privately in 1968 before being sold for £1 to the Railway Preservation Society of Ireland at Whitehead in 1972. The engine then acquired the nickname 'Harvey' in honour of showjumper Harvey Smith.
In 2000, 30 years after the end of mainline steam in Northern Ireland, No. 3 achieved something of a celebrity status when it was hired by Henry Boot Ltd to help engineering work on the relaying of the Bleach Green Junction - Antrim railway line. This was followed in 2005 by another contract assisting the relaying of the Carrickfergus - Whitehead railway line.
During 2006, the locomotive was placed on loan to the Downpatrick and County Down Railway In 2013 it was returned to Whitehead where it awaits Overhaul.
References
External links
LONDONDERRY PORT & HARBOUR COMMISSIONERS 0-6-0ST No.3 "R.H. Smyth"
0-6-0ST locomotives
Individual locomotives of Ireland
Steam locomotives of Ireland
Steam locomotives of Northern Ireland
Avonside locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1928
5 ft 3 in gauge locomotives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPHC%20No.3%20R.H.%20Smyth |
Bosnia and Herzegovina v Serbia and Montenegro [2007] ICJ 2 (also called the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide) is a public international law case decided by the International Court of Justice.
Facts
The claim filed by Dr. Francis Boyle, an adviser to Alija Izetbegović during the Bosnian War, alleged that Serbia had attempted to exterminate the Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) population of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The case was heard in the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in The Hague, Netherlands, and ended on 9 May 2006.
Preliminary issues
The Respondent, Serbia and Montenegro ("Serbia") first raised an issue of jurisdiction. Serbia contends that the ICJ has no jurisdiction over it as it was not a continuator State of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ("SFRY"). As such, it was not party to the Genocide Convention when the then proceedings were instituted, neither was it party to the Statute of the Court. Bosnia and Herzegovina ("Bosnia") argues that res judicata applies, as the issues raised by Serbia has already been resolved in the 1996 Judgment of the same set of proceedings that dealt with preliminary objections. The Court ruled that res judicata applies to preclude reconsideration of the jurisdictional issues raised by Serbia.
The second major contention pertains to the scope and meaning of Article IX of the Genocide Convention.
There was a dispute about the obligations of Treaty Parties. Yugoslavia submitted to the ICJ an argument that the only obligations of the state parties to the convention are to prevent and punish genocide by legislation, prosecution or extradition. Yugolavia's argument that the state party could not be held responsible itself for acts of genocide was rejected by the ICJ.
The Court held that interpretation of the Convention turns on the ordinary meaning of its terms read in their context and in light of its object and purpose. The Court notes that the purpose of the convention is to criminalize genocide as crime under international law, and to enshrine an unqualified, independent undertaking by the contracting parties to prevent and punish genocide. On these observations, the Court held that the obligation to prevent genocide necessarily implies the prohibition of the commission of genocide, as "it would be paradoxical if States were thus under an obligation to prevent, so far as within their power, commission of genocide by persons over whom they have a certain influence, but were not forbidden to commit such acts through their own organs, persons over whom they have such firm control that their conduct is attributable to the State concerned under international law.".
Judgment
The ICJ held that the Srebrenica massacre was a genocide. It stated the following:
The Court found—although not unanimously—that Serbia was neither directly responsible for the Srebrenica genocide, nor that it was complicit in it, but it did rule that Serbia had committed a breach of the Genocide Convention by failing to prevent the genocide from occurring and for not cooperating with the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in punishing the perpetrators of the genocide, in particular General Ratko Mladić, and for violating its obligation to comply with the provisional measures ordered by the Court. The then vice-president of the Court, Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh, dissented on the grounds that "Serbia's involvement, as a principal actor or accomplice, in the genocide that took place in Srebrenica is supported by massive and compelling evidence."
The Court found:
Dissenting opinion
The vice-president of the International Court of Justice, Judge Al-Khasawneh, dissented:
Significance
Serbia's violations of its obligations stem not only from the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide but also from two "provisional protective measures" issued by the International Court of Justice in April and September 1993. The then Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was ordered explicitly "to do everything in its power to prevent the crimes of genocide and to make sure that such crimes are not committed by military or paramilitary formations operating under its control or with its support." The judges concluded that despite this explicit order, Serbia did nothing in July 1995 to prevent the Srebrenica massacre, although it "should normally have been aware of the serious danger that acts of genocide would be committed."
In reaching this decision, the court referred to the standard set by Nicaragua v. United States, in which the United States was found not to be legally responsible for the actions of the Contra guerrillas despite their common goal and widely publicised support in the Iran-Contra Affair.
Furthermore, according to the ICJ's judgement, "it is established by overwhelming evidence that massive killings in specific areas and detention camps throughout the territory of Bosnia-Herzegovina were perpetrated during the conflict" and that "the victims were in large majority members of the protected group, the Bosniaks, which suggests that they may have been systematically targeted by the killings." Moreover, "it has been established by fully conclusive evidence that members of the protected group were systematically victims of massive mistreatment, beatings, rape and torture causing serious bodily and mental harm, during the conflict and, in particular, in the detention camps." The Court accepted that these acts, on the part of the Serb forces, had been committed, but that there was inconclusive evidence of the specific intent to destroy the Bosniaks as a group in whole or in part. This includes the period up to 19 May 1992, when Bosnian Serb forces were under the formal control of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
ICJ President Dame Rosalyn Higgins noted that while there was substantial evidence of events in Bosnia and Herzegovina that may amount to war crimes or crimes against humanity, the Court had no jurisdiction to make findings in that regard, as the case dealt "exclusively with genocide in a limited legal sense and not in the broader sense sometimes given to this term."
The Court further decided that, following Montenegro's declaration of independence in May 2006, Serbia, Serbia and Montenegro's successor, was the only Respondent party in the case, but that "any responsibility for past events involved at the relevant time the composite State of Serbia and Montenegro."
In reviewing the case in the judgement of Jorgić v. Germany Jorgić v. Germany], on 12 July 2007 the European Court of Human Rights quoted from the ICJ ruling on the Bosnian genocide case to explain that ethnic cleansing was not enough on its own to establish that a genocide had occurred:
Trial schedule
First round of argument
February 27, 2006 through March 7, 2006, Bosnia and Herzegovina
March 8, 2006 through March 16, 2006, Serbia and Montenegro
Hearing of experts, witnesses and witness-experts
March 17, 2006 through March 21, 2006, Bosnia and Herzegovina
March 22, 2006 through March 28, 2006, Serbia and Montenegro
Second round
April 18, 2006 through April 24, 2006, Bosnia and Herzegovina
May 2, 2006 through May 9, 2006, Serbia and Montenegro
See also
List of Bosnian genocide prosecutions
Croatia–Serbia genocide case
List of International Court of Justice cases
Notes
References
ICJ documents
ICJ Press Release 2007/8
Summary of the Judgment of 26 February 2007
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro) - case 91 - Judgment of 26 February 2007
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro): List of judgements
Journals
Dimitrijević, Vojin, and Marko Milanović. "The strange story of the Bosnian genocide case." Leiden Journal of International Law 21.1 (2008): 65–94.
News articles
IWPR staff. Serbia and Montenegro on Trial for Genocide, TU No 441, Institute for War & Peace Reporting, 24 February 2006
Posner, Eric (poster), Article in the Boston Globe: Bosnia v. Serbia on the blog site on the University of Chicago law school 9 March 2006.
Traynor, Ian. Court starts hearing Bosnia's genocide claim, The Guardian, 27 February 2006
Staff. Bosnia-Herzegovina will win its law suit in The Hague - interview with Srda Popovic, Bosnia Report, Bosnian Institute, 31 May 2006 — An interview with a Serbian legal expert who thought that Bosnia would win the case.
Hudson, Alexandra. Serbia cleared of genocide, Reuters, 27 February 2007
Simons, Marlise. Genocide Court Ruled for Serbia Without Seeing Full War Archive, The New York Times, April 9, 2007
Tosh, Caroline Genocide Acquittal Provokes Legal Debate, TU No 491, Institute for War & Peace Reporting 2 March 2007.
Hoare, Marko Attila. The International Court of Justice and the Decriminalisation of Genocide, Bosnia Report, 9 March 2007
Bosnian genocide
International Court of Justice cases
2007 in international relations
2007 in case law
2007 in Bosnia and Herzegovina
2007 in Serbia
Bosnia and Herzegovina–Serbia relations
Bosnia and Herzegovina–Montenegro relations
Politics of Serbia and Montenegro
Law of Serbia and Montenegro
Foreign relations of Serbia and Montenegro | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian%20genocide%20case |
Christopher Jon Largen (June 18, 1969 – December 22, 2012) was a United States award-winning journalist, novelist, social satirist, public speaker, and filmmaker, known for his iconoclastic writings on health and public policy, and his efforts to reduce child abuse. Largen's work is featured in hundreds of news outlets and literary journals, including: Village Voice, Fort Worth Star-Telegram, Nashville Scene, The Hill, Lone Star Iconoclast, Creative Loafing, Fort Worth Weekly, LA Weekly, and a syndicated column for The Washington Post. He died of a heart attack in December 2012 at the age of 43.
Early years
Christopher Jon Largen was born at Harris Methodist Hospital in Fort Worth, Tarrant County, Texas to parents Robert and Karen Largen. Christopher's mother was only seventeen years old at the time of his birth, and both of them almost died during labor.
Family doctors later suggested that Largen's traumatic birth may have contributed to Largen's severe hyperactive behaviors, for which he was diagnosed at the age of five. Despite the disorder, Largen was recognized as a gifted child, and skipped a portion of first grade.
Due to his father's advertising career, Largen grew up in several cities throughout the United States, including Austin, Houston, Des Moines, Chicago, St. Louis, New York City, and Dallas. Absorbing cultural variety and adjusting to constant change, Largen would later recount that he struggled with a vague sense of being a perpetual outsider, a theme that would later influence his creative work.
Theatre Arts
At the age of eight, Largen became a professional stage singer, actor, dancer and model. Signing with Kim Dawson Agency, he performed in professional and community theatres in Chicago, Fort Worth, and St. Louis, playing lead and supporting roles in Our Hearts Were Young and Gay, Interview, Sleeping Beauty, The King and I, South Pacific, You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown, The Innocents, Happy Birthday, Wanda June, Oliver!, and The Mousetrap. Largen worked with notable stage actors like Ruta Lee, Debbie Reynolds, and Jerry Russell. He also fulfilled contracts in runway and catalogue modeling, and a television commercial for amusement park Old Chicago, where director Brian De Palma filmed scenes from his 1978 film The Fury. He studied theater at Creative Arts Theater School in Chicago, and pursued Ballet at Barbara Wood Dance Studio in Fort Worth.
Largen attended Professional Youth Conservatory in Fort Worth, Texas, a now-defunct private performing arts high school located in the attic of the Methodist church on the campus of Texas Wesleyan University. While at PYC, Largen studied Drama, Dance, Voice, Mime, and Playwriting, taking classes with other professional performers including Grammy award-winning gospel singer Kirk Franklin. Through self-paced study he received his four-year diploma in two years, and was honored with the Outstanding Student of the Year award in 1987. He was subsequently awarded a full drama scholarship at Texas Wesleyan University, which he declined in order to pursue interdisciplinary humanities studies at University of North Texas in Denton.
Journalism
Largen's literary debut was a 2001 front cover feature article for Village Voice, which previously published writers including Ezra Pound, Henry Miller, Katherine Anne Porter, James Baldwin, E.E. Cummings, and Allen Ginsberg. The article was an investigative biographical report on the United States Government's little-known medical cannabis program, a subject which federal officials had remained silent about for decades.
Subsequently, Largen was featured in hundreds of print and online news and literary outlets in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Netherlands, and Germany. Many of his articles focused on the relationship between health and public policy, with a creative and personal perspective in the tradition of Gonzo journalism.
A supporter of decentralized reporting, Largen developed an extensive social profile network of approximately 60,000 readers, through which he blogged and disseminated news stories neglected in corporate media outlets.
Caregiving
Before and since becoming a writer, Largen devoted several years as a personal caregiver and care manager for people with physical, psychiatric, and developmental disabilities, in a variety of private and public residential and institutional settings. He also worked in geriatrics and hospice care, and served as a counselor for emotionally disturbed children who were survivors of physical and sexual abuse.
In 2010 Largen received his interdisciplinary Bachelor of Applied Arts and Sciences degree in Psychology, Sociology, and Rehabilitation, from University of North Texas.
Prescription Pot
In 2003 Largen co-authored the nonfiction book Prescription Pot with George McMahon. McMahon is a former Vice-Presidential candidate, recipient of the National Certificate of Heroism, and legal user of medical Cannabis from the United States Government's Compassionate Investigational New Drug program. McMahon used the government Cannabis to treat pain, spasms and nausea related to repeated injuries, surgical and pharmaceutical maltreatment, and a rare genetic condition called Nail Patella Syndrome, which causes bone deformities, immune system dysfunction, and a propensity for renal failure.
During the authoring of Prescription Pot, Largen traveled the United States with McMahon, documenting the latter's efforts to educate doctors and legislators about the therapeutic value of the Cannabis plant. The book details one of their journeys through Texas, to the Arkansas State capitol building in Little Rock, to Elvis Presley's Graceland, culminating in their arrival at the University of Mississippi, where the U.S. Government grows marijuana for the federal cannabis program. Their journeys inspired articles in news outlets with an aggregate circulation in the tens of millions, and the book received positive reviews in a wide spectrum of international print and online venues.
Largen became a sought-after public speaker, serving as guest faculty at colleges and conferences across the U.S. Largen appeared on stage with a wide array of artists, musicians, politicians, professional athletes, and renowned scientists, including talk show host Montel Williams, funk icon George Clinton, former NFL lineman and two-time Super Bowl champion Mark Stepnoski, former Tribal President of the Oglala Sioux Alex White Plume, Kentucky Governor candidate Gatewood Galbraith, acclaimed medical researcher Raphael Mechoulam and Spoonfed Tribe.
Junk
In 2005 Largen authored the dystopian satirical novel Junk, published by ENC Press, about a fictional war on junk food declared in response to obesity-related illness and death. Junk satirized a wide spectrum of issues, including religion, government, political correctness, organized crime, and the media.
Largen edited Junk with publisher and author Olga Gardner Galvin, who edited works by best-selling writers Michael Crichton, Ursula K. Le Guin, Dennis Miller, Terry Pratchett, and Harlan Ellison.
Junk received the Blog Critics award for Top Ten Books of the Year, and garnered positive reviews in alternative and college newspapers throughout the country, with some critics comparing Largen's novel to Mark Twain and Kurt Vonnegut.
In 2008 Largen adapted Junk to screenplay.
Building-BLOCK
An outspoken survivor of traumatic violence in his childhood, Largen is a founder of Building-BLOCK (Better Lives for Our Communities and Kids), a national nonprofit organization dedicated to reducing and preventing child abuse, improving public safety, and exposing legal injustices and sentencing disparities.
During his efforts to establish Building-BLOCK, Largen interviewed and befriended Mark Lunsford, the father of abducted and murdered Jessica Lunsford and outspoken advocate for Jessica's Law. Largen publicly advocates for longer prison sentences for child predators, closer monitoring of paroled pedophiles and violent felons, and greater prioritization of victim rights.
The Washington Post featured Building-BLOCK in a syndicated column written by Neal Peirce, and it appeared in multiple U.S. newspapers, including the Lone Star Iconoclast.
Bohemia Rising: The Story of Fry Street
In 2007, Largen produced and directed The Burning of Fry Street, an award-winning documentary about an arts community protest that evolves into arson and economic terrorism.
In May 2006, the 100-block of Fry Street in Largen's hometown of Denton, Texas was purchased by United Equities, a Houston-based real estate company, which announced that several of the historic buildings would be demolished to accommodate a corporate strip center. A grass roots effort by the non-profit organization Save Fry Street was unsuccessful in preventing the development.
In June 2007, Largen arrived on Fry Street, hoping to obtain demolition process shots, when he discovered that activists had seized the gutted building that housed The Tomato Pizza. Largen decided to stay and keep filming, conducting interviews with dozens of people, including James Taylor Moseley, a local activist and musician who chained himself to The Tomato for three days.
Largen captured the building on video while it burned in a raging arson fire on June 27, 2007. Afterwards, Denton arson investigators acquired Largen's camera, and his video footage was used as crime evidence to obtain a warrant for Moseley, who was arrested and accused of setting the fire. Largen's footage was also utilized by Moseley's attorney to build a defense. The footage was thus considered both incriminating and exonerating.
During the investigation, detectives turned up evidence of an incendiary device placed in the burned building, set to detonate several hours after the arson blaze. Police searched the home of one of the activists (not Moseley) who reportedly had a background working with demolition technology, but they could not find enough physical evidence to get an arrest warrant for the activist.
Once Largen's camera was returned to him, he entered the editing studio and focused on transforming three days of footage into a cohesive film. In the meantime, local activists toppled construction fences and scattered bluebonnet seeds on the scorched Fry Street property, hoping to force United Equities to seek special permission to bulldoze the state flower of Texas.
The completed film, The Burning of Fry Street, won the Jury Award for Best Documentary Short at Thin Line Film Festival. During the festival, a mysterious firebomb was set to blow up the festival headquarters, almost killing several people and destroying the raw footage from the film. Arson investigators believed the perpetrator(s) may have been angered by the release of The Burning of Fry Street. Denton Record-Chronicle did not report the incident, for fear of inspiring "copycat" attacks.
The Burning of Fry Street received critical acclaim among underground film aficionados, and is included in the extensive 2008 DVD compilation, Bohemia Rising: The Story of Fry Street. The compilation chronicles the weeklong demonstrations, arson of The Tomato Pizza and aftermath, and includes the live music video ("The Denton Polka") Largen directed for the Grammy award-winning ensemble, Brave Combo.
As of today's date, nobody was ever indicted or formally charged with the arson blaze that consumed The Tomato Pizza. The crime remains unsolved.
Baristas Against Drunk Driving (BADD)
In November 2009 Largen founded Baristas Against Drunk Driving, an organization dedicated to giving bar customers a viable alternative to drinking and driving. Based in Denton, Texas, BADD was forged as a local partnership between Fry Street district bars and Big Mike's Coffee Shop, which provided discount "After-Hours Happy Hour" coffee coupons to intoxicated patrons. The coupons included contact information for taxi and safe ride services, and encouraged drinkers to sober up before getting behind the wheel. Within the first year of its inception, BADD garnered national trade journal coverage, and the partnership expanded to include restaurants, universities, and fraternities/sororities. Journalists deemed BADD an asset: coffee shops drew customers and generated revenue, bars gained a layer of liability protection in the event of damages related to the actions of their customers, and the public enjoyed safer streets.
Quotes
"Birth is an experience that proves life is not merely function and utility, but form and beauty."
"I'm a fundamentalistic agnostic. That means I don't know, but I KNOW I don't know, and YOU don't know either. I have faith, but faith is not knowledge."
"If coffee was outlawed and sold by cocaine dealers, a cup of java would become a gateway mug."
"Just how exactly does a violent predator get convicted of raping a four year-old child, yet receive not a single day in jail, in the most incarcerated nation per capita on earth?"
"There's a new low-fat communion wafer on the market. It's called, I Can't Believe It's Not Jesus."
Bibliography
Prescription Pot: A Leading Advocate's Heroic Battle to Legalize Medical Marijuana (New Horizon Press, 2003)
Junk (ENC Press, 2005)
Opposing Viewpoints: Marijuana (2005)
Filmography
Quincy Jones: Grace (1987)
The Burning of Fry Street (2007)
Brave Combo: The Denton Polka Live at Dan's Silverleaf (2007)
A Driving Peace (2008)
Bohemia Rising: The Story of Fry Street (2009)
References
External links
Denton Record-Chronicle: BADD Idea Proactive
Dallas Morning News: A Little Time to Clear the Head
Bohemia Rising: The Story of Fry Street - Official Website for the DVD
Building-BLOCK - Official Site
War On Junk - Official Site for the novel Junk
National Academy of Public Administration Article on Building-Block
Village Voice cover feature - "Kind Bud" by Christopher Largen
Fort Worth Weekly: Prescription Pot Review
Creative Loafing Atlanta - Junk review
Denton Record Chronicle - "Filmmaker to Release a Collection of Short Films on Fry Street District"
The Daily Maine "Holistic Health: A Book Review"
Texas Cable News - "Thin Line Film Festival Announces Winners"
Philadelphia City Paper - "A Blunt Lesson"
The Writing Show Podcast with Christopher Largen: Writing Satire
Seattle Times - "Targeting Child Molesters"
1969 births
2012 deaths
Novelists from Texas
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Largen |
Charles E. Chapin (October 19, 1858 – December 13, 1930) was a New York editor of Joseph Pulitzer’s Evening World. He was convicted of the murder of his wife and sentenced to a 20-year-to-life term in Sing Sing prison.
Career
Chapin was born in upstate Watertown, New York to Earl Chapin and Cecelia A. Yale, member of the Yale family. His brother was Frederick Yale Chapin and his grandfather, Aaron Yale, was a California pioneer and the owner of a large carriage manufacturing business in Pennsylvania. His uncle was Col. John Wesley Yale of the N.Y. Infantry, son-in-law of Col. John Means of the War of 1812, and was in the book, wall-paper, and art business in New York. Col. Yale was also Chairman for the Democrats in his county, a friend of Gov. David B. Hill and Roswell P. Flower, vestryman of St Paul's Episcopal Church, and was nominated trustee of N.Y. State Asylum by Gov. Teddy Roosevelt.
Chapin began his career on a Kansas newspaper, aged 14, moving later to Chicago to work for the Tribune, where he gained renown as a crime reporter. He excelled sufficiently to be hired in 1898 by the Evening World, a New York daily, run by the Pulitzer family.
Unlike the morning World, which Pulitzer saw as a reflection of his voice and serious-minded sensibilities, the Evening World was "a commercial enterprise" with an emphasis on crime and entertainment. It enjoyed one of the largest circulations in the country, thanks in part to Chapin's news instincts and use of large, "startling" headlines.
Chapin was known as a hard taskmaster. He is said to have fired a total of 108 journalists during his tenure – one of them for daring to use the new-fangled word "questionnaire". Among his victims was his own publisher's son, Joseph Pulitzer Jr., after the younger Pulitzer repeatedly missed work. The elder Pulitzer backed Chapin's decision, and later sent his son to the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, where Joseph Pulitzer Jr. helped turn it into "one of the nation's best, most influential and profitable newspapers."
According to Chapin's editorial philosophy, "Gathering the news of a great city is a carefully thought-out and systematized piece of human machinery that operates under the personal supervision of the city editor."
He considered himself a newspaper man, not a journalist, and stated, "Journalism! How I grew to detest that much abused word. Every brainless mutt I ever met in a newspaper office described himself as a "journalist.” The real men, the men who knew news, knew how to get it and knew how to write it, preferred to be known as newspaper men. One never hears a star reporter along Park Row speak of journalism."
Chapin relentlessly insisted on finding breaking news and once after J. P. Morgan's security detail battered one of his reporters, Chapin allegedly told him, "You go back and tell Morgan he can’t intimidate me!"
Gaynor photograph
One of Chapin's most celebrated coups was the publication of a photograph captured by an Evening World photographer showing the moment when New York mayor William Jay Gaynor was shot by a would-be assassin. William Warnecke, the photographer, who had been lining up a portrait of the mayor, snapped the shutter just as Gaynor crumpled to the ground; Chapin's response, when the developed photo arrived on his desk, was: "Blood all over him! And exclusive, too!"
Wife's murder
Chapin's career in New York newspapers came to an end in September 1918 when, dogged by illness and debt, and concerned for his increasingly fragile wife of 38 years, he shot and killed his spouse while she was sleeping. News of the shooting shocked many of the newsman's colleagues. "They had known he would be involved in a murder some day," as Andy Logan wrote, "but had always assumed he would be the victim." Although he had apparently intended to commit suicide himself following the murder, the famous editor was instead arrested, convicted of the shooting, and sent to Sing Sing prison for a term of 20 years to life. There he wrote a memoir and became renowned for the rose garden he cultivated in the grounds, acquiring the nickname of "The Rose Man."
Chapin was offered the job as editor of the prison newspaper Sing Sing Bulletin by the prison's warden. The paper excelled under his leadership, and earned praise from several mainstream newspapers, gathering significant publicity for both Chapin and the prison. Disliking the attention, the New York prison system ordered the paper to be discontinued. Chapin later commented that he "made his prison newspaper so popular that it chocked to death on its own popularity."
Death
He died of pneumonia in Sing Sing on December 13, 1930.
Opinions of Chapin
For two decades Chapin was the city editor of Joseph Pulitzer’s Evening World. Many newspapermen considered Chapin to be "the ablest city editor who ever lived". Those who worked for him, however, often hated him. When Irvin S. Cobb, the well-known World reporter, heard that his editor was sick, he is said to have looked up from his work and remarked, "I hope it’s nothing trivial." According to Andy Logan, a noted correspondent to The New Yorker, Chapin was "terrible tempered" and in the opinion of many of his staff had "a legendary imperviousness to human suffering, especially theirs." Pulitzer referred to Chapin as "Pinch" in the code the publisher used to mask his correspondence. It was suggested that by overemphasizing sensationalism Chapin became instrumental in propagating the yellow journalism style of newspaper reporting.
A character based on Chapin may be found in David Pietrusza's 2014 historical novel "Dance Hall: A Novel of Sing Sing."
References
Further reading
Chapin, Charles E. Charles Chapin's Story Written In Sing Sing Prison. New York: G. P. Putnam's sons, 1920.
Logan, Andy (1970). Against the Evidence: The Becker-Rosenthal Affair. New York: McCall Publishing Company. .
Morris, James McGrath (2003). The Rose Man of Sing Sing: A True Tale of Life, Murder and Redemption in the Age of Yellow Journalism. New York: Fordham University Press.
External links
Interview with James Morris, author of "The Rose Man of Sing Sing", C-SPAN
1858 births
1930 deaths
American newspaper editors
History of New York City
American people convicted of murder
American people who died in prison custody
People convicted of murder by New York (state)
Prisoners who died in New York (state) detention
Inmates of Sing Sing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Chapin |
Alpo is an American brand of dog food marketed and manufactured by the Nestlé Purina PetCare subsidiary of Nestlé. The brand is offered as a canned or packaged soft food, as well as in dry kibbles.
History
Alpo, an abbreviation of Allen Products, was founded in 1936 by Robert F. Hunsicker in Allentown, Pennsylvania. The original factory was located in a small building at the southwest corner of New and Cedar streets.
In 1964, the Allen Products Company was acquired by Liggett & Myers Tobacco Company. In 1980, the Liggett & Myers Tobacco Company was acquired by Grand Metropolitan; and, in 1986, Grand Metropolitan sold the Liggett Group, but retained Alpo Petfoods, Inc. In 1995, Nestlé SA acquired Alpo Petfoods, Inc. from Grand Metropolitan. In January 2001, Nestlé SA announced the merger of Nestlé Friskies with Ralston Purina to form the Nestlé Purina PetCare Company.
Marketing
For many years, the brand's main television commercial spokesman was Lorne Greene, who created the concept of eating one's own dog food by claiming that Alpo is so good he feeds it to his own dogs. Ed McMahon also had a long association with the product on television, and Garfield was a "spokescat" for the brand in the 1990s. Alpo was the sponsor of the debut broadcast of the long-running television news magazine 60 Minutes, on September 24, 1968.
Alpo is also known for its marketing campaigns that target the owners of "real dogs", making light of consumers who pamper their dogs.
References
External links
Press Release on recall from Purina.com
Alpo TV ad with Ed McMahon
Alpo TV ad with Lorne Greene
Dog food brands
Nestlé brands
Ralston Purina products
Products introduced in 1936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpo%20%28pet%20food%29 |
Gudur is a town in Tirupati district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a municipality and the headquarters of Gudur mandal and Gudur revenue division.
Demographics
census of India, the town had a population of . The total population constitute, males, females and children, in the age group of 0–6 years. The average literacy rate stands at 71.07% with literates.
Geography
Climate
The climate here is tropical. The summers here have a good deal of rainfall, while the winters have very little. This location is classified as Aw by Köppen and Geiger. In Gudur, the average annual temperature is 29.2 °C. About 1025 mm of precipitation falls annually.
Governance
Civic administration
The municipality was established in the year 1954. Its jurisdictional area covers . The urban agglomeration of the town consists of Gudur municipality and its out growths. The out growths include Guduru (east), Guduru (west), Chennuru–II, Nellatur, Chillakur.
Politics
Gudur is a part of Gudur (SC) (Assembly constituency) for Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly. Present MLA name is Varaprasad Rao Velagapalli from YSRCP.
Transport
National Highway 16 passes through the town, which connects Kolkata and Chennai. The Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation operates bus services from Gudur bus station. is a major railway junction, which connects Howrah-Chennai main line and Renigunta branch line. It is classified as an A–category station and recognised as an Adarsh station in the Vijayawada railway division of South Central Railway zone.
Education
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the School Education Department of the state. The medium of instruction followed by different schools are Telugu, Urdu, Hindi and English.
Business
Gudur Lemon Market
Lemon business is the most unbeaten business in Gudur. Gudur's lemon market is one of the largest lemon markets in Andhra Pradesh. The lemon market is located at Gudur town on the way of Chennur. Gudur and the surrounding villages' farmers mostly prefer to farm lemon trees. They export lemons around the country and also to other countries.
Usually lemon is sold in two prominent methods in Gudur, i.e. Pieces and Bundles (contains more than 1000 lb).
Pricing is based on the season and demand and varies every day.
Mica
Mica mining is a prominent business in Gudur.
Mica Belts around Gudur is considered as second largest in India. Mica belts covering nearly 1000 km2 around Gudur. The following are the types of Mica found in Gudur i.e. Quartz, Feldspar, Muscovite and Vermiculite.
One of the first firms to start mica trading at a large scale was Laxmi Mica Industries - Gudur under the leadership of Late Sri Lal Khatuwala. The largest deposit of Mica in India was at Koderma, Jharkhand and second largest is at Gudur. At a time when there was 19 mica mines, Laxmi Mica Industries was having contract to outright purchase all the stocks from 18 mines. The two firms Birdhichand Bansidhar and Laxmi Mica Industries are the top mica exporters of India.
Some of the other mica firms were:
Micamin Exports - Gudur
Premier Mica Company - Gudur
Microfine Mica Company - Gudur
Micafab - Gudur
Krishna Mica Company - Gudur
Yashoda Krishna Mica Mining Co. - Gudur
Venkatagiri Raja Mining Co. - Gudur
KHR Mica company - Gudur
Aquaculture
Aquaculture is also one of the successful business in Gudur,
There are many Prawn Ponds are located around Gudur. Usually two main types of prawn forms being done, those are Scampi and Tiger Prawns, water and weather in this area are suitable to mainly these two types.
Prawn exports around India and also some other countries from Gudur.
Notable people
Balli Kalyanachakravarthy (born 1984), member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council
References
Towns in Tirupati district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudur |
A destination spa or health resort is a resort centered on a spa, such as a mineral spa. Historically, many such spas were developed at the location of natural hot springs or mineral springs. In the era before modern biochemistry and pharmacotherapy, "taking the waters" was often believed to have great medicinal powers. Even without such mystic powers, the stress relief and health education of spas also often has some degree of positive effect on health. Destination spas offer day spa facilities, but what sets them apart is that they also offer hotel facilities so that people can stay multiple nights.
Typically, over a seven-day stay, they provide a comprehensive program that includes spa services, physical fitness activities, wellness education, healthy cuisine, and special interest programming.
A special subgroup are the medical spas who offer treatments that are paid back by the national health insurance program.
All-inclusive program
Some destination spas offer an all-inclusive program that includes facilitated fitness classes, healthy cuisine, educational classes and seminars, as well as similar to a beauty salon or a day spa. Guests reside and participate in the program at a destination spa instead of just visiting for a treatment or pure vacation. Some destination spas are in tropical locations or in spa towns.
Destination spas have been in use for a considerable time, and some are no longer used but are rather preserved as elements of earlier history; for example, Gilroy Yamato Hot Springs in California is such a historically used spa whose peak patronage occurred in the late 19th and early 20th century.
Resort spas are generally located in resorts, and offer similar services via rooms with services, meals, body treatments, and fitness a la carte.
Types of medical services
Typical medical services offered at destination spas include:
Balneotherapy
Electrology
Facial
Physical fitness
Ionithermie
Massage
Manicure
Pedicure
Medical Spas
Medical Spas - provide treatments and revalidation therapies paid back by the national health insurance, have to comply to the ISO 21426:2018 on tourism and related service requirements for medical spas and have a medical doctor on site who supervises all the treatments.
In 21 of the 27 EU countries they are very known and they have often state contracts with the ministry of health to provide a certain minimum yearly capacity of treatment places for patients. Another example are the contracts with for example the national public transport operators to help recuperate lung capacity or change unhealthy lifestyle and food consumption behavior. In the latter case, reimbursement by the public health care is only done after people stayed the minimum prescribed 14 to 18 days, the time necessary to provoke behavioral changes and take the healthier lifestyle choices and practices back home.
It is common for elderly people to take every year a one-week treatment in medical public spas, which offer treatments for patients with syndrome diseases such as fibromyalgia, multiple sclerosis, rheumatism, and arthritis.
Treatments is also offered in Ministry of Ayush hospital revalidation centers, in the Middle Eastern "Turkish bath" Hammam steam bath facilities, as well as Asian or "Traditional Chinese Hot Spring" centers, and Japanese shinrin-yoku centres.
Post-COVID-19
Since the COVID-19 pandemic, medical spas have received additional attention for the treatment of post-COVID patients, especially the subgroup with symptoms indicating destroyed neural cells and neural networks in the brain, to undergo specific ergo-therapies during 2–3 weeks to give their body and brain the time to regrow these neural networks.
External links
International Spa Association
The European Federation of Medical Spas
References
.
Skin care
Massage
Resorts by type
Destination | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destination%20spa |
Visanthe O. Shiancoe (; born June 18, 1980) is a British former American football tight end. After playing college football for Morgan State, he was drafted by the New York Giants in the third round of the 2003 NFL Draft. He played for the Giants for four seasons from 2003 to 2006 and the Minnesota Vikings for five seasons from 2007 to 2011. He played for the New England Patriots in 2012 and the Tennessee Titans in 2013.
Early life
Shiancoe was born in Birmingham, England to a Liberian mother and a Ghanaian father. As an infant, he emigrated to the United States with his mother, settling in Silver Spring, Maryland.
Shiancoe played high school football for Montgomery Blair High School in Silver Spring. He attended Morgan State University in Baltimore, Maryland where he transformed himself from a 190-pound freshman to a 250-pound senior tight end.
Professional career
2003 NFL Combine
New York Giants (2003–2006)
Shiancoe was drafted in the third round (91st overall) in the 2003 NFL Draft by the New York Giants. He played for the Giants for four seasons, mostly serving as a backup to Jeremy Shockey.
Minnesota Vikings (2007–2011)
Shiancoe signed a five-year, $18.2 million contract with the Minnesota Vikings as a free agent in 2007. He compiled 208 receptions for 2,424 yards and 24 touchdowns in his five seasons as a Viking, in regular season games. Shiancoe played in all 80 games over those five seasons, of which he started 66. He led NFC tight ends with seven touchdowns in 2008 and ranked third by a tight end in the NFL.
New England Patriots (2012)
Shiancoe agreed to a one-year deal with the New England Patriots on July 24, 2012, reportedly worth $1.2 million. He was activated on November 11, 2012 after an injury to Aaron Hernandez and a suspension of Brandon Bolden. On December 11, 2012, he was released.
Baltimore Ravens (2013)
On July 28, 2013, Shiancoe signed a one-year deal to play for the Baltimore Ravens. The contract was considered a "qualifying contract" under which Shiancoe stood to make the veteran minimum for a player with 10 or more years of service ($940,000) while counting as only $555,000 against the Ravens' salary cap. The signing was prompted by a season-ending hip injury suffered during training camp by Dennis Pitta. After less than a month on the team, Shiancoe was released after the third week of preseason on August 25, 2013.
Tennessee Titans
On December 3, 2013, Shiancoe signed with the Tennessee Titans. On December 10, the Titans released Shiancoe.
Television appearances
Shiancoe was a contestant on NBC's Minute to Win It on September 8, 2010, playing to win money for the National Kidney Foundation. When he could not perform the card trick, where he had to blow off a deck of 53 playing cards with one joker at the bottom remaining on the bottle in a minute, he successfully performed the same trick on NFL Network again in less than 30 seconds, only to realize that the final Joker card was glued on.
Towel incident
Fox aired a post game segment following a victory over the Detroit Lions in 2008. Vikings owner Zygi Wilf was presenting the game ball to coach Brad Childress' son, Andrew, who had enlisted in the United States Marine Corps the day before. In the background, Shiancoe was shown unclothed for a moment before covering himself with a towel. According to the NFL and Fox Sports, the image lasted a fifth of a second. Fox Sports apologized for airing the image. Through his agent, Shiancoe said he was embarrassed by the unintentional incident.
Personal life
Shiancoe currently resides in Prince George's County, Maryland. Although his first name has been commonly mispronounced as vi-SAWN-tee () or vi-SAWN-tae () he has clarified that the correct pronunciation is vi-SAWNTH ().
He plans to become involved in causes in his mother's home country of Liberia.
References
External links
Official website
Minnesota Vikings bio
1980 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Birmingham, West Midlands
English emigrants to the United States
American football tight ends
American people of Ghanaian descent
American people of Liberian descent
Baltimore Ravens players
Black British sportsmen
English players of American football
English people of Ghanaian descent
English people of Liberian descent
Minnesota Vikings players
Morgan State Bears football players
New England Patriots players
New York Giants players
Sportspeople from Silver Spring, Maryland
Players of American football from Montgomery County, Maryland
Tennessee Titans players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visanthe%20Shiancoe |
Nieuwe-Tonge is a village in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Goeree-Overflakkee, and lies about 13 km south of Hellevoetsluis.
History
The village was first mentioned in 1480 or 1481 as "Nova ecclesia in Grijsoert". The current name means "new headland". Nieuwe (new) has been added to distinguish from Oude-Tonge. Nieuwe-Tonge developed shortly after a dike was built around the Het Noordland polder in 1461. It used to have a harbour, but it was relocated to Battenoord in 1504.
The Dutch Reformed is a single aisled cruciform church built around 1500. The choir was damaged by fire in 1723. The church was restored between 1965 and 1969 and a baluster was added to the tower. The grist mill d'Oranjeboom was in 1768. It was in service until 1960. Between 1969 and 1971, it was restored and return to active service.
Nieuwe-Tonge was home to 1,121 people in 1840. The village was severely affected by the North Sea flood of 1953. Nieuwe-Tonge was a separate municipality until 1966, when it became part of Middelharnis. In 2013, it became part of the municipality of Goeree-Overflakkee.
The is a small zoo. It was founded in 1995, and is a non-commercial zoo run by volunteers. Originally, it specialised in birds. Since 2018, it is officially a zoo.
Gallery
References
Former municipalities of South Holland
Populated places in South Holland
Goeree-Overflakkee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuwe-Tonge |
City on 't Herringfleet is a village in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Goeree-Overflakkee, and lies about 12 km southeast of Hellevoetsluis. The name means City on the Herringfleet. From 1812 to 1817 it was part of the municipality of Den Bommel, then it was a separate municipality until 1966 when it was merged with Middelharnis. Last one has made part of the new municipality of Goeree-Overflakkee since 2013.
In 2001, the village of City on 't Herringfleet had 1,068 inhabitants. The built-up area of the village was 0.23 km2, and contained 425 residences. The slightly larger statistical area "City on 't Herringfleet" has a population of around 1,340. On 1 January 2009 the village had 1,399 inhabitants.
Because of its location on the water, it is very suitable for aquatic sports. The street "Voorstraat" is painted by the Dutch painter Rien Poortvliet for his book Langs het tuinpad van mijn vaderen. This street also has the former town hall that ceased to be used as such in 1966 when the municipality Stad aan 't Haringvliet was merged. Other attractions are the Dutch Reformed church, the former doctors' house from 1876 and the windmill De Korenaar from 1746, which is still working.
Other places in the neighbourhood are:
Nieuwe-Tonge
Den Bommel
Middelharnis
Sommelsdijk
Gallery
References
Former municipalities of South Holland
Populated places in South Holland
Goeree-Overflakkee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stad%20aan%20%27t%20Haringvliet |
The sodium layer is a layer of neutral atoms of sodium within Earth's mesosphere. This layer usually lies within an altitude range of above sea level and has a depth of about . The sodium comes from the ablation of meteors. Atmospheric sodium below this layer is normally chemically bound in compounds such as sodium oxide, while the sodium atoms above the layer tend to be ionized.
The density varies with season; the average column density (the number of atoms per unit area above any point on the earth's surface) is roughly 4 billion sodium atoms/cm2. For a typical thickness of 5 km this corresponds to volume density of roughly 8000 sodium atoms/cm3.
Atoms of sodium in this layer can become excited due to sunlight, solar wind, or other causes. Once excited, these atoms radiate very efficiently around 589 nm, which is in the yellow portion of the spectrum. These radiation bands are known as the sodium D lines. The resulting radiation is one of the sources of air glow.
Astronomers have found the sodium layer to be useful for creating an artificial laser guide star in the upper atmosphere. The star is used by adaptive optics to compensate for movements in the atmosphere. As a result, optical telescopes can perform much closer to their theoretical limit of resolution.
The sodium layer was first discovered in 1929 by American astronomer Vesto Slipher. In 1939 the British-American geophysicist Sydney Chapman proposed a reaction-cycle theory to explain the night-glow phenomenon.
External links
Metallic vapor layers
References
Atmosphere
Astronomical imaging | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20layer |
Aci Castello () is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Catania in Sicily, Italy. The city is located north of Catania on the Mediterranean coast. The primary economic sectors are agriculture and industry (in Catania). The city is neighbored by Aci Catena, Acireale, Catania, San Gregorio di Catania and Valverde.
History
The town of Aci Castello developed around the castle, which was built in 1076 by the Normans upon the foundations of a 7th-century Byzantine fortification. In 1169, Aci Castello started to expand after an eruption of Mount Etna made the towns in its vicinity uninhabitable. The castle later became the property of the bishops of Catania.
In 1296, Roger of Lauria, admiral of the Aragonese fleet during the War of the Sicilian Vespers, was granted the fief of Aci and its castle as a reward for his faithful service to King Frederick III of Sicily. When relations between the two men soured and di Lauria transferred his loyalties to the Angevins, the castle was besieged and captured by King Frederick and di Lauria stripped of his fiefs. In 1320, the castle and Aci were taken from Roger's descendant, Margaret of Lauria and given to Blasco II de Alagona. Whilst the latter was away defending Palermo from the attacking Angevins, Bertrando di Balzo sacked Aci in his absence.
Main sights
The Norman Castle, built from 1076 to 1081. It now serves as a museum.
The borough Aci Trezza with a beach
Church of St. Joseph (18th century)
Greek Necropolis
Sports
Sporting Club Pallanuoto Acicastello
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aci%20Castello |
Cambridge-Narrows is a former village in Queens County, New Brunswick, Canada. It held village status prior to 2023 and is now part of the village of Arcadia.
The village straddled Washedemoak Lake, a widening of the Canaan River, several kilometres upstream of the Saint John River. Cambridge-Narrows has 3 main arteries, Route 695, Route 715, and Route 710
History
The Cambridge-Narrows consisted of two separate settlements on either side of the river, Cambridge and The Narrows, which were merged under one municipal government in 1966.
On 1 January 2023, Cambridge-Narrows amalgamated with the village of Gagetown and all or part of five local service districts to form the new village of Arcadia. The community's name remains in official use.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Cambridge-Narrows had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Notable people
Bordering communities
Hampton
Big Cove
McDonald Corner
Jemseg
Hatfield Point
Springfield, Kings County
References
External links
Village of Cambridge Narrows
Communities in Queens County, New Brunswick
Former villages in New Brunswick
Populated places disestablished in New Brunswick in 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge-Narrows |
Trumans Water are an American indie rock band, hailing from San Diego, California. They have released over a dozen albums over their career, on which they collaborated with acts in genre, including Azalia Snail, Chan Marshall and Thurston Moore.
Background
Trumans Water was formed by the brothers Kirk and Kevin Branstetter, and the original drummer Jeff Jones in San Diego in 1991, after they were given a guitar and a bass guitar by a friend's father. They advertised for a "lead singer, brain optional", and recruited Glen Galloway as a result. Other members of the band have included Ely Moyal, Andres Malinao and Kevin Cascell.
Captain Beefheart, Wire, The Boredoms, Sun City Girls, Pavement and Sonic Youth have all been identified as influences, and during the course of the band's history Trumans Water has produced experimental indie rock, often with a substantial element of improvisation. Kevin Branstetter described the band's approach in 1993: "The spirit of the thing is what we want to capture, mess things up, like totally skewing everything, destroying everything and still making it totally listenable" and their recording process: "We record everything live, all play at the same time".
The disc jockey John Peel effectively shot the band to indie stardom in the UK when he played their first LP, Of Thick Tum, uninterrupted and in its entirety during an edition of his BBC Radio One show. The band subsequently recorded three sessions for Peel's show.
The Branstetter brothers relocated to Portland, Oregon in 1994 without Galloway and are the only original members still active in the band. Galloway assumed the Glen Galaxy name to record as Soul-Junk, an experimental Christian rock band, before returning to Trumans Water in 1998. Kevin Branstetter subsequently moved to France in 1995. Being on different continents for the last several years has curbed their musical output but by no means stopped it; they have released six albums despite the geographical separation.
Trumans Water has recently added the bass guitar player Mike Coumatos after more than ten years touring and recording as a three piece (two guitars and drums). A new drummer, John Schier, has been added as well.
Trumans Water has been cited as an influence by several bands including The Cribs.
In 2011, Kevin Branstetter moved to France. Worlds Dirtiest Sport is his side project doing solo (or with guests) guitar/bass guitar/loops/noise songs. The project was started as an outlet when one or more other Trumans was unavailable.
Discography
Albums
Of Thick Tum (1992, Homestead Records)
Spasm Smash XXXOXOX Ox & Ass (1993, Homestead Records)
Godspeed the Punchline (1994, Homestead Records)
Godspeed the Static (1994, Drunken Fish)
Godspeed the Hemorrhage (1994, Homestead Records)
Godspeed the Vortex (1994, Way Out Sound)
Milktrain to Paydirt (1995, Homestead Records)
The Peel Sessions (1995, Strange Fruit)
Action Ornaments (1996, Runt)
Apistogramma (1997, Justice My Eye / Elevated Loin)
Fragments of a Lucky Break (1998, Emperor Jones)
Trumans Water (2001, Emperor Jones)
You are in the Line of Fire and they are Shooting at You (2003, Homesleep Records)
The Singles 1992-1997 (2003, No Sides)
Rosolina Mar meets Trumans Water (2007, Robotradiorecords - split with Rosolina Mar)
O Zeta Zunis (August 24, 2010, Asthmatic Kitty Records)
Singles and EPs
Our Scars Like Badges (7-inch EP, 1992, Homestead Records)
Laugh Light's Lit (7-inch EP, 1992, Drunken Fish)
Jubileeeee (7-inch EP, 1992, Way Out Sound)
"Hey Fish" (7-inch, 1993, Drunken Fish)
10 x My Age (CD EP/10", 1993, Elemental Records)
Have You Got It Yet? (Live in London) (7-inch, 1993, Fear & Loathing zine, Dirter Promotions and Elemental Records)
"Skyjacker" (7-inch, 1994 Sympathy for the Record Industry)
Spazz Rockdance Inferno (7-inch EP, 1994, Clawfist)
The First Dead Man of Diluvia (7-inch EP, 1995, Howardian/Wantage)
The Great Flood (7-inch EP, 1996, Footprint Records)
"Miss Spaceship"/"Radar 1941" (7-inch, 2000, Sub Pop)
Cassettes
Santee Busbill (1993?, Destroy All Music)
Couch of the Spastics (1994, Chocolate Monk)
Cough Forth Such Dilemmas (1995, Union Pole)
No Dead Space (1997, Union Pole)
References
External links
Indie rock musical groups from California
Musical groups established in 1991
American art rock groups
Musical groups from San Diego
American noise rock music groups
Homestead Records artists
Asthmatic Kitty artists
Drunken Fish Records artists
1991 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumans%20Water |
The London Film Critics' Circle is the name by which the Film Section of The Critics' Circle is known internationally.
The word London was added because it was thought the term Critics' Circle Film Awards did not convey the full context of the awards' origins; the LFCC wished its annual Awards to be recognised on film advertising, especially in the United States, and in production notes.
The Critics' Circle, founded in 1913, is an association for working British critics. Film critics first became eligible for membership of the Circle in 1926. The Film section now has more than 180 members drawn from publications, broadcast media and the internet throughout the United Kingdom.
Film section members of the Critics' Circle will have worked as critics—writing informed analytical features or broadcasting programmes about film for British publications and media—for at least two years, earning income from reviewing and writing about film.
Critics' Circle Film Awards
The Critics' Circle Film Awards were instituted in 1980 and are awarded annually by the Film Section of the Critics' Circle.
Voted for by all members of the Film Section, the awards have become a major event in London, presented at a dinner dance held in a large West End hotel. From 1995 to 2010 the awards ceremony was a charity event in aid of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC).
Award categories
Over the years, the Award categories have gradually changed with some categories being added and others dropped. For some categories this means that winners were not necessarily declared or listed in each of the Awards year.
In 2007, it was decided that Irish filmmakers, actors and others involved in the film industry would be eligible in what had previously been called "British" award categories. To that end, the titles of several of the awards were amended as "British/Irish".
Special awards include: The Attenborough Award, which goes to the British/Irish film of the year; The Philip French Award, which goes to the breakthrough British/Irish filmmaker of the year, and The Dilys Powell Award, which is awarded for excellence in cinema.
Past and present award categories include:
Film of the Year (1980–present)
Foreign Language Film of the Year (1980–present)
Director of the Year (1980–present)
Screenwriter of the Year (1980–present)
Actor of the Year
Actress of the Year
Supporting Actor of the Year
Supporting Actress of the Year
International Newcomer of the Year
The Attenborough Award: British/Irish Film of the Year
British or Irish Film of the Year (1991–present)
British or Irish Director of the Year
British or Irish Screenwriter of the Year
British or Irish Producer of the Year
Technical Achievement of the Year (2011-present)
British/Irish Actor of the Year
British/Irish Actress of the Year
The Dilys Powell Award for Excellence in Cinema
Young British/Irish Performer of the Year
Breakthrough British/Irish Filmmaker
Awards ceremonies
1986–1990 winners
1986 winners
Actor of the Year (TIE)
William Hurt – Kiss of the Spider Woman
Bob Hoskins – Mona Lisa
Screenwriter of the Year
Woody Allen – Hannah and Her Sisters
Director of the Year
Akira Kurosawa – Ran
Film of the Year
A Room with a View
1987 winners
Actor of the Year (TIE)
Sean Connery – The Untouchables
Gary Oldman – Prick Up Your Ears
Screenwriter of the Year
Alan Bennett – Prick Up Your Ears
Director of the Year
Stanley Kubrick – Full Metal Jacket
Film of the Year
Hope and Glory
1988 winners
Actor of the Year (TIE)
Stephane Audran – Babette's Feast
Leo McKern – Travelling North
Screenwriter of the Year
David Mamet – House of Games
Director of the Year
John Huston – The Dead
Film of the Year
House of Games
1989 winners
Actor of the Year
Daniel Day-Lewis – My Left Foot
Screenwriter of the Year
Christopher Hampton – Dangerous Liaisons
Director of the Year
Terence Davies – Distant Voices, Still Lives
Film of the Year
Distant Voices, Still Lives
1990 winners
Actor of the Year
Philippe Noiret – Cinema Paradiso
Screenwriter of the Year
Woody Allen – Crimes and Misdemeanors
Director of the Year
Woody Allen – Crimes and Misdemeanors
Film of the Year
Crimes and Misdemeanors
1991–1996 winners
1991 winners
Actor of the Year
Gérard Depardieu – Cyrano de Bergerac
Actress of the Year
Susan Sarandon – Thelma & Louise, White Palace
British Actor of the Year
Alan Rickman – Close My Eyes, Truly, Madly, Deeply, Quigley Down Under, Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves
British Director of the Year
Alan Parker – The Commitments
British Screenwriter of the Year
Dick Clement, Ian La Frenais, Roddy Doyle – The Commitments
British Film of the Year
Life Is Sweet
Screenwriter of the Year
David Mamet – Homicide
Director of the Year
Ridley Scott – Thelma & Louise
Film of the Year
Thelma & Louise
1992 winners
Actor of the Year
Robert Downey Jr. – Chaplin
Actress of the Year
Judy Davis – Husbands and Wives, Barton Fink, Naked Lunch
British Actor of the Year
Daniel Day-Lewis – The Last of the Mohicans
British Director of the Year
Neil Jordan – The Crying Game
British Film of the Year
Howards End
British Screenwriter of the Year
Neil Jordan – The Crying Game
Director of the Year
Robert Altman – The Player
Film of the Year
Unforgiven
Newcomer of the Year
Baz Luhrmann – Strictly Ballroom
Screenwriter of the Year
Michael Tolkin – The Player
1993 winners
Actor of the Year
Anthony Hopkins – The Remains of the Day
Actress of the Year
Holly Hunter – The Piano
British Actor of the Year
David Thewlis – Naked
British Actress of the Year
Miranda Richardson – Fatale
British Director of the Year
Ken Loach – Raining Stones
British Film of the Year
The Remains of the Day
British Screenwriter of the Year
Roddy Doyle – The Snapper
Director of the Year
James Ivory – The Remains of the Day
Film of the Year
The Piano
Newcomer of the Year
Quentin Tarantino – Reservoir Dogs
Screenwriter of the Year
Harold Ramis, Danny Rubin – Groundhog Day
Special Award
Kate Maberly – The Secret Garden
1994 winners
Actor of the Year
John Travolta – Pulp Fiction
Actress of the Year
Linda Fiorentino – The Last Seduction
British Actor of the Year
Ralph Fiennes – Schindler's List
British Actress of the Year
Crissy Rock – Ladybird, Ladybird
British Director of the Year
Mike Newell – Four Weddings and a Funeral
British Film of the Year
Four Weddings and a Funeral
British Producer of the Year
Duncan Kenworthy – Four Weddings and a Funeral
British Screenwriter of the Year
Richard Curtis – Four Weddings and a Funeral
Director of the Year
Steven Spielberg – Schindler's List
Film of the Year
Schindler's List
Newcomer of the Year
Jim Carrey – The Mask, Ace Ventura: Pet Detective
Screenwriter of the Year
Quentin Tarantino – Pulp Fiction
Special Award
Hugh Grant – Four Weddings and a Funeral
1995 winners
Actor of the Year
Johnny Depp – Ed Wood, Don Juan DeMarco
Actress of the Year
Nicole Kidman – To Die For
British Actor of the Year
Nigel Hawthorne – The Madness of King George
British Actress of the Year
Kate Winslet – Heavenly Creatures
British Director of the Year
Michael Radford – Il Postino: The Postman
British Film of the Year
The Madness of King George
British Newcomer of the Year
Danny Boyle – Shallow Grave
British Screenwriter of the Year
Alan Bennett – The Madness of King George
Director of the Year
Peter Jackson – Heavenly Creatures
Film of the Year
Babe
Screenwriter of the Year
Paul Attanasio – Quiz Show, Disclosure
1996 winners
Actor of the Year
Morgan Freeman – Seven
Actress of the Year
Frances McDormand – Fargo
British Actor of the Year
Ian McKellen – Richard III
Ewan McGregor – Trainspotting, Brassed Off, Emma, The Pillow Book
British Actress of the Year
Brenda Blethyn – Secrets & Lies
British Director of the Year
Mike Leigh – Secrets & Lies
British Newcomer of the Year
Emily Watson – Breaking the Waves
British Producer of the Year
Andrew Macdonald – Trainspotting
British Screenwriter of the Year
Emma Thompson – Sense and Sensibility
Director of the Year
Joel Coen – Fargo
Film of the Year
Secrets & Lies
Screenwriter of the Year
Joel Coen and Ethan Coen – Fargo
References
External links
Official website
London Critics' Circle Film Awards at the Internet Movie Database
British film awards
British film critics associations
Cinema of London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20Film%20Critics%27%20Circle |
Apigenin (4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavone), found in many plants, is a natural product belonging to the flavone class that is the aglycone of several naturally occurring glycosides. It is a yellow crystalline solid that has been used to dye wool.
Sources in nature
Apigenin is found in many fruits and vegetables, but parsley, celery, celeriac, and chamomile tea are the most common sources. Apigenin is particularly abundant in the flowers of chamomile plants, constituting 68% of total flavonoids. Dried parsley can contain about 45 mg apigenin/gram of the herb, and dried chamomile flower about 3-5 mg/gram. The apigenin content of fresh parsley is reportedly 215.5 mg/100 grams, which is much higher than the next highest food source, green celery hearts providing 19.1 mg/100 grams.
Biosynthesis
Apigenin is biosynthetically derived from the general phenylpropanoid pathway and the flavone synthesis pathway. The phenylpropanoid pathway starts from the aromatic amino acids L-phenylalanine or L-tyrosine, both products of the Shikimate pathway. When starting from L-phenylalanine, first the amino acid is non-oxidatively deaminated by phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) to make cinnamate, followed by oxidation at the para position by cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) to produce p-coumarate. As L-tyrosine is already oxidized at the para position, it skips this oxidation and is simply deaminated by tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL) to arrive at p-coumarate. To complete the general phenylpropanoid pathway, 4-coumarate CoA ligase (4CL) substitutes coenzyme A (CoA) at the carboxy group of p-coumarate. Entering the flavone synthesis pathway, the type III polyketide synthase enzyme chalcone synthase (CHS) uses consecutive condensations of three equivalents of malonyl CoA followed by aromatization to convert p-coumaroyl-CoA to chalcone. Chalcone isomerase (CHI) then isomerizes the product to close the pyrone ring to make naringenin. Finally, a flavanone synthase (FNS) enzyme oxidizes naringenin to apigenin. Two types of FNS have previously been described; FNS I, a soluble enzyme that uses 2-oxogluturate, Fe2+, and ascorbate as cofactors and FNS II, a membrane bound, NADPH dependent cytochrome p450 monooxygenase.
Glycosides
The naturally occurring glycosides formed by the combination of apigenin with sugars include:
Apiin (apigenin 7-O-apioglucoside), isolated from parsley and celery
Apigetrin (apigenin 7-glucoside), found in dandelion coffee
Vitexin (apigenin 8-C-glucoside)
Isovitexin (apigenin 6-C-glucoside)
Rhoifolin (apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside)
Schaftoside (apigenin 6-C-glucoside 8-C-arabinoside)
In diet
Some foods contain relatively high amounts of apigenin:
See also
Amentoflavone
References
Aromatase inhibitors
Delta-opioid receptor antagonists
Flavones
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Resorcinols
Kappa-opioid receptor antagonists
Mu-opioid receptor antagonists
NMDA receptor antagonists
Phytoestrogens
Progestogens
Vinylogous carboxylic acids | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apigenin |
Liam Deasy (6 May 1896 – 20 August 1974) was an Irish Republican Army officer who fought in the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War. In the latter conflict, he was second-in-command of the Anti-Treaty forces for a period in late 1922 and early 1923.
Early life
Deasy was born in Kilmacsimon, Bandon in County Cork on 6 May 1896, and educated in the local school at Ballinadee. He was the third son of William and Mary Deasy.
Irish War of Independence
In the War of Independence (1919–21, he was the Adjutant of the 3rd Cork Brigade (West Cork).
He served under Tom Barry in one of the unit's best known action, the Crossbarry Ambush in March 1921. His younger brother, Pat, died in action at the Kilmichael Ambush in November 1920, an engagement which Liam Deasy himself was not present at.
He also took part in the Tooreen ambush.
Civil War
He opposed the Anglo-Irish Treaty which ended the war. In the months that followed he, along with others like Éamon de Valera and Liam Lynch, tried to persuade Michael Collins to renegotiate aspects of the treaty, especially to remove an oath to the British king from the constitution of the new Irish Free State. When fighting broke out in Dublin in June 1922, between pro and anti-Treaty forces, Deasy sided with the Anti-Treaty IRA in the ensuing Irish Civil War. However, he was reluctant to fight his former comrades and voiced the opinion that the fighting should have ended with the Free State seizure of the Four Courts.
In late July, he commanded 1,500 anti-treaty fighters who held a line around Kilmallock south of Limerick city against about 2,000 Free State troops under Eoin O'Duffy. Deasy's men were the most experienced IRA fighters of the 1919-21 war and held their position until 8 August, when they were outflanked by seaborne landings on the southern coast. Deasy's men then dispersed. He went on the run in the south-east of the country.
In August 1922, he was in command of a band of republican guerrillas in west Cork, when they heard that Free State leader Michael Collins was in the area. Deasy had his men prepare an ambush for Collins' convoy at Béal na Bláth, should it return by the same route it had taken earlier.
Deasy and most of his men did not take part in the ambush as they had retired to a nearby pub, assuming that they had missed Collins. However, Collins arrived as the last of Deasy's men were clearing the mine and barricade that had been erected on the road at Béal na Bláth. Collins was killed in the ensuing firefight. Deasy later wrote in his memoirs that he profoundly regretted the death of his former commander. It is not clear that he gave orders otherwise to take on prisoners as the main intention of the ambush.
Capture
In January 1923, by which time he had become Deputy Chief of Staff of the IRA, he was captured by Free State forces near Clonmel and sentenced to death. He then signed a document ordering the men under his command to surrender themselves and their arms to the government, and for this he was spared execution. Republicans denounced him as a traitor and a coward for this action, but Deasy argued in his book, Brother against Brother that he was opposed to continuing the civil war anyway and would have called on republicans to surrender whether or not he had been captured.
Later life
Deasy took no further part in politics following the end of the civil war. In 1924, he set up a business making weatherproof textiles.On 24 November 1927, Deasy married Margaret Mary O'Donoghue; the two would have 3 daughters together.
During The Emergency, Deasy served in the Irish Army from 1940 to 1945, reaching the rank of commandant. Deasy would later write two memoirs about his experiences during the revolutionary period: Toward Ireland Free and Brother against Brother, the latter being published after his death.
He died at St. Anne's Hospital in Dublin on 20 August 1974.
Sources
Liam Deasy: Brother against Brother. Cork: Mercier Press, 1982; reissued 1998.
Edward Purdon: The Irish Civil War 1922-1923. Cork: Mercier Press, 2000.
Ernie O'Malley: The Men Will Talk to Me, West Cork Interviews, Cork: Mercier Press, 2015.
References
Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) members
Irish Republican Army (1922–1969) members
People from Bandon, County Cork
1896 births
1974 deaths
Irish Army officers
People of the Irish Civil War (Anti-Treaty side) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam%20Deasy |
The Condemned is a 2007 action film written and directed by Scott Wiper. The film stars Steve Austin, Vinnie Jones, Robert Mammone, Tory Mussett, Madeleine West and Rick Hoffman.
The film centers on ten convicts who are forced to fight each other to the death as part of an illegal game which is being broadcast to the public. The Condemned was filmed in Queensland, Australia. Fight choreography was coordinated by Richard Norton, who also stunt doubles for Jones on some scenes. A sequel titled The Condemned 2 starring Randy Orton was released in 2015.
The film was produced by WWE Films and distributed by Lionsgate on April 27, 2007.
Plot
Jack Conrad awaits execution in a corrupt Salvadoran prison. He is "purchased" by a wealthy television producer and transported to a deserted island in the South Pacific along with nine other condemned criminals from prisons around the world. They are "offered" the opportunity to avoid capital punishment and win back their freedom with a pocket full of cash by fighting to the death in an illegal game to be filmed and broadcast live over the Internet.
A bomb is placed on the ankle of every contestant, each featuring a 30-hour countdown timer, and a pin (similar to a grenade) that will detonate the bomb after a ten-second delay. The winner will have the bomb removed and be given their freedom as well as a pocket full of cash as the prize. Ian Breckel, the producer, is aiming for online ratings that equal or beat the latest Super Bowl reception of 40 million television viewers.
As the broadcast progresses, FBI agents discover Conrad's real identity as Jack Riley after a tip from one of Conrad's former classmates. Conrad is discovered to be a former Delta Force operative who was captured on a Black ops mission to El Salvador after bombing a building controlled by drug dealers. Conrad's girlfriend Sarah becomes aware of the situation and watches the show at the local bar she works at as it unfolds.
Ewan McStarley and Saiga team up to remove the competition, while Yasantwa uses her wiles to trick others to their death. After seeing the show's broadcast tower before the show, Conrad infiltrates the tower and calls Sarah, managing to tell her the latitude of the island before he is forced to leave.
After the other seven contestants have died, Conrad is left alone against McStarley and Saiga. He stabs Saiga, and McStarley flees. Eventually, a helicopter drops a shotgun down to McStarley, who uses it to hunt down Conrad. After Conrad falls into a stream, McStarley runs into the cameraman and his armed guard dressed in ghillie suits while searching for Conrad, and shoots them, picking up the guard's MP5 submachine gun.
When McStarley and Conrad meet again, Conrad ends up rolling over a cliff and into a stream to avoid being shot by McStarley's shotgun. Conrad is presumed dead by the fall, and McStarley is declared the winner. As McStarley is being driven to the control tower to collect his prize, Breckel hears that the FBI has sent United States Navy SEALs to take him into custody. After he meets McStarley and de-activates his bomb, he tells him that he will not receive his prize money as it is revealed that Breckel has fixed the game in McStarley's favor. McStarley takes an MP5 from one of the guards, and kills the tech team in the building, one by one, even though they truthfully did not know that Breckel was abandoning them all. When he corners Julie, Breckel's girlfriend, he is confronted by Conrad, who shoots him several times after talking briefly about McStarley's past and how he was repeatedly raped whilst serving time in a prison in Africa. Conrad grabs McStarley's two machine guns and chases down Breckel, who is fleeing the island in a helicopter. After emptying the two guns firing at the helicopter, he is given McStarley's re-activated ankle bomb by Julie. Conrad throws it into the helicopter, and Breckel reaches for it; however, the helicopter explodes, and crashes into a cliff, killing Breckel and bringing his vicious game to an end.
Conrad is driven back to Sarah's home in Texas, a free man. Sarah, who presumed him dead after he fell off the cliff in his struggle against McStarley, greets him.
Cast
Steve Austin as Jack Conrad / Jack Riley
Vinnie Jones as Ewan McStarley
Manu Bennett as Paco Pacheco
Nathan Jones as Petr Raudsep
Masa Yamaguchi as Go Saiga
Emelia Burns as Yasantwa Adei
Marcus Johnson as Kreston Mackie
Dasi Ruz as Rosa Pacheco
Andy McPhee as Helmut Bruggerman
Rai Fazio as Dominic Giangrasso
Rick Hoffman as Goldman
Robert Mammone as Ian "Breck" Breckel
Tory Mussett as Julie
Sam Healy as Bella
Madeleine West as Sarah Cavanaugh
Sullivan Stapleton as Brad Wilkins
Luke Pegler as Baxter
Angie Milliken as Donna Sereno
Soundtrack
The Condemned (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) was released on April 24, 2007. It was composed by Graeme Revell. It is exclusively available on the iTunes Store.
Additional tracks
Other songs featured in the film, but not included on the soundtrack:
"You Don't Know" by Eminem, 50 Cent, Lloyd Banks & Cashis
"Lonely Train" by Black Stone Cherry
"In the Air Tonight" by Phil Collins
"Out of Line" by Buckcherry
"Backwoods Gold" by Black Stone Cherry
"Driven" by Sevendust
"Bullet with a Name" by Nonpoint
"Shooting Star" by Black Stone Cherry
"Soulcrusher" by Operator
"Firestarter" by The Prodigy
"Savin' Me" by Nickelback
Release
Critical response
As of April, 2020, Rotten Tomatoes listed the film with a 15% rating, based on 101 reviews. The site's consensus stated: "The Condemned is a morally ambiguous, exceedingly violent and mostly forgettable action film." As of April, 2020, Metacritic gave the film a score of 23 Out of 100, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Reviews of The Condemned included complaints of plot holes, overly preachy tone, lack of plot progression, hypocritical morals, poor fight choreography and one "fake" wrestler.
V.A. Musetto of the New York Post gave the film zero stars out of four, describing it as a "sickeningly violent and inane movie" and complaining that it is a bad rip-off of Battle Royale and The Most Dangerous Game.
One of the few positive reviews came from Michael Booth of The Denver Post. He described the concept as "The Truman Show meets Con Air" and makes positive notes about the reality television aspects of the story, although he cautions readers not to expect "high art" based on the 3 star rating he gives the film.
Box office
The film debuted with a $3.8 million opening weekend in the US. The film lasted only 4 weeks in theaters and posted a big loss, closing with a total of $7,371,706. The movie fared worse internationally, taking only $1,271,152 in limited foreign markets, for a total of $8,642,858.
Home media
On September 18, 2007, The Condemned was released on DVD and Blu-ray. Opening at number four, The Condemned brought in $6.5 million in the first week. Overall, it has sold an estimated 1.185 million DVD units earning $22.7 million. The DVD made its release in the United Kingdom on March 24, 2008, with a rating of 18 (Contains Strong Violence and Language). This was a straight to DVD release in the United Kingdom.
Sequel
A sequel titled The Condemned 2 starring Randy Orton was released on November 6, 2015.
References
External links
The Condemned at WWE.com
2000s chase films
2000s dystopian films
2007 films
2007 action thriller films
Australian action thriller films
American action thriller films
American chase films
American dystopian films
2000s English-language films
Films about death games
Films about snuff films
Films scored by Graeme Revell
Films shot at Village Roadshow Studios
Films set in the Pacific Ocean
Films set on uninhabited islands
Films shot in Queensland
Films with screenplays by Rob Hedden
Lionsgate films
WWE Studios films
2000s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Condemned |
Robert Costanza (born September 14, 1950) is an American/Australian ecological economist and Professor at the UCL Institute for Global Prosperity, University College London. He is a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia and a Full Member of the Club of Rome.
Biography
Before joining University College London, he was a professor at the Crawford School of Public Policy at The Australian National University in 2013 he was a professor at Portland State University in Oregon from 2010 to 2012. Costanza was the Gund Professor of Ecological Economics and director of the Gund Institute for Ecological Economics at the University of Vermont. Prior to moving to Vermont in August 2002, Costanza was director of the University of Maryland Institute for Ecological Economics, and a professor at University of Maryland's Center for Estuarine and Environmental Science, at the Chesapeake Biological Lab on Solomons Island, MD.
He is co-founder and past president of the International Society for Ecological Economics and he was founding chief editor of the society's journal, Ecological Economics from its inception in 1989 until 2002. Costanza is the founding editor-in-chief of Solutions a hybrid popular/academic journal/magazine. He currently serves on the editorial board of eight other international academic journals and is past president of the International Society for Ecosystem Health. He is a senior fellow at the Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm, Sweden; Affiliate Fellow at the Gund Institute for Environment at the University of Vermont; and a co-chair of the Ecosystem Services Partnership.
Selected literature
Studies
2016, Modelling and measuring sustainable wellbeing in connection with the UN Sustainable Development Goals
Books
2020, with John D. Erickson, Joshua Farley, and Ida Kubiszewski Sustainable Wellbeing Futures: a research and action agenda for Ecological Economics.
2014, with John Cumberland, Herman Daly, Robert Goodland, Richard B. Norgaard, Ida Kubiszewski, and Carol Franco. An Introduction to Ecological Economics, Second Edition.
2014, with Ida Kubiszewski (eds). Creating A Sustainable and Desirable Future: Insights from 45 Global Thought Leaders.
2013, with Gar Alperovitz, Herman Daly, Joshua Farley, Carol Franco, Tim Jackson, Ida Kubiszewski, Juliet Schor, and Peter Victor. Building a Sustainable and Desirable Economy-in-Society-in-Nature.
2007, with Lisa Graumlich and Will Steffen, Sustainability or Collapse? An Integrated History and Future of People on Earth.
2000, with Tom Prugh and Herman Daly, The local politics of global sustainability.
1997, with John Cumberland, Herman Daly, Robert Goodland and Richard Norgaard, An Introduction to Ecological Economics
1996, with Olman Segura and Juan Martinez-Alier, Getting down to earth: practical applications of ecological economics
1992, with Bryan Norton and Ben Haskell, Ecosystem health: new goals for environmental management.
1991, Ecological economics: The science and management of sustainability.
Most prominent articles
1996, Costanza, R. Ecological economics: reintegrating the study of humans and nature. Ecological Applications 6:978-990 (1996)
1997, Costanza et al. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387:253-260 (1997)
1998, Costanza et al. Principles for sustainable governance of the oceans. Science 281:198-199 (1998)
2008, Costanza, R. Stewardship for a “Full” World. Current History (January 2008) An excellent six-page (including a concise chart) exposition of ecological economics.
2010, Costanza et al. The perfect spill: solutions for averting the next Deepwater Horizon, The Solutions Journal
2014, Costanza et al. Changes in the global value of ecosystem services, Global Environmental Change
2016, Costanza et al. Modelling and measuring sustainable wellbeing in connection with the UN Sustainable Development Goals, Ecological Economics
2017, Costanza et al. Twenty years of ecosystem services: how far have we come and how far do we still need to go? Ecosystem Services
2021, Costanza et al. Common asset trusts to effectively steward natural capital and ecosystem services at multiple scales, Journal of Environmental Management
See also
Club of Rome
Balaton Group
References
External links
Media Release from ANU on Costanza's appointment
Faculty page at ANU of Robert Costanza
Curriculum vitae of Robert Costanza, 2019
Wellbeing Economy needs to be Primary Goal (2018, at the 50th Anniversary Meeting of the Club of Rome)
1950 births
21st-century American economists
Living people
Systems ecologists
American systems scientists
Sustainability advocates
University of Florida alumni
University of Vermont faculty
Renewable energy economy
Ecological economists
Academic journal editors
Academic staff of the Australian National University | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Costanza |
Charlo ( ) is a community and former village located in Heron Bay, New Brunswick, Canada. It held village status within Restigouche County prior to 2023.
History
Situated on the south shore of Chaleur Bay, the community was first settled by Acadians in 1799 (except for the Thompson family who emigrated from Ireland through the port of New York who settled 1784–1790 and was granted land by the Crown in 1824 next to the church property) and incorporated in 1966. River Charlo is one of its neighbourhoods.
On January 1, 2023, Charlo amalgamated with the town of Dalhousie and all or part of five local service districts to form the new town of Heron Bay. The community's name remains in official use.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Charlo had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Population trend
Language
Mother tongue (2016)
Climate
Infrastructure
The Charlo Airport, the only airport in the region, offered scheduled air service between 1963-2001. In October 2012, Provincial Airlines began trial flights at the Charlo Airport. In January 2013, after deeming that there was sufficient demand, they made the trial flights permanent. They currently provide direct flights between Charlo, New Brunswick, Wabush, Newfoundland, and Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Notable people
See also
List of villages in New Brunswick
References
Communities in Restigouche County, New Brunswick
Populated places disestablished in New Brunswick in 2023
Former villages in New Brunswick | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlo%2C%20New%20Brunswick |
"What in the World" is a song by David Bowie released on his 1977 album Low, later making appearances as repertoire in the 1978 world tour as well as other major tours.
"What in the World" showcases some of Bowie's Berlin-era songwriting and production techniques. This song, like others on Low, shows Bowie's experiments with disjointed, non-linear lyrics with seemingly random sentences and free-associative phrases.
The song makes heavy use of synthesizer and recording studio techniques, heavily influenced by the work of Brian Eno, who collaborated with the album. A "blip"-like sound comparable to the sounds later made by Pac-Man and the Nintendo Entertainment System pulses throughout the song, which, coupled with extremely rhythmic guitar solos, creates a frantic pace. The song also makes use of the Harmonizer which Tony Visconti brought to the studio which was used to Dennis Davis' drumming. The song also features Iggy Pop on backing vocals. Pop's album The Idiot was recorded back-to-back with Low at the same facility, was produced by Bowie, and featured many of the same musicians.
Live versions
A live performance recorded during the Isolar II Tour was released on the album Stage. To make the song more accessible for the concert audience, it had been lengthened by some two minutes. This was achieved by first playing the entirety of the first and second verses at a much slower tempo, practically at dance speed, and then repeating the song once again at album speed with its ending reinstalled. A different live performance from the same tour was included on Welcome to the Blackout, released in 2018.
A live version recorded on 12 September 1983 during the Serious Moonlight Tour was released on the concert film of the same name and on the live album Serious Moonlight (Live '83), which was part of the 2018 box set Loving the Alien (1983–1988) and was released separately the following year.
Production credits
Producers:
Tony Visconti
Musicians:
David Bowie: lead vocals
Carlos Alomar: rhythm guitar
George Murray: bass
Dennis Davis: drums
Ricky Gardiner: lead guitars
Brian Eno: ARP synthesizers, Rimmer E.M.I.
Iggy Pop: backing vocals
Roy Young: piano, Farfisa
Other releases
The live version from Stage, was released as the B-side of the single "Star" in 1978.
The original album version was released as the B-side of the US release of the single "Boys Keep Swinging" in April 1979.
Cover versions
The Blue Guitars, released as a single
Gary Jones, released as a single
Red Hot Chili Peppers, live in Auckland (14 January 2013 at the Vector Arena)
Shearwater – as part of a live performance of the entire Berlin Trilogy for WNYC (2018)
See also
Nintendocore
References
David Bowie songs
1977 songs
Songs written by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by Tony Visconti | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%20in%20the%20World |
Citizens and Southern National Bank (C&S) began as a Georgia institution that expanded into South Carolina, Florida and into other states via mergers. Headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia; it was the largest bank in the Southeast for much of the 20th century. C&S merged with Sovran Bank in 1990 to form C&S/Sovran in hopes of fending off a hostile takeover attempt by NCNB Corporation. Only a year later, however, C&S/Sovran merged with NCNB to form NationsBank, which forms the core of today's Bank of America.
A former Charleston, South Carolina, location, Citizens and Southern National Bank of South Carolina, is the second oldest bank building in the U.S. and possibly the oldest still used as a bank. Constructed in 1798 as the Bank of South Carolina it later became the home for the Charleston Library Society (1835), then belonged to the Charleston Chamber of Commerce (1914), and finally became a bank again when C&S purchased the two-story building in 1966. Located at 50 Broad Street, it is now a private office building.
History
The bank began in Georgia with the merger of the Citizens Bank of Savannah (established November 2, 1887) and its crosstown rival, the Southern Bank of Georgia in 1906. Mills B. Lane had begun at Citizens Bank as a vice president and director in 1891. In 1901, Lane became president of Citizens Bank. In 1906, Lane and his associates purchased Southern Bank of Georgia enabling them to merge the two banks as the new C&S Bank. The newly merged banks were officially named the Citizens and Southern Bank of Georgia.
In 1922 Citizens and Southern absorbed Central Bank and Trust Corp., the bank founded by Coca-Cola co-founder Asa Griggs Candler.
In preparation to open offices in South Carolina, Citizens and Southern Bank received its charter from the Comptroller of the Currency on May 2, 1927. The "place where its operations ... are to be carried on", is described in that charter as the "City of Savannah, in the County of Chatham and State of Georgia." Mills Lane Jr. and Hugh C. Lane were important figures in the growth and success of C&S. Mills Lane Jr., serving as president, vice chairman and chairman between 1946 and 1973, made C&S the South's largest bank as well as the most profitable of the 50 largest U.S. banks. Hugh C. Lane was elected chairman of C&S in 1960.
In South Carolina, parties associated with C&S of Georgia purchased all the stock of Charleston-based Atlantic Savings Bank and Atlantic National Bank. Atlantic Savings Bank, renamed in 1918, opened October 1, 1874, as the Germania Savings Bank. In May 1928, the names of the two Atlantic banks were changed to Citizens and Southern Bank of South Carolina, although the bank was operating only in Charleston with two locations on King Street and was owned by C&S of Georgia.
Split, growth, and reunification
Quick growth ensued in both South Carolina and Georgia. In 1940, preparing for new federal rules that prohibited banks from operating in multiple states, C&S of South Carolina became a separate corporate entity from C&S of Georgia, allowing South Carolina to have a large "local" bank. In 1956, C&S of South Carolina merged with Growers Bank and Trust in Inman, South Carolina In 1960, C&S of South Carolina installed computers which improved efficiency allowing accountholders with $100 minimum balance per month to have free checking, a first in South Carolina.
In 1985, the Citizens and Southern Georgia Corporation agreed to acquire Citizens and Southern National Bank of South Carolina for $400m or $55/share, reuniting (in 1986) the two banks which had been separated in 1940. At the time the two C&S banks reunited, C&S of South Carolina had assets of $2.5 billion while C&S of Georgia's assets were $12.3 billion.
C&S of Georgia also acquired Landmark Banks of Florida in 1985. The Landmark Bank became The Citizens & Southern National Bank of Florida. C&S of Georgia doubled its size in eighteen months as a result of the acquisition of Landmark Banks and C&S of South Carolina.
C&S had several affiliated companies including the C&S Corporation, the C&S Realty Corporation, the C&S Computer Services Corporation, and the C&S Housing Corporation.
"Distressed" due to mergers
From 1984–1986, the Southeastern Regional Banking Compact allowed Southern banks with primarily Southern deposits to acquire or be acquired by each other while keeping the feared New York, Chicago, and West Coast banks out. This led several of the stronger Southern banks to begin buying regional competitors in order to make them too rich to be taken over.
Sovran Bank, soon to be purchased by C&S, acquired D.C. National Bancorp in 1986, then Commerce Union Bank in 1987.
Mergers
Sovran Financial Corp.
In 1988, C&S initiated merger talks with First Federal Savings Bank in Brunswick Ga. However, First Federal rejected the deal claiming C&S's offer was insufficient and C&S ended the talks. Later, First Federal unsuccessfully sued C&S/Sovran to block NCNB's merger with C&S/Sovran.
Shortly afterward, NCNB, which had grown from a one-state bank into a regional powerhouse, announced plans for a hostile takeover of C&S, and started buying up large blocks of C&S stock. Partly to fend off further takeover attempts, C&S acquired Sovran Financial Corporation of Norfolk, Virginia. The merged company took the name C&S/Sovran, with dual headquarters in Atlanta and Norfolk. The merger created a $47 billion bank with branches in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky and the District of Columbia. It appeared to be an enormous Southern super-regional bank rich enough to resist takeover attempts by other banks.
NationsBank
The hasty merger of C&S and Sovran Financial was intended to create a strong, dominant regional bank. However, two problems soon emerged that made C&S/Sovran a takeover target. First was infighting between executives of the two newly combined banks with an Atlanta faction (C&S) and a Virginia faction (Sovran). Second, Sovran had a portfolio of problem loans which weakened the newly merged banks.
NCNB, which had been busy expanding by taking over distressed banks like Texas' First Republic Bank Corporation, quickly recognized that C&S/Sovran was also "distressed". The NCNB purchase of First Republic almost doubled NCNB's assets which helped it to acquire the weakened C&S/Sovran in 1991. C&S/Sovran had $49 billion in assets compared to NCNB's $69 billion in assets upon merger. The merged company took the name NationsBank, headquartered in NCNB's old hometown of Charlotte.
Before the NCNB/C&S/Sovran merger, NCNB was ranked 10th in the US in terms of assets while C&S/Sovran was ranked 12th. Following the merger, NationsBank was ranked 3rd.
C&S/Sovran merged into NCNB as a stock swap transaction and was valued at $4.259 billion. NCNB issued .84 of its shares for each C&S/Sovran shares. Based on NCNB's closing stock price of $37 on July 19, 1991, the last full trading day prior to the announcement, each share of C&S/Sovran was valued at $31.08.
As part of the merger, some C&S branches were sold to other banks. The Moncks Corner (SC) C&S was sold to First National Bank, C&S in Marion, Barnwell, Chester, St. George, Darlington, and Williston, SC, were sold to First Citizens Bank. NCNB of South Carolina also sold some branches to other South Carolina banks. NCNB's Hilton Head, SC, branch went to First Union of NC.
NationsBank continued to expand, eventually buying BankAmerica Corp. which had previously merged with Security Pacific National Bank of Los Angeles, another large California bank. Although NationsBank was the surviving company, it adopted the better-known Bank of America marque, replacing the old BankAmerica eagle logo with a new stylized logo based on the U.S. flag.
Headquarters buildings
C&S had two headquarters buildings in Atlanta, following its expansion out of Savannah. The first building is still standing and is today the Georgia State University J. Mack Robinson College of Business Administration Building. It was built in 1901, and has 14 floors. It was the first steel framed building to be built in Atlanta. It was known as the Empire Building from 1901–1920, the Atlanta Trust Company Building from 1920–1929, and as the Citizens and Southern National Bank Building from 1929-1992. This building was given as a gift to GSU in 1992 following the acquisition of C&S by NCNB. J. Mack Robinson was a director and large stockholder of NCNB rival, Wachovia Bank.
In 1968, C&S moved its headquarters to the newly built C&S Bank Tower (built 1964–1968) which was designed by Richard Aeck (1912–1996). A unique building for that time in Atlanta, it echoed Frank Lloyd Wright's design used in the Johnson Wax Research Tower (1944).
The Aeck C&S Bank Tower building was dismantled piece by piece after the NationsBank Plaza building opened in June 1992.
Construction of a new, much larger headquarters building in Atlanta began in 1991, shortly before C&S merged with Sovran. The new building would never be a headquarters for C&S, as NCNB bought it while construction was underway. It opened as NationsBank Plaza in 1992, and then renamed to Bank of America Plaza in 1998 after the NationsBank/BankAmerica merger and NationsBank rebranded as Bank of America.
References
External links
"Mills Lane's Wonderful World". Time. March 8, 1968.
Article Detailing C&S Acquisition of Atlantic National Bank in Charleston, SC
First C&S Headquarters Building in Atlanta/Merger with Third National Bank of Atlanta
Pictures of the C&S Bank Tower (1968)
Mills B Lane, Jr.
C&S of Georgia Checking Account TV Commercial
New York Times article on C&S/NCNB Merger
Article on C&S of Florida's "Super Season" Marketing Campaign, 1991
New York Times article on Bennett A. Brown (1989)
New York Times article on the merger of NBSC and C&S/Sovran
Many pictures of C&S's headquarters from 1929 until 1968. The building is now known as the Georgia State's Robinson College of Business. Bank of America which merged with the former C&S through a series of mergers continues to run the banking floor in the building. Notice that while the BoA signs are outside on the corner the C&S name is still visible since it is carved into the stone of the building.
Banks based in South Carolina
Bank buildings in South Carolina
Landmarks in South Carolina
Economy of the Southeastern United States
Bank of America legacy banks
Banks established in 1906
Defunct banks of the United States
1906 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%20%26%20Southern%20National%20Bank |
"The White Snake" (German: Die weiße Schlange) is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm and published in Grimm's Fairy Tales (KHM 17). It is of Aarne–Thompson type 673, and includes an episode of type 554 ("The Grateful Animals").
Synopsis
A wise King receives a covered dish every evening. A young servant is intrigued one night when he retrieves the King's dish and discovers a coiled white snake under the cover. The servant takes a small bite and discovers that he can now understand and communicate with animals.
Shortly afterwards the servant is accused of stealing the Queen's ring. He is given one day to prove his innocence or submit to punishment. After having given up, he sits awaiting his demise when he overhears a goose complaining about a ring stuck in her throat. The servant leaps up, grabs the goose and hurries to the kitchen, where the cook slits the goose's neck and reveals the missing gold ring. The King apologizes and offers the servant land and riches. The servant declines, accepting only a little gold and a horse on which to see the world.
On his journey to another town in another kingdom, the servant first encounters a number of animals in distress, including three fish out of water, ants at risk of being trodden upon, and starving raven fledglings in a nest. In each case the servant heeds the call for help, and in each case the grateful animals respond with "I will remember and return the favour".
In the next town, the servant learns that the King has announced that he wishes to marry off his daughter, but any suitor must agree to complete an arduous task to the end or be put to death. After one glimpse of the beautiful girl, the young man agrees. The King tosses a golden ring into the sea and tells the young man to retrieve it. He also adds that the young man must either bring the ring back, drown while getting the ring, or be drowned upon returning without it. However, the three fish appear, carrying a mussel with the King's ring inside.
Astonished, the King agrees to the marriage of his daughter to the servant. However, the princess sets him upon another task of refilling sacks of grain that she has spilled in the grass, because she has found out that he is not a noble and thus not her social equal. The young man is discouraged because he believes it impossible to gather all of the grain from the ground, and he lies down and falls asleep. When he wakes, he is surprised to find all the sacks are now refilled, with not one grain missing. The ant king had all of the ants working the entire night to fill them.
Still not satisfied, the princess sends the servant off to bring her an apple from the Tree of Life. The servant does not know where the Tree of Life stands, but he sets off anyway. After a long journey, he encounters the three raven fledglings, who have flown to the end of the world, where the Tree stands, and retrieved the apple for him. The servant takes the apple to the princess and shares it with her, and the two are happily married.
Analysis
The tale is classified in the Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index as ATU 673, "The White Serpent's Flesh". The tale is part of a cycle of stories where the character comes to know the language of animals through the help of a serpent - in this case, by eating the flesh of a white serpent. The motif is well-known in Europe and frequently found in Central and Eastern Europe, but also in Scotland, Ireland, Scandinavia, in the Baltic countries and occasionally also outside Europe.
The motif of the mythical ring thrown away, swallowed by an animal and retrieved shortly after is also classified in the Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index as ATU-736A and originates from the ancient Greek tale of the Ring of Polycrates.
An early literary version is provided in the Icelandic Volsunga Saga (late 13th century) that describes how Sigurd slew the dragon Fafnir and learned the language of birds when tasting Fafnir's heart. Similarly, Saxo Grammaticus (Gesta Danorum, V.2.6-V.2.8, 12th c.) describes how Eric acquired eloquence and wisdom by eating the snake-infested stew his step-mother Kraka had prepared for his half-brother Roller. Further related medieval tales include the Welsh Hanes Taliesin, and the Irish Salmon of Knowledge.
Adaptations
Literature
Anne Sexton wrote an adaptation as a poem called "The White Snake" in her collection Transformations (1971), a book in which she re-envisions sixteen of the Grimm's Fairy tales.
The King's Servant, a short story in Maud Lindsay's The Story-teller (1915), is "adapted with a free hand" from Grimm's "White Snake."
Film and television
The titular white snake appears in the Czech children's TV series Arabela, where it enables both Princess Arabela and the evil magician Rumburak to understand the animal tongue.
References
External links
Grimms' Fairy Tales
Fictional snakes
Talking animals in fiction
German fairy tales
ATU 650-699
Apples in culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20White%20Snake |
Sect is an ancient astrological concept in which the seven traditional "planets" (including the Sun, the Moon and the five starry planets) are assigned to two different categories: diurnal or nocturnal sect.
As can be seen by the example of Mercury, which is more obscured by being occidental, sect is a form of astrological polarity, much as the distinction between masculine and feminine planets. Since some planets were seen to be stronger in a positive or masculine environment, and others were seen to be more effective in a negative or feminine environment, whether a planet is in sect in any given chart was of particular importance to Hellenistic astrologers, who gave sect greater weight than any other astrological factor. The luminary of sect is the luminary which is said to rule each sect.
The Sun is the luminary of sect in a day chart (where the Sun is above the horizon) and the Moon is the luminary of sect in a night chart (when the Sun is below the horizon.) This distinction was crucial in determining the location of the astrological Lots--especially in Hellenistic astrology.
The planets
Diurnal planets are more comfortable and powerful when they appear in charts in which the Sun is above the horizon. They include:
Sun
Jupiter
Saturn
Nocturnal planets are more comfortable and powerful when they appear in charts in which the Sun is below the horizon, or at night. They are:
Moon
Venus
Mars
Mercury, a hermaphroditic and very adaptable planet, possesses no inherent sect. Mercury changes its sect orientation depending upon whether it is oriental of the Sun (that is, positioned so that it rises before the Sun rises and sets before the Sun sets), in which case it is diurnal in sect; or occidental (that is, rising after the Sun rises and setting after the Sun sets), in which case it is of nocturnal sect.
Historical usage
Medieval astrology became even more complex in its treatment of sect – although the factor itself became considerably less important. The Arab astrologers of the Middle Ages defined three forms of sect:
a planet is in sect when it is in a chart where the Sun's position corresponds to its sect (such as Jupiter in a day chart, or when the Sun is above the horizon; or Mars in a night chart, when the Sun is below the horizon);
a planet can still be in some sect if its sign polarity corresponds with its inherent sect (the idea being that Aries, Gemini, Leo, Libra, Sagittarius, and Aquarius were masculine or diurnal signs, whereas Taurus, Cancer, Virgo, Scorpio, Capricorn and Pisces were feminine or nocturnal signs.) Therefore, Venus in Virgo is in sect by sign because Virgo is a negative, or feminine, or nocturnal sign;
a planet might yet have some shred of sect dignity if it is in the hemisphere of the chart corresponding to its inherent sect--for example, if Jupiter is in the same hemisphere as the Sun, whether or not the Sun is above the horizon, or if Venus is in the hemisphere opposite the Sun, whether or not the Sun is below the horizon.
Planets satisfying all three of these sect conditions were said to be Hayz, but it is not clear how Hayz strength compares to strength from essential dignities.
Further reading
Robert Hand. Night and Day: Planetary Sect in Astrology. ARHAT Publications (Archive for Retrieval of Historical Astrological Texts, 1995.) https://web.archive.org/web/20090423010140/http://www.robhand.com/publications.shtml
most-loved-zodiac-signs
Technical factors of Western astrology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology%20of%20sect |
Poppler is a free software utility library for rendering Portable Document Format (PDF) documents. Its development is supported by freedesktop.org. It is commonly used on Linux systems, and is used by the PDF viewers of the open source GNOME and KDE desktop environments.
The project was started by Kristian Høgsberg with two goals: to provide PDF rendering functionality as a shared library, to centralize maintenance effort and to go beyond the goals of Xpdf, and to integrate with functionality provided by modern operating systems.
By the version 0.18 release in 2011, the poppler library represented a complete implementation of ISO 32000-1, the PDF format standard, and was the first major free PDF library to support its forms (only Acroforms but not full XFA forms) and annotations features.
Poppler is a fork of Xpdf-3.0, a PDF file viewer developed by Derek Noonburg of Glyph and Cog, LLC.
The name Poppler comes from the animated series Futurama episode "The Problem with Popplers."
Applications
Notable free software applications using Poppler to render PDF documents include:
Features
Poppler can use two back-ends for drawing PDF documents, Cairo and Splash. Its features may depend on which back-end it employs. A third back-end based on Qt4's painting framework "Arthur", is available, but is incomplete and no longer under active development. Bindings exist for Glib and Qt5, that provide interfaces to the Poppler backends, although the Qt5 bindings support only the Splash and Arthur backends. There is a patchset available to add support for the Cairo backend to the Qt5 bindings, but the Poppler project does not currently wish to integrate the feature into the library proper.
Some characteristics of the back-ends include:
Cairo: Anti-aliasing of vector graphics, and transparent objects.
Cairo does not smooth bitmap images such as scanned documents.
Cairo does not depend on the X Window System, so Poppler can run on other platforms like Wayland, Windows or macOS.
Splash: Supports minification filtering of bitmaps.
Poppler comes with a text-rendering back-end as well, which can be invoked from the command line utility pdftotext. It is useful for searching for strings in PDFs from the command line, using the utility grep, for instance.
Example:
pdftotext file.pdf - | grep string
Poppler partially supports annotations and Acroforms. It does not support JavaScript nor the rendering of full XFA forms.
poppler-utils
poppler-utils is a collection of command-line utilities built on Poppler's library API, to manage PDF and extract contents:
pdfattach – add a new embedded file (attachment) to an existing PDF
pdfdetach – extract embedded documents from a PDF
pdffonts – lists the fonts used in a PDF
pdfimages – extract all embedded images at native resolution from a PDF
pdfinfo – list all information of a PDF
pdfseparate – extract single pages from a PDF
pdftocairo – convert single pages from a PDF to vector or bitmap formats using cairo
pdftohtml – convert PDF to HTML format retaining formatting
pdftoppm – convert a PDF page to a bitmap
pdftops – convert PDF to printable PS format
pdftotext – extract all text from PDF
pdfunite – merges several PDFs
See also
List of PDF software
iText – another open source PDF library
Notes
References
Albert Astals Cid (29 August 2005) The Poppler Library, presentation at the 2005 KDE conference
External links
Qt Quarterly: Poppler: Displaying PDF Files with Qt
Poppler Utils 0.68.0 compiled for x86 Windows
C++ libraries
Free PDF readers
Free software programmed in C++
Freedesktop.org
Freedesktop.org libraries
GNOME libraries
Software that uses Cairo (graphics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppler%20%28software%29 |
Midewin may refer to:
Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie, a grassland preserve in Illinois, USA (name based on alternate spelling of Midewiwin).
Midewiwin, an aboriginal North American religion/society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midewin |
IC 2944, also known as the Running Chicken Nebula, the Lambda Centauri Nebula or the λ Centauri Nebula, is an open cluster with an associated emission nebula found in the constellation Centaurus, near the star λ Centauri. It features Bok globules, which are frequently a site of active star formation. However, no evidence for star formation has been found in any of the globules in IC 2944. Other designations for IC 2944 include RCW 62, G40 and G42.
The ESO Very Large Telescope image on the right is a close up of a set of Bok globules discovered in IC 2944 by astronomer A. David Thackeray in 1950. These globules are now known as Thackeray's Globules. In 2MASS images, 6 stars are visible within the largest globule.
The region of nebulosity visible in modern images includes both IC 2944 and IC 2948, as well as the fainter IC 2872 nearby. IC 2948 is the brightest emission and reflection nebulae towards the southeast, while IC 2944 is the cluster of stars and surrounding nebulosity stretching towards λ Centauri. IC 2944 gets the running chicken nebula name from a group of stars that resemble a running chicken. The star Lambda Centauri lies just outside IC 2944. The nebulae is 6,500 light years from earth.
References
External links
IC 2944 at ESA/Hubble
Centaurus
2944
Bright nebula IC 2944
100b
Star-forming regions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IC%202944 |
Mary Sciberras Fenech Adami (Maltese: Marija Sciberras Fenech Adami; 13 October 1933 – 8 July 2011) was the wife of the 7th President of Malta, Edward Fenech Adami. She was First Lady of Malta from 2004 to 2009.
Sciberras Fenech Adami was married from 27 June 1965 to 8 July 2011, when she died.
Grand-Cross of the Order of Prince Henry, Portugal (11.12.2008)
References
External links
Official biography
1933 births
2011 deaths
Spouses of presidents of Malta
People from Msida
Grand Crosses of the Order of Prince Henry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Fenech%20Adami |
Carl Julius Rudolf Moll (23 April 1861 – 13 April 1945) was an Austrian art nouveau painter active in Vienna at the start of the 20th century. He was one of the artists of the Vienna Secession who took inspiration from the pointillist techniques of French Impressionists. He was an early supporter of the Nazis and committed suicide as Soviet forces approached Vienna at the end of World War II.
Life and career
Moll was born in Vienna, Austria. He studied art at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna. He was a student of Christian Griepenkerl and of Emil Jakob Schindler (the father of Alma Mahler-Werfel née Schindler). After his teacher's 1892 death, Moll married Schindler's widow, Anna (née von Bergen); they had been lovers for some time.
Moll was a founder-member of the Vienna Secession in 1897 and, in 1903 encouraged the use of the Belvedere Gallery to show exhibitions of modern Austrian art. In 1905 he, along with Gustav Klimt, left the Secession, although Moll continued to be involved with the exhibition of art in Vienna including the first exhibition in Vienna of the work of Vincent van Gogh (the second painting above the sideboard in his 1906 self-portrait is Van Gogh's Portrait of the Artist's Mother). His paintings are characterized by the use of pointillist techniques within a strict organization of the surface of the painting.
He committed suicide by poison at the end of World War II, in Vienna, along with his daughter Maria and son-in-law Richard Eberstaller, a Viennese lawyer. All three had been early Nazi Party supporters.
Auction records
On 21 June 2013, the online auction house Auctionata in Berlin sold Moll's Villa in Vienna for 240,000 Euros. Previously a smaller painting, a still-life entitled Speisezimmer I, from the Rau collection fetched 286,700 Euros at Lempertz, a world-record price for the artist.
The Viennese auction house Dorotheum sold his painting "Blick auf Nussdorf und Heiligenstadt in der Dämmerung" for 228,839 Euros on 27 November 2007.
In 2018, the National Gallery of Canada acquired the 1901 work At the Lunch Table, previously thought to have been lost in the 1930s. It had been owned by Siegmund Isaias Zollschan of Vienna, who was murdered in the Holocaust; he had sent it to a relative in Canada for safekeeping before the war, where it remained in family hands until acquired by the gallery.
In 2021, Freeman's Auctioneers & Appraisers in Philadelphia, USA sold Moll's "Weißes Interieur (White Interior)" for $4,756,000. This rediscovered masterpiece was Freeman's highest selling lot to date, surpassing the house's 2011 record of $3.1m achieved by an important Imperial white jade seal from the Qianlong period.
References
Bibliography
Edwin Lachnit. "Moll, Carl." In Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online, (accessed January 9, 2012; subscription required).
Tobias G. Natter, Gerbert Frodl (eds.): "Carl Moll. 1861-1945. Maler und Organisator", Vienna 1998, .
External links
Entry for Carl Moll on the Union List of Artist Names
Biography, Literature and Works by Carl Moll
''Carl Moll: Catalogue Raisonné and Monograph
1861 births
1945 suicides
19th-century Austrian painters
19th-century Austrian male artists
Austrian male painters
20th-century Austrian painters
Artists who died by suicide
Members of the Vienna Secession
Painters from Vienna
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni
Nazis who committed suicide in Austria
20th-century Austrian male artists
Painters from Austria-Hungary
Austrian Nazis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Moll |
Massacre at Central High (released as Blackboard Massacre in the UK) is a 1976 American thriller film directed by Rene Daalder and starring Derrel Maury, Kimberly Beck, Robert Carradine, and Andrew Stevens. The plot follows a series of revenge killings at a fictional American high school, after which the oppressed students take on the role of their bully oppressors. Despite its title, it is not a slasher film but an unusual blend of political allegory, social commentary, and low-budget exploitation; with the exception of the final sequence, no "adult" characters (such as teachers and parents) are seen.
It was shot on 35mm film, and has a running time of 87 minutes.
The film's director, Rene Daalder, described Massacre at Central High as "eerily predicting punk and Columbine". It has also been cited as a possible influence on the 1988 black comedy Heathers.
Plot
David (Derrel Maury), a new student at Central High, meets Mark (Andrew Stevens), an old friend whom he once helped out of a jam at their previous school. Mark tells David that the school can be like a country club for him if he befriends Bruce (Ray Underwood), Craig (Steve Bond), and Paul (Damon Douglas), the bullies who rule the school student body; Mark has become their somewhat reluctant accomplice.
Over the next few days, David witnesses Bruce, Craig, and Paul torment the other students, including the scrawny Spoony; the overweight Oscar; Arthur, the school's hearing-impaired librarian; and Rodney, who drives a rundown car that is vandalized by the bullies. After David forcibly thwarts the trio's attempt to rape two female students, Mary and Jane, in an empty classroom, the bullies approach Mark and tell him he only has one more chance to talk David into minding his own business. When this fails, the three bullies decide to take matters into their own hands. Meanwhile, David has taken a liking to Mark's girlfriend, Theresa.
One evening, David is repairing Rodney's car in his garage when the bullies appear and kick the jack out from under the vehicle. One of the wheels crushes David's left leg, crippling him.
After being discharged from hospital, David takes revenge on the trio by arranging fatal "accidents": he electrocutes Bruce by sabotaging his hang-glider to fly into a power line, tricks Craig into high-diving into an empty swimming pool, and pushes Paul's van off a cliff with Paul in it.
The school changes after the bullies' deaths. At first the students support each other, but soon the formerly tormented students become bullies themselves, and try to form alliances with David to control the school. In due course more deaths occur: Arthur is killed when his hearing-aid malfunctions, Oscar's locker explodes when he opens it, and Rodney's car blows up when he starts the engine. While camping under a cliff, Spoony, Mary, and Jane find a box of dynamite but ignore it; when they return to their tent for a threesome, an explosion causes a rockslide, killing them also.
The police blame Spoony, Mary, and Jane for the carnage, but Mark is aware that David is responsible. David bluntly confirms this for his old friend, stating that he killed the bullies to give the tormented students a chance to be happy, but was so disgusted to see them turn into even worse people that he killed them as well. He also calls himself a "madman" while laughing mirthlessly. Mark tells Theresa they must prevent David from killing more people at the school dance with a bomb he has planted in the school basement. Realizing the only way to stop David is by playing on the last sympathies he has towards them, Mark and Theresa enter the gym where the dance is being held. David tells them to leave or they'll die, but they both tell him they're not going anywhere regardless of what that will mean for them. David begins to leave the school but then turns around and limps to the basement, where he removes the bomb. He takes the device outside to dismantle it but there isn't enough time and it blows up, killing him instantly and bringing everyone outside to see the fiery aftermath. To save David's reputation, Mark and Theresa agree to tell the police that Spoony, Mary, and Jane had planted the bomb, and that David had given his life to save everyone.
Cast
Production
Massacre at Central High was written and directed by Rene Daalder in his second feature-film effort, having previously directed the 1969 Dutch drama film De blanke slavin (Trans: The White Slave). Daalder had been recommended to producers Jerome Bauman, and Harold Sobel by Russ Meyer, for whom Daalder had written an unproduced script. Lead actor Derrel Maury was originally cast in the supporting role of Rodney, but later switched roles with fellow actor Rex Sikes. Principal photography commenced in early 1976 over a three-week period in Los Angeles and Malibu. Exteriors of the fictional Central High were shot at Pomona College while interior scenes were shot in Villa Cabrini High School in Burbank.
Release
Alternative version
The Italian version of this film, called Sexy Jeans, was edited with pornographic inserts.
Home media
Massacre at Central High was first released on VHS in 1981 in a clamshell case by Electric Video Inc. and a later release with an ordinary slipsleeve box came in 1986 from Viking Video Classics. In the UK, it was released by Apex Video, when exactly is unknown. The film was released on DVD for the first time by TBC on May 28, 2001. It was later released by Black Horse on September 27, 2004, and Desert Island Films on February 18, 2012. Synapse Films released a limited edition Blu-ray and DVD edition of the film on November 18, 2020.
Critical response
Massacre at Central High attracted little attention when first released, but when reissued in 1980, New York Times critic Vincent Canby praised it as "an original, fascinating work", and named it as one of his 20 favorite films of the year. Roger Ebert also discussed the film favorably on his television show Sneak Previews, describing it as "intelligent and uncompromising". Dave Sindelar from Fantastic Movie Musings and Ramblings praised the film's characters, political subtext, and depth, while criticizing some of the dialogue, and soundtrack. Sindelar concluded his review by writing, "Nevertheless, movies with this much thoughtfulness behind them are uncommon, and whatever its flaws, the movie is definitely worth viewing." TV Guide gave the film three out of five stars, writing, "Massacre at Central High is a fascinating little movie that delivers its expected exploitation thrills while presenting a political allegory, albeit a somewhat confused one." Time Out London also reviewed the film favorably, calling it "An intriguing, diagrammatic example of subversive cinema."
By contrast, John Ross Bowie, in comparing the film with the more comedic Heathers, dismissed Massacre at Central High as "exploitative" and "devoid of technique", and criticized its technical flaws and "wooden acting".
Notes
References
External links
CinemaniaNZ Interview with cast member Rex Sikes (archived link)
1976 films
1976 horror films
1970s slasher films
1970s horror thriller films
1970s teen horror films
American horror thriller films
American independent films
American teen horror films
1970s exploitation films
Films about pranks
Films about school violence
Films about bullying
1976 independent films
1976 drama films
Films directed by Rene Daalder
1970s English-language films
1970s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre%20at%20Central%20High |
Moyamensing is an area of Philadelphia established as a Moyamensing Township during British colonial rule on the fast land of the Neck, lying between Passyunk and Wicaco. It was incorporated into Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, United States and today encompasses several neighborhoods along the Moyamensing Avenue corridor in the South Philadelphia section of Philadelphia.
History
Originally Lenape Nation land, the tract was granted by the Dutch West India Company Lieutenant Alexander d'Hinoyossa, Vice-Director of New Amstel to Marten Roseman (aka Marten Cleinsmit), William Stille and Lawrence Andries. In 1684, when the land was turned over from the Dutch to the English, the title was given by William Penn to William Stille, Lassey Andrews, Andrew Bankson and John Matson.
Moyamensing Township included this ground and Wicaco, except such parts of the latter as were included in Southwark. Its northern boundary was South Street and below the existing parts of Southwark; its eastern boundary was the Delaware River, and its western boundary was Schuylkill Sixth (Seventeenth Street).
In 1816, the greatest length of Moyamensing was estimated to be three miles; the greatest breadth, two miles; area, 2,560 acres (10 km). By act of March 24, 1812, the inhabitants of Moyamensing were incorporated by the style of "the commissioners and inhabitants of the township of Moyamensing" and they even had their own police force. By act of April 4, 1831, the township was divided into East and West Moyamensing. The township was one of the earliest created after the settlement of Pennsylvania, and became part of Philadelphia in 1854.
The Moyamensing Prison was built between 1822 and 1835 at Reed and 10th Streets. A portion of it also housed a debtors' prison. The structure was demolished in 1967.
References
Other sources
Walther, Rudolph J. Happenings in Ye Olde Philadelphia 1680-1900 (Philadelphia, PA: Walther Printing House, 1925)
Craig, Peter Stebbins Olof Persson Stille and his Family (Philadelphia, PA: Swedish Colonial News. Volume 1, Number 16. Fall 1997)
External links
District of Moyamensing Documents
Neighborhoods in Philadelphia
Municipalities in Philadelphia County prior to the Act of Consolidation, 1854
Populated places established in 1820
1820 establishments in Pennsylvania
1854 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
South Philadelphia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyamensing%2C%20Philadelphia |
The Wahl Clipper Corporation is an American manufacturer of grooming products. It is headquartered in Sterling, Illinois.
History
Wahl Clipper Corporation was founded due to Leo J. Wahl's patent for an electromagnetic hair clipper in 1919. On February 2, 1921, he purchased majority of the stock of his uncle's manufacturing company which made the clipper, and incorporated the business as Wahl Clipper Corporation. In 1924, Leo Wahl patented a vibrator motor hair clipper.
In 1965 Wahl introduced the first vacuum clipper, which allowed a person's hair to be cut without use of a cape. Following year, Wahl produced the first cordless hair clipper using rechargeable battery technology.
In 1971, it started an electronics division with the first cordless and rechargeable soldering iron.
In 1975, Wahl released a line of back and foot massagers utilizing the vibrating motor technology used in their hair trimmers.
In 1984, Wahl invented the first cordless consumer beard and moustache trimmer, Groomsman Beard and Mustache Trimmer.
In 1987, Wahl launched Miami Device.
In 1996, Wahl acquired Moser Elektrogerate GmbH.
In 2001, it patented the first vacuuming consumer beard trimmer, the Trim N Vac. Wahl manufactures its clippers and trimmers in its own factories in Sterling, Illinois; parts come from Germany, England, China, and Hungary, while international plants are present in China, England, Australia, Canada, the Netherlands and Japan.
In 2006 Wahl licensed the For Dummies brand from John Wiley & Sons publishing company and launched the Home Hair-cutting for Dummies product line.
Presidents
Leo J. Wahl
Warren P. Wahl
Jack Wahl
Gregory Wahl
Brands
Wahl
Moser
Lister
Groom Ease
See also
Electric razors
Electric shaving
References
Further reading
Wahl, John F. (2005). "WAHL," The History of Wahl Clipper Corp.
Sherrow, Victoria (2023). Encyclopedia of Hair: A Cultural History, 2nd Edition
External links
1921 establishments in Illinois
American brands
Companies based in Whiteside County, Illinois
Facial hair
Hairdressing
Manufacturing companies established in 1921
Personal care brands
Shaving | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahl%20Clipper |
The House of Tiny Tearaways is a British reality TV show hosted by Claudia Winkleman with child therapist Tanya Byron that was produced by Outline Productions. It ran for four series, broadcast from May 2005 to December 2007, on BBC Three. Laverne Antrobus and Elizabeth Kilbey took over Byron's role for the final series in 2007.
The show brings three families experiencing problems into a large, purpose-built house where they are monitored and helped for a week. The show is vaguely similar to programmes such as Big Brother - in that all the rooms have cameras in them and the families are frequently monitored in their activities with the audience shown highlights of a particular day.
An American version, filmed at the same location with Byron, was hosted by Karen Duffy in 2006 on TLC.
Synopsis
Each family stays in the house for six days. The first day is spent on monitoring before having very honest and direct discussions with the parents about the issues and how they can be dealt with. The families are then guided through courses of action, exercises and deliberate changes of behaviour on the parents' side to deal with the problems. Tanya does not do this entirely single-handedly, as one element of the programme is the support the parents receive from the other families who are in the house with them at the same time.
The show is characterized by scenes of children misbehaving, therapy sessions between Tanya and the parents of the children (which are often very emotional and are sometimes the first time they've ever really discussed the problems they're facing), tasks in and outside the house which the families are set to help them practice the skills they've learnt (often having to do things they would normally find difficult, like take a child with eating problems to a restaurant). At the end, the families review any improvements or shortcomings.
Transmissions
References
External links
Outline Productions
2005 British television series debuts
2007 British television series endings
2000s British documentary television series
2000s British reality television series
BBC reality television shows
BBC high definition shows
English-language television shows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20House%20of%20Tiny%20Tearaways |
Evolutionary musicology is a subfield of biomusicology that grounds the cognitive mechanisms of music appreciation and music creation in evolutionary theory. It covers vocal communication in other animals, theories of the evolution of human music, and holocultural universals in musical ability and processing.
History
The origins of the field can be traced back to Charles Darwin who wrote in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex:
This theory of a musical protolanguage has been revived and re-discovered repeatedly.
The origins of music
Like the origin of language, the origin of music has been a topic for speculation and debate for centuries. Leading theories include Darwin's theory of partner choice (women choose male partners based on musical displays), the idea that human musical behaviors are primarily based on behaviors of other animals (see zoomusicology), the idea that music emerged because it promotes social cohesion, the idea that music emerged because it helps children acquire verbal, social, and motor skills, and the idea that musical sound and movement patterns, and links between music, religion and spirituality, originated in prenatal psychology and mother-infant attachment.
Two major topics for any subfield of evolutionary psychology are the adaptive function (if any) and phylogenetic history of the mechanism or behavior of interest including when music arose in human ancestry and from what ancestral traits it developed. Current debate addresses each of these.
One part of the adaptive function question is whether music constitutes an evolutionary adaptation or exaptation (i.e. by-product of evolution). Steven Pinker, in his book How the Mind Works, for example, argues that music is merely "auditory cheesecake"—it was evolutionarily adaptive to have a preference for fat and sugar but cheesecake did not play a role in that selection process. This view has been directly countered by numerous music researchers.
Adaptation, on the other hand, is highlighted in hypotheses such as the one by Edward Hagen and Gregory Bryant which posits that human music evolved from animal territorial signals, eventually becoming a method of signaling a group's social cohesion to other groups for the purposes of making beneficial multi-group alliances.
The bipedalism hypothesis
The evolutionary switch to bipedalism may have influenced the origins of music. The background is that noise of locomotion and ventilation may mask critical auditory information. Human locomotion is likely to produce more predictable sounds than those of non-human primates. Predictable locomotion sounds may have improved our capacity of entrainment to external rhythms and to feel the beat in music. A sense of rhythm could aid the brain in distinguishing among sounds arising from discrete sources and also help individuals to synchronize their movements with one another. Synchronization of group movement may improve perception by providing periods of relative silence and by facilitating auditory processing. The adaptive value of such skills to early human ancestors may have been keener detection of prey or stalkers and enhanced communication. Thus, bipedal walking may have influenced the development of entrainment in humans and thereby the evolution of rhythmic abilities. Primitive hominids lived and moved around in small groups. The noise generated by the locomotion of two or more individuals can result in a complicated mix of footsteps, breathing, movements against vegetation, echoes, etc. The ability to perceive differences in pitch, rhythm, and harmonies, i.e. "musicality", could help the brain to distinguish among sounds arising from discrete sources, and also help the individual to synchronize movements with the group. Endurance and an interest in listening might, for the same reasons, have been associated with survival advantages eventually resulting in adaptive selection for rhythmic and musical abilities and reinforcement of such abilities. Listening to music seems to stimulate release of dopamine. Rhythmic group locomotion combined with attentive listening in nature may have resulted in reinforcement through dopamine release. A primarily survival-based behavior may eventually have attained similarities to dance and music, due to such reinforcement mechanisms . Since music may facilitate social cohesion, improve group effort, reduce conflict, facilitate perceptual and motor skill development, and improve trans-generational communication, music-like behavior may at some stage have become incorporated into human culture.
Another proposed adaptive function is creating intra-group bonding. In this aspect it has been seen as complementary to language by creating strong positive emotions while not having a specific message people may disagree on. Music's ability to cause entrainment (synchronization of behavior of different organisms by a regular beat) has also been pointed out. A different explanation is that signaling fitness and creativity by the producer or performer to attract mates. Still another is that music may have developed from human mother-infant auditory interactions (motherese) since humans have a very long period of infant and child development, infants can perceive musical features, and some infant-mother auditory interaction have resemblances to music.
Part of the problem in the debate is that music, like any complex cognitive function, is not a holistic entity but rather modular—perception and production of rhythm, melodies, harmony and other musical parameters may thus involve multiple cognitive functions with possibly quite distinct evolutionary histories.
The Musilanguage hypothesis
"Musilanguage" is a term coined by Steven Brown to describe his hypothesis of the ancestral human traits that evolved into language and musical abilities. It is both a model of musical and linguistic evolution and a term coined to describe a certain stage in that evolution. Brown argues that both music and human language have origins in a "musilanguage" stage of evolution and that the structural features shared by music and language are not the results of mere chance parallelism, nor are they a function of one system emerging from the other. This model argues that "music emphasizes sound as emotive meaning and language emphasizes sound as referential meaning." The musilanguage model is a structural model of music evolution, meaning that it views music's acoustic properties as effects of homologous precursor functions. This can be contrasted with functional models of music evolution, which view music's innate physical properties to be determined by its adaptive roles.
The musilanguage evolutionary stage is argued to exhibit three properties found in both music and language: lexical tone, combinatorial phrase formation, and expressive phrasing mechanisms. Many of these ideas have their roots in existing phonological theory in linguistics, but Brown argues that phonological theory has largely neglected the strong mechanistic parallels between melody, phrasing, and rhythm in speech and music.
Lexical tone refers to the pitch of speech as a vehicle for semantic meaning. The importance of pitch to conveying musical ideas is well-known, but the linguistic importance of pitch is less obvious. Tonal languages such as Thai and Cantonese, wherein the lexical meaning of a sound depends heavily on its pitch relative to other sounds, are seen as evolutionary artifacts of musilanguage. Non-tonal, or "intonation" languages, which do not depend heavily on pitch for lexical meaning, are seen as evolutionary late-comers that have discarded their dependence on tone. Intermediate states, known as pitch accent languages, which exhibit some lexical dependence on tone, but also depend heavily on intonation, are exemplified by Japanese, Swedish, and Serbo-Croatian.
Combinatorial formation refers to the ability to form small phrases from different tonal elements. These phrases must be able to exhibit melodic, rhythmic, and semantic variation, and must be able to combine with other phrases to create global melodic formulas capable of conveying emotive meaning. Examples in modern speech would be the rules for arranging letters to form words and then words to form sentences. In music, the notes of different scales are combined according to their own unique rules to form larger musical ideas.
Expressive phrasing is the device by which expressive emphasis can be added to the phrases, both at a local (in the sense of individual units) and global (in the sense of phrases) level. There are numerous ways this can occur in both speech and music that exhibit interesting parallels. For instance, the increase in the amplitude of a sound being played by an instrument accents that sound much the same way that an increase in amplitude can emphasize a particular point in speech. Similarly, speaking very rapidly often creates a frenzied effect that mirrors that of a fast and agitated musical passage.
AVID model of music evolution
Joseph Jordania has suggested that music (as well as several other universal elements of contemporary human culture, including dance and body painting) was part of a predator control system used by early hominids. He suggested that rhythmic loud singing and drumming, together with the threatening rhythmic body movements and body painting, was the core element of the ancient "Audio-Visual Intimidating Display" (AVID). AVID was also a key factor in putting the hominid group into a specific altered state of consciousness which he calls "battle trance" where they would not feel fear and pain and would be religiously dedicated to group interests. Jordania suggested that listening and dancing to the sounds of loud rhythmic rock music, used in many contemporary combat units before the combat missions is directly related to this. Apart from the defense from predators, Jordania suggested that this system was the core strategy to obtain food via confrontational, or aggressive scavenging.
It is theorized that humming could have played an important role in the early human (hominid) evolution as contact calls. Many social animals produce seemingly haphazard and indistinctive sounds (like chicken cluck) when they are going about their everyday business (foraging, feeding). These sounds have two functions: (1) to let group members know that they are among kin and there is no danger, and (2) in case of the appearance of any signs of danger (suspicious sounds, movements in a forest), the animal that notices danger first, stops moving, stops producing sounds, remains silent and looks in the direction of the danger sign. Other animals quickly follow suit and very soon all the group is silent and is scanning the environment for the possible danger. Charles Darwin was the first to notice this phenomenon, having observed it among wild horses and cattle. Jordania suggested that for humans, as for many social animals, silence can be a sign of danger, and that's why gentle humming and musical sounds relax humans (see the use of gentle music in music therapy, lullabies).
Comparative musicology in animals
Singing animals
Scholars agree that singing is strongly present in many different species. Wide dispersal of singing behavior among very different animal species, like birds, gibbons, whales, and many others strongly suggests that singing appeared independently in different species. Currently, there are about 5,400 species of animals that are known to sing. At least some singing species demonstrate the ability to learn their songs, to improvise and even to compose new melodies. In some animal species singing is a group activity (see, for example, singing in gibbon families).
Singing to animals
Herders in Scandinavia use songs known as kulning to call livestock. Mongolian herders use species-specific songs to encourage bonding between animals and their newborn offspring.
See also
Humming
Origin of language
Vocal learning
References
Further reading
External links
"Humans Evolved To Play Music" (Wired; 2022)
"The singing ape: how music made us human" (Financial Times; 2021)
Musicology
Evolutionary psychology
Music cognition
Music psychology
Cognitive musicology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary%20musicology |
Chloe Dao (; born June 15, 1972) is an American fashion designer and television personality who lives and works in Houston, U.S. She was the winner of the second season of the reality show Project Runway with a collection of women's evening wear. Many of the pieces in her finale collection featured billowing, voluminous sleeves, removable shrugs and strong brocade prints.
Biography
Dao was born in Pakse, Laos to an ethnic Vietnamese (Kinh) family. During the Vietnamese civil war Dao's parents moved to Thailand to escape the conflict. The family, including Dao, her parents and seven sisters, emigrated to the United States in 1979. Growing up she redesigned vintage clothes; her first original was her senior prom dress.
Education and early career
Dao attended the University of Houston and studied marketing, dropping out after a year and a half. She then enrolled at Houston Community College's design program and at New York's Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT), graduating in 1994 with an associate's degree in pattern-making.
While still at FIT, Dao took a job with Madame Rossuel, a costume couture shop on the Upper East Side of New York City. After graduation, she worked at knit and sportswear company, Finity as a design assistant and patternmaker. Leaving Finity after one year, she took a job with Melinda Eng as a design assistant and production manager, where she stayed for six years. She then went to work for Catherine Dietlein as an assistant buyer before returning to Houston to open her own boutique, Lot 8. The name of the store is a reference to the eight Dao sisters in her family. Her clothes have been featured in Lucky magazine as well as in a variety of Texas publications including the Houston Chronicle and Texas Monthly.
Project Runway
During the taping of Project Runway, Dao expressed some reservations about her desire to win the competition. In the end, the judges selected her collection over those by the other finalists: Santino Rice and Daniel Vosovic.
On Project Runway, she won the second episode, "Clothes Off Your Back" and the tenth episode, "Makeover." She was also in the top three in the fifth episode, "Social Scene", the sixth episode, "Window Shopping"; the seventh episode, "On Thin Ice"; and the ninth episode, "Flower Power." She was also in the bottom two in the eleventh episode, "What's Your Line."
Unlike the winner from season one, Jay McCarroll, Dao accepted the winning prize of $100,000 and the mentorship from Banana Republic.
After Project Runway
Even with the win of PR2, Dao continues to develop and grow her boutique's business in Houston.
In July 2006, she was in a popular Vietnamese music show called Paris By Night. She was also in Paris By Night 84.
In January 2007, Dao's designs were featured in the Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center in the "Exit Saigon, Enter Little Saigon" exhibit.
Dao's reputation for understanding women and their bodies landed her a contract with Dove as their national spokesperson for the "Sleeveless Ready" campaign.
During Spring 2007 New York Fashion Week, LensCrafters chose Dao as the featured designer and as a panelist along with Tim Gunn, Hal Rubenstein, Bobbie Thomas, and Gretta Monahan to discuss eyewear as the next "it" accessory.
In May 2007, Dao premiered a 13-piece collection on QVC called Simply. Chloe Dao. which sold out during the televised broadcast.
In 2008 her style and modern sensibility led her to partner with Nuo Tech to create a line of mobile technology and travel accessories, available in Spring 2009.
She debuted her wholesale line "DAO Chloe DAO" in March, 2008 at the Dallas Market Center.
In 2013, she became a judge in Project Runway Vietnam season 1.
References
External links
Project Runway Designer Bio: Chloe Dao
Chloe Dao 2007 Interview on Sidewalks Entertainment
Chloe Dao Official Website
Chloe Dao for Nuo Collection website
"The Concierge Questionnaire-Cloe Dao Interview" www.conciergequestionnaire.com 2009-04-17 retrieved 2010-03-03
1972 births
American women fashion designers
Artists from Houston
Living people
Project Runway (American series) participants
Reality show winners
Laotian expatriates in Thailand
American artists of Vietnamese descent
American people of Vietnamese descent
University of Houston alumni
Fashion Institute of Technology alumni
Laotian emigrants to the United States
Laotian people of Vietnamese descent
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloe%20Dao |
Boris Andrianovich Stenin () (17 January 1935 – 18 January 2001) was a Soviet speed skater, speed skating coach, and speed skating scientist.
Living in Sverdlovsk, Stenin met and married fellow skater Valentina Stenina (Valentina Miloslavova before their marriage) during the early days of his speed skating career. They would remain married until Stenin's death in 2001, more than 40 years later.
Career
As speed skater
Stenin trained at VSS Trud ('Labour') in Sverdlovsk. Having been selected for the Soviet national team in 1957, Stenin steadily made progress and after a few international competitions in 1958 and 1959, he had a great year in 1960: He became Soviet Allround Champion, then he won silver at the European Allround Championships, then his wife Valentina became World Allround Champion, then he himself became World Allround Champion (with a rather large margin of 2.758 points over the second place score), and then at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, he won bronze on the 1,500 m, while Valentina won silver on the 3,000 m. For his accomplishments he received the 1960 Oscar Mathisen Award.
1961 brought few major results for Stenin, but in 1962, he won gold at the Soviet National Allround Championships and bronze at the European Championships (in which he won one distance, the 1,500 m). Two weeks later, at the World Championships, he was in first place after three distances (with reigning World Champion Henk van der Grift in second place), but a 14th place on the final distance (the 10,000 m) made him end the World Championships in fourth place.
In 1963, Stenin became Soviet Allround Champion for the third and last time. Meanwhile, the Norwegian top skaters had increased their training loads significantly – using new methods introduced by coach Stein Johnson – and the results showed at the European Championships that year: Stenin finished fifth behind four Norwegian skaters (Nils Aaness, Knut Johannesen, Per Ivar Moe, and Magne Thomassen). Having analysed the Norwegian methods, Stenin started training harder, but he over-trained and injured himself. As a result, he was not selected for the Soviet Olympic team. This marked the end of Stenin's speed skating career and the start of his career as a coach.
Medals
An overview of medals won by Stenin at important championships he participated in, listing the years in which he won each:
As speed skating coach
In 1964, at the age of 29, Stenin started to work as the speed skating coach for the local team of Sverdlovsk. Within two years, the team of Sverdlovsk became the champion of the Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR and Stenin was invited to become one of the coaches of the Soviet national team. Despite having studied the world's best speed skaters in recent years, Stenin still did not have extensive practical knowledge and after the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, he went to work at an institute for Physical Education. During his years there as a post-graduate student and a teacher, Stenin published a book in which he scientifically analysed how the top speed skaters train and how this affects them physiologically.
In 1973, Stenin was invited to be a coach for the national women's team – this time with a lot more influence and responsibility than he had had during his previous work as a coach for the national team. The Soviet women at the time had been winning a lot less than they had in recent times before, but training with Stenin as their coach, skaters such as Tatyana Averina, Vera Bryndzei, Natalya Petrusyova, Nina Statkevich, Galina Stepanskaya, and several others soon started producing results, and during the next ten years, many world records holders, Olympic Champions, World Champions, European Champions, and various other major accomplishers were female Soviet skaters. Stenin's rigorous training schedule and alternating between altitude training and indoor training resulted in improvements. But when the Soviet women team won "only" three bronze medals (two by Natalya Petrusyova and one by Natalya Glebova) at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Stenin was fired.
As scientist
Returning to the institute for Physical Education where he had worked before, Stenin took up his scientific and teaching work again and became head of the speed skating department at the institute. From 1984 onwards, Stenin published many works on speed skating, took part in many scientific conferences, and he earned a Ph.D. degree in 1994. He continued his scientific and teaching work in speed skating until his death in 2001.
Stenin published more than 60 scientific works and won many awards. At the time of his death, he was a member of the technical committee of the International Skating Union, as well as holding several other positions.
References
Boris Stenin at SkateResults.com
An article about Boris Stenin. Speed skater Svetlana Zhurova talks about Boris Stenin.
1935 births
2001 deaths
Russian male speed skaters
Soviet male speed skaters
Speed skating coaches
Olympic speed skaters for the Soviet Union
Olympic bronze medalists for the Soviet Union
Speed skaters at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in speed skating
Medalists at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Burials in Troyekurovskoye Cemetery
World Allround Speed Skating Championships medalists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris%20Stenin |
Spec E30 is a class of racing cars used in National Auto Sport Association (NASA) road racing events.
Concept
The goal for Spec E30 is to create high levels of competition among similarly prepared BMW E30 3 Series cars at a reasonable cost. It is intended to encourage low-cost, entry-level, production car based competition. It has been called "the next big thing" in club-level racing by Grassroots Motorsports Magazine.
Cars
The series consists of U.S.-spec BMW E30 325i coupes and sedans, sold between 1987 and 1991. All cars in the series use the BMW M20B25 engine. Convertibles built to series specs and with log books issued prior to November 1, 2011, are still allowed to compete, but this model has been sunsetted out of the series.
As a "specified" class, the rules allow for a limited number of modifications, predominantly involving required suspension parts.
Required components include:
M20B25
Getrag 260 5-speed transmission
3.73 Rear differential final drive ratio
Stock/unmodified ECU
H&R Race spring set
Bilstein Sport shocks
Spec series tire (which is currently the Toyo RR or RA1 in 205/50/15 size)
Minimum weight with driver at the end of the race is 2700 pounds
Allowed modifications include rebuilding of the original BMW motor, but it must follow factory specifications. And even then, there is now a reward weight system that is used based on the actual output from a sanctioned dynamometer (maximum class allowed is 162.9). As well, a model dyno plot is used to compare all competitors engine output for distinct anomalies.
Series Winners
National
Regional
2017 Northern California: Sylas Montgomery
2006 Mid Atlantic: Chris Cobetto
2005 Mid Atlantic: Carter Hunt
External links
Official Site
Spec E30 rules (PDF)
Grassroots Motorsports Spec E30 project car
References
BMW
Touring car racing series
One-make series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spec%20E30 |
Rudolf Jordan (21 June 1902 – 27 October 1988) was the Gauleiter in Halle-Merseburg and Magdeburg-Anhalt in the time of the Third Reich. After the war, he was sentenced to 25 years in a Soviet Union labour camp. He was released from the camp in October 1955, and died in Munich in 1988.
Early life
Jordan was born in Großenlüder, Hesse-Nassau. His family's background was in farming, although his father was also a salesman. After finishing volksschule, Jordan became a worker in the armament industry between 1916 and 1918. He earned so much money doing this that after the First World War, he found himself able to begin training as a teacher in Fulda. He nevertheless got involved in the military, serving from 1920 to 1922 as a temporary volunteer in the Reichswehr. In 1922, Jordan became a member of the Freikorps Oberland, and alongside this service ended his teacher training in 1924. At 22, he was already a volksschule teacher.
The high joblessness rate in the Weimar Republic at that time, kept him from finding a teaching job, leading him to take such jobs as workman, office worker or freelancer, among others, at publishing houses and in advertising. Only in 1927 was he able to obtain a teaching job. He worked as a teacher at, among other schools, the "Army Vocational School for Economics and Administration" ("Heeresfachschule für Wirtschaft und Verwaltung") in Fulda.
Already by 1924, Jordan was active as a speaker for the Völkisch-Sozialer Block and the Deutsch-Völkischer Reichspartei, without ever becoming a member of either one. Through these rather nationalistically oriented groups, Jordan came into contact with the NSDAP, which he joined on 15 May 1925 (membership number 4,871).
In 1925, he was the founder and editor of the völkisch monthly Notung. Jordan's first writings came out:
"Der wissenschaftliche Sozialismus" ("Scientific Socialism") 1925
"Deutschland als Kolonie der Wallstreet" ("Germany as Wall Street's Colony") 1925
In 1926 he emigrated to Australia, returning to Germany in 1927.
Nazi Party career
On 17 November 1929 Jordan was elected to Kassel's municipal parliament and Hesse-Nassau's provincial Landtag as an NSDAP member, and in December of the same year he was elected as Fulda's only NSDAP city councillor. Between 1929 and January 1931, Jordan served as the Party Ortsgruppenleiter (Local Group Leader) in Fulda. Also in November 1929, Jordan founded the Party newspaper Der Fuldaer Beobachter ("The Fulda Observer") whose name was freely borrowed from the Party's official paper, the Völkischer Beobachter. Owing to his political activities, he was dismissed from his teaching job on 22 December 1929. In 1930, Jordan was made Aussenpolitischer Schriftleiter (foreign policy editor) of the NSDAP Gau newspaper Der Sturm (The Storm) whose offices were in Kassel.
On 19 January 1931, Jordan was summoned to Munich by Gregor Strasser, the Reichsorganisationsleiter, and was personally met by Adolf Hitler who appointed him Gauleiter of Halle-Merseburg. On 6 June 1932, Jordan wrote to Strasser concerning the alleged Jewish origins of Reinhard Heydrich, the head of the Sicherheitsdienst, the intelligence service of the SS. Strasser passed Jordan's letter to the NSDAP's chief racial investigator, Dr. Achim Gercke, who dismissed the allegation on 22 June.
Despite this, Jordan continued his rise within the Party ranks, serving in the Prussian Landtag between 24 April 1932 and 14 October 1933, and being elected to its executive council in March 1933. That month he also became the leader of the Nazi faction in both the provincial Landtag of the Province of Saxony and the municipal parliament of Halle. He also was named the Plenipotentiary for Saxony to the Reichsrat from 12 March 1933 until its abolition on 14 February 1934. On 11 July 1933, Jordan was appointed to the Prussian State Council. He also became the editor of the Mitteldeutschen Nationalzeitung in Halle and the weekly Der Kampf (The Struggle).
On 12 November 1933 Jordan was elected as a member of the Reichstag from electoral constituency 11, Merseburg. He became an SA-Gruppenführer on 3 April 1934 and was assigned to SA Standarte 36. On 4 September 1935, he was made a member of the Academy for German Law. On 20 April 1937, Hitler personally appointed him Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governor) for both the Free State of Brunswick and the Free State of Anhalt, as well as NSDAP Gauleiter of Magdeburg-Anhalt. Jordan was succeeded as Gauleiter of Halle-Merseburg by Joachim Albrecht Eggeling whom he replaced in Magdeburg-Anhalt. At 10 April 1938 Reichstag election, Jordan was returned for electoral constituency 10, Magdeburg. On 9 November of the same year came Jordan's promotion to SA-Obergruppenführer.
On the outbreak of the Second World War on 1 September 1939, Jordan was named Reich Defense Commissioner for Wehrkreis (Military District) XI, which encompassed his Gau along with most all of Gau Southern Hanover-Brunswick and part of Gau Eastern Hanover. This gave him control of civil defense matters over a large area. Additionally, on 1 January 1940, Jordan was named Minister-President of the Anhalt State Government, succeeding Alfred Freyberg. He was one the few individuals to simultaneously hold the posts of Reichsstatthalter and Minister-President. On 16 November 1942, the jurisdiction of the Reich Defense Commissioners was changed from the Wehrkreis to the Gau level, and Jordan remained Commissioner for only his Gau.
On 1 July 1944 came Jordan's last leap up the career ladder when he was appointed Oberpräsident (High President) of the Province of Magdeburg, thus uniting under his control all the highest party and governmental offices in his jurisdictions. On 25 September 1944, Jordan became the commander of the Nazi Volkssturm forces in his Gau. In the war's dying days, on 2 May 1945, Jordan dissolved the Gau staff, disbanded the local Volkssturm and managed to go underground with his family under a false name.
Post-war life
On 30 May 1945, he was arrested by the British, and in July of the next year, the Western Allies handed him over to the Soviets. Late in 1950 – after four years in custody in the Soviet occupation zone – Jordan was sentenced to serve 25 years in a Soviet Union labour camp. West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, on a visit to Moscow, managed to persuade the Soviets to reconsider Jordan's sentence and he was released on 13 October 1955. In the years that followed, Jordan earned a living as a sales representative, and worked as an administrator for an aircraft manufacturing firm. He died in Munich. He published his autobiography about his time as Gauleiter and in captivity, "Experienced and Suffered. A Gauleiter's Way from Munich to Moscow", which showed no indication that he was willing to take responsibility for the events in Nazi Germany.
Publications after the war
1971: "Erlebt und erlitten. Weg eines Gauleiters von München nach Moskau" ("Experienced and Suffered. A Gauleiter's Way from Munich to Moscow")
1974: "Im Zeugenstand der Geschichte. Antworten zum Thema Hitler" ("On History's Witness Stand. Answers on the Topic of Hitler")
1984: "Der 30. Juni 1934. Die sog. "Röhm-Revolte" und ihre Folgen aus der Sicht eines Erlebniszeugen" ("The 30 June 1934. The so-called "Röhm Revolt" and its Aftermath from a Witness's Point of View")
Awards and decorations
Golden Hitler Youth Badge with Oak Leaves
Honour Chevron for the Old Guard
Golden Party Badge
NSDAP Long Service Award in Bronze, c.1940
NSDAP Long Service Award in Silver, c.1940
NSDAP Long Service Award in Gold, c.1941
War Merit Cross 2nd Class without Swords
War Merit Cross 1st Class without Swords
References
Sources
External links
1902 births
1988 deaths
Gauleiters
German newspaper editors
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United Kingdom
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the Soviet Union
Members of the Academy for German Law
Members of the Prussian State Council (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
People from Fulda (district)
Politicians from Hesse-Nassau
Reichswehr personnel
Sturmabteilung officers
20th-century Freikorps personnel
Volkssturm personnel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf%20Jordan%20%28politician%29 |
Joseph Eneojo Akpala (born 24 August 1986) is a Nigerian former professional footballer who played as a forward. Since 2022, Akpala has been assistant coach at Kortrijk, taking over as caretaker coach for one match in September 2023, in between the dismissal of Edward Still and the appointment of Glen De Boeck.
Club career
Akpala is a product of the Pepsi Football Academy in Lagos. His first professional contract came in April 2003 with Bendel United Football Club, a Division One club in Benin City. He later joined Bendel Insurance FC, Benin City in the Premier Division of the Nigerian Professional League, in February 2005. He was to finish as joint top scorer with 13 goals in 19 games.
Subsequently, Akpala was signed by the Royal Charleroi S.C. of Belgian Jupiler Pro League in January 2006. He wore the number 27 jersey. He had a very successful campaign in 2007–08 as he topped the scorers chart with 18 goals. On 18 July 2008, Akpala joined Club Brugge signing a contract until 2013.
On 22 August 2012, Bundesliga club Werder Bremen signed Akpala after facing competition from West Ham United and Celtic. On 19 August 2013, Akpala began a week-long trial with English Championship side Reading.
On 3 September 2013, Akpala signed for Turkish Karabükspor on a season loan. In 2014 the deal was made permanent and he left Bremen for good.
However, only after another year, in July 2015, he returned to Belgium, signing for K.V. Oostende on a three-year-contract.
In April 2021, he joined Romanian club Dinamo București, signing a contract until the end of the 2020-21 season.
International career
Akpala made his debut for Nigeria against South Africa on 6 September 2008. In June 2009, he scored his first goal for Nigeria in a 1–0 away win against France in Saint-Étienne.
He was selected for Nigeria's squad at the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup.
Career statistics
Club
International
Score and result list Nigeria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after Akpala goal.
Honours
KV Oostende
Belgian Cup: runner-up 2016–17
Individual
Belgian First Division top scorer: 2007–08 (16 goals)
References
External links
1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Jos
Men's association football forwards
Nigerian men's footballers
Nigeria men's international footballers
2013 FIFA Confederations Cup players
Pepsi Football Academy players
Nigeria Professional Football League players
Belgian Pro League players
Bundesliga players
Süper Lig players
Saudi Pro League players
Liga I players
Bendel United F.C. players
Bendel Insurance F.C. players
R. Charleroi S.C. players
Club Brugge KV players
SV Werder Bremen players
Kardemir Karabükspor footballers
K.V. Oostende players
Al Faisaly FC players
FC Dinamo București players
K.V. Kortrijk managers
Nigerian expatriate men's footballers
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Romania
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Romania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Akpala |
Khin Sandar Win (also spelt Khin Sanda Win; ; born 1952 in Rangoon, Burma) is the daughter of former Burmese dictator Ne Win. She played a major role in the suppression of the democracy movement after her father resigned as ruler in 1988.
Sandar Win is a medical doctor and later she left the military's medical services and became a businesswoman. Before her detention she presided over the Ne Win clan as it developed a significant business empire encompassing hotels, medical services and telecommunications.
Biography
Sandar was educated at the Methodist English High School in Yangon (now Basic Education High School No. 1 Dagon). She graduated from high school with the highest University Entrance Examination matriculation scores in all of Burma, according to newspaper accounts. She then attended Institute of Medicine 1, Rangoon to become a doctor, working as a gynaecologist.
She is considered Ne Win's favourite daughter, Sandar Win is believed to have been influential throughout the 26-year reign of her father, often acting as a mediator between Ne Win and the BSPP (Burma Socialist Programme Party). As Ne Win grew older and his health deteriorated, she took on an increasingly important role. Sandar Win was a key figure in suppressing the 1988 uprisings, during which thousands of Burmese protested demanding democratic control.
Sandar Win was also influential in the Burma Socialist Programme Party's decision to reemphasize English language education. After she failed to be admitted into a medical school in England because of poor English skills, English was reintroduced as a medium of instruction in secondary and higher education.
After 1988, she left the military's medical services and became a businesswoman. She presided over the Ne Win clan as it developed a significant business empire encompassing hotels, medical services, telecommunications and a popular Yangon nightclub.
Sandar Win was placed under house arrest in her lakeside house on University Avenue Road, on the banks of Inya Lake, Yangon in 2002. Sandar Win's husband, Aye Zaw Win, along with Kyaw Ne Win, Aye Ne Win, Zwe Ne Win and other family members and the family astrologer, were convicted of plotting a coup in the late 1990s, and were imprisoned in Insein. After 6 years of house arrest, she was released in 2008.
After disappearing from public for many years, she attended the ceremony of 2022 Armed Forces Day alongside her sons.
References
External links
BBC Profile: Sandar Win
1952 births
Burmese women in politics
Living people
Burmese gynaecologists
University of Medicine 1, Yangon alumni
Children of presidents
Children of prime ministers
Family of Ne Win | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandar%20Win |
Augustine Leudar is a British sonic artist, known for large-scale walk-through surround sound installations, audio holophony, and often surreal sonic illusions . Leudar frequently cites the natural world as an important source of inspiration as well as the Surrealist and Renaissance Arts Movements. Leudar has pioneered several techniques in spatial audio and sound art including miniature 3D sound installation Spatial sound in forest environments interactive 3D sound art archaeoacoustics and 3D sound with Haptics sensor technologies and visual arts
History
He was born in Farnham, England in 1972 and attended Vinehall preparatory school. He then moved to Manchester where he attended Stretford Grammar School and started playing synths in various noise bands in Manchester.
After living in the Peruvian Amazon for ten years, he returned to the UK to study sonic art at Middlesex University. He subsequently completed a master's degree in sonic art and 3D sound at the Sonic Arts Research center in Belfast, where he also completed a PhD in 3D sound art and plant electrophysiology.
Work
Soundscapes created in Peru were featured at Pragues' national gallery, the Rudolfinum in 2006, as part of the Impresse exhibition and accompanied the paintings of Czech painter Otto Placht. He created one of the largest 3D sound-art installation in the world at the tropical Biome at the Eden Project, in Cornwall, England, and other large scale installations for many events including Glastonbury's Shangri La, and Futuresonic in Manchester. Recently several multichannel sound installations in forests and botanic gardens across Europe and South America have sonified electrical signalling in plants and forests. Leudar is artistic director of immersive art studio "Magik Door".
Biomes at Night
This was the largest indoor multispeaker sound art installation in the world. It covered several acres inside the Eden Project's Tropical Biome (the largest captive rainforest in the world) through which the listener walked. The installation immersed members of the public in both the real sounds of the rainforest as well as "mysterious and magical" sounds inspired by the mythology of the Amazon rainforest. Leudar subsequently created several more installations at the Eden project including "Heart of Darkness"
Otherworld
Otherworld is an ongoing development of an immersive installation which covers several acres of parkland created by Leudar. It incorporates mythological themes as well as advanced interactive and immersive 3D audio-visual content. It was first delivered at the Hastings Storytelling Festival in 2019.
Holomorph
Holomorph was one of the world's first public exhibitions of interactive 3D sound art. Originally developed at the Sunflower Festival in Northern Ireland and subsequently displayed at various locations in Europe.
The Stone Tapes
This was a very large immersive 3D audio installation covering a 6.9 acre Neolithic site encircled by an 11-foot high bank called the Giants Ring in Northern Ireland informed partly by archaeoacoustics. The event took place in the late afternoon and evening, so by dusk and moonlight, the audience circled the site and were surrounded by sounds reflecting from the walls of the henge.
Garden of Membranes
Garden of Membranes was a miniature multi-channel sound installation which revealed hidden processes latent in the biosphere, and was a combination of science and sound art. The installation consisted of a miniature jungle which had a number of tiny hidden speakers within it as well as larger speakers around the room. The sounds coming from the tiny jungle were part composition and part sonic map recorded in the Amazon rain forest. It is thought to be one of the first 3D sound installations that experimented with miniature multichannel arrays interacting with larger ones. The piece was exhibited in Bolivia and Ireland.
See also
List of ambient music artists
References
External links
Augustine Leudar Inavate Magazine Interview Inavate Interview
Television interview (Spanish) Bolivian Television interview
Augustine Leudar Augustine Leudar Homepage
Augustine Leudar BBC Interview BBC Interview
Gus Leudar on Soundlcoud Gus Leudar on Soundlcoud
Samples in motion Interview with Augustine Leudar
Gus Leudar on John Peel Gus Leudar on John Peel
Augustine Leudar interview Augustine Leudar interview in Cromasomos
The Stone Tapes Coverage of "The Stone Tapes" in Northern Ireland
Magik Door Magik Door Immersive Arts Studio
Living people
English artists
English experimental musicians
1972 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine%20Leudar |
William Wallace Duncan (December 20, 1839 – March 2, 1908) was an American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, elected in 1886.
Biography
William Wallace Duncan was born December 20, 1839, in Boydton, Virginia, of Scots-Irish descent and of scholarship. He was the son of Professor David Duncan, a native of Ireland, and of University of Edinburgh in Scotland. He settled in Kentucky, then migrated to Virginia.
William graduated from Wofford College in South Carolina in 1858 and joined the Virginia Annual Conference of the M.E. Church, South in 1859. He was a chaplain of the Army of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. Rev. Duncan transferred to the South Carolina Conference in 1875. He was a delegate to the First and Second Ecumenical Methodist Conferences, in 1881 and 1891, respectively. Prior to his election to the episcopacy, he served as a pastor and an educator.
Bishop Duncan died March 2, 1908, in Spartanburg, South Carolina, where he is also buried.
Bibliography
J. C. Kilgo, An Appreciation, 1908.
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
References
"Sketch" by Bishop Fitzgerald in Fitzgerald, O.P. and Galloway C.B., Eminent Methodists, 1897
Leete, Frederick DeLand, Methodist Bishops, Nashville, The Parthenon Press, 1948
1839 births
1908 deaths
American biographers
American male biographers
American Methodist bishops
Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South
Confederate States Army chaplains
Wofford College alumni
People from Boydton, Virginia
People from Spartanburg, South Carolina
Burials in South Carolina
Methodist chaplains
19th-century American clergy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Wallace%20Duncan |
BRCC may refer to:
Companies
Black Rifle Coffee Company
Educational institutions
Baton Rouge Community College a community college in Louisiana, United States
Blue Ridge Community College (Virginia) a community college in Virginia, United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCC |
The William Floyd School District is located in the southern area of the Town of Brookhaven on Long Island in New York. The district serves the contiguous communities of Shirley, Mastic, Mastic Beach and Moriches. The William Floyd School District is one of the largest school districts on Long Island and is named after William Floyd, one of only 56 men to sign the Declaration of Independence. The district is located on the south shore of Long Island, approximately 60 miles east of New York City, with an enrollment of 8,653 students as of 2016. William Floyd students attend five elementary schools, two middle schools, and a senior high school.
Kevin Coster is the superintendent of schools.
Board of education
There are seven members on the Board of Education:
April Coppola, Board President
Elected 2016
Robert Guerriero, Board Vice President
Elected 2011 (deceased 2022)
Robert Taiani, Board Member
Elected 2008
Lorraine Mentz, Board Member
Elected 2018
Angelo Cassarino, Board Member
Elected 2020
Jennifer Heitman, Board Member
Elected 2021
Kevin Meyer, Board Member
Appointed 2022
Primary schools
There are five primary schools which serve grades K-5:
John S. Hobart Elementary School- Principal, James Westcott. As of 2016, there are 795 students in attendance. 54.6% of all students are male. 41.5% of the students are white, 28.3% are Hispanic or Latino and 19.7% identify as black or African-American. The school is named in honor of New York State politician and federal jurist John Sloss Hobart.
Moriches Elementary - Principal, Eileen Filippone. As of 2016 are 885 students. 50.2% of all students are female. 44.9% are white, 33.7% are Hispanic or Latino, 14.5% are black and 2.9% identify as Asian.
Tangier Smith Elementary School - Principal, Toni Komorowski. In the year 2016, there are 772 students. 53.5% are male. 53.9% of all students are white, 23.4% identify as Latino or Hispanic, 14.2% are black and 2.3% are Asian. Tangier Smith Elementary is named after early Long Island settler and former acting governor of New York William "Tangier" Smith.
William Floyd Elementary School - Principal, Keith Fasciana. As of 2016, there are 755 students. 50.7% of all students are female. 54.2% are white, 28.9% are Latino or Hispanic, 7.9% are black and 4.1% identify as Asian.
Nathaniel Woodhull Elementary School - Principal, Monica Corona. According to data from 2016, there are 744 students. 50.4% are female. 51.9% are white, 30.4% are Hispanic or Latino, 10.2% are black and 3.2% are Asian. The school is named after Nathanial Woodhull, who was a brigadier general in the New York Militia during the American Revolution.
Middle schools
There are two middle schools which serve grades 6-8:
William Floyd Middle School- Principal, Matthew Sanders. As of 2016, there are 1,047 students. 50.6% of the students are male. 53.5% of all students are white, 27.7% are Latino or Hispanic, 13.4% are black and 3.7% are Asian
William Paca Middle School- Principal, Dr Michele Gode. There are 996 students in attendance, 51.6% of which are male. 60.5% of students are white, 17.9% are Latino or Hispanic, 16.6% are African- American or black and 1.7% identify as Asian according to 2016 records. This middle school is named in honor of former Maryland governor and Declaration of Independence signer William Paca.
William Floyd High School
William Floyd High School is the high school in the district and serves grades 9–12. Principal, Phil Scotto took office in 2016, replacing former principal Barbara Butler. In 2016, there were 2,719 students. 50.5% and 49.5% of all students identify as male and female, respectively. 57.6% of students are white, 22.3% are Latino or Hispanic, 15.2% are black and 2.7% are Asian.
The average class size is between 25 and 26 students.
Academics
As of the 2012–13 school year, William Floyd High School has a graduation rate of 80%. 92% of students graduate with the Regents Diploma and 36% of students graduate with a Regents Diploma with Advanced Designation.
As a public school, students in the district are expected to take a series of State Required standardized tests. All students in the third grade through the eighth grade take the English Language Arts (ELA) exams; In 2014 each respective grade received a mean score of slightly under 300. Third through eighth-grade students also take the New York State Testing Program Assessment in Mathematics, in 2014 each grade earned an average score between 254 and 300, with the exception of fifth grade, which received a score of 303 in 2014.
In New York State, middle school and high school students are expected to pass their Regents Exams with a 65 or higher in order to graduate and receive the Regents Diploma. In the English Comprehensive test taken in 2014, 80% of students passed and 85% of students passed the general education exams for the Regents that same year. In Mathematics, 58% of students passed the Integrated Algebra Regents, 52% passed the Geometry Regents, 67% passed the Algebra 2/ Trigonometry Regents.
Over the course of several years, the school district has infused Common Core into their curriculum. Whether or not a student is in a Common Core class or must take a Common Core standardized test mostly depends on which exam it is and the student's grade level. Students may even be required to take both the Common Core and the original version of an exam. The reason for this is because the integration is not yet completed. A NewsDay survey found that 40% of students in the William Floyd School District have opted out of the English and Mathematics common core exams.
The William Floyd School District made both national and international headlines when William Floyd High School student, Kwasi Enin, was accepted to all eight Ivy League institutions in the spring of 2014.
Sports
Two-time winner (2009 and 2016) of the SBPLI Long Island Regional Robotics Competition at Hofstra University. As a result of those victories they qualified for the National competitions and competed against teams from all around the country and world.
In 2014 The William Floyd Varsity Girls Tennis Team won the Suffolk County Championship and was ranked number one on Long Island
The William Floyd Girls Varsity Lacrosse Team that has been in playoffs for the past six years and in 2010 became Super six Champions.
The William Floyd Youth Lacrosse Program had its first undefeated team in 2013, with the 5th grade team winning by an average of 7 goals a game.
The Colonials varsity football team has won 10 Suffolk County Championships occurring in 2001, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2016. They are also five-time Long Island Champions - 2005, 2006, 2007, 2011 and 2012.
The 1991 William Floyd High School Softball team won the Suffolk County and Long Island Championship and finished 3rd overall in the New York State Championships.
The 1990 William Floyd Softball Team nearly missed the Long Island Championship, having lost in the Suffolk County Class A Finals to Sachem High School, who, at the time, was New York States only AA School. The team finished as League I Champions Three Years in a row, in unusual fashion, having three sets of headline making sisters lead the team through most of that era—four of which achieved All New York State Honors and two All-Suburban (NY, NJ, CT) Honorees.
The 1990 and 1989 William Floyd Field Hockey Teams were League I Champions.
The 1962 William Floyd Varsity Baseball Team won the Suffolk County Class B Championship.
Music
Traditionally, all major ensembles at William Floyd receive the highest yearly ratings in the New York State School Music Association Solo, Ensemble and Major Organization Festivals. Outstanding student musicians may be recommended for Suffolk County Music Educators’ Association Festival participation during grades 5-10 and New York State Council of Administration in Music Education High School Festival in Grades 11 and 12. The William Floyd School District is nationally recognized for its fantastic music program.
In addition, William Floyd High School offers piano courses, as well as music theory, and music in our lives. There is also Modern Music Masters or Tri-M. Students involved in at least one performing group that achieve high grades in all classes are involved.
The music curricula for the district begin with Music Learning Theory applications in Grades 1 through 6. Classroom music, as well as string, wind, percussion and vocal performance groups, beginning in grade 6. In Grades 7 through 12, students enrolled in performing groups are encouraged to participate in state and county evaluation festivals both as soloists and in major ensembles.
Notable alumni
Frank Coraci – screenwriter and film director
Lee Zeldin - politician
See also
William Floyd
John Sloss Hobart
William Paca
William "Tangier" Smith
Nathaniel Woodhull
References
External links
Official site
School districts in Suffolk County, New York
Brookhaven, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Floyd%20School%20District |
Sheela Lambert (born 1956 in New York City) is an American bisexual activist and writer. She is the Founder/Director of the Bisexual Book Awards, founder of the Bi Writers Association, was co-founder of Bi Women of All Colors and has been active in a number of bisexual rights groups including BiNet USA. She is openly bisexual and wrote about bisexuality and LGBT popular culture/entertainment issues in her national bisexual column for Examiner.com for seven years (2009 to 2016) as well as articles for The Huffington Post, The Advocate, AfterEllen and AfterElton, Bi Magazine, Lambda Literary Foundation and the America Today LGBTQ Encyclopedia and editing for efforts including Biwriters.org. She presents information on bisexuality issues at universities, conferences, high schools and in-service trainings.
Education
Lambert worked as an HIV Counselor by New York City and New York State.
She has also appeared on a variety of television shows on the topic of bisexuality including Real Personal With Bob Berkowitz (CNBC), The Rolonda Show (syndicated), and The Richard Bey Show (WWOR-TV). Additionally Lambert has been quoted in other media — including The Washington Blade, The New York Blade and Time Out New York — on issues related to bisexuality.
Lambert's work for bisexual rights
1990s
Lambert helped produce "Gay Men, Lesbians, Bisexuals, Sharing Our Lives: A Forum on Bisexuality", a forum held in May 1992. The forum was co-sponsored by the Lesbian and Gay Community Services Center (now the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Community Services Center), New York Area Bisexual Network and BiPAC.
During the 1992–93 television season, Lambert was the on-air correspondent and producer of Out in the 90s, a live New York City Public, educational, and government access (PEG) cable tv channels news and information show for the gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender community. In 1993, Lambert was the executive producer/host for Bisexual Network, the first television series by and for the bisexual community. The series aired on New York City's public-access television.
In 1996, Lambert joined Heritage of Pride, in which she was an active LGBT pride organizer for two years to promote the bi-inclusive agenda as a member. In 2002 Heritage of Pride renamed New York City's Lesbian and Gay Pride events to the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Pride March, Rally, Festival and Dance.
2000s
Together with transgender activist Pauline Park, Lambert formed the Coalition for Unity and Inclusion in 2000. The Coalition was the lead group that successfully lobbied various New York City LGBT-related institutions to make their names more inclusive, including New York City's Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Community Center (formerly the NYC Lesbian and Gay Community Services Center) and the New York Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, & Transgender Film Festival (formerly the New York Lesbian and Gay Film Festival).
In 2000 she co-chaired Community, Unity, Inclusion: The 4th Tri-State Bisexual Conference, held at New York University and co-sponsored by NYU's Office of LGBT Student Services. In 2005, in response to the misinformation put out by the academically disputed Bailey Study, Lambert worked as a senior member of a joint Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD)/Bialogue task force that began to create information packets to provides facts about bisexuality, dispel myths and stereotypes, and educate the public about issues bisexuals face, as well as provides guidelines for various professionals. In 2006 Lambert founded the national groups the Bi Writers Association, the Bi Mental Health Professionals Association and co-founded the New York City group Bi Women of All Colors. In 2006, she led the successful campaign to convince Lambda Literary Foundation to add a bisexual award category to its literary awards, known as the "Lammys," which did not have a bisexual book category for its first 18 years of operation. She has served as a judge for the Lammy Awards ever since. She also founded the Bi Lines reading series, an annual multi-arts celebration of bisexual writing.
In 2007, Lambert organized two major bi events. Bi Lines: A Celebration of Bisexual Writing in Reading, Music and Culture, held in conjunction with the 19th Annual Lambda Literary Awards events.
She began a bisexuality column on Examiner.com in July 2009 and has posted over 275 articles.
2010s
Her first book, Best Bi Short Stories, an anthology of literary fiction short stories, written in multiple genres (of which she is the editor, as well as contributor of the story "Memory Lane") was published in 2014.
Partial bibliography
Print
Journals
"Hakomi Therapy Supervision Verbatim." Hakomi Forum (professional journal of The Hakomi Institute), No. 7, Winter 1989.
Magazines
Reviewed the film Running with Scissors, for GO, October 2006.
Reviewed independent films The Gymnast, GYPO and Mrs. Stevens Hears the Mermaids Singing and interviewed film directors Linda Thornburg (Mrs. Stevens Hears the Mermaids Singing), Katherine Brooks (Loving Annabelle), Lesli Klainberg (Fabulous!) and the actress and producer Dreya Weber (The Gymnast) for Curve, October, November and December 2006 issues.
Online
Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals (2005)
Interview with Fritz Klein. BiMagazine (2006). Accessed April 7, 2007.
AfterEllen.com, May 31, 2006. Accessed April 6, 2007.
AfterEllen.com, June 19, 2006. Accessed April 8, 2007.
AfterEllen.com, October 15, 2006. Accessed April 7, 2007.
Profile of Michael Musto. AfterElton.com, January 8, 2007. Accessed April 6, 2007.
See also
Biphobia
Notes
1956 births
Writers from New York City
Living people
Empire State College alumni
American health activists
American gossip columnists
American women columnists
Bisexual rights activists
Bisexual women writers
American LGBT rights activists
Activists from New York City
21st-century American women
American bisexual writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheela%20Lambert |
Carlos Manuel de Ascenção do Carmo de Almeida ComIH (21 December 1939 – 1 January 2021), better known as Carlos do Carmo, was a Portuguese fado singer.
The son of Lucília do Carmo, a well-known fadista, do Carmo began his career in fado following his father's death in 1962, when he returned from a period in Switzerland to help his mother run the family's fado house. He began singing himself shortly afterwards and, in 1963, he began his career as a recording artist. He continued working at the fado house for a number of years, while also expanding his recording career. He achieved national and international success in the 1970s, including performances at the Royal Opera House in London and the Paris Olympia. He represented Portugal at the 1976 Eurovision Song Contest with his song "Uma flor de verde pinho", finishing in 12th place.
Carmo introduced new styles to fado, including the addition of orchestras, and the incorporation of other styles such as jazz into the traditional music.
Early life
Carlos do Carmo grew up in Lisbon. His mother was Lucília do Carmo, a fado singer who experienced success in the 1920s. He first left Lisbon in his youth, on the advice of his parents, to study languages and hotel management in Switzerland. But, with the death of his father Alfredo de Almeida in 1962, do Carmo soon joined his mother to help her run their fado house, the Faia. Encouraged by his friends' response to his singing, do Carmo soon began to perform at the fado house.
Career
Do Carmo's career thrived in the 1970s, when he released several of his most well-known songs and collaborated with a number of opponents to the Estado Novo regime, such as Fernando Tordo, Paulo de Carvalho and the poet Ary dos Santos. Following the Carnation Revolution, fado saw its place as the Portuguese national music threatened by the emergence of canção de intervenção, a term encompassing Portuguese protest songs. Fado also started to lose exposure on the radio and on television; according to musicologist , do Carmo was an exception to this trend, because of his connection to "sectors of the democratic opposition".
In 1976, in the first Festival da Canção after the revolution, the organizers of the contest tried to emulate A Song for Europe's method of national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest. The procedure employed by their British counterparts consisted of choosing a single artist who would perform all the songs in the contest. Do Carmo was chosen as the only singer of that year's Festival da Canção and the winner of the contest was the song "Uma flor de verde pinho". Later that year, he represented his country at the Eurovision Song Contest with the same song, finishing in 12th place.
In 1977, do Carmo released Um Homem na Cidade (), a concept album featuring an array of poems about Lisbon by Ary dos Santos. The album became one of the greatest successes of do Carmo's long career, and was described by Nery as being "one of the most significant albums in the whole fado discography". Um Homem na Cidade evinced a new, innovative style of fado. Its lyrics, while not necessarily supportive of the revolution, referenced current affairs of the time.
While fado remained at the core of his music, do Carmo was influenced, among other styles and musicians, by Frank Sinatra; French pop, including the work of Jacques Brel; and Brazilian bossa nova, including the work of Elis Regina. (He performed with Regina on a trip to Brazil in 1973.) His uniqueness, apart from the special timbre of his voice, is in his ability to bring composers from other styles such as jazz, as well as adding the orchestra to fado music. This is seen in his albums such as Um Homem na Cidade.
In 1984, he recorded Um Homem no País, which was the first CD ever recorded in Portugal. He worked closely with other fado singers such as Mariza and Camané, and nurtured their development. His career included performances at the Royal Albert Hall, The Town Hall in New York City, Paris Olympia, Frankfurt's Alte Oper, and the Canecão in Rio de Janeiro. His classics include "Bairro alto", ""Lisboa, menina e moça", "Canoas do tejo", "Os putos" and "Por morrer uma andorinha". In 2019, do Carmo announced his retirement from live performances.
Personal life and death
In 1964 he married Maria Judite de Sousa Leal. He had three children.
Carlos do Carmo died on 1 January 2021 at Lisbon's Hospital de Santa Maria, aged 81. He had been admitted to the hospital the previous day after having an aneurysm. A national day of mourning was declared on 4 January.
Legacy
Carlos do Carmo is considered to be the most important male fadista of his generation, that came after Alfredo Marceneiro and before Camané. He is often regarded as the artist that made the transition between traditional fado and the new fado that started emerging in the 1990s.
Discography
Sources:
Fado em Tom Maior (1964)
Não Se Morre de Saudade (1967)
Carlos do Carmo (1970)
No Curto-Circuito (1970)
Canoas do Tejo (1972)
Uma Canção para a Europa (1973)
Por Morrer uma Andorinha (1973)
Ao Vivo na Ópera de Frankfurt (Alte Oper Frankfurt) (1983)
Fado Lisboa – An Evening at The "Faia" (with Lucília do Carmo, 1974)
Um Homem na Cidade (1977)
Dez Fados Vividos (1978)
Um Homem no País (1983)
Um Homem no Mundo (1983)
Mais do Que Amor É Amar (1986)
Que Se Fez Homem de Cantar (1990)
Ao Vivo no CCB (1999)
Margens (1999)
Nove fados e uma canção de amor (2002)
Do Tempo do Vinil (2003)
Ao Vivo – Coliseu dos Recreios – Lisboa (2004)
A Arte e a Música de Carlos do Carmo (2006)
À Noite (2007)
Carlos do Carmo & Bernardo Sassetti (2010)
Maria João Pires / Carlos do Carmo (with Maria João Pires, 2012)
Fado É Amor (2013)
Awards and honors
Carlos do Carmo was awarded a Portuguese Golden Globe in 1998 and a Goya Award in 2008. In 2014, he became the first Portuguese artist to win a Latin Grammy Award, being awarded a lifetime achievement award from the Latin Recording Academy. In 1997, he was named a commander of the Order of Prince Henry; in 2016, he became a member of the Order of Merit. In 2019, he received the .
References
Sources
External links
1939 births
2021 deaths
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1976
Portuguese fado singers
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Portugal
20th-century Portuguese male singers
Golden Globes (Portugal) winners
Commanders of the Order of Prince Henry
Recipients of the Order of Merit (Portugal)
Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
Singers from Lisbon
21st-century Portuguese male singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20do%20Carmo |
Maria Della Costa (born Gentile Maria Marchioro Polloni, 1 January 1926 – 24 January 2015) was a Brazilian theater, movie and TV actress and producer.
Life
She was born in Flores da Cunha, a small town of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, into a family of Italian immigrants from the region of Veneto. She was immortalized in paintings by Emiliano Di Cavalcanti, Flavio de Carvalho, Guanabarino and Djanira, and in a statue by Victor Brecheret. She started her career at 14 years of age, as a fashion model (she is considered the first professional model in Brazil).
She was married to Sandro Polloni, a theater producer, also of Italian origin. Together they founded Teatro Maria Della Costa in São Paulo in a building designed by Oscar Niemeyer and Lúcio Costa.
After retiring from show business, she owned and managed a small hotel (Coxixo Hotel) in the historical and tourist town of Paraty, Rio de Janeiro. She died of a pulmonary edema on January 24, 2015.
Filmography
Television
1990 - Brasileiras e Brasileiros
1982 - Sétimo Sentido .... Juliana
1978 - Te contei? .... Ana Paula
1976 - Estúpido Cupido .... Olga
1970 - As Bruxas .... Teresa
1969 - Beto Rockfeller .... Maitê
Theatre
1992 - Típico Romântico
1988 - Temos Que Refazer a Casa
1986 - Alice, Que Delícia
1982 - Motel Paradiso
1974 - Tome Conta de Amélia
1973 - Bodas de Sangue
1968 - Tudo no Jardim
1968 - Abra a Janela e Deixa Entrar o Ar Puro e o Sol da Manhã
1967 - Homens de Papel
1964 - Depois da Queda
1963 - Pindura Saia
1962 - Armadilha Para um Homem Só
1962 - O Marido Vai à Caça
1960 - Society em Baby Doll
1959 - Gimba
1958 - A Alma Boa de Set-Suan
1956 - Moral em Concordata
1956 - A Rosa Tatuada
1956 - A Casa de Bernarda Alba
1955 - A Mirandolina
1955 - Com a Pulga Atrás da Orelha
1954 - O Canto da Cotovia
1952 - Manequim
1951 - Ralé
References
External links
Biography and photos. Hotel Coxixo. In Portuguese.
Della Costa, Maria
Della Costa
Della Costa
Della Costa
Della Costa
People from Paraty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Della%20Costa |
Oud Ade (also: Oud-Ade) is a village in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Kaag en Braassem, and lies about 7 km east of Leiden.
The village was first mentioned in 1395 or 1396 "Ecclesia de A". The current name means "the old river". Oud Ade developed as a peat excavation settlement, but remained a small linear settlement. It developed into the village in the 1960s by the addition of planned neighbourhoods. The Catholic St Bavo Church was built in 1868.
Gallery
References
Populated places in South Holland
Kaag en Braassem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud%20Ade |
English inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques invented, innovated or discovered, partially or entirely, in England by a person from England. Often, things discovered for the first time are also called inventions and in many cases, there is no clear line between the two. Nonetheless, science and technology in England continued to develop rapidly in absolute terms. Furthermore, according to a Japanese research firm, over 40% of the world's inventions and discoveries were made in the UK, followed by France with 24% of the world's inventions and discoveries made in France and followed by the US with 20%.
The following is a list of inventions, innovations or discoveries known or generally recognised to be English.
Agriculture
1627: Publication of first experiments in Water desalination and filtration by Sir Francis Bacon (1561–1626).
1701: Seed drill improved by Jethro Tull (1674–1741).
18th century: of the horse-drawn hoe and scarifier by Jethro Tull
1780s: Selective breeding and artificial selection pioneered by Robert Bakewell (1725–1795).
1842: Superphosphate or chemical fertilizer developed by John Bennet Lawes (1814–1900).
1850s: Steam-driven ploughing engine invented by John Fowler (1826–1864).
1901: First commercially successful light farm-tractor invented by Dan Albone (1860–1906).
1930s onwards: Developments in dairy farming systems pioneered by Rex Paterson (1902–1978).
Ceramics
1748: Fine porcelain developed by Thomas Frye (c. 1710–1762), of Bow porcelain factory, London. Cf. Frye's rivals at Chelsea porcelain factory.
1770s: Jasperware developed by Josiah Wedgwood (1730–1795).
1789–1793: Bone china created by Josiah Spode (1733–1797).
1813: Ironstone china invented by Charles James Mason (1791–1856).
Clock making
Anglo-Saxon times: type of candle clock invented by Alfred the Great (849–899).
c. 1657: Anchor escapement probably invented by Robert Hooke (1635–1703).
c. 1657: Balance spring added to balance wheel by Robert Hooke (1635–1703).
c. 1722: Grasshopper escapement invented by John Harrison (1693–1776); Harrison created the H1, H2, H3 & H4 watches (to solve the longitude measurement problem).
c. 1726: Gridiron pendulum invented by John Harrison (1693–1776).
c. 1755: Lever escapement, the greatest single improvement ever applied to pocket watches, invented by Thomas Mudge (1715–1794).
1761: First true Marine chronometer perfected by John Harrison (1693–1776).
1923: Self-winding watch invented by John Harwood (1893–1964).
1955: First accurate atomic clock invented by Louis Essen (1908–1997).
1976: Coaxial escapement mechanism invented by George Daniels (1926–2011).
Clothing manufacturing
1589: The stocking frame, a mechanical knitting machine used in the textiles industry, invented by William Lee (1563–1614).
1733: The flying shuttle, a key development in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution, invented by John Kay of Walmersley (1704-c. 1779).
1759: The Derby Rib machine (for stocking manufacture) invented by Jedediah Strutt (1726–1797).
1764: The spinning jenny invented by James Hargreaves (c. 1720–1778).
1767: Spinning frame invented by John Kay of Warrington.
1769: The water frame, a water-powered spinning frame, developed by Richard Arkwright (1732–1792).
1775–1779: Spinning mule invented by Samuel Crompton (1753–1827).
1784: Power loom invented by Edmund Cartwright (1743–1823).
1790: Sewing machine invented by Thomas Saint.
1808: The bobbinet, a development on the warp-loom, invented by John Heathcoat (1783–1861).
1856: Mauveine, the first synthetic organic dye, discovered by William Henry Perkin (1838–1907).
1941: Polyester invented by John Rex Whinfield (1901–1966).
Communications
Pre-1565: The pencil invented in Seathwaite, Borrowdale, Cumbria, using Grey Knotts graphite.
1588: Modern shorthand invented by Timothy Bright (1551?–1615).
1661: The postmark (called the "Bishop Mark") introduced by English Postmaster General Henry Bishop (1611–1691/2).
1667: Tin can telephone, a device that conveyed sounds over an extended wire by mechanical vibrations, invented by Robert Hooke (1635–1703).
1714: Patent for an apparatus regarded as the first typewriter granted to Henry Mill (c. 1683–1771).
18th century: The Valentine's card first popularised.
1822: The mechanical pencil patented by Sampson Mordan (1790–1843) and John Isaac Hawkins (1772–1855).
1831: Electromagnetic induction & Faraday's law of induction. Began as a series of experiments by Michael Faraday (1791–1867); later became some of the first experiments in the discovery of radio waves and the development of radio.
1837: The first commercially successful electric telegraph developed by Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802–1875) and Sir William Fothergill Cooke (1806–1879).
1837: Pitman Shorthand invented by Isaac Pitman (1813–1897).
1840: Uniform Penny Post and postage stamp invented by Sir Rowland Hill (1795–1879).
1843: The Christmas card introduced commercially by Sir Henry Cole (1808–1882).
1873: Discovery of the photoconductivity of the element selenium by Willoughby Smith (1828–1891). Smith's work led to the invention of photoelectric cells (solar panels), including those used in the earliest television systems.
1879: The first radio transmission, using a spark-gap transmitter (achieving a range of approximately 500 metres), made by David E. Hughes (1831–1900).
1888: The world's first moving picture film produced by Louis Le Prince (1841 – vanished 16 September 1890) of Roundhay Garden, Leeds Bridge.
1897: The world's first radio station was located at The Needles Batteries on the western tip of the Isle of Wight; it was set up by Marconi.
1899: The world's first colour motion picture film produced by Edward Raymond Turner (1873–1903).
1902: Proposition by Oliver Heaviside (1850–1925) of the existence of the Kennelly–Heaviside layer, a layer of ionised gas that reflects radio waves around the Earth's curvature.
1912: Development of radio communication pioneered by William Eccles (1875–1966).
1914: The world's first automatic totalisator invented by English-born George Julius (1873–1946).
2 December 1922: Mechanical scanning device (a precursor to modern television) demonstrated in Sorbonne, France by Englishman Edwin Belin.
1930: The Plessey company in England began manufacturing the Baird Televisor receiver: the first television receiver sold to the public.
1931: Stereophonic sound or, more commonly, stereo invented at EMI in Hayes, Middlesex by Alan Blumlein (1903–1942).
1933: The 405-line television system (the first fully electronic television system used in regular broadcasting) developed at EMI in Hayes, Middlesex by Alan Blumlein (1903–1942), under the supervision of Sir Isaac Shoenberg.
1936: The world's first regular public broadcasts of high-definition television began from Alexandra Palace, North London by the BBC Television Service.
1930s: Radar pioneered at Bawdsey Manor by Scotsman Robert Watson-Watt (1892–1973) and Englishman Henry Tizard (1885–1939).
1945: The concept of geostationary satellites for the use of telecommunications relays popularised by Arthur C. Clarke (1917–2008).
1964 onwards: Use of fibre optics in telecommunications pioneered by Englishman George Hockham (1938–2013) and Chinese-born Charles K. Kao.
Late 1960s: Development of the long-lasting materials that made liquid crystal displays possible. Team headed by Sir Brynmor Jones; developed by Scotsman George Gray and Englishman Ken Harrison in conjunction with the Royal Radar Establishment and the University of Hull, who ultimately discovered the crystals used in LCDs.
1970: The MTV-1, the first near pocket-sized handheld television, developed by Sir Clive Sinclair (1940–2021).
1973: First transmissions of the Teletext information service made by the British Broadcasting Corporation.
1992: Clockwork radio invented by Trevor Baylis (1937–2018).
3 December 1992: The world's first text/SMS message ("Merry Christmas") sent over the Vodafone GSM network by Neil Papworth (born 1969).
2016: Holographic TV device created by the BBC.
Computing
1822: The Difference Engine, an automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions, proposed by Charles Babbage (1791–1871).
1837: The Analytical Engine, a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, designed by Charles Babbage (1791–1871).
1842: The person regarded as the first computer programmer was Ada Lovelace (1815–1852), only legitimate child of the poet Byron and his wife Anne Isabella Milbanke, Baroness Wentworth.
1842: First programming language, the Analytical Engine order code, produced by Charles Babbage (1791–1871) and Ada Lovelace (1815–1852).
1854: Boolean algebra, the basis for digital logic, conceived by George Boole (1815–1864).
1912: Argo system, the world's first electrically powered mechanical analogue computer, invented by Arthur Pollen (1866–1937).
1918: The flip-flop circuit, which became the basis of electronic memory (Random-access memory) in computers, invented by William Eccles (1875–1966) and F. W. Jordan (1882–?).
1936–1937: The Universal Turing machine invented by Alan Turing (1912–1954). The UTM is considered to be the origin of the stored programme computer used in 1946 for the "Electronic Computing Instrument" that now bears John von Neumann's name: the Von Neumann architecture.
1939: The Bombe, a device used by the British to decipher German secret messages during World War II, invented by Alan Turing (1912–1954).
1943–1944: The Colossus computer – the world's first programmable, electronic, digital computer – invented by Tommy Flowers (1905–1988).
1946–1950: ACE and Pilot ACE invented by Alan Turing (1912–1954).
1946–1947: The Williams tube, a cathode ray tube used to store electronically (500 to 1,000 bits of) binary data, developed by Frederic Calland Williams (1911–1977) and Tom Kilburn (1921–2001).
1948: The Manchester Baby – the world's first electronic stored-programme computer – built by Frederic Calland Williams (1911–1977) and Tom Kilburn (1921–2001) at the Victoria University of Manchester.
1949: The Manchester Mark 1 computer developed by Frederic Calland Williams (1911–1977) and Tom Kilburn (1921–2001); historically significant because of its pioneering inclusion of index registers.
1949: EDSAC – the first complete, fully functional computer inspired by the von Neumann architecture, the basis of every modern computer – constructed by Maurice Wilkes (1913–2010).
Late 1940s/early 1950s: The integrated circuit, commonly called the microchip, conceptualised and built by Geoffrey Dummer (1909–2002).
February 1951: The Ferranti Mark 1 (a.k.a. the Manchester Electronic Computer), the world's first successful commercially available general-purpose electronic computer, invented by Frederic Calland Williams (1911–1977) and Tom Kilburn (1921–2001).
1951: The first known recordings of computer generated music played on the Ferranti Mark 1 computer using a programme designed by Christopher Strachey (1916–1975).
1951: LEO made history by running the first business application (payroll system) on an electronic computer for J. Lyons and Co. Under the advice of Maurice Wilkes (1913–2010), LEO was designed by John Pinkerton (1919–1997) and David Caminer (1915–2008).
1951: Concept of microprogramming developed by Maurice Wilkes (1913–2010) from the realisation that the Central Processing Unit (CPU) of a computer could be controlled by a miniature, highly specialised computer programme in high-speed ROM.
1952: Autocode developed by Alick Glennie (1925–2003) for the Manchester Mark 1 computer; Autocode is regarded as the first computer compiler.
1952: The first graphical computer game, OXO or Noughts and Crosses, programmed on the EDSAC at Cambridge University as part of a Ph.D. thesis by A.S. Douglas (1921–2010).
1952: First trackball built by Tom Cranston, Fred Longstaff and Kenyon Taylor (1908–1996); invented 1947 by Ralph Benjamin.
1956 onwards: Metrovick 950, the first commercial transistor computer, built by the Metropolitan-Vickers Company of Manchester.
1958: EDSAC 2, the first computer to have a microprogrammed (Microcode) control unit and a bit slice hardware architecture, developed by a team headed by Maurice Wilkes (1913–2010).
1961: The Sumlock ANITA calculator, the world's first all-electronic desktop calculator, designed and built by the Bell Punch Company of Uxbridge.
1962: The Atlas computer – arguably the world's first supercomputer, and fastest computer in the world until the American CDC 6600 – developed by a team headed by Tom Kilburn (1921–2001). Introduced modern architectural concepts: spooling, interrupts, instruction pipelining, interleaved memory, virtual memory, and paging.
Late 1960s: Denotational semantics originated in the work of Christopher Strachey (1916–1975), a pioneer in programming language design.
1970: Packet switching co-invented by Welsh engineer Donald Davies (1924–2000) and Polish-born Paul Baran; it was Davies who coined the term packet switching at the National Physical Laboratory in London.
1972: The Sinclair Executive, the world's first small electronic pocket calculator, produced by Sir Clive Sinclair (1940–2021).
1979: The first laptop computer, the GRiD Compass, designed by Bill Moggridge (1943–2012).
1979: Digital audio player (MP3 Player) invented by Kane Kramer (born 1956). His first investor was Sir Paul McCartney.
1980–1982: Home computers the Sinclair ZX80, ZX81 and ZX Spectrum produced by Sir Clive Sinclair (1940–2021).
1981: The Osborne 1 – the first commercially successful portable computer, precursor to the laptop computer – developed by English-American Adam Osborne (1939–2003).
1982: 3D Monster Maze, widely considered the first survival horror computer game, developed from an idea by J. K. Greye and programmed by Malcolm Evans (b. 1944).
1984: The world's first pocket computer, the (Psion Organiser), launched by London-based Psion PLC.
1984: Elite, the world's first computer game with 3D graphics, developed by David Braben (born 1964) and Ian Bell (born 1962).
1985: ARM architecture introduced by Cambridge computer manufacturer Acorn Computers; the ARM CPU design is the microprocessor architecture of 98% of mobile phones and every smartphone.
1989: World Wide Web invented by Sir Tim Berners-Lee (born 1955).
1989: HTTP application protocol and HTML markup language developed by Sir Tim Berners-Lee (born 1955).
1989: Launch of the first PC-compatible palmtop computer, the (Atari Portfolio), designed by Ian H. S. Cullimore.
1989: First touchpad pointing device developed for London-based Psion PLC's Psion MC 200/400/600/WORD Series.
1990: The world's first web browser invented by Sir Tim Berners-Lee (born 1955). Initially called WorldWideWeb, it ran on the NeXTSTEP platform, and was renamed Nexus in order to avoid confusion with the World Wide Web.
1990: The world's first web server invented by Sir Tim Berners-Lee. Initially called WWWDaemon, it ran on the NeXTSTEP platform and was publicly released in 1991; later it evolved and was known as CERN httpd.
1991 onwards: Linux kernel development and maintenance were greatly helped by English-born Andrew Morton (born 1959) and Alan Cox (born 1968).
2002: Wolfram's 2-state 3-symbol Turing machine proposed by London-born Stephen Wolfram (born 1959).
2012: Launch of the Raspberry Pi, a modern single-board computer for education, designed and built by Cambridgeshire-based charity Raspberry Pi Foundation.
Criminology
1836: Marsh test (used for detecting arsenic poisoning) invented by James Marsh (1794–1846).
1888–1895: Fingerprint classification method developed by Sir Francis Galton (1822–1911); a breakthrough in forensic science.
1910: First use of wireless telegraphy in the arrest of a criminal, Dr Crippen.
1984: DNA fingerprints are discovered by Alec Jeffreys (born 1950).
1987: Process of DNA profiling developed by Alec Jeffreys (born 1950).
1991: Iris recognition algorithm invented by Swede John Daugman working at the University of Cambridge.
1995: World's first national flop DNA database developed: National DNA Database.
Cryptography
1605: Bacon's cipher devised by Sir Francis Bacon (1561–1626).
1854: The Playfair cipher, the first literal digraph substitution cipher, invented by Charles Wheatstone (1802–1875).
1941: Codebreaker Bill Tutte (1917–2002) developed the Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher, which Hitler used to communicate with his generals in World War II.
1973: Clifford Cocks (born 1950) first developed what came to be known as the RSA cipher at GCHQ, approximately three years before it was rediscovered by Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman at MIT.
Engineering
1600: The first electrical measuring instrument, the electroscope, invented by William Gilbert (1544–1603).
1676–1678: First working universal joint devised by Robert Hooke (1635–1703).
1698: First working steam pump invented by Thomas Savery (c. 1650–1715).
1709: First coke-consuming blast furnace developed by Abraham Darby I (1678–1717).
1712: Atmospheric steam engine invented by Thomas Newcomen (1664–1729).
1739: Screw-cutting lathe invented by Henry Hindley (1701–1771).
1780: Modified version of the Newcomen engine (the Pickard engine) developed by James Pickard (dates unknown).
1781: The Iron Bridge, the first metal bridge, cast and built by Abraham Darby III (1750–1789).
1791: The first true gas turbine invented by John Barber (1734–1801).
1796–97: The first iron-framed building (and therefore forerunner of the skyscraper) – Ditherington Flax Mill in Shrewsbury, Shropshire – built by Charles Bage (1751–1822).
1800: First industrially practical screw-cutting lathe developed by Henry Maudslay (1771–1831).
1806: The Fourdrinier machine, a papermaking machine, invented by Henry Fourdrinier (1766–1854).
1823: First internal combustion engine to be applied industrially patented by Samuel Brown (?–1849).
1826: Continuous track (under the name "universal railway") patented by Sir George Cayley (1773–1857).
1830: First (toroidal, closed-core) electric transformer invented by Michael Faraday (1791–1867).
1831: First electrical generator (or dynamo), the Faraday disk, invented by Michael Faraday.
1834–1878: Water and sewerage systems for over thirty cities across Europe designed by William Lindley (1808–1900).
1837: Kingston valve is introduced by engineer John Kingston.
1840s: The linear motor, a multi-phase alternating current (AC) electric motor, proposed by Charles Wheatstone (1802–1875); 1940s: developed by Eric Laithwaite (1921–1997).
1841: Widely accepted standard for screw threads devised by Joseph Whitworth (1803–1887).
1842: The adjustable spanner invented by Edwin Beard Budding (1796–1846).
1845: Hydraulic crane developed by William Armstrong (1810–1900); in 1863, Armstrong also built the first house in the world powered by hydroelectricity, at Cragside, Northumberland.
1846: The first fireproof warehousing complex – Albert Dock, Liverpool – designed by Jesse Hartley (1780–1860).
1848: The Francis turbine developed by James B. Francis (1815–1892), born near Witney, Oxfordshire.
1862: The invention of Plastic by Alexander Parkes (1813-1890)
1868: First commercial steel alloy produced by Robert Forester Mushet (1811–1891).
1869–1875: Crookes tube, the first cathode ray tube, invented by William Crookes (1832–1919).
1871: First enclosed wind tunnel invented, designed and operated by Francis Herbert Wenham (1824–1908).
1872: The Carey Foster bridge, a type of bridge circuit, invented by Carey Foster (1835–1919).
1880–1883: The Wimshurst machine, an Electrostatic generator for producing high voltages, developed by James Wimshurst (1832–1903).
1884: Steam turbine invented by Charles Algernon Parsons (1854–1913).
1885: Compression ignition engine (a.k.a. the diesel engine) invented by Herbert Akroyd Stuart (1864–1927).
1886: Prototype hot bulb engine or heavy oil engine built by Herbert Akroyd Stuart (1864–1927).
1889: Two-stroke engine invented by Joseph Day (1855–1946).
1890: Opening of the Forth Bridge – monumental cantilever railway bridge, and icon of Scotland – designed and engineered by English civil engineers Benjamin Baker (1840–1907) and John Fowler (1817–1898).
1902: Disc brakes patented by Frederick W. Lanchester (1868–1946).
1904: Vacuum tube (or valve) invented by John Ambrose Fleming (1849–1945).
1907: First reported observation of electroluminescence from a diode by H. J. Round (1881–1966); Round's discovery led to the creation of the light-emitting diode.
1917 onwards: Radio guidance systems pioneered by Archibald Low (1888–1956).
1935: Arnold Frederic Wilkins (1907–1985) contributed to the development of radar.
1940: Cavity magnetron improved by John Randall (1905–1984) and Harry Boot (1917–1983); consequently a critical component in microwave ovens and some radar.
Late-1940s/early 1950s: The microchip invented by Geoffrey W.A. Dummer (1909–2002).
1963: High strength carbon fibre invented at the Royal Aircraft Establishment in 1963. January 1969: Carr Reinforcements (Stockport, England) wove the first carbon fibre fabric in the world.
2007: The RepRap Project, the first self-replicating 3D Printer, developed at the University of Bath.
Household appliances
13th century: Magnifying glass defined by Roger Bacon (c.?1214-c.?1292).
Before 1596: Modern flushing toilet invented by John Harington (1560–1612). The term 'John', used particularly in the US, is generally accepted as a direct reference to its inventor.
1733: Perambulator developed by William Kent (c. 1685–1748).
1780: First mass-produced toothbrush produced by William Addis (1734–1808).
1795: First corkscrew patent granted to the Reverend Samuel Henshall (1764/5–1807).
1810: Tin can for food preservation patented by merchant Peter Durand (dates not known).
1818: Modern fire extinguisher invented by George William Manby (1765–1854).
1828: Thermosiphon, which forms the basis of most modern central heating systems, invented by Thomas Fowler (1777–1843).
1830: Lawn mower invented by Edwin Beard Budding (1796–1846).
1836: The Daniell cell – a type of electrochemical cell; an element of an electric battery – invented by John Frederic Daniell (1790–1845).
1840: Postage stamp invented by Sir Rowland Hill (1795–1879).
1845: Rubber band patented by inventor Stephen Perry (dates not known).
1878: Incandescent light bulb invented by Joseph Wilson Swan (1828–1914).
1884: Light switch invented by John Henry Holmes (dates not known) in Shieldfield.
1899: Little Nipper Mouse trap invented by James Henry Atkinson (1849–1942).
Late-19th century: Commercially produced electric toaster developed by R. E. B. Crompton (1845–1940).
Late-19th century: Modern pay toilet invented by John Nevil Maskelyne (1839–1917); Maskelyne invented a lock for London toilets, which required a penny to operate, hence the euphemism "spend a penny".
1901: First powered vacuum cleaner invented by Hubert Cecil Booth (1871–1955).
Before 1902: First practical Teasmade designed by clockmaker Albert E. Richardson (dates not known) of Ashton-under-Lyne.
Before 1920: Folding carton invented by Charles Henry Foyle (died 1948).
1924: First modern dishwasher invented by William Howard Livens (1889–1964)
1955: First fully automatic electric kettle produced by manufacturer Russell Hobbs of Failsworth, Greater Manchester.
1963: Lava lamp invented by accountant Edward Craven Walker.
1965: Collapsible baby buggy produced by Owen Finlay Maclaren (1907–1978).
1983: "Bagless" vacuum cleaner invented by James Dyson (born 1947).
Industrial processes
1740: English crucible steel developed by Benjamin Huntsman (1704–1776).
1743: Sheffield plate, a layered combination of silver and copper, invented by Thomas Boulsover (1705–1788).
1746: The lead chamber process, for producing sulfuric acid in large quantities, invented by John Roebuck (1718–1794).
c. 1760-c. 1840: Pioneers of the Industrial Revolution – Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–1859); Abraham Darby I (1678–1717); Abraham Darby II (1711–1763); Abraham Darby III (1750–1789); Robert Forester Mushet (1811–1891).
1769: The water frame, a water-powered spinning frame, invented by Richard Arkwright (1732–1792).
c. 1770: Coade stone, a high quality stoneware, created by Eleanor Coade (1733–1821).
1784–1789: Power loom developed by Edmund Cartwright (1743–1823).
1795: Hydraulic press invented by Joseph Bramah (1748–1814).
1820: The Rubber Masticator, a machine for recycling rubber, invented by Thomas Hancock (1786–1865).
1824: Portland cement patented by Joseph Aspdin (1778–1855).
1840: Electroplating process patented by George Elkington (1801–1865).
1843: Vulcanisation of rubber, a process for making natural rubber more durable, patented by Thomas Hancock (1786–1865).
1850: The Parkes process, for removing silver from lead during the production of bullion, invented by Alexander Parkes (1813–1890).
1850–1855: Steel production Bessemer process developed by Henry Bessemer (1813–1898).
1862: First man-made plastic – Nitrocellulose, branded Parkesine – invented by Alexander Parkes (1813–1890).
1912: Stainless steel invented by Harry Brearley (1871–1948).
1933: First industrially practical polythene discovered by accident in 1933 by Eric Fawcett and Reginald Gibson in Northwich.
1952: The float glass process, for the manufacture of high-quality flat glass, invented by Alastair Pilkington (1920–1995).
1950s: The Wilson Yarn Clearer developed by inventor Peter Wilson (dates not known).
2001: Self-cleaning glass is developed by Pilkington.
Medicine
Anglo-Saxon times: The earliest pharmacopoeia in English (Cotton Vitellius, MS C. iii).
1628: First correct description of circulation of the blood in De Motu Cordis by William Harvey (1578–1657).
18th century: Invention of surgical forceps attributed to Stephen Hales (1677–1761).
c. 1711: First blood pressure measurement and first cardiac catheterisation by Stephen Hales (1677–1761).
1763: Aspirin's active ingredient discovered by Edward Stone (1702–1768).
1770s: Isolation of fibrin, a key protein in the blood coagulation process; investigation of the structure of the lymphatic system; and description of red blood cells by surgeon William Hewson (1739–1774), so-called "father of haematology".
1775: First demonstration that a cancer may be caused by an environmental carcinogen by Percivall Pott (1714–1788), also a founding father of orthopedy.
1778: The first Inhaler created by John Mudge (1721-1793)
1794: Colour blindness first described in a paper titled "Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours" by John Dalton (1766–1844).
1798: Smallpox vaccine, the first successful vaccine to be developed, invented by Edward Jenner (1749–1823); in so doing, Jenner is said to have "saved more lives [. . .] than were lost in all the wars of mankind since the beginning of recorded history."
1800: Anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide (entonox/"laughing gas") discovered by Humphry Davy (1778–1829).
1817: First description of (what would come to be called) Parkinson's disease in "An Essay on the Shaking Palsy" by James Parkinson (1755–1824).
1818 or 1829: First successful blood transfusion performed by James Blundell (1791–1878).
1819: First accurate description of hay fever by John Bostock (1773–1846).
1847: Ophthalmoscope conceived by Charles Babbage (1791–1871).
1850s: Location of the source of cholera by pioneer of anaesthesia and "father of epidemiology" John Snow (1813–1858).
1850s: General anaesthetic pioneered by Englishman John Snow (1813–1858) and Scotsman James Young Simpson.
1850s onwards: Treatment of epilepsy pioneered by Edward Henry Sieveking (1816–1904).
1858: First publication of Gray's Anatomy, widely regarded as the first complete human-anatomy textbook, by Henry Gray (1827–1861).
1860 onwards: Modern nursing pioneered by Florence Nightingale (1820–1910).
1867: Antisepsis in surgery invented by Joseph Lister (1827–1912).
1867: Clinical thermometer devised by Thomas Clifford Allbutt (1836–1925).
1887: First practical ECG machine invented by Augustus Waller of St Mary's Hospital in London.
1898: The mosquito identified as the carrier of malaria by Sir Ronald Ross (1857–1932).
1901: Amino acid Tryptophan discovered by Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1861–1947).
1902: First typhoid vaccine developed by Almroth Wright (1861–1947).
1912: Vitamins discovered by Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1861–1947).
1915: Acetylcholine (ACh) identified by Sir Henry Hallett Dale (1875–1968) for its action on heart tissue.
1937 onwards: Protein crystallography developed by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910–1994); Hodgkin solved the structures of cholesterol (1937), penicillin (1946), and vitamin B12 (1956), for which she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964; in 1969, she succeeded in solving the structure of insulin, on which she worked for over thirty years.
1937: Discovery of the Citric acid cycle ("Krebs Cycle") by German-born (naturalised) British physician and biochemist Hans Adolf Krebs (1900–1981) at the University of Sheffield.
1940s: Groundbreaking research on the use of penicillin in the treatment of venereal disease carried out in London by Jack Suchet (1908–2001) with Scottish scientist Sir Alexander Fleming.
1941: Crucial first steps in the mass production of penicillin made by Norman Heatley (1911–2004).
1949: Diagnostic ultrasound first used to assess the thickness of bowel tissue by English-born physicist John J. Wild (1914–2009), so-called "father of medical ultrasound".
1949–1950: Artificial intraocular lens transplant surgery for cataract patients developed by Harold Ridley (1906–2001).
Late 1950s: Peak Flow Meter invented by Martin Wright (1912–2001), also the creator of the Syringe Driver.
1960 onwards: The hip replacement operation (in which a stainless steel stem and 22mm head fit into a polymer socket and both parts are fixed into position by PMMA cement) pioneered by John Charnley (1911–1982).
1960s: First use of sodium cromoglycate for asthma prophylaxis associated with Roger Altounyan (1922–1987).
1967 onwards: Computed Tomography and first commercial CT scanner invented by Sir Godfrey Hounsfield (1919–2004) in Hayes, Middlesex, at EMI Central Research Laboratories.
1969–1978: Development of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) by Patrick Christopher Steptoe (1913–1988) and Robert Geoffrey Edwards (1925–2013).
Late 1970s: Echo-planar imaging (EPI) technique, a contribution to the development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), developed by Sir Peter Mansfield (1933–2017).
1980: Potential of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in treating a wide range of genetic diseases, among other breakthroughs, discovered by John Raymond Hobbs (1929–2008).
1981: Discovery of how to culture embryonic stem cells credited to England-born biologist Martin Evans (born 1941).
1993: Viagra (a.k.a. Sildenafil – compound UK-92,480) synthesised by a group of pharmaceutical chemists working at Pfizer's Sandwich, Kent research facility in England. The press identified Peter Dunn and Albert Wood as the inventors of the drug; only Andrew Bell, David Brown and Nicholas Terrett are listed on the original composition of matter patent.
2009: First baby genetically selected to be free of a breast cancer born at University College Hospital.
2014: The "Mom incubator", an Inflatable incubator for reducing mortality rates in premature babies, invented by James Roberts.
Military
1718: The Puckle Gun or Defence Gun, a multi-shot gun mounted on a tripod, invented by James Puckle (1667–1724).
1784: Shrapnel shell, an anti-personnel artillery munition, developed by Henry Shrapnel (1761–1842).
1804: The Congreve rocket, a weapon, invented by Sir William Congreve (1772–1828).
1830s: The safety fuse invented by William Bickford (1774–1834).
1854: The Whitworth rifle, often called the "sharpshooter" because of its accuracy and considered one of the earliest examples of a sniper rifle, invented by Sir Joseph Whitworth (1803–1887).
1854–1857: The Armstrong Gun, a uniquely designed field and heavy gun, developed by Sir William Armstrong (1810–1900).
1866: First effective self-propelled naval torpedo invented by Robert Whitehead (1823–1905).
1875: The side by side boxlock action, commonly used in double barreled shotguns, invented by William Anson and John Deeley for the Westley Richards company of Birmingham.
1884: The Maxim gun, the first self-powered machine gun invented by Sir Hiram Maxim (1840–1916); American-born, Maxim moved from the United States to England in 1881, becoming a (naturalised) British subject. The Maxim gun was financed by Albert Vickers of Vickers Limited and produced in Hatton Garden, London. It has been called "the weapon most associated with British imperial conquest".
1891: Cordite, first of the "smokeless powders" which came into general use towards the end of the 19th century, invented by Englishman Frederick Abel (1827–1902) and Scot James Dewar.
1901: Bullpup firearm configuration first used in the Thorneycroft carbine rifle, developed by an English gunsmith as patent No. 14,622 of July 18, 1901.
1906: The Dreadnought battleship, the predominant type of battleship in the early 20th century, credited to First Sea Lord Admiral John "Jackie" Fisher (1841–1920).
1914: First operational fighter aircraft, the Vickers F.B.5 (a.k.a. th "Gunbus"), developed from a design by Archibald Low (1888–1956).
1916: The tank developed and first used in combat by the British during World War I as a means to break the deadlock of trench warfare. Key co-inventors include Major Walter Gordon Wilson (1874–1957) and Sir William Tritton (1875–1946).
1916: The first effective depth charge, an anti-submarine warfare weapon, developed from a design by Herbert Taylor at the RN Torpedo and Mine School, HMS Vernon.
1916: The Livens Projector, a weapon, created by William Howard Livens (1889–1964).
1917: Dazzle camouflage created by Norman Wilkinson (1878–1971).
1917: ASDIC active sonar, the first practical underwater active sound-detection apparatus, developed by Canadian physicist Robert William Boyle and English physicist Albert Beaumont Wood (1890–1964).
1940s: High-explosive squash head, a type of ammunition, invented by Sir Charles Dennistoun Burney (1888–1968).
1941: The Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knife invented by William Ewart Fairbairn (1885–1960) and Eric A. Sykes (1883–1945).
1941–1942: The Bailey bridge – a type of portable, pre-fabricated, truss bridge – invented by Donald Bailey (1901–1985). Field Marshal Montgomery emphasised the importance of the Bailey bridge in Britain winning the war.
1943: The bouncing bomb invented by Barnes Wallis (1887–1979).
1943: H2S radar (airborne radar to aid bomb targeting) invented by Alan Blumlein (1903–1942). Blumlein died in a plane crash during a secret trial of the H2S system.
1950: The steam catapult, a device used to launch aircraft from aircraft carriers, developed by Commander Colin C. Mitchell RNR.
1960s: Chobham armour, a type of vehicle armour, developed by a team headed by Gilbert Harvey of the FVRDE at the tank research centre on Chobham Common, Surrey.
1960: Harrier jump jet developed by Hawker Aircraft of Kingston upon Thames following an approach by the Bristol Aeroplane Company in 1957.
Late 1970s: Stun grenades developed by the British Army's SAS.
Mining
Approx. 1780 BCE. The first modern Shovel found in Cheshire dated to 1780 BCE found in the Alderley Edge Mines.
1712: The Newcomen Engine invented by Thomas Newcomen (1664–1729); from c. 1705 Newcomen was first to use a Beam engine to pump water from mines.
1815: The Davy lamp, a safety lamp, invented by Humphry Davy (1778–1829).
1815: The Geordie lamp, a safety lamp, invented by George Stephenson (1781–1848).
Musical instruments
1695: Northumbrian smallpipes (a.k.a. Northumbrian pipes) associated with Northumberland and Tyne and Wear.
1711: The Tuning fork invented by John Shore (c. 1662–1752).
1798: The harp lute invented by Edward Light (c. 1747-c. 1832); Light patented the instrument in 1816.
Early 19th century: The Irish flute is not an instrument indigenous to Ireland; a key figure in its development was English inventor and flautist Charles Nicholson (1775–1810).
1829: The concertina invented by Charles Wheatstone (1802–1875).
Early 20th century: The theatre organ developed by Robert Hope-Jones (1859–1914).
1870: Carbon microphone, invented by David Edward Hughes.
1968: The logical bassoon, an electronically controlled version of the bassoon, developed by Giles Brindley (born 1926).
Photography
Before 1800: Method of copying images chemically to permanent media devised by Thomas Wedgwood (1771–1805).
1838: The Stereoscope, a device for displaying three-dimensional images, invented by Charles Wheatstone (1802–1875).
1840: Calotype or Talbotype invented by William Fox Talbot (1800–1877).
1850s: The Collodion process, an early photographic process, invented by Frederick Scott Archer (1813–1857).
1850s: The Ambrotype invented by Frederick Scott Archer (1813–1857) and Peter Wickens Fry (1795–1860).
1861: The Collodion-albumen process, an early dry plate process, invented by Joseph Sidebotham (father of Joseph Watson Sidebotham).
1871: The dry plate process, the first economically successful and durable photographic medium, invented by Richard Leach Maddox (1816–1902).
1878: The Horse in Motion or Sallie Gardner at a Gallop, a precursor to the development of motion pictures, created by Eadweard Muybridge (1830–1904).
1879: The Zoopraxiscope, which may be considered the first movie projector, created by Eadweard Muybridge (1830–1904).
1880s: Method of intensifying plates with mercuric iodide devised by B. J. Edwards (1838–1914); Edwards pioneered also the construction and design of instantaneous shutters.
1887: Celluloid motion pictures created by William Friese-Greene (1855–1921).
1906: Kinemacolor, the first successful colour motion picture process, invented by George Albert Smith (1864–1959).
Publishing firsts
1475: First book printed in the English language, Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye, by William Caxton (c. 1422–c. 1491); eighteen copies survive.
1534: Cambridge University Press granted letters patent by Henry VIII; continuous operation since makes it the world's oldest publisher and printer.
1535: First complete printed translation of the Bible into English produced by Myles Coverdale (1488–1569).
1665: Philosophical Transactions, the first journal exclusively devoted to science, established by the Royal Society of London; it is also the world's longest-running scientific journal.
British Raj period: the first definite map of India drawn by English cartographers.
Mid-19th century: First noted journal club by English surgeon Sir James Paget (1814–1899); recalling in his memoirs time spent at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London, Paget describes "a kind of club [. . .] a small room over a baker's shop near the Hospital-gate where we could sit and read the journals."
1893: Benjamin Daydon Jackson prepares the first volume of Index Kewensis, first publication aiming to register all botanical names for seed plants at the rank of species and genera.
Science
Physics
1600: Recognition that the earth was a giant magnet, by William Gilbert (1544–1603) in his six-book work De Magnete; De Magnete was known all over Europe, and was almost certainly an influence on Galileo.
1660: Hooke's Law (equation describing elasticity) proposed by Robert Hooke (1635–1703).
1666–1675: Theories on optics proposed by Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1726/7); Newton published Opticks in 1704.
1687: Law of universal gravitation formulated in the Principia by Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1726/7).
1687: Newton's laws of motion formulated in the Principia.
1800: Infrared radiation discovered by Sir William Herschel (1738–1822).
1802: Theory on physiological basis of colour vision proposed by Thomas Young (1773–1829).
1803–1807: Evidence for a wave theory of light discovered by Thomas Young (1773–1829).
1823: Electromagnet invented by William Sturgeon (1783–1850).
1831: Discovery that electric current could be generated by altering magnetic fields (the principle underlying modern power generation) by Michael Faraday (1791–1867).
1845: Proposition that light and electromagnetism are related by Michael Faraday (1791–1867).
1845–1847: Demonstration that electric circuits obey the law of the conservation of energy and that electricity is a form of energy (First Law of Thermodynamics) by James Joule (1818–1889); the unit of energy the Joule is named after him.
1871 and 1885: Discovery of the phenomenon Rayleigh scattering (which can be used to explain why the sky is blue), and prediction of the existence of surface waves by John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh (1842–1919).
1897: Discovery of the electron by J. J. Thomson (1856–1940).
1911: Discovery of the Rutherford model of the Atom by Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937).
1912: Invention of the mass spectrometer by J. J. Thomson (1856–1940).
1912: Bragg's law and the field of X-ray crystallography, an important tool for elucidating the crystal structure of substances, discovered by William Henry Bragg (1862–1942) and William Lawrence Bragg (1890–1971).
1913: Discovery of isotopes by J. J. Thomson (1856–1940).
1917: Discovery of the Proton by Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937).
1924: Edward Victor Appleton awarded Nobel Prize in Physics in 1947 for proving the existence of the ionosphere during experiments carried out in 1924.
1928: Existence of antimatter predicted by Paul Dirac (1902–1984); Dirac made major contributions to the development of quantum mechanics.
1932: Splitting the atom, a fully artificial nuclear reaction and nuclear transmutation, first achieved by English physicist John Cockcroft (1897–1967) and Ireland's Ernest Walton.
1932: Discovery of the Neutron by James Chadwick (1891–1974).
1935: Possibility of Radar first proven in the "Daventry experiment" by Englishman Arnold Frederic Wilkins (1907–1985) and Scot Robert Watson-Watt.
1947: Holography invented in Rugby, England by Hungarian-British Dennis Gabor (1900–1979; fled from Nazi Germany in 1933). The medium was improved by Nicholas J. Phillips (1933–2009), who made it possible to record multi-colour reflection holograms.
1947: Discovery of the pion (pi-meson) by Cecil Frank Powell (1903–1969).
1964: The Higgs boson, an elementary particle implied by the Higgs field, proposed by Peter Higgs (born 1929) and others to explain why fundamental particles (which are theoretically weightless) might have acquired mass after their formation in the Big Bang.
1974: Hawking radiation predicted by Stephen Hawking (1942–2018).
Chemistry
Anglo-Saxon times: Anglo-Saxon goldsmiths used a process similar to cementation; as evidenced by the Staffordshire hoard.
1665: Correct theory of combustion first outlined in Micrographia by Robert Hooke (1635–1703); Hooke observed that something (known now as oxygen) is taken from the air and that in its absence combustion quickly ceases, however much heat is applied.
1766: Hydrogen discovered by Henry Cavendish (1731–1810); Cavendish described it as a colourless, odourless gas that burns and can form an explosive mixture with air.
1775: Oxygen discovered by Joseph Priestley (1733–1804); Priestley called it "dephlogisticated air".
1791: William Gregor (25 December 1761 – 11 June 1817) discovered the elemental metal titanium.
1801: Charles Hatchett FRS (2 January 1765 – 10 March 1847[1]) discovered the element niobium.
1803: William Hyde Wollaston PRS (6 August 1766 – 22 December 1828) discovered the chemical element rhodium.
1803: William Hyde Wollaston PRS (6 August 1766 – 22 December 1828) discovered the chemical element palladium.
1803: Smithson Tennant FRS (30 November 1761 – 22 February 1815) discovered the element iridium.
1803: Smithson Tennant FRS (30 November 1761 – 22 February 1815) discovered the element osmium.
1803: Modern atomic theory developed by John Dalton (1766–1844). See also Dalton's law and Law of multiple proportions; Dalton is considered the father of modern chemistry.
1807: Sodium isolated by Sir Humphry Davy (1778–1829).
1807: Potassium isolated by Sir Humphry Davy (1778–1829).
1808: Calcium isolated by Sir Humphry Davy (1778–1829).
1808: Strontium isolated by Sir Humphry Davy (1778–1829).
1808: Barium isolated by Sir Humphry Davy (1778–1829).
1808: Magnesium isolated by Sir Humphry Davy (1778–1829).
1808: Boron isolated by Sir Humphry Davy (1778–1829).
1810: Elemental nature of Chlorine discovered by Sir Humphry Davy (1778–1829).
1813: Elemental nature of Iodine discovered by Sir Humphry Davy (1778–1829).
1825: Benzene, the first known aromatic hydrocarbon, isolated and identified by Michael Faraday (1791–1867).
1861: Thallium discovered by William Crookes (1832–1919).
1865: Periodic Table devised by John Newlands (1837–1898); his Law of Octaves was a precursor to the Periodic Law.
1868: Helium discovered in the sun (via spectroscopy) by Norman Lockyer (1836–1920); not until ten years later was it found on Earth.
1868: Synthesis of coumarin (one of the first synthetic perfumes), and cinnamic acid via the Perkin reaction by William Henry Perkin (1838–1907).
1893: The Weston cell developed by England-born chemist Edward Weston (1850–1936).
1894: Argon discovered by English physicist John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh (1842–1919) and Scot William Ramsay.
1898: Morris Travers was an English chemist who with scot Sir William Ramsay discovered xenon, neon and krypton.
1901: Silicone discovered and named by Frederic Kipping (1863–1949); according to the nomenclature of modern chemistry, silicone is no longer the correct term, but it remains in common usage.
1913: Concept of atomic number introduced by Henry Moseley (1887–1915) in order to fix the inadequacies of Mendeleev's periodic table, which had been based on atomic weight. Isaac Asimov wrote, "In view of what he [Moseley] might still have accomplished … his death might well have been the most costly single death of the War to mankind generally."
1913: Existence of isotopes first proposed by Frederick Soddy (1877–1956).
1940s / 1950s: Partition chromatography developed by Richard Laurence Millington Synge (1914–1994) and Archer J.P. Martin (1910–2002).
1950: VX (nerve agent) invented by Ranajit Ghosh at Porton Down, VX (nerve agent) is the world's most deadly chemical compounds. It only takes 10 milligrams to become a fatal dose.
1952: Structure of ferrocene discovered by Geoffrey Wilkinson (1921–1996) and others.
1959: First practical hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell developed by Francis Thomas Bacon (1904–1992).
1962: First noble gas compound, xenon hexafluoroplatinate, prepared by Neil Bartlett (1932–2008).
1985: Buckminsterfullerene discovered by Sir Harry Kroto (1939–2016).
Biology
1665: Cell biology originated by Robert Hooke (1635–1703), who discovered the first cells in the course of describing the microscopic compartments within cork.
Early 19th century: the first recognition of what fossils were by Mary Anning.
1839: The identification and discovery of 150 mosses, lichens, liverworts, flowering plants and algae on the Kerguelen Islands by botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker. He later said of his gatherings "many of my best little lichens were gathered by hammering out the turfs or sitting on them till they thawed."
1855: The discovery of the first coal ball by Joseph Dalton Hooker who later on with partner William Binney made the first scientific description of coal balls.
1859: Theories of evolution by natural selection and sexual selection set out in On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin (1809–1882).
1883: The practice of Eugenics developed by Sir Francis Galton (1822–1911), applying his half-cousin Charles Darwin's theory of evolution to humans.
1953: Double-helix structure of DNA determined by Englishman Francis Crick (1906–2004) and American James Watson. Crick was a pioneer in the field of molecular biology.
1958: the first cloning of an animal, a frog using intact nuclei from the somatic cells of a Xenopus tadpole by Sir John Gurdon.
1950 onward: the pioneering of the use of Xenopus eggs to translate microinjected messenger RNA molecules by Sir John Gurdon and fellow researchers, a technique which has been widely used to identify the proteins encoded and to study their function.
1960 onwards: Pioneering observation-based research into the behaviour of chimpanzees (our closest relatives in the animal kingdom) conducted by Jane Goodall (born 1934).
1977: DNA sequencing by chain termination developed by Frederick Sanger (1918–2013). Sanger won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry twice.
1977: Discovery of introns in eukaryotic DNA and the mechanism of gene-splicing by Richard J. Roberts (born 1943).
1996: Dolly the Sheep born as a result of Nuclear transfer, a form of cloning put into practice by Ian Wilmut (born 1944) and Keith Campbell (1954–2012).
2016: Scientists at the British bio-tech company Oxitec, in an attempt to stop the spread of dengue fever genetically engineer a 'sudden death' mosquito which after mating successfully with a wild female, any offspring produced will not survive to adulthood and the lethal gene is passed on from the female to any male they mate with and the cycle continues. 3,019,000 mosquitos were released on the Grand Cayman Islands and after three months 80% of the population of mosquitos in the target area had vanished.
Mathematics and statistics
1630–1632: The slide rule invented by William Oughtred (1574–1660), developing on work by Edmund Gunter (1581–1626) and Edmund Wingate (1596–1656).
1631: The "x" symbol for multiplication and the abbreviations "sin" and "cos" for the sine and cosine functions devised by William Oughtred (1574–1660) in Clavis Mathematicae (The Key to Mathematics).
1631: The symbols for "is less than" and "is greater than", along with other innovations, devised in the posthumously published algebra text Artis Analyticae Praxis by Thomas Harriot (c. 1560–1621).
1687: Calculus developed by Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1726/7), as set out in his Principia Mathematica.
1763 onwards: Key contributions made to the development of statistics by: Thomas Bayes (c. 1701–1761) (Bayes' theorem); Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) (statistical graphics); Francis Galton (1822–1911) (standard deviation, correlation, regression, questionnaires); Karl Pearson (1857–1936) (correlation coefficient, chi-square); William Gosset (1876–1937) (Student's t-distribution); Ronald Fisher (1890–1962) (Analysis of variance); Frank Yates (1902–1994).
1854: Boolean algebra, the basis for digital logic, proposed by George Boole (1815–1864).
1876: Connection between energy, matter and the curvature of space proposed in s:On the Space-Theory of Matter by William Kingdon Clifford (1845–1879), forty years before Einstein's general theory of relativity.
c. 1880: The Venn diagram devised by John Venn (1834–1923).
1884: Reformulation of Maxwell's equations into the four we know now by Oliver Heaviside (1850–1925).
1901: Discipline of modern mathematical statistics developed by Karl Pearson (1857–1936).
Astronomy
1609: First drawing of the Moon through a telescope by Thomas Harriot (c. 1560 – 1621); Harriot achieved this on 26 July 1609: over four months before Galileo.
1610: Sunspots discovered by Thomas Harriot (c. 1560–1621).
1668: Newtonian telescope invented by Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727).
1705: Periodicity of Halley's Comet determined by Edmond Halley (1656–1742).
1712–1717: The Planetarium created by French-born Briton John Theophilus Desaguliers (1683–1784).
1758: Achromatic doublet lens patented by John Dollond (1706–1761).
1781: Discovery of the planet Uranus by Sir William Herschel (1738–1822); Herschel also discovered the moons Titania (1787), Oberon (1787), Enceladus (1789), and Mimas (1789).
1783: Existence of black holes first proposed by John Michell (1724–1793); Michell was first to suggest that double stars might be attracted to each other (1767), and he invented the torsion balance (before 1783).
1843: Existence and position of Neptune predicted, using only mathematics, by John Couch Adams (1819–1892).
1845: Nature of spiral galaxies discovered by William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse (1800–1867).
1846: Discovery of Triton by William Lassell (1799–1880); Lassell also discovered the moons Hyperion (1848), Ariel (1851), and Umbriel (1851).
1924: The Eddington limit – the natural limit to the luminosity of stars, or the radiation generated by accretion onto a compact object – discovered by Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington (1882–1944).
1930s–1950s: Important contributions to the development of radio astronomy made by Bernard Lovell (1913–2012).
1946–1954: Pioneering theories of Nucleosynthesis (the formation of chemical elements in stars and supernova) proposed by Sir Fred Hoyle (1915–2001); in 1949, Hoyle coined the term "Big Bang".
1966 onwards: Important contributions to cosmology and (from 1973)quantum gravity made by Stephen Hawking (1942–2018), especially in the context of black holes.
1967: Pulsars discovered by English radio astronomer Antony Hewish (1924–2021) and one of his graduate students, Northern Irish Jocelyn Bell.
Late 1960s / early 1970s: Aperture synthesis, used for accurate location and imaging of weak radio sources in the field of radio astronomy, developed by Martin Ryle (1918–1984) and Antony Hewish (1924–2021).
Geology and meteorology
1802: Nomenclature system for clouds developed by meteorology pioneer Luke Howard (1772–1864).
1815: First geological map of Great Britain created by William Smith (1769–1839); Smith is responsible, as well, for the observation that fossils can be used to work out the relative ages of rocks and strata (Principle of Faunal Succession).
1820: The dew-point hygrometer, an instrument used for measuring the moisture content in the atmosphere, invented by John Frederic Daniell (1790–1845).
1820s: Scientific study of dinosaurs initiated by Gideon Mantell (1790–1852).
1861: First weather map created by Francis Galton (1822–1911).
1880: The Seismograph, for detecting and measuring the strength of earthquakes, invented by John Milne (1850–1913).
1911 onwards: Geochronology pioneered by Arthur Holmes (1890–1965).
1938–1964: The Callendar effect, a theory linking rising carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere to global temperature (Global warming), proposed by Guy Stewart Callendar (1898–1964).
Philosophy of science
c. 1240s: An early framework for the scientific method, based in Aristotelian commentaries, proposed by English statesman, scientist and Christian theologian Robert Grosseteste (c. 1175–1253).
1267: Early form of the scientific method articulated in Opus Majus by Roger Bacon (c. 1214?-c. 1292?).
1620: Baconian method, a forerunner of the scientific method, proposed in the Novum Organum by Sir Francis Bacon (1561–1626).
1892: Scope and method of science proposed in The Grammar of Science by Karl Pearson (1857–1936); the book was a pivotal influence on the young Albert Einstein and contained several ideas that were later to become part of his theories.
Scientific instruments
1630–1632: The slide rule invented by William Oughtred (1574–1660), developing on work by Edmund Gunter (1581–1626) and Edmund Wingate (1596–1656).
1630s: The micrometer invented by William Gascoigne (1612–1644).
1665: Compound microscope with 30x magnification developed by Robert Hooke (1635–1703); Hooke published Micrographia in 1665.
1668: The marine barometer invented by Robert Hooke (1635–1703).
1677: The Coggeshall slide rule, a.k.a. the carpenter's slide rule, invented by Henry Coggeshall (1623–1691).
1763: Triple achromatic lens invented by Peter Dollond (1731–1820).
1784: The Atwood machine, for demonstrating the law of uniformly accelerated motion, invented by George Atwood (1745–1807).
c. 1805: First bench micrometer – the "Lord Chancellor", capable of measuring to one ten-thousandth of an inch – invented by Henry Maudslay (1771–1831), a founding father of machine tool technology.
1833: Wheatstone bridge invented by Samuel Hunter Christie (1784–1865); improved and popularised in 1843 by Charles Wheatstone (1802–1875).
1972: The Sinclair Executive, the world's first small electronic pocket calculator, invented by Sir Clive Sinclair (1940–2021).
Sport
Before 1299: Bowls or lawn bowls can be traced to 13th-century England. The world's oldest surviving bowling green is Southampton Old Bowling Green, first used in 1299.
Late 15th century: Rounders developed from an older English game known as stoolball.
Early 16th century: Modern boxing developed from bare-knuckle boxing or prizefighting, a resurfacing of Ancient Greek boxing in England. The first recorded boxing match took place on 6 January 1681 in England, arranged by Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle (1653–1688).
1519: World's oldest sporting competition still running, the Kiplingcotes Derby horse-race, established; it has run annually since without a break.
1530s: Origin of real tennis played with rackets, popularised by Henry VIII.
1598: The earliest definite reference to cricket; the sport may arguably be traced further back to 1301 with written evidence of a game known as creag played by Prince Edward, son of Edward I (Longshanks).
Aunt Sally, early 17th century.
After 1660: Thoroughbred horseracing developed in 17th- and 18th-century England; royal support from Charles II, a keen racegoer and owner, made horse-racing popular with the public.
1673: Oldest non-equine competition in England, the Scorton Arrow archery tournament, established in Scorton, Yorkshire.
1715: Oldest rowing race in the world, Doggett's Coat and Badge established; the race on the River Thames has been held every year since 1715.
1744: Earliest description of baseball in A Little Pretty Pocket-Book by John Newbery (1713–1767); the first recorded game of "Bass-Ball" took place in 1749 in Surrey. William Bray (1736–1832) recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday, 1755 in Guildford, Surrey; the game is considered to have been taken across the Atlantic by English emigrants.
Early 19th century: Modern field hockey developed in English public schools; the first club was established in 1849 in Blackheath, London.
1820s: Ice hockey, a variant of field hockey, invented by British soldiers based in Canada. British soldiers and emigrants to Canada and the United States played their stick-and-ball games on the winter ice and snow; in 1825, John Franklin (1786–1847) wrote during one of his Arctic expeditions: "The game of hockey played on the ice was the morning sport" on Great Bear Lake.
1823 or 1824: Invention of Rugby football credited to William Webb Ellis (1806–1872).
1850: The format of the modern Olympic Games inspired by William Penny Brookes (1809–1895); see also the Cotswold Olimpick Games.
c. 1850: A bowling machine for cricket named the Catapulta (a predecessor of the pitching machine) invented by Nicholas "Felix" Wanostrocht (1804–1876).
1857: Sheffield F.C. formed by former public school pupils, making it the world's first and oldest Association football club, as acknowledged by The Football Association and FIFA.
1867: Coconut shy in Kingston, Surrey.
1859–1865: Lawn tennis invented by Harry Gem (1819–1881) and Augurio Perera, a Spanish-born merchant and sportsman based in England.
1874–1875: Snooker invented by the British Army in India.
1874: Formal codification of the rules of modern Polo established by the Hurlingham Polo Association; polo had been introduced to England in 1834 by the 10th Hussars at Aldershot, Hants, and in 1862 the first polo club, Calcutta Polo Club, was established by two British soldiers, Captain Robert Stewart and (later Major General) Joe Sherer.
1880 onwards: Modern rock climbing developed by Walter Parry Haskett Smith (1859–1946), so-called "father of rock climbing".
1880s: Table tennis or ping-pong originated in Victorian England as an indoor version of tennis; it was developed and played by the upper class as an after-dinner parlour game.
1888: Tiddlywinks patent application by London bank clerk Joseph Assheton Fincher (1863–1900); Tiddlywinks originated as an adult parlour game in Victorian England.
1893–1897: Netball developed from early versions of women's basketball at Madame Österberg's College in England.
1895: Rugby league created with the establishment of the Northern Rugby Football Union (NRFU) as a breakaway faction of England's Rugby Football Union (RFU).
1896: The dartboard-layout used in the game and professional competitive sport of Darts was devised by Lancashire carpenter Brian Gamlin (c. 1852–1903); Gamlin died before he could patent his idea.
1899: Mixed martial art (MMA) Bartistu invented by Edward William Barton-Wright (1860–1951).
1948: The first Paralympic games competition, originally the Stoke Mandeville Games, created in England by German-born (from 1945 naturalised) British neurologist Ludwig Guttmann (1899–1980).
1954: Sir Roger Bannister (1929–2018) ran the first sub-four-minute mile on 6 May 1954.
1979: First modern bungee jumps made from the Clifton Suspension Bridge in Bristol by members of the Oxford University Dangerous Sports Club.
Transport
Aviation
1799: Concept of the modern aeroplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control set forth by Sir George Cayley (1773–1857); Cayley is one of the most important people in the history of Aeronautics and flight: he is sometimes called the "father of aviation".
1804: First glider to carry a human being aloft designed by Sir George Cayley (1773–1857). Cayley discovered and identified the four aerodynamic forces of flight: weight, lift, drag, and thrust; Modern aeroplane design is based on those discoveries, along with cambered wings which Cayley also discovered.
1837: Pioneering contribution to parachute design made by Robert Cocking (1776–1837); aged 61, Cocking was the first person to be killed in a parachuting accident.
1844: Hale rockets, an improved version of the Congreve rocket design that introduced thrust vectoring, invented by William Hale (1797–1870).
1848: World's first powered flight (of 30 feet) achieved in Chard, Somerset with the Aerial Steam Carriage by John Stringfellow (1799–1883), 55 years before the Wright brothers; Stringfellow and William Samuel Henson (1812–1888) patented their invention in 1842.
Late-19th century: The term "air port" first used – to describe the port city Southampton, where some early flying boats landed.
1929: Turbojet engine single-handedly invented by Sir Frank Whittle (1907–1996).
1949: First commercial jet airliner, the de Havilland Comet, designed, developed and manufactured by de Havilland.
1954: First aircraft capable of supercruise, the English Electric Lightning, designed, developed and manufactured by English Electric.
1959: Aerospace engineer John Hodge (1929–2021) migrated to become part of NASA's Space Task Group, which was responsible for America's crewed space programme, Project Mercury.
1960: VTOL (Vertical Take-Off and Landing) aircraft (most famously the Harrier) invented by Gordon Lewis (1924–2010), Ralph Hooper (1926–2022), Stanley Hooker (1907–1984) and Sydney Camm (1893–1966); the project developed on ideas by Frenchman Michel Wibault.
1965: Concorde The world's first supersonic commercial aircraft (A joint development between British Airways, Air France) invented by Sir James Hamilton (1923–2012); the project was manufactured by BAC, Sud Aviation. It took Concorde three hours, fifteen minutes to fly from London Heathrow to New York JFK.
Railways
1825: Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway, the world's first operational steam passenger railway; it was taken over by the North Eastern Railway in 1863.
1830: Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, the first inter-city steam-powered railway; the railway was absorbed by the Grand Junction Railway in 1845.
1838: Opening of the first stretch of the Great Western Railway, from London Paddington station to (the original) Maidenhead station, engineered by Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–1859).
Locomotives
1802: First full-scale railway steam locomotive built by Richard Trevithick (1771–1833). This built on the endeavours of two other Englishmen, engineer Thomas Savery (c.1650–1715), son of Devon, and the first practical steam engine built in 1712 by Londoner Thomas Newcomen (c.1664–1729). James Watt did not invent the steam engine. Rather Watt, prompted by English backer and manufacturer Matthew Boulton, effected improvements sufficient to make the invention commercially viable.
1812: First commercially viable steam locomotive, the twin cylinder Salamanca, designed and built by Matthew Murray (1765–1826) of Holbeck.
1813: First practical steam locomotive to rely simply on the adhesion of iron wheels on iron rails, Puffing Billy, built by William Hedley (1779–1843).
1814: First successful flanged-wheel adhesion locomotive, the Blücher, built by George Stephenson (1781–1848).
1824: First steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail-line, the Locomotion No. 1, built by Robert Stephenson (1803–1859), son of George Stephenson.
1829: Stephenson's Rocket built by George Stephenson (1781–1848) and his son Robert Stephenson (1803–1859); the Rocket was not the first steam locomotive, but it was the first to bring together several innovations to produce the most advanced locomotive of its day.
1829: The Sans Pareil, a less advanced competitor of Stephenson's Rocket, built by Timothy Hackworth (1786–1850).
1829: The Stourbridge Lion, first steam locomotive to be operated in the United States, built by Foster, Rastrick and Company of Stourbridge, Worcestershire, now West Midlands; the manufacturing company was headed by James Foster (1786–1853) and John Urpeth Rastrick (1780–1856).
1835: Der Adler the first steam locomotive in Germany. Built by George & Robert Stephenson in Newcastle.
1923: The Flying Scotsman built to a design by Sir Nigel Gresley (1876–1941); the Flying Scotsman was in 1934 the first steam locomotive to be authenticated at reaching in passenger service.
Other railway developments
1842: The Edmondson railway ticket invented by Thomas Edmondson (1792–1851); British Rail used Edmondson tickets until February 1990.
1852 onwards: Numerous inventions for railways by John Ramsbottom (1814–1897), including: the split piston ring (1852), the Ramsbottom safety valve (1855), the Displacement lubricator (1860), and the water trough (1860).
1863: Opening of the world's oldest underground railway, the London Underground, a.k.a. the Tube; the Tube is the oldest rapid transit system, and it was the first underground railway to operate electric trains.
Late 1940s: Maglev, the use of magnetic levitation to move vehicles without touching the ground, invented by Eric Laithwaite (1921–1997).
1981: The Advanced Passenger Train (APT), an experimental high-speed train that pioneered tilting, introduced by British Rail.
Roads
1804: The seat belt invented by Sir George Cayley (1773–1857).
1808: Tension-spoke wire wheels invented by Sir George Cayley (1773–1857).
1829: First practical steam fire engine invented by John Braithwaite the younger (1797–1880).
1834: The Hansom cab, a type of horse-drawn carriage, invented by Joseph Hansom (1803–1882).
1868: First traffic lights (manually operated and gas-lit) installed outside London's Houses of Parliament; invented by John Peake Knight (1828–1886).
c. 1870: "Ariel", a penny-farthing bicycle, developed by James Starley (1831–1881).
1876: The legal collection of 70,000 seeds from the rubber-bearing tree Hevea brasiliensis which led to the discovery of the perfect growing climate and locations for rubber trees by Sir Henry Alexander Wickham. Most commercial rubber plants are descended from the seeds he took to Kew Gardens
1884:Thomas Parker claimed to have invented the first electric car.
1885: First commercially successful safety bicycle, "the Rover", developed by John Kemp Starley (1855–1901).
1901: Tarmac patented by Edgar Purnell Hooley (1860–1942).
c. 1902: The invention of the Bowden cable popularly attributed to Sir Frank Bowden (1848–1921), founder and owner of the Raleigh Bicycle Company.
1910: Opening of the oldest existing driving school and first formal driving tuition provider, the British School of Motoring, in Peckham, London.
1922: Horstmann suspension, a coil spring suspension system commonly used on western tanks, invented by Sidney Horstmann (1881–1962).
1926: First automated traffic lights in England deployed in Piccadilly Circus in 1926; outside of London, Wolverhampton was in 1927 the first British town to introduce automated traffic lights.
1934: The Cat's eye, a safety device used in road marking, invented by Percy Shaw (1890–1976).
1934: The Belisha beacon introduced by Leslie Hore-Belisha (1893–1957).
1962: First modern Formula One car, the Lotus 25, designed by Colin Chapman (1928–1982) for Team Lotus; the design incorporated the first fully stressed monocoque chassis to appear in automobile racing.
1971: the world's first Bus Rapid Transit system, the Runcorn Busway, first conceived by Arthur Ling.
1985: The Sinclair C5, a one-person battery electric vehicle, invented by Sir Clive Sinclair (1940–2021).
1997: World Land Speed Record, 1,228 km/h (763 mph), achieved by ThrustSSC, a jet-propelled car designed and built in England. Project director: Richard Noble (born 1946); designed by Ron Ayers (born 1932), Glynne Bowsher and Jeremy Bliss; piloted by Andy Green (born 1962).
Sea
1578: The first submersible (a small, submarine-like vehicle) of whose construction there exists reliable information designed by Englishman William Bourne (c. 1535–1582) in his book Inventions or Devises; Dutchman Cornelius Drebbel put Bourne's concept into action in 1620.
1691: A diving bell capable of allowing its occupier to remain submerged for extended periods of time, and fitted with a window for the purpose of underwater exploration, designed by Edmund Halley (1656–1742), best known for computing the orbit of Halley's Comet.
c. 1730: The octant invented by English mathematician John Hadley (1682–1744); American optician Thomas Godfrey developed the instrument independently at approximately the same time.
1743: The "Whirling Speculum", a device used to locate the horizon in foggy or misty conditions, invented by John Serson (died 1744); Serson's Speculum can be seen as a precursor to the gyroscope.
1757: First sextant made by John Bird (1709–1776), adapting the principle of Hadley's octant.
1785: The lifeboat invented and patented by Lionel Lukin (1742–1834); William Wouldhave (1751–1821) made a rival claim, but he did not succeed with the practical application of his invention until 1789.
1799: The Transit, a type of sailing vessel with a remarkable turn of speed, patented by Richard Hall Gower (1768–1833).
1835: The screw propeller invented and patented by Francis Pettit Smith (1808–1874).
1843: Launch of the SS Great Britain – the first steam-powered, screw propeller-driven passenger liner with an iron hull; designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–1859), it was at the time the largest ship afloat.
1876: Plimsoll Line devised by Samuel Plimsoll (1824–1898).
1878: First commercially successful closed-circuit scuba designed and built by Henry Fleuss (1851–1932), a pioneer in the field of diving equipment.
1878–1879: Two early Victorian submarines, Resurgam I and Resurgam II, designed and built by George Garrett (1852–1902).
1894: The first steam turbine powered steamship, Turbinia (easily the fastest ship in the world at the time), designed by Anglo-Irish engineer Sir Charles Algernon Parsons (1854–1931), and built in Newcastle upon Tyne.
1899–1901: Developments on the hydrofoil by shipbuilder John Isaac Thornycroft (1843–1928), from the concept of Italian Enrico Forlanini.
1912: World's first patent for an underwater echo ranging device (sonar) filed a month after the sinking of the Titanic by Lewis Fry Richardson (1881–1953).
1915: Research into solving the practical problems of submarine-detection by sonar led by Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937).
1955: The hovercraft invented by Sir Christopher Cockerell (1910–1999).
Miscellaneous
1286: First recorded use of the Halifax Gibbet, an early guillotine.
Early 17th century: The closely cut "English" lawn created in the Jacobean epoch of gardening, as the garden and the lawn became places created first as walkways and social areas. The English lawn became a symbol of status of the aristocracy and gentry; it showed that the owner could afford to keep land that was not being used for a building or for food production.
1668: Earliest concept of a metric system proposed by John Wilkins (1614–1672) in An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language.
1706: World's first life insurance company, the Amicable Society, founded by William Talbot (1658–1730) and Sir Thomas Allen, 2nd Baronet (c. 1648–1730).
1719: Oldest music-based festival, the Three Choirs Festival, established.
1725: The modern kilt, associated since the 19th century with Scottish culture, arguably invented by English Quaker Thomas Rawlinson (dates not known).
c. 1760: The jigsaw puzzle invented and commercialised by cartographer John Spilsbury (1739–1769).
1762: The Sandwich invented by John Montagu, the 4th Earl of Sandwich (1718-1792)
1767: The carbonated soft drink invented by Joseph Priestley (1733–1804).
1768–1770: The modern circus invented by Philip Astley (1742–1814) in Astley's Amphitheatre on Westminster Bridge Road in Lambeth.
c. 1770–1780: The lorgnette (a pair of spectacles with a handle, used to hold them in place) invented by George Adams the elder (c. 1709–1773) and subsequently illustrated in a work by his son George Adams the younger, An Essay on Vision, briefly explaining the fabric of the eye (1789).
1772: Oldest arts festival established in Norwich 1772.
1787: First glee club founded in Harrow School.
1797: The top hat arguably invented by English haberdasher John Hetherington (dates not known).
1798: Consequences of population growth identified by Thomas Robert Malthus (1766–1834) in An Essay on the Principle of Population.
1798: Oldest police force in continuous operation, the Marine Police Force, formed by English seafarer John Harriott (1745–1817) and Scot Patrick Colquhoun; it merged with the nascentMetropolitan Police Service in 1839.
18th century – 19th century: The history of comics developed with innovations by William Hogarth (1697–1764), James Gillray (1756/57–1815), George Cruikshank (1792–1878) and others. The Glasgow Looking Glass (1826), arguably the first comic strip. William Heath was its principal strip illustrator.
1811: The graphic telescope, a drawing aid with the power of a telescope, invented by water-colour painter Cornelius Varley (1781–1873).
1821: World's first modern nature reserve established by naturalist and explorer Charles Waterton (1782–1965); Waterton was described by David Attenborough as "one of the first people anywhere to recognise not only that the natural world was of great importance but that it needed protection as humanity made more and more demands on it".
1824: Rubber balloon invented by Michael Faraday (1791–1867) during experiments with gases.
1824: First animal welfare society, the RSPCA, founded by a group of reformers including William Wilberforce.
1826: First effective friction match invented by John Walker (1781–1859).
1829: Metropolitan Police Force founded by Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel; by 1857 all cities in the UK were obliged to form their own police forces.
1837 Egg-free custard by Alfred Bird
1840: Stamp collecting initiated by zoologist John Edward Gray (1800–1875); on 1 May 1840, the day the Penny Black first went on sale, Gray bought several with the intent to save them.
1844: The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers founded in Lancashire. The Rochdale Principles are the foundation for the co-operative principles on which co-ops around the world operate to this day.
1844: YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) founded in London by Sir George Williams (1821–1905), with the aim of putting Christian values into practice.
1846: The Christmas cracker invented by London confectioner Thomas J. Smith by wrapping a bon-bon in a twist of coloured paper, adding a love note, a paper hat and a banger mechanism. This new idea took off and the bon-bon was eventually replaced by a small toy or novelty.
1849: Bowler hat designed by London hat-makers Thomas and William Bowler.
1851: Prime meridian established at Greenwich by Sir George Biddell Airy (1801–1892), Astronomer Royal from 1835 to 1881; Airy's line, the fourth Greenwich Meridian, became the definitive, internationally recognised line in 1884.
1851: Revolutionary modular, prefabricated design, and use of glass utilised in the building of the Crystal Palace of the Great Exhibition by Joseph Paxton (1803–1865); after the exhibition, the Crystal Palace was moved to Sydenham where it was destroyed in a fire in 1936.
1851: Steel-ribbed umbrella developed by Samuel Fox (1815–1887).
1860: Linoleum invented by Frederick Walton (1834–1928).
1865: The Salvation Army, a Christian denominational church and international charitable organisation, founded by Methodist minister William Booth (1829–1912).
1866: The introduction, planting, cultivation and manufacturing of Ceylon tea in the British Crown colony of Ceylon, now Sri Lanka. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle said of the planting efforts "the tea fields of Ceylon were as true a monument to courage as the lions of Waterloo" and called it "one of the greatest commercial victories which pluck and ingenuity ever won."
1868: Erection of first mounted dinosaur skeleton, Hadrosaurus Foulkii and introduction of the universal standard for all future dinosaur displays by English artist Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins in concert with Dr Joseph Leidy and Edward Drinker Cope. Displayed at The Academy of Natural Sciences
1870s: One precursor (among others) of the modern gas mask constructed by physicist John Tyndall (1820–1893).
1897: Plasticine invented by art teacher William Harbutt (1844–1921).
1901: Model construction system Meccano invented by Frank Hornby (1863–1936).
1902: First large-scale programme of international scholarships, the Rhodes Scholarship, created by Cecil John Rhodes (1853–1902).
1907: The scout movement created by Lord Baden-Powell (1857–1941), on finding that his 1899 military training manual Aids to Scouting was being used by teachers and youth organisations.
1908: The reserve forest which would become the Kaziranga National Park founded by Lord Curzon of Kedleston to protect the dwindling species of rhinoceros.
1913: The crossword puzzle invented by Liverpool-born Arthur Wynne (1871–1945).
1922: Discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb by Archaeologist and Egyptologist Howard Carter, funded by Lord Carnarvon.
1933: Bayko – a plastic building model construction toy, and one of the earliest plastic toys to be marketed – invented by Charles Plimpton (1893–1948).
1946: Toy building bricks invented and patented (under the name "Kiddicraft") by Hilary (Harry) Fisher Page (1904–1957); The Lego Group acquired Page's patent in 1981.
1949: Oldest literary festival, the Cheltenham Literature Festival, established.
1965: Geometric drawing toy Spirograph developed by Denys Fisher (1918–2002).
See also
List of British innovations and discoveries
List of Welsh inventors
List of Scottish inventions and discoveries
Timeline of Irish inventions and discoveries
Science in Medieval Western Europe
References
English inventions
Inventions and discoveries
Lists of inventions or discoveries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20English%20inventions%20and%20discoveries |
Donald Asmussen (October 31, 1962 – December 9, 2021) was an American cartoonist working for the San Francisco Chronicle and Universal Press Syndicate.
Career
Asmussen was born in Rhode Island. Early in his career, he published collages and celebrity caricatures in The New Yorker and drew a comic strip for Time called The Drawing Board; he worked on animations for Mondo Media and on the 2001 film Monkeybone. In newspapers, he worked at the Portland Press Herald, The Detroit News, and The San Diego Union-Tribune before becoming a staff artist at the San Francisco Examiner in 1995; following its merger with the San Francisco Chronicle in 2000, he worked for the Chronicle for the remainder of his career.
At the Examiner, Asmussen started his first weekly comic strip, San Francisco Comic Strip. He later drew Super Average Joe and short comic strip serials for events he covered on location, including Republican Convention Comic Strip and strips on the Super Bowl, the World Series, and the Burning Man festival. His strip The Hero Santon appeared in Salon and in Mad magazine. A strip by him ran in Time from 1998 to 2001.
His most recognized strip, the semi-weekly Bad Reporter, began in the San Francisco Chronicle in 2003 and ran under the slogan "The lies behind the truth, and the truth behind those lies that are behind that truth." The strip was syndicated by Universal Press Syndicate. It was on hiatus from 2018 to 2019 during Asmussen's cancer treatment and last updated in March 2021.
Books
In 1997, Asmussen published a collection of his comic strips, The San Francisco Comic Strip Book of Big-Ass Mocha.
In 2006, he published Dog vs. Cat: A Nation Divided, a parody of the 2004 presidential election.
In 2019, Asmussen collaborated with blogger Mary Ladd on The Wig Diaries, a collection of humorous essays about cancer by Ladd with illustrations by Asmussen.
Personal life and death
Asmussen was married to Kelly Zito, a former reporter for the San Francisco Chronicle. They had two daughters.
He was diagnosed with cancer in the mid-2010s, which recurred in 2018, including a brain tumor for which he underwent surgery. In February 2019, he announced on social media that it had "spread to his organs". He died on December 9, 2021, at the age of 59.
References
External links
"Cartoonist Don Asmussen's obituary, in his own words", San Francisco Chronicle, December 12, 2021
Bad Reporter archive at San Francisco Chronicle
The Hero Santon archive at Salon.com
1962 births
2021 deaths
American cartoonists
Deaths from brain cancer in the United States
Artists from Rhode Island
Artists from San Francisco | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Asmussen |
Erich Carl Hugo Adamson (more commonly known as Adamson-Eric; 18 August 1902 – 2 December 1968) was an Estonian artist who worked mainly within the medium of painting in applied art.
Life
Erich Carl Hugo Adamson was born 18 August 1902 in Tartu. He was the fourth child of Jaan and Anna Adamson. Adamson attended schools in his native Estonia before relocating to Berlin to study at the . After studying in Berlin, Adamson then moved to Paris and studied with such artists as Charles Guérin, Roger Bissière, Moise Kisling, and André Lhote before entering the private academy of Russian artist in 1925 and concentrating in the media of art deco and Neue Sachlichkeit.
In June–July 1928, Adamson-Eric, along with fellow Estonian artists Eduard Wiiralt and Kristjan Teder finally opened an art exhibition in Tallinn. Adamson's career as an artist spanned nearly four decades. He died in Tallinn, where many of his works are on permanent display in the Adamson-Eric Museum on Lühike jalg Street.
Gallery
External links
Culture.ee – The Adamson-Eric Museum
Neue Sachlichkeit in Estonian Art
1902 births
1968 deaths
Artists from Tartu
People from the Governorate of Livonia
Hugo Treffner Gymnasium alumni
Burials at Metsakalmistu
20th-century Estonian painters
20th-century Estonian male artists
Soviet artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamson-Eric |
Dunstablians Rugby Union Football Club are an amateur rugby union club based in Bedfordshire, who play their rugby in Midlands 3 East (South), an eight tier league in the English rugby union system. Their ground is located just outside nearby Houghton Regis and is commonly known as Bidwell Park. The club run two Senior teams and a full Mini & Junior section (catering for 5-15 year old players) and Academy teams (catering for 16-18 year old players). Numerous local rivalries are shared, most notably with Stockwood Park and Luton Rugby Club.
History
In 1927, members of Dunstable Grammar School formed a rugby section, based at Fensomes Field in Leagrave, Luton. Unfortunately, the number of regular players dwindled, forcing the closure of the club after only three seasons.
In 1948, another group of former pupils made a new start, securing a ground at French's Avenue in Dunstable and later moving to Skimpot Lane in Luton. In 1954 ground in Bullpond Lane, Dunstable was leased. The event was marked with a match against an East Midlands Invitation XV. It was eventually decided that a new ground was needed and the site at Bidwell Hill in Houghton Regis should be purchased, with the bulk of the financing raised through the sale of the Bullpond Lane site for housing development.
In September 1985, the club opened the current clubhouse by hosting an International XV that included six past England Captains.
The club has seen several promotions in the past. Highlights include the near perfect 1999/2000 season which delivered victory in all RFU competitions entered, along with League, County and East Midlands Cup success. This culminated in Dunstablians becoming National Intermediate Cup Champions at Twickenham.
A successful period followed; Dunstablians retained the County Cup in 2000/01 and added the Colts Cup to the collection. They lifted the County Cup again in 2005. During 2006/07 Dunstablians also secured the Bedfordshire County Cup, defeating Bedford Athletic in the process. They then returned to Twickenham for their second Intermediate Cup Final losing 36–46 to Cornish side Mounts Bay and finished 3rd in Midlands League 1 (RFU Level 5), their highest ever league placing.
After a five-year wait, Dunstablians won the Beds County Cup again by defeating Stockwood Park in 2012, but since then have finished runners up in no less than three successive County Cup Finals.
Club Honours
1st XV:
Midlands East 2 champions: 1997–98
Midlands East 1 champions: 1999–00
Bedfordshire County Cup winners (5): 2000, 2001, 2005, 2007, 2012
East Midlands Cup winners: 2000
Midlands 2 East champions: 2000–01
Rugby World Magazine - Team of the Year: 2001
Bedfordshire Shield winners: 2019
Youth
Bedfordshire Colts County Cup winners: 2001
Current squad
International honours
Notes
References
External links
Dunstablians Rugby Football Club
Rugby Football Union
Rugby union teams in England
Rugby clubs established in 1948
Rugby union in Bedfordshire
Dunstable | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunstablians%20RUFC |
This is a list of characters in the poem Metamorphoses by Ovid. It contains more than 200 characters, summaries of their roles, and information on where they appear. The descriptions vary in length and comprehensiveness, upgrading characters who were actually metamorphosed, who play a significant role, or about whom a certain background knowledge is required to understand the Metamorphoses. The major Roman gods in general play significant roles in all of the stories, but only their attributes are listed under their own name—their specific roles are summarized under the individual involved characters' names (e.g. Apollo's role in the myth of Hyacinthus is listed under Hyacinthus).
Characters
See also
After Ovid: New Metamorphoses
Cultural influence of Metamorphoses
Latin literature
Links
List of characters with images and bibliography
References
Citations
Bibliography | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Metamorphoses%20characters |
James Earl Gilstrap (born November 10, 1946) is an American singer and session musician. He is best known for his 1975 solo hit single "Swing Your Daddy", as well as singing co-lead to the theme from the TV series Good Times.
Career
Gilstrap was born November 10, 1946, in Daingerfield, Texas to Jodie and Pearlie Mae (Tolbert) Gilstrap. He joined the U.S. Navy Reserve. He began his career in the music industry when he returned from serving in the Vietnam War. Early groups he worked with include the Doodletown Pipers and The Cultures.
In the early 1970s, Gilstrap was one of the backing vocalists in Stevie Wonder's backing outfit, "Wonderlove", appearing on Wonder's albums, Talking Book and Innervisions. Gilstrap sang the opening two lines of the Wonder song, "You Are the Sunshine of My Life" (with Lani Groves singing the next two lines). He subsequently signed a recording contract with Chelsea Records in 1975. His recording of the Kenny Nolan-penned "Swing Your Daddy" was a nmuber 4 hit in the UK Singles Chart in April 1975, and reached number 10 in the U.S. Billboard Black Singles chart. The song peaked at number 64 in Australia.
Gilstrap also recorded two albums of his own during the 1970s. The first, titled Swing Your Daddy, contained three more singles in "I'm on Fire" (covering 5000 Volts; it made number 78 in the U.S.), "House of Strangers" and "Put Out the Fire". The second album, Love Talk (1977), was not as successful.
He worked as a session artist for the UK singer Elkie Brooks on her album Live and Learn (1979), among other performances.
He can be heard in a vocal performance on Quincy Jones' 1974 jazz-funk composition "Soul Saga (Song Of The Buffalo Soldier)", from Jones' Body Heat album. Gilstrap also provided the male lead vocals for the theme music to the 1970s television program Good Times.
"I've Got You Where I Want You" (1975) was used in the soundtrack of the film Three Days of the Condor. In addition, he sang the theme song for the 1990s cartoon series TaleSpin. More recently he did an original song for the Japanese film Survive Style 5+ entitled "A Lament".
He worked with the group Side Effect on their track "Run, Run, Run" that was released on Bell Records.
Credits
Gilstrap's recording credits include:
Aaron Neville
Aaron Neville's Soulful Christmas (1993)
The Tattooed Heart (1995)
Devotion (2000)
Believe (2003)
20th Century Masters: The Christmas Collection (2003)
Gospel Roots (2005)
Christmas & Hits Duos (2008)
I Know I've Been Changed (2010)
Al Jarreau
Best of Al Jarreau (1996)
Al Kooper
Championship Wrestling (1982)
Altair All-Star Choir / Jim Gilstrap / Joyce Vincent / Pam Vincent
La La Peace Song (2018)
Amaia Montero
Amaia Montero (2008)
2 (2011)
Amy Grant
A Christmas to Remember (1999)
Andy Griffith
Just as I Am: 30 Favorite Old Time Hymns (1998)
Angela Bofill
Something About You (1981)
Too Tough (1983)
Anita Baker
The Songstress (1983)
Rapture (1986)
The Best of Anita Baker (2002)
Sweet Love: The Very Best of Anita Baker (2002)
Aretha Franklin
Aretha (1980)
Who's Zoomin' Who? (1985)
Aretha (1986)
Greatest Hits: 1980-1994 (1994)
Knew You Were Waiting: The Best of Aretha Franklin 1980-1998 (2012)
Art Garfunkel
Fate for Breakfast (1979)
B.B. King
King of Blues: 1989 (1988)
Barbra Streisand
Higher Ground (1997)
Songbird (1978)
Beau Williams
Bodacious (1984)
Bill Medley
Right Here and Now (1982)
Bill Withers
Making Music (1975)
The Essential Bill Withers (2013)
Billy Cobham
B.C. (1979)
Billy Preston / Syreeta
Billy Preston & Syreeta (1981)
Bob Crewe
Motivation (1977)
Bobby Lyle
New Warrior (1977)
The Journey (1990)
Boney James
Boney's Funky Christmas (1996)
Booker T. Jones
Try and Love Again (1978)
I Want You (1981)
Boz Scaggs
Silk Degrees (1976)
Down Two Then Left (1977)
Hits! (1980)
My Time: The Anthology (1969-1997) (1997)
The Collection: Slow Dancer/Silk Degrees/Down Two Then Left (2004)
Brainstorm
Funky Entertainment (1979)
Brandon Burrows
On the Move (2008)
Brownie McGhee / Sonny Terry / Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee
Sonny & Brownie (1973)
Bunny Hull
Dream a World: A Child's Journey to Self-Discovery (2004)
Music For Young Masters: Secrets Of The Heart (2007)
Candi Staton
House of Love (1978)
The Best of Candi Staton [Warner Bros.] (1995)
Candi/Young Hearts Run Free (2013)
Music Speaks Louder Than Words/House of Love (2013)
Carl Anderson
Absence Without Love/On & On (2009)
Carrie Lucas
Simply Carrie (1977)
Céline Dion
Let's Talk About Love (1997)
Let's Talk About Love/Celine Dion (2008)
My Love: Essential Collection (2008)
Let's Talk About Love/A New Day Has Come (2009)
The Collection: Let's Talk About Love/Falling into You/A New Day Has Come (2009)
Christina Ashley
Let It All Go
Christopher Franke
Celestine Prophecy (1996)
Country Joe & Energy Crisis
Rock N Roll from Planet Earth (1978)
Country Joe McDonald
Classics (1989)
Country Joe McDonald / Country Joe & Energy Crisis
Paradise with an Ocean View (1976)
Crowded House
Crowded House (1986)
Crowded House/Temple of Low Men (2005)
D.J. Rogers
The Message Man: The Best of DJ Rogers (1998)
Dana Glover
Testimony (2002)
Darlene Koldenhoven
Inspired by a True Story
Daryle Chinn
From the Heart (1996)
Dave Grusin
3 Days of the Condor [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] (1975)
Dave Koz
Lucky Man (1993)
Off the Beaten Path (1996)
David Foster
The Christmas Album (1995)
David T. Walker
David T Walker (1973)
DeBarge
Time Will Reveal: The Complete Motown Albums (2011)
Debra Hurd
Debra Hurd (1983)
Dee Dee Bridgewater
Dee Dee Bridgewater (1976)
Just Family (1977)
Bad for Me (1979)
Only the Best of Dee Dee Bridgewater (2009)
Dee Dee Bridgewater [1976]/Just Family/Bad for Me/Dee Dee Bridgewater [1980] (2020)
DeLeon
Straight from the Heart (2001)
Diana DeGarmo
Blue Skies (2004)
Dreams (2004)
Dianne Reeves
Never Too Far (1990)
Dionne Warwick
Aquarela do Brasil (1995)
Sings Cole Porter/Aquarela do Brasil (2011)
Dirk Hamilton
You Can Sing on the Left or Bark on the Right (1976)
Disney
The Disney Afternoon Songbook: Music from Hit TV Shows (1990)
The Music of Disney: A Legacy in Song (1992)
Disney's Music from the Park (1996)
Disney's Rock-A-Bye Baby: Soft Hits for Little Rockers (1996)
Matrix Revolutions [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] (2003)
Don Grusin
Raven (1990)
Native Land (1993)
Donald Byrd
Thank You...For F.U.M.L. (Funking Up My Life) (1978)
Donald Byrd / Donald Byrd and 125th St.
Donald Byrd and 125th Street, N.Y.C. (1979)
Dr. John
Tango Palace (1979)
Elaine Norwood
Double Blessing (2006)
Eleanor
Jungle Wave
Elkie Brooks
Rich Man's Woman (1975)
Live & Learn (1979)
Elton John
The Fox (1981)
Duets (1993)
England Dan & John Ford Coley
Dr. Heckle & Mr. Jive (1978)
The Very Best of England Dan & John Ford Coley (1996)
Erich Kunzel
The Magical Music of Disney (1995)
Eros Ramazzotti
Todo Historias (1993)
Tutte Storie (1993)
Donde Hay Música (1996)
Dove C'e Musica (1996)
Eros (1997)
Cosas De La Vida (Can't Stop Thinking Of You) (1998)
Calma Apparente (2005)
Alas y Raices (2009)
Ali e Radici (2009)
Everlast
Eat at Whitey's (2000)
Love, War and the Ghost of Whitey Ford (2008)
Franky Perez
Poor Man's Son (2003)
Funk
Priced to Sell (1974)
Gene Page
Lovelock! (1976)
Close Encounters (1978)
George Benson
Give Me the Night (1980)
The George Benson Collection (1981)
While the City Sleeps (1986)
The Best of George Benson [Warner Bros.] (1995)
Les Incontournables (2000)
The George Benson Anthology (2000)
The Greatest Hits of All (2003)
Very Best of George Benson: The Greatest Hits of All (2004)
Rhino Hi-Five: George Benson (2005)
The Essential George Benson (2006)
George Duke
Snapshot (1992)
Illusions (1995)
Best of George Duke: The Elektra Years (1997)
Is Love Enough? (1997)
Cool (2000)
Face the Music (2002)
Duke (2005)
Ultimate George Duke (2007)
Dukey Treats (2008)
DreamWeaver (2013)
George Duke Collection (2014)
Gladys Knight
Miss Gladys Knight (1978)
Good Woman (1991)
Greg
Rockin' Down The Road [Bonus Tracks] (1995)
Hanne Boel
Misty Paradise (2001)
Harold Faltermeyer
Copout (2010)
Harry Styles
Harry Styles (2017)
Harvey Mason
Marching in the Street (1976)
Groovin' You (1979)
Sho Nuff Groovin' You: The Arista Records Anthology 1975-1981 (2017)
Henry Mancini
"Easy Baby" (from the film 99 and 44/100% Dead)
Herbie Hancock
Lite Me Up (1982)
Hiroshima
Hiroshima (1979)
Odori (1980)
Third Generation (1983)
Another Place (1985)
Go (1987)
Ongaku (1988)
East (1989)
Providence (1992)
L.A. (1994)
House of Pain
Shamrocks and Shenanigans: The Best of House of Pain and Everlast (2004)
Howard Tate
A Portrait of Howard (2006)
Irene Cara
Carasmatic (1987)
Irving Fields
Irving Fields and His Trio at the Emerald Room
Jackson Browne
Looking East (1996)
Jaco Pastorius
The Essential Jaco Pastorius (2007)
James Ingram
It's Your Night (1983)
It's Real (1989)
James Newton Howard
King Kong [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] (2005)
James Taylor
Dad Loves His Work (1981)
JT/Flag/Dad Loves His Work [Box Set] (1995)
Jean Carn
When I Find You Love/Sweet and Wonderful (2005)
Jesse Colin Young
American Dreams (1978)
Jim Gilstrap
Swing Your Daddy (1975)
Love Talk (1976)
Swing Your Daddy/Love Talk (1995)
Joe Cocker
Hymn for My Soul (2007)
Joe Sample
Roles (1983)
Sample This (1997)
The Best of Joe Sample (1998)
Introducing Joe Sample (2006)
Rhino Hi-Five: Joe Sample
Joey Lawrence
Joey Lawrence (1993)
John Hiatt
Little Head (1997)
John Powell
Ice Age: The Meltdown [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] (2006)
Johnny Gill
Chemistry (1985)
Johnny Gill / Stacy Lattisaw
Perfect Combination (1984)
Johnny Mathis
That's What Friends Are For/You Light Up My Life/Better Together: Duet (1997)
Mathis on Broadway (2000)
Johnny Mathis / Deniece Williams
That's What Friends Are For (1978)
José Feliciano
Just Wanna Rock 'n' Roll (1975)
Jose Feliciano [1980] (1980)
June Pointer
Baby Sister (1983)
Kanye West
808s & Heartbreak (2008)
Kathy Dalton
Amazing (1973)
Keith Moon (1975)
Two Sides of the Moon -
Kelis
Kelis Was Here (2006)
Kenny G
Breathless (1992)
Breathless/At Last... The Duets Album (2012)
Kenny Loggins
Back to Avalon (1988)
The Unimaginable Life (1997)
Kenny Rankin
Silver Morning (1975)
Peaceful: The Best of Kenny Rankin (1996)
Kurt Bestor
Sketches (1997)
Larry Graham
Fired Up (1985)
Leo Sayer
Leo Sayer (1978)
Leon Haywood
Intimate (1976)
Leonard Cohen
Recent Songs (1979)
Les McCann
Only The Best Of Les McCann (1974)
Pump It Up (2002)
Linda Lewis
Woman Overboard (1977)
Linda Ronstadt
Hasten Down the Wind (1976)
Simple Dreams (1977)
Living in the U.S.A. (1978)
Greatest Hits, Volume Two (1980)
The Linda Ronstadt Box Set (1999)
3 for One (2000)
Lionel Richie
Back to Front (1992)
Little Anthony & the Imperials
You'll Never Know (2008)
Livingston Taylor
3-Way Mirror (1978)
Carolina Day: The Collection (1970-1980) (1998)
Luther Vandross
Songs (1994)
The Ultimate Luther Vandross [2001] (2001)
The Essential Luther Vandross (2003)
Love, Luther (2007)
The Music of Luther Vandross (2009)
The Box Set Series (2014)
Lynn Ahrens / Stephen Flaherty / David Newman
Anastasia [Music From the Motion Picture] (1997)
Marilyn Scott
Smile (1992)
Take Me with You (1995)
Avenues of Love (1998)
Handpicked (2005)
I'm in Love Once Again (2005)
Marino
The Unexpected Alliance (2001)
Martha Davis
Policy (1987)
Martha Reeves
Martha Reeves (1974)
Melissa Manchester
If My Heart Had Wings (1995)
Michael Bolton
The One Thing (1993)
All That Matters (1997)
Hits 1985-1995: Best of the Best Gold (2003)
Michael Bolton [Collector's Tin] (2009)
Michael Jackson
Off the Wall (1979)
HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I (1995)
Greatest Hits: HIStory, Vol. 1 (2001)
Off the Wall/Thriller (2004)
The Ultimate Collection [Sony/Epic] (2004)
The Essential Michael Jackson (2005)
King of Pop (2008)
Off the Wall/Invincible (2008)
The Collection (2009)
Michael White
White Night (1979)
Milira
Back Again!!! (1992)
Minnie Riperton
Stay in Love (1977)
Moogly
Sex & Soul: Mixed by Moog-Ly (2007)
Nancy Wilson
Come Get to This (1975)
This Mother's Daughter (1976)
Forbidden Lover (1987)
A Lady with a Song (1990)
Greatest Hits [Sony] (1999)
All in Love Is Fair/Come Get to This (2011)
Narada Michael Walden
Awakening (1979)
The Dance of Life (1979)
Victory (1980)
Confidence (1982)
Looking at You, Looking at Me (1983)
The Nature of Things (1985)
Ecstasy's Dance: The Best of Narada Michael Walden (1996)
Awakening/The Dance Of Life (2008)
Looking at You, Looking at Me/The Nature of Things/Divine Em
Neil Diamond
Beautiful Noise (1976)
The Greatest Hits (1966-1992) (1992)
In My Lifetime (1996)
Classics: The Early Years/Jazz Singer/Beautiful Noise (1997)
Neil Young
Living with War (2006)
Norman Connors
Take It to the Limit (1980)
Olivia Newton-John
Totally Hot (1978)
Over the Rhine
The Long Surrender (2011)
Patrice Rushen
Patrice (1978)
Pizzazz (1980)
Posh (1980)
Now (1984)
Anything But Ordinary (1994)
Haven't You Heard: The Best of Patrice Rushen (1996)
Patrice/Pizzazz/Posh (2013)
Straight from the Heart/Now (2013)
Remind Me: The Classic Elektra Recordings 1978-1984 (2019)
Patrick Doyle
Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011)
Patti Austin
Patti Austin (1984)
The Very Best of Patti Austin: The Singles (1969-1986) (2001)
Patti LaBelle
Winner in You (1986)
Be Yourself (1989)
Paul Williams
A Little Bit of Love (1974)
The Best of Paul Williams (2008)
Paul Young
Crossing (1993)
Peabo Bryson
Positive (1988)
Through the Fire (1994)
Peabo Bryson / Roberta Flack
Born to Love (1983)
Peggy Lee
Let's Love (1974)
Pharez Whitted
Mysterious Cargo (1996)
Phyllis Hyman
Phyllis Hyman (1977)
Goddess of Love (1983)
The Legacy of Phyllis Hyman (1996)
Praise & Worship
Rejoice Africa (1993)
Priscilla Ahn
A Good Day (2008)
Pugh Rogefeldt
Bamalama (1977)
Quincy Jones
Body Heat (1974)
Mellow Madness (1975)
I Heard That! (1976)
Roots: The Saga of an American Family (1977)
The Dude (1981)
Back on the Block (1989)
From Q, With Love (1999)
Q: The Musical Biography of Quincy Jones (2001)
Ultimate Collection (2002)
Summer in the city (2007)
Rachelle Ferrell
Rachelle Ferrell (1992)
Ramsey Lewis
Ramsey (1979)
Ray Charles
Genius & Soul: The 50th Anniversary Collection (1997)
Ultimate Hits Collection (1999)
Genius Loves Company (2004)
Forever Ray Charles (2007)
Ray Simpson
Ray Simpson (1992)
Rick Nelson
The Last Time Around 1970-1982 (2010)
Ricky Martin
Vuelve (1998)
Ringo Starr
Goodnight Vienna (1974)
Ringo the 4th (1977)
Roberta Flack
Blue Lights in the Basement (1977)
Roberto Carlos
Roberto Carlos (Mujer Pequena) (1992)
Todas As Manhas (1996)
Rodney Franklin
Skydance (1985)
Ron Kenoly
God is Able (1994)
Ronnie Foster
Delight (1979)
Roy Ayers
Fever (1979)
Russ Freeman
Sahara (1994)
Russell Hitchcock
Russell Hitchcock (1988)
Sam Cardon
Innovators [1995] (1995)
Santana
Spirits Dancing in the Flesh (1990)
Sarah Vaughan
Songs of the Beatles (1981)
Scherrie and Susaye
Partners (1979)
Seals & Crofts
Takin' It Easy (1978)
Side Effect
Effective (1973)
Side Effect/What You Need (2002)
Siedah Garrett
Kiss of Life (1988)
Stacy Lattisaw
Let Me Be Your Angel (1980)
With You (1981)
Sneakin' Out (1982)
Sixteen (1983)
The Very Best of Stacy Lattisaw (1998)
Stanley Clarke
Time Exposure (1984)
Guitar & Bass (2004)
Stanley Clarke / George Duke
3 (1990)
The Clarke/Duke Project, Vols. 1-3 (2010)
Stanley Turrentine
Have You Ever Seen the Rain (1975)
In the Pocket (1975)
Betcha (1980)
On a Misty Night (2002)
Starship
No Protection (1987)
No Protection/Love Among The Cannibals (1987)
Stephen Sinclair
A+ (1977)
Stevie Wonder
Talking Book (1972)
Innervisions (1973)
Fulfillingness' First Finale (1974)
Original Musiquarium I (1982)
The Definitive Collection (2002)
Susaye Greene
No Fear Here (2002)
Syreeta
Syreeta (1972)
One to One (1977)
Set My Love in Motion (1981)
Syreeta/Stevie Wonder Presents Syreeta (2004)
Teddy Pendergrass
Truly Blessed (1991)
The Blackbyrds
Night Grooves: The Blackbyrds' Greatest Hits (1978)
Action/Better Days (1994)
City Life/Unfinished Business (1994)
The Brothers Johnson
Look Out for #1 (1976)
Right on Time (1977)
Light Up the Night (1980)
Winners (1981)
The Jackson 5
The Jacksons: An American Dream (1992)
Original Album Classics (2008)
Triumph/Destiny (2009)
The Jacksons
Triumph (1980)
The Best Remixes (1998)
The Party
The Party (1990)
The Rippingtons
The Best of the Rippingtons (1997)
The Simpsons
Testify (2007)
Thelma Houston
I've Got the Music in Me (1975)
Tom Scott
Target (1983)
Toots Thielemans
Verve Jazz Masters '59: Toots Thielemans (1996)
Tour De 4force1
Quiet Moon
Tower of Power
Direct (1981)
Tracy Nelson
Tracy Nelson (1974)
Vanessa Rubin
Vanessa Rubin Sings (1995)
Wayne Henderson
Living on a Dream (1978)
Whitney Houston
Whitney (1987)
The Collection (2009)
Willy DeVille
Big Easy Fantasy
Backstreets of Desire (1994)
Loup Garou (1996)
Wilton Felder
Inherit the Wind (1980)
See also
List of performers on Top of the Pops
References
External links
Biography at Soulwalking.co.uk
Full Career Credits at AllMusic.com
1946 births
Living people
American session musicians
American male singers
Singers from Texas
United States Navy personnel of the Vietnam War
People from Daingerfield, Texas
20th-century African-American male singers
United States Navy sailors
United States Navy reservists
21st-century African-American people
African-American United States Navy personnel
African Americans in the Vietnam War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Gilstrap |
Arsenal Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Holloway, London. The club was formed in Woolwich in 1886 as Dial Square before it was shortly renamed to Royal Arsenal, and then Woolwich Arsenal in 1893. They became the first southern member admitted into the Football League in 1893, having spent their first four seasons solely participating in cup tournaments and friendlies. The club's name was shortened to Arsenal in 1914, a year after moving to Highbury. In spite of finishing fifth in the Second Division in 1915, Arsenal rejoined the First Division at the expense of local rivals Tottenham Hotspur when football resumed after the First World War. Since that time, they have not fallen below the first tier of the English football league system and hold the record for the longest uninterrupted time in the top flight.
In the 1930s, Arsenal were the dominant side of England, winning five league championships and two FA Cups. Their fortunes waned, but the club soon enjoyed infrequent periods of success, including Inter-Cities Fairs Cup triumph and a first league and cup double in the 1970s. During the late 1980s, Arsenal had built a side that threatened Liverpool's league dominance, and performed greatly in cup competitions. The club played an active role in the formation of the Premier League in 1992, won the FA Cup in 1993 and the European Cup Winners Cup in 1994 and two doubles followed in 1998 and 2002. Arsenal made league history in 2003–04 when they became the first team in a 38-game season to go unbeaten. In the 2000s, Arsenal were finalists in both the UEFA Cup and UEFA Champions League, and have since equalled Real Madrid's record for most consecutive seasons in the latter competition.
As of the end of the 2022–23 season, the club's first team have spent 106 seasons in the top division of English football, and 13 in the second. Their worst league finish to date is 10th in the second tier, their placing at the end of the 1896–97 season. Arsenal's best-ever start to a Premier League season came in 2022–23, when they won 9 of their first 10 matches. The club's longest period without a competitive honour is 17 years, between the 1953-54 and 1969–70 seasons. Ted Drake holds the record for most competitive goals in a single season for Arsenal; he scored 44 during the 1934–35 campaign. The table details the club's achievements in major competitions, and the top scorers for each season. Records of competitions such as the London Combination and the London War Cup are not included.
History
When Arsenal was founded in 1886 by munition workers' from Woolwich, the club resisted the lure of professionalism and remained an amateur side. Success in local cup competitions soon followed, and a tie against Derby County in the FA Cup on 17 January 1891 led to the opposition approaching two of Arsenal's players, in view of offering them professional contracts. Later that year the club resigned its membership of the Kent County and London Football Associationsboth amateur governing bodiesand voted to turn professional, a move which attracted criticism from many southern clubs. In 1893, the club received an invitation to join the Football League, which the board accepted. Arsenal played in the Second Division for eleven seasons, while also participating in regional competitions, the Southern Combination and United League. The club won promotion in 1904, and enjoyed strong FA Cup campaigns in the mid-1900s, but the increase of football clubs in the capital and falling attendances at the Manor Ground pushed Arsenal close to bankruptcy by 1910. Sir Henry Norris and William Hall in that year took over Arsenal, and planned to relocate the team to Highbury in order to improve their financial standing. Arsenal were relegated back to the Second Division in 1913, but the move to North London brought about larger attendances than ever before.
In 1919, Norris arranged for the club's promotion back to the First Division, in contentious circumstances. With increased financial resources, the club established themselves as a permanent fixture in the division and was better able to spend money on new players. In 1930, Arsenal beat Huddersfield Town to win its first major piece of silverware: the FA Cup. Success continued right throughout the decade, as they won five league championships and a further FA Cup in seven years. Following the Second World War, Arsenal won two more championships and a FA Cup, but their fortunes gradually declined. It was not until 1970 that the club won another trophy – the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, a European club competition designed to promote trade fairs. A first league and cup double was completed a year later; by the end of the decade Arsenal added another FA Cup, beating Manchester United in the 1979 final. 1980 saw Arsenal lose two finals in quick succession, defeated by West Ham United in the FA Cup final and then to Valencia in the Cup Winners' Cup on penalties. The club won their first League Cup in 1987, but a year later failed to retain the trophy as outsiders Luton Town beat them in the final. In 1989, Arsenal won their first league championship in 18 years, courtesy of Michael Thomas' last-minute goal against closest challengers Liverpool in the final game of the season. The club did not build on their success, finishing fourth the following season, but regained the title in 1991. As champions, Arsenal were eligible to play in the European Cup, but their time in the competition ended abruptly as they were eliminated in the second round by Benfica.
The growth of commercialism in English football during the late 1980s and early 1990s paved the way for Arsenal and other prominent clubs to seek the possibility of setting up a new top-flight division. Unhappy with how income was distributed to the lower leagues and wanting to exploit television rights, Arsenal and 21 other First Division clubs handed a notice of resignation from the Football League by August 1991. The breakaway division, entitled the Premier League, was administered by The Football Association and received financial backing from Sky Television. Arsenal finished 10th in the inaugural season; the club did well in other competitions, winning a unique FA and League Cup double. They were victorious in the 1994 Cup Winners' Cup Final, and came close to defending the trophy in 1995, before losing to Real Zaragoza.
Arsenal added more league and cup doubles in 1998 and 2002, and in 2004 became the first club in Premier League history to win the title without a single defeat. The side, nicknamed "The Invincibles" remained unbeaten for 49 games, before losing to Manchester United in October 2004. In 2006, Arsenal reached their first UEFA Champions League final but Barcelona scored twice in the second half to win the competition. Later that year, Arsenal moved to the Emirates Stadium which commenced a transitional period. Though the club strengthened their position in the league's "top four" and frequently participated in the Champions League, they struggled to hold on to their best players. In 2011–12, Arsenal made their worst start to a season for 58 years, but a strong finish saw the club overtake rivals Tottenham Hotspur to third position. After nine years without silverware, the club beat Hull City to win the 2014 FA Cup Final and retained the trophy with a dominant display against Aston Villa in 2015, before clinching a record 13th in 2017. Arsenal won their fourteenth FA Cup in 2020, beating Chelsea.
Key
Key to league competitions:
Premier League (Prem) – England's top football league, established in 1992
Football League First Division (Div 1) – The first tier of English football until the inception of the Premier League in 1992. It was downgraded to the second tier, but remained the highest division of the English Football League until 2004.
Football League Second Division (Div 2) – The second tier of English football from its inception until 1992. It was downgraded to third-highest once the Premier League commenced and remained so until 2004.
United League (United)
Southern District Combination (S Comb)
London League Premier Division (Lon Lge)
Key to colours and symbols:
Key to league record:
Season = The year and article of the season
Pos = Final position
Pld = Matches played
W = Matches won
D = Matches drawn
L = Matches lost
GF = Goals scored
GA = Goals against
Pts = Points
Key to cup record:
En-dash (–) = Arsenal did not participate
DNE = The club did not enter cup play
QR1 = First qualification round
QR2 = Second qualification round, etc.
Group = Group stage
GS2 = Second group stage
R1 = First round
R2 = Second round, etc.
R32 = Round of 32
R16 = Round of 16
QF = Quarter-finals
SF = Semi-finals
RU = Runners-up
W = Winners
Seasons
Footnotes
References
General
Specific
External links
The History of Arsenal Football Club – 1886 to 1992 at Arseweb.com
Arsenal
Seasons
Seasons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Arsenal%20F.C.%20seasons |
Al-Hasan Ali Al-Yami () (born 21 August 1972) is a Saudi Arabian professional footballer who played as a striker for Najran SC and Al Ittihad.
He featured in the Football World Cup 2002 and was part of the infamous team that was beaten 8-0 in a group match against Germany. Most of his career has been played at the Saudi Arabian football club Al Ittihad.
Club career
Al-Ittihad management offered him 250,000 to move to Jeddah and play for Al-Ittihad, then in 2005 he came back to Najran.
International career
He played for the Saudi Arabia national team during the 2002 gulf tournament and was a very effective member. He scored three goals during that tournament.
Club Career Stats
References
Living people
Saudi Arabian men's footballers
Saudi Arabia men's international footballers
Al-Ittihad Club (Jeddah) players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
1972 births
Najran SC players
Men's association football forwards
Saudi First Division League players
Saudi Pro League players
Saudi Arabian football managers
Najran SC managers
Saudi Pro League managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hasan%20Al-Yami |
In the Battle of Wertingen (8 October 1805) Imperial French forces led by Marshals Joachim Murat and Jean Lannes attacked a small Austrian corps commanded by Feldmarschall-Leutnant Franz Xaver von Auffenberg. This action, the first battle of the Ulm Campaign, resulted in a clear French victory. Wertingen lies northwest of Augsburg. The combat was fought during the War of the Third Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars.
Background
Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte had launched his 200,000-man Grand Army across the Rhine. This huge mass of maneuver wheeled to the south and crossed the Danube River to the east of (i.e., behind) General Karl Freiherr Mack von Leiberich's concentration at Ulm. Unaware of the force bearing down on him, Mack stayed in place as Napoleon's corps spread south across the Danube, slicing across his lines of communication with Vienna.
Forces
Murat's advance guard included the heavy cavalry divisions of General of Division Louis Klein (16 squadrons of the 1st, 14th, 20th and 26th Dragoon Regiments) and General of Division Marc Antoine de Beaumont (18 squadrons of the 4th, 5th, 8th, 9th, 12th and 16th Dragoons), plus General of Brigade Antoine Lasalle's light cavalry brigade (8 squadrons of 9th and 10th Hussars), a total of 42 squadrons. These were supported by eight battalions of General of Division Nicolas Oudinot's Grenadier division and three battalions of the 28th Light Infantry Regiment.
Auffenberg's command included 26 battalions, 20 cavalry squadrons and 24 guns. Feldmarschall-Leutnant Maximilien de Baillet's division included Infantry Regiments Kaunitz Nr. 20, Archduke Ludwig Nr. 8, Franjo Jelačić Nr. 62, a brigade of four grenadier battalions, Cuirassier Regiment Albert Nr. 3 and Chevau-léger Regiment Rosenberg Nr. 6. Feldmarschall-Leutnant Prince Friedrich Franz Xaver of Hohenzollern-Hechingen's division was made up of Infantry Regiments Spork Nr. 25, Wurttemberg Nr. 38, Reuss-Greitz Nr. 55, Stuart Nr. 18, Hussar Regiment Palatine Nr. 12 and Chevau-léger Regiment Latour Nr. 4.
Battle
Apparently because his troops were surprised, Auffenberg seems to have only brought nine battalions and one squadron, about 5,500 men, into action. There are conflicting accounts. One historian talks about individual battalions being broken by cavalry or surrounded and forced to surrender. Another writer says that Austrian grenadiers formed in a massive square which resisted cavalry charges until the French brought up Oudinot's grenadiers.
French losses are stated as 319 killed and wounded. The Austrians suffered 400 killed and wounded, plus 2,900 men and 6 cannons captured. One historian says 2,000 Austrians were captured. Cut off from Vienna, the Austrians retreated westward toward their base at Ulm.
Commentary
One historian remarks, "It is not clear why ... Mack had sent this small force to such an isolated position." He added, "His continual reorganization of the troops on the battlefield sowed confusion and demoralization."
References
Bowden, Scott, "Napoleon and Austerlitz", Chicago, The Emperor's Press, 1997,
Chandler, David. Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars. New York: Macmillan, 1979.
Emmert, H. D. Wargamers Digest Magazine. "A History of Broken Squares 1798-1915," January 1979.
Smith, Digby. The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill, 1998.
Footnotes
External links
Wertingen 1805, Obscure Battles
Napoleon guide
Conflicts in 1805
Battles of the Napoleonic Wars
Battles involving Austria
Battles involving France
1805 in the Austrian Empire
1805 in France
1805 in Germany
War of the Third Coalition
Battles of the War of the Third Coalition
1805 in Bavaria
October 1805 events
Battles in Bavaria
Battles inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe
Joachim Murat | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Wertingen |
Billy Hill and the Hillbillies is a musical/variety group that performs at Knott's Berry Farm. Prior to 2014, they performed for 26+ years at Disneyland in Anaheim, California as Billy Hill and the Hillbillies. The group performs a bluegrass country-music-centered show along with classic rock and rap (performed in a country and bluegrass style).
History
The group had four original members, all using the stage name of Billy Hill, who performed from August 5, 1992 until November 1994. The original members are:
Kirk Wall (master of ceremonies and sometime-Elvis impersonator), guitar and fiddle
Mario Hildago, banjo
Dennis Fetchet, fiddle
John Marshall (founder), bass
Mario was later replaced before the opening inside the Golden Horseshoe Saloon on December 18, 1994 by Evan Marshall (mandolin), who left the band in 2003.
Billy Hill and the Hillbillies plays music from all genres in a folk/bluegrass style while interacting with audiences. The roster consists of a regular rotation of 10 to 12 musicians, with Wall generally serving as the lead singer while playing fiddle and guitar.
Wall, who got his start in show business as a comedian, said he geared his jokes to adults in the crowd more than the children. "The kids might not get the jokes," Wall said, "but they at least get a kick out of seeing their mom and dad crack up." A sometime Elvis impersonator, Wall noted that Disney did not prohibit him, or any other Disney musician, from pursuing side projects.
One such show took place in Buffalo, New York in 1997 as part of the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra's TGIF series. According to Mary Kunz of Buffalo News, the group performed classical pieces together with the orchestra which "proved how much bluegrass and classical music have in common". After intermission, Hill and the Hillbillies re-emerged dressed in overalls, "like some kind of Appalachian Marx Brothers", and performed another hour of country standards including "Hey Good Lookin'", "Tennessee Waltz", and "Orange Blossom Special".
Prior to February 3, 2009, Billy Hill and the Hillbillies were performing 7 days a week inside the Golden Horseshoe Saloon as three different teams:
On November 6, 2013, a press release on the Disney Parks official blog announced that the Billy Hill and the Hillbillies Show would retire as of January 6, 2014, ending a run of 21 consecutive years performing in Frontierland. A group called "Save The Billys" started a petition and Facebook event in an attempt to persuade Disney to change its mind on retiring the show.
In late 2013 the "Blue Team" consisting of Kirk Wall, Anders Swanson, Dennis Fetchet, and Rick Storey, started their own group named "Krazy Kirk and the Hillbillies". The show is planned to have the same music, comedy style, and members of Disneyland's Billy Hill & The Hillbillies but performing outside of Disneyland in both public and private events. The first performance for this group was on New Year's Eve 12/31/2013 at Knott's Berry Farm.
Locations
Critter Country from 1986 until 1990: The original home of Billy and the Hillbillies.
Disneyland's Golden Horseshoe Saloon from 1992 to June 17, 2012. (scheduled)
Disneyland's Big Thunder Ranch: 1999-2000 while the Golden Horseshoe was occupied by the Woody's Roundup show based on Disney and Pixar's Toy Story 2.
Disneyland's Big Thunder Ranch: June 18, 2012 to January 6, 2014: The last home of the act. (scheduled)
Knott's Berry Farm's Birdcage Theater: January 12, 2014 to 2019:Now known as "Krazy Kirk and the Hillbillies"
Knott's Berry Farm's Wagon Camp: 2019 to the present
References
Further reading
External links
History of the Golden Horseshoe Saloon: Billy Hill and the Hillbillies
American bluegrass music groups
Walt Disney Parks and Resorts entertainment
Disneyland
American country music groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krazy%20Kirk%20and%20the%20Hillbillies |
Miodrag Petrović may refer to:
Miodrag Petrović Čkalja (1924–2003), Serbian actor
Miodrag Petrović (war artist) (1888–1950), official war artist of the Serbian army during World War I
Miodrag Petrović (footballer) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miodrag%20Petrovi%C4%87 |
Deutsche Werke was a German shipbuilding company that was founded in 1925 when Kaiserliche Werft Kiel and other shipyards were merged. It came as a result of the Treaty of Versailles after World War I that forced the German defense industry to shrink. The company was owned by the government of the Weimar Republic and its headquarters was in Berlin while the manufacturing location was in Kiel.
Deutsche Werke started building merchant ships, but when the Nazi Party gained power in 1933 the production was changed to naval ships. Besides shipbuilding, Deutsche Werke also produced firearms. Especially well-known are the so-called Ortgies pistols, which were particularly popular in the United States. The pistols were developed by Heinrich Ortgies.
During World War II the company expanded to Gdynia, establishing Deutsche Werke Gotenhafen.
Deutsche Werke facilities and infrastructure were destroyed during World War II by bombing raids. Parts of the works were reorganised as Maschinenbau Kiel.
In 1955 the shipyard areas were bought by Howaldtswerke.
Ships built at Deutsche Werke Kiel (selection)
Panzerschiff (later renamed Lützow)
Heavy cruiser
Battleship
Aircraft carrier (not completed)
Destroyer Z1 - Z4 (Type Zerstörer 1934)
U-boats Types IIA, B, C, D, VIIC, and XIV
References
External links
u-boot-archiv.de webpage about the Deutsche Werke shipyard
ortgies.net webpage about Ortgies pistol
gunsworld.com webpage about the Ortgies pistol
Shipbuilding companies of Germany
Manufacturing companies established in 1925
Defunct manufacturing companies of Germany
Firearm manufacturers of Germany
Manufacturing companies based in Berlin
Companies of Prussia
Defunct firearms manufacturers
Kiel
1925 establishments in Germany
Defence companies of Germany
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1945
1945 disestablishments in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche%20Werke |
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