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The 20 gauge shotgun, also known as 20 bore, is a type of smoothbore shotgun. 20 gauge shotguns fire a shell with a diameter of , while the more common 12 gauge shell has a diameter of . It is often used by beginner shooters, or those desiring less recoil than the 12 gauge chambering entails, for target practice and hunting small game.
Description
It takes 20 lead balls of the diameter of a 20 gauge shotgun bore to equal one pound, while it only takes 12 lead balls of the diameter of a 12 gauge shotgun bore to equal the same weight. A 20 gauge shotgun is more suitable for hunting certain types of game or for some hunters because it recoils less, and the guns weigh less and may be smaller.
Regarding the yellow body tube color 20gauge ammunition usually has, it has been reserved in SAAMI documentation saying "SAAMI has reserved yellow for 20 gauge ammunition" "This ammunition shall have a body tube that is primarily yellow" "Yellow shall not be used for any other gauge/bore shotshell body" "No other recommendations are made as to the color of service body tubes for other gauges/bores"
Specifications
20 gauge shotguns are especially suitable for hunting game birds such as quail, grouse and mallards when using lead-free birdshot. A 20 gauge buckshot load would most commonly be utilized in close- to mid-range self defense scenarios. While slug loads are ballistically less accurate than rounds used in rifles, powerful, high-grain slug loads can provide improved ballistics for hunting deer when paired with a rifled barrel.
Performance
A usually lower gun weight makes a 20 gauge appropriate for young, elderly, or less muscular shooters who may have a difficult time carrying, aiming, and firing a larger shotgun, or just don't need a larger gun to hunt their target game. In addition, 20 gauge shotguns generally have less recoil than 10, 12, or 16 gauge versions on average, when comparing standard hunting shells, due to the lower projectile payload. These parameters make the 20-gauge more pleasant to use on extended hunting trips for small game or upland birds, even for people capable of firing magnum-power 12-gauge hunting rounds.
Full-power 20 gauge shells fired from a light gun will have more felt recoil than reduced-recoil 12 gauge shells fired from a heavy gun.
See also
Shotgun shell
Cartridge (firearms)
References
External links
ANSI/SAAMI Cartridge & Chamber Drawings PDF links page
ANSI/SAAMI Cartridge & Chamber Drawings, 2019-04-23 PDF for Shotshells
Shotguns
Shotgun shells | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-gauge%20shotgun |
Lophorhothon is a genus of hadrosauroid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Alabama and North Carolina. It was the first genus of dinosaur discovered in Alabama, in the United States.
Discovery and naming
Remains of a small, poorly known perhaps saurolophine dinosaur were first discovered during the 1940s, from extensive erosional outcrops of the lower unnamed member of the Mooreville Chalk Formation (Selma Group; lower and middle Campanian) in Dallas County, west of the town of Selma, Alabama. The taxon has since also been reported from Black Creek Formation (Campanian) of North Carolina. The holotype, which is housed in the collections of the Field Museum in Chicago, consists of a fragmentary and disarticulated skull and incomplete postcranial skeleton. The length on the holotype specimen has been estimated as . The genus was named by Wann Langston in 1960. It was thought to be the only species of hadrosaur from that fossil formation, until 2016 with the discovery of the primitive hadrosaur, Eotrachodon orientalis. The name Lophorhothon means "crested nose" (Greek lophos meaning 'crested' and rhothon meaning 'nose'). The type species is Lophorhothon atopus. The specific name is derived from Greek atopos, "uncommon" or "strange".
The specimen which Langston designated as the holotype was discovered by Rainier Zangerl, Bill Turnbull and Charles Barber on a Field Museum expedition in 1946 and was given catalogue number FMNH P 27383. It consists of less than one half of the skull, a number of vertebrae, and significant portions of the fore- and hindlimbs. Preserved cranial material includes a partial quadrate, left maxilla, teeth, jugal, lacrimal, nasal (with the namesake crest), postorbital, frontal, prefrontal, parietal, squamosal, and paroccipital process and a portion of the predentary bone. The specimen was likely washed out to sea by a river, where it eventually sank and was buried in the silty carbonate sediments of the Mississippi embayment.
In 2021, a more complete specimen was unearthed in Alabama.
Classification
Since the publication of Langston's description of Lophorhothon a number of workers have questioned the validity of this genus. It has been suggested, for example, that the material may actually represent a juvenile Prosaurolophus. James Lamb in 1998 has suggested the genus may actually represent a basal iguanodont, an idea that has failed to find widespread acceptance. More recent workers (Horner, Weishampel, and Forster, 2004) have classified Lophorhothon as a basal hadrosaurine and a sister taxon to all other hadrosaurines. An analysis published in 2010 indicated it was a basal member of the Hadrosauroidea.
In 2021, new material from Alabama was unearthed not too far from where the original holotype was unearthed. This find cemented its status as a valid genus of hadrosauromorph.
See also
Timeline of hadrosaur research
References
Sources
Horner, J. R., Weishampel, D. B., and Forster, C. A. 2004. Chapter Twenty: Hadrosauridae. in The Dinosauria (2nd edition), Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P., and Osmólska, H., editors. University of California Press.
Lamb, J. P. 1998. Lophorothon, an iguanodontian, not a hadrosaur. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18 (3 Abstracts): 59A.
Langston, W. 1960. The vertebrate fauna of the Selma Formation of Alabama, part VI: the dinosaurs. Fieldiana: Geology Memoirs 3(5): 315–359.
Schwimmer, D. R. 1997. Late Cretaceous dinosaurs in eastern USA: a taphonomic and biogeographic model of occurrences, p. 203–211. In D. L. Wolberg, E. Stump, and G. D. Rosenberg (eds.), Dinofest International. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
Thurmond, J. T. and Jones, D. E. 1981. Fossil vertebrates of Alabama. University of Alabama Press.
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America
Hadrosaurs
Fossil taxa described in 1960
Mooreville Chalk
Campanian genus first appearances
Campanian genus extinctions
Ornithischian genera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophorhothon |
"Sons of the Silent Age" is a song written by David Bowie in 1977 for the album "Heroes". According to Brian Eno, it was the only song on the album composed prior to the recording sessions, all others being improvised in the Hansa by the Wall studio. Bowie himself indicated that Sons of the Silent Age could at one stage have been the title for the album, rather than "Heroes".
Analysis, recording, and release
Biographer David Buckley remarked on the song's "doomy sax-driven verses set incongruously aside cheesy choruses". The lyrics have been interpreted as a third-person revisitation of the themes of psychotic withdrawal explored on Bowie's previous album Low ("Pacing their rooms just like a cell’s dimensions"), as well as referencing the characters from his 1970 song "The Supermen" ("They never die they just go to sleep one day") on the album The Man Who Sold the World. Author Nicholas Pegg speculated that the lines "platforms, blank looks, no books" and "rise for a year or two then make war" alluded to the Nazi regime.
Bowie performed the song live during his 1987 Glass Spider Tour and it appears as a live track on the Glass Spider live album and video. On this version of the song, the chorus is sung by the band's lead guitarist Peter Frampton. The studio version appeared in the Sound + Vision box set in 1989 (and re-released in 2003). A re-mastered version was released in the box set A New Career in a New Town (1977–1982) (2017).
Cover versions
Philip Glass – "Heroes" Symphony (1996)
Danny Michel – Loving the Alien: Danny Michel Sings the Songs of David Bowie (2004)
Shearwater – as part of a live performance of the entire Berlin Trilogy for WNYC (2018)
Notes
David Bowie songs
1977 songs
Songs written by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by Tony Visconti
Song recordings produced by David Bowie | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons%20of%20the%20Silent%20Age |
Atlantic Community High School (also known as Atlantic and ATL and formerly called Seacrest High School) is a public high school located in Delray Beach, Florida, United States. It is part of the School District of Palm Beach County. Known for its academics, many students attend due to the school's International Baccalaureate program and its ranking as a top-rated school for many years. In the 2010 Newsweek ranking of America's best high schools, Atlantic High ranked 89th. In 2005, the school moved to its current location and added a freshman academy and a construction-oriented magnet program.
History
Atlantic Community High School, originally named Seacrest High School, was built in 1949 as a racially segregated school for white students in Delray Beach and Boynton Beach, Florida. African-American students living in the area attended Carver High School, which later became Carver Middle School and is now the Delray Beach Full Service Center. The school began the process of desegregation in 1961 when Yvonne Lee entered the school, one of only four African-American students attending otherwise all white schools in Palm Beach County that year. Seacrest remained almost all white, and Carver remained all African-American, until 1970, when Carver High School was closed and its student body merged with that of Seacrest, which was renamed Atlantic High School. The school adopted the colors of Seacrest High School (Green and White) and the mascot of Carver High School (the eagle). It kept Seacrest High's old location along Seacrest Boulevard. In 1989, the school became an International Baccalaureate World School. In 2005, the school moved to its current location on Atlantic Avenue. In 2011, Kathleen Weigel was promoted from principal of the school to the new district position of Assistant Superintendent of Professional Growth. Weigel, who was principal for more than 10 years was replaced by Bear Lakes Middle School principal Anthony Lockhart.
Student demographics
There were 2324 students enrolled in Atlantic Community High School in the 2015–2016 school year. Fifty-three percent of the students were female. The student body was 56% African-American, 21% white, 13% Hispanic, 6% Asian-American, 3% multiracial, and less than 1% each Native American and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander.
Academics and magnet programs
School ratings
The school is rated annually by the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test.
International Baccalaureate
Atlantic is home to one of the five International Baccalaureate (also known as IB) high school programs of Palm Beach County (the others being Forest Hill Community High School, Pahokee High School, Suncoast High School, and William T. Dwyer High School) and caters to students living in the southern parts of the district.
Construction Academy
Atlantic's construction academy was added to the school beginning in fall 2005. The students of the academy designed and built a house called the "Eagle's Nest" (after the school mascot) for charity in collaboration with the city of Delray Beach. The groundbreaking ceremony for the project kick-off was held in December 2005. It is a three bedroom, two bath house, .
On October 25, 2010, the Construction Academy broke ground on a new house called "Eagle's Nest 2". The house is to be a "green" house and the design incorporates aspects of a green building, using green construction material design principles. It too is being done in collaboration with the city of Delray Beach.
Extracurricular activities
Athletics
Atlantic participates in the 8A athletic division of the FHSAA. The school fields teams in 43 sports including football, basketball, baseball, swimming, soccer, softball, tennis, golf, bowling, wrestling, volleyball, cross country, track and field, weightlifting, and flag football among others. The Atlantic Boys' Baseball Team won the 13-7A District Championship against Dwyer on April 24, 2014. The Atlantic Boys' soccer team made it into the 4A state final four in the 2013–14 season. In 2015, Atlantic added a lacrosse team, both Boys and Girls. They ended up playing their inaugural season that year. In the 2015–16 season, the undefeated Eagles football team won the 10-8A District Championship against the undefeated Boca Raton Bobcats on October 30, 2015, in a rivalry matchup, and in 2017 they competed in the state championships.
JROTC
Atlantic is home to the Eagle Battalion of the Army Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps.
Clubs
Atlantic supports a wide variety of clubs, including Mu Alpha Theta, Academic Games, ACE, French National Honors Society, Black Student Union, Literary Club, Art Club, International Culture Club, Science Club / Science Olympiad, People for Animal Welfare (PAW), Jewish Forum, Muslim Student Association, Asian Culture Club, Latinos in Action, Model UN, We the People, Queer Student Union (QSU), Robotics Club, Drama Club, Key Club, and chapters of the National Honor Society, Spanish National Honor Society and Rho Kappa Social Studies Honor Society.
Notable alumni
Bobby Butler after playing at Florida State went on to play for the Atlanta Falcons throughout the eighties and early nineties.
David Clowney, wide receiver played one year for the Carolina Panthers and four years for the New York Jets.
Brandon Flowers, defensive back played for the San Diego Chargers and the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League currently a free agent.
Orlando Franklin, right tackle for the San Diego Chargers started career with the Denver Broncos.
Mandy Freeman, professional soccer player for NY/NJ Gotfham FC and 10th pick overall at the 2017 NWSL College Draft
Jayron Hosley, a cornerback played four years with the New York Giants currently a free agent.
Omar Jacobs, fifth-round draft pick of the Pittsburgh Steelers in the 2006 NFL Draft, and former quarterback for the Berlin Thunder in NFL Europe.
Ricardo Jordan, former MLB player (Toronto Blue Jays, Philadelphia Phillies, New York Mets, Cincinnati Reds)
Preston Parker, wide receiver played for Tampa Bay Buccaneers and the New York Giants currently a free agent.
Rick Rhoden, former MLB player (Los Angeles Dodgers, Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Yankees, Houston Astros)
Mike Rumph, former cornerback for the St. Louis Rams of the NFL. Currently the cornerbacks coach for the Miami Hurricanes football team
References
External links
Atlantic Community High School
International Baccalaureate schools in Florida
Educational institutions established in 1949
Delray Beach, Florida
High schools in Palm Beach County, Florida
Public high schools in Florida
1949 establishments in Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic%20Community%20High%20School |
Bear suits are a type of costumed character or creature suit resembling a bear. The first bear suits worn by humans were used in shamanic ritual practices by native peoples. In the modern day, they are a popular choice of mascot, and both stylized and realistic bear suits are commonly used in film and on stage, due to the bear's prominent role in the arts and entertainment. Specific types of bear suits are also used in activism, such as polar bear suits to draw attention to the threat of global warming. Bear suits are also commonplace in the furry community.
History
Masked bearskin costumes were used by shamans in ritual dances by native peoples of the Pacific Northwest, such as the Tlingit, alongside those of other animals.
In Romania, dancers wearing real bearskins are a pre-Christian tradition that is meant to drive away evil spirits.
Modern use
Bear suits are common as mascots for sports teams, such as Cornell University's Touchdown the Bear, which replaced an actual bear cub that was used up until the 1930s.
Realistic and sometimes animatronic bear suits of all types are typically used in film, or as costumed characters. For the nature film Born in China, the filmmakers themselves were required to wear panda suits in order to get close to pandas that had never seen a human before.
A realistic two-person polar bear suit was created for the 2011 play Greenland by the Royal National Theatre, and was later purchased by Greenpeace for £4,000 via a donation campaign. It was named Paula, and was used in short films and as a costumed character to draw public attention to global warming.
In the Chessington World of Adventures amusement park, one show uses actors wearing animatronic panda suits created by Millennium FX.
Bear suits have also been used in science, as researchers used one to study goats' response to predators both within and outside populated areas, and to study the effects of the increasing presence of polar bears on muskoxen due to global warming. In the Wolong National Nature Reserve in China, keepers wear panda suits to interact with cubs and teach them to live in the wild without relying on humans.
In popular culture
Bear suits are used in the production of various children's television series, such as Bear in the Big Blue House. In Disneyland, the characters Kenai and Koda from Brother Bear (2003) are portrayed by performers in bear suits. The film Brigsby Bear (2017) revolves around a fictional fake children's television show featuring a performer in a bear suit, which the main character later wears in an attempt to create a movie.
A recurring segment in Late Show with David Letterman featured a "Guy in the Bear Suit" played by Donick Cary, who attempted to perform mundane tasks like hailing a cab for comedic effect.
The character of Smokey Bear is often portrayed by a bear mascot suit in order to spread awareness about wildfires.
According to Wikifur, bears are also a common fursona. They are often chosen for attributes relating to their gluttony or strength.
See also
Costumed character
Creature suit
Dinosaur suit
Gorilla suit
Fursuit
References
Creature suits
Bears in popular culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear%20suit |
Huntingdonshire was a Parliamentary constituency covering the county of Huntingdonshire in England. It was represented by two Members of Parliament in the House of Commons of England until 1707, then in the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800, and then in the House of Commons the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1885.
It was reconstituted as a single-member seat in 1918 and abolished once again in 1983.
History
Huntingdonshire returned two Knights of the Shire from 1290 to 1885 (apart from 1654 to 1659, when it returned three); when elections were contested, the bloc vote system was used.
Under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, it was divided between the two single-seat county divisions of Huntingdon and Ramsey, with effect from the 1885 general election.
Under the Representation of the People Act 1918, Huntingdon and Ramsey were re-united and the constituency was reconstituted, returning a single Member of Parliament (MP). Subject to boundary changes for the 1983 general election, the constituency was succeeded by the re-established constituency of Huntingdon. Its MP at the time, John Major, continued to represent it.
Boundaries and boundary changes
1918–1974
The administrative county of Huntingdonshire.
1974–1983
In 1965 Huntingdonshire was merged into the new administrative county of Huntingdon and Peterborough and in the next redistribution of parliamentary seats, which took effect for the February 1974 general election, the constituency was defined as comprising:
The Municipal Boroughs of Huntingdon and Godmanchester, and St Ives:
The Urban Districts of Old Fletton, Ramsey, and St Neots; and
The Rural Districts of Huntingdon, Norman Cross, St Ives, and St Neots.
Eaton Socon in Bedfordshire had been absorbed by the Urban District of St Neots and was transferred from the County Constituency of Mid Bedfordshire. There were other marginal adjustments due to changes in county borders.
As a result of the Local Government Act 1972, the two counties of Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely, and Huntingdon and Peterborough were merged to form the non-metropolitan county of Cambridgeshire, with effect from 1 April 1974. However, the next redistribution did not come into effect until the 1983 general election, when the majority of the constituency, including Huntingdon, Godmanchester, Ramsey and St Ives, formed the bulk of the re-established onstituency of Huntingdon. Areas to the south of the River Nene, including Fletton and the Ortons, which were now part of the expanded City of Peterborough, were transferred to Peterborough, and southernmost areas, including St Neots, were transferred to the new constituency of South West Cambridgeshire.
Members of Parliament
Constituency created (1290)
1290–1660
MPs 1660–1885
MPs 1918–1983
Elections
Elections in the 1830s
Elections in the 1840s
Elections in the 1850s
Thornhill's death caused a by-election.
Montagu succeeded to the peerage, becoming 7th Duke of Manchester and causing a by-election.
Securing the same number of votes, both Fellowes and Heathcote were returned alongside Rust as Members of Parliament. However, after scrutiny, Rust and Fellowes lost one vote, while Heathcote lost two, causing Heathcote to be declared unduly elected on 31 July 1857.
Elections in the 1860s
Montagu's appointment as Vice-President of the Committee of the Council on Education required a by-election.
Elections in the 1870s
Pelly's death caused a by-election.
Elections in the 1880s
Elections in the 1910s
Elections in the 1920s
Elections in the 1930s
General Election 1939–40
Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by the Autumn of 1939, the following candidates had been selected;
Liberal National: Sidney Peters
Labour: James Lunnon
Elections in the 1940s
Elections in the 1950s
Elections in the 1960s
Elections in the 1970s
:
See also
Parliamentary representation from Huntingdonshire
List of former United Kingdom Parliament constituencies
Unreformed House of Commons
Notes and references
Notes
References
Sources
Politics of Huntingdonshire
Parliamentary constituencies in the East of England (historic)
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1290
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1885
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1918
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1983
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingdonshire%20%28UK%20Parliament%20constituency%29 |
Megastructures is a documentary television series appearing on the National Geographic Channel in the United States and the United Kingdom, Channel 5 in the United Kingdom, France 5 in France, and 7mate in Australia.
Each episode is an educational look of varying depth into the construction, operation, and staffing of various structures or construction projects, but not ordinary construction products.
Generally containing interviews with designers and project managers, it presents the problems of construction and the methodology or techniques used to overcome obstacles. In some cases (such as the Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge and Petronas Towers) this involved the development of new materials or products that are now in general use within the construction industry.
Megastructures focuses on constructions that are extreme; in the sense that they are the biggest, tallest, longest, or deepest in the world. Alternatively, a project may appear if it had an element of novelty or are a world first (such as Dubai's Palm Islands). This type of project is known as a megaproject.
The series follows similar subjects as the History Channel's Modern Marvels and Discovery Channel's Extreme Engineering, covering areas of architecture, transport, construction and manufacturing.
Episodes
Season 1 (2004)
Season 2 (2005)
Season 3 (2006)
Season 4 (2007–2008)
Season 5 (2009–2010)
Season 6 (2011)
Unknown season
Unknown season 2
Spin-offs
Megastructures: Built from Disaster
"Megastructures: Built from Disaster – Bridges" // Wednesday, 26 August 2009 8–9pm on Channel 5
"Megastructures: Built from Disaster – Ships" // Thursday, 3 September 2009 8–9pm on Channel 5
"Megastructures: Built from Disaster – Tunnels" // Thursday, 10 September 2009 8–9pm on Channel 5
"Megastructures: Built from Disaster – Stadiums" // Thursday, 24 September 2009 8–9pm on Channel 5
"Megastructures: Built from Disaster – Trains" // Thursday, 8 October 2009 8–9pm on Channel 5
"Megastructures: Built from Disaster – Skyscrapers" // Thursday, 15 October 2009 8–9pm on Channel 5
Ancient Megastructures
"Ancient Megastructures: The Great Pyramid"
"Ancient Megastructures: The Colosseum"
"Ancient Megastructures: Chartres Cathedral"
"Ancient Megastructures: Istanbuls Hagia Sophia"
"Ancient Megastructures: Machu Picchu"
"Ancient Megastructures: Angkor Wat"
"Ancient Megastructures: Petra Cathedral"
"Ancient Megastructures: St Pauls Cathedral"
"Ancient Megastructures: The Alhambra"
International broadcasts
In January 2020, Indonesian TV channel, NET interested to broadcasting Megastructures in Indonesia in July 2020.
See also
Mega Builders
Monster Moves
Ultimate Factories
Nazi Megastructures
References
External links
Megastructures official site on National Geographic
https://web.archive.org/web/20091119041617/http://www.locatetv.com/tv/ultimate-factories/2105893/episode-guide
http://www.twofourbroadcast.com/news-250809-megastructures.asp
Megastructures
2004 American television series debuts
2000s American documentary television series
2010s American documentary television series
Channel 5 documentary series
Construction
Documentary television series about industry
Documentary television series about technology
National Geographic (American TV channel) original programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megastructures%20%28TV%20series%29 |
Area codes 510 and 341 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) serving much of the East Bay in the U.S. state of California. They cover parts of Contra Costa County and western Alameda County, including the city of Oakland, but excluding Dublin, Livermore, Pleasanton, and Sunol.
Area code 510 was established on September 2, 1991, in a split from area code 415. On March 4, 1998, the inland portion of the East Bay was split off as area code 925. The dividing line followed the Berkeley Hills; almost everything west of the hills stayed in 510, while everything east of the hills transferred to 925.
In response to projections that 510 would exhaust in the second quarter of 2019, the California Public Utilities Commission approved the addition of an overlay area code, 341, to serve the East Bay. The first central office codes in 341 became available on July 22, 2019.
Ten-digit dialing became mandatory in the East Bay a month earlier, on June 22.
Service area
The service area contains the following cities in two counties.
Alameda County
Alameda
Albany
Ashland
Berkeley
Castro Valley
Cherryland
Emeryville
Fairview
Fremont
Hayward
Newark
Oakland
Piedmont
San Leandro
San Lorenzo
Union City
Contra Costa County
Bayview-Montalvin
Canyon
Crockett
East Richmond Heights
El Cerrito
El Sobrante
Hercules
Kensington
North Richmond
Pinole
Port Costa
Richmond
Rodeo
Rollingwood
San Pablo
Tara Hills
Introduction of 341
By 2016, the California Public Utilities Commission (CUPC) projected that NPA 510 would exhaust its numbering pool by the second quarter of 2019. In response, the commission held meetings in Berkeley, Oakland and Hayward in January and February 2017 to discuss area code relief for 510. The North American Numbering Plan Administrator (NANPA) proposed in May 2017 that CPUC relieve 510 by introducing the overlay area code 341 for the entire territory. NANPA had previously assigned 341 as the relief area code for 510 in 1999, but nationwide number pooling procedures eliminated the need at that time. The NANPA retained 341 for the then-future relief of 510. CPUC accepted the NANPA proposal in a decision on June 21, 2018. With the start of the overlay plan in July 2019, all customers in the numbering plan area can be assigned telephone numbers with either code, and must dial the area code for all calls; otherwise, a recorded message will remind them if they dial incorrectly.
Prior usage of 510 for TWX
In 1962, AT&T assigned NPA 510 for conversion to dial service of the Teletypewriter Exchange Service (TWX) in the United States. Telex use of area code 510 was decommissioned in 1981 after conversion of the service to new transmission technologies by Western Union,
See also
List of California area codes
References
External links
510
510
Northern California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area%20codes%20510%20and%20341 |
White sausage may refer to:
Biała kiełbasa, a type of Polish sausage
Boudin blanc, a type of French and Cajun sausage
Weisswurst, a type of Bavarian sausage
See also
White hot, a type of hot dog | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20sausage |
Methacrylates are derivatives of methacrylic acid. These derivatives are mainly used to make poly(methyl methacrylate) and related polymers.
Monomers
Methyl methacrylate
Ethyl methacrylate
Butyl methacrylate
Hydroxyethyl methacrylate
Glycidyl methacrylate
Carboxylate anions
Monomers
Methacrylate esters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methacrylate |
The Ibanez K7 series is a signature series of seven-string guitars created by Korn guitarists James "Munky" Shaffer and Brian "Head" Welch.
Specifications
The K7 guitars were originally available in two finishes, Firespeak Blue (James "Munky" Shaffer's model), and Blade Gray (Brian "Head" Welch's model). They came factory tuned to KoRn signature tuning: A, D, G, C, F, A, D (low to high), and were retailed at USD 1,799. These guitars are characterized by the deep metallic sound, from the body being made of mahogany that is well suited for Korn's musical style. The last year of production on these particular models was 2006.
In 2007 Ibanez released new versions of Korn's signature series as the Apex. There are two models linked to Munky only, however K7s can still be seen played by Munky in live performances.
Although 7-string guitars were not used for recording his debut album Save Me from Myself, Welch had continued to use his original K7s as his exclusive signature guitar, even during his almost eight-year absence from Korn.
References
External links
http://www.ibanez.com/
http://www.korn.com/
http://www.brianheadwelch.net/
http://www.sevenstring.org
K7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibanez%20K7 |
Jimmy Seddon (20 May 1895 – October 1971) was an English footballer who played most famously in the centre of defence for Bolton Wanderers during the 1920s.
For Bolton he played 375 games in all completions, scoring 5 goals, he also collected 3 FA Cup Winners Medals in 1923, 1926 and 1929, captaining the team in the 1929 final. At the peak of his career, Jimmy also picked up 6 caps for England, making his debut in 1923 against France in Paris.
He also played two games for Mossley – the last game of the 1933–34 season and the first game of the following term, before departing to coach at Dordrecht in Holland.
In 1936 he was appointed trainer of Southport.
He was related to fellow footballer Ernie Phythian.
References
1895 births
1971 deaths
Footballers from Bolton
English men's footballers
England men's international footballers
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Men's association football defenders
Mossley A.F.C. players
Southport F.C. non-playing staff | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20Seddon |
Las Abejas () is a Christian pacifist civil society group of Tzotzil Maya formed in Chenalhó, Chiapas in 1992 following a familial property dispute that left one person killed. When members of the community took the injured man to the nearest town for medical attention, they were accused of attacking him themselves and jailed. When family members realized what had happened, they began a pilgrimage on foot to San Cristóbal de las Casas. Along the way, Christian pacifists in other villages joined the group, which is dedicated to peace, justice, and anti-neoliberalism. Las Abejas freed their companions and grew as an organization.
As the Zapatista Army of National Liberation uprising took place in 1994, Las Abejas stood in solidarity with Zapatista ends and principles, but not their violent means. Las Abejas paid a high price for their support when the December 1997 massacre in Acteal killed 45 members praying in a church.
Origins
Roots
The catalyst for the formation of Las Abejas was a land dispute that occurred in 1992, but the roots of the organization go back to the work of the progressive Roman Catholic Church in Chiapas, particularly under the leadership of Bishop Samuel Ruiz. Bishop Ruiz, who was influenced by liberation theology and in particular by the meeting of Latin American bishops (the Latin American Episcopal Conference) in Medellín, Colombia in 1968. The Catholic Church and its pastoral workers, under Bishop Ruiz's leadership, began to focus on defending the dignity of the poor, with an emphasis on encouraging peasants to find in the Bible a message of liberation from oppression. The pastoral workers introduced the language of human rights as a way to denounce what many saw as systems of oppression.
Las Abejas also began in a distinct political context. Chenalhó, the municipality where Las Abejas was formed, had long been a stronghold of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional, or PRI), but economic difficulties in the 1970s and even more so in the 1980s gave other political parties the opportunity to strengthen. Several peasant organizations, some allied with particular political parties, also formed during this time.
Several events in the months preceding the formation of Las Abejas were also important. The Xi'Nich' March for Human Rights of the Indigenous Peoples was a march of about 700 indigenous people from Palenque, Chiapas to Mexico City. The march, which began on March 7, 1992, was to protest government corruption, political repression, and cuts in spending in rural areas that affected indigenous populations. A second march, from various indigenous areas to San Cristóbal de las Casas, occurred on October 12, 1992, attracting as many as 10,000 participants concerned about indigenous rights. Protesters toppled a statue of Diego de Mazariegos, the Spanish conquistador who had founded the colonial city. Beyond the many participants in the two marches, likely including many from Chenalho, the attention which the marches attracted led many indigenous people to consider the power of nonviolent protest for indigenous rights.
Land dispute
Las Abejas emerged in this setting in response to a dispute over a 120-hectare plot of land in Tz'anhem-Bolom, near the town of Tzajal-ch'en in the municipality of Chenalhó, Chiapas. According to researcher Christine Kovic, the original owner of the property is unclear. Some say that the land was communally-owned and farmed, while others say it was private property, jointly held by the earlier owner's three children: Catarina, Agustin, and Maria Hernandez Lopez. The governmental Department of Agrarian Reform was not helpful in resolving the dispute, despite requests from both sides of the disagreement, according to Kovic.
The disagreement arose at least in part because Agustin Hernandez Lopez did not want to share the inherited land with his two sisters. There was also a political element to the disagreement, as Agustin was affiliated with the PRI (and thus was supported by the PRI-dominated municipal government of Chenalho), while his nephew, Nicolas Gutierrez Hernandez, who led those who did not believe that his uncle had the right to full ownership of the land, was affiliated with the Teacher-Peasant Solidarity Movement (Solidaridad Campesina Magisterial, or SOCAMA), which was affiliated with the national teachers' union and was in frequent conflict with the PRI.
The community of Tz'anhem-Bolom considered the dispute and ordered that the three siblings share the land equally. Agustin, who did not agree with their decision, instead "kept 60 hectares for himself and gave the 60 remaining hectares to his political supporters in a number of Chenalho hamlets rather than to his sisters." The situation led many people in the community to rally to one side or the other of the dispute and call for or use violence. Others people insisted upon a nonviolence. This group, representing 22 different communities and committed to dialogue and nonviolence, formed Las Abejas on December 9, 1992, as an independent organization under the auspices of the Society of Coffee Producers of Tzajal-ch'en.
The name "Las Abejas" (Spanish for "the bees") was chosen, according to one member of the organization, because "like the bees we want to build our houses together, to collectively work and enjoy the fruit of our work. We want to produce 'honey' but also to share with anyone who needs it... We know that, like the little bees, the work is slow but the result is sure because it is collective." Another member of the organization notes a political element in the choice of the name: "The bee is a very small insect that is able to move a sleeping cow when it pricks. Our struggle is like a bee that pricks, that is our resistance, but it's non-violent."
The very next day, on December 10, 1992, violence escalated. Supporters of Agustin shot at his nephews Nicolas, Vicente, and Lorenzo, ultimately killing Vicente. Some residents of Tzajal-ch'en contacted the (PRI-affiliated) municipal authorities in Chenalho to request an ambulance so as to transport the wounded men to the hospital in San Cristóbal de las Casas. When the men trying to help the injured reached the road, they were met not by the ambulance but the police, who arrested five of the men without warrant. The municipal authorities accused the five men of having participated in the attacks and they were brought to the Centro de Readaptacion Social 5 jail in San Cristóbal de las Casas. Those arrested and detained included Felipe Hernandez Perez, Mariano Perez Vasquez, Sebastian Perez Vasquez, and Manuel Perez Gutierrez. (The fifth detainee, according to a report from the Centro de Investigaciones Economicas y Politicas de Accion Comunitaria, or CIEPAC, was Antonio Perez Gutierrez).
The members of the newly formed Las Abejas were very upset by what they considered to be the unjust detention of these individuals. Their complaints to the municipal authorities proved futile. The State's Attorney General, Rafael Gonzales Lastra, sought to apprehend other members of Las Abejas, ostensibly in relation to the violence done to Vicente, Nicolas, and Lorenzo Gutierrez Hernandez. Supporters of Agustin Hernandez Lopez also attacked the wives of the three wounded men, raping one of them, but there was no response to the attacks even after the women filed a formal complaint.
Frustrated by the injustices committed by the municipal authorities, the members of Las Abejas organized a 41-kilometer march to San Cristóbal de las Casas on December 21, 1992, where they staged a sit-in in front of San Cristóbal 's cathedral to protest the violence and the unjust arrests. 200 indigenous Tzotzil people began the march, and by December 24, as many as 5,000 indigenous people joined in a march to the prison where the five men were being held. After an additional protest event on January 4, 1993 drew 800 indigenous people from Chenalho as well as from seven other municipalities, the state's attorney finally released the five prisoners on January 7 because of "'disappearance of evidence,' meaning that the evidence offered in the case could not be considered legally valid, perhaps because it had been fabricated in the first place."
Alternate version of the origins of Las Abejas
While most scholars, and, based on their research, members of Las Abejas themselves seem to generally agree that the organization was officially founded in December 1992 as the result of the land dispute described above, the organization may have existed in some form a year earlier. In an interview on November 4, 1997, some members of Las Abejas told SIPAZ (the International Service for Peace) that the organization was formed in 1991, when a group of people organized to demand the release of five Catholic catechists from the El Cerezo I prison in San Cristóbal de las Casas. According to the SIPAZ interview, the group "made a pilgrimage with music, fireworks, and prayers" and "issued several bulletins and magazines" in Chenalho. After the release of the five imprisoned catechists, those that had organized around their release adopted the name "Las Abejas." It is not entirely clear whether this is a different version of the story of the release of the five imprisoned men who sought to help those wounded in the land dispute, with some discrepancy on the date of the event, or if this account refers to a separate event that preceded the land dispute.
Religious commitments
Las Abejas is a Christian organization, with faith central to the organizational identity. One member of Las Abejas explains the origin of their name (Las Abejas, or The Bees) saying that "a bee has a queen... The queen signifies the Kingdom of God... The queen, God, wants neither injustice nor violence nor imprisonment but liberty for all human beings."
Ecumenicism
While most members of Las Abejas identify themselves as Roman Catholic, and the organization has been strongly influenced by Roman Catholic Bishop of Chiapas Samuel Ruiz, there are members of several different religious traditions included as members of Las Abejas. About five percent of Las Abejas are Presbyterians and about ten percent are costumbristas, individuals baptized as Catholics but who only follow traditional Mayan religious practices. There are also a small number of Las Abejas who are a part of a Pentecostal church. According to Marco Tavanti, "inclusion of different religious denominations and experiences is one of the specific aspects of Las Abejas religious identity."
Commitment to prayer, fasting, and scripture
Las Abejas is firmly committed to prayer, and their decisions are generally made after a great deal of prayer and fasting. For example, when Pablo Romo, a Catholic priest working for the Fray Bartolome de Las Casas Human Rights Center, visited Las Abejas shortly after the illegal arrests that occurred in 1992, he asked how he could help, expecting that he might use his title and position to help in writing a letter or informing international human rights organizations of the situation. The response from Las Abejas surprised him: "Father," they told him, "We want to pray, and we want you to pray with us." They proceeded to pray for the entire night, seeking God's direction. For Las Abejas, public prayers, fasting, and processions are "nonviolent means to seek social change."
Las Abejas also places a strong emphasis on reading and reflecting upon the Bible (the Palabra de Dios, or the Word of God, as they refer to it). Bishop Samuel Ruiz describes Las Abejas as "a movement inspired by the Word of God." Under Bishop Ruiz's leadership, catechists of the Catholic Church encourage collective reflections on the Scriptures (as opposed to the top-down teaching method that had been used prior to the 1970s) in which communities find biblical motivation to struggle against injustice and repression, in the tradition of Latin American liberation theology. One of the founders of Las Abejas says that the members of the organization identify strongly with the story of the Israelites being liberated from slavery in the Old Testament, saying that "these stories of liberation and salvation are alive in today's stories of people searching for freedom and justice." Based on their understanding of Scripture, Las Abejas place a strong emphasis on caring for orphans and providing hospitality to strangers, and their strict pacifism is also founded, at least in part, in their understanding of the Bible.
Indigenous theology
The Christianity practiced by most of Las Abejas is strongly influenced by indigenous theology. Following the leading of Bishop Samuel Ruiz, the Catholic Church in Chenalho and elsewhere in Chiapas has sought to inculturate the Roman Catholic faith into the indigenous context. A Tzotzil Catholic priest explains that "indigenous theology always involves a certain degree of syncretism between popular indigenous Mayan religion with Christian rituals and beliefs. The inculturation of the gospel is therefore a dialogue and an encounter between two religions and cultural systems." Indigenous theology, as practiced among many of Las Abejas, places a strong emphasis on Mayan medicine, dance, music, and dress integrated into the Christian faith.
While adapting many traditional indigenous customs, Las Abejas have specifically rejected other customs based upon their religious commitments. For example, Las Abejas forbids the consumption of alcohol, even though this is an important element of some Mayan religious ceremonies.
Another area where Las Abejas' religious identity has led them in ways counter to traditional practices has been in empowering women. Women play a very important role in the activities of Las Abejas, as the work of the Coordinating Body of Diocesan Women (CODIMUJ) of the Catholic Church has led many of Las Abejas women "to question many of the 'traditional' practices that excluded them from political participation."
Forgiveness and reconciliation
Particularly in light of violent massacre in Acteal in 1997, the spirituality of Las Abejas has directed them toward forgiveness and reconciliation, while not withdrawing their demands for justice. In general, the members of Las Abejas have followed the lead of Bishop Samuel Ruiz, who at the funeral of those killed in the massacre encouraged Las Abejas "that they should not seek vengeance, but that Christianity offers forgiveness as the path of peace." Antonio Gutierrez, one of the founding members of Las Abejas, has often recounted the Christ-like forgiveness of Alonso Vasquez Gomez, a catechist in the community and one of those killed in the massacre, who, after seeing his wife and child murdered, reportedly asked God's forgiveness of the killers, since they did not know what they were doing. The commitment to forgiveness and reconciliation is consistent with Las Abejas' commitment to nonviolence.
Political affiliation
Las Abejas, since its founding, has been focused on denouncing unjust governmental activities and demanding justice and human rights for indigenous people; as such, it is inherently involved in politics.
Ideology
The political ideology of Las Abejas, which is connected to its religious identity, is opposed to neoliberalism, which they believe keeps them economically oppressed, and militarism. The resistance of Las Abejas is characterized by nonviolence, which distinguishes it from other groups, particularly the EZLN, which have used armed revolution as a means to obtain their demands. While sympathetic to the EZLN, Las Abejas has maintained its independence from the EZLN as well as from all political parties and, particularly, from the Mexican government.
Much of the advocacy of Las Abejas has focused on their right to continue their agricultural work, which they feel has been threatened by national policies and by international trade agreements. Land is central to the identity of the members of Las Abejas. "The land," one member of Las Abejas told researcher Mario Tavanti, "is our life and our freedom." The land is closely tied, in their minds, to their dignity as indigenous people.
Relationship to the PRI
The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) dominated Mexican politics for many decades, including the municipal government of Chenalho. Las Abejas was founded to be an independent voice for dialogue, in response to violence and unfair detentions by the PRI-dominated municipal government and its supporters. As such, there has always been a tension between Las Abejas and the PRI.
Relationship to the EZLN
Las Abejas have sometimes been accused of being a part of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN), but they have always maintained their independence, saying that while they agree with much of the ideology of the EZLN (in support of indigenous rights and opposed to neoliberalism and imperialism), they oppose their violent methods. Since they refuse to fully identify with the Zapatistas, however, Las Abejas have sometimes been viewed suspiciously and harassed by the EZLN.
The Acteal massacre
Leading up to the Acteal massacre
After the Zapatista Revolution was declared on January 1, 1994, the Mexican military established a strong presence throughout the region "in order to neutralize and, if possible, destroy the EZLN." Shortly thereafter, counter-insurgency paramilitary groups appeared, particularly in northern Chiapas and in the Highlands of Chiapas, which were usually loyal to the PRI.
Acteal, a town in the municipality of Chenalho that was the site of a massacre of 45 members of Las Abejas in 1997, was particularly affected by the tension between the Zapatistas and the PRI-affiliated paramilitary groups. Acteal is divided into three distinct areas, one dominated by the Zapatistas, one by the PRI, and one by Las Abejas. The area affiliated with the PRI, whose residents also tend to be affiliated with the Presbyterian Church in this area, is also known as Acteal Alto (Higher Acteal). The area dominated by the Zapatistas, which they consider to be an autonomous community, is known as Acteal Bajo, or Lower Acteal. Members of Las Abejas occupy a third area of Acteal, in between the other two; the organization "has identified this geographic position as a reflection of their mission of intermediation and identity as nonviolent peacemakers." Although the commitment to pacifism of Las Abejas firmly distinguished them from the Zapatistas, those affiliated with the PRI in Higher Acteal suspected Las Abejas of being allied with the Zapatistas. The EZLN, conversely, suspected that they may be allied with the PRI-istas. As a result, Las Abejas "were pressured and harassed from both Zapatista and Priista sides."
The tension between the Zapatistas and the PRI-istas in Acteal intensified in 1996, when the Zapatistas took control of a sand mine in Majomut that had previously benefited a PRI-affiliated peasant organization. As tensions escalated between the two sides—and with Las Abejas in between—there were a series of ambushes and murders. Between September 1996 up until the time of the Acteal Massacre, eighteen people affiliated with the PRI and twenty-four people affiliated with the EZLN were killed in the Chenalho municipality. As the violence escalated, both the PRI-istas and the Zapatistas began to expel from the territories that they controlled anyone who would not align themselves with their respective causes. Las Abejas were expelled from several communities, including La Esperanza, Tzajalucum, and Queshtic, and many arrived in the area of Acteal dominated by Las Abejas, where the massacre would take place.
December 22, 1997
Las Abejas drew international attention when, on December 22, 1997, a paramilitary group killed 45 of its members who were praying in a chapel in the community of Acteal. That morning, as was a common practice, many members of Las Abejas had gone to the small, wooden, dirt-floored chapel at about 6:00 AM to pray, sing, organize, and talk. Several had been participating in a fast to pray for peace, and they had come to break the fast. They prayed until about 10:30 AM, when they heard shots.
According to witnesses, the shooters were identified as members of a PRI-affiliated paramilitary group known as mascara roja(Máscara Roja), or Red Mask, and were transported by Public Security Police pickup trucks. The shooting continued for a full six hours. According to researcher Alejandro Nadal, who was in Chiapas at the time of the massacre, At 11:30, the camp was surrounded on three sides by approximately 60 gunmen, most carrying AK-47s, their faces partially concealed by bandannas. The attack started from below the lower embankment, with the first shots fired at the makeshift church.
In the commotion that followed, men, women, and children tried to escape. Some stumbled down into the ravine through thick foliage. Three men hid in a small crevasse. A large group huddled together against a furrow on one side of the embankment, with nowhere to go. The killers had time to position themselves and fire at will.
In all, forty-five people were killed: 15 children, 21 women, and 9 men, with an additional 25 injured. As the massacre was occurring, "public security police officers were present on the road only 200 meters from the scene of the crime; they stayed at the local school all the time the massacre was taking place." The Fray Bartolome de Las Casas Human Rights Center, based in Chiapas, claims that they received reports of the massacre soon after the shooting began and notified several governmental authorities, but they "did not consider the complaint important." Workers from the Red Cross arrived on the scene but were not allowed to enter until the authorities had arrived.
When the governmental authorities finally arrived, more than six hours after the shooting began and five hours after they had been notified, they began, under orders from Governor Julio Cesar Ruiz Ferro, to remove the corpses and transport them to Tuxtla Gutiérrez, the capital of Chiapas, for autopsies, despite strong objections by Las Abejas, the Catholic Church, and by the Fray Bartolome de Las Casas Human Rights Center, who thought that the scene should be preserved for a proper investigation.
The funeral
The bodies were returned to Acteal a few days later for a Christmas Day funeral ceremony, presided over by Bishop Samuel Ruiz. Bishop Ruiz, profoundly affected by the massacre, told those at the funeral: "We want to say to you we are keeping you company on this Christmas Day, the saddest Christmas Day of our lives... And we ask our Father Jesus that you remain faithful in your hearts to his word, and that you do not stumble on the stone of temptation of hatred and violence."
Post-Acteal
Seeking justice
In response to international attention, the government of Mexico ordered an investigation into what had occurred at Acteal. The report cited what were, at best, egregious errors made by governmental officials at various levels, including Governor of Chiapas Julio Cesar Ruiz Ferro, who "spurned repeated pleas for help with the escalating violence from Indian community leaders in the weeks before the killings, even when they came from members of his own political party."
While committed to forgiveness, reconciliation, and nonviolence, Las Abejas has also been clear in its demands for justice in light of the massacre at Acteal. While many have been arrested in connection with the massacre, there are many others whom members of Las Abejas say were involved in the massacre who have not been brought to justice, including those whom they consider the intellectual masterminds of the massacre.
Even in 2007, at the tenth anniversary of the massacre, members of Las Abejas reported that some of the killers have not been brought to justice. Diego Perez Jimenez, then president of Las Abejas, expressed his frustration with those who claim that justice has already been served, or that some who have been prosecuted ought not to be imprisoned: "They tell so many lies," he says. "These guys in jails were killers, and there are more killers out there. That's the truth," he insists. Many of those imprisoned, however, insist that they are not guilty, such as Agostin Gomez Perez, who has been imprisoned for more than a decade. "What happened in Acteal is very sad," he says, "But I wasn't involved in it. I didn't kill a soul." Some human rights groups say that many of the arrested have been innocent scapegoats, and that successive governments have protected the real perpetrators and the masterminds behind the massacre.
Pillar of Shame
In 1999, a Danish artist named Jens Galschiøt installed a statue known as the Columna de Infamia, or the Pillar of Shame, as a reminder of the massacre of members of Las Abejas that had occurred at Acteal. Researcher Christine Kovic suggests that the statue, which was not requested by the community and which focuses on the infamy of the massacre, "is not consistent with Las Abejas's public discourse of forgiveness, healing, and hope."
In 1992, Las Abejas began a coffee collaborative known as Maya Vinic, which is Tzotzil for "Mayan Man." The collaborative consists of about 700 small-scale coffee farmers throughout several municipalities in the Highlands of Chiapas. The collaborative produces certified fair trade and organic coffees for export to the United States and Europe, with the aim of providing coffee producers (many of whom are members of Las Abejas) with a slightly higher wage than the international market might otherwise provide. In the United States, Maya Vinic coffee is commercialized by Higher Grounds Trading Company based in Traverse City, Michigan, Just Coffee Cooperative based in Madison, WI, and others in the Cooperative Coffees network.
References
Nonviolent resistance movements
Catholic lay organisations
Chiapas
Liberation theology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las%20Abejas |
Newsweek Polska is a Polish language weekly news magazine published in Poland as the Polish edition of Newsweek.
History
Newsweek Polska was established in 2001. The founder of the weekly is Tomasz Wróblewski.
The magazine is owned by Axel Springer. It is based in Warsaw and is published weekly on Mondays. Although it is a Polish version of Newsweek, it does not fully cover the translations of the articles published in its parent magazine.
Tomasz Wróblewski was also the first editor-in-chief and served in the post between 2001 and 2004, and then between 2005 and 2006. Jarosław Sroka was the editor-in-chief in 2004. From 2006 to 2009 Michał Kobosko was the editor-in-chief. He was replaced by Wojciech Maziarski who was in office between 2009 and 2012. Tomasz Lis was the editor-in-chief from 2012 to 2022. Tomasz Sekielski was appointed as the new editor-in-chief on June 1, 2022.
Ideology
Newsweek has promoted a variety of views, mostly depending on those held by the current editor-in-chief, although it has traditionally been associated with liberal politics, much like the Gazeta Wyborcza. Ever since Tomasz Lis took over as editor-in-chief, the magazine has taken a more radically anticlerical, anti-conservative, and anti-left approach; the editorial board is frequently subjected to criticism from Law and Justice leader Jarosław Kaczyński. The cover of the 1 April 2015 issue featured Kaczyński with a caption saying "Assassin", implying his responsibility for the alleged "assassination" of Polish national unity in the aftermath of the 2010 Smolensk plane crash.<ref name="SE">"Tomasz Lis: Do zamachu doszło. Dokonał go Jarosław Kaczyński"</</ref>
Circulation
The circulation of Newsweek Polska in March 2009 was 192,000 copies. The magazine had a circulation of 114,309 copies in 2010 and 106,509 copies in 2011. It was 123,225 copies in 2012. The print and e-edition circulation of the weekly was 119,776 in August 2014. As of January 2020, circulation of Newsweek Polska was 67,700 copies, and as of January 2022, it was 65,885 copies.
See also
List of magazines in Poland
References
External links
Official website
2001 establishments in Poland
Axel Springer SE
Magazines established in 2001
Magazines published in Warsaw
News magazines published in Poland
Newsweek
Polish-language magazines
Polish news websites
Weekly magazines published in Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek%20Polska |
Robert Hamilton Turnbull (22 June 1894 – 1946) was a Scottish footballer.
Turnbull was originally a soldier, serving in the Royal Corps of Signals, and joined Arsenal in 1921 as an amateur. He was originally a left back and made his debut on 27 December 1921 against Cardiff City at Ninian Park; Arsenal lost 3–4 in a tightly fought game. Turnbull only played occasionally at this stage, making only five appearances in the 1921–22 season.
The following season he played a little more regularly, featuring in eight of the Gunners' first fifteen matches. At this point in time, mid-November, Arsenal were bottom of the table, having only won four matches. With Arsenal's regular centre forward Henry White out of form and no money available to buy a replacement, Arsenal manager Leslie Knighton switched Turnbull from defence to attack, and the gamble paid off; Turnbull scored 21 league goals that season, including two four-goal hauls against Bolton Wanderers and Blackpool. Turnbull's goals saved Arsenal from relegation and they eventually finished a comfortable 11th. An additional goal in the FA Cup against Liverpool brought Turnbull's total for the season to 22, which was then a top-flight record for an Arsenal player.
However, his blistering form could not last, and he only scored six goals in 1923–24. The arrival of Harry Woods forced Turnbull out of the side altogether and he was sold to Charlton Athletic in November 1924; in all he had scored 28 goals in 66 matches for Arsenal. After just three months at The Valley, he was sold on to Chelsea, where he rediscovered his form: in less than three seasons he scored 58 goals in 87 first-team games.
After leaving Chelsea in 1928 he had brief spells at Clapton Orient, Southend United and Crystal Palace. After retiring, he stayed on with Palace as a trainer, until his death in 1946 aged 52.
References
1894 births
1946 deaths
Date of death missing
Place of death missing
Scottish men's footballers
Royal Corps of Signals soldiers
20th-century British Army personnel
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football forwards
Association football coaches
Arsenal F.C. players
Charlton Athletic F.C. players
Chelsea F.C. players
Chatham Town F.C. players
Leyton Orient F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. non-playing staff
Footballers from Dumbarton
English Football League players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Turnbull |
Silent Woman may refer to:
Silent Woman (pub name), a popular name for pubs
The Silent Woman (film), a 1918 American silent drama film
Epicœne, or The Silent Woman, a comedy by Renaissance playwright Ben Jonson
The Silent Woman, or Die schweigsame Frau, a 1935 comic opera adaptation by Richard Strauss
Silent Woman, a 1994 biography of Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes by Janet Malcolm
The Silent Woman, a 2005 novel by Monika Zgustová | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent%20Woman |
Tom Bowman is National Public Radio's Pentagon reporter, having been an investigative reporter for the Baltimore Sun for 19 years prior to that.
Education
He attended Saint Michael's College in Vermont, receiving a bachelor's degree in history, and then received a master's in American studies from Boston College.
Career
He became The Sun's military affairs correspondent in 1997, after having covered the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis and the National Security Agency. He has reported from Afghanistan and Iraq.
Bowman grew up in Boston. He started his newspaper career in 1976 as a stringer for The Patriot Ledger in Quincy, Massachusetts.
Personal life
Bowman presently lives in Alexandria, Virginia, with his wife Brigid Schulte, a Washington Post reporter, and their children, Liam and Tessa.
Awards
He received the 2006 National Headliners' Award for his coverage of the lack of advanced tourniquets for U.S. troops in Iraq.
References
External links
Tom Bowman, NPR Biography
MilitaryReporters.org biography
Bowman participates in panel discussion, The First 100 Days: What Challenges Face the New Commander-in-Chief? at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library on February 5, 2009
The Baltimore Sun people
NPR personalities
American newspaper reporters and correspondents
Morrissey College of Arts & Sciences alumni
Journalists from Boston
Journalists from Alexandria, Virginia
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Bowman%20%28journalist%29 |
Morton Charles Hill (April 28, 1936March 27, 2021) was an American diplomat and academic. He served as diplomat-in-residence and lecturer in international studies at Yale University. A career foreign service officer, Hill was a senior adviser to George Shultz, Henry Kissinger, and Ronald Reagan, as well as Boutros Boutros-Ghali, the sixth secretary-general of the United Nations.
At Yale, he taught, along with Paul Kennedy and John Gaddis, the seminar "Studies in Grand Strategy", a rigorous interdisciplinary study of leadership, statecraft and diplomacy. He also taught students enrolled in the directed studies program at Yale.
Early life and education
Hill was born in Bridgeton, New Jersey, on April 28, 1936. His father, Morton, worked as a dentist; his mother, Alvenia (Gates), was a housewife. Hill studied at Brown University, earning a bachelor's degree in 1957. He subsequently undertook postgraduate studies at the University of Pennsylvania, graduating from its law school in 1960 before obtaining a master's degree in American studies the following year. He then joined the United States Foreign Service.
Career
Diplomatic service
As part of the Foreign Service, Hill was posted to Switzerland, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and South Vietnam. In the last capacity, he was a speechwriter for ambassador Ellsworth Bunker. Hill became a speechwriter for Henry Kissinger starting in 1974, with Kissinger later recounting how Hill "reviewed almost everything I wrote". He worked again with Bunker during the negotiations of the Torrijos–Carter Treaties.
Hill became political counselor for the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv in 1979, before being appointed director of Arab–Israeli affairs two years later and deputy assistant secretary of state for the Middle East in 1982. He subsequently acted as executive aide to George Shultz, the secretary of state, from 1985 to 1989. During this time, Hill was involved in nuclear arms control negotiations with the Soviet Union, as well as reaching out to Yasser Arafat. He was recognized for his thorough note-taking, penning approximately 20,000 pages that influenced policy discussions. These came under national scrutiny during the Iran–Contra affair. His notes and personal analyses not only assisted Lawrence Walsh, the independent counsel, to uncover more notes from Caspar Weinberger, it also helped Shultz become one of the few senior members of the Reagan administration not to be implicated in the scandal.
Hill quit the Foreign Service after George H. W. Bush took office in 1989. He assisted Shultz in writing his memoir Turmoil and Triumph (1993). He also served as a policy consultant to Boutros Boutros-Ghali, the secretary-general of the United Nations, from 1992 until 1996.
Academics
Hill taught at Harvard University and Cornell University throughout his diplomatic service. He joined Yale University in 1992, together with his wife who was a professor of political science. He became a full-time faculty member four years later. He notably created the Brady–Johnson Program in Grand Strategy in 2000, together with Paul Kennedy and John Gaddis. The three of them taught a year-long course titled "Studies in Grand Strategy", which looked at wide-ranging issues in statecraft and social change, while employing classical writings of history and literature. He also taught for over two decades on the university's Program in Directed Studies, an interdisciplinary examination of texts from Western classical tradition.
Hill later became a research fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution. Beginning in 2006, he offered a new course called "Oratory in Statecraft". Not since Rollin G. Osterweis, who taught "The History and Practice of American Oratory" until the late 1970s, had oratory been taught at Yale. He was listed as a signatory of a letter by the Project for the New American Century (PNAC) to George W. Bush, but disputed his signing of that letter. Hill worked as chief foreign policy advisor to Rudy Giuliani during his 2008 presidential campaign.
Honors and recognition
Hill was a recipient of the Superior Honor Award from the State Department, the Presidential Distinguished Service Award, and the Secretary of State's Medal. He was conferred an honorary doctorate of laws from Rowan University.
Personal life
Hill's first marriage to Martha Mitchell ended in divorce. They had two daughters: Catharine and Emily. His daughter Emily died in 2013 from cancer. He married his second wife, Norma Thompson, in 1992. They remained married until his death.
Hill died on March 27, 2021, at a hospital in New Haven, Connecticut. He was 84, and suffered from an infection prior to his death.
Books by Hill
Grand Strategies: Literature, Statecraft, and World Order, Yale, 2010.
Trial of a Thousand Years: World Order and Islamism, Hoover, 2011.
The Weaver's Lost Art, Hoover, 2014.
Books about Hill
The Man on Whom Nothing Was Lost: The Grand Strategy of Charles Hill, by Molly Worthen, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2006.
References
External links
Charles Hill Papers (MS 2070). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.
What "politics" does to history: The saga of Henry Kissinger and George Shultz's right-hand man by Jim Sleeper
1936 births
2021 deaths
Brown University alumni
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
American diplomats
People from Bridgeton, New Jersey
Yale University faculty
Writers from New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Hill%20%28diplomat%29 |
Shirburn Castle is a Grade I listed, moated castle located at the village of Shirburn, near Watlington, Oxfordshire. Originally constructed in the fourteenth century, it was renovated and remodelled in the Georgian era by Thomas Parker, the first Earl of Macclesfield who made it his family seat, and altered further in the early nineteenth century. The Earls of Macclesfield remained in residence until 2004, and the castle is still (2022) owned by the Macclesfield family company. It formerly contained an important, early eighteenth century library which, along with valuable paintings, sculptures, and other artifacts including furniture, remained in the ownership of the 9th Earl and were largely dispersed at auction following his departure from the property; notable among these items were George Stubbs's 1768 painting "Brood Mares and Foals", a record setter for the artist at auction in 2010, the Macclesfield Psalter, numerous rare and valuable books, and personal correspondence of Sir Isaac Newton.
On account of its "fairy tale" external appearance and unmodernised interior, the castle has been used on occasion for film and television settings and is possibly best known to the outside world via that route, since it remains in private hands, no roads pass it, and it is generally not open to the public for visiting. In addition, any history of the castle is somewhat obscured by lack of permitted access to scholars of medieval architecture over the past one (to two) hundred years as well as by conflicting statements in available published accounts; these include that the present castle has Norman origins and/or is on the site of a Norman precursor (not supported by any evidence), that the castle is an early example of brick construction (based on a mis-interpretation), and that the castle was badly damaged during the English Civil War prior to its rebuilding in the eighteenth century (no evidence exists for this assertion). A further piece of apparently deliberate misinformation was a claim that "Shirburn Castle" was visited by a tutor of Dante at the end of the thirteenth century, before the present structure was known to exist; the 1802 document upon which this assertion was based was subsequently shown to be a forgery.
Description and history
Eleventh to thirteenth centuries
The land on which Shirburn resides was part owned the Norman nobleman Robert D'Oyly who accompanied William the Conqueror on his conquest of England in 1066. Various nineteenth century sources, stemming in the main from a short "History of Shirburn Castle" compiled by Lady Macclesfield in 1887, state that D'Oyly constructed a castle there, which was described as having been surrendered to Empress Matilda (or Maud) in 1141 as part of a ransom negotiation. Later one Warin(e) de Lisle (or de Insula), apparently possessed the estate; this Warin was executed at York in 1322 for taking part in an insurrection. Subsequently, his widow was pardoned and her late husband's lands restored; whether these included a Norman castle at Shirburn, or whether such a structure even existed in that form, has not been verified by subsequent researchers and may in fact simply reflect a desire of the then occupants to claim a more ancient origin for the castle than was actually the case; the relevant chapter of the Victoria County History notes only the previous existence of a manor (West Shirburn, which together with its counterpart at East Shirburn formed the twin manors of the district), which belonged in the 13th century to Robert de Burghfield, "likely to have been on the site" of the present castle. A supposed account of a pre-1300 visit to a "castle" at Shirburn by Brunetto Latini, the tutor of Dante, also quoted in nineteenth century sources, was revealed as a forgery per a book published in 1948 (see relevant section of the Victoria County History, footnote 18).
1377-1716 (de Lisle/Quatremain/Fowler/Chamberlain/Gage era)
A "licence to crenellate" (generally interpreted as permission to build) the present castle was granted to the earlier Warin's grandson, Warin de Lisle in 1377, with actual construction taking place around 1378. The present, still moated, two-to-three storey building has a quadrangular form with four rounded corner towers. Rendered on the exterior (although the covering has now disappeared in places), it has been stated as being the earliest brick building in Oxfordshire, however this appears to be based on a misconception: Emery, cited below, believes that the original construction was probably built entirely in limestone, with the brick "casing" added only when the castle was remodelled in 1720 in the Georgian style. Emery writes:
Emery also compares and contrasts de Lisle's castle at Shirburn with that constructed a few years later by Sir Edward Dalyngrigge at Bodiam in Sussex, noting similarities in original architectural features but also that Shirburn "seems to have had less of a martial air than the castle at Bodiam", in particular that the "formidable twin-towered gate-house" at Bodiam presents a stronger front than its equivalent at Shirburn.
After de Lisle's death in 1382, the castle passed to his daughter, who married Lord Berkeley, and then to her daughter who married Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, whose principal residence was Warwick Castle. Later it was owned or occupied by successive families including the Talbots, Quartremayes [Quatremains] and Fowlers and eventually sold to the Chamberlain family, commencing with Edward Chamberlain, whose mother took out a lease on the Shirburn estate from her brother in 1505 and who died there in 1543. The castle's next owner was Sir Leonard Chamberlain (or Chamberlayne), d.1561, who was also the Governor of Guernsey from 1553. An account survives from 1559 documenting something of the internal layout of the rooms at that time, specifically: "the wardrobe, the entry, the great chamber at the lower end of the hall, the inner chamber, 'the brusshynge howse', the hall and the chamber over the parlour, and an inner chamber there; there was also a cellar, buttery, chambers each for the butler, priest, horse-keeper, cook, and chamberlains, an additional chamber, a low parlour, a kitchen larder, boulting house, fish-house, garner, brew-house, and other outhouses". During the 1642–1651 English Civil War Shirburn was held by Richard Chamberlain for the King, but was surrendered to Sir Thomas Fairfax for the Parliamentarian cause in 1646, apparently without damage.
After the end of the Civil War, the castle remained in (or was returned to) the Chamberlain family. The last male of the line, John Chamberlain, died in 1651, leaving no sons but two co-heirs, his daughters Elizabeth, wife of John Neville, Lord [A]bergavenny, and Mary, who was married first to Sir Thomas Gage of Firle, Sussex, and later to Sir Henry Goring. Elizabeth and Lord Abergavenny (d. 1662) possessed the manorial rights there until Elizabeth's death (date not known); by 1682 both Elizabeth and Mary had died and the castle passed to Joseph Gage (1652–1700), Mary's fourth son by her first husband, Thomas Gage.
The appearance of the castle prior to its sale to Parker in 1716 is not known in detail from contemporary accounts or illustrations; it does appear (as a small icon) on Robert Plot's 1677 "Map of Oxfordshire" (relevant portion reproduced at right), similar to the castle of today, although whether this is intended to be a "stock" castle representation or an actual likeness is unclear. Emery, 2006, suggests that many features of its original external and likely internal appearance probably would have resembled its near-contemporary at Bodiam in Sussex; unlike Bodiam and many other castles of the era, Shirburn appears to have survived the Civil War relatively unscathed, the Victoria County History stating that it was never besieged but surrendered at the time after appropriate terms had been negotiated.
The Gage family outfitted the castle with an armoury in the late seventeenth–early eighteenth century, containing among other items suits of armour and weapons such as broadswords and "pistols and muskets all marked to Gage family ... typical of those used by a Household Militia force in the event of social unrest or more likely, at that time, of French invasion"; according to later illustrations, this armoury was retained as a feature of the post-1716 remodelling of the castle by Thomas Parker (refer next section), and can be glimpsed in the 1823 engraving by J. Skelton entitled "Ancient Entrance Hall of Shirburn Castle" (refer "external links").
The castle continued as the seat of that branch of the Gage family until 1714, when the eldest son, another Thomas Gage succeeded his wife Elizabeth's late father to the estate of High Meadow, a property in Gloucestershire, and associated "considerable fortune". He then decided to sell Shirburn.
1716-c.1800 (Parker era, first part)
In 1716 the castle was acquired by Thomas Parker (1666–1732), Baron (later to be the first Earl) of Macclesfield and subsequently Lord Chancellor of England from 1718 to 1725, the purchase price (for Shirburn plus another property, Clare manor) being £25,696 8s. 5d. (more than £2 million in recent money); Mowl and Earnshaw, cited below, state that according to "a manuscript note made by Parker", the portion of the purchase price actually allocated to the castle exclusive of the grounds was £7,000, and that he also spent an additional £42,297 on the land needed for the park. From this date the castle became the seat of the Earls of Macclesfield (and/or their associated family company), until the present time. The then very wealthy, soon-to-be first Earl was responsible for extensive renovations to the castle (considered by most authors to be a substantial rebuild, see below), costing a further £5,000, and also started to accumulate the castle's extensive and important library, which survived intact for almost 300 years until its dispersal. Thomas Parker's son George, later to inherit the earldom and castle upon his father's death, set out for Italy on the "Grand Tour" in 1719 for a trip lasting almost three years, during which time he was commissioned by his father to acquire "important works" for the castle, the fruits of which included numerous plaster busts (casts of antique originals) plus at least 13 similar bronzes. Additions to the library were continued by the 3rd Earl, and by the latter's death in 1795 "the six collections for which the library is famous had been brought together, and 12,700 or so printed books and 260 manuscripts had been assembled ... [including] many first editions of early English books, including two Caxtons, and among its most valuable manuscript possessions is the unique Liber de Hida."
The Earls of Macclesfield are (or at least were) protective of their privacy, allowing few visitors to see the inside of the castle and denying requests for access for an examination to scholars of medieval architecture, with the result that Anthony Emery wrote in 2006: "Shirburn Castle has a well deserved reputation for being barred to all students of architecture ...Consequently, the castle has never been studied in detail ...The list [of persons denied entry] extends from Lord Torrington in 1775 to Nikolaus Pevsner, the architectural staff of Country Life, and the Department of the Environment recorders 200 years later. ...Not surprisingly, Shirburn has been ignored by all writers on castles except for the summaries of ownership by Sir James Mackenzie, The Castles of England, 1 (1897) 163-5 and Sir Charles Oman, Castles (1926) 46-9". (It should also be noted that the list of excluded persons also included Emery himself, who was unable to report further on the interior.) The medieval entrance hall, a surviving room from the pre-eighteenth century castle, was previously illustrated by J. Skelton "after F. Mackenzie" and published in Skelton's Antiquities of Oxfordshire in 1824 (see "external links").
Emery postulates that after Thomas Parker purchased the castle in 1716, the latter's renovations probably affected more than three-quarters of the building, with the result that what stands at Shirburn today is "essentially an eighteenth-century interpretation of the medieval castle, following its original plan", although he allows that survivals from the original fourteenth-century structure include a "reasonable amount of the west range" (which would include the bulk of the main gate tower), the lower stages of two corner towers, and "possibly some ground-level walling internally", although he was unable to inspect the latter in person. The Victoria County History also suggests that: "The present south range may represent the medieval south range, with new windows inserted and with another range of rooms added to the south, outside the original outer wall." In a 1981 paper discussing the architecture of the present castle, authors Timothy Mowl and Brian Earnshaw suggest that the eighteenth-century rebuild intentionally incorporated round-arched, or neo-Norman, expressions of medievalism, "probably to assert a link with a supposed Norman foundation." The same authors also point to Vanbrugh Castle, a London house designed and built by John Vanbrugh in 1719 for his own family, as a similar expression of neo-medievalism of around the same date, again with rounded windows, in contrast to the more pointed windows associated with the mid-18th century "Gothick" style of a few decades later. The rounded window style appears to have been used consistently in the Parker-era rebuild or renovation, including in all of the surviving inward-facing walls surrounding the courtyard, although from 1830, the effect was masked by the incorporation of more "standard" segmental-headed sash windows in the new external additions along several frontages. Considering all of the accounts presently available, it would seem to be the case that, at a time when his contemporaries had most recently been constructing their new country houses in the English Baroque style (or even neo-medieval, in the case of Vanbrugh Castle), Parker decided to purchase an actual, habitable 14th-century castle and construct his new residence entirely within it, at the same time adding new windows to the surviving medieval walls and towers in the Georgian style.
Among the household of Thomas Parker, the 1st Earl, was his friend, the Welsh mathematician William Jones (1675–1749), close friend of Sir Isaac Newton and Sir Edmund Halley, who acted as tutor to Parker's son George, the future second Earl. Jones had earlier acquired the extensive library and archive of the mathematician John Collins (1625–1683), which contained several of Newton's letters and papers written in the 1670s, and later edited and published many of Newton's manuscripts. His collection of books and papers eventually passed into the Earl's library and was passed down through the Parker family until the 2000s; the Newton-associated items were ultimately sold to the Cambridge University Library (see below).
George Parker, the 2nd Earl of Macclesfield (c.1695–1764) resided at Shirburn and inherited the earldom and the castle upon his father's death in 1732. He was celebrated as an astronomer and spent much time conducting astronomical observations at Shirburn, where he built an observatory and a chemical laboratory. The observatory was "equipped with the finest existing instruments" and the 2nd Earl used it from 1740. In 1761 the astronomer Thomas Hornsby observed the transit of Venus from the castle grounds. A 1778 mezzotint by James Watson, a copy of which is now in the National Maritime Museum, shows the 2nd Earl's two astronomical assistants, Thomas Phelps and John Bartlett, at work in the observatory.
c.1800-current (Parker era, second part)
In the early years of the 19th century, additional works were carried out, among them the (re)construction of the west access stairway and addition of the fine Regency drawbridge, (visible by 1818 in the engraving by J. Neale) and the roofing over of the courtyard at a low level, providing additional internal ground floor and basement space. The Victoria County History entry for the castle states: "In 1830 a fairly extensive modernization was undertaken—a drawing-room and library over it were added on the north side; the old north library over the hall was converted into a billiard room; the former drawing-room which had been over the dining-room on the east side was converted into a larger bedroom and a dressing-room; and the baths on the ground floor on the north side were removed. In 1870 the red-brick water tower adjoining the laundry was built and in 1873 the warder's room in the north-west tower and the low entresol above it were thrown into one to make a smoking-room." It is also apparent that the 19th century additions involved construction of extended outer sections of the north, east and south facades, which now display numerous rectangular sash windows of the Victorian style as opposed to the rounded Georgian windows of the 18th century makeover (the latter can still be seen to be present on the walls facing the internal courtyard, however, as evidenced by the aerial footage shown in the "external links" section).
J.P. Neale, in his 1847 "Mansions of England" work, had to rely for his description of the interior on an account by J.N. Brewer from 1813, who wrote:
At least one Victorian visitor, the library scholar Edward Edwards, was granted access to the library (in fact two libraries, North and South) around 1860, resulting in a comprehensive—but unfortunately never published—catalogue of the contents (refer Quarrie, 2006), and also a shorter account of its principal contents in the relevant chapter of his 1864 publication Libraries and Founders of Libraries, together with the activities of the Earls of Macclesfield up to that date (refer Bibliography). Fortunately for scholars of the Anglo-Saxon period, Edwards also transcribed and translated one of the library's most important manuscripts (which happened to deal with that period), the fifteenth century Liber Monasterii de Hyda, which he reproduced in published form in 1866. Later, the ballad scholar Andrew Clark was permitted to view and transcribe the "Shirburn Ballads", an early seventeenth century manuscript collection of mostly earlier published ballads (many of the originals since lost), resulting in his publication of The Shirburn Ballads 1585-1615 in 1907; some occasions of a small number of other visits to the library by additional scholars for particular purposes are also detailed in Quarrie's 2006 paper.
An early 20th-century photograph showing the interior of the South Library while it still contained its complement of books is reproduced in Mark Purcell's 2019 book, "The Country House Library", which also covers the content of the library in some more detail, while a 2009 article by David Wilson, otherwise concerned with one particular piece of sculpture (a plaster bust of the 1st Earl by John Michael Rysbrack), also reproduces as its Figure 12 a quite detailed 2004 interior view of one of the libraries prior to the dispersal of the collection.
One other record of a successful 19th century visit survives, in the form of Walter Money's report "A Walk to Shirburn Castle", from the Journal of the British Archaeological Association for December 1895, which describes the interior in some detail from p. 290 onwards, especially with regard to some particular items of interest in the armoury, plus an extensive list of the more important portraits and other pictures to be seen in various rooms, together with a description and illustration of a Roman sarcophagus originally found in the garden, being used as a pedestal. A more recent, detailed account is contained in the 2003 litigation of Macclesfield v. Parker, and is included in full below.
The external gatehouse, providing vehicular access to the castle from Castle Road, is stated as being a nineteenth century creation, in the gothic style, and is Grade II listed.
With the exception of the 5th Earl, who was blind and chose to remain at his early home at Eynsham Hall, subsequent earls all resided at the castle, including Thomas Parker, the 3rd Earl (1723–1795), a Fellow of the Royal Society; George Parker, the 4th Earl (1755–1842), Comptroller of the Royal Household, Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard and a Fellow of the Royal Society; Thomas Augustus Parker, the 6th Earl (1811–1896), George Loveden Parker, the 7th Earl (1888–1975) and George Roger Parker, the 8th Earl (1914–1992), culminating with his son Richard Timothy George Mansfield Parker, 9th Earl of Macclesfield (b. 1943).
Ownership and occupancy issues and dispute, and sale of contents
To reduce future tax liabilities, in 1922 ownership of the castle was transferred from the Seventh Earl, George Loveden Parker to the Beechwood Estates Company (the Macclesfield family estate management company), with equity divided among the family members. Unfortunately for the succession, however, this had the result of decoupling ownership and the automatic right to occupy the castle from inheritance of the title, and in the early 21st century, following a long-running and acrimonious court battle, Richard Timothy George Mansfield Parker, the 9th Earl of Macclesfield and last member of the family to reside at the castle, was evicted from the family seat by the other family members, departing in 2005: the 9th Earl contending that a "draft lease" gave him the right to occupy the whole of the castle—or at least a portion of it—for his lifetime in exchange for an appropriate rent payable to the family company (of which the terms were yet to be agreed), however this was contested, ultimately successfully, by the company who contended that he was "no more than [a] tenant at will [of the company]", whose tenancy could therefore be terminated. The 9th Earl lost the occupancy of the house, but retained ownership of the contents (gifted to him in 1967 by his grandfather, the Seventh Earl) including three libraries containing many rarities among their more than 30,000 volumes, largely assembled by the first two Earls of Macclesfield in the first part of the 18th century.
Following his departure from the castle, the 9th Earl made the decision to sell the contents of the libraries, as well as some other items from the castle's holdings. The library items were prepared for a series of auctions, and were catalogued for the first time by staff from Sotheby's in 2004; among the most notable items discovered were a first edition of Copernicus's 1543 landmark work "On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres", annotated by the celebrated 17th-century Oxford mathematician John Greaves, which sold at auction for £666,400, and a unique and superbly illustrated 252-page 14th-century illuminated manuscript, the Macclesfield Psalter, now in the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge. Other items originally forming part of the library were a collection of Welsh material which went to form part of the foundation collections of the National Library of Wales, correspondence of Sir Isaac Newton and other scientific papers which were sold to Cambridge University Library, and manuscripts including the original of the "Shirburn Ballads" (previously transcribed and published in 1907), the Liber de Hyda and the Macclesfield Alphabet Book, these items purchased by the British Library. The breaking up and dispersal by auction of the library was lamented by some, including Roger Gaskell and Patricia Fara, who in 2005 wrote: "Now, without any public discussion, the Macclesfield Library is being broken up. Far more than simply a collection of old books belonging to one man, it is a fabulous treasure trove containing many of the most significant books, owned and annotated by several leading British figures in the history of European science... Formed in the 17th and 18th centuries, this is a coherent collection that was the working library of an intellectual and scientific powerhouse." On completion of the initial round of 6 sales of the scientific portion of the collection, Sotheby's issued a 2005 press release indicating that the sale process had thus far realised in excess of £14 million (not including The Macclesfield Psalter, which sold separately for £1,685,600), representing "the highest total ever for any sale of scientific books and manuscripts". Additional parts of the library sold by Sotheby's between 2006 and 2008, under the general heading "The Library of the Earls of Macclesfield, Removed from Shirburn Castle", comprised "Bibles 1477-1739" (part 7), "Theology, Philosophy, Law, and Economics" (part 8, which realised £1.3 million), "Voyages Travel and Atlases" (part 9), "Applied Arts and Sciences, including Military and Naval Books" (part 10), "English Books and Manuscripts" (part 11) and "Continental Books and Manuscripts" (part 12, which realised £1.8 million). Further selections from the library were offered at auction by Maggs Brothers, U.K. in 2010 and 2012. A set of 328 bound theology volumes acquired from the Macclesfield collection sale now forms part of the Kinlaw Library at Asbury University, a private Christian university in Wilmore, Kentucky, U.S.A.
The castle contents also included a number of fine paintings, one of which, George Stubbs's 1768 masterpiece "Brood Mares and Foals", subsequently sold at auction in 2010 for £10,121,250, a record price for the British artist. This painting was visible, in passing, on the wall in a room at the castle used for filming in the 1992 episode "Happy families" of the Inspector Morse TV series (see below). Previously, a 1740 William Hogarth portrait of the second Earl's tutor and mathematician William Jones, was sold at auction in 1984 for £280,000, and is now in the National Portrait Gallery. Earlier in 1998, an extremely fine Georgian silver wine set, the only known complete example of its era to survive, had been sold by Christies and is now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, its purchase assisted by a £750,000 grant from the National Heritage Memorial Fund. The Shirburn collection of sculptures, described in a Christie's lot essay as "one of the most important English collections of sculpture to be assembled in the 18th century", appears to have been mainly dispersed by sale at auction in 2005, as per a Christie's auction catalogue "The Macclesfield Sculpture", Sale 7104A, 1 December 2005, containing 132 lots, full details of which are not publicly available although some (but apparently not all) can be viewed as a subset of the sale details online, as Lots 50 through 80 which include a number of plaster busts, a dozen bronzes, a marble and a terracotta figure, and (as lot 63) an impressive Roman marble Cinerarium which sold for £43,200. Two bronzes from this sale that do not appear on the cited Christie's page, "Dancing Faun" and "Medici Venus" by Pietro Cipriani, both copies of original antique statues in the Uffizi Gallery, are now in the Getty Museum in the U.S.A.; some other items from that sale have since appeared again on the auction market.
Two other items of cultural interest, a c.1721-22 marble sculpture of Hebe plus a second of Ganymede and the Eagle, both by the Italian sculptor Antonio Montauti, acquired by Parker circa 1723-25 and located since then at Shirburn, subsequently thought "lost" but stated in 2009 to be "the property of a lady", sold at auction for £79,250 each in 2009. In 2022, a fine portrait of the Second Earl by Sebastiano Conca also appeared on the market, described as "the property of a nobleman", after being "in the North Library at Shirburn Castle, Oxfordshire, and by descent to the current owner", selling at Christie's for £378,000. The contents of the early eighteenth century armoury, including items from both the Gage and Parker eras, were also sold following the 9th earl's departure. A privately produced account of the armoury was written by Alan Brett in 2007.
Another two items of interest from the collection were two superbly illustrated botanical albums consisting of original paintings of plants, by Mary Countess of Macclesfield (wife of the Third Earl) and her daughter Lady Elizabeth Parker, dating from the period 1756–1767; both ladies were instructed by Georg Dionysius Ehret, the pre-eminent botanical artist of the day and their paintings follow his style closely. These were sold at auction by Maggs Bros. in 2022 for £225,000 and now reside in the Huntington Library in the U.S.A.
Since the departure of the 9th Earl, the castle appears to have remained largely vacant and, at that time, in need of substantial repairs (estimated as "some £2.6 million" in 2003). Subsequently, the owners have started to address this aspect, commissioning replacement of a number of sections of the roof and treatment of associated timbers, as documented by the contractors concerned. Although its name is not mentioned, the castle is also recognisably one of several offered as "castle" film locations as described via the Location Works agency.
The park
The castle sits within extensive grounds (Shirburn Park, itself Grade II listed), which is described in more detail at the relevant "Historic England" listing, with the brief description "Later C18 and early C19 garden and pleasure grounds around a late C14 castle, remodelled 1720s and early C19, set in a landscape park incorporating the remains of an early to mid C18 formal layout." It incorporates a rotunda and a former orangery, the latter now derelict. Mowl and Earnshaw note that the development of the gardens was probably unfinished on account of Thomas Parker's well known downfall and financial troubles from 1725 onwards, and that further developments were likely undertaken by the second Earl in a classical style, forming a stylistic contrast with what they characterise as the neo-Medieval nature of the first Earl's renovated castle.
Use as film location
On account of its "fairy tale" appearance, romantic setting, and near-original condition Georgian/Victorian interior, the castle has been used as a film location on a number of occasions, including external, and some internal shots as the Balcombe family home in the 1992 episode "Happy Families" of the Inspector Morse TV series, internal rooms, the gatehouse entrance and the church as Midsomer Priory for a 2011 episode "A Sacred Trust" of the Midsomer Murders TV series (although exterior shots of the "priory" house feature Greys Court, another Oxfordshire location), as well as an exterior shot of Mycroft Holmes's country estate for the 2011 film Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows. The location has also been used in 2 episodes of Poirot, namely "Third Girl" (2008) and "Curtain: Poirot's Last Case" (2013); in Annie: A Royal Adventure! (1995 TV movie), Philomena (2013), in the TV serial London Spy (2015) and—with a certain amount of digital manipulation to remove post-medieval alterations—in The Old Guard (2020). A 2016 Burberry commercial, "The Tale of Thomas Burberry" was also mainly filmed at Shirburn Castle. In the 2011 Midsomer Murders Episode "A Sacred Trust", the coat of arms of the fictitious Vertue family, Lords of the Manor and as represented in the supposedly local pub "The Vertue Arms", is constructed almost identically to that of the (real) Parker family, Earls of Macclesfield and owners of the film location for the fictitious priory at Shirburn Castle.
Bibliography
Edwards, Edward (1864): Libraries and Founders of Libraries. Chapter X. The Life of Thomas Parker, Earl of Macclesfield; - The Life of Nicholas Joseph Foucault; - and the Library at Shirburn Castle in Oxfordshire (p. 327 ff.). Available at https://books.google.com/books?id=7SYCAAAAQAAJ
Gaskell, Roger & Fara, Patricia (2005): Selling the silver: country house libraries and the history of science. Endeavour 29(1): 14-19. . doi:10.1016/j.endeavour.2005.01.005
[Victoria County History]: 'Parishes: Shirburn', in A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 8, Lewknor and Pyrton Hundreds, ed. Mary D Lobel (London, 1964), pp. 178–198. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/oxon/vol8/pp178-198 [accessed 18 October 2022].
Notes
References
External links
Shirburn Castle and Village in 1736 - simplification of part of an estate map by William Burgess. Illustration from relevant Victoria County History entry at Parishes: Shirburn | British History Online.
A 1787 engraving of the exterior of the castle, published in the series "Harrison's Seats", reproduced on www.rareoldprints.com
J. Skelton, "Shirburn Castle, Oxfordshire" (engraving published in Skelton's Antiquities of Oxfordshire 1824) - reproduction on Sanders of Oxford Antique Prints and Maps website
J. Skelton, "Ancient Entrance Hall of Shirburn Castle" (engraving published in Skelton's Antiquities of Oxfordshire 1824) - reproduction on B.B. Williams "Antique Prints & Maps" website
Shirburn Castle (exterior) in 1900 - image at Country Life Picture Library
Another early 20th century photograph of the castle on Flickr (further details unknown)
A 1969 photograph of the castle, showing a different view of the drawbridge, and the appearance of the west front before the deterioration of the external render
Album of exterior photographs by Matthew Emmett in 2014 on flickr.com
Shirburn Castle - aerial view via Google Maps
A fine aerial view of the castle taken in 2010, posted on Flickr by AirFrame Photography
Helifilms Video flypast/aerial view of Shirburn Castle available via Getty Images
The Daily Telegraph, 20 February 2004: "Feud forces sale of 'intellectual time capsule'" (subscription required)
The rotunda and the derelict orangery in the castle grounds, photographed in August 2019 (photograph by Tom Cowell)
Blog post on Shirburn Castle, from the series "Handed On" (handedon.wordpress.com/)
Filming locations for the 1992 Inspector Morse episode "Happy Families", including some external and internal views of the castle plus this external view of the castle taken in 1898 submitted by a subscriber
Filming locations for the 2013 movie "Philomena" - some taken on the Shirburn estate
Filming locations used for "London Spy", including a number of exterior and interior shots of the castle
Shirburn Castle as it appears as a location backdrop in the 2020 movie "The Old Guard"; the rounded, 18th-century windows in the towers, plus their rectangular later equivalents in the connecting walls have been digitally replaced by smaller openings more appropriate to the medieval period; for their actual appearance compare this photograph.
Astronomical observatories in England
Castles in Oxfordshire
Grade I listed houses in Oxfordshire
Grade I listed castles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirburn%20Castle |
San Cono () is a small village and in the Metropolitan City of Catania on the island of Sicily, southern Italy. It is an agricultural community, and is known particularly for its production of prickly pears.
Geography
Located in the south-eastern corner of the province, close to the provinces of Caltanissetta and Enna, San Cono borders with the municipalities of Mazzarino (CL), Piazza Armerina (EN) and San Michele di Ganzaria.
History
The town was named San Cono in 1785 by its founder, the Duke of Trigona Marquis Ottavio Trigona Bellotti. In 1883, the territory was divided into several parts and rented to the town's inhabitants. The town belonged to the Trigona family until the abolition of feudal rights.
The town is named after San Cono Abate, although the reason for naming the town after this saint is not clear; according to Jesuit Father Ignazio Mario Piccolo, the fiefdom "was named after San Cono because it was first owned by the Santapau family, who were decedents of the Saint" and the same is reported by the historian Carlo Incudine. Although there are no documents to prove this hypothesis. Ottavio Trigona (although busy with the administration of Piazza Armerina, the neighbouring town) never neglected the interests of the feud of San Cono.
To further explain the name of the town and the historically uncertain reasons of the foundation, there is a popular legend. It is said that one day the Marquis Trigona received a visit from a Friar of Naso who belonged to the Order of St. Basil to buy a large amount of wheat. Not being able to pay in full, the Friar left a precious ring he wore on his finger as a pledge to the Marquis, with the promise that he would then pay the debt. He then loaded the grain onto the mule and left. But after a long period of time the Marquis, having no longer been visited by the monk (and beginning to doubt his good faith), decided to go personally to Naso to ask for information; yet no one was able to tell him anything about the Friar. Once he began his return, on a wall of a Convent, he found the monk depicted in a picture. It was San Cono, who died more than five centuries earlier. Convinced that he witnessed a miracle, he decided to found the town and give it the name of the saint.
The Marquis had a church and 60 houses built at his own expense, where he welcomed people from all over Sicily with the promise of a house and a piece of land to cultivate; therefore, many men who had problems with the law replied to the marquis's proclamation to rebuild their lives. Ottavio Trigona asked and obtained a "licentia populandi"(This was a concession or permit by the Kingdom of Sicily, for barons or feudal lords to allow them the privilege of populating a feud. Shortly after, he provided the means for the construction of the Church of San Cono.
Main sights
The Monument to the Fallen is situated in the centre of the public square. It was constructed between 1967 and 1968 to commemorate those who lost their lives in Second World War. Chiesa Madre is the town's oldest church, presumably dating back to the 18th century. The altar has a statue of Saint Cono, and the Trigona coat of arms carved into the sides. The church's ceiling features paintings representing the life of the saint.
The Palace Trigona was built by the Trigona family as a seasonal residence in the center of the fiefdom of San Cono Soprano with an animation of the peasants and the person in charge of the small block. Around it, where "U Bagghiu" was born in the center, there are the stables and warehouses with a watering trough for the animals whose water is tested by the Vallone Mira. Today the Trigona palace is found to be divided into various owners, who over the years have made profound changes without taking into account its historical and cultural value.
Culture
The patronal feast of St. Cono Abbate is held on the second and third weekends of May. A major festival in San Cono is the "Sagra del Fico d'India" (which translates to the Festival of the Prickly Pears), held on the first Sunday in October each year.
References
External links
San Cono on sicilia.indettaglio.it | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Cono%2C%20Sicily |
Vernon Davis (born January 31, 1984) is an American former professional football player who was a tight end in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Maryland Terrapins, and was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers sixth overall in the 2006 NFL Draft. In 2009, Davis co-led the NFL in touchdown receptions and consequently earned his first of two career Pro Bowl selections.
In the 2011–12 NFL playoffs with the 49ers, Davis caught the game-winning touchdown pass from Alex Smith against the New Orleans Saints, referred to as "The Catch III". In 2015, he was traded to the Denver Broncos, where he won Super Bowl 50 with the team over the Carolina Panthers. Davis then signed with the Washington Redskins in 2016, where he played until his retirement following the 2019 season.
Early life
Davis attended Truesdell Elementary in Washington, D.C., and later attended Paul Public Charter School for middle school. However, Paul did not have a football team, and thus Davis played for neighboring MacFarland Middle School. He went on to attend Dunbar High School in Washington. He was a letterman in football, basketball, and track & field. Rated as a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, Davis was listed as the fourth-best tight end prospect of the class of 2003. At Dunbar, he was teammates with future Cleveland Browns kick return specialist and wide receiver, Josh Cribbs.
In track & field, Davis recorded a personal best of 10.7 seconds in the 100 meters, and was the DCIAA champion in the high jump with a jump of . He was also a member of the 4 × 100 m (43.68s) relay squad.
High school football career
Davis played tight end and safety, but he also played wide receiver, kick returner, linebacker, and defensive end for Dunbar High School. In his senior season, he caught 21 passes for 511 yards and five touchdowns, despite missing three games with a deep bone bruise below his knee. He also caught three two-point conversions and returned two kick offs and two punts for touchdowns. As a junior, he had 35 receptions for 385 yards.
Selected to play in the U.S. Army All-American Bowl
A member of SuperPrep's Elite 50
A Mid-Atlantic all-region pick by SuperPrep
Second team All-USA by USA Today
Ranked as the fourth-best tight end in the nation by Rivals.com
Gatorade Player of the Year for the District of Columbia
College career
Davis enrolled in the University of Maryland, where he majored in studio art and played for the Maryland Terrapins football team. In 2003, Davis saw the most consistent action of any true freshman, playing in all thirteen contests. He had five receptions for 87 yards (11.8 avg) and led the kickoff coverage unit with eight solo tackles.
In 2004, he played in every game, starting at H-back against Northern Illinois, Duke, Georgia Tech, Clemson, Virginia Tech, and Wake Forest. He finished second on the team with 27 catches for 441 yards and had 16.3 avg and three touchdowns.
In 2005, Davis was a Consensus All-American and All-Atlantic Coast Conference first-team selection. He was a finalist for the Mackey Award, given to the nation's top tight end. He started every game, leading the team with 51 receptions and the conference with 871 receiving yards (17.1 avg). His six touchdown catches rank tenth on the school's season-record list. His 51 receptions also rank tenth on Maryland's annual record chart while his 871 yards rank fifth. He was graded 82.5% for blocking consistency as he registered 67 knockdowns, including 18 blocks down field and had eight touchdown-resulting blocks.
Davis was heavily involved with working out in college. He set school strength records (in spring of 2005) for a tight end in the bench press (460 pounds), power-clean (380 pounds), index (824 pounds) and squat (685 pounds). He finished his college career with 1,371 yards on 83 receptions for 16.5 yards per catch, the best average of any first round tight end ever and more yards than other previous high first round tight ends such as Tony Gonzalez, Jeremy Shockey, Kyle Brady, and Kellen Winslow II.
College statistics
Professional career
San Francisco 49ers
2006 NFL Draft
Davis was selected sixth overall in the first round of the 2006 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers. He joined Kellen Winslow Jr. as the fourth highest tight end ever drafted after Ron Kramer, (Green Bay, fourth overall in 1957) Mike Ditka (Chicago, fifth overall in 1961), and Riley Odoms (Denver, fifth overall in 1972). He was the top tight end prospect in the 2006 NFL Draft, partially due to a strong performance at the scouting combine. He ran the 40-yard dash in 4.38 seconds. Davis also broad-jumped 10'08", nearly a foot farther than the next-best tight end, Marcedes Lewis.
2006 season: Rookie year
Vernon's first reception in the NFL was a 31-yard touchdown catch from quarterback Alex Smith, against the Arizona Cardinals in Week 1 on September 10, 2006. He added a career-long 52-yard touchdown against the Green Bay Packers on December 10 with a short catch followed by a long run. Davis played in ten games in the 2006 season due an injury he suffered on September 24, 2006. He sustained a hairline fracture to his left fibula, on a non-contact play against the Philadelphia Eagles, but returned on November 19 against the Seattle Seahawks. For his rookie season, Davis had 265 yards receiving on 20 catches, averaging 13.2 yards per reception. He had three receiving touchdowns.
2007 season
In Week 3 of the 2007 season, Davis was injured while attempting to catch a pass from Smith against the Pittsburgh Steelers. Davis sprained his right knee and missed the next two games. Despite his injury and the 49ers' offensive ineptitude, Davis bettered most of the numbers from his rookie season. Even though his yards per reception diminished, he finished the 2007 season with 52 receptions for 509 yards and four touchdowns.
2008 season
During October 2008, after catching a seven-yard pass in the third quarter against the Seahawks, Davis slapped Seahawks safety Brian Russell in the facemask, resulting in a 15-yard penalty, causing head coach Mike Singletary to bench him and then send him to the locker room for the game's remainder. After the game, Singletary then spoke his famous "I want winners" rant. This resulted in Davis changing his attitude from himself, to the team. The following game against the Cardinals, Davis leaped over a Cardinal defender and caught a pass from quarterback Shaun Hill resulting in a touchdown, his first of the season. He started all 16 regular season games, and finished the season with 31 receptions for 358 yards and two touchdowns.
2009 season
Through Week 11 of the 2009 season, Davis led the NFL with nine touchdown receptions, tied with wide receivers Larry Fitzgerald and Randy Moss. In the final game of the season, he tied the all-time record for most touchdown receptions for a tight end in a single season with 13, sharing the record set by Antonio Gates of the San Diego Chargers in 2004; that record stood until 2011, when it was broken by Rob Gronkowski of the New England Patriots. He was selected to appear in his first Pro Bowl.
2010 season
Before the 2010 season, he was awarded a five-year contract extension for $37 million with $23 million guaranteed. The deal made Davis the league's highest paid tight end. Against the Oakland Raiders in Week 6, he recorded his third straight game with a touchdown. Davis finished the season with 56 catches and 914 yards, resulting in 16.3 yards per catch. He was ranked 88th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2011.
2011 season
Davis had 67 receptions for 792 yards with six touchdowns during the 2011 season, helping the 49ers win the NFC West division and make the postseason for the first time since 2002. In the playoffs in the Divisional Round against the New Orleans Saints, he had seven receptions for 180 yards, breaking Kellen Winslow's record (166) for most yards by a tight end in a playoff game. He scored two touchdowns, and on the game-winning drive, he had a critical 47-yard reception that put the 49ers in a position to tie the game. With nine seconds remaining, Davis caught the game-winning touchdown pass from Alex Smith, now referred to as "Vernon Post". Davis caught three passes for 112 yards and another two touchdowns against the New York Giants in the NFC Championship, but the 49ers lost 20–17 in overtime. He was ranked 43rd by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2012.
2012 season
During the 2012 season, Davis caught 41 passes for 548 yards and five touchdowns.
In the NFC Championship, Davis had five receptions for 106 yards and a touchdown in the 28–24 victory over the Atlanta Falcons. In Super Bowl XLVII, Davis had six catches for 104 yards in the narrow 34-31 loss to the Baltimore Ravens. He was ranked 38th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2013.
2013 season
Davis began the 2013 season much like the 2012 playoffs ended: as a trusted and reliable target for quarterback Colin Kaepernick, catching his first touchdown pass of the season in the first quarter of the first game, at Candlestick Park on September 8, 2013, against the Green Bay Packers. He finished the 2013 season with 52 receptions for 850 receiving yards and 13 receiving touchdowns.
Davis added two touchdown receptions in the Playoffs, one coming against the Green Bay Packers in a Wild Card Round victory, and another in a Divisional Round victory against the Carolina Panthers. He was named to the Pro Bowl. He was ranked 51st by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2014.
2014 season
During the 2014 season, Davis had 26 receptions for 245 yards and two touchdowns, both of which occurred in Week 1 against the Dallas Cowboys. He was dealing with ankle and back issues, which hindered him most of the time during the season.
Denver Broncos
On November 2, 2015, Davis and a 2016 seventh-round draft pick were traded from the San Francisco 49ers to the Denver Broncos for sixth-round picks in 2016 and 2017. His first game as a member of the Broncos was against his brother Vontae and the Indianapolis Colts. With Brock Osweiler as the starting quarterback, he had four receptions for 69 yards in a 17–15 win over the Chicago Bears. He added a combined four receptions for 35 yards in wins against the New England Patriots and San Diego Chargers. Davis had a season-high seven catches for 74 yards in a 15–12 loss to the Oakland Raiders. On February 7, 2016, Davis won his first Super Bowl championship after the Broncos defeated the Carolina Panthers by a score of 24–10 in Super Bowl 50. Despite ending the Super Bowl with no receptions, Davis made a key block downfield during a crucial 34-yard run by teammate C. J. Anderson, the longest rush of the game.
Washington Redskins
2016 season
On March 31, 2016, Davis signed a one-year contract with his hometown Washington Redskins. In a Week 6 game against the Philadelphia Eagles, Davis caught his first touchdown pass in over two years, helping the Redskins win their fourth straight game of the season. Davis had started the game in replacement of an injured Jordan Reed and finished with two receptions for 50 yards and a touchdown. The following week, he earned his third start in a row and finished with six receptions for 79 receiving yards in a 17–20 loss to the Detroit Lions. On October 30, 2016, Davis caught five passes for 93 yards in a 27–27 tie with the Cincinnati Bengals. During a Week 9 matchup with the Minnesota Vikings, he caught three passes for 66 yards and caught a 38-yard touchdown reception from quarterback Kirk Cousins during the Redskins' 26–20 victory. He finished the 2016 season with 44 receptions for 583 receivnig yards and two receiving touchdowns.
2017 season
On March 8, 2017, Davis signed a three-year contract extension with the Redskins. Overall, in the 2017 season, Davis finished with 43 receptions for 648 yards and three touchdowns.
2018 season
Davis recorded his first touchdown reception of the 2018 season in Week 6 against the Carolina Panthers. He finished the 2018 season with 25 receptions for 367 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns.
2019 season
In the season-opener against the Philadelphia Eagles, Davis caught four passes for 59 yards including a 48-yard touchdown. He was placed on injured reserve on November 22, 2019, after missing most of the season with a concussion.
Retirement
Davis announced his retirement via a Fox NFL skit prior to Super Bowl LIV on February 2, 2020.
NFL career statistics
Regular season
Postseason
Personal life
Davis has a fiancée named Kayla. Davis's younger brother, Vontae Davis, is a retired cornerback that played for the Miami Dolphins & Indianapolis Colts, and infamously retired during halftime as a member of the Buffalo Bills. Davis's brother, Michael Davis, was arrested in the Petworth area of Washington, D.C., on Thursday, April 27, 2012, for two counts of assault with intent to kill while armed. Michael is suspected of three similar attacks for which there is an investigation but no charge.
Davis is an avid curling fan. He hosted an event for his charity in San Jose, California, in which the event was curling. Davis was named honorary captain of the Men's U.S. Olympic Curling team for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.
In late 2010, Davis founded Modern Class Design (MCD) with business partner Antone Barnes. Modern Class Design is a full-service fine arts and interior design company that offers comprehensive design services for homes and commercial spaces including interiors and landscape architecture. Davis also owns a chain of Jamba Juice franchises.
In December 2012, Davis opened Gallery 85 on Santana Row in San Jose, California. Gallery 85 is an art gallery for new and emerging artists giving them access to high-end exposure.
In October 2013, it was reported that Davis would be offering stock in his future earnings via a venture with Fantex as part of a new financial instrument being sold by Fantex. Davis planned to offer a 10% share of all future earnings from his brand marketing company to Fantex, which would then turn around and divide it into shares of a tracking stock that can be traded within their own exchange. In January 2014, the stock offering was confirmed. The proposed offering was 421,100 shares, valued at $10 per share, for a total proposed valuation worth $4.2 million.
Media appearances
In 2013, Davis made a cameo appearance in the music video for the song "Get Lo" by Ron Artest and Mike Jones.
Davis made an appearance on Pretty Wild, and Whose Line is it Anyway? in 2015.
Davis hosted the reunion and behind-the scenes special for MTV's The Challenge: Total Madness, both of which aired in July 2020. In September 2020, Davis was announced as one of the celebrities competing in the 29th season of Dancing with the Stars. He partnered with Peta Murgatroyd and was the fifth couple eliminated from the competition, lasting six weeks.
On April 28, 2021, Davis returned as the host for the two-part reunion of The Challenge: Double Agents.
In March and April 2022, Davis served as a judge for Season 1 of Domino Masters on Fox.
Davis also starred in the crime thriller The Ritual Killer as "Randoku", which was released on March 10, 2023. The movie is about a detective hunting for an international murderer committing ritualistic killings in a small Mississippi town. The movie stars Morgan Freeman and Cole Hauser.
Vernon Davis on backing AI sports prediction platform Smart Picks. Smart Picks is a sports prediction platform that will utilize artificial intelligence and machine learning to predict outcomes. https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Articles/2023/08/14/vernon-davis.aspx SmartPicks.ai
In 2022, it was announced that Davis would star in the comedy film Plan B, alongside Jon Heder, Tom Berenger, and Shannon Elizabeth.
References
External links
Maryland Terrapins bio
1984 births
African-American players of American football
American football tight ends
Denver Broncos players
Living people
Maryland Terrapins football players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Players of American football from Washington, D.C.
San Francisco 49ers players
Unconferenced Pro Bowl players
Washington Redskins players
Dunbar High School (Washington, D.C.) alumni
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon%20Davis |
"Sentimiento" () is a song by the Colombian pop and electronic singer-songwriter Anasol. The song was released in 2005 as the first single from her third studio album, Anasol (2005). The song was written, produced and recorded by Anasol and David Cardenas, and the music video was directed by Gustavo Garzon.
Video
The music video shows Anasol in what seems to be a night club crowded with teenagers. The song is performed by Anasol in various places, angles and positions while she dances along. The music video was directed by the Argentine music video director Gustavo Garzón and first shown in May 2005.
Track listings
CD single
"Sentimiento (Album Version)"
"Sentimiento (Club Remix)"
"Sentimeinto (Club Remix Extended)"
Chart performance
References
External links
Anasol official website
Univision Music Group: Anasol
Lyrics of "Sentimiento"
Anasol songs
Spanish-language songs
2005 singles
2005 songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimiento%20%28song%29 |
Carrsville is a census-designated place (CDP) in Isle of Wight County in the Hampton Roads region of southeastern Virginia in the United States. The population as of the 2010 Census was 359. The town is named for Jesse Carr, whose family had long roots in Isle of Wight County. Jesse Carr died in the place that would later bear his name.
Carrsville was located on the Portsmouth and Roanoke Railroad, built through the area in the mid-1830s to provide a link between the Roanoke River and the port areas of Norfolk and Portsmouth. The railroad is now part of CSX Transportation.
History
According to Civil War Encyclopedia, on November 17, 1862, 150 Union soldiers encountered and fought with 400 Confederate cavalry between Carrsville and Holland's corners. No casualties were reported.
In May, 1862, Union forces controlled Norfolk and Portsmouth, Virginia. The Union army had a garrison at Suffolk, fifteen miles east of Carrsville. Between April 11 and May 4, 1863, Lt. General James Longstreet, leading three Confederate divisions, unsuccessfully attempted to capture this garrison in what became the Siege of Suffolk.
Approximately five miles west of Carrsville is the Blackwater River where 9,000 Confederate soldiers were dug in for 50 miles stretching from north of Zuni to the North Carolina line.
After the Siege of Suffolk ended, Union troops under VII Corps were sent to Carrsville to cover the construction of a section of the Seaboard & Roanoke Railroad from Suffolk to the Blackwater River. 36 miles of railroad were completed between May 12–26.
During the construction, on May 15, 1863, Union soldiers encountered confederate military resistance near the Holland House. Confederates fired approximately sixty shot and shell at the railroad before advancing and being, “driven back with heavy loss.”
The VII Corps regiments at Carrsville were the 6th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, 7th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 112th Regiment, New York Infantry, 170th New York Infantry Regiment, 182nd New York Infantry Regiment, 165th Pennsylvania Regiment, and the 167th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment.
In the Battle of Carrsville, also known as the Battle of Holland House, five soldiers in the 6th Regiment Massachusetts were killed, twelve were wounded and five were taken prisoner.
“For his heroic service at Carrsville Private Joseph Sewell-Gerrish Sweatt of Company C, 6th Regiment Massachusetts, was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. “When ordered to retreat, this soldier turned and rushed back to the front, in the face of heavy fire from the enemy, in an endeavor to rescue his wounded comrades, remaining by them until overpowered and taken prisoner.”
Charles H. Bushee of Company E, 112th Regiment, New York Infantry, wrote in his diary about there being, “a sharp skirmish,” in Carrsville on May 14, 15, and 16, 1863.
In his Tidewater News article, Civil War history, battlefields are all around us, Volpe Boykin wrote that the Carrsville Elementary School on Route 58 was the, “area between the battle lines of Union and Confederate infantry and artillery.”
Boykin wrote that Private Anson Thurston and his father, Joel Thurston, both served in the 6th Regiment Massachusetts, and were wounded and captured at Carrsville and brought to Franklin where the younger Thurston died from his wounds. The elder Thurston was then sent to a prison in Richmond.
Geography
Carrsville is in southern Isle of Wight County and is bordered to the southeast by the independent city of Suffolk. U.S. Route 58 Business passes through the center of the community, leading west to Franklin and east to the center of Suffolk. Downtown Norfolk is east of Carrsville.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Carrsville CDP has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.66%, are water.
Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Carrsville has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.
References
Census-designated places in Isle of Wight County, Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Virginia
Census-designated places in Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrsville%2C%20Virginia |
The 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup was the 16th edition of the FIFA U-20 World Cup (formerly called the FIFA World Youth Championship), hosted by Canada from 30 June to 22 July 2007. Argentina defeated the Czech Republic in the title game by the score of 2–1, thus managing a back-to-back world title, its fifth in the past seven editions, and sixth overall. Argentine player Sergio Agüero was given the FIFA U-20 Golden Shoe (top scorer, with six goals) and the FIFA U-20 Golden Ball (best player of the tournament), while Japan earned the FIFA Fair Play Award.
The tournament featured 24 teams coming from six continental confederations; Canada qualified automatically as hosts, while the remaining teams qualified based on their rankings at the respective continental U-20 (U-19 in Europe's case) tournaments. UEFA (Europe) qualified six teams; AFC (Asia), CAF (Africa), CONCACAF (North, Central America and Caribbean) and CONMEBOL (South America) four teams each; and OFC (Oceania) one team.
The tournament took place in a variety of venues across the country – Toronto, Edmonton, Montreal, Ottawa, Victoria and Burnaby (Vancouver) – with the showcase stadium being Toronto's new National Soccer Stadium where the final match was held. 19 years later Canada will co-host the 2026 FIFA World Cup.
On 28 June 2007, two days before the inaugural match, it was reported that 950,000 tickets had been sold, making it the largest single-sport event ever taking place in the country, and on 3 July, the tournament organizers sold the millionth ticket. On 19 July, the semi-final match between Chile and Argentina marked this edition as the most attended in the tournament's history, with an accumulated attendance of 1,156,187 spectators, surpassing Mexico 1983's 1,155,160 spectators. Attendance totalled 1,195,299 after the final match.
Bids
Three countries launched bids to host the competition: Canada, Japan and South Korea. On August 6, 2004 the FIFA Emergency Committee unanimously awarded the rights to host the event to Canada over South Korea (Japan did not submit an official bid).
Venues
Qualification
Twenty-three teams qualified for the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup. As the host team, Canada received an automatic bid, bringing the total number of teams to twenty-four for the tournament. The final draw for the group stages took place on 3 March 2007 in Liberty Grand Entertainment Complex, Toronto.
1.Teams that made their debut.
Match officials
Squads
For a list of the squads see 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup squads
Group stage
The 24 participating teams were distributed between six groups of four teams each, according to a draw held on 3 March 2007. The groups are contested on a league system, where each team plays one time against the other teams in the same group, for a total of six matches per group. Each group winner and runner-up teams, as well as the best four third-placed teams, qualify for the first round of the knockout stage (round of 16).
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Group E
Group F
Ranking of third-placed teams
Knockout stage
Round of 16
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Match for third place
Final
Goalscorers
With six goals, Sergio Agüero is the top scorers in the tournament. In total, 135 goals were scored by 84 different players, with one of them credited as own goals.
6 goals
Sergio Agüero
5 goals
Adrián López
4 goals
Maximiliano Moralez
Jozy Altidore
3 goals
Ángel Di María
Erwin Hoffer
Alexandre Pato
Martin Fenin
Luboš Kalouda
Giovani dos Santos
Dawid Janczyk
Freddy Adu
Danny Szetela
2 goals
Mauro Zárate
Rubin Okotie
Leandro Lima
Jaime Grondona
Mauricio Isla
Nicolás Medina
Arturo Vidal
Ousman Jallow
Yasuhito Morishima
Abdallah Deeb
Pablo Barrera
Ezekiel Bala
Bruno Gama
Shin Young-rok
Juan Mata
Edinson Cavani
Luis Suárez
Rodgers Kola
1 goal
Claudio Yacob
Sebastian Prödl
Amaral
Carlos Carmona
Hans Martínez
Alexis Sánchez
Mathías Vidangossy
Franchel Ibara
Gracia Ikouma
Ermejea Ngakosso
Pablo Herrera
Jonathan McDonald
Ondřej Kúdela
Jakub Mareš
Tomáš Mičola
Marek Střeštík
Pierre Gomez
Abdoulie Mansally
Jun Aoyama
Tomoaki Makino
Atomu Tanaka
Tsukasa Umesaki
Lo'ay Omran
Christian Bermúdez
Omar Esparza
Javier Hernández
Héctor Moreno
Osmar Mares
Jack Pelter
Chukwuma Akabueze
Elderson Echiéjilé
Brown Ideye
Kim Kum-il
Jon Kwang-ik
Nelson Barahona
Grzegorz Krychowiak
Vitorino Antunes
Feliciano Condesso
Ross Campbell
Mark Reynolds
Lee Sang-ho
Shim Young-sung
Marquitos
Alberto Bueno
Diego Capel
Javi García
Gerard Piqué
Mario Suárez
Michael Bradley
Clifford Mulenga
William Njobvu
Fwayo Tembo
1 own goal
Mathías Cardaccio (against the United States)
Awards
Source:
Final ranking
Controversies
Nigerian accusations of racism
The quarter-final match between Chile and Nigeria took place on FIFA's "Say No To Racism Day." During extra time, Chile's Jaime Grondona scored at the 96th minute, but Nigerians claimed that it was offside. Despite their protest, referee Howard Webb allowed the goal to stand, and the goalkeeper Ikechukwu Ezenwa received a yellow card for his protest. Replays showed that a defender was out of place, and it was not offside.
After the game, Nigerian coach Ladan Bosso accused Webb of racism in a press conference, stating that "the officiating, I think FIFA has a long way to go to beat racism because that official showed racism." When asked directly if he felt Webb was a racist, Bosso responded by stating that "It's good for FIFA to bring in the fight against racism, but they have to follow it to the letter so that the implementation will be done." The coach was fined CHF 11,000 and banned for four months, as the disciplinary committee found him guilty of "offensive behaviour" under the terms of article 57 of the FIFA Disciplinary Code.
The Nigeria Football Federation (NFF) was also sanctioned for allowing the players to wear T-shirts with religious statements under their game jerseys. This was a violation of the regulations of the tournament, which state: "Players and officials are not allowed to display political, religious, commercial or personal messages in any language or form on their playing or team kits..."
Chilean clash with police
On 19 July 2007, there was a clash between Chilean players and police officers following the semi-final match between Chile and Argentina. The Chilean players were angry with referee, Wolfgang Stark, claiming that he had "lost control of the match early on" and complained about receiving seven yellow cards and two red cards, with a total of 53 fouls committed. After the game, Stark and his colleagues were surrounded by Chilean players, and Toronto Police Service members had to intervene to restrain them. Stark was escorted off the pitch and into the dressing room tunnel by the police, due to fears that he would be attacked by the crowd or Chilean players. Afterwards, there was a brawl between several players and delegates of the Chilean team and police outside Toronto's National Soccer Stadium.
According to Toronto Police Chief Bill Blair, the altercation began when Chilean players got into a scuffle with a rival fan. He added that "members of the Chilean team then decided to direct some of their aggressive behaviour towards my officers... The job of my officers was to respond in a firm, but fair, manner to end that violence. They are trained to do so, and that is what they did." The Chilean players, however, stated that Isaías Peralta walked towards Chilean fans located behind a security fence, but was stopped by about ten policemen. They further stated that a heated discussion took place, and Peralta (who speaks no English) was verbally and physically abused by the policemen.
Peralta was tasered by a police officer and lost consciousness for 20 minutes. Subsequently, other players became involved in a struggle with the police, but eventually returned to their bus and closed the doors. Eyewitnesses reported that players on the bus threw objects at the police through the windows and attempted to grab officers from inside the damaged bus. Three minutes later, Harold Mayne-Nicholls, the president of the Chilean National Association of Professional Football (ANFP), asked the players to exit the bus and board a different one. As the players were leaving the bus, the police then took them back to the stadium.
FIFA spokesman, John Schumacher, stated that "the Chilean players were detained by the police to de-escalate the situation that was taking place in front of the stadium. Ten Chilean team members were detained over three hours and then released without charges." The following day, FIFA president Sepp Blatter expressed at a press conference in Toronto that the incident was "regrettable" and that he "apologised in the name of FIFA." The ANFP hired a Toronto-based law firm to pursue legal action against the Toronto police.
The incident was on the front page of every major Chilean newspaper. Following the incident, the Canadian embassy in Santiago received a bomb threat, and angry Chileans protested outside the embassy holding signs that read "Racist Canada." Chilean President Michelle Bachelet described the incident as "particularly serious because, in our view, the Chilean delegation suffered unjustified aggression" and lodged a formal protest with the Canadian government. In response, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper remarked that "international soccer matches are hotly contested and often become very emotional. As you know, there are processes in Canada by which the authorities review these kinds of incidents and I don't intend to comment further."
According to reports in Canadian media, a Chilean team member punched a female police officer in the face before Peralta was tasered. An internal review led by Superintendent Jim Ramer determined that officers acted professionally and with "an immense amount of restraint" during the conflict outside BMO Field, in which Chilean players "punched, kicked, spat on, and kicked" police and security staff. The report stated that the violence began when two individuals not involved in the game confronted each other. Security guards attempted to intervene, followed by police, when a Chilean player punched a female police officer in the face. From that point, the report stated that the violence escalated, with Chilean players dismantling armrests and footrests from the bus seats and smashing windows in order to spit and throw objects at police, including D batteries, clothes hangers, and cans of deodorant. Four officers were reportedly injured by projectiles. FIFA agreed to pay for the $35,000 cost of damages to the team's rented bus.
Mayne-Nicholls, who was a witness to the incident, stated that "I didn't see any Chilean player hitting any officer except between all the struggling." Patricio Bascuñán, the president of the Salvador Allende Cultural Society of Toronto, called for an independent review.
Grondona was suspended for nine months at all levels, including domestic and international play, and fined CHF 7,000 (including procedural costs) for assaulting match officials. The Chilean football association was fined CHF 15,000 for "team misconduct."
See also
Canadian Soccer Association
2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup
References
External links
FIFA U-20 World Cup Canada 2007 , FIFA.com
RSSSF > FIFA World Youth Championship > 2007
FIFA Technical Report
FIFA U-20 World Cup tournaments
FIFA U-20 World Cup
International association football competitions hosted by Canada
Soccer in British Columbia
Soccer in Ontario
Soccer in Quebec
June 2007 sports events in Canada
July 2007 sports events in Canada
2007 in youth association football
International sports competitions in Toronto | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20FIFA%20U-20%20World%20Cup |
In mathematics, the orbit method (also known as the Kirillov theory, the method of coadjoint orbits and by a few similar names) establishes a correspondence between irreducible unitary representations of a Lie group and its coadjoint orbits: orbits of the action of the group on the dual space of its Lie algebra. The theory was introduced by for nilpotent groups and later extended by Bertram Kostant, Louis Auslander, Lajos Pukánszky and others to the case of solvable groups. Roger Howe found a version of the orbit method that applies to p-adic Lie groups.
David Vogan proposed that the orbit method should serve as a unifying principle in the description of the unitary duals of real reductive Lie groups.
Relation with symplectic geometry
One of the key observations of Kirillov was that coadjoint orbits of a Lie group G have natural structure of symplectic manifolds whose symplectic structure is invariant under G. If an orbit is the phase space of a G-invariant classical mechanical system then the corresponding quantum mechanical system ought to be described via an irreducible unitary representation of G. Geometric invariants of the orbit translate into algebraic invariants of the corresponding representation. In this way the orbit method may be viewed as a precise mathematical manifestation of a vague physical principle of quantization. In the case of a nilpotent group G the correspondence involves all orbits, but for a general G additional restrictions on the orbit are necessary (polarizability, integrality, Pukánszky condition). This point of view has been significantly advanced by Kostant in his theory of geometric quantization of coadjoint orbits.
Kirillov character formula
For a Lie group , the Kirillov orbit method gives a heuristic method in representation theory. It connects the Fourier transforms of coadjoint orbits, which lie in the dual space of the Lie algebra of G, to the infinitesimal characters of the irreducible representations. The method got its name after the Russian mathematician Alexandre Kirillov.
At its simplest, it states that a character of a Lie group may be given by the Fourier transform of the Dirac delta function supported on the coadjoint orbits, weighted by the square-root of the Jacobian of the exponential map, denoted by . It does not apply to all Lie groups, but works for a number of classes of connected Lie groups, including nilpotent, some semisimple groups, and compact groups.
Special cases
Nilpotent group case
Let G be a connected, simply connected nilpotent Lie group. Kirillov proved that the equivalence classes of irreducible unitary representations of G are parametrized by the coadjoint orbits of G, that is the orbits of the action G on the dual space of its Lie algebra. The Kirillov character formula expresses the Harish-Chandra character of the representation as a certain integral over the corresponding orbit.
Compact Lie group case
Complex irreducible representations of compact Lie groups have been completely classified. They are always finite-dimensional, unitarizable (i.e. admit an invariant positive definite Hermitian form) and are parametrized by their highest weights, which are precisely the dominant integral weights for the group. If G is a compact semisimple Lie group with a Cartan subalgebra h then its coadjoint orbits are closed and each of them intersects the positive Weyl chamber h*+ in a single point. An orbit is integral if this point belongs to the weight lattice of G.
The highest weight theory can be restated in the form of a bijection between the set of integral coadjoint orbits and the set of equivalence classes of irreducible unitary representations of G: the highest weight representation L(λ) with highest weight λ∈h*+ corresponds to the integral coadjoint orbit G·λ. The Kirillov character formula amounts to the character formula earlier proved by Harish-Chandra.
See also
Dixmier mapping
Pukánszky condition
References
.
.
Representation theory of Lie groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit%20method |
The Pleasure of My Company is a 2003 novel by Steve Martin, which tells the story of the life of Daniel Pecan Cambridge, an introverted young man with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The novel revolves around Daniel, his obsessions, and his interactions with the world around his home in Santa Monica, California.
Characters
Daniel Pecan Cambridge is the book's protagonist. Daniel has obsessive-compulsive disorder, and thus acts out compulsive behaviors such as stepping over cracks in the sidewalk.
Elizabeth Warner is a real estate agent whom Daniel falls in love with from afar.
Zandy is a pharmacist at the local Rite Aid whom Daniel develops a crush on before he meets her.
Daniel's grandmother is a kind, wealthy woman who sends him letters and checks throughout the novel.
Philipa is an intelligent and attractive actress who lives upstairs from Daniel with her boyfriend Brian and her dog Tiger. She is one of Daniel's closest friends.
Brian is Philipa's athletic boyfriend. Daniel is indifferent to him at first, but eventually they become friends.
Clarissa a college student who is studying to become a psychologist. She meets with Daniel twice a week to evaluate him, but their relationship becomes more personal.
Other
Steve Martin stated in an interview with About.com that if The Pleasure of My Company is made into a film, he would like Ashton Kutcher to play Daniel.
2003 American novels
Novels about obsessive–compulsive disorder
Novels set in Santa Monica, California
Novels by Steve Martin
Hyperion Books books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Pleasure%20of%20My%20Company |
Nosema is a genus of microsporidian parasites. The genus, circumscribed by Swiss botanist Carl Nägeli in 1857, contains 81 species. Most parasitise insects and other arthropods, and the best-known Nosema species parasitise honeybees, where they are considered a significant disease by beekeepers, often causing a colony to fail to thrive in the spring as they come out of their overwintering period. Eight species parasitize digeneans, a group of parasitic flatworms, and thus are hyperparasites, i.e., parasites of a parasite.
Species
Nosema algerae parasitising mosquitoes
Nosema antheraeae parasitising the Chinese oak silkworm Antheraea pernyi
Nosema apis parasitising western honey bees
Nosema birgii parasitising the chrysomelid beetle Mesoplatys cincta
Nosema bombi parasitising bumble bees
Nosema bombycis causes pébrine in silkworms
Nosema carpocapsae parasitising Laspeyresia molesta (a tortricid moth)
Nosema ceranae parasitising honey bees and bumble bees
Nosema chaetocnemae parasitising the chrysomelid beetle Chaetocnema tibialis
Nosema chrysorrhoeae parasitising the browntail moth Euproctis chrysorrhoea (a lymantrid moth)
Nosema couilloudi parasitising chrysomelid beetles of genus Nisotra
Nosema empoascae parasitising the potato leaf-hopper Empoasca fabae (a cicadellid bug)
Nosema equestris parasitising the chrysomelid beetles Gastrophysa viridula and Leptinotarsa decemlineata
Nosema fumiferanae parasitising the eastern spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (a tortricid moth)
Nosema furnacalis parasitising the Asian corn-borer Ostrinia furnacalis (a pyralid moth)
Nosema galerucellae parasitising the chrysomelid beetle Galerucella luteola
Nosema gastroideae parasitising the chrysomelid beetle Gastrophysa polygoni
Nosema granulosis parasitising the crustacean Gammarus duebeni
Nosema kovacevici
Nosema leptinotarsae parasitising the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)
Nosema nisotrae parasitising chrysomelid beetles of genus Nisotra
Nosema oulemae parasitising the chrysomelid beetle Oulema melanopus
Nosema phyllotretae parasitising the chrysomelid beetles Phyllotreta atra and Phyllotreta undulata
Nosema polygrammae parasitising the chrysomelid beetle Polygramma undecimlineata
Nosema portugal parasitising the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (a lymantrid moth)
Nosema pyrrhocoridis parasitising the red soldier bug Pyrrhocoris apterus (a pyrrhocorid bug)
Nosema pyrausta parasitising the European corn-borer Ostrinia nubilalis (a pyralid moth)
Nosema serbica parasitising the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (a lymantrid moth)
Nosema spodopterae parasitising the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (a plutellid moth)
Nosema trichoplusiae parasitising the cabbage looper/tiger moth Trichoplusia ni (a noctuid moth)
Nosema tyriae parasitising the cinnabar moth Tyria jacobaeae (an arctiid moth)
Nosema vespula parasitising European wasps
Nosema locustae, which parasitises locusts and grasshoppers, and Nosema grylli, which parasitises crickets, have been transferred to Paranosema, or in the former case Antonospora. Nosema algerae, which parasitises anopheline mosquitoes, has been transferred to Brachiola. Nosema kingii, which parasitises fruit flies, and Nosema acridophagus, which parasitises grasshoppers, have been transferred to Tubilinosema.
Studies of DNA sequences imply that the boundaries between the genera Nosema and Vairimorpha are incorrectly drawn.
References
External links
Nosema bombycis
Microsporidia genera
Parasites of arthropods | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosema%20%28microsporidian%29 |
Nina Andreyevna Statkevich (; born 16 February 1944) is a former speed skater who competed for the Soviet Union.
Nina Statkevich trained at VSS Trud in Leningrad. She won many titles – she was World Allround Champion, European Allround Champion twice, Soviet Allround Champion four times, and Soviet Sprint Champion. She also competed at the Winter Olympics, but never won an Olympic medal, a fifth place at the 1972 Olympics being her best result (on both 1000 m and 3000 m).
Medals
An overview of medals won by Statkevich during important championships she participated in, listing the years in which she won each:
World records
Over the course of her career, Statkevich skated 2 world records on the then still natural ice of Medeo:
Personal bests:
500 m – 43.32 (1970)
1000 m – 1:28.1 (1973)
1500 m – 2:16.48 (1973)
3000 m – 4:43.0 (1973)
5000 m – 8:36.5 (1976)
References
External links
Nina Statkevich at SkateResults.com
1944 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Saint Petersburg
Russian female speed skaters
Soviet female speed skaters
Olympic speed skaters for the Soviet Union
Speed skaters at the 1972 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 1976 Winter Olympics
World record setters in speed skating
Honoured Masters of Sport of the USSR
Universiade medalists in speed skating
World Allround Speed Skating Championships medalists
FISU World University Games gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Competitors at the 1970 Winter Universiade | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina%20Statkevich |
Awn Al-Sharif Qasim () (June 16, 1933 – January 19, 2006) was a prolific Sudanese writer, encyclopedist, scholar, community leader, and one of Sudan's leading experts on Arabic language and literature.
He was a strong advocate of Arabic/Islamic culture and its interweaving with Sudanese culture. Qasim authored more than 70 books in the area of Islamic history and civilization, Arabic literature, studies in the Sudanese dialect languages.
Along with Professor Abdalla Eltayeb and Professor Abu Saleem, Qasim was considered one of the scholars who shaped the Sudanese academic scene during the last three decades of the 20th century.
Early life and education
Qasim was born in Sudan's ancient city Halfayat Almilook in 1933. His father immigrated to Sudan from Yemen in 1925 and settled in the city of Halfayat Almilook in Khartoum North and became a known religious figure in the area teaching and educating on Islamic sciences. Due to this background, Qasim was exposed to a heritage of Islamic and Arabic culture education since his early childhood that later on shaped his life.
He graduated from the College of Liberal Arts at the University of Khartoum in 1957. He earned his master's degree in 1960, majoring in Arabic and Islamic studies from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. In 1967, he earned his PhD from the University of Edinburgh in Scotland.
Career
Qasim served as a minister of religious affairs for 10 years (1971-1981) the longest period served by a minister in all Sudanese governments. During this period he demonstrated exceptional qualities as a leader and political religious figure and soon became one of the most popular and beloved ministers in Sudan's 1970s government for his strong work ethics, humbleness and honesty. He was able to connect with different religious groups and to promote ideas of peace and harmony among these groups. Qasim continued to write during this period and published dozens of books for the public. After the military coup by Omer Al Bashir, he was arrested along with other ministers from Nimeiri's government.
Writings
In the mid-1990s, he authored the Sudanese Encyclopedia of Tribes and Genealogies, a pioneer, state of the art series of books for the different Sudanese tribes, their roots and origins. This project has entitled him to earn Az-Zubair Prize for Innovation and Scientific Excellence, the highest prestigious prize awarded by Sudanese government. He was also awarded the Egyptian prestigious First Class Golden Award for scientific achievements in 1992 by Egyptian President Muhammad Husni Mubarak.
Qasim also authored the Dictionary of the Sudanese dialect, another valuable source of information on Sudanese culture. His dictionary is used worldwide by scholars as a valuable reference on Sudanese dialects.
Professions and affiliations
1960 - 1961 University Lecturer, University of London UK
1961 - 1971 University Lecturer, University of Khartoum Sudan
1971 - 1981 Minister of Religious Affairs, Sudan
1975 Founded Institute of Islamic studies, Khartoum Sudan
1981 President Award for Scientific achievements
1982 - 1984 Professor, University of Khartoum, Sudan
1984 - 1995 Lecturer, Khartoum International Institute for Arabic Language, 1988 Head of Institute.
1990 - 1994 President, University of Khartoum, Sudan
1993 First Honor Golden Science Award for Excellence in Writing, Egypt awarded by President Mohammad Husni Mubarak.
1996 President, Omdurman Ahlia University, Sudan
2000 Az-Zubair Prize for Innovation and Scientific Excellence at the Scientist Level
Special notes
Prof. Qasim first intended to study medicine, however the Halfayat Almilook's bus was late that day, so he was late for the medical school physical exam. He then shifted his dreams and career to studies of Arabic language and literature.
Books
Qamus al-lahjah al-‘ammiyah fi al-Sudan (قاموس اللهجة العامية في السودان ) Dictionary of the local dialect in Sudan ..
Al-Din fi Hayatina (الدين في حياتنا) Religion in our life
Fi ma‘rakat al-turath (في معركة التراث ) In War of Culture
Mawsu‘at Al-qaba’il wa-al-ansab fi al-Sudan wa-ashhar asma’ al-a‘lam wa-al-amakin (موسوعة القبائل والأنساب في السودان وأشهر اسماء الاعلام والأماكن ) Sudanese Encyclopedia of Tribes and Genealogies
Al-Risalah Al-khatimah (الرسالة الخاتمة ) The Final Message
Diblumasiya Mohammed (دبلوماسية محمد ) Diplomacy of Mohammed
Fi Tariq al Islam (في طريق الاسلام) In the Direction of Islam
Shi'r al Basra fil 'asr al Ummawi: dirasah fil siyasah wal ijtima' (شعر البصرة في العصر الاموي: دراسة في السياسة والاجتماع) Poetry in Basra during the time of the Umayyads: A study in politics and society
References
External links
Personal Website of Professor Qasim in Arabic
Az-Zubair Prize Winners for Year 2000 in Arabic
1933 births
2006 deaths
People from Khartoum
Sudanese educators
Linguists from Sudan
Sudanese non-fiction writers
Encyclopedists
Government ministers of Sudan
Sudanese people of Yemeni descent
University of Khartoum alumni
Alumni of SOAS University of London
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Academic staff of the University of Khartoum
20th-century Sudanese writers
21st-century Sudanese writers
Sudanese male writers
Male non-fiction writers
Recipients of Az-Zubair Prize for Innovation and Scientific Excellence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awn%20Alsharif%20Qasim |
James Ashley Chambers (born 20 November 1980) is an English professional footballer. Chambers played predominantly as a right-back, although he also played at centre-back, left-back and right-wing during his career. He last played for Worcester City.
Career
Chambers' early career mirrored that of his twin brother Adam Chambers. Both played for school football teams – Grove Vale Primary School and Dartmouth High School, West Bromwich District and Sunday league team – Holy Name F.C. before joining West Bromwich Albion in 1996, and signing for West Bromwich Albion as apprentices in July 1997.
West Bromwich Albion
After progressing through Albion's youth system, both twins turned professional in January 1999. James made his debut in a 0–0 draw with Port Vale on 15 January 2000. He made 78 appearances in total for the Baggies, with a significant number coming in the 2000–01 season. In the 1998–99 season he and his brother Adam became the first twins to represent England at any level when they appeared together during the World Youth Tournament in Nigeria. They were also the first twins to play for the Albion, and the first to play in same side for any club in the Premier League.
Watford
With few chances available at the newly promoted Premiership side, he was allowed to move to Championship side Watford on loan in August 2004.
Chambers impressed manager Ray Lewington enough to sign him on a permanent three-year contract in a deal worth up to £250,000. Chambers started regularly in his first season at the club and also featured in the club's run to the League Cup semi-finals that year. He scored his only two career goals to date (as of December 2010) in the 4th round 5–2 victory over Premiership side Southampton. He also played in the quarter-final victory over Portsmouth and semi-final defeat to Liverpool.
Chambers competed with Lloyd Doyley for the right-back spot in 2005–06, as well as spending some time playing at left-back. Watford reached the play-offs, finishing third, and Chambers started on the right-wing in the semi-final first leg against Crystal Palace, putting in an impressive display. He kept his place for the second leg and the final, against Leeds United, where his deflected strike led to an own goal by Leeds goalkeeper Neil Sullivan. Watford won 3–0, and were promoted to the Premiership. In the post-match dressing room celebrations, Sky cameras inadvertently showed Chambers fully naked – exposing his private parts on national television – whilst jumping around and spraying manager Aidy Boothroyd with champagne.
Chambers started Watford's first game in the top-flight, a 2–1 loss to Everton where he was substituted at half-time. Aside from a League Cup appearance against Accrington Stanley, he did not play another first team match until he joined Cardiff on a month's loan in October 2006. Playing as a left back for the early Championship leaders, he started all seven games in his time at Ninian Park. Watford then rejected Cardiff's request to extend the loan.
He returned to the Watford side at right-back, but sustained an injury against Newcastle United that kept him out of the team until March. He featured sporadically after that, as Watford were relegated from the Premiership, but did play in the side's FA Cup quarter-final victory over Plymouth Argyle and semi-final loss to Manchester United.
Leicester City
In June 2007 Chambers turned down a new contract at Watford to sign a three-year contract with fellow Championship side Leicester City.
Doncaster Rovers
On 4 August 2008, Chambers signed a three-year-deal with Doncaster Rovers. Chambers had a clause in his contract at Leicester allowing him to move on a free transfer should the club be relegated. This clause was activated following the Foxes' relegation into League One. He became Rovers' seventh signing of the summer, leading up to their first season back in the second tier of English football after fifty years in the lower leagues.
Chambers was a regular for Rovers throughout the 2008–09 and 2009–10 seasons, with his ability to play on either side of the back four adding some much needed versatility to the Rovers ranks. Rehabilitation from a knee operation caused him to miss the beginning of the 2010–11 season.
Walsall
After a period on trial at the club, Chambers joined League One side Walsall on 18 August 2012, again linking up with his brother Adam. Chambers emerged as a key part of the Saddlers squad over the following three seasons, making one hundred and eight appearances for Walsall and featuring in the 2015 Football League Trophy final. He announced his retirement from football on 17 July 2015 to focus on his business interests.
Worcester City
In September 2016 he came out of retirement to sign for Worcester City.
References
External links
1980 births
Footballers from West Bromwich
Living people
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football utility players
English men's footballers
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Watford F.C. players
Cardiff City F.C. players
Leicester City F.C. players
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Hereford United F.C. players
Walsall F.C. players
English Football League players
Premier League players
England men's youth international footballers
Worcester City F.C. players
English twins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Chambers%20%28English%20footballer%29 |
Fred Astaire Dance Studios, Inc. is a ballroom dance franchise chain of studios in the United States and Canada, named after and co-founded by famous dancer Fred Astaire. It is headquartered in Longmeadow, Massachusetts, USA.
The company was co-founded by Astaire along with Charles and Chester Casanave in 1947. Astaire divested his interest in the chain in 1966, while agreeing the continued use of his name by the franchise. The studios became franchised in 1950; currently there are no corporate owned studios. Each franchise is individually owned & operated. Currently there are 140 Fred Astaire studios in the United States alone. As of December 2010, Fred Astaire Dance Studios will now be franchising around the world and has studios opened in countries like Lebanon and South Africa.
Notable associates
The following dancers worked for and or started with Fred Astaire Dance Studios and won at least one United States Dance Championship.
Tony Dovolani (Rhythm)
Tony Dovolani & Elena Grinenko (Rhythm)
Jose DeCamps (Rhythm) * [Bruce and Mary Christopherson] 1982-1983 winners of United States Pre Champ, Rising Star, Hustle, and runner-up American Open in both American Smooth and Rhythm. Over 35 state and regional titles.
References
Dance schools in the United States
Franchises
Dance schools in Canada
Ballroom dance
American companies established in 1947
Companies based in Hampden County, Massachusetts
1947 establishments in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Astaire%20Dance%20Studios |
Suzanne Gorman (born June 8, 1962) is an American photographer based in St. Louis. Her client list includes former President Bill Clinton, former First Ladies Barbara Bush and Hillary Clinton, and sports and entertainment personalities such as Nelly, Cory Spinks, Bob Costas, Ozzie Smith, Jackie Joyner, Stephanie Patton, and Kathryn Sansone. She has also photographed Cirque du Soleil and hip-hop and musical artists such as Destiny's Child and Sting.
Biography
Gorman was born in St. Louis in 1962. Her father Charles David Gorman was a professor of mathematics and her mother Gong Shu a psychodrama therapist.
Gorman attended University City High School, graduated at the age of 16, and then enrolled in Fontbonne College, receiving a degree in fine arts in 1983. Her interest in photography did not start until college, when she inherited her father's Leica camera after he died, at which point she took her first ever photography class. In 1981 she worked for St. Louis Mayor Vincent C. Schoemehl, and in 1982 she became an intern for Rick Gould, a local fashion photographer.
She cites Richard Avedon as one of her major influences and respects the work of Annie Leibovitz.
Reception
The St. Louis Post Dispatch in 1995 started its article about Gorman with, "Suzy Gorman looks tough, talks gruff and acts rough. Is it shtick or is it Suzy?" and concludes that "it" is in fact Suzy. She is known for dismissing clients, instructing them to lose weight, and she is equally direct about telling people to change everything from their hair to their teeth.
References
St. Louis Business Journal, August 5–11, 2005, "St. Louis Character: Suzy Gorman"
Alive magazine, September 2005, "Girl talk: Photographer Suzy Gorman Shoots from the Hip."
KTVI Channel 2 News, February 2005, "Photographer with tales to tell about some of the big stars"
Seen, May 1992, "That Gorman girl shoots anything that moves (especially her mouth)"
From the Halls of Fame, 2005, St. Louis Commerce Magazine
St. Louis Post Dispatch, February 23, 1995, "Suzy Gorman, photographer to the stars"
External links
Official Suzy Gorman website
American photographers
Fontbonne University alumni
Artists from St. Louis
1962 births
Living people
American women photographers
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzy%20Gorman |
"Blackout" is a song written and recorded by David Bowie in 1977 for the album "Heroes". Author Nicholas Pegg described the track as "typical of the darkly exhilarating sonic schizophrenia of the "Heroes" album", while biographer David Buckley remarked on "a backing verging on industrial". Regarding its lyrics and subject matter, Bowie himself said in 1999 that the song "did indeed refer to power cuts. I can't in all honesty say that it was the NY one [New York City blackout of 1977], though it is entirely likely that that image locked itself in my head."
Reception
NME'''s Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray considered it to have "overtones of Bowie's personal blackout in Berlin (where he collapsed and was rushed to hospital)", noting the line "Get me to the doctor" and an atmosphere of "disorientation, fragmentation, panic".
According to music professor James E. Perrone, the "harrowing" song is the least accessible of the album, offering a prelude to the experimental songs of Bowie's next album, Lodger (1979). The lyrics are difficult to decipher, he writes, as a result of the reverberation Bowie and Visconti added. Nicholas Pegg surmised that the line "Someone's back in town, the chips are down" may have referred to Bowie's wife, Angela Bowie, who had just arrived in Berlin around the same time.
Author and essayist Chris O'Leary referred to Blackout as being "as abrasive as "Heroes" gets" and "sound[ing] like a monster". He also drew comparisons with previous songs, such as "Suffragette City" off The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars and "Stay" off Station to Station.
The cut-up lyrics of "Blackout" were one of the exhibits in the Victoria and Albert Museum exhibition David Bowie Is in 2013."Career Cameleon". The National Post. 16 March 2013, p. 67.
Live versions
A performance recorded during Bowie's 1978 tour was released on his second live album, Stage. This version was also released as a single by RCA in Japan in November 1978, backed with "Soul Love" from the same series of concerts. The 1978 performance was also included on the live album Welcome to the Blackout'', released in 2018. Bowie's introduction of the song to the audience gave the 2018 album its title.
Notes
1977 songs
David Bowie songs
Songs written by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by Tony Visconti | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackout%20%28David%20Bowie%20song%29 |
CHESS Magazine (), also called CHESS and previously called CHESS Monthly, is a chess magazine published monthly in the United Kingdom by Chess and Bridge Limited. CHESS was founded by Baruch Harold Wood in 1935 in Sutton Coldfield. Wood edited it until 1988, when it was taken over by Pergamon Press and changed its name to Pergamon Chess. It became Macmillan Chess in 1989 and Maxwell Macmillan Chess Monthly in 1991. Current executive editor Malcolm Pein purchased Chess and Bridge from the Robert Maxwell estate.
Staff
Richard Palliser (IM and Editor)
Byron Jacobs (Editor)
John Saunders (Associate Editor)
Malcolm Pein (IM and Executive Editor)
Contributors include Grandmaster (GM) Jon Speelman, GM Michael Adams, GM Jacob Aagaard, GM Daniel King, GM John Emms, IM Andrew Greet, IM Yochanan Afek, Peter Lalic and Janis Nisii.
Former Executive Editor, Writer and Rewriter for 20 years Jimmy Adams FM
References
External links
CHESS Magazine
Chess in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1935
Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
1935 in chess
Chess magazines published in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess%20Magazine |
Rio Tinto, meaning "red river", may refer to:
Businesses
Rio Tinto (corporation), an Anglo-Australian multinational mining and resources corporation
Rio Tinto Alcan, based in Canada
Rio Tinto Borax in America
Rio Tinto Borax Mine, a mine in Boron, California, USA
Rio Tinto Coal Australia, the Australian coal mining operation
Rio Tinto Energy America, an American operation
Rio Tinto Madagascar, a Madagascar operation
Rio Tinto Tower, a building in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Places
Brazil
Rio Tinto, Paraíba
Portugal
, a civil parish in the Esposende Municipality
Rio Tinto (Gondomar), a civil parish in municipality of Gondomar
Spain
Rio Tinto (river), a river descending from the Sierra Morena mountains of Andalusia, home of the first Rio Tinto Group mine.
United States
Rio Tinto, Nevada
Other uses
America First Field (formerly known as Rio Tinto Stadium), a soccer stadium, in Sandy, Utah, United States, home to the Major League Soccer club Real Salt Lake, named for its original sponsor Rio Tinto
Rio Tinto espionage case, an accusation of bribery and espionage by employees of the Rio Tinto corporation in China
SC Rio Tinto, a sports clube located in Rio Tinto, Portugal
See also
Tinto River (Guayape), a river in Honduras
Tinto (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio%20Tinto |
Hubert Klausner (1 November 1892 – 12 February 1939) was an Austrian military officer and Nazi politician. He served as Gauleiter of Reichsgau Kärnten and Landeshauptmann (premier) of Carinthia from 1938-39.
Early years
Born in Raibl (today: Cave del Predil, Tarvisio) in the Carinthian Val Canale, the son of a minor customs official, he attended the Gymnasium in Villach. Taking his Matura exams in 1912, he completed his military service as an Einjährig-Freiwilliger ("one-year volunteer") in the Austro-Hungarian Army. Thereafter, he served in World War I in the rank of a Leutnant in Galicia, where he was seriously wounded in 1915. He reached the rank of Oberleutnant at the Italian Front. In 1916, he was transferred to the reserve, commanding casualty assemblies in Klagenfurt and Trento.
When the war ended, Klausner from 1919 fought in the Volkswehr paramilitary forces in the armed conflicts against Yugoslav troops, which led to the Carinthian Plebiscite of 1920. Afterwards he joined the Federal Army of the First Austrian Republic and was promoted to the rank of Hauptmann (Captain). In 1930 he was promoted to major, the highest rank that he would reach in the Austrian Army before he had to leave for political reasons in 1933.
Austrian Nazi Party
Having initially joined the Greater German People's Party, he switched to the Austrian Nazi Party in 1922, which he left in 1927. In February 1931, he once again joined the NSDAP, which won influence in local council and provincial elections in Carinthia in 1931 and 1932. Klausner was an early and ardent proponent of Nazism in Carinthia. He was appointed Deputy Gauleiter in January 1933, Bezirksleiter (District Leader) of Klagenfurt in March, and on 5 May 1933, he advanced to the position of Gauleiter of the still-outlawed Nazi Party in Carinthia. Klausner's influence grew during the incarceration of Austrian Nazi Party Leader (Landesleiter) Josef Leopold in 1935-1936 and he was viewed by some as the de facto party leader. During the time of Austrofascism in the Federal State of Austria (Ständestaat), Klausner was interned for a few months several times in 1935, 1936 and 1937.
His arrests for political reasons however, could not keep him from further advancing the Nazi movement. His home in Latschach near Finkenstein became a venue for meetings with other leading Carinthian Nazis such as Friedrich Rainer and Odilo Globocnik. Klausner resigned as Gauleiter on 9 October 1936 in a policy dispute with Leopold, who favored a more independent Austrian approach as opposed to the Greater-German ideas of Klausner and his associates. Things reached a climax on 21 February 1938 when Leopold was removed as Landesleiter of the Nazi Party by Adolf Hitler and replaced with Klausner.
Anschluss
On the eve of the Austrian Anschluss to Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938, Klausner received Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler at the Vienna airport. Klausner announced the Anschluss on Austrian radio and joined the SS immediately afterwards, in the rank of Oberführer.
The next day, Klausner was appointed by the new Nazi Chancellor Arthur Seyss-Inquart to be "Minister for Political Decision Making" in the first Nazi cabinet. Upon the German election on 10 April, he obtained a seat in the Reichstag. On 23 April he became deputy to Josef Bürckel, the Reichskommissar for the Reunification of Austria with the German Reich. Then, on 22 May he again was named Gauleiter of Gau Carinthia, and also became deputy to Bürckel in his capacity as Reichsstatthalter of Ostmark. Along with all this, he also attained, as of 1 June 1938, the office of Landeshauptmann of Carinthia. He thus united under his control the highest party and governmental offices in his jurisdiction. While he was in Vienna assisting Bürckel, his duties as Gauleiter and Landeshauptmann were exercised by his deputies Franz Kutschera and Wladimir von Pawlowski, respectively. On 9 November 1938, Klausner was promoted to SS-Brigadeführer.
At the height of his power, Hubert Klausner died suddenly on 12 February 1939 in his home in Vienna, officially of a stroke. Adolf Hitler together with Reinhard Heydrich and Rudolf Hess attended Klausner's state funeral in Klagenfurt, where Hitler delivered the commemorative address.
References
External links
1892 births
1939 deaths
Austrian Nazis
Austrian politicians
Austrian soldiers
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Austro-Hungarian Army officers
Gauleiters
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
People from Tarvisio
SS-Brigadeführer
Deaths from cerebrovascular disease | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert%20Klausner |
Scarred Lands is a post-apocalyptic fantasy campaign setting in which characters live in a world recovering from a devastating war between gods and titans. Initially published by White Wolf Publishing under its Sword & Sorcery brand using the d20 System, Scarred Lands is now owned by Onyx Path Publishing. In 2017 Onyx Path Publishing released an updated version of the setting using the 5th Edition Open Game License system along with a version of the core setting book using the first edition of the Pathfinder Roleplaying Game rules. Scarred Lands draws inspiration from Greek mythology.
Setting
Scarred Lands is set on the world of Scarn in a post-apocalyptic era where the world is recovering from a horrific war between the Gods and Titans, which ended 150 years ago and left the land warped. The primary focus of the setting is the continent of Ghelspad, which was the site of numerous battles during the Divine War, also called the Titanswar by some people of Scarn.
Seeking a means to rid the world of the whimsical and dangerous titans, the gods - the children of the titans - decided to unite against their parents. Because the essence of the titans is inextricably bound to the world of Scarn due to their role as the world's creators, the gods were forced to incapacitate their parents instead of destroying them. Hacked to pieces, chained, or bound into geographic or celestial fixtures, the felled titans provide constant incentive for their worshipers to resurrect their masters. The divine peoples (those who fought alongside the gods in the Divine War) and the Redeemed (those who fought alongside the titans, but renounced their titanic masters at the end of the Divine War) continue the fight against titanic abominations including both titan-worshipers and monstrous titanspawn.
A great deal of the setting's appeal comes from the detail of cultures, cities, governments and history presented in the core setting books and their supplements. Apart from Ghelspad, where the primary books are set, there are several other continents which have been influenced in a lesser degree by the Titanswar.
Since the reintroduction of the setting, supplemental materials have been released detailing regions beyond Ghelspad. These include the Blood Sea, which is tainted red by the corrupt blood of the titan Kadum, who lies chained and mutilated on the ocean floor, as well as the continent of Fenrilik, an arctic environment where titan worship is common and the extreme weather prevents most contact with the outside world.
Titans
In the game structure, Titans have neither alignment, nor domains. Titans as described through the game embody raw natural and universal power. Druids of Scarn draw on this power to fuel their magic. All titans but Denev, who sided with the gods, were targeted and incapacitated during the Divine War. As a result, druids who revere any titan other than Denev are reviled and considered titanspawn by the divine and Redeemed peoples.
Denev, the Earth Mother
Chern, The Scourge
Gaurak, the Glutton
Golthagga, the Shaper
Golthain, the Faceless
Gormoth, the Writhing Lord
Gulaben, Lady of the Winds
Hrinruuk, the Hunter
Kadum, the Mountainshaker
Lethene, Dame of Storms
Mesos, Sire of Sorcery
Mormo, Mother of Serpents
Thulkas, Father of Fire
Lesser Titans
The existence of lesser titans is introduced and discussed in the Gauntlet of Spiragos adventure and its sequels. While Spiragos is discussed in some detail, including the tale of their destruction at the hands of Vangal the Ravager, little comment is made regarding the identities and abilities of other lesser titans.
Gods
While the Titans are kin to raw and universal power, the children of the Titans are not. Being a generation away from spontaneous birth is enough to limit the child to godhood in this game setting.
Each God was presented game statistics in the d20 System version, using the established rules for gods and NPCs, having both alignment and domains. This is also true of the Titan Denev who supported the gods in their war. No official statistics have been released for the gods or titans in the Open Gaming License or Pathfinder editions.
Another difference in the Scarred Lands setting, from other worlds using the d20 System, is the interaction, and 'awareness' of the Gods by the populations of the sentient beings. Like the land itself, the gods and titans are both major influences of the game. Blacksmiths for example invoke the name of Corean while they work. This in itself may not be different, for game purposes each round that the worshiper invokes his name a +1 may be added to die rolls for: Craft or Profession if the act involves blacksmithing, forging, or the creation of weapons. Other benefits are also described in the Scarred Lands Campaign Setting: Ghelspad book, and in The Divine and the Defeated published by White Wolf Publishing.
Corean, the Avenger—LG: Fire, Good, Law, Protection, War
Madriel, the Redeemer—NG: Air, Good, Healing, Plant, Sun
Tanil, the Huntress—CG: Animal, Chaos, Luck, Plant, Travel, Trickery
Hedrada, the Lawgiver—LN: Judgment, Knowledge, Law, Protection
Enkili, the Trickster—CN: Air, Chaos, Luck, Travel, Trickery
Chardun, the Slaver—LE: Domination, Evil, Law, Strength, War
Belsameth, the Slayer—NE: Death, Evil, Magic, Trickery
Vangal, the Reaver—CE: Chaos, Destruction, Evil, Strength, War
Denev, the Earth Mother—N: Air, Animals, Earth, Fire, Plants, Water (Denev Is actually a Titan, but fought alongside the gods in the Titanswar, and can be worshipped as a goddess)
The Land
While many role-playing game systems work with weather types and terrain difficulties, the Scarred Lands system brings in the aspect of land through various encounter modifiers and systems. The d20 System version covered two continents, Ghelspad and Termana, in individual setting books. Three additional continents were collected in the final book published under the original system. These are Asherak, the Dragon Isles, and Fenrilik.
Ghelspad is temperate. Termana is tropical. Asherak is desert. Fenrilik is arctic.
Supplements for the 5th Edition Open Game License system and the Pathfinder Roleplaying Game versions of the rules have continued this trend, with extensive rules regarding weather conditions, terrain, and hazards for players to overcome and endure.
Novels
The Dead God Trilogy by Richard Lee Byers comprises the titles Forsaken, Forsworn, and Forbidden. It recounts the story of an elf (Vladawen Titanslayer) and his companions as they try to deliver their people from a devastating curse by resurrecting the high elven god killed during the Divine War by the titan Chern the Scourge.
Vigilant: Through Shadows and Dreams by Sarah L. Stewart and Frances Stewart was released in 2018 to support the new edition of the game. This novel tells the story of "brave, driven Veshian vigilants who stand between a recovering nation and the poisoned, half-mad wilds of Ghelspad. Learn the story behind the Scarred Lands’ dramatic Serpent saga, one of the most significant events of the post-war era."
Scarred Lands revival
On October 11, 2013 Nocturnal Media and Onyx Path Publishing purchased the rights to the Scarred Lands fantasy setting. Onyx Path Publishing posted this on their website. "The Scarred Lands was one of the most successful and engaging campaign settings to arise during the wild and crazy days of the D20 license. While it is richly detailed in over two dozen game and fiction titles, Nocturnal Media and Onyx Path Publishing have plans to reimagine the setting and system to excite a modern gaming audience as well as to thrill fans of the original game."
After a successful crowdfunding campaign in 2016 and the release of Gauntlet of Spiragos as an introductory adventure that same year, the setting was released anew in 2017 with core rule books supporting both the 5th Edition Open Game License system and the Pathfinder Roleplaying Game rules. Initial supplements generated through the crowdfunding campaign were also released under both systems. With the release of the second edition of the Pathfinder Roleplaying Game, Onyx Path Publishing focused all further Scarred Lands publications strictly on the 5th Edition Open Game License system.
After the passing of Stewart Wieck in 2017, Onyx Path Publishing acquired the full rights to Scarred Lands from Nocturnal Media.
Creature Collection 5e
In 2020, Onyx Path Publishing, working in association with Handiwork Games led by ex-Cubicle 7 creative director Jon Hodgson, released Creature Collection 5e, updating several creatures from the d20 System era to the 5th Edition Open Game License system. John Hodgson stated, "Our main task is to convert the various Creature Collections, of which there have been many volumes over the years, we're kind of taking the best bits and building a bestiary for Fifth Edition."
Creature Collection 5e "presents more than 175 creatures from the Scarred Lands setting, each painstakingly updated to work perfectly with the 5th Edition rules, each illustrated in full color."
Dead Man's Rust
In 2022, following a successful crowdfunding campaign, Onyx Path Publishing released Dead Man's Rust. Described by the developer as "a campaign suitable for new or existing characters that takes place throughout the Hornsaw Forest region of central Ghelspad." Dead Man's Rust provides an adventure that encompasses a large region of the continent of Ghelspad and contains tables, charts, and challenges to reflect the unique nature of the corrupted lands of the Hornsaw Forest. Inclusive representation among the non-player characters was one of the stated goals of the book, with several canonically LGBTQIA+ characters presented throughout the book. Author Frances Stewart proclaims "the setting is inclusive from the ground up."
Antagonists
The principal antagonists in Dead Man's Rust are the necromancers of Glivid-Autel, "built on top of a 1500 foot high mesa that was once a temple to some forgotten god. The necromancers of Glivid-Autel went there when they were exiled from Hollowfaust." While Hollowfaust is "city-state built from the ruins of an ancient civilization and governed by lawful, sophisticated necromancers." the evil and exploitative Glivid-Autel employed rituals and techniques forbidden by the lawful and civil Hollowfaustians.
Plot
Promotional materials describe Dead Man's Rust as a story in which "The necromancers of Glivid-Autel sew corruption and death throughout the Hornsaw Forest. Legionnaires, elves, and dwarves go missing. A horrific infection appears, seeming to target the legionnaires. The people of Broadreach call upon the adventurers to stand against these foul machinations that threaten peace, prosperity, and life itself across central Ghelspad. The party may find allies in the Broadreach Horizon, the Gleaming Valley, and perhaps even the bloody canopies of the Hornsaw Forest, if they are brave enough to answer the call to adventure!"
This tale begins in the city of Leoni, which is the capital of the Manticora Confederacy, a newly formed nation of the Manticora peoples. The Manticora "are semi-nomadic, so permanent settlement in the city is only now becoming more frequent." However, they are already beginning to form traditions, such as the Night of Chronicles, which is a festival where bards gather to share stories and festival goers can compete in various events. It is here that the party meets Dradoki Bronzeleaf, a Broadreach Dwarf seeking escort to the city of Freehome, "a beacon of hope and a bastion of safety for the dwarven people. Freehome is also a monument to the bond between the elves and dwarves of the Broadreach." This task is the primary means of entry for players to access the adventure, though several other options are provided in the book's Introduction to allow alternate methods of introducing players to the campaign events.
Expanded Player Options
In addition to the story elements, monsters, and non-player characters, Dead Man's Rust includes new playable character options such as the Animator wizard, which focuses on raising undead servants, the Hornsaw Sentinel ranger who gains a Hornsaw Unicorn animal companion, and the Ragewitch Barbarian who can cast and maintain spells while raging. New magic items and spells are also introduced.
Actual Play Streams
Actual Play content has been produced to support Dead Man's Rust, including releases from Onyx Path Publishing's official Twitch channel Red Moon Roleplaying and an ongoing stream from Devil's Luck Gaming entitled Rust & Remains
References
External links
Scarred Lands - Onyx Path Publishing
The Piazza - Scarred Lands forum
Fantasy campaign settings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarred%20Lands |
Blue Ocean Strategy is a book published in 2004 written by W. Chan Kim and Renée Mauborgne, professors at INSEAD, and the name of the marketing theory detailed on the book.
They assert that these strategic moves create a leap in value for the company, its buyers, and its employees while unlocking new demand and making the competition irrelevant. The book presents analytical frameworks and tools to foster an organization's ability to systematically create and capture "blue oceans"—unexplored new market areas. An expanded edition of the book was published in 2015, while two sequels entitled Blue Ocean Shift and Beyond Disruption are published in 2017 and 2023, respectively.
Book layout and concepts
The book is divided into three parts:
The first part presents key concepts of blue ocean strategy, including Value Innovation – the simultaneous pursuit of differentiation and low cost – and key analytical tools and frameworks such as the strategy canvas and the four actions framework. The four actions framework aids in eliminating the trade-off between differentiation and low cost within a company. The four actions framework consists of the following:
Raise: This questions which factors must be raised within an industry in terms of product, pricing or service standards.
Eliminate: This questions which areas of a company or industry could be completely eliminated to reduce costs and to create an entirely new market.
Reduce: This questions which areas of a company’s product or service are not entirely necessary but play a significant role in your industry, for example, the cost of manufacturing a certain material for a product could be reduced. Therefore, it can be reduced without completely eliminating it.
Create: This prompts companies to be innovative with their products. By creating an entirely new product or service, a company can create their own market through differentiation from the competition.
The second part describes the four principles of blue ocean strategy formulation. These four formulation principles address how an organization can create blue oceans by looking across the six conventional boundaries of competition (Six Paths Framework), reduce their planning risk by following the four steps of visualizing strategy, create new demand by unlocking the three tiers of noncustomers and launch a commercially viable blue ocean idea by aligning unprecedented utility of an offering with strategic pricing and target costing and by overcoming adoption hurdles. The book uses many examples across industries to demonstrate how to break out of traditional competitive (structuralist) strategic thinking and to grow demand and profits for the company and the industry by using blue ocean (reconstructionist) strategic thinking. The four principles are:
how to create uncontested market space by reconstructing market boundaries,
focusing on the big picture,
reaching beyond existing demand and supply in new market spaces
getting the strategic sequence right.
The third and final part describes the two key implementation principles of blue ocean strategy including tipping point leadership and fair process. These implementation principles are essential for leaders to overcome the four key organizational hurdles that can prevent even the best strategies from being executed. The four key hurdles comprise the cognitive, resource, motivational and political hurdles that prevent people involved in strategy execution from understanding the need to break from status quo, finding the resources to implement the new strategic shift, keeping your people committed to implementing the new strategy, and from overcoming the powerful vested interests that may block the change.
Proposition
In the book the authors draw the attention of their readers towards the correlation of success stories across industries and the formulation of strategies that provide a solid base to create unconventional success – a strategy termed as "blue ocean strategy". Unlike the "red ocean strategy", the conventional approach to business of beating competition derived from the military organization, the "blue ocean strategy" tries to align innovation with utility, price and cost positions. The book mocks the phenomena of conventional choice between product/service differentiation and lower cost, but rather suggests that both differentiation and lower costs are achievable simultaneously.
The authors ask readers "What is the best unit of analysis of profitable growth? Company? Industry?" – a fundamental question without which any strategy for profitable growth is not worthwhile. The authors justify with original and practical ideas that neither the company nor the industry is the best unit of analysis of profitable growth; rather it is the strategic move that creates "blue ocean" and sustained high performance. The book examines the experience of companies in areas as diverse as watches, wine, cement, computers, automobiles, textiles, coffee makers, airlines, retailers, and even the circus, to answer this fundamental question and builds upon the argument about "value innovation" being the cornerstone of a blue ocean strategy. Value innovation is necessarily the alignment of innovation with utility, price and cost positions. This creates uncontested market space and makes competition irrelevant. The new chapters in the expanded edition of the book deal with the issues of how to develop and align the three strategy propositions of value, profit and people, how to sustain and renew blue ocean strategy at both the business level and the corporate level, and how to avoid red ocean traps that keep organizations anchored in existing market space even as they attempt to create new market space. The following section discusses the concept behind the book in detail.
Concept
The metaphor of red and blue oceans describes the market universe.
Red oceans represent all the industries in existence today – the known market space. In the red oceans, industry boundaries are defined and accepted, and the competitive rules of the game are known. Here companies try to outperform their rivals to grab a greater share of product or service demand. As the market space gets crowded, prospects for profits and growth are reduced. Products become commodities or niche, and cutthroat competition turns the ocean bloody; hence, the term "red oceans".
Blue oceans, in contrast, denote all the industries not in existence today – the unknown market space, untainted by competition. In blue oceans, demand is created rather than fought over. There is ample opportunity for growth that is both profitable and rapid. In blue oceans, competition is irrelevant because the rules of the game are waiting to be set. Blue ocean is an analogy to describe the wider, deeper potential of market space that is not yet explored.
The cornerstone of blue ocean strategy is "value innovation", a concept originally outlined in Kim & Mauborgne's 1997 article "Value Innovation - The Strategic Logic of High Growth". Value innovation is the simultaneous pursuit of differentiation and low cost, creating value for both the buyer, the company, and its employees, thereby opening up new and uncontested market space. The aim of value innovation, as articulated in the article, is not to compete, but to make the competition irrelevant by changing the playing field of strategy. The strategic move must raise and create value for the market, while simultaneously reducing or eliminating features or services that are less valued by the current or future market. The Four Actions Framework is used to help create value innovation and break the value-cost trade-off. Value innovation challenges Michael Porter's idea that successful businesses are either low-cost providers or niche-players. Instead, blue ocean strategy proposes finding value that crosses conventional market segmentation and offering value and lower cost. Educator Charles W. L. Hill proposed a similar idea in 1988 and claimed that Porter's model was flawed because differentiation can be a means for firms to achieve low cost. He proposed that a combination of differentiation and low cost might be necessary for firms to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage.
Many others have proposed similar strategies. For example, Swedish educators Jonas Ridderstråle and Kjell Nordström in their 1999 book Funky Business follow a similar line of reasoning. For example, "competing factors" in blue ocean strategy are similar to the definition of "finite and infinite dimensions" in Funky Business. Just as blue ocean strategy claims that a red ocean strategy does not guarantee success, Funky Business explained that "Competitive Strategy is the route to nowhere". Funky Business argues that firms need to create "sensational strategies". Just like blue ocean strategy, a sensational strategy is about "playing a different game" according to Ridderstråle and Nordström. Ridderstråle and Nordström also claim that the aim of companies is to create temporary monopolies. Kim and Mauborgne explain that the aim of companies is to create blue oceans, that will eventually turn red. This is the same idea expressed in the form of an analogy. Ridderstråle and Nordström also claimed in 1999 that "in the slow-growth 1990s overcapacity is the norm in most businesses". Kim and Mauborgne claim that blue ocean strategy makes sense in a world where supply exceeds demand.
Blue ocean vs. red ocean
Kim and Mauborgne argue that while traditional competition-based strategies (red ocean strategies) are necessary, they are not sufficient to sustain high performance. Companies need to go beyond competing. To seize new profit and growth opportunities they also need to create blue oceans. The authors argue that competition based strategies assume that an industry's structural conditions are given and that firms are forced to compete within them, an assumption based on what academics call the structuralist view, or environmental determinism. To sustain themselves in the marketplace, practitioners of red ocean strategy focus on building advantages over the competition, usually by assessing what competitors do and striving to do it better. Here, grabbing a bigger share of the market is seen as a zero-sum game in which one company's gain is achieved at another company’s loss. Hence, competition, the supply side of the equation, becomes the defining variable of strategy. Here, cost and value are seen as trade-offs and a firm chooses a distinctive cost or differentiation position. Because the total profit level of the industry is also determined by structural factors, firms principally seek to capture and redistribute wealth instead of creating wealth. They focus on dividing up the red ocean, where growth is increasingly limited.
Blue ocean strategy, on the other hand, is based on the view that market boundaries and industry structure are not given and can be reconstructed by the actions and beliefs of industry players. This is what the authors call the reconstructionist view. Assuming that structure and market boundaries exist only in managers’ minds, practitioners who hold this view do not let existing market structures limit their thinking. To them, extra demand is out there, largely untapped. The crux of the problem is how to create it. This, in turn, requires a shift of attention from supply to demand, from a focus on competing to a focus on value innovation – that is, the creation of innovative value to unlock new demand. This is achieved via the simultaneous pursuit of differentiation and low-cost. As market structure is changed by breaking the value/cost tradeoff, so are the rules of the game. Competition in the old game is therefore rendered irrelevant. By expanding the demand side of the economy, new wealth is created. Such a strategy therefore allows firms to largely play a non–zero-sum game, with high payoff possibilities.
History of the concept
The concept was initially developed in the 1990s when W. Chan Kim was taking part in a consulting project for Philips, headed by the management scholar C.K. Prahalad. Working with consultants from the Mac Group (a consulting company that was later bought by Capgemini), he developed strategy tools leading to the publication of a series of articles in the Harvard Business Review, and then in 2005 of the Blue Ocean Strategy book.
Nintendo's Wii video game console, first released in 2006, has been often considered an example of the blue ocean concept. Instead of trying to compete with the high performance and computational power of the consoles from Sony and Microsoft, Nintendo designed the Wii's hardware to focus on innovative gameplay, incorporating the use of motion controls atypical of video games. These changes brought new gameplay ideas to the system as well as reduced the cost of the console compared to its competitors. As a result, the Wii sold more than 100 million units over its lifetime, far outselling the competitors.
Reception
Since Blue Ocean Strategy was published in 2005 it has been translated into 43 languages and has sold over 3.5 million copies. The book was named a bestseller by the Wall Street Journal, BusinessWeek, and Amazon.com. It was selected as one of the “Best Books of 2005” by Fast Company magazine, won “The Best Business Book of 2005” Prize at the Frankfurt Book Fair, and achieved bestselling book of the decade status by 800-CEO-READ (2000-2010). Strategy+Business magazine selected it as #1 strategy book of 2005.
In 2009, Blue Ocean Strategy was selected by the China Daily and the China Research Institute as one of the 40 most influential books in the History of the People's Republic of China (1949-2009) along with Adam Smith’s ″The Wealth of Nations″ under the category of ″Economics and Finance.″ In 2010, Polish group ThinkTank selected Blue Ocean Strategy as one of the Top 20 books that have shaped Polish Leaders. Blue Ocean Strategy won the Thinkers50 2011 Strategy Award for Best Business Book of the decade and in the same year, it was introduced to the Fast Company Leadership Hall of Fame. In 2013, the book received the GoodBooks Award in the Management category by the Vietnamese Institute for Research on Education Development (IRED), was selected as one of the 15 Best Business Books of the last decade in Russia by the Kommersant.ru magazine, and selected as one of the top three best management books in Japan by the Diamond Harvard Business Review.
The Wall Street Journal recommends Blue Ocean Strategy for the top manager. Forbes calls it one of the ten business trends for 2013 and argues that "blue ocean strategies are more influential than ever." BusinessWeek says that "Blue Ocean Strategy will have you wondering why companies need so much persuasion to stay out of shark-infested waters." The Business Strategy Review said the book "challenges everything you knew about strategy", and the Business Times called on firms to "adopt blue ocean strategy to stay ahead." Marketplace magazine recommends Blue Ocean Strategy as a book "you need to read." In addition, the book has received many positive reviews from various publications that include Chicago Tribune, Daily Herald, Credit Union Journal, Vancouver Sun, Association Meetings, Strategy & Leadership, and Business First, among many others.
Criticisms
While Kim and Mauborgne propose approaches to finding uncontested market space, at the present there are few success stories of companies that have actively applied their theories. One success story that does exist is Nintendo, who applied the blue ocean strategy to the Nintendo DS, Wii, and Nintendo Switch.
With just one case study, however, this hole in their data persists despite the publication of value innovation concepts dating back to 1997. Hence, a critical question is whether this book and its related ideas are descriptive rather than prescriptive. The authors present many examples of successful innovations, and then explain from their Blue Ocean perspective – essentially interpreting success through their lenses.
The research process followed by the authors has been criticized on several grounds. Criticisms include claims that no control group was used, that there is no way to know how many companies using a blue ocean strategy failed and the theory is thus unfalsifiable, that a deductive process was not followed, and that the examples in the book were selected to "tell a winning story". Meanwhile, several attempts at empirical validations and conceptual extensions of the blue ocean strategy have been published.
The Blue Ocean strategy is based on the idea that firms can restructure market boundaries, and yet it lacks clear parameters to determine what constitites the boundaries of each market. For instance, research shows that market boundaries are porous and are continuously made and remade through boundary work.
Additionally, blue ocean strategy cannot be identified as true causation for success. The authors cite the strategies used by NYPD Commissioner Bratton as a key example of Blue Ocean applied in the public sector. They defined this success as a significant drop in crime in the City of New York after Bratton took office in 1994. Many social scientists would disagree that it was Bratton's policies that led to crime reduction: rather, the city was simply part of a nationwide trend in decreasing crime.
Brand and communication are taken for granted and do not represent a key for success. Kim and Maubourgne take the marketing of a value innovation as a given, assuming the marketing success will come as a matter of course.
It is argued that rather than a theory, blue ocean strategy is an extremely successful attempt to brand a set of already existing concepts and frameworks with a highly "sticky" idea. The blue ocean/red ocean analogy is a powerful and memorable metaphor, which is responsible for its popularity. This metaphor can be powerful enough to stimulate people to action. The concepts behind the Blue Ocean Strategy (such as the competing factors, the consumer cycle, non-customers, etc.) are not new, however. Many of these tools are also used by Six Sigma practitioners and proposed by other management theorists.
Many of the book's key concepts were previously covered in Competing For The Future by Gary Hamel and C.K. Prahalad, which was published in 1996. The authors encouraged managers to stake out new marketing space, which they termed white space, in order to "create and dominate emerging opportunities".
See also
Co-opetition
Disruptive innovation
Economics of Strategy
Thinking Strategically
References
External links
Blue Ocean Strategy book website
Business books
2004 non-fiction books
2015 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Collaborative non-fiction books
Harvard Business Publishing books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Ocean%20Strategy |
National Revolutionary Party may refer to:
National Revolutionary Party of Afghanistan
Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity
National Revolutionary Socialist Party of Kerala, India
Korean National Revolutionary Party:Nationalist party formed in 1935.Dissolved in 1947.
National Revolutionary Party (Mexico)
National Revolutionary Dividends Party or National Revolutionary Party of South Korea
National Revolutionary Party (South Korea, 2021):Far right, christian party that is led by pastor Jeon Kwang-hoon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Revolutionary%20Party |
Yingshan County () is one of the seven counties governed by the prefecture-level city of Huanggang, Hubei, located on the eastern edge of the province, adjoining Anhui, and encompassing the southwestern portion of the Dabie Mountains. The county covers an area of in 11 towns and townships.
History
Yingshan is famous as the birthplace of Bi Sheng, the inventor of movable-type printing technology in the 11th century, which is regarded as one of ancient China's Four Great Inventions.
Geography
Administrative divisions
Yingshan County administers eight towns and three townships:
Climate
Economy
Transportation
China National Highway 318
Gallery
References
Huanggang
Counties of Hubei | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yingshan%20County%2C%20Hubei |
Philip Lee Jones (born 29 May 1973) is a Welsh football coach and former player who played as a forward.
Career
Born in Wrexham, he began his career with his hometown club. In March 1992, he moved to Liverpool, aged 18. However, he only managed four appearances in five years, in part due to suffering two broken legs. He was loaned out to Crewe Alexandra, twice back to Wrexham, and finally to Tranmere Rovers where he scored five goals in eight games. Tranmere signed Jones for £100,000 in June 1997. He spent three years with Tranmere before being released in May 2000. In July, he moved to First Division club Barnsley on a free transfer, but in 2002 he returned to Wrexham for a fourth spell.
In the summer of 2004 he was released, subsequently joining League of Wales side Caernarfon Town. After a brief spell as joint-caretaker manager at Caernarfon (with Kenny Irons), he signed for the NEWI Cefn Druids in November 2006.
He joined Prestatyn Town for a spell that included both playing and as the team's manager from March 2011.
He had a brief spell as joint caretaker manager at Wrexham at the tail-end of the 2014–15 season alongside Carl Darlington following Kevin Wilkin's sacking.
He coached the Glyndŵr University Football Academy at Wrexham F.C before rejoining Tranmere Rovers in June 2016 as Academy Manager.
Jones has represented Wales at Youth, Under-21 and B level, and he also won two caps for the senior side.
References
External links
Lee Jones at TranmereRovers.co.uk
Lee Jones at BarsnleyFC.co.uk
1973 births
Living people
Welsh men's footballers
Wales men's youth international footballers
Wales men's under-21 international footballers
Wales men's B international footballers
Wales men's international footballers
Wrexham A.F.C. players
Liverpool F.C. players
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
Barnsley F.C. players
Caernarfon Town F.C. players
Prestatyn Town F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Cymru Premier players
Men's association football forwards
Tranmere Rovers F.C. non-playing staff
Prestatyn Town F.C. managers
Caernarfon Town F.C. managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Jones%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201973%29 |
Alberta Provincial Highway No. 26, commonly referred to as Highway 26, is an east–west highway in central Alberta, Canada that connects Highway 13 in Camrose to Highway 14 near Kinsella. The route follows 12th Correction Line for its entire length, and does not pass through any communities east of Camrose.
The Highway 26 designation first belonged to a stretch of road near Drumheller. The present-day alignment near Camrose was not commissioned until the 1970s, and in 2009 was extended from Highway 36 to reach the current eastern terminus at Highway 14.
Route description
Highway 26 begins in the eastern outskirts of Camrose where it splits due east from Highway 13, which bends southeast toward Ohaton. Highway 26 proceeds east along the 12th Correction Line, first meeting Highway 834 at a T-intersection; Highway 834 becomes Highway 56 when it meets Highway 13. Highways 26 and 834 are concurrent for before Highway 834 branches off north to Round Hill. Highway 26 continues east, intersecting Highways 854, 855 and 857. Highway 26 meets Highway 36 approximately southwest of Viking and the two highways run concurrently for before Highway 36 turns north into Viking. After leaving Highway 36, the highway continues east to its end at Highway 14, approximately west of Kinsella.
History
The original alignment of Highway 26 was in Kneehill County west of Drumheller. It began at Highway 9 and ran north for , travelling north along present-day Highway 836 to Carbon, then turned west along present-day Highway 575 to its intersection with Highway 21. In 1962, Highway 21A was renumbered and absorbed as part of Highway 26, resulting in it continuing west along present-day Highway 575 to Acme, then south along present-day Highway 806 to Highway 9 in Beiseker, a total distance of . In 1970, Highway 26 was decommissioned and in subsequent years was renumbered to its current designations.
The section of present-day Highway 26 between Camrose and Highway 36 was commissioned in the late 1970s and was incrementally paved throughout the 1980s. In 2009, Highway 615 between Highway 36 and Highway 14 was renumbered to become part of Highway 26.
Major intersections
From west to east:
References
026
Camrose, Alberta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta%20Highway%2026 |
Ultima Sports Ltd. is a sports car manufacturer based in Hinckley, Leicestershire, England.
History
The first Ultima produced was the Ultima Mk1 produced in 1983 by Lee Noble of Noble Motorsports Ltd.
Vehicles
The company manufactures and distributes the Ultima Evolution car. The current Evolution is available in two body styles: coupe and convertible. The Ultima Evolution Coupe and Ultima Evolution Convertible have body styles unchanged from the preceding Ultima GTR and Ultima Can-Am models respectively. Prior to the GTR and Can-Am models, the two models, produced were the Ultima Sport and Ultima Spyder.
All models in the Ultima range have always been primarily supplied in component form. That is, Ultima produces the parts required for an owner/builder to construct the car off-site. This is the only way to receive such a vehicle in the USA (including a 'rolling body' fully constructed minus engine and transmission). However, cars are also manufactured onsite as "turnkey" models for the European market.
The first Ultima produced was the Ultima Mk1 produced in 1983 by Lee Noble of Noble Motorsports Ltd. The car was intended to go into production, but only one was produced because before any were sold, the Ultima Mk2 was introduced in 1989. The Mk2 is based on the Mk1 but features new suspension and better brakes. The car won many races and championships in smaller series, being driven by Lee Noble and Ted Marlow. It was featured on the covers of Kitcars and Specials magazine, Sports Car Monthly Magazine, and Autochromes Magazine.
In total, 13 Ultima Mk2s were produced. The Ultima Mk3 introduced in 1989, featured a new fiberglass body but was still powered by the same PRV V6. It was the last Ultima produced by Noble Motorsports Ltd. before Ted Marlow and Richard Marlow bought the rights to the car in 1992 and started Ultima Sports.
The preferred engine supplier for Ultima is currently American Speed, a company that specializes in re-engineering Chevrolet V8s for increased performance. It was with a version of the Chevrolet small-block V8 built by American Speed, that company director Richard Marlow was able to set performance records in an Ultima GTR during 2005, this combination was known as the Ultima GTR640. The latest Evolution variant is being marketed with an American Speed motor as the most powerful available from the factory.
In 2006 Ultima beat their own 0–100mph-0 record set in the GTR640 with the GTR720, again using an American Speed SBC engine but now with of power. The new record reduced 0.4 seconds off the time completing 0–100–0 mph in 9.4 seconds, a new world record for a production road car with street-legal tires and exhaust.
All tests were recorded on road-legal tires in controlled conditions using a standard Ultima GTR720 and verified by an official from Datron Technology (Guinness World Records timekeepers) using Microsat GPS equipment.
The Ultima GTR720 has also recorded the quickest ever road-legal lap time around the Top Gear Test Track at 1 min 12.8 secs, albeit unofficially but with an independent timekeeper and GPS timing gear present. The vehicle was also driven to and from the test track on the public roads as proof of its road-going ability. The same Ultima GTR720 also recorded an even quicker Top Gear Test Track lap time of 1 min 9.9 secs but this time fitted with slick racing tires to eclipse the 1 min 10.7 secs lap time of Michael Schumacher in his $1.8 million Ferrari FXX track car.
It has been suggested that with the substantial upgrades, the Ultima Evolution may go from 0–60 mph in 2.3 seconds, 0–100 mph in 4.9s, and 0–100 mph-0 in 8.8s.
See also
List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom
References
External links
Ultima Sports Ltd
History of Ultima Sports Ltd
Motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Sports car manufacturers
Kit car manufacturers
Companies based in Leicestershire
Car brands
Ultima vehicles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultima%20Sports |
Plasma etching is a form of plasma processing used to fabricate integrated circuits. It involves a high-speed stream of glow discharge (plasma) of an appropriate gas mixture being shot (in pulses) at a sample. The plasma source, known as etch species, can be either charged (ions) or neutral (atoms and radicals). During the process, the plasma generates volatile etch products at room temperature from the chemical reactions between the elements of the material etched and the reactive species generated by the plasma. Eventually the atoms of the shot element embed themselves at or just below the surface of the target, thus modifying the physical properties of the target.
Mechanisms
Plasma generation
A plasma is a high energetic condition in which a lot of processes can occur. These processes happen because of electrons and atoms. To form the plasma electrons have to be accelerated to gain energy. Highly energetic electrons transfer the energy to atoms by collisions. Three different processes can occur because of this collisions:
Excitation
Dissociation
Ionization
Different species are present in the plasma such as electrons, ions, radicals, and neutral particles. Those species are interacting with each other constantly. Plasma etching can be divided into two main types of interaction:
generation of chemical species
interaction with the surrounding surfaces
Without a plasma, all those processes would occur at a higher temperature. There are different ways to change the plasma chemistry and get different kinds of plasma etching or plasma depositions. One of the excitation techniques to form a plasma is by using RF excitation of a power source of 13.56 MHz.
The mode of operation of the plasma system will change if the operating pressure changes. Also, it is different for different structures of the reaction chamber. In the simple case, the electrode structure is symmetrical, and the sample is placed upon the grounded electrode.
Influences on the process
The key to develop successful complex etching processes is to find the appropriate gas etch chemistry that will form volatile products with the material to be etched as shown in Table 1. For some difficult materials (such as magnetic materials), the volatility can only be obtained when the wafer temperature is increased. The main factors that influence the plasma process:
Electron source
Pressure
Gas species
Vacuum
Surface interaction
The reaction of the products depend on the likelihood of dissimilar atoms, photons, or radicals reacting to form chemical compounds. The temperature of the surface also affects the reaction of products. Adsorption happens when a substance is able to gather and reach the surface in a condensed layer, ranging in thickness (usually a thin, oxidized layer.) Volatile products desorb in the plasma phase and help the plasma etching process as the material interacts with the sample's walls. If the products are not volatile, a thin film will form at the surface of the material. Different principles that affect a sample's ability for plasma etching:
Volatility
Adsorption
Chemical Affinity
Ion-bombarding
Sputtering
Plasma etching can change the surface contact angles, such as hydrophilic to hydrophobic, or vice versa. Argon plasma etching has reported to enhance contact angle from 52 deg to 68 deg, and, Oxygen plasma etching to reduce contact angle from 52 deg to 19 deg for CFRP composites for bone plate applications. Plasma etching has been reported to reduce the surface roughness from hundreds of nanometers to as much lower as 3 nm for metals.
Types
Pressure influences the plasma etching process. For plasma etching to happen, the chamber has to be under low pressure, less than 100 Pa. In order to generate low-pressure plasma, the gas has to be ionized. The ionization happens by a glow charge. Those excitations happen by an external source, which can deliver up to 30 kW and frequencies from 50 Hz (dc) over 5–10 Hz (pulsed dc) to radio and microwave frequency (MHz-GHz).
Microwave plasma etching
Microwave etching happens with an excitation sources in the microwave frequency, so between MHz and GHz. One example of plasma etching is shown here.
Hydrogen plasma etching
One form to use gas as plasma etching is hydrogen plasma etching. Therefore, an experimental apparatus like this can be used:
Plasma etcher
A plasma etcher, or etching tool, is a tool used in the production of semiconductor devices. A plasma etcher produces a plasma from a process gas, typically oxygen or a fluorine-bearing gas, using a high frequency electric field, typically 13.56 MHz. A silicon wafer is placed in the plasma etcher, and the air is evacuated from the process chamber using a system of vacuum pumps. Then a process gas is introduced at low pressure, and is excited into a plasma through dielectric breakdown.
Plasma confinement
Industrial plasma etchers often feature plasma confinement to enable repeatable etch rates and precise spatial distributions in plasmas. One method of confining plasmas is by using the properties of the Debye sheath, a near-surface layer in plasmas similar to the double layer in other fluids. For example, if the Debye sheath length on a slotted quartz part is at least half the width of the slot, the sheath will close off the slot and confine the plasma, while still permitting uncharged particles to pass through the slot.
Applications
Plasma etching is currently used to process semiconducting materials for their use in the fabrication of electronics. Small features can be etched into the surface of the semiconducting material in order to be more efficient or enhance certain properties when used in electronic devices. For example, plasma etching can be used to create deep trenches on the surface of silicon for uses in microelectromechanical systems. This application suggests that plasma etching also has the potential to play a major role in the production of microelectronics. Similarly, research is currently being done on how the process can be adjusted to the nanometer scale.
Hydrogen plasma etching, in particular, has other interesting applications. When used in the process of etching semiconductors, hydrogen plasma etching has been shown to be effective in removing portions of native oxides found on the surface. Hydrogen plasma etching also tends to leave a clean and chemically balanced surface, which is ideal for a number of applications.
Oxygen plasma etching can be used for anisotropic deep-etching of diamond nanostructures by application of high bias in inductively coupled plasma/reactive ion etching (ICP/RIE) reactor. On the other hand, the use of oxygen 0V bias plasmas can be used for isotropic surface termination of C-H terminated diamond surface.
Integrated circuits
Plasma can be used to grow a silicon dioxide film on a silicon wafer (using an oxygen plasma), or can be used to remove silicon dioxide by using a fluorine bearing gas. When used in conjunction with photolithography, silicon dioxide can be selectively applied or removed to trace paths for circuits.
For the formation of integrated circuits it is necessary to structure various layers. This can be done with a plasma etcher. Before etching, a photoresist is deposited on the surface, illuminated through a mask, and developed. The dry etch is then performed so that structured etching is achieved. After the process, the remaining photoresist has to be removed. This is also done in a special plasma etcher, called an asher.
Dry etching allows a reproducible, uniform etching of all materials used in silicon and III-V semiconductor technology. By using inductively coupled plasma/reactive ion etching (ICP/RIE), even hardest materials like e.g. diamond can be nanostructured.
Plasma etchers are also used for de-layering integrated circuits in failure analysis.
See also
List of plasma (physics) articles
Plasma cleaning
Plasma etcher
References
External links
http://stage.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/1990/pdf/6209x1699.pdf
Plasma processing
Semiconductor device fabrication | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma%20etching |
MGO may refer to:
Madison General Ordinances, Madison, Wisconsin
Magnesium oxide, the chemical formula MgO
Marine Gas Oil, a fuel
Master-General of the Ordnance, British military position before 1855
Metal Gear Online or MGO, the name of a series of online modes found in Metal Gear
Metal Gear Online 1, the online mode for Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence and its expansion in Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops
Metal Gear Online 2, the online mode for Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots and later as a standalone release
Metal Gear Online 3, the online mode for Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain
Methylglyoxal, abbreviated MGO
eo:MGO | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGO |
The House of Balšić (), or Balsha (), were a noble family that ruled "Zeta and the coastlands" (current-day southern Montenegro and northern Albania), from 1362 to 1421, during and after the fall of the Serbian Empire. Balša, the founder, was a petty nobleman who held only one village during the rule of Emperor Dušan the Mighty (r. 1331–1355), and only after the death of the emperor, his three sons gained power in Lower Zeta after acquiring the lands of gospodin Žarko (fl. 1336–1360) under unclear circumstances, and they then expanded into Upper Zeta by murdering voivode and čelnik Đuraš Ilijić (r. 1326–1362†). Nevertheless, they were acknowledged as oblastni gospodari of Zeta in edicts of Emperor Uroš the Weak (r. 1355–1371). After the death of Uroš (1371), the family feuded with the Mrnjavčevići, who controlled Macedonia.
When the last lord of the noble house, Balša III died in 1421 without a heir, his possessions were passed on to his uncle, Despot Stefan the Tall. Later that year, the Republic of Venice took advantage of Balša's death and seized the towns of Bar and Ulcinj, and some of his other territories were seized by the Ottomans and Bosnians.
Origin
The origin of the eponymous founder of the Balšić family – Balša I – is obscure and several hypotheses about it have been put forward by modern scholars. Contemporary medieval sources provide evidence for the Albanian ethnic belonging of the Balšić family members, and the description of the Balšas as Albanian lords stands in current scholarship, while on the other hand a number of scholars consider them of Serbian or of otherwise Slavic origin. Both Serbian and Albanian authors claim them.
Contemporary sources
In medieval Serbian documents the Balšas are referred to as "Arbanas lords". The well-known Bulgarian biographer of the 15th century, Constantine the Philosopher, who lived in the court of the Serbian ruler Stefan Lazarević, refers to Đurađ II Balšić and Balša III as Albanian lords. Even historical sources from Ragusa document the Albanian ethnic affiliation of the Balša family. Indeed they mention "the Albanian customs of the Balša". In the funds of the Ragusan archives the Balsha are one of the extremely present Arbanon families. Furthermore, the Ottomans referred to Đurađ II Balšić as "ruler of Albanian Shkodra". Also the Hungarian king Sigismund, when he met him personally in 1396, called him "ruler of Albania". One contemporary archival source in Vienna Archives mentions Balša II as "ruler of Albanians" during the Battle of Kosovo 1389.
According to one testimony from 1386 of the Balšićs themselves, they connect their origins with the Nemanjić dynasty. Balša II from Shkodër, in the charter to the citizens of Republic of Ragusa from January 27, 1385 said: "... prayers and supplications of my holy ancestors Simeon Nemanja, the first myrrh-bearer of Serbia and Saint Sava ..." In a charter, most likely written in Republic of Ragusa, Đurađ II Balšić mentions his ancestors, Nemanja and Sava, and connects himself with them. The fragmental assertions that their progenitor descended from "Emperor Nemanja", and that he held the area of Bojana river in the neighborhood of Shkodër are very uncertain.
Modern historiography
In current scholarship many historians consider the Balša as being part of the local Albanian nobility. According to Malcolm, the Balšići were probably of Albanian stock who had been but culturally Serbianized to a large degree. Ćirković concluded that they are of non-Slavic origin, being referred to in medieval Serbian documents as "Albanian (arbanas) lords". Murzaku says that the family had an Albanian origin. Madgearu mentions the Balšić as a noble Albanian family, however he states that their Albanian origin is unclear, due to the debate over the family's origin. Bartl mentions the Balšić as a noble family of probably Serbian origin. Elsie mentions them as of "probably Slavic origin". Gelichi considers them Serbian-Montenegrin. Winnifrith states that they were Slavs who fought other Albanians. Brendan Osswald has described them as Serbian, as does Iordachi. Bojka Djukanovic describes them as a "Montenegrin family" about whose origin there are no reliable sources. According to Elizabeth Roberts, whether their origins were Serbian, Albanian, or both, has never been conclusively established, but they were "culturally Serbianized". Other Montenegrin authors consider them to be a Montenegrin dynasty as well.
In older scholarship, Karl Hopf (1832–1873) considered "unquestionably part of the Serb tribe". Ivan Stepanovich Yastrebov (1839–1894), Russian Consul in Shkodër and Prizren, when speaking of the Balšići, connected their name to the Roman town of Balletium (Baleč) located near modern Shkodër which delivers from Illyrian, related to the Albanian term ballë. According to Serbian historian Ilarion Ruvarac, "The Balšić were in no way Serbs but Albanians, regardless of whether they were Albanians or Vlachs in their distant origins". Serbian historian Vladimir Ćorović (1885–1941) concluded, based on their name, that they had Roman (Vlach) origin. Croatian ethnologist Milan Šufflay (1879–1931) mentioned them as of "Romanian and Vlach origin". Croatian linguist Petar Skok considered them to have been of Vlach origin, and Serbian historian Milena Gecić supported his theory. Giuseppe Gelcich theorized on the origin in his La Zedda e la dinastia dei Balšidi: studi storici documentati (1899). The theory, which was later adopted by Čedomilj Mijatović, argued that they were descendants of the Frankish nobleman Bertrand III of Baux, a companion of Charles d'Anjou. It is regarded as highly improbable. German linguist Gustav Weigand (1860–1930) supported a mixed Albanian–Aromanian origin after he noted that the family name was included in a list of early Albanian surnames in Romania.
History
The Balšić family was first mentioned in a charter of Emperor Stefan Uroš V, dated 29 September 1360.
According to Mavro Orbini (writing in 1601), Balša, the eponymous founder, was a petty nobleman that held only one village in the area of Lake Skadar during the rule of Emperor Dušan the Mighty (r. 1331-1355). Only after the death of the emperor, Balša and his three sons gained power in Lower Zeta after acquiring the lands of gospodin Žarko (fl. 1336-1360) and by murdering voivode and čelnik Đuraš Ilijić (r. 1326-1362†), the holders of Lower and Upper Zeta, respectively. Balša dies the same year, and his sons, the Balšić brothers, continue in ruling the province spanning Podgorica, Budva, Bar and Shkodër.
The Balšići managed to elevate themselves from petty nobility to provincial lords. They created their own state or state-like entity, comprising Zeta, and the cities of Shkodër, Drisht, Tivar, Ulqin, and Budva. Subsequently they managed to expand their rule over a large portion of Albanian territory, from Tivari to Prizren, and from Vlorë to Berat. Hence they became the chiefs of the largest feudal polity in northern Albania during the 14th century to the 15th century. The administrative and political center of Balša's feudal entity between 1355 and 1396 was the city of Shkodër, which also became the main center of a wide interregional economic network.
Between 1368 and 1389 the Balsha owned their own ships and operated as Albanian pirates. Because of their anti-Ottoman attitude, the pirate activity of these Albanian lords was tolerated by the Republic of Venice. However, they limited Venice's operations.
Heads
Balša I ( 1360–62)
Đurađ I (1362–1378), [Lord of] Shkodër
Balša II (1378–1385), [Lord of] Shkodër and Durrës
Đurađ II (1385–1403), [Lord of] Shkodër, Budva, Podgorica, Durrës, Drisht and Lezhë, Autokrat of Zeta and the coastlands
Balša III (1403–1421), [Lord of] Bar
Family tree
Simplified family tree:
Balša I ( 1360–62)
Stracimir
Đurađ II Balšić
Balša III
Đurađ I, married Olivera Mrnjavčević (1st) and Teodora Dejanović (2nd)
Jelisaveta or Jelisanta (d. 1443), Olivera's daughter
Gojslava or Goisava (d. 1398), married Radič Sanković, lord of Nevesinje, Popovo Polje and Konavli
Jevdokija, married Esau de' Buondelmonti, the ruler of Epirus (1385–1411)
Giorgio de' Buondelmonti, ruler of Epirus 1411
Konstantin, married Helena Thopia
Stefan Balšić "Maramonte" (fl. 1419–40), pretender to Zeta
Jelena or Elena
Đurađ or Gjergj (illegitimate)
George
Ivan
Gojko
Balša II
Ruđina
Vojislava or Voisava, married Karl Thopia, the "Prince of Albania", with whom she had one son, Gjergj Thopia, Duke of Durazzo, and two daughters, Helena Thopia, Lady of Krujë, married Konstantin Balšić, and Vojislava
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Rodoslovlje, Balšić
People from the Serbian Empire
Medieval Montenegro
League of Lezhë
Principality of Zeta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87%20noble%20family |
Marshall v. Marshall, 547 U.S. 293 (2006), is a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that a federal district court had equal or concurrent jurisdiction with state probate (will) courts over tort claims under state common law. The case drew an unusual amount of interest because the petitioner was Playboy Playmate and celebrity Anna Nicole Smith (whose legal name was Vickie Lynn Marshall). Smith won the case, but unsolved issues regarding her inheritance eventually led to another Supreme Court case, Stern v. Marshall. She died before that case was decided.
Background
Twelve years prior to his marriage to Smith, J. Howard Marshall had set up a trust which owned all of his assets and would pass them to various charities and his son E. Pierce Marshall after his death. Smith had claimed that it was J. Howard's intention after marriage to set up a separate trust for her benefit, which would essentially leave her half the appreciation of the assets of the trust during the period of the marriage, but that his son Pierce had interfered with the formation of this separate trust. J. Howard Marshall neither set up a trust in Smith's favor, nor changed the terms of his will to provide for her after his death. However, he did make his existing trust irrevocable soon after his marriage to Smith. As a result, Smith was excluded from J. Howard's estate. She sued in Texas Probate Court for a share of the estate on several grounds, and her litigation was actively opposed by Marshall's son Pierce. The primary ground for the son's opposition was that his father had an extensive estate plan executed over many decades which expressed his clear wishes. Pierce also believed his father had already been quite generous to Smith during the marriage, providing Smith with both expensive gifts and monetary resources.
After receiving a default judgment against her for sexual harassment, Smith petitioned for bankruptcy in California. Pierce filed a non-dischargeability claim and proof of claim against Smith based on public statements her lawyers made to the media shortly after her husband died, accusing Pierce of frustrating J. Howard's intentions to set up a new trust for Smith and isolating his father. Pierce alleged these statements were libelous, and he successfully sued Smith's attorneys on the same grounds in Texas State Court. Smith opposed the claims and countersued Pierce on the basis her statements were true and on tort claims she was already pursuing in Texas. The Bankruptcy Court dismissed the libel claim on summary judgment and did not allow the claim to proceed to trial. After being released from bankruptcy, Smith pursued her counterclaim against Pierce, alleging he interfered with his father's intention to set up a trust in favor of Smith.
During the Texas Probate proceeding, the Bankruptcy Court awarded Smith $474 million on the basis of a sanction against Pierce, and deemed his interference to have occurred. The Federal District court subsequently vacated the Bankruptcy award and reduced Smith's award to $88 million.
However, after a five-month jury trial in Texas, the Probate Court entered a decision that J. Howard Marshall's will and trust were valid, and that his son was the primary beneficiary—rejecting Smith's claim that the son had exerted undue influence on his father, or interfered with any trust for Smith. When the matter came before the 9th Circuit appellate court, it rendered the District Court's decision invalid on jurisdictional grounds, declaring that only Texas Probate Courts had jurisdiction over probate matters. The case was also important since the Supreme Court last reviewed the probate exception in Markham v. Allen, and its analogue, the domestic relations exception, in Ankenbrandt v. Richards.
The Bush administration, which wanted to limit exceptions to federal jurisdiction in state probate related matters, instructed the United States Solicitor General to submit a brief on the side of the petitioner.
Questions presented
What is the scope of the probate exception to federal jurisdiction?
Did Congress intend the probate exception to apply where a federal court is not asked to probate a will, administer an estate, or otherwise assume control of property in the custody of a state probate court?
Did Congress intend the probate exception to apply to cases arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States (28 U.S.C. § 1331), including the Bankruptcy Code (28 U.S.C. § 1334), or is it limited to cases in which jurisdiction is based on diversity of citizenship?
Did Congress intend the probate exception to apply to cases arising out of trusts, or is it limited to cases involving wills?
Opinion of the Court
On February 28, 2006, the case was argued. May 1, 2006, the United States Supreme Court unanimously decided the case in favor of Anna Nicole Smith on the question of federal jurisdiction. The Court held that federal courts have jurisdiction to entertain suits to determine the rights of creditors, legatees, heirs, and other claimants relating to an estate, so long as the federal court does not probate a will, administer an estate, take control of assets being administered by the probate court or interfere with the probate proceedings.
Aftermath
Anna Nicole Smith's dispute returned to the Supreme Court again in Stern v. Marshall (2011).
References
External links
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court
United States bankruptcy case law
2006 in United States case law
Marshall family
United States trusts case law
Anna Nicole Smith | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall%20v.%20Marshall |
"V-2 Schneider" is a largely instrumental song written by David Bowie in 1977 for the album "Heroes". It was a tribute to Florian Schneider, co-founder of the band Kraftwerk, whom Bowie acknowledged as a significant influence at the time. The title also referenced the V-2 rocket, the first ballistic missile, which had been developed for the German Army during World War II, and whose design (and engineers) played a key role in the American space program.
The only words sung are those in the title, initially distorted by phasing. Musically, the track is unusual for the off-beat saxophone work by Bowie, who kicked off his part on the wrong note, but continued regardless.
"V-2 Schneider" achieved considerable circulation as the B-side of Heroes, released prior to the album, but was not played on the subsequent 1978 concert tour, its first live rendition occurring 20 years after it was recorded (see Live versions).
Mojo magazine listed it as Bowie's 95th best track in 2015.
Live versions
A live version recorded at Paradiso, Amsterdam in June 1997, was released as the B-side of the single "Pallas Athena" in August 1997, under the name Tao Jones Index. This version also appeared on the bonus disc for the Digibook Expanded Edition of Earthling.
Other releases
It was first released as the B-side of Heroes in September 1977. It also appeared on the German and French versions of the single, and on a four-track Australian single featuring all three versions of Heroes.
It appeared on the compilation Chameleon (Australia and New Zealand 1979).
The film Christiane F. and its soundtrack featured the song.
It was released as a picture disc in the RCA Life Time picture disc set.
It was included on the Bowie instrumental album All Saints.
Cover versions
Philip Glass – "Heroes" Symphony (1996)
Mandarins Drum and Bugle Corps – 2000 repertoire
Shearwater – as part of a live performance of the entire Berlin Trilogy for WNYC (2018)
Notes
David Bowie songs
1977 songs
Songs written by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by Tony Visconti | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2%20Schneider |
William Butler (17 March 1900 – 11 July 1966) was an English professional footballer who was most famously a winger for Bolton Wanderers in the 1920s.
Billy Butler was born in Atherton, Lancashire. He had never played for any form of organised football team prior to joining the army. He played as a centre-forward for his regiment and on leaving the army he joined his hometown club Atherton at the age of 19. He moved to Bolton Wanderers in April 1920 and, on moving to the right wing, soon established himself. He played in the 1923 FA Cup Final victory over West Ham United, the famous first Wembley final, and the following year, on 12 April 1924, made his England debut against Scotland.
It was to be his only appearance for the England national team, but he was back at Wembley again for the 1926 FA Cup Final win over Manchester City, and picked up his third winners medal in 1929, scoring the opening goal in the 2–0 defeat of Portsmouth.
On Bolton's relegation in 1933, Butler asked for a transfer and left to join his former Bolton teammate Joe Smith, who by now was manager of Reading. He had played 449 games for Bolton, scoring 74 goals.
In August 1935, Smith left to manage Blackpool and Butler took over the reins at Reading and carried on with the good work Smith had started. Reading never finished below 6th place in Division Three (South) during Butler's tenure and were heading for another top five finish when he resigned in February 1939.
He became manager of Guildford City, but then World War II intervened and Butler joined the RAF as a PT instructor. With the war over, Butler was appointed manager of Torquay United in August 1945, but left Plainmoor in May 1946 before league football had resumed.
He subsequently moved to South Africa to manage Johannesburg Rangers, where he discovered the future Wolves defender Eddie Stuart and future Blackpool and England left winger Bill Perry. He was later a coach for the Pietermaritzburg & District Football Association and then a coach for the Rhodesian Football Association
Butler died in Durban in July 1966, aged 66.
External links
England profile
1900 births
People from Atherton, Greater Manchester
Footballers from Greater Manchester
Sportspeople from the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan
1966 deaths
English men's footballers
England men's international footballers
Men's association football wingers
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Reading F.C. players
Reading F.C. managers
Torquay United F.C. managers
English Football League players
Royal Air Force Physical Training instructors
Atherton F.C. players
Royal Air Force airmen
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
English football managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy%20Butler%20%28footballer%29 |
A Beard of Stars is the fourth studio album by English psychedelic folk band Tyrannosaurus Rex, and their last before changing their name to T. Rex. It was released in March 1970 by record label Regal Zonophone.
Music
A Beard of Stars was the act's first album with Marc Bolan's new musical partner Mickey Finn and featured Bolan on vocals, guitar, organ and bass and Finn on percussion and bass. It was notable for being the first album on which Bolan used an electric guitar, although that instrument had first appeared on the band's 1969 single "King of the Rumbling Spires"/"Do You Remember". According to Mark Deming of AllMusic, A Beard of Stars "was the turning point where Marc Bolan began evolving from an unrepentant hippie into the full-on swaggering rock star he would be within a couple of years, though for those not familiar with his previous work, it still sounds like the work of a man with his mind plugged into the age of lysergic enchantment".
Four tracks from this album, including "Great Horse", were salvaged from spring 1969 sessions for a fourth album with original percussionist Steve Peregrin Took in the wake of "King of the Rumbling Spires". These tracks were later overdubbed for release by Finn, Bolan and Visconti. A further four tracks from the spring sessions – rejected for the final album – subsequently surfaced on various compilations, three ("Once Upon the Seas of Abyssinia", "Blessed Wild Apple Girl," "Demon Queen") in Bolan's lifetime, the fourth ("Ill Starred Man") posthumously. Another track from the sessions, "Find A Little Wood", was the flip side to the album's lead single "By The Light Of A Magical Moon".
The album's closing track, "Elemental Child", was among the last recorded during the sessions with Bolan recording the main body of the song separately from its extended guitar coda and then joining the two together. The track represented Bolan's increasing desire to play electric rock and as such pointed to his future; he claimed to have taken informal guitar lessons from Eric Clapton in the leadup to its composition.
Release
A Beard of Stars was released in March 1970 by Regal Zonophone in the UK and Blue Thumb in the US. It reached No. 21 in the UK Albums Chart.
Reception
UK critics were generally favorable to the transition in sound, with Nick Logan of New Musical Express opining that the new electric guitar embellishments were employed with taste and discretion, resulting in the duo's most successful album to date. Chris Welch of Melody Maker declared "never before has T. Rex sounded so heavy or exciting", singling out "Elemental Child" for praise. There were fewer reviews of the album than before, however, with some fans having assumed Tyrannosaurus Rex to have split up after Took left. The band subsequently undertook an expansive spring tour of the UK to acquaint audiences with the new lineup and sound.
In a retrospective review, AllMusic praised the album as a "Grand Transformation. A Beard of Stars holds on to the charm of Tyrannosaurus Rex's early work while letting Bolan's natural charisma and rock moves finally take hold, and it's a unique and very pleasing entry in their catalog".
Track listing
Personnel
Tyrannosaurus Rex
Marc Bolan - acoustic and electric guitars, lead vocals, chord organ, bass
Mickey Finn - Moroccan clay drums, backing vocals, tabla, finger cymbals, bass
Technical
Malcolm Toft - engineer
Tony Visconti - piano, producer
Charts
References
External links
T. Rex (band) albums
1970 albums
Albums produced by Tony Visconti
Regal Zonophone Records albums
Blue Thumb Records albums
Albums recorded at Trident Studios | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Beard%20of%20Stars |
KYBB (102.7 FM, "B102.7") is a radio station in Sioux Falls, South Dakota (licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to Canton, South Dakota), airing a classic rock format. The station is owned by Townsquare Media.
Its studios are located on Tennis Lane in Sioux Falls, while its transmitter is located on Southeastern Avenue just south of Sioux Falls.
External links
B102.7 Website
YBB
Classic rock radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1990
1990 establishments in South Dakota
Townsquare Media radio stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KYBB |
Tanger Outlets Palm Beach is a outlet shopping center in West Palm Beach, Florida. Opened on February 14, 2014, it was developed on the site of the former Palm Beach Mall. Palm Beach Outlets features over 130 stores and restaurants including Saks Fifth Avenue OFF 5TH, Ann Taylor, Banana Republic, Brooks Brothers, J.Crew, Nike, Tommy Hilfiger, Under Armour, and Vera Bradley. The center’s ownership (led by Clarion) entered into a venture with Tanger Outlets (NYSE: SKT) as of July 29, 2022 which provided for Tanger to replace New England Development to become the property’s manager and co-owner
Tanger Outlets Palm Beach is located directly off Interstate 95 on Palm Beach Lakes Boulevard in West Palm Beach, Florida. The site also includes Marketplace at the Outlets, a 300,000 square foot regional center that features approximately 20 stores, including Bed Bath & Beyond, DSW Shoe Warehouse, Nordstrom Rack, Old Navy, PetSmart, Pier 1 Imports (closing), T.J. Maxx, Ulta Beauty, Homegoods and Whole Foods Market.
History
Palm Beach Mall early years
When the mall originally opened on October 26, 1967, it was touted by its developer, the Edward J. DeBartolo Corporation, as the largest mall in the Southeastern United States. The founding anchors included JCPenney, which moved from its historic store downtown on Clematis Street about three miles (5 km) southeast, Jordan Marsh and Richards. By the end of the decade, the mall also featured Walgreens, Lerner Shops, Food Fair, Woolworth, and The Mall Cinema 1-2-3-4 quadraplex.
The Palm Beach Mall was expanded and renovated in 1980, in conjunction with the addition of Burdines (which relocated from its Downtown West Palm Beach location) sporting a parking garage and Lord & Taylor. Also in 1980 Sears moved into the space previously occupied by Richards, which had closed the same year following a statewide liquidation. The shopping mall's terrazzo floor was replaced with tiles at this time.
Furthermore, when Pantry Pride (formerly Food Fair) closed in 1987, a food court called Treats was developed from its space. Design features popular in the 1980s, including skylights and a lofty ceiling, were introduced to the Mall at this time.
The 2000 renovation replaced most of the mall's interior fixtures, redesigned the food court (this time calling it "Sea Side Café), and replaced the Wonderfall in center court with a much more modern fountain sporting a seahorse theme.
Closure and redevelopment
On December 5, 2009, the mall's court-appointed receiver announced that the Palm Beach Mall would officially close on January 31, 2010, with the exception of JCPenney, George's Music and Firestone, which have outdoor entrances. Upon foreclosure under Simon ownership, Orix seized ownership of the Mall in December 2009, and along with the City of West Palm Beach, was looking into luring IKEA and Bass Pro Shops to occupy the site, but it never happened. The mall was eventually acquired by New England Development transforming the Palm Beach Mall into Palm Beach Outlets, an open-air outlet mall beside a strip of big box stores. The mall was developed on the 80-acre property by New England Development, Eastern Real Estate and Lubert-Adler. It was announced in February 2013 that Whole Foods Market would open in its own facility towards the southwest end of the mall property, next to the Palm Beach Lakes/I-95 interchange.
George's Music relocated to nearby Rivera Beach, closing their mall location on June 30, 2012, originally intending to return with the opening of Palm Beach Outlets, however, this never happened. JCPenney and Firestone were planned to be included in the Palm Beach Outlets with their original buildings, but due to company downsizing, closed the location on May 1, 2013.
Palm Beach Outlets opened on February 14, 2014. The mall includes a Saks Fifth Avenue Off Fifth outlet store as an anchor. Sports Authority closed in 2016 as result of bankruptcy which divided into HomeGoods and Five Below, in May 2020 Pier 1 Imports would close all stores including this location as it filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy back on February 17, 2020, Marshalls will replace Pier 1 and open in April 2022. in April 2023, Bed Bath & Beyond filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy and would liquidate all of it stores including this location, The store closed in the end of July
Current anchors
Off Fifth
DSW
Forever 21
Bed, Bath, and Beyond
Nordstrom Rack
Homegoods
Old Navy
PetSmart
Ross Dress for Less
T.J. Maxx
Whole Foods
Five Below
Former anchors (Palm Beach Mall)
Borders Books & Music (opened in 2000, closed in 2008)
Burdines (opened in 1979, converted to Macy's in 2005)
Dillard's (opened in 2000, closed in 2008)
Firestone (opened as Penney's Auto Center in 1967, became Firestone in 1980 after Firestone's acquisition of J.C. Penney Auto Center; closed in 2013)
Food Fair (later became Pantry Pride, closed in 1987, became Food Court)
George's Music Superstore (opened in 2002, closed in 2012)
J. C. Penney; (opened in 1967, closed in 2013)
Jordan Marsh (opened in 1967, closed in 1992, became Mervyn's)
Lord & Taylor (opened 1980, closed 2001, store demolished, the first location in Florida for the chain)
Macy's (converted in 2005 from Burdines, closed in 2009)
Mervyns (opened in 1992 in former Jordan Marsh space, demolished in 2000, became Dillard's and additional mall store space)
Pier 1 Imports (opened in 2014, closed in 2020)
Richards (opened in 1967, closed in 1980, became Sears)
Sears (opened in 1980 in former Richards space, closed in 2010)
Sports Authority (opened 2014, closed with company wide liquidation 2016, became Homegoods)
Woolworth's (opened in 1967, became Borders in 2000)
Walgreens (opened in 1967, closed in 2002)
References
External links
Palm Beach Mall History
Palm Beach Mall - Labelscar.com
Memories of the Palm Beach Mall - The Palm Beach Post
Palm Beach Outlets Noire Nail
Palm Beach Outlets
Remnants of the mall: A look inside the abandoned Palm Beach Mall
A week before demolition, a last look inside the Palm Beach Mall
Outlet malls in the United States
Shopping malls in Palm Beach County, Florida
Shopping malls established in 1967
1967 establishments in Florida
Shopping malls established in 2014
2010 disestablishments in Florida
Buildings and structures in West Palm Beach, Florida
2014 establishments in Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm%20Beach%20Outlets |
The House of Crnojević (Montenegrin and Serbian Cyrillic: Црнојевић, Crnojevići / Црнојевићи) was a medieval Serbian noble family that held Zeta, or parts of it; a region north of Lake Skadar corresponding to southern Montenegro and northern Albania, from 1326 to 1362, then 1403 until 1515.
Its progenitor Đuraš Ilijić was the head of Upper Zeta in the Medieval Kingdom of Serbia and Empire (r. 1326–1362†), under Stefan Dečanski, Dušan the Mighty and Stefan Uroš V. Đuraš was killed in 1362 by the Balšić family, the holders of Lower Zeta (since 1360); Zeta was in the hands of the Balšići under nominal Imperial rule until 1421, when Serbian Despot Stefan Lazarević was given the province by Balša III (1403–1421). The family fought its rivals following the murder of Đuraš, and the Crnojevićs controlled Budva from 1392 until 1396, when Radič Crnojević was murdered by the Balšićs. They are mentioned again in 1403, as vassals of the Republic of Venice, taking power in their hereditary lands.
History
Origins
During the 14th and throughout the 15th century, the Crnojević family became one of the most politically influential dynasties of the region. They ruled the territory of Zeta, north of Lake Skadar, roughly corresponding to modern-day Southern Montenegro and Northern Albania. At times, they cooperated with the Balšić, a competing noble family, but most frequently fought them for control.
Đuraš Vrančić, a nobleman who served King Stefan Milutin (r. 1282–1321) in the Kingdom of Serbia, is the earliest known progenitor of the family.
His grandson Đuraš Ilijić (son of Ilija Đurašević) was a military leader under Tsar Stefan Dušan and head of Upper Zeta from 1326 until 1362. Under Đuraš Ilijić, the family was referred to as Đurašević.
Đuraš Ilijić became advisor to the Serbian King Stefan of Dečani in 1326. Five years later, Đuraš supported Prince Dušan Nemanjić in overthrowing the King.
In 1355, the Croatian duchess and sister of Emperor Dušan, Jelena Nemanjić Šubić, had come greatly under pressure by the Hungarian King who attacked one of her cities in Croatia, (Skradin). Emperor Dušan dispatched Đuraš Ilijić to relieve the siege. He left with an army and his two brothers, Nikola and Vladin, as well as his sons and nephews. Đuraš successfully kept the city up to January 10, 1356, when Emperor Uroš, Dušan's successor, ordered him to deliver it to the Venetians.
Đuraš was liquidated by Balša I's sons as a rival in 1362. He was buried in the Church of Saint Michael on Prevlaka with the inscription "in Emperor's Stefan's name the third knight" ().
After this, the Đuraševići were greatly suppressed by the Balšić. They ruled in the areas of Budva and the Gulf of Kotor.
Crnoje Đurašević, the son of Đuraš, had three sons: Radič, Stefan and Dobrivoje. Crnoje's descendants initially bore the surnames Crnojević-Đurašević but eventually dropped the former and only became Crnojević.
Crnojević
Radič, the successor of Crnoje, emerged, together with his brothers Stefan and Dobrivoje, as the masters of Budva, at the end of the 14th century. He maintained close relations with the Republic of Dubrovnik, where he was a honorary citizen. At the same time, the relations with City of Kotor were bad. He frequently jeopardized Kotor and expanded his domain to include Grbalj and Paštrovići. As the Serbian Empire crumbled, the House of Crnoje became virtually independent in Upper Zeta (region around modern Cetinje. Radič was killed in combat in a war against the House of Balšić in 1396.
After the death of Radič, the Crnojevići, under the brothers Dobrivoj and Stefan, suffered a major decline. There were territorial losses to the Đuraševići, led by the brothers Đurađ and Aleksa (also called Lješ), both sons of the late Radič. They were first referred to in sources in 1403. They seemed to have been actively supporting Đurađ II's campaign against the Crnojevići in the late 1390s. They also played a major role in Sandalj Hranić's expulsion from Zeta through a campaign led by Đurađ. As a reward, Đurađ gave them Budva, as well as Saint Michael's Metohija (Grbalj). The Đuraševići used this period of support of the Balšićs to gain much of the Crnojević possessions in the mountains behind Kotor. Đuraš and Aleksa sided with Venetians and as their vassals ruled the area of Upper Zeta in 1403–1435.
The most important role in establishing the family's rule in Zeta belongs to Stefan I called "Stefanica" (1451–1465). He used the turmoil in Zeta and managed to become de facto ruler of the region. He secured a leading position in his family and married Maria, the daughter of prominent nobleman Gjon Kastrioti. After the fall of the southern part of Serbia under the Turks in 1455, Stefan acknowledged Venetian rule in return for autonomy on internal affairs and autonomy for the Orthodox Metropolitan.
His son Ivan (1465–1490), better known as Ivan-beg, started his rule with a war on the Venetians, but had to repent later in face of Turkish threat. In 1474, the Ottomans took Upper Zeta and in 1478 took his territory, which was centered around Žabljak. He fled to the coast and returned in 1481 following the death of Mehmet the Conqueror as a Turkish vassal, after already previously being a Venetian one. He was allowed to keep territory, which now comprised the coast above Kotor to Lake Skadar and north of the Zeta river. He moved the seat of Zeta Metropolitan from Prevlaka to the more secure Cetinje in 1485 and soon it became his capital.
Ivan's son Đurađ (1490–1496) remained consistent to his father's policies, although he married a daughter of a Venetian noble. He founded the printing house of the Cetinje monastery in which the first book in the Cyrillic script of Church Slavonic among South Slavs was printed in 1494. When his contacts with the King of France on starting an anti-Ottoman war became known to the Turks, he had to flee Montenegro, which fell under direct Turkish rule.
He was succeeded by his brother Stefan II (1496–1498) who led the administration of Montenegro for the Ottoman Empire. Ivan's third son Staniša, now islamized and renamed as Skender-beg, ruled his ancestral lands from 1513 to 128.
The descendants of Đurađ lived in Hungary and Venice where they died out in the mid-17th century.
Rulers
Lord of Zeta/Montenegro:
Đuraš Ilijić (1326–1362†)
Radič (fl. 1392-1396†)
Đurađ III and Aleksa (1403–1435)
Gojčin (1435-1451)
Stefan I (1451–1465)
Ivan I (1465–1490)
Đurađ IV (1490–1496)
Stefan II (1496–1498)
Ivan II (1498–1515)
Đurađ V (1515–1516)
Sanjak-bey of Montenegro:
Staniša-Skenderbeg (1516-1530)
Family tree
Đuraš Vrančić
Ilija Đurašević
Đuraš Ilijić
Crnoje Đurašević
Radič Crnojević married Jelena, later wife of Sandalj Hranić
Đurađ Đurašević Crnojević married unknown Zaharia
Đurašin
Gojčin
Stefan (Stefanica) Crnojević married Mara Kastrioti
Đurađ Crnojević married unknown Mocenigo
Catalina married Radu IV the Great
Charles Michael (Petar) Crnojevic
Ivan Crnojević married firstly Gojislava Arianiti, married secondly Mara Kosača
Đurađ Crnojević married firstly Jela Thopia, married secondly Elisabetta Erizzo
Solomon married Elisabetta
Konstantin married Maria Contarini
Jovan married firstly Paola Alberti, married secondly Orseta Valaresso
Viktor married to Elena Calbo
Jovan
Faustina married to Gasparo Luigi Delfin
Ivan Caterina Orio
Đurađ V
Antonija married to Jerolim Zagurović
Anđelo Zagurović
Unknown Daughter
Unknown Daughter
Stefan
Staniša (Skenderbeg), Sanjak-bey of Montenegro
Unknown Daughter
Unknown Daughter
Unknown Son
Aleksa (Lješ, Alexius) Đurašević Crnojević
Stefan
Dobrovoj
Nikola
Vladin
See also
List of rulers of Montenegro
References
Sources
Serbian noble families
People from the Serbian Despotate
Medieval Montenegro
Montenegrin noble families
League of Lezhë | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crnojevi%C4%87%20noble%20family |
"Sense of Doubt" is an instrumental piece written by David Bowie in 1977 for the album "Heroes". It was the first of three instrumentals on Side Two of the original vinyl album that segued into one another, preceding "Moss Garden" and "Neuköln".
Cited as "portentous" and "thoroughly foreboding", "Sense of Doubt" is one of the darker tracks of the album, with a descending four-note piano motif juxtaposed with "an eerie synth line like a scrap of sound from a silent expressionist-era soundtrack". Brian Eno suggested that the contrasting themes were the result of him and Bowie each following an Oblique Strategies card to guide them in the track's overdubbing, Eno's directing him to "make everything as similar as possible" and Bowie's to "emphasize differences".
"Sense of Doubt" was performed on the Italian TV programme L’altra domenica in 1977 and throughout the "Heroes" tour in 1978.
Live versions
Performances from the 1978 "Heroes" tour have been released on Stage (1978) and Welcome to the Blackout (2018).
Other releases
It was released as the B-side of the single "Beauty and the Beast" in January 1978, a pairing that NME editors Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray considered "must be good fun on pub juke-boxes".
A picture disc release appeared in the RCA Life Time picture disc set.
The film Christiane F. and its soundtrack featured the song.
Cover versions
Philip Glass – "Heroes" Symphony (1996)
Musician Steve Adey covered the track on his 2017 LP "Do Me a Kindness".
Shearwater – as part of a live performance of the entire Berlin Trilogy for WNYC (2018)
Notes
David Bowie songs
1977 songs
Rock instrumentals
Songs written by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by Tony Visconti | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense%20of%20Doubt |
Hector Munro or Monro may refer to:
Hector Munro, 13th Baron of Foulis (died 1541), Scottish clan chief
Hector Munro, 17th Baron of Foulis (died 1603), Scottish clan chief
Sir Hector Munro, 1st Baronet (died 1635), Scottish soldier, noble and clan chief
Sir Hector Munro, 2nd Baronet (1635–1651), Scottish noble and clan chief
General Sir Hector Munro, 8th laird of Novar (1726–1805), Scottish noble and ninth Commander-in-Chief of India, 1764–1765
Hector William Munro (1769–1821), British Governor of Trinidad, 1811–1813
Hector Munro (surveyor) (1859–1930),
Hector Hugh Munro (1870–1916), British writer known by the pen name Saki
Colonel Sir Hector Munro, 11th Baronet (1848–1935), 32nd Chief of Clan Munro
Hector Monro, Baron Monro of Langholm (1922–2006), Scottish Conservative & Unionist Party politician
Hector Munro (cricketer) (1920–2014), English cricketer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector%20Munro |
An attenuator is an electronic device that reduces the power of a signal without appreciably distorting its waveform.
An attenuator is effectively the opposite of an amplifier, though the two work by different methods. While an amplifier provides gain, an attenuator provides loss, or gain less than 1.
Construction and usage
Attenuators are usually passive devices made from simple voltage divider networks. Switching between different resistances forms adjustable stepped attenuators and continuously adjustable ones using potentiometers. For higher frequencies precisely matched low VSWR resistance networks are used.
Fixed attenuators in circuits are used to lower voltage, dissipate power, and to improve impedance matching. In measuring signals, attenuator pads or adapters are used to lower the amplitude of the signal a known amount to enable measurements, or to protect the measuring device from signal levels that might damage it. Attenuators are also used to 'match' impedance by lowering apparent SWR (Standing Wave Ratio).
Attenuator circuits
Basic circuits used in attenuators are pi pads (π-type) and T pads. These may be required to be balanced or unbalanced networks depending on whether the line geometry with which they are to be used is balanced or unbalanced. For instance, attenuators used with coaxial lines would be the unbalanced form while attenuators for use with twisted pair are required to be the balanced form.
Four fundamental attenuator circuit diagrams are given in the figures on the left. Since an attenuator circuit consists solely of passive resistor elements, it is both linear and reciprocal. If the circuit is also made symmetrical (this is usually the case since it is usually required that the input and output impedance Z1 and Z2 are equal), then the input and output ports are not distinguished, but by convention the left and right sides of the circuits are referred to as input and output, respectively.
Various tables and calculators are available that provide a means of determining the appropriate resistor values for achieving particular loss values. One of the earliest was published by the NAB in 1960 for losses ranging from 1/2 to 40 dB, for use in 600 ohm circuits.
Attenuator characteristics
Key specifications for attenuators are:
Attenuation expressed in decibels of relative power. A 3 dB pad reduces power to one half, 6 dB to one fourth, 10 dB to one tenth, 20 dB to one hundredth, 30 dB to one thousandth and so on. When input and output impedances are the same, voltage attenuation will be the square root of power attenuation, so, for example, a 6 dB attenuator that reduces power to one fourth will reduce the voltage (and the current) by half.
Nominal impedance, for example 50 ohm
Frequency bandwidth, for example DC-18 GHz
Power dissipation depends on mass and surface area of resistance material as well as possible additional cooling fins.
SWR is the standing wave ratio for input and output ports
Accuracy
Repeatability
RF attenuators
Radio frequency attenuators are typically coaxial in structure with precision connectors as ports and coaxial, micro strip or thin-film internal structure. Above SHF special waveguide structure is required.
Important characteristics are:
accuracy,
low SWR,
flat frequency-response and
repeatability.
The size and shape of the attenuator depends on its ability to dissipate power. RF attenuators are used as loads for and as known attenuation and protective dissipation of power in measuring RF signals.
Audio attenuators
A line-level attenuator in the preamp or a power attenuator after the power amplifier uses electrical resistance to reduce the amplitude of the signal that reaches the speaker, reducing the volume of the output. A line-level attenuator has lower power handling, such as a 1/2-watt potentiometer or voltage divider and controls preamp level signals, whereas a power attenuator has higher power handling capability, such as 10 watts or more, and is used between the power amplifier and the speaker.
Power attenuator (guitar)
Guitar amplifier
Component values for resistive pads and attenuators
This section concerns pi-pads, T-pads and L-pads made entirely from resistors and terminated on each port with a purely real resistance.
All impedance, currents, voltages and two-port parameters will be assumed to be purely real. For practical applications, this assumption is often close enough.
The pad is designed for a particular load impedance, ZLoad, and a particular source impedance, Zs.
The impedance seen looking into the input port will be ZS if the output port is terminated by ZLoad.
The impedance seen looking into the output port will be ZLoad if the input port is terminated by ZS.
Reference figures for attenuator component calculation
The attenuator two-port is generally bidirectional. However, in this section it will be treated as though it were one way. In general, either of the two figures applies, but the first figure (which depicts the source on the left) will be tacitly assumed most of the time. In the case of the L-pad, the second figure will be used if the load impedance is greater than the source impedance.
Each resistor in each type of pad discussed is given a unique designation to decrease confusion.
The L-pad component value calculation assumes that the design impedance for port 1 (on the left) is equal or higher than the design impedance for port 2.
Terms used
Pad will include pi-pad, T-pad, L-pad, attenuator, and two-port.
Two-port will include pi-pad, T-pad, L-pad, attenuator, and two-port.
Input port will mean the input port of the two-port.
Output port will mean the output port of the two-port.
Symmetric means a case where the source and load have equal impedance.
Loss means the ratio of power entering the input port of the pad divided by the power absorbed by the load.
Insertion Loss means the ratio of power that would be delivered to the load if the load were directly connected to the source divided by the power absorbed by the load when connected through the pad.
Symbols used
Passive, resistive pads and attenuators are bidirectional two-ports, but in this section they will be treated as unidirectional.
ZS = the output impedance of the source.
ZLoad = the input impedance of the load.
Zin = the impedance seen looking into the input port when ZLoad is connected to the output port. Zin is a function of the load impedance.
Zout = the impedance seen looking into the output port when Zs is connected to the input port. Zout is a function of the source impedance.
Vs = source open circuit or unloaded voltage.
Vin = voltage applied to the input port by the source.
Vout = voltage applied to the load by the output port.
Iin = current entering the input port from the source.
Iout = current entering the load from the output port.
Pin = Vin Iin = power entering the input port from the source.
Pout = Vout Iout = power absorbed by the load from the output port.
Pdirect = the power that would be absorbed by the load if the load were connected directly to the source.
Lpad = 10 log10 (Pin / Pout), always. Further, if Zs = ZLoad, then Lpad = 20 log10 (Vin / Vout ). Note, as defined, Loss ≥ 0 dB
Linsertion = 10 log10 (Pdirect / Pout ). Further, if Zs = ZLoad, then Linsertion = Lpad.
Loss ≡ Lpad. Loss is defined to be Lpad.
Symmetric T pad resistor calculation
see Valkenburg p 11-3
Symmetric pi pad resistor calculation
see Valkenburg p 11-3
L-Pad for impedance matching resistor calculation
If a source and load are both resistive (i.e. Z1 and Z2 have zero or very small imaginary part) then a resistive L-pad can be used to match them to each other. As shown, either side of the L-pad can be the source or load, but the Z1 side must be the side with the higher impedance.
see
Large positive numbers means loss is large. The loss is a monotonic function of the impedance ratio. Higher ratios require higher loss.
Converting T-pad to pi-pad
This is the Y-Δ transform
Converting pi-pad to T-pad
This is the Δ-Y transform
Conversion between two-ports and pads
T-pad to impedance parameters
The impedance parameters for a passive two-port are
It is always possible to represent a resistive t-pad as a two-port. The representation is particularly simple using impedance parameters as follows:
Impedance parameters to T-pad
The preceding equations are trivially invertible, but if the loss is not enough, some of the t-pad components will have negative resistances.
Impedance parameters to pi-pad
These preceding T-pad parameters can be algebraically converted to pi-pad parameters.
Pi-pad to admittance parameters
The admittance parameters for a passive two port are
It is always possible to represent a resistive pi pad as a two-port. The representation is particularly simple using admittance parameters as follows:
Admittance parameters to pi-pad
The preceding equations are trivially invertible, but if the loss is not enough, some of the pi-pad components will have negative resistances.
General case, determining impedance parameters from requirements
Because the pad is entirely made from resistors, it must have a certain minimum loss to match source and load if they are not equal.
The minimum loss is given by
Although a passive matching two-port can have less loss, if it does it will not be convertible to a resistive attenuator pad.
Once these parameters have been determined, they can be implemented as a T or pi pad as discussed above.
See also
RF and microwave variable attenuators
Optical attenuator
Notes
References
External links
Guitar amp power attenuator FAQ
Basic attenuator circuits
Explanation of attenuator types, impedance matching, and very useful calculator
Resistive components
Microwave technology
Audio engineering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuator%20%28electronics%29 |
Mohammed Afzal Zullah (Urdu: ) was born on April 19, 1928, in Bijnial, Mandrah, Gujar Khan, District Rawalpindi. He graduated in 1948 from the University of Punjab with a degree in Arts. In 1950, he received the degree in Law from Punjab University Lahore. He enrolled as a Pleader in 1950 and started practicing law in Sahiwal. Later on he shifted to Rawalpindi in 1951 and to Lahore in 1961.
He was appointed as Additional Judge of the West Pakistan High Court in May 1968, he became permanent Judge of the High Court in March 1970. He was elevated to the Supreme Court in 1979. In the same year he became member of Shariat Appellate Bench, Supreme Court of Pakistan. He became the Chairman of the Bench in 1982. He acted as the Chief Justice from March 4 to 7, 1984. Justice Zullah became the Chief Justice of Pakistan from January 1, 1990, to March 19, 1993.
He also remained a Member Syndicate, at the University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Member Board of Studies in Law University of Multan, Member Board of Trustees Islamic University Islamabad and Member Selection Board Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad.
See also
Chief Justices of Pakistan
Supreme Court of Pakistan
List of Pakistanis
References
1928 births
Chief Justices of Pakistan
2011 deaths
Pakistani judges | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Afzal%20Zullah |
Fazal-e-Akbar (born November 1903, date of death unknown) was chief justice of Pakistan. He graduated in arts from St. Xavier College, Calcutta, India. He graduated in law from University of Calcutta and was called to Bar from Lincoln's Inn, London in 1930.
He started his career as a lawyer at Fort William High Court in 1931. From 1931 to 1943 he also taught Jurisprudence at the University of Calcutta. In 1943, he was appointed District and Sessions Judge, in which capacity he worked till 1946.
After the partition of India he became Special Officer of the Judicial Department and Registrar East Pakistan High Court. In 1949 he was elevated as the Judge of the High Court of East Pakistan. Justice Fazal-e-Akbar was deputed as Chairman Railway Tribunal in 1950 and Chairman University Commission in 1954.
He was elevated to the Supreme Court of Pakistan in May 1960. Justice Fazal-e-Akbar became the sixth Chief Justice of Pakistan replacing Dr. Justice S.A. Rehman on 4 June 1968. He retired on 17 November 1968.
See also
Chief Justices of Pakistan
Supreme Court of Pakistan
References
1903 births
Chief Justices of Pakistan
Muhajir people
Pakistani judges
University of Calcutta alumni
Academic staff of the University of Calcutta
Year of death missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazal%20Akbar |
"Neuköln" is an instrumental piece written by David Bowie and Brian Eno in 1977 for the album "Heroes". It was the last of three consecutive instrumentals on side two of the original vinyl album, following "Sense of Doubt" and "Moss Garden."
Neukölln (correctly spelled with a double "L") is a district of Berlin. Bowie lived in Berlin for a time in 1977, although not in Neukölln but in Schöneberg. The music has been interpreted as reflecting in part the rootlessness of the Turkish immigrants who made up a large proportion of the area's population. Edgar Froese, founder of Tangerine Dream, was also from southern Neukölln. Froese's album Epsilon in Malaysian Pale, mostly played with Mellotron (just like Neuköln), was according to Bowie a big influence and a "soundtrack to his life in Berlin".
NME journalists Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray described "Neuköln" as "a mood piece: the Cold War viewed through a bubble of blood or Harry Lime's last thoughts as he dies in the sewer in The Third Man. The final section features Bowie's plaintive saxophone "booming out across a harbour of solitude, as if lost in fog."
The main character Christiane from the film Christiane F. – We Children from Bahnhof Zoo, starring David Bowie as himself, is also from southern Neukölln. Bowie produced the Christiane F. soundtrack which gave the film a commercial boost.
Dylan Howe covered the piece for his album Subterranean – New Designs on Bowie's Berlin in 2014, in two parts, part one is called "Neukölln - Night" and part two "Neukölln - Day."
Cover versions
Philip Glass – "Heroes" Symphony (1996)
Dylan Howe – Subterranean – New Designs on Bowie's Berlin (2014)
Shearwater – as part of a live performance of the entire Berlin Trilogy for WNYC (2018)
Notes
David Bowie songs
1977 songs
Rock instrumentals
Songs written by David Bowie
Songs written by Brian Eno
Song recordings produced by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by Tony Visconti | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuk%C3%B6ln |
Sir Mian Abdul Rashid, KCSI, H.Pk (; 29 June 1889 – 6 November 1981) was the first Chief Justice of Pakistan, legal philosopher, one of the founding fathers of Pakistan, and a jurist.
Education
He was born on 29 June 1889 in a well-known Arain family, namely Mian family of Baghbanpura of Lahore. He received his early education at Central Model School in Lahore, and got his B.A. from Forman Christian College, also in Lahore, and a Tripos and Masters from Christ's College, Cambridge University in 1912.
In 1913, he was called to the Bar from the Middle Temple, London.
Law career
He started practising law at Multan and later shifted to Lahore in 1913 where he joined the chambers of Mian Muhammad Shafi. He was then appointed Assistant Legal Remembrancer. In the summer of 1923, he was appointed acting judge of Lahore High Court on recommendation of Sir Shadi Lal, who was then Chief Justice of the said court. From 1927 to 1931, he officiated as Government of Punjab's Advocate. He was appointed Judge, Lahore High Court in 1933. In 1946, he was made Chief Justice of Judicature at Lahore, and was knighted in the 1946 Birthday Honours list.
First Chief Justice of Pakistan
On 15 August 1947, when Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was sworn in as the first Governor-General of Pakistan, Rashid, as the most senior Muslim judge in British India, administered the oath of office to him.
Awards and recognition
In 2005, the Government of Pakistan honoured him by naming a main road (7th Avenue) after him in the federal capital, Islamabad. The former Seventh Avenue down to Khayaban-i-Suhrawardy and the Kashmir Highway has been renamed Justice Sir Mian Abdul Rashid Avenue.
Hilal-e-Pakistan (Crescent of Pakistan) Award by the President of Pakistan
See also
List of Pakistanis
Chief Justice of Pakistan
Arain
References
Bibliography
External links
Biography on the Judiciary Section of the Overseas Pakistanis Foundation website
List of former Judges of the Pakistani Supreme Court
1889 births
1981 deaths
Punjabi people
Lawyers from Lahore
Forman Christian College alumni
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
Chief Justices of Pakistan
Leaders of the Pakistan Movement
Members of the Inner Temple
Legal history of Pakistan
20th-century Pakistani philosophers
Mian family
Indian knights
Indian Knights Bachelor
Pakistani knights
Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan
Central Model School, Lahore alumni
Recipients of Hilal-i-Pakistan
Vice-Chancellors of the University of the Punjab | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mian%20Abdul%20Rashid |
Mandy Salter is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Nicola Stapleton. Introduced on 12 March 1992 by producer Leonard Lewis, Mandy was portrayed as a teenage tearaway. She was featured in storylines about teenage homelessness, child abuse and recreational drug taking. Her relationship with Aidan Brosnan (Sean Maguire) was one of the prominent storylines featured in 1993. Due to the character's antagonistic behaviour, it has been suggested that Mandy was one of the most hated characters on television during her initial tenure. The character appeared in a special episode of Doctor Who in 1993, which was set in the fictional soap setting of Walford. Stapleton left the role and Mandy departed on-screen on 13 January 1994. Stapleton returned to the role for a nine-month stint on 29 August 2011, and left again on 31 May 2012.
Following Mandy's initial exit, Stapleton claimed that she was asked to reprise the role on several occasions; she turned these offers down until producer Bryan Kirkwood negotiated her comeback in 2011. After a 17-year hiatus, Mandy reappeared from 29 August 2011 and began a relationship with the long-running character, Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt). Mandy's return storylines focused on her dysfunctional relationship with her mother Lorraine (now played by Victoria Alcock), her unconventional engagement to Ian, and her fuelling conflict with Ian's teenage daughter Lucy (Hetti Bywater). On 4 April 2012, it was announced that Stapleton would be leaving EastEnders for a second time. Mandy and Ian were not given a happy ending; their relationship dissolved and Mandy departed in the episode broadcast on 31 May 2012.
Storylines
1992–1994
Mandy arrives in Albert Square in March 1992 when her hospitalised mother, Lorraine (Linda Henry), leaves her in Pat Butcher's (Pam St. Clement) care. She makes friends with Sam Butcher (Danniella Westbrook) but eventually leaves the Butchers as she feels unwanted by Pat's husband, Frank (Mike Reid). She then begins squatting.
Mandy is a troublesome teenager. She blackmails Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt), threatening to divulge that he visits prostitutes unless he employs her. Ian does not succumb, so Mandy survives by stealing, conning people and relying on charity. After Mandy is evicted from her squat, Kathy Beale (Gillian Taylforth) allows her to live with her, but Mandy is eventually thrown out when she is caught spreading rumours that Kathy has been abusing her. Mandy ends the year homeless and sleeping in a makeshift shanty. Mark Fowler (Todd Carty) and Steve Elliot (Mark Monero) eventually let Mandy stay with them, but Mandy's stirring contributes to the demise of Steve's relationship with Hattie Tavernier (Michelle Gayle); Mandy and Hattie maintain an antagonistic relationship throughout their time together in Walford. On Christmas Eve 1992, Mandy receives a Christmas card from her mother, telling her she is visiting. However, Lorraine never arrives, so on Christmas Day, Mandy returns to Lorraine's flat but finds her mother's abusive boyfriend Gary (Thomas Craig) instead. He is mean to Mandy and starts beating her, until she is rescued by Mark.
Mandy meets Irish football trainee Aidan Brosnan (Sean Maguire) in 1993. They begin dating, but Mandy is a bad influence on Aidan and encourages him to skip football practice, get drunk and use ecstasy. This results in an intoxicated Aidan falling and damaging his knee, and following a subsequent injury, Aidan is told that his career in professional football is over. The loss of his dream hits Aidan badly, but by now Mandy has fallen for him in a big way, and when he returns to Ireland, she follows him. Both soon return, having had a poor reception from Aidan's family. The young lovers are unable to find work so they begin sleeping on the streets and squatting. To get money, Mandy and Aidan beg and occasionally do odd jobs. It is on one such occasion that Grant Mitchell (Ross Kemp) leaves his wife Sharon Mitchell's (Letitia Dean) pet poodle, Roly, in Mandy's care. However, Mandy loses control of Roly and he dies after running straight into an oncoming truck, devastating Sharon. Mandy later cleans Dr Legg's (Leonard Fenton) GP surgery, but after stealing prescription slips and selling them to drug dealers, she is sacked. She then turns to 'clipping', acting as a prostitute then running off with the customer's money without performing the sexual service. However, the other prostitutes in Kings Cross beat Mandy and after she is arrested, Aidan makes her promise to stop.
When Richard Cole (Ian Reddington) starts a smear campaign against them, accusing them of being behind a series of robberies around the Square, everyone turns on them. Aidan becomes depressed and on Christmas Day 1993 he attempts to commit suicide by threatening to jump off the top of a tower block. Mandy manages to stop him but Aidan realises that Mandy is bad for him, and he returns to his family in Ireland.
Mandy is distraught at losing Aidan. Pauline Fowler (Wendy Richard) takes sympathy and allows her to stay with her; Mandy sees New Year 1994 in, huddled and sobbing on the Fowlers' couch. Early in 1994, Mandy turns to Ricky Butcher (Sid Owen) for comfort and they have a one-night stand. However, this only makes Mandy realise how much she misses Aidan, and she rejects Ricky's further advances. All alone, Mandy leaves Albert Square in January 1994, repaying the Fowlers' kindness by stealing Pauline's purse and hitching a ride with a lorry driver, who is heading west on the M11.
2011–2012
Mandy is not seen again for 17 years until Ian stumbles across her being thrown out of a strip club by a man Mandy claims is her abusive ex-boyfriend; however, it transpires the man is her employer at the strip club from whom Mandy has stolen £5,000. Ian allows her to stay with him in Walford and a friendship develops as Mandy bonds with Ian's son Bobby (Alex Francis) and helps Ian discover his frivolous side. Ian develops romantic feelings for Mandy and she accepts his impromptu marriage proposal. However, when Mandy meets her old friend Ricky, they reminisce, take drugs and have sex. This causes Mandy to rethink marriage to Ian; she decides not to attend the wedding ceremony but Ian pleads with her to change her mind and the wedding is rearranged.
In January 2012, Ian discovers Ricky and Mandy's tryst; the revelation ends Ricky's marriage to Bianca Butcher (Patsy Palmer). Mandy confesses to Ian that she became pregnant with Ricky's child in January 1994 and gave birth to a premature daughter, Kira, who died. She suggests she had sex with Ricky because of unresolved feelings for her dead daughter. Ian forgives Mandy but further problems arise when Ian's daughter Lucy (Hetti Bywater) returns to Walford and takes a dislike to Mandy. Lucy attempts to turn Ian against Mandy by setting her up, poisoning Bobby's mind against her and sabotaging Mandy's wedding plans. When Lucy discovers Mandy texting someone called "L Stevens", she suspects Mandy is having an affair and arranges for "L" to visit, not realising "L" stands for Lorraine, Mandy's estranged, alcoholic mother (now played by Victoria Alcock). Seeing an opportunity to make use of Ian's resources, Lorraine convinces him that she wants to bond with Mandy, but when he is absent she verbally and physically abuses Mandy. Lorraine's true nature is eventually revealed and Ian sends her away, but her stirring nearly causes Mandy and Ian's relationship to end. When a sickly Lorraine returns to Walford, Ian forbids Mandy from caring for her. Secretly, Mandy visits Lorraine in hospital and they briefly bond, but Lorraine turns nasty again when Mandy disobeys her, telling her that she has never loved or wanted her. A few weeks later, Mandy is devastated to learn that Lorraine has died. Ian, who is going through financial difficulties and is behaving erratically, refuses to let Mandy grieve and goes ahead with his plans to bring their wedding forward. On their wedding day, Mandy is perturbed by Ian's increasingly strange behaviour and refuses to marry him, revealing that she has been forcing herself to love him. Ian begs her to stay but Mandy leaves as a devastated Ian shouts her name. Ian suffers a breakdown and absconds shortly after without telling his family where he is going. When Lucy discovers Ian's credit card being used in a Rochester hotel a week later, she and Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden) go in search of him. They find Mandy, who has been using Ian's credit card to pay for her mother's funeral. Mandy denies knowing where Ian is. She vows to make a success of her life, stating it is "time to grow up".
Creation and development
Introduction (1992)
Mandy was one of several introductions to the cast of EastEnders in 1992. Executive producer Leonard Lewis took a tentative approach to introducing new characters in 1992. Most were introduced gradually, making an initial appearance and then joining the programme full-time a couple of months later. This allowed the producers and writers to create new characters and see them brought to life by the actors before committing them to a longer contract. Mandy first appeared in March 1992 as a school girl aged 15, abandoned by her mother in Pat Butcher's care. She left the series temporarily a few weeks later; in the storyline she went back to her mother's flat, but she returned by the summer of 1992 as a regular character, squatting in the soap's setting of Albert Square.
Mandy was portrayed as a troublesome teenager, with an underpinning storyline of child abuse and abandonment. Nicola Stapleton, 17 at the time, was cast in the role. During her initial stint in the soap, the character was featured in storylines about child and drug abuse, homelessness, blackmail, theft and prostitution (in the form of clipping).
Characterisation
In his 2005 book, Eastenders: 20 Years in Albert Square, author Rupert Smith classified Mandy as a "lost girl". He described her as "poisonous [...] the daughter of a dodgy old lush that Pat had picked up in a hostess bar, and she arrived in Walford to work out some grudge she held against the entire world." He added that "she lied, cheated and stole", suggesting that "there have been very few characters as entirely loathesome as Mandy Salter [...] The serpent in an East End eden." Author of EastEnders: Who's who?, Kate Lock, suggested that, "You wanted to feel sorry for homeless waif Mandy but her deviousness made it hard to even like her."
She has been described as a "manipulative force of nature" with a "spiteful streak". In 2011, the executive producer of EastEnders, Bryan Kirkwood, described Mandy as outrageous, uncompromising and pragmatic. He added, "although she's the result of a life on the streets, she's a survivor and isn't down on her luck. Mandy knows what to do to get by". Discussing Mandy in 2011, Stapleton said that Mandy only relies on herself and is "the sort of person who uses what she's got to get by." She described Mandy as minxy and incredibly flirty; someone who dresses skimpily and uses her body to get what she wants.
Homelessness and relationship with Aidan Brosnan
A lone character without family in the serial, Mandy was essentially homeless, and when she was unable to squat or rely on the kindness of strangers, she slept rough on the streets. This storyline came at a time when homelessness in London was a topical subject in the British media, partly due to the continued concern regarding Cardboard City, an area near Waterloo station that attracted a high proportion of homeless people who slept in cardboard boxes. Because of her involvement in this story arc, actress Nicola Stapleton became so affected by the plight of young homeless people that she joined the charity 'Countrywide', who raise money for the homeless. In January 1993 she told Inside Soap, "I have always thought the homeless situation was terrible, but through my research into playing Mandy, I have realised just how many young people it affects. I think it is really tragic that we have teenagers in this country sleeping out on the streets. And it isn't a problem that will go away. I just hope that by drawing attention to the problem in EastEnders more people will be willing to help [...] It is important that people realise that anyone can end up homeless. If you lose your flat or your job, you can end up in a downward spiral that will dump you on the streets. We can't shut our minds to this situation, because it could happen to any of us. I know how fortunate I am, and therefore I know that I am in a position to help, which is why I have got involved with the [charity]."
With regard to Mandy, Stapleton believed that, in 1993, she was her "own worst enemy" and that some of her misfortune was associated to her upsetting other characters: "Mandy is constantly rubbing people up the wrong way, and upsetting them. Of course she has had a hard life, but she doesn't do herself any favours either. I would like to see her get a break and a chance to finally make something of herself."
In 1993, the character was paired romantically on-screen with Aidan Brosnan, played by Sean Maguire. Aidan and Mandy's romance was dubbed by EastEnders''' scriptwriter Colin Brake as one of 1993's "major storylines", which ran throughout the year. Depicted as shy, naïve and impressionable, Aidan was quickly led astray by Mandy. In the storyline, Mandy introduced Aidan to alcohol and drugs and a swift decline for the couple culminated in them becoming homeless and sleeping on the streets or in abandoned squats. Aidan slipped into a depression, culminating in a suicide attempt, when in the Christmas Day 1993 episodes, he decided to jump off the top of a tower block. The producers' original plan had been for Aidan to succeed in his suicide bid; however, in the book EastEnders: The First Ten Years, author Colin Brake has revealed that "the powers-that-be" at the BBC intervened in the storyline. They felt that a suicide on Christmas Day would be "too depressing even for EastEnders", so they ordered for the scripts to be revised. In the revised version, Mandy arrived just in time to stop Aidan jumping to his death, her love for him convincing him not to end his life. 23 million viewers tuned in on Christmas Day 1993 to witness Aidan's suicide attempt; it was the highest rated television programme of the day, trumping its biggest rival Coronation Street by 3 million viewers.
Departure (1994)
The homelessness storyline spelt the end of the couple in the soap, Sean Maguire having chosen to leave to pursue other projects. During the episode that aired on 28 December 1993, Aidan — resenting Mandy for her role in his misfortune — left to return to Ireland alone. Heartbroken, Mandy fled several weeks later, in January 1994.
In reality, Stapleton had grown tired of all the attention she received from being in such a high-profile show, and despite being offered a contract to continue, she quit the role. In an interview in 2005 Stapleton commented: "Working on EastEnders was so high-profile it put me off working on soaps for a while[...] I've been asked a number of times to go back but I've done a lot of really credible stuff in theatre, and I thought, 'It took me a long time get here. I'm not ready to go back to Mandy just yet' [...] The publicity with something regarding EastEnders is huge and sometimes you end up feeling like a famous person rather than an actress — I wanted my work to be more fulfilling than that."
In a 2009 interview with Walford Gazette, Stapleton said, "[EastEnders] always left the door open for Mandy to return. [But] at the moment I'm quite happy to be doing what I'm doing." She told the Daily Record that same year, "It doesn't bother me that I'm still recognised as Mandy from EastEnders. It means I made an impression with the character. I would never say never to going back. I don't think the show is as fabulous as it was 10 years ago but it's still pretty fantastic and you have to go where the work is."
Return (2011)
On 9 June 2011, it was confirmed that Stapleton would reprise her role as Mandy after 17 years, in autumn 2011. Stapleton revealed that she was approached about returning by executive producer Bryan Kirkwood in February 2010, after she was invited to watch the live episode of EastEnders that was transmitted for its 25th anniversary. Stapleton said, "It had been discussed before but as soon as Bryan Kirkwood started telling me all these storylines he wanted to do with Mandy, I was buzzing." Kirkwood, the producer overseeing Mandy's return, stated, "I love Nicola Stapleton, having worked with her elsewhere, and Mandy is going to be like a breath of fresh air when she arrives back". It was reported that Mandy had grown up slightly, but that she was still fun, chaotic and wild and she was tipped to cause trouble for at least one of Walford's well-known residents. Stapleton said of her return "I'm looking forward to playing Mandy again—it will be interesting to see what she's been up to all this time. I'm excited to be coming back and working with some old friends." Stapleton had always envisaged that Mandy would return to EastEnders at some stage; however, as time passed she began to doubt Mandy would return, so she was "thrilled" that she and the producers were able to make it happen.
Her return aired on 29 August 2011. Stapleton revealed that she deliberately did not watch EastEnders prior to her return as she did not want to know what any of the characters were involved in; she wanted to have the same inquisitiveness that Mandy would have when she returned to filming. However, she did re-watch old episodes from the 1990s featuring Mandy to get back into character. In January 2012, Stapleton revealed that she had enjoyed her second stint on EastEnders more than her initial stint.
Relationship with Ian Beale
In her return storyline, Mandy is found working as a lap dancer by Ian Beale, who offers her a place to stay back in Walford. Discussing her character's return storyline and involvement with Ian Beale, Stapleton said, "Mandy has got her eye on every man in the Square — but with Ian it's just a friendship. She lifts his spirits and has a big effect on his life." She added, "I think [Mandy] is the most exciting thing that has happened to Ian in a long time. There's banter between them and she has a real energy that lifts his spirits. They have fun and Ian agrees to put her up [...] When we meet [Mandy] she's very much on her own living hand-to-mouth. I think there's a part of her that wants to be maternal as she gets on really well with [Ian's son] Bobby, who becomes her little mate." Stapleton suggested that Mandy and Ian's friendship involves bantering with one another and having fun, Mandy being a female presence in Ian's life following his separation from his wife Jane (Laurie Brett). Stapleton added, "people can affect other people's lives in different ways. Mandy is a full-on person, and I think that energy either rubs off on someone or aggravates them. It's quite interesting, because it kind of does both with Ian!".
Despite initially suggesting that Ian and Mandy's relationship was platonic, the storyline evolved, Ian confessing his feelings for Mandy after witnessing her flirting with other men. Through plot dialogue, the characters reveal their mutual desire to be loved, leading Ian to propose spontaneously to Mandy. Stapleton suggested that Mandy made Ian more frivolous. According to Stapleton, both were using each other: Mandy's motive being to gain security, and Ian's motive being to possess an attractive female. Although Stapleton suggested that the common discourse was that Mandy was using Ian for his money, she protested that there was a common connection between them.
Viewers were left guessing as to whether Mandy would go through with the wedding following a tryst with her former lover, Ricky Butcher (Sid Owen). In the end, Mandy was unable to go through with the wedding, but she remained engaged to Ian despite his discovery in the New Year's Day 2012 episode, that Mandy and Ricky had sex. Delving into events that occurred in Mandy's history during the years she was off-screen, it is revealed that Mandy fell pregnant with Ricky's baby when she departed in 1994, but the baby died shortly after being born. Discussing Mandy's revelation, Stapleton said, "Being close to Ricky was more about being close to the daughter she lost". She suggested that deep down, Mandy was looking for a family of her own and wants to be part of the Beale family.
Stapleton suggested that although Mandy's relationship with Ian was not portrayed as an immediate and big love affair, she believed the relationship could develop into love or fondness over time. Addressing the perceived differences between Ian and Mandy, Stapleton suggested that it gave them much "juicy" storyline material to work with. Stapleton also suggested that although she thought it would be nice for Mandy and Ian to have a happy ending, she was unsure that they would ever get married as she did not deem it necessary for them and felt it would change their relationship.
Acrimonious relationships
Mandy and Ian's storyline progressed with the reintroduction of Ian's daughter Lucy Beale (Hetti Bywater) in January 2012 who, taking a dislike to Mandy, tries to set her up. Stapleton revealed, "[Mandy's] desperate to win Lucy over but gets it all wrong [...] because she doesn't want Lucy to see her as the wicked stepmother she behaves like an older sister. Mandy gets drunk and Lucy gets her to buy some drugs. She does it because she thinks it's going to win her points with Lucy. Mandy passes out and wakes up to find the pills are gone. It's only later she discovers Lucy's planned it so [Ian's young son] Bobby finds the drugs." However, according to Stapleton, Mandy is capable of outwitting Lucy.
Lucy's vendetta against Mandy leads to the reintroduction of Mandy's estranged mother Lorraine, who appeared from March 2012. Linda Henry played Lorraine originally from 1991 to 1992 but Henry was already appearing in EastEnders as a different character, Shirley Carter, so the role of Lorraine was recast to actress Victoria Alcock. Described as a bad mother who allowed Mandy to "run wild on the streets" in her teenage years, it was suggested that Lorraine had not altered and remained a "brash" character. Lorraine's return was scripted to cause problems in Mandy's relationship with Ian and, according to Alcock, it was also intended to give viewers an insight into why Mandy turned out the way she had. Discussing Lorraine and Mandy's relationship Alcock said, "We've obviously seen Mandy go through hell and back. She's had her moments, and once you meet her mother, you understand how this poor girl has ended up like she is. Poor little love didn't stand a chance with a mother like [Lorraine]". Alcock added, "Many Albert Square residents didn't think there was a bigger leech than Mandy, but we see where she gets it from now. She has no qualms and she's proud of it. Allegedly she let some awful things happen to Mandy, which may come out in time. I think viewers are interested in the broken shells of a character and she's definitely a broken shell. You're not just made that way, something happens to make you like that. I reckon she was abused, and the abused often then become the abuser, and unfortunately that vicious circle has not been broken. I've tried to play her with a few levels." Stapleton added that "Lorraine puts on a big act for Ian. Mandy can see straight through her, but Ian doesn't understand why she's getting her knickers in a twist. When Lorraine's alone with Mandy, she's really cruel and cold. But she's very careful how she acts in front of everyone else." Stapleton was unsure whether this storyline would ultimately change viewer perception of Mandy: "When you play a really prickly character like Mandy, it's nice to take a look at why they behave like that. Whether it'll make viewers warm to her, I don't know. People love Mandy when she's awful!". Stapleton suggested that Mandy was petrified of Lorraine and she described scenes between the characters as dark and violent. Scenes airing in May 2012 where Lorraine informs Mandy that she never loved her were described by Stapleton as challenging and emotional to film. The storyline ended bleakly with Lorraine dying before Mandy could make amends with her mother.
Departure (2012)
On 4 April 2012, it was reported on the website Digital Spy that Mandy would be leaving EastEnders in mid-2012. Viewers were kept guessing as to whether she and Ian would marry. Mandy's departure circled around Ian's fragile emotional and mental state resulting from financial ruin and his brother Ben's confession that he murdered Heather Trott. During these events, Ian decided to bring his wedding to Mandy forward, despite her reservations following the death of her mother. Additionally, Ian's daughter Lucy tries everything she can to stop the ceremony, canceling the venue, throwing the wedding rings away, and finally giving Ian an ultimatum to choose her or Mandy. In the storyline, when Lucy forced Ian to pick between her and Mandy, he chose Mandy. Racked with guilt about being picked over Lucy and realizing that she never truly loved Ian, Mandy left the square, leaving a pleading Ian begging her to marry him. Mandy's exit proved the final straw for Ian's parlous emotional state, causing him to have a nervous breakdown; Ian is shown walking down a motorway, barefoot in his pajamas at the end of the episode, leaving his family and viewers unsure of where he had gone.
Of her decision to leave EastEnders Stapleton commented, "I've had a great time at EastEnders, working with friends old and new. Who knows whether Mandy will return? Let's hope it doesn't take another 17 years!". A spokesperson added that "EastEnders bosses kept Nicola on for longer than expected as they are building up to a big storyline for Ian." The culmination of the storyline was scripted to coincide and facilitate actor Adam Woodyatt's temporary break from the soap opera, with his character Ian being off-screen for approximately six weeks following his breakdown. Of Mandy's return arc, Stapleton commented: "I don't want to play someone who's normal and boring — I want somebody who's feisty and spicy. I love Mandy. She's got layers, I think — she's deep and she's troubled. It's been really nice, actually, with the last few storylines that I had with Vicky Alcock who played my mum. It's fine to put a character on the telly and say, 'Oh, what a horrible person', but it's nice to explain why people might be like that. I think they tackled those storylines really well. It's been a nice journey with her this time round because it's been a lot more explanatory. As I say, it's had a lot more layers so I've really enjoyed it". When asked whether she would return as Mandy, Stapleton said, "It's always open, so you never know — never say never. I never said last time that I would never go back. I enjoyed it so much more than I really thought I was going to. It was lovely meeting the new people and cast that I hadn't worked with before."
Other appearances
Mandy was featured in a special episode of the popular science fiction series, Doctor Who, which was entitled Dimensions in Time (1993). The episode was specially screened as part of BBC's annual fund-raising event, Children in Need. Viewers were asked to phone in and vote which EastEnders character, Mandy or 'Big' Ron (Ron Tarr), would appear in the show and save the Doctor from certain death. Two versions were filmed for each voting outcome, but the Mandy version won with 56% of the vote.
Reception
Mandy won the award for Soap's Biggest Bitch at the 1993 Inside Soap TV Awards. According to Josephine Monroe, author of The EastEnders Programme Guide, Mandy Salter was one of the most hated characters on television during her reign; a "teenager from hell". Stapleton has alleged that some viewers hated Mandy so much, due to her despicable deeds on-screen, that she was subjected to taunts in the street and her car was regularly vandalised.
Underpinning the character of Mandy was a storyline about child abuse, and Stapleton has revealed that she received "a lot" of letters from children in the same situation. She commented, "You want to help but all you are really permitted to do is say this is Childline's number and encourage them to talk to someone."
Mandy's return in 2011, after a 17-year hiatus, was well received by Jane Simon of the Daily Mirror. Simon stated, "For an all-too-brief time in the 90s [Mandy] was the Square’s number-one troublemaker [...] it’s great to have her back." In October 2011, Stapleton suggested that viewers had reacted positively to Mandy's return. Sarah Ellis of Inside Soap'' said that she was not convinced by Mandy and Ian's relationship. She predicted that it would only take six months before Mandy ran away with a younger male. Kate White from the same magazine was sad because Mandy was leaving in 2012; she said Mandy had been "wasted in the endless on-off-on-off-on-off-zzzzz romance with Ian". She hoped that Mandy would return in the future "as a proper bitch" with a "proper plot".
See also
List of EastEnders characters (1992)
List of soap opera villains
References
External links
EastEnders characters
Television characters introduced in 1992
Fictional waiting staff
British female characters in television
Fictional erotic dancers
Fictional prostitutes
Female villains
Teenage characters in television | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandy%20Salter |
Muhammad Munir (; 1895–1979) was the second Chief Justice of Pakistan serving from 1954 to 1960.
Background
Munir was born into a Kakkyzai Pashtun family and obtained his degree of master's in English Literature from Government College University Lahore, he joined Punjab University Law College to earn his L.L.B. He started his career as a lawyer in Amritsar in 1921. He moved to Lahore in 1922.
Career
Munir was appointed assistant advocate-general of Punjab in 1937, and first president of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal of British India in 1940. He was elevated to the Bench of Judicature at Lahore in 1942. He and Justice Din Muhammad represented the All India Muslim League on the Punjab Boundary Commission in 1947. The following year he was made the chairman of the Pakistan Pay Commission. In 1949, he was made the chief justice of the Lahore High Court.
Chief Justice
In 1954, Munir was made the chief justice of the Federal Court, chief justice of Pakistan. Besides being the chief justice, he also remained the chairman of the Delimitation Commission from June 1956 to July 1958. He retired on 2 May 1960.
Munir invoked the doctrine of necessity, validating the dissolution of the first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. The assembly was dissolved on 24 October 1954, by Governor General Ghulam Muhammad, an alumnus of Aligarh Muslim University. He has been widely criticized for validating the dissolution, although some of the Pakistani politicians had called for its dissolution.
Writings
Justice Munir also wrote a book From Jinnah to Zia, arguing that Jinnah stood for a secular state.
See also
List of Pakistanis
Chief Justice of Pakistan
Doctrine of necessity
References
1895 births
1979 deaths
Chief Justices of Pakistan
Government College University, Lahore alumni
Pakistani judges
People from Amritsar
Pakistani secularists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Munir |
The Shipyard Railway was an electric commuter rail/interurban line that served workers at the Richmond Shipyards in Richmond, California, United States, during World War II. It was funded by the United States Maritime Commission and was built and operated by the Key System, which already operated similar lines in the East Bay. The line ran from a pair of stations on the Emeryville/Oakland border – where transfer could be made to other Key System lines – northwest through Emeryville, Berkeley, Albany, and Richmond to the shipyards. It operated partially on city streets and partially on a dedicated right-of-way paralleling the Southern Pacific Railroad mainline.
The Maritime Commission authorized the line in June 1942 over two competing proposals and construction began that August. It was built quickly with available materials, including rails reused from other lines and a bridge constructed from old turntables. The line operated with former elevated railway cars from New York City, which were rebuilt for use on the Shipyard Railway. Service began to Shipyard #2 on January 18, 1943, with two extensions to the other shipyards over the following month. It closed on September 30, 1945, after the conclusion of the war. Most of the 90 cars were later scrapped, but two are preserved at the Western Railway Museum.
Route
The southern terminus of the line was at Yerba Buena Avenue (40th Street) and Louise Street on the Emeryville/Oakland border. A fare controlled platform was built for the Shipyard trains. Connections could be made there with Key System routes A and B, which turned south on Louise Street, outside of fare control. The line ran east on 40th Street (on the south side of the Key System mainline) to San Pablo Avenue, where a pair of fare controlled platforms were located; connections could be made there with other Key System routes outside of fare control.
The line ran north on San Pablo Avenue, turned west for two blocks on Grayson Street, then continued north on Ninth Street. Splitting from Ninth Street, it crossed Codornices Creek and ran diagonally northwest on a private right-of-way across Albany Village, a federal housing project for war workers. A curved trestle bridge brought the line over the main line of the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP). It ran north on dedicated tracks between the Eastshore Highway and the Southern Pacific tracks. Wigwags were used at grade crossings on this segment.
The line turned west along Potrero Avenue in Richmond, reaching Shipyard #2 at 14th Street. After the stop at the Pre-fab Yard (10th Street), it turned north on 8th Street to Cutting Boulevard. It ran west on Cutting Boulevard with a stop at Shipyard #1 at 5th Street. Near Canal Boulevard, the line turned south onto private right-of-way, with stops at Shipyard #4 and Shipyard #3.
The line was fully double track except for Grayson Street and two short sections in Richmond. Express trains at shift changes served only the shipyard stops and the Key System transfer points at 40th Avenue. Local trains ran every 35–40 minutes and served additional local stops in Emeryville, Berkeley, Albany, and Richmond. Running time was about 45 minutes for local trains and several minutes faster for express trains.
History
As the Richmond Shipyards were expanded at the beginning of World War II, mass transit was needed to bring East Bay workers to the shipyards. Two "belt line" proposals were advanced in early 1942. "Plan 1", created by an Oakland mayoral commission, would have run from San Leandro to the shipyards. It would have reused several abandoned Interurban Electric Railway (IER) lines: the Dutton Avenue line (some of which had been taken over by the Key System), tracks along the SP mainline, the 7th Street Line, and the 9th Street Line. New trackage would have been built from Solano Avenue along Panhandle Boulevard (now Carlson Boulevard) and Cutting Boulevard. An alternate proposal by a business association would have used existing Western Pacific Railroad, SP, and Santa Fe Railway tracks. On June 6, 1942, the United States Maritime Commission authorized the Key System to construct and operate a line connecting the Richmond Shipyards to existing mass transit lines in Oakland. The "belt line" proposals were rejected at that time.
The line was built from scrap and available materials, as the war made regular construction materials unavailable. The portion on San Pablo Avenue shared the tracks of the #2 streetcar line of Key System subsidiary Oakland Traction Company, while the Ninth Avenue portion reused part of a 1941-abandoned IER line. Rails were salvaged from other defunct lines, including portions of the IER, abandoned Key System streetcar lines, and even the Pacific Electric Railway in Los Angeles. A new quarry was opened in Albany to provide track ballast, as existing quarries were at capacity.
Overhead lines were reused from Key System streetcar lines and from the Bay Bridge. (Key System cars used third rail on the bridge, and the Sacramento Northern Railway and IER had discontinued service using the bridge in 1941). Two defunct IER substations were relocated to provide power. For the trestle over the SP mainline, bridge beams were fashioned out of used SP turntables from Bayshore and Tracy. Timbers were reused from the Key System mole (pier), which had been abandoned after the completion of the Bay Bridge.
The line was constructed by the Key System under a $1.65 million contract (equivalent to $ million in ) from the Marine Commission. Around-the-clock construction began on August 3, 1942. Testing of trains on Ninth Avenue began on December 1, 1942. The line opened as far as Shipyard #2 on January 18, 1943. It was extended to Shipyard #1 on February 1, and to Shipyard #3 on February 22. This completion allowed most bus service to the shipyards – which used scarce gasoline and tire rubber – to be discontinued.
Built for 50,000 passengers a day, the Shipyard Railway only operated at 20% capacity; it was heavily used at shift changes but poorly used at other times. Although it was planned to primarily serve riders from Oakland and San Francisco, the fare structure discouraged ridership from those points, and the highest ridership was within Richmond. A 1945 government report noted that "The shipyard management actually went out of its way to propagandize against the railway almost as soon as it started service and criticized Key for schedules which were specified by the shipyard's own staff."
The line was "half a century out of date the day it opened"; the old wooden cars rode roughly and had uncomfortable seating. Because construction was done cheaply with available materials, the track quality deteriorated quickly. By early 1945, most curves were no longer smooth, and two had significant kinks. Shipbuilding continued even after the war ended in August 1945, but many workers switched to private automobiles as gasoline rationing ended. The Shipyard Railway was offered to the Key System, but the Key declined, viewing the line as unprofitable. It would have required substantial reconstruction for continued service, as well as new trackage to serve downtown Richmond. Service ended on September 30, 1945, and the line was quickly dismantled.
Rolling stock
For unknown reasons, the Maritime Commission did not acquire rolling stock from the IER or the Northwestern Pacific Railroad interurban lines, which had also been abandoned in 1941. Instead, the commission purchased 90 obsolete New York City elevated ("El") cars awaiting scrap. These wood-bodied cars had been built in 1887 for the IRT Second Avenue Line as coaches pulled by steam locomotives. They were converted for electric multiple unit operation in 1900, and retired when the elevated line closed in 1942. The elevated cars were purchased by the Maritime Commission in June 1942 and overhauled in the Key System's Emeryville shops that August. The commission supplied maritime gray paint for the cars.
The elevated cars had been built for high-level platforms in New York. Wooden platforms were installed at the express stops. Local trains were operated with Key System "bridge units" until a small number of the elevated cars were refitted with folding steps to allow them to serve street-level stops. The cars were operated as married pairs. One car in each pair had an ex-IER pantograph, which replaced the third rail equipment used in New York. Typical train lengths were four to six cars.
After the line's closure, most of the cars were scrapped or sold off for use as sheds or bunkhouses. Married pair #561 and #563 were purchased by the Pacific Coast Chapter of the Railway and Locomotive Historical Society. They remained at the Key System yard in Emeryville until 1960, when they were moved to the Western Railway Museum for preservation.
References
Notes
Further reading
External links
Western Railway Museum: Key System 561 and Key System 563
Defunct California railroads
History of the San Francisco Bay Area
Interurban railways in California
United States home front during World War II
Transportation in Contra Costa County, California
Electric railways in California
Railway lines opened in 1943
Railway lines closed in 1945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipyard%20Railway |
Muhammad Shahabuddin (13 May 1895 – 13 April 1971) was the 3rd Chief Justice of Pakistan, serving from 3 May to 12 May 1960. He also served as acting Governor of East Bengal from 22 December 1954 to 14 June 1955.
Early life
Shahabuddin was born on 13 May 1895 at Ellore in Madras. He graduated in arts from Madras Christian College and in law from Madras Law College.
Career
Shahabuddin joined the Indian Civil Service in November 1921 and was posted as a sub-collector at Madras. He later served as a joint magistrate and a district and session judge until February 1943 when he was appointed an additional judge of the Madras High Court. In September 1945 he was confirmed as a judge of the Madras High Court.
Shahabuddin was appointed as a judge of Dhaka High Court after the Partition. He served on the Indo-Pak Boundary Disputes Tribunal in 1949–50. He became the Chief Justice of the Dhaka High Court in February 1950. In 1953 he was appointed as a judge of the Federal Court. From 22 December 1954 to 14 June 1955 he acted as the Governor of East Bengal (Pakistan). Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Chaudhury handed over the government of East Pakistan to Abu Hossain Sarkar and made him Chief Minister on 3 June 1955. Shahabuddin was not told of the decision beforehand and as a result he resigned from the governorship on 4 June 1955. He became the Chief Justice of Pakistan in 1955. Shahabuddin also chaired the Constitution Commission.
Death
Shahabuddin died on 13 April 1971 in Lahore, Pakistan.
See also
List of Pakistanis
Chief Justice of Pakistan
References
1895 births
1971 deaths
Muhajir people
University of Madras alumni
Pakistani judges
Governors of East Pakistan
Chief Justices of Pakistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Shahabuddin |
Synthonia is short for Synthetic Ammonia, a product produced by chemical company I.C.I. ICI produced this product at one of its many plants in Billingham in the 20th century. Many local facilities took on the name due to sponsorship from this local firm including Billingham Synthonia F.C., Cricket Club and Synthonia Scout troop to name just a few.
See also
Billingham
Imperial Chemical Industries
Synthetic materials
Billingham
Ammonia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthonia |
Dr. Sheikh Abdur Rehman (Urdu, ) (4 June 1903 – 25 July 1990) was the 5th Chief Justice of Pakistan. He did his MA and Law from University of Punjab, BA Hons from Oxford and Ph.D. in Law from Cairo.
Abdur-Rehman entered Indian Civil Services in 1926. He served in the capacity of Assistant Commissioner and District and Sessions Judge in various Districts of Punjab. He was appointed as Judge Lahore High Court in 1946. He graduated from Islamia College Lahore.
In 1947, he was appointed as the Member of Bengal Boundary Commission. From 1947-52 he acted as the Custodian of Evacuee Property Punjab. Abdur-Rehman remained the vice-chancellor of Punjab University Lahore from 1950 to 1952. He became the Chief Justice of Lahore High Court in 1954. He was elevated as the Chief Justice West Pakistan High Court in 1955. In 1958 he was made the Judge, Supreme Court of Pakistan. He replaced Justice A.R. Cornelius as the Chief Justice of Supreme Court of Pakistan. He retired as the Chief Justice on 3 June 1968. He also acted as Chief Election Commissioner in 1964, 1965, 1966, and 1967.
Besides his professional career he remained the Chairman Central Urdu Board Lahore, Director Institute of Islamic Culture, Lahore, Member Bazm-i-Iqal and the Board for the Advancement of Literature and President Pakistan Arts Council.
Books
Abdur-Rehman has also three books to his credit:
Tarjuman-I-Israr (an Urdu translation in verse of Iqbal's Israr-I-Khudi),
Safar a collection of Urdu poems, and
Punishment Of Apostasy in Islam (1972). In this latter work Rahman is one of a number of voices working from within the Islamic tradition who seek to reinterpret scriptural texts, and reform the scriptural reading of blasphemy and apostasy laws.
See also
Chief Justices of Pakistan
Supreme Court of Pakistan
References
1903 births
1990 deaths
People from Wazirabad
Chief Justices of Pakistan
Indian Civil Service (British India) officers
Pakistani judges
University of the Punjab alumni
Vice-Chancellors of the University of the Punjab
Government Islamia College alumni
Indian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Indian expatriates in Egypt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.%20A.%20Rahman |
Mohammed Yaqub Ali (Urdu, ) (March 1912 – 5 August 1994) was a Pakistani judge who was Chief Justice of Pakistan from 1975 to 1977.
Early life and education
Muhammad Yaqub Ali was born at Jalandhar in March 1912, received early education at Jalandhar. He did his graduation from Islamia College (Lahore) and Law from University of Punjab in 1936. He remained active in the Pakistan Movement and was Chairman of the Julundar Chapter of the All India Muslim League.
Career
In 1948, he started practicing at Lahore High Court. He was promoted to the High Court Bench in 1955 and in 1965 was elevated to the Supreme Court Bench. Justice Yaqub Ali was appointed the Chairman of the Karachi Airport Enquiry Commission in 1969 and in 1971 the Chairman of Special Court for Ganga Hijacking Case. In 1975, he led the Pakistan Delegation to the 7th World Peace Conference held at Washington, DC.
Justice Mohammed Yaqub assumed the office of Chief Justice of Pakistan on 1 November 1975. In 1976, he led the Pakistani Delegation to the United Nations third Law of Sea Conference held at New York City. In 1976 prime minister Zulfikar Bhutto passed a constitutional amendment, the Sixth Amendment, which permitted Yaqub to stay as chief justice beyond his superannuation age.
In 1977, he was appointed as the Chairman of Indus Water Commission. He was a great believer in democracy which is why he was forced to retire by the military dictator Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq on 22 July 1977.
Justice Yaqub Ali had held a previous martial law by a usurping general violating the constitution of Pakistan as martial law undermines the concept of the rule of law which is the basis for the country's constitution. The usurping General Zia realized his illegal actions would be overturned in a court of law headed by a Judge who believed in democracy so he proposed amendments to force the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Muhammad Yaqub Ali to retire.
After retirement Justice Yaqub Ali became a social worker in the field of education to make sure he continued to serve his country.
See also
Chief Justices of Pakistan
Supreme Court of Pakistan
List of Pakistanis
References
1912 births
Chief Justices of Pakistan
1994 deaths
Pakistani judges
People from Jalandhar
Government Islamia College alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Yaqub%20Ali |
In genetics, attenuation is a regulatory mechanism for some bacterial operons that results in premature termination of transcription. The canonical example of attenuation used in many introductory genetics textbooks, is ribosome-mediated attenuation of the trp operon. Ribosome-mediated attenuation of the trp operon relies on the fact that, in bacteria, transcription and translation proceed simultaneously. Attenuation involves a provisional stop signal (attenuator), located in the DNA segment that corresponds to the leader sequence of mRNA. During attenuation, the ribosome becomes stalled (delayed) in the attenuator region in the mRNA leader. Depending on the metabolic conditions, the attenuator either stops transcription at that point or allows read-through to the structural gene part of the mRNA and synthesis of the appropriate protein.
Attenuation is a regulatory feature found throughout Archaea and Bacteria causing premature termination of transcription. Attenuators are 5'-cis acting regulatory regions which fold into one of two alternative RNA structures which determine the success of transcription. The folding is modulated by a sensing mechanism producing either a Rho-independent terminator, resulting in interrupted transcription and a non-functional RNA product; or an anti-terminator structure, resulting in a functional RNA transcript. There are now many equivalent examples where the translation, not transcription, is terminated by sequestering the Shine-Dalgarno sequence (ribosomal binding site) in a hairpin-loop structure. While not meeting the previous definition of (transcriptional) attenuation, these are now considered to be variants of the same phenomena and are included in this article. Attenuation is an ancient regulatory system, prevalent in many bacterial species providing fast and sensitive regulation of gene operons and is commonly used to repress genes in the presence of their own product (or a downstream metabolite).
Classes of attenuators
Attenuators may be classified according to the type of molecule which induces the change in RNA structure. It is likely that transcription-attenuation mechanisms developed early, perhaps prior to the archaea/bacteria separation and have since evolved to use a number of different sensing molecules (the tryptophan biosynthetic operon has been found to use three different mechanisms in different organisms.)
Ribosome-mediated attenuation
In this situation RNA polymerase is dependent on (lagging) ribosome activity; if the ribosome pauses due to insufficient charged tRNA then the anti-terminator structure is favoured. The canonical attenuator example of the trp operon uses this mechanism in E. coli. Similar regulatory mechanisms have been found in many amino acid biosynthetic operons.
Small-molecule-mediated attenuation (riboswitches)
Riboswitch sequences (in the mRNA leader transcript) bind molecules such as amino acids, nucleotides, sugars, vitamins, metal ions and other small ligands which cause a conformational change in the mRNA. Most of these attenuators are inhibitory and are employed by genes for biosynthetic enzymes or transporters whose expression is inversely related to the concentration of their corresponding metabolites.
Example- Cobalamine biosynthesis, Cyclic AMP-GMP switch, lysin biosynthesis, glycine biosynthesis, fluroide switch etc.
T-boxes
These elements are bound by specific uncharged tRNAs and modulate the expression of corresponding aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase operons. High levels of uncharged tRNA promote the anti-terminator sequence leading to increased concentrations of charged tRNA. These are considered by some to be a separate family of riboswitches but are significantly more complex than the previous class of attenuators.
Protein-mediated attenuation
Protein-RNA interactions may prevent or stabilize the formation of an anti-terminator structure. .. karima eric discovery
RNA thermometers
Temperature dependent loop formations introduce temperature-dependence in the expression of downstream operons. All such elements act in a translation-dependent manner by controlling the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence, for example the expression of pathogenicity islands of some bacteria upon entry to a host. Recent data predict the existence of temperature-dependent alternative secondary structures (including Rho-independent terminators) upstream of cold shock proteins in E. coli.
Discovery
Attenuation was first observed by Charles Yanofsky in the trp operon of E. coli. The first observation was linked to two separate scientific facts. Mutations which knocked out the trp R (repressor) gene still showed some regulation of the trp operon (these mutants were not fully induced/repressed by tryptophan). The total range of trp operon regulation is about 700 X (on/off). When the trp repressor was knocked out, one still got about 10 X regulation by the absence or presence of trp. When the sequence of the beginning of the trp operon was determined an unusual open reading frame (ORF) was seen immediately preceding the ORFs for the known structural genes for the tryptophan biosynthetic enzymes. The general structural information shown below was observed from the sequence of the trp operon.
First, Yanofsky observed that the ORF contained two tandem Trp codons and the protein had a Trp percent composition which was about 10X normal. Second, the mRNA in this region contained regions of dyad symmetry which would allow it to form two mutually exclusive secondary structures. One of the structures looked exactly like a rho-independent transcription termination signal. The other secondary structure, if formed, would prevent the formation of this secondary structure and thus the terminator. This other structure is called the "preemptor".
The trp operon
An example is the trp gene in bacteria. When there is a high level of tryptophan in the region, it is inefficient for the bacterium to synthesize more. When the RNA polymerase binds and transcribes the trp gene, the ribosome will start translating. (This differs from eukaryotic cells, where RNA must exit the nucleus before translation starts.) The attenuator sequence, which is located between the mRNA leader sequence (5' UTR) and trp operon gene sequence, contains four domains, where domain 3 can pair with domain 2 or domain 4.
The attenuator sequence at domain 1 contains instruction for peptide synthesis that requires tryptophans. A high level of tryptophan will permit ribosomes to translate the attenuator sequence domains 1 and 2, allowing domains 3 and 4 to form a hairpin structure, which results in termination of transcription of the trp operon. Since the protein coding genes are not transcribed due to rho independent termination, no tryptophan is synthesised.
In contrast, a low level of tryptophan means that the ribosome will stall at domain 1, causing the domains 2 and 3 to form a different hairpin structure that does not signal termination of transcription. Therefore, the rest of the operon will be transcribed and translated, so that tryptophan can be produced. Thus, domain 4 is an attenuator. Without domain 4, translation can continue regardless of the level of tryptophan. The attenuator sequence has its codons translated into a leader peptide, but is not part of the trp operon gene sequence. The attenuator allows more time for the attenuator sequence domains to form loop structures, but does not produce a protein that is used in later tryptophan synthesis.
Attenuation is a second mechanism of negative feedback in the trp operon. While the TrpR repressor decreases transcription by a factor of 70, attenuation can further decrease it by a factor of 10, thus allowing accumulated repression of about 700-fold. Attenuation is made possible by the fact that in prokaryotes (which have no nucleus), the ribosomes begin translating the mRNA while RNA polymerase is still transcribing the DNA sequence. This allows the process of translation to directly affect transcription of the operon.
At the beginning of the transcribed genes of the trp operon is a sequence of 140 nucleotides termed the leader transcript (trpL). This transcript includes four short sequences designated 1–4. Sequence 1 is partially complementary to sequence 2, which is partially complementary to sequence 3, which is partially complementary to sequence 4. Thus, three distinct secondary structures (hairpins) can form: 1–2, 2–3 or 3–4. The hybridization of strands 1 and 2 to form the 1–2 structure prevents the formation of the 2–3 structure, while the formation of 2-3 prevents the formation of 3–4. The 3–4 structure is a transcription termination sequence, once it forms RNA polymerase will disassociate from the DNA and transcription of the structural genes of the operon will not occur.
Part of the leader transcript codes for a short polypeptide of 14 amino acids, termed the leader peptide. This peptide contains two adjacent tryptophan residues, which is unusual, since tryptophan is a fairly uncommon amino acid (about one in a hundred residues in a typical E. coli protein is tryptophan). If the ribosome attempts to translate this peptide while tryptophan levels in the cell are low, it will stall at either of the two trp codons. While it is stalled, the ribosome physically shields sequence 1 of the transcript, thus preventing it from forming the 1-2 secondary structure. Sequence 2 is then free to hybridize with sequence 3 to form the 2-3 structure, which then prevents the formation of the 3-4 termination hairpin. RNA polymerase is free to continue transcribing the entire operon. If tryptophan levels in the cell are high, the ribosome will translate the entire leader peptide without interruption and will only stall during translation termination at the stop codon. At this point the ribosome physically shields both sequences 1 and 2. Sequences 3 and 4 are thus free to form the 3-4 structure which terminates transcription. The result is that the operon will be transcribed only when tryptophan is unavailable for the ribosome, while the trpL transcript is constitutively expressed.
To ensure that the ribosome binds and begins translation of the leader transcript immediately following its synthesis, a pause site exists in the trpL sequence. Upon reaching this site, RNA polymerase pauses transcription and apparently waits for translation to begin. This mechanism allows for synchronization of transcription and translation, a key element in attenuation.
A similar attenuation mechanism regulates the synthesis of histidine, phenylalanine and threonine.
Mechanism in the trp operon
The proposed mechanism of how this mRNA secondary structure and the trp leader peptide could regulate transcription of the trp biosynthetic enzymes includes the following.
RNAP initiates transcription of the trp promoter.
RNAP pauses at about nucleotide 90 at a secondary structure (?the first one shown above?).
Ribosomes engage this nascent mRNA and initiate translation of the leader peptide.
RNAP is then "released" from its pause and continues transcription.
When RNAP reaches the region of the potential terminator, whether it continues or not is dependent on the position of the ribosome "trailing behind".
If the ribosome stalls at the tandem Trp codons, waiting for the appropriate tRNA, region 1 is sequestered within the ribosome and thus cannot base pair with region 2. This means that region 2 and 3 become based paired before region 4 can be transcribed. This forces region 4 when it is made to be single stranded, preventing the formation of the region 3/4 terminator structure. Transcription will then continue.
If the ribosome translates the leader peptide with no hesitation, it then covers a portion of region 2 preventing it from base pairing with region 3. Then when region 4 is transcribed, it forms a stem and loop with region 3 and transcription is terminated, generating a ca. 140 base transcript.
This mechanism of control measures the amount of available, charged Trp-tRNA.
The location of ribosomes determines which alternate secondary structures form.
Other operons controlled by attenuation
The discovery of this type of mechanism to control the expression of genes in a biosynthetic operon lead to its identification in a wide variety of such operons for which repressors had never been discovered. For example:
Attenuation in eukaryotes
Although an attenuation mechanism that involves translation while transcription is ongoing, like to the mechanism for the trp operon (and some other amino acid biosynthetic operons), would not work in eukaryotes, there is evidence for attenuation in Eukaryotes. Research conducted on microRNA processing provides evidence of eukaryotic attenuation; after co-transcriptional endonucleolitical cleavage by Drosha 5'->3' exonuclease XRN2 may terminate further transcription by torpedo mechanism.
References
Genes VI pp. 374–380
M. Ballarino, "Coupled RNA Processing and Transcription of Intergenic Primary MicroRNAs", MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY, Oct. 2009, p. 5632–5638
Gene expression | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuator%20%28genetics%29 |
Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo was an anime television series based on the manga series of the same name. The series was directed by Hiroki Shibata and produced by Toei Animation. It ran for 76 episodes, from November 8, 2003 to October 29, 2005 on TV Asahi.
Joy Tashjian Marketing Group, a licensing representative named by Toei Animation, licensed the anime in North America. Preview clips of the series were aired during Cartoon Network's "Summer 2005 Kick-Off Special" in May 2005, and the series premiered on September 30. The series also aired on Cartoon Network's Toonami programming block on Saturdays at 9-10 p.m., starting on October 1. Additionally, it was available on Cartoon Network's broadband service, Toonami Jetstream, from November 5, 2007 until the service's closure in January 2009. In the United Kingdom, it premiered on Jetix on April 16, 2007.
Theme Music
For episodes 1-32, the opening theme is "Wild Challenger" by the Japanese rock band Jindou, and the ending themes are by artist Mani Laba and by FREENOTE. For episodes 33-76, the opening theme is by Ulfuls, and the ending theme is "H.P.S.J." by urban pop duet Mihimaru GT.
Episode list
Home media release
English
The series was originally licensed for home video release in North America by Illumitoon Entertainment in 2006, who released only two volumes on bilingual DVD in 2007. All further volumes were canceled when their distribution deal with Westlake Entertainment fell through. S'more Entertainment announced on January 16, 2012 that they would release the series with English subtitles and dubbing on DVD on April 10 of the same year. This release, however, lacked an English subtitle track, despite a fully translated script being present on a PDF file on disc 4 and indications on the box and in the pre-release information that there would be a subtitle track. S'more Entertainment released a statement claiming the packaging was wrong, and that there was never an intention to subtitle the release due to costs. In August 2018, Discotek Media announced their licensing of the series and released an SD Blu-ray disc set of all 76 episodes on January 28, 2020.
References
External links
Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo
Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Bobobo-bo%20Bo-bobo%20episodes |
The Irrawaddy () is a news website by the Irrawaddy Publishing Group (IPG), founded in 1990 by Burmese exiles living in Thailand. From its inception, The Irrawaddy has taken an independent stance on Burmese politics. As a publication produced by former Burmese activists who fled violent crackdowns on anti-military protests in 1988, it has always been closely associated with the pro-democracy movement, although it remains unaffiliated with any of the political groups that have emerged since the 8888 Uprising.
The Irrawaddy is published in both English and Burmese, with a primary focus on Burma and Southeast Asia. It is regarded as one of the foremost journalistic publications dealing with political, social, economic and cultural developments in Burma. In addition to news, it features in-depth political analysis and interviews with a wide range of Burma experts, business leaders, democracy activists and other influential figures.
History
It was started in 1990 with the name Burma Issues. The founder is Aung Zaw, a student activist from Rangoon University who left the country after the 1988 imposition of martial law and started the Burma Information Group (BIG) in Bangkok. The BIG initially circulated The Irrawaddy amongst foreign embassies, human rights groups and the Burmese exile community to update on developments inside Burma in the wake of the suppression of the pro-democracy movement and the consolidation of military control under the State Law and Order Restoration Council.
The BIG's main offices were relocated to Chiang Mai, Thailand in 1995-96, and the organization was renamed the Irrawaddy Publishing Group in 1999 to coincide with an expansion of the magazine's focus to include other political issues in Southeast Asia. The organization's online service was launched in 2000 to provide more regular coverage of breaking news, notably the fallout from the 2003 banking crisis and the downfall of senior junta leader Khin Nyunt.
In 2012, following legislative reforms to end Burma's decades-old system of prepublication censorship and the granting of new media licenses, The Irrawaddy opened a bureau in Rangoon and gradually moved its editorial operations into the country, while maintaining a legacy presence in Chiang Mai.
The Irrawaddy formerly published a monthly English language magazine and a weekly Burmese-language journal, both of which were circulated in Burma and Thailand. Its English and Burmese language websites are updated daily. The editor of the English edition is Kyaw Zwa Moe, younger brother of Aung Zaw, who was jailed for eight years while a high school student in Rangoon and joined The Irrawaddy after his release.
The publication has been widely cited in international media and wire services over the years. An exclusive interview with US President Barack Obama, coinciding with his second visit to Burma in 2014, received extensive coverage in the western press.
The English language print edition of The Irrawaddy ceased publication in September 2015, while the Burmese language edition was halted in January 2016.
Editorial stance
The Irrawaddy was an outspoken and strident critic of the State Law and Order Restoration Council and its successor, the State Peace and Development Council. Towards the end of the junta era, it criticized the protracted drafting of the 2008 Constitution by the military, and highlighted irregularities in the conduct of the 2010 general elections. Since the election of a civilian government, the magazine has questioned the sincerity of the country’s political and economic reforms, and called for an end to the military’s ongoing presence in political affairs.
Since her release from house arrest, The Irrawaddy has also at times been critical of National League for Democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi and her party. While not formally affiliated with any of Burma’s myriad pro-democracy groups, The Irrawaddy has given a platform to members of the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners, the 88 Generation Students Group, and other civil society groups. It has reported extensively on ongoing conflicts between the military and ethnic armed groups, and recent protests over land seizures and education reforms.
Hacking attempts
The Irrawaddy's websites were subjected to Distributed Denial of Service attacks during the Saffron Revolution, and again on the uprising's anniversary in 2008 and 2010, which temporarily shut down both its English and Burmese online editions.
On 12 March 2011, The Irrawaddy was hacked by unknown attackers who posted fake articles on the magazine’s website. One of the articles alleged a feud between Aung Zaw and Aung San Suu Kyi, claiming that the National League for Democracy leader had encouraged funding cuts for exiled media that have forced a number of organisations, including The Irrawaddy and Democratic Voice of Burma, to cut programmes and fire staff. Another article alleged the death of popular singer May Sweet in a London traffic accident. Both stories were quickly flagged as fictitious, and Aung Zaw later speculated that the attack was launched by a pro-military junta group or Naypyidaw's cyber warfare department.
On October 2, 2014, The Irrawaddy’s website was hacked by a group apparently sympathetic to the radical Buddhist 969 Movement, which rose to prominence after the outbreak of intercommunal riots across Burma in 2012. Prompted by the website's syndication of a wire story reporting a cooperation agreement between the 969 Movement and Sri Lanka’s Bodu Bala Sena Buddhist nationalist organization, the front page was defaced to read: “Irrawaddy supports Jihad and Radical Muslims. For the defend of Muslims and Allah, Irrawaddy have shown attacking Buddhists and others Non-Muslims with Media News (sic).”
Awards
In January 2014, Aung Zaw was announced as the 2013 winner of the Shorenstein Journalism Prize for his work with the Irrawaddy Publishing Group.
In November 2014, Aung Zaw was presented with an CPJ International Press Freedom Award by the Committee to Protect Journalists, citing The Irrawaddy’s coverage of Burma as “authoritative and independent”.
Criticism
Before media reforms in 2012 allowed exile media organizations to establish an official presence in Burma, The Irrawaddy relied on a network of stringers and sources operating inside the country and communicating developments back to Chiang Mai by telephone. In some instances, inaccurate reports were published on political developments during the transfer of power from the State Peace and Development Council to the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw after the 2010 general elections:
On August 27, 2010, The Irrawaddy reported the resignation of Senior General Than Shwe. The report proved to be false when state-run newspapers referred to him as Senior General three days later. Than Shwe ultimately resigned his commission six months later, dissolving the State Peace and Development Council in March 2011 as Thein Sein assumed the presidency of the new government.
On February 10, 2011, citing an anonymous senior government official and "sources close to the military", The Irrawaddy alleged that Tatmadaw Commander in Chief Than Shwe would head a 'State Supreme Council', an extra-constitutional body which would exercise power over the new parliamentary government. The report was soon further spread by other foreign and exile media including Asian Correspondent and Democratic Voice of Burma, and was eventually referred to in an April 2011 resolution by United States Republican senators Richard Lugar, Mitch McConnell and Jim Inhofe. Reports of the council’s existence eventually proved to be incorrect, although the amount of influence Than Shwe exerts on senior political and military leaders in Burma continues to be a matter of debate.
Notable op-ed contributors
Khin Ohmar - Former All Burma Students' Democratic Front member and 8888 Uprising leader
Bo Kyi - Former political prisoner and secretary of the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners
Zin Mar Aung - Democracy activist and former political prisoner
Myint Oo - Medical practitioner and public health advocate
Thant Myint-U - Founding chairman of the Yangon Heritage Trust and grandson of former UN Secretary-General U Thant
Bertil Lintner - Former contributor to the Far Eastern Economic Review and Burma expert
See also
Democratic Voice of Burma
Mizzima News
Radio Free Asia
Internet in Burma
Media of Burma
Censorship in Burma
References
External links
The Irrawaddy (English edition)
The Irrawaddy (Burmese edition)
Aung Zaw Official Website
Mass media in Myanmar
Magazines established in 1990
News magazines published in Asia
Burmese magazines
Magazines disestablished in 2015
Defunct magazines published in Thailand
1990 establishments in Thailand
2015 disestablishments in Thailand
Magazines published in Thailand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Irrawaddy |
John W. McDevitt (December 28, 1906 – December 6, 1994) was the eleventh Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus from 1964 to 1977.
Early life and education
Born in Malden, Massachusetts on December 27, 1906, McDevitt was the son of John F. McDevitt and Margaret Agnes ( Sullivan). He attended Imaculate Conception School and then Boston College High School. He earned both a bachelor's and a master's degree from Boston College in 1928 and 1929, respectively.
Career
Educator
McDevitt taught history at Lincoln Junior High School in Malden, and then was then made principal on December 17, 1935. Shortly thereafter, elections were held and a new School Committee was elected. The new Committee rescinded his appointment on January 26, 1936. McDevitt sued, and the case was dismissed by the Supreme Judicial Court in 1937.
On August 22, 1942 he was made superintendent of Waltham Public Schools. He served in this position until December 7, 1961 when he resigned to focus on his work as Deputy Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus. The School Street Middle School was named after him in Waltham. He was nominated to the state Board of Education in 1951 and served for nine years. He served on that board with fellow State Deputy Frank W. Tomasello.
Knights of Columbus
In 1932, McDevitt joined the Santa Maria Council of the Knights of Columbus in Malden. He held several positions, including serving as grand knight twice. He then rose through the chairs of the state council and was made State Deputy of Massachusetts on May 11, 1948.
McDevitt was largely responsible for getting a law passed by the Great and General Court of Massachusetts allowing fraternal societies such as the Knights of Columbus to sell insurance in the Commonwealth. It was signed by Governor Paul A. Dever, a past grand knight from the Mt. Pleasant Council in West Roxbury. McDevitt also played a role in the defeat of the legalization of birth control in the 1948 referendum.
He was made Master of the Fourth Degree in Massachusetts in 1952 and a Supreme Director in 1955. On October 21, 1960, he was elected Deputy Supreme Knight and on February 22, 1964, he became the 11th Supreme Knight. As Supreme Knight, he ended discrimination against black people in 1964 and asked the Supreme Council to consider admitting women in 1969.
By 1970, some states had legalized abortion. McDevitt responded to this trend at the 1970 convention, defining the Knights as an anti-abortion organization. He said, "We, the knights of today, likewise must serve in the role of protectors...we must be the knights who hold up the banner of life. We must be for life." In 1973, after the Roe v. Wade ruling, the Supreme Convention passed a resolution supporting an anti-abortion constitutional amendment. McDevitt denounced Roe v. Wade as "shocking and unfortunate", and urged councils to take local action to "offset the harmful effects of this lamentable decision." In 1975, the Knights donated $50,000 to the US bishops in support of anti-abortion efforts.
Honors
In 1971, McDevitt was honored by Pope Paul VI with the Order of Pius IX, the highest papal honor which can be conferred on a Catholic layman who is not a head of state. Pope Paul also placed McDevitt on the advisory board for Vatican City and gave him several other honors. He also won the 1966 Brotherhood Award from B'Nai B'rith.
McDevitt held honorary degrees from Saint Michael's College, The Catholic University of America, and Boston College.
Personal life
With his wife Mary Cecilia Kelley McDevitt, he had two sons, John Kelley McDevitt and William Paul McDevitt. John Kelley became assistant Supreme Advocate in 1975.
In 1998, after his death, the delegates at the Supreme Council meeting established a scholarship fund in his name.
References
Works cited
Knights of the Order of Pope Pius IX
1906 births
1994 deaths
People from Waltham, Massachusetts
Supreme Knights of the Knights of Columbus
Deputy Supreme Knights of the Knights of Columbus
Catholics from Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20W.%20McDevitt |
The TI class of supertankers comprises the ships TI Africa, TI Asia, TI Europe and TI Oceania (all names as of July 2004), where the "TI" refers to the ULCC tanker pool operator Tankers International. The class were the first ULCCs (ultra-large crude carriers) to be built in 25 years.
By displacement, deadweight tonnage (≈ cargo mass), and gross tonnage (a formula value based on internal volume, not mass), the TI class ships are smaller only than Pioneering Spirit.
Compared to the TI class, the Maersk Triple E class container ships are longer and have a higher cargo volume, including above-deck containers.
The previous largest ship, the supertanker Seawise Giant, was dismantled in 2010.
History
All four oil tankers were constructed for shipping company Hellespont Group by Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering in Okpo, South Korea, entering service between March 2002 and April 2003. The ships were originally named Hellespont Alhambra, Hellespont Fairfax, Hellespont Metropolis and Hellespont Tara.
In 2004, Belgian shipowner Euronav NV and partners purchased all four ships. Hellespont Fairfax, Hellespont Tara, Hellespont Alhambra and Hellespont Metropolis were renamed TI Oceania, TI Europe, TI Asia and TI Africa respectively.
Hellespont Fairfax was the subject of The Discovery Channel's television show Superships, episode "Launching a Leviathan—Hellespont Fairfax.
Hellespont Metropolis cost $89 million in 2002, requiring 700,000 man-hours of direct labor.
Features
The class, each ship powered by a single HSD-Sulzer 9RTA84T-D delivering at 76 rpm, possesses a relatively high service speed ( laden, in ballast), which increases their earning capacity. The steel scantlings are greater than the class minimum.
These ships are wider than the new Panama Canal locks. They also cannot travel through the Suez Canal unless on a ballast voyage.
The coatings in the ballast tanks are protected by two features, a full-time double-scrubbing system supplying drier inert gas to the ballast tanks, and also by the white painted upper hull reflecting the sun’s energy. The inert gas system also increases safety. Keeping down the cargo temperatures also minimizes hydrocarbon emissions.
Conversion
In 2009 and 2010, TI Asia and TI Africa were converted into sophisticated floating storage and offloading (FSO) vessels, moored off the coast of Qatar in the Persian Gulf at the Al Shaheen Oil Field. The extensive conversions were carried out by EuroNav and Overseas Shipholding Group at Drydocks World – Dubai.
In 2017, TI Europe was chartered by Statoil and converted to an FSO vessel, moored at Port of Kuala Sungai Linggi in Malaysia. In 2019, it was announced that TI Oceania would be converted to an FSO vessel and moored off the coast of Singapore.
Information obtained from IMO GISIS Ship and Company Particulars, MarineTraffic, Euronav and branches, and Subsidiaries of International Seaways 15 February 2020, update Europe ship 8 August 2023.
See also
List of world's longest ships
Seawise Giant
Batillus-class supertankers
References
External links
Euronav vessels
Seaways Fleet list
shipspotting.com: Categorized ship photos
Hellespont homepage
Oil tankers
Ships built by Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI-class%20supertanker |
The Sedleian Professor of Natural Philosophy is the name of a chair at the Mathematical Institute of the University of Oxford.
Overview
The Sedleian Chair was founded by Sir William Sedley who, by his will dated 20 October 1618, left the sum of £2,000 to the University of Oxford for purchase of lands for its endowment. Sedley's bequest took effect in 1621 with the purchase of an estate at Waddesdon in Buckinghamshire to produce the necessary income.
It is regarded as the oldest of Oxford's scientific chairs. Holders of the Sedleian Professorship have, since the mid 19th century, worked in a range of areas of applied mathematics and mathematical physics. They are simultaneously elected to fellowships at Queen's College, Oxford.
The Sedleian Professors in the past century have been Augustus Love (1899-1940), who was distinguished for his work in the mathematical theory of elasticity, Sydney Chapman (1946-1953), who is renowned for his contributions to the kinetic theory of gases and solar-terrestrial physics, George Temple (1953-1968), who made significant contributions to mathematical physics and the theory of generalized functions, Brooke Benjamin (1979-1995), who did highly influential work in the areas of mathematical analysis and fluid mechanics, and Sir John Ball (1996-2019), who is distinguished for his work in the mathematical theory of elasticity, materials science, the calculus of variations, and infinite-dimensional dynamical systems.
List of Sedleian Professors
Notes
References
Bibliography
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, articles on Lapworth, Edwards, Wallis, Millington, Browne, Hornsby, Cooke, Price, Love, Chapman, Temple, Brook Benjamin.
Professorships in mathematics
Professorships at the University of Oxford
1621 establishments in England
Mathematics education in the United Kingdom
Lists of people associated with the University of Oxford
The Queen's College, Oxford | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedleian%20Professor%20of%20Natural%20Philosophy |
USS Barber (DE-161/APD-57) was a in service with the United States Navy from 1943 to 1946. In 1969, she was sold to Mexico where she served until 2001.
History
Barber was named in honor of brothers Malcolm, Randolph, and Leroy Barber who were all killed aboard the during the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. The ship was laid down in April 1943 and launched one month later, but because the Barber brothers' mother was not available on the day of launching, the ship was christened at the same time that she was commissioned in October 1943.
U.S. Navy (1943-1969)
Barber (DE-161) was laid down on 27 April 1943 at Portsmouth, Virginia, by the Norfolk Navy Yard and was launched on 24 May 1943. However, because the sponsor, Mrs. Peter Thomas Barber, the mother of the Barber brothers, could not be present at the launching of the ship, Barbers christening was delayed until the day of her commissioning, 10 October 1943, when the two ceremonies were held simultaneously. Mrs. Barber christened the ship, and USS Barber was placed in commission.
Battle of the Atlantic
Following shakedown training off Bermuda, the destroyer escort was assigned convoy duty along the Atlantic coast. She escorted troopships to Panama as her first duty and, on her return trip northward, escorted the crippled New Zealand light cruiser to Boston. Although they arrived in Boston on 23 December, Barber could not spend Christmas in port. Instead, she pulled out of the harbor on Christmas Day and headed for North Africa escorting a convoy of 95 merchantmen. She arrived in Casablanca, French Morocco, after an uneventful transatlantic crossing. While waiting for a return convoy, she patrolled the Strait of Gibraltar for several days in search of German submarines. After another uneventful voyage, the ship left the convoy at Norfolk and continued on to the New York Navy Yard.
She spent most of February and March 1944 performing escort duties between New York and Norfolk; and, then, on 24 March, received orders to join an anti-submarine "hunter killer" group TG 21.15, built around and joined by four other destroyer escorts.
Formed to hunt German U-boats, the group recorded its first success on 26 April when Barber and the escorts , , and , teamed up to sink the at . Relieved by another hunter killer group, Barbers unit headed for home on 11 May. After a brief availability at the New York Navy Yard and two weeks of maneuvers at Casco Bay, Maine, Barber resumed her convoy escort duties. She made two more transatlantic voyages to North Africa before October 1944 but did not encounter any enemy ships.
On 9 October, Barber entered the Philadelphia Navy Yard for conversion to a Charles Lawrence-class high speed transport. Although she was reclassified APD-57 on 23 October, she did not complete the preparations for her new role until January 1945. On the 17th, she left Philadelphia and proceeded to Norfolk's convoy escort piers. For a month, the fast transport served as "school ship" for crews of APD's not yet commissioned. Each day she got underway to train these crews in evolutions such as fueling, gunfire, target tracking, and other combat procedures.
Pacific War
On George Washington's Birthday, the warship steamed out of Norfolk bound for the Pacific and her first combat duty as a high speed transport. After a short stay in San Diego, she continued on westward and arrived at Pearl Harbor on 26 March. The fast transport then conducted specialized training at Maui with Underwater Demolition Teams (UDT's). The mission of such teams was to destroy obstacles on landing beaches, and APD's such as Barber delivered these teams to the areas four or five days before the actual invasion. Just two days after receiving word of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's 12 April death, she sailed via Eniwetok for Ulithi.
Barber arrived there on 30 April and spent five days preparing for front line duty at Okinawa. She departed the safety of Ulithi with a merchant convoy on 5 May and continually felt the presence of the enemy through possible submarine contacts, floating mines, and radio message traffic emanating from Okinawa. The high-speed transport anchored in Hagushi Anchorage on 10 May and, throughout the daylight hours, heard not a sound from the Japanese. However, with sunset, the Japanese air attacks began in earnest.
On 11 May, Barber received orders to assist on a radar picket station north of the anchorage. That destroyer had been hit by two kamikaze planes and two bombs. Barber mustered all the hands she could spare to help evacuate the injured from Hugh W. Hadley and then to work on saving the damaged warship. The fast transport assumed picket duty north of Ie Shima on the 12th. The enemy never came close by air; but, on 15 May, Barber picked up four Japanese soldiers in a raft and later transferred them to an Army boat for internment in an Okinawa camp.
Barbers good luck continued to hold. Every picket station on which she served had been the scene of a casualty either immediately before her duty there or would become one soon after she departed. On 20 May, the Japanese directed a massive force of midget submarines, mines and kamikaze aircraft at the Allied naval forces. Barber pursued two midget submarines and evaluated one as a "probable kill." The high speed transport continued on patrol, enduring nightly general quarters alarms for Japanese air raids. On 14 June, she captured three more prisoners. On the evening of 16 June, while Barber stood rescue-ship watch at anchor off Hagushi, suffered a hit by air raiders and sank within an hour. Barber rushed to the area immediately to search for survivors. The fast transport worked through the night assisting in the rescue of the 188 sailors who survived before returning to the anchorage early the next morning.
Released from duty at Okinawa on Independence Day 1945, Barber joined a convoy of four other escorts and 32 LSTs headed for Saipan. One day out of Saipan, Barber received orders to accompany a part of the convoy to Guam. Her new course took her across the routes used by American B-29 bombers headed for the Japanese mainland. On 9 July, the fast transport received word of a nearby crash of a returning bomber. Barber raced to the site and, despite fears of complete destruction, over the distance of approximately 20 miles the "Barber" following the path of the bomber back toward Japan began to retrieve the crew picking up the captain first, since he was the last one to jump from the plane. In the end, all 11 members of the bomber's crew were remarkably rescued. The fast transport took them to Guam the next day.
Barber remained at Guam until 21 July when she sailed for Ulithi escorting escort carrier . She continued on to Leyte Gulf where she screened battleships and on 8, 9 and 10 August and then returned to Leyte to await further orders. While there, the news of Japan's capitulation reached Barber and she headed for Okinawa escorting Mississippi and her sistership . Arriving on 21 August, she departed the next day for a brief visit to Manila Bay. On 2 September, the fast transport commenced three weeks of duty in Subic Bay, at the conclusion of which she moved to Lingayen Gulf to join Transport Division (TransDiv) 20. From there, she led a procession of 20 transports for occupation duty. The group entered Wakanoura Bay at Honshū on 7 October and passed three slow weeks while minesweepers cleared a channel to Nagoya. Finally, TransDiv 20 was able to enter the channel safely while Barber remained behind to control the harbor entrance. The crew of the "Barber" went ashore in the city of Nagasaki, which had been destroyed by the second atomic bomb making each member of the crew an "atomic" veteran.
After another three weeks of screening incoming and outgoing ships, the transport received orders to load passengers to capacity and return home. On 21 November, she embarked on the long voyage home. After steaming via Sasebo, Eniwetok, Pearl Harbor, San Diego, and Panama, Barber returned to the east coast for pre-inactivation overhaul, and was decommissioned on 22 May 1946. Barber received three battle stars for her World War II service.
She was berthed with the reserve fleet at Green Cove Springs, Florida, and remained there for more than two decades. Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 27 November 1968.
Mexican Navy career
On 22 December 1969, she was sold to the Mexican Navy and was commissioned the following February as ARM Coahuila (B07). In 1994, she was renamed ARM Vincente Guerrero, In 1994, she was renamed ARM Vincente Guerrero after former Mexican president Vicente Guerrero. The ship was later restored to her original Mexican name of Coahuila with a new pennant number of E21, before she was stricken from the rolls of the Mexican Navy in July 2001. Her ultimate fate is unreported in secondary sources.
Notes
References
Notes 3,4 from crew's "History of the USS Barber DE161-APD57" and the eyewitness account of crewman WT Third Class Stan Stempien.
External links
Buckley-class destroyer escorts
Charles Lawrence-class high speed transports
1943 ships
World War II frigates and destroyer escorts of the United States
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Ships transferred from the United States Navy to the Mexican Navy
Destroyers of the Mexican Navy
Ships built in Portsmouth, Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Barber |
Brett Charles Voss (born 22 February 1978) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with the Brisbane Lions and the St Kilda Football Club.
Early Lfe
Voss was born in Queensland and raised in Beenleigh in Logan City, Brisbane where he was schooled at Trinity College, Beenleigh, the younger brother of Michael Voss and the cousin of another AFL Beenleigh local Tony Lynn. He played both junior and senior football with the Morningside club.
He was drafted by the Brisbane Bears as a zone selection in 1995.
AFL Career
He made his debut in 1997 but was delisted at the end of 2000, struggling to gain selection in a successful Brisbane side, and over-shadowed by his older brother, Brownlow Medallist Michael Voss.
The St Kilda Football Club, under the leadership of then coach Malcolm Blight, recruited Voss in the 2001 pre-season draft. His 2001 season with the club was inconsistent, but he played 19 matches and found some confidence. It was in 2002 that Voss came into his own as an AFL footballer. He played almost every match between 2004 and 2006 for the Saints, who played finals in each of those three seasons.
Voss played in St Kilda’s 2004 AFL Wizard Home Loans Cup winning side – St Kilda Football Club’s 2nd AFL Cup Win.
Voss became known for his courage, and often played well above his height in defence. A feature of his game during 2004 and 2005 was his strong marking in the backline, and Voss was one of the Saints' toughest and most reliable players during his time at the club. Voss won Network Ten's Before The Game 'Tool of the Year' award in 2004.
The 2006 season saw Voss have close to his best year, racking up 350 possessions, 140 marks and kicking 15 goals for the year playing in a new role as a half-forward. He finished 10th in the 2006 B&F.
Voss entered the 2007 season struggling with injury, and was unable to hold a place in the side. There was a perception that he had lost some pace, and Voss did not reach his previous standards in his 11 matches for the year.
After some deliberation at the end of the season, and after consultation with coach Ross Lyon, 29-year-old Voss announced his retirement on 18 September 2007.
Personal life
Brett Voss now plays for the Old Haileyburians Amateur Football Club.
Voss finished his career with 170 games of AFL football in a career that spanned 11 seasons at the elite level.
Voss has a wife of 21 years, Carley, and 3 children. Indiah, Jackson, and Ky.
References
1978 births
Living people
Brisbane Lions players
St Kilda Football Club players
Morningside Australian Football Club players
People educated at Haileybury (Melbourne)
Australian rules footballers from Queensland
Old Haileyburians Amateur Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Brisbane | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett%20Voss |
Augustin Ngirabatware (born 12 January 1957) is a Rwandan politician who participated in the Rwandan genocide and has been convicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.
Ngirabatware was born in 1957. He is an ethnic Hutu from Gisenyi commune.
At the time of the genocide, Ngirabatware was serving Rwandan's Minister of Planning in the government of Juvénal Habyarimana, and was a member of the Gisenyi provincial committee for the MRND party.
Ngirabatware was arrested in Frankfurt am Main, Germany on 17 September 2007 and transferred to the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in October 2008.
On 20 December 2012, he was sentenced to 35 years in jail for incitement to genocide, reduced to 30 years on appeal on 18 December 2014.
References
"Zoom: The accused still on the run", Hirondelle.org, (30 March 2004).
External links
U.S. State Department press release about Ngirabatware, 29 July 2002
People indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
Living people
1957 births
Hutu people
Planning ministers of Rwanda
People from Gisenyi
People convicted of incitement to genocide | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin%20Ngirabatware |
Glynn Ross (December 15, 1914 – July 21, 2005, Tucson, Arizona) was an American opera impresario. Ross was the first general director of the Seattle Opera, serving that company from 1963 to 1983, and the second general director of the Arizona Opera, from 1983 to 1998.
Background
He was born Glynn W. Aus to a Norwegian immigrant father and a mother of Swedish descent, in Omaha, Nebraska. He attended the local schools and, upon graduation from high school, managed his family's farm for five years. After his father's death, and with the encouragement of his mother, Ross left Nebraska to pursue his dream of a career in theatre, attending the Leland Powers School of the Theatre, the alma mater of his high school drama teacher, in Boston from 1937 to 1939.
After early involvement in theatre and opera, Ross was drafted into the U.S. Army and served for the duration of World War II. After recovering from a wound received in North Africa, he was sent back to Europe by the Army, charged with operating a rest camp for soldiers on the Italian island of Ischia. He was one of the first patients ever to be administered penicillin, still in its test phase. During this time and with the Army's encouragement, he staged operas in Naples for the entertainment of U.S. troops there.
Career
In 1948 he was hired by the San Francisco Opera as stage director. During the 1950s, Ross staged operas for various companies in the United States, but in 1959 moved to Naples, where he became the first American to stage an opera for the Teatro di San Carlo.
In 1964, Ross relocated to Seattle, having been offered the directorship in late 1963 of the new opera company being formed there. During his tenure with the Seattle Opera, he gained notice for his attention-grabbing promotional efforts and earned the nickname "the P. T. Barnum of opera". He used skywriting and bumper stickers, among other unusual advertising techniques. In addition, his slogans for his productions were often aimed at the emerging youth culture, such as the irreverent slogans, "La Boheme: Six old-time hippies in Paris" and "Romeo et Juliette: Two kids in trouble, real trouble, with their families." His slogan "Get Ahead with Salome" ruffled the feathers of more traditional operagoers. It was the policy in Seattle to stage all operas both in the original language and in English.
In 1975, he oversaw Seattle Opera's production of the Ring Cycle, making Seattle the first American company, other than the Metropolitan Opera, to attempt Richard Wagner's masterwork in its entirety during a single week. In Seattle, Ross was also noted for his ability to pare administrative expenses and keep the company on a sound financial footing.
In 1970, Ross was a cofounder of Opera America, an industry trade association for American opera companies, with the goal of enabling companies to share resources, information, and expertise. In 1971, the Seattle Opera staged Tommy, the rock opera written by The Who, with Bette Midler in a starring role.
On his ability to attract top opera stars to Seattle, at that time not considered a major center for opera, he explained: "An artist wants four things: one, a chance to do something that requires the best of his abilities; two, the opportunity to grow by singing different roles; three, prestige; and four, a paycheck."
Upon Ross's departure from the Seattle Opera, he was offered the top post at the struggling Arizona Opera in 1983, where he both expanded the company's offerings and restored it to financial health. He oversaw production of two Ring Cycles as summer festivals in Flagstaff, Arizona in 1996 and 1998, bold undertakings for a middle-sized opera company. His 1996 cycle, in particular, gained favorable notice. Ross retired from Arizona Opera in 1998
Personal life
He met Angelamaria Solimene in Naples and married her on November 15, 1946. They had four children. He died from a stroke on July 21, 2005.
References
Glynn Ross, 90, Put Seattle On the Map for Opera Lovers (New York Times, July 26, 2005, p. C16 obituary)
Glynn Ross, 90 — Director Debuted in L.A. in 1940, Founded Seattle Opera (Los Angeles Times, July 22, 2005, p. B13 obituary)
Glynn Ross (Opera News, Oct. 2005, Vol. 70, No. 4, p. 84 obituary)
Other sources
Winthrop Sargeant, The Ring's the Thing (The New Yorker, June 26, 1978, pp. 35–50)
Bill Zakariasen, Stagecoach to Valhalla (Opera News, June 1996, Vol. 60, No. 17, p. 26)
External links
Washington HistoryLink
Arizona Opera Orchestra Musicians Association
Interview with Glynn Ross, August 4, 1987
1914 births
2005 deaths
Opera managers
American people of Norwegian descent
American people of Swedish descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glynn%20Ross |
Hibernus Mortis is a band started in December, 1995 by Cesar Placeres and Ralf Varela. The band took its name from the ancient Latin translation for "Dead Winter" (mortuus hiemis). Starting out, the South Florida band's primary goal was to create some of the most crushing and extreme music ever recorded. Taking influence from a variety of sources, the band took musical inspiration from old-school death metal bands like Incantation, Autopsy, Morbid Angel, Death, Dismember, Immolation, Entombed, Obituary, Vader and Suffocation just to name a few.
The band's sound is mainly categorized as death metal, with definite black metal and doom metal influence. Hibernus Mortis has been a staple of the legendary Florida death metal scene for over a decade and has a global fanbase as well. Fans all around the world from as far away as Germany, Norway and Iceland, Cuba, to South Africa, Singapore, and Australia all enjoy music from Hibernus Mortis. The band has always retained an underground low-key status, but definitely sports a modest cult following. The band is currently based out of Hialeah, Florida.
Members
Over the years the band has gone through several line-up changes, with the only core member being Cesar Placeres.
(2005 - )
Alex Campbell - Vocals and Guitar
David Miller - Guitar and Vocals
Adrian Esquivel - Bass
Cesar Placeres - Drums
(2004–2005)
Ralf Varela - Vocals and Guitar
Alex Campbell - Guitar
David Miller - Bass and Vocals
Cesar Placeres - Drums
(2000–2003)
Ralf Varela - Vocals and Guitar
Doug Humlack - Guitar
David Miller - Bass and Vocals
Cesar Placeres - Drums
(1999–2000)
Ralf Varela - Vocals and Guitar
Doug Humlack - Guitar
Cesar Placeres - Drums
(1998–1999)
Ralf Varela - Vocals and Guitar
Doug Humlack - Guitar
Yasser Morales - Bass
Cesar Placeres - Drums
(1996–1998)
Adam Fleury - Vocals
Ralf Varela - Guitar
Doug Humlack - Guitar
Yasser Morales - Bass
Cesar Placeres - Drums
Subject matter
The band's lyrics as well as overall presentation and imagery have always been set in a bleak and morose atmosphere. The band's songs deal with a wide variety of topics including the apocalypse, death, suffering, revenge, solitude, and hatred.
On rare occasion the band has been known to get lyrical inspiration from movies. Two movies in particular have inspired songs: The Prophecy and Urotsukidoji: Legend of the Overfiend.
Guitar sound
Since the beginning, one of the band's most distinguishing qualities was their ridiculously de-tuned and ferocious guitar sound. Hibernus Mortis was one of the pioneers of the still-rare practice of tuning to "G". Aside from the ultra low tuning, the band achieves their trademark guitar sound through the use of thick strings and unconventional equipment.
Discography
Studio albums
The Existing Realms of Perpetual Sorrow (2002)
The Monoliths of Cursed Slumber (2022)
Live albums
Live Manslaughter (2000)
Demos
Into the Thresholds of Dead Winter (1998)
Concert history
Even though the band rarely performs, Hibernus Mortis has shared the stage with some of the biggest names in the genre.
Related bands
The members of Hibernus Mortis have played in several previous bands, as well as current side projects. Here is a list of some of the bands Hibernus Mortis members have been linked to.
Los Bastardos Magnificos
Thrash or Die
Mehkago N.T.
Consular
Enemy Against Enemy
The Sonny Chiba Death Cult
Acrimonium
Devastator
Capra Hircus
Tyranny Of Shaw
Tomb
Black Spit Prophecy
Jinchu
Goat Resurrection
Graud y Los Marcianos
References
External links
The Official Hibernus Mortis Website
The Official Hibernus Mortis MySpace page
Death metal musical groups from Florida
Musical groups from Miami
Musical groups established in 1995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernus%20Mortis |
José Milla y Vidaurre (August 4, 1822 in Guatemala City, First Mexican Empire — Guatemala City, Guatemala September 30, 1882) was a notable Guatemalan writer of the 19th century. He was also known by the name Pepe Milla and the pseudonym Salomé Jil. Son of a governor of the state of Honduras in the Federal Republic of Central America, José Justo de la Milla y Pineda and Mrs. Mercedes Vidaurre Molina, the daughter of a wealthy Guatemalan family.
He was married to his cousin, Mercedes Vidaurre and had 7 daughters and sons.
Milla grew up in a time of great instability, where the struggles between liberals and conservatives were bringing chaos to Guatemala. He came from a well-to-do family and was not a politically relevant figure. However, it is known that he had conservative tendencies and came to public office under conservative governments.
His works can be qualified under various literary genres, although they were mainly dedicated to story-telling, novels and more specifically historical novels. His main theme was life in the colonial Guatemala. His "novelas costumbristas" are about the customs of Guatemalan people during colonial times and during the first years after Guatemalan independence.
In his works, he shows an ability for story-telling and imagination. For him, one of the main functions of literature was to entertain and his books are examples of such function. Jose Milla was well-educated, an expert of Guatemalan idiosyncrasies, its history and its customs.
Works
Don Bonifacio (narrative poem)
La Hija del Adelantado (novel), 1866
Los Nazarenos (novel)
El Visitador (novel)
Un viaje al otro mundo pasando por otras partes (Volumes 1 & 2)
Memorias de un abogado (novel)
El esclavo de don dinero (novel)
Historia de un Pepe (novel)
El canasto del sastre (cuadros de costumbres)
Libro sin nombre
Historia de la America Central (Volumes 1 & 2)
References
Bibliography
Milla y Vidaurre works
External links
Literature and art of Guatemala (in Spanish)
1822 births
1882 deaths
Writers from Guatemala City
Guatemalan novelists
Guatemalan male writers
Male novelists
Historical novelists
Guatemalan politicians
Rafael Carrera
19th-century Guatemalan writers
19th-century novelists
19th-century male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Milla%20y%20Vidaurre |
Hari Mata Hari is a Bosnian pop band. Hari Mata Hari is the stage name for the singer Hari Varešanović. The group originated from the city of Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The group has performed over 1,000 concerts and sold 5 million albums to date. Their songs are among the most famous and popular love ballads in the former Yugoslavia era. Hari Mata Hari was the representative of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 held in Athens, Greece. Coincidentally, hari mata hari in Malay stands for 'day of the sun, or Sunday'.
History
The band, Hari Mata Hari, has constantly changed its members. Today, the group is composed of Hari Varešanović (vocal), Izudin Izo Kolečić (drums), Lordan Muzaferija (bass guitar), Dzenan Selmanagic (electric guitar), and Adis Vuga (keyboards). Most of the Hari Mata Hari's songs are arranged by Hajrudin Varešanović. The lyrics are primarily written by Fahrudin Pecikoza - also known as Peco.
Hari grew up in the Vratnik neighborhood of Sarajevo's old town. His grandfather was one of the more well-known singers of traditional Bosnian music called sevdalinka. At the age of six, Hajrudin began to sing and learned to play the guitar. At the local cultural center, he was asked to sing, then at the age of ten he sang with the group "Omi", and later for the group "Sedam šuma". In Vratnik, Hari recorded his first song "Zašto da ne uzmem nju". (Why don't I take her) After finishing electrical school, Varešanović began to study Philosophy and attended classes of natural politics, but he never completed the courses. Music took up much of his time, as did his love of photography.
In 1979, Hari joined the group Zov with whom he recorded the hit song "Poletjela golubica sa Baščaršije." Next, Varešanović sang with the group "Ambasadori", with whom, it is said, that he matured into a professional artist. After serving his mandatory military service in the town of Niš, he appeared on the music scene by himself releasing the (1984) album Zlatne Kočije. In September 1985, Hari Varešanović together with the group members of Baobab - Izo Kolečić, Edo Mulahalilović, Pjer Žalica, and Zoran Kesić - won the festival Nove nade, nove snage (New hopes, new strengths) organised by Želimir Altarac Čičak, and created the musical group Hari Mata Hari. That same year, the new group announced the release of their new album U tvojoj kosi. (In your hair) In 1986, Pjer Žalica - "Badžo" and Zoran Kesić left the group. They were replaced by pianist Adi Mulihalilović and bass player Neno Jeleč, who will eventually be replaced by Željko Zuber. Their album of 1986, Ne bi te odbranila ni cijela Jugoslavija, (Not even all of Yugoslavia could defend you) was voted as the best album of the year, and Jugovision, the national competition for Eurovision, announced them as the candidate for Yugoslavia. Hari Mata Hari, in 1986, received fifth place for the song "U tvojoj kosi (In your hair)," and fourteenth place for the song "Nebeska kraljica" in 1987 in Belgrade.
1988 brought much prosperity to the group. Hari began to record for the recording company Jugoton, based in Zagreb. The album "Ja te volim najviše na svijetu" (I love you the most in the world) from 1988 sold over 300,000 copies, and carried 10 songs that are still popular (2006) - ("Igrale se delije", "Javi se", "Sedamnaest ti je godina" (You're 17) with Tatjana Matejaš-Tajči, "Naše malo misto", "Ja te volim najviše na svijetu" (I love you the most in the world), "Hej, kako si" (Hey, how are you?), "Zapleši" (Dance), "Kad dođe oktobar" (When October comes), "Ruža bez trna", "Poslednji valcer sa Dunava").
This prosperity was followed by another album called Volio bih da te ne volim (I wish I didn't love you), which sold over 500,000 copies - ("Svi moji drumovi", "Na more dođite" (Come to the sea), "Što je bilo bilo je", "Pazi šta radiš" (Careful what you do) with Matejaš-Tajči). Then in 1990, Hari Mata Hari releases another album called Strah me da te volim (I'm afraid to love you). This album sold over 700,000 copies - ("Prsten i zlatni lanac" (Ring and a golden necklace), "Otkud ti k'o sudbina", "Ostavi suze za kraj", "Daj još jednom da čujem ti glas", "Nek' nebo nam sudi").
The collapse of Yugoslavia and the wars that ensued, left a mark in Hari Mata Hari's career. In 1991, Edo Mulahalilović left the group to start his own career. In late 1991, the group releases the album Rođena si samo za mene (You were born only for me) through the recording company Diskoton, located in Sarajevo. Some of the songs from the album are: "Ja ne pijem with" with Haris Džinović, "Nije za te bekrija", "Nije zima što je zima", that had solid sales and success. With that album, most activity stopped, due to the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In late 1994, the group released another album, while they were refugees in Germany. The album was called Ostaj mi zbogom ljubavi - "Bilo je lijepo dok je trajalo" (It was beautiful while it lasted), "Ti si mi droga" (You're my drug), "Ja sam kriv što sam živ", and cover version of song "Poletjela golubica" (The dove flew) with Halid Bešlić. This album was made only by Hari and Izo, the rest of the group would not reunite until 1997-1998. The group was composed of (besides Hari and Izo) Karlo Martinović, Miki Bodlović, Adi Mulihalilović, and Emir Mehić. They returned to the music scene with a greatest hits album called Ja nemam snage da te ne volim (I don't have the strength to not love you). It was released in 1998 - ("Ne lomi me", "Emina", "Ja nemam snage da te ne volim" (I don't have the strength to not love you), "Gdje li si sada ljubavi" (Where are you now love?), "Upomoć"). The song "Ja nemam snage da te ne volim" sounds like the Sisters Of Mercy's song "This Corrosion".
In 1999, Varešanović was chosen to represent Bosnia and Herzegovina for Eurovision. However, he was disqualified due to an issue with the song's status. Hari sold the song "Starac i more" (The old man and the sea) to Finland in 1997 and Finnish artist Janne Hurme recorded that song in Finnish, named "Sydänveri" (Finnish for "Heart Blood"). Dino Merlin, who was the runner up, was sent to Eurovision instead and received seventh place. Hari, together with Hanka Paldum, recorded the duet "Crni snijeg" (Black snow) in 2001. That same year (2001) the album Baš ti lijepo stoje suze came out with a few hit songs - ("Kao domine" (Like dominoes), "Zjenico oka moga", "Baš ti lijepo stoje suze"). In 2002 with the song "Ruzmarin" (Rosemary), that became an instant hit. Hari Mata Hari was one of the six finalists in the Croatian Radio Festival and represented Bosnia and Herzegovina for the OGAE in France. Also, in 2002 Hari Mata Hari won the first Davorin song of the year award, for the song "Kao Domine" (Like dominoes). The music for the song was written by Miki Bodlović and Hari Varešanović, with lyrics by Fahrudin Pecikoza. Then in 2003 Hari's song "Idi", brought him to the seventh Croatian Radio Festival with the song "Navodno" with Ivana Banfić. He then went to the Splitski festival. After Hari's small concerts on the Balkans, in Europe, and in Australia, the group began to record a new album. Franjo Valentić, Hari's long time friend joins the group, while Miki Bodlović leaves the group to start his own career in U.S. and he was replaced by Nihad Voloder. At the eighth Hrvatski radiski festival the group competed with the song "Nema čega nema". At the Splitski festival the group entered the competition with the song "Zakon jačega" (Law of the strong) recorded with Bosnian superstar singer Kemal Monteno. Later that year the group released another album under the name of the song "Zakon jačega", for Sarajevo's Diskoton, Zagreb's Croatia Records, and Belgrade's HI-FI Centar.
In 2007 the group released the single: "Zar je to još od nas ostalo".
In 2009 the group released the album Sreća (Luck) and this album came out with a few hit songs: "Azra", "Sreća", "Ne mogu ti reći što je tuga" with Nina Badrić, "Tvoje je samo to što daš" with Eldin Husenbegović.
Nihat Voloder left the group and he was replaced by Željko Zuber.
In 1999, the group played for seven days in Belgrade at the "Sava center".
Eurovision 2006
PBSBiH, through a public on-line voting system, chose Hari Mata Hari as the Bosnian representative for Eurovision. BH Eurosong gave the name "Vrijeme je za Bosnu i Hercegovinu" (It's time for Bosnia and Herzegovina), and the song was described as Bosnia's Romeo and Juliet. The first time the song was aired to the public was on March 5, 2006 on a special live evening celebration held by "BH Eurosong 06" in the Sarajevo National Theatre. Hari sang the song for the first time in public and received a standing ovation. Six days later, Hari sang the song at his first stage appearance in Belgrade on the final evening of Evropesma 2006. The song "Lejla" (Composer: Željko Joksimović, Lyric writers: Fahrudin Pecikoza & Dejan Ivanovic) is a powerful love ballad about far away love. It uses styles of sevdah and local traditional instruments. The female name Lejla is a traditional Arab name. Eric Clapton and ZZ Top both used the name Leyla in their songs. It is said the title refers to a popular Bosnian song from 1981, when a song called "Lejla" was the Yugoslavian entry to the Eurovision Song Contest. It was sung by Bosnian artist Seid Memić Vajta and reached 15th place in Dublin.
The lyrics of the song were written by Fahrudin Pecikoza and Dejan Ivanović with the music by Željko Joksimović. Joksimović, represented Serbia and Montenegro at the Eurovision Song Contest 2004 in Istanbul ("Lane moje", second place), the song was written for non-profit and was solely voluntary. The music video of "Lejla" was directed by Pjer Žalica, along with Hari and the band. It shows many old Bosnian traditions. It was recorded in several areas of Herzegovina: on the mountains of Blidinja and on the national park/lake Hutovo Blato, on Ruištu, and in the city of Mostar. The video ends with the Stari Most, the older part of the city, in the background. The song received its name through on-line voting (with 3501 votes, other name ideas were "Zar bi mogla ti drugog voljeti?" (Could you not love another?) with 660, and "Sakrivena" with 462 votes). Hari Mata Hari took 3rd place at Eurovision Song Contest 2006 with 229 points.
Group Members
Current members
Hari Varešanović - vocal
Adis Vuga - keyboards
Dzenan Selmanagic - guitar
Lordan Muzaferija - bass guitar
Izudin - Izo Kolečić - drums
Cooperation
Dino Merlin
Jelena Tomašević
Elena Risteska
Haris Džinović
Hanka Paldum
Sanja Ilić
Igor Cukrov
Zdravko Čolić
Dragana Mirković
Nina Badrić
Ivana Banfić
Tajči
Crvena jabuka
Kemal Monteno
Festivals
2002 – Croatian Radio Festival 2002
2003 – Croatian Radio Festival 2003
2003 – Split 2003
2004 – Croatian Radio Festival 2004
2009 – Croatian Radio Festival 2009 /Grand Prix Winner/
Discography
1984 – Zlatne kočije - Hari Varešanović's solo album
1985 – Skini haljinu
1985 – U tvojoj kosi
1986 – Ne bi te odbranila ni cijela Jugoslavija
1988 – Ja te volim najviše na svijetu
1989 – Volio bi' da te ne volim
1990 – Strah me da te volim
1991 – Rođena si samo za mene
1994 – Ostaj mi zbogom ljubavi
1998 – Ja nemam snage da te ne volim
2001 – Baš ti lijepo stoje suze
2002 – Ružmarin
2004 – Zakon jačega
2009 – Sreća
2016 – Ćilim
References
External links
Hari Mata Hari performing Lejla at the Eurovision Song Contest 2006
Bosnia and Herzegovina musical groups
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Bosnia and Herzegovina
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2006
Yugoslav musical groups
Musical groups established in 1985
1985 establishments in Yugoslavia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari%20Mata%20Hari |
Andrew Hacker (born 1929) is an American political scientist and public intellectual.
He is currently Professor Emeritus in the Department of Political Science at Queens College
in New York. He did his undergraduate work at Amherst College, followed by graduate work at Oxford University, University of Michigan, and Princeton University, where he received his PhD degree. Hacker taught at Cornell before taking his current position at Queens. He is the son of Louis M. Hacker.
His most recent book, Higher Education? was written in collaboration with Claudia Dreifus, his wife, a New York Times science writer and Columbia University professor. Professor Hacker is a frequent contributor to the New York Review of Books. In his articles he has questioned whether mathematics is necessary, claiming "Making mathematics mandatory prevents us from discovering and developing young talent."
Publications
Hacker, A., (1961) Political Theory: Philosophy, Ideology, Science, The Macmillan Company
Hacker, A., (1992) Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal, Scribner.
Hacker, A., (1998) Money: Who Has How Much and Why, Simon and Schuster.
Hacker, A., (2003) Mismatch: The Growing Gulf Between Women and Men. Scribner.
Hacker, A. and Claudia Dreifus, (2010) Higher Education?: How Colleges Are Wasting Our Money and Failing Our Kids - and What We Can Do About It Holt, Henry & Company, Inc.
Hacker, A., (2012) "Is Algebra Necessary?", New York Times, Published July 28, 2012. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/29/opinion/sunday/is-algebra-necessary.html
Hacker, A., (2016) "The Math Myth: And Other STEM Delusions," The New Press.
References
External links
"The Math Myth And Other STEM Delusions"—an argument that requiring all students to master a full menu of mathematics is causing more harm than good. http://themathmyth.net/
Author page at The New York Review of Books
Blurb written by the author for "Mismatch" on the Simon and Schuster website
Article about Claudia Dreifus at the East Hampton Star website
1929 births
Living people
American political scientists
Cornell University faculty
Amherst College alumni
Horace Mann School alumni
Queens College, City University of New York faculty
University of Michigan alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Hacker |
Luke Edward Hart (July 31, 1880 – February 19, 1964) was the tenth Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus, serving from September 1, 1953, until his death on February 19, 1964.
Personal life
Hart was born in 1880 in Maloy, Iowa. He set up his office in St. Louis where he practiced law and later was an alderman. He received an undergraduate degree from Drake University and a law degree from the University of Missouri. In 1905, he married Catherine J. O'Connor, who predeceased him; they had six children, two of whom predeceased him. From 1934-38, he was the president and general counsel of the Hamilton-Brown Shoe Company.
Career
National leader
Hart was a delegate to Republican National Convention from Missouri in 1940. During World War I, he was a member of the executive committee of the United War Work campaign. He helped to found the United Service Organizations and the Boys Club of St. Louis. Hart was also a member of the board of the St. Louis Catholic Orphan Board.
Knights of Columbus
Hart was elected Supreme Advocate of the Knights of Columbus in 1922 and was Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus from 1954-63. He was awarded the Star of Morocco in 1920 after leading a delegation of Knights who presented a statue of Lafayette to the French people. He was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Gregory the Great in 1927, and a knight commander in 1939. He was awarded entry into the Order of St. Raymond of Peñafort in Spain and made a Secret Chamberlain of Cape and Sword in 1951.
He attended the coronation of Pope John XXIII. In 1951, Hart was elected president of the National Fraternal Congress. By the end of the 1950s Supreme Knight Hart was actively encouraging councils to accept black candidates. It was during Hart's tenure in 1954 that the Knights petitioned to get "under God" inserted into the Pledge of Allegiance.
Death
Hart died on February 19, 1964, at St. Raphael's Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut. He is buried in the crypt of the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis.
References
External links
The Pledge of Allegiance
1880 births
1964 deaths
People from St. Louis
People from Ringgold County, Iowa
Burials at the Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis (St. Louis)
Supreme Knights of the Knights of Columbus
Catholics from Missouri
Catholics from Iowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke%20E.%20Hart |
William Duff is the American author of the 1999 book A Time for Spies: Theodore Stephanovich Mally and the Era of the Great Illegals.
He is a former FBI counterintelligence specialist. He is a graduate of University of the South and Baylor School.
References
American non-fiction writers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20E.%20Duff |
Baruch Harold Wood (13 July 1909 – 4 April 1989) was an English chess player, editor and author. He was born in Ecclesall, Sheffield, England.
Playing career
Between 1938 and 1957, Wood won the championship of Warwickshire eight times. In 1939 he represented England at the Chess Olympiad in Buenos Aires. He won the tournaments at Baarn (1947), Paignton (1954), Whitby (1963), Tórshavn (1967) and Jersey (1975). He took part in the Gijon International Chess Tournaments of 1947 (5th), 1948 (2nd) and 1950 (8th). He tied for 4th–6th, scoring 5 points out of 9 games, at the 1948–49 Hastings Christmas Chess Congress, 1.5 points behind winner Nicolas Rossolimo. In 1948, he tied for second place at the British Chess Championship held in London. He won the British correspondence chess championship in 1944–45.
Writings
In 1935, Wood founded the magazine CHESS, which became one of the two leading chess magazines in Great Britain. He edited it until 1988, when it was taken over by Pergamon Press. Wood was the chess correspondent for The Daily Telegraph and The Illustrated London News. From 1948 to February 1967, he was responsible for the chess column of the Birmingham Daily Post. He also wrote a popular and often reprinted book, Easy Guide to Chess (Sutton Coldfield 1942), described by Grandmaster Nigel Davies as "one of the best beginners books on the market". His other books include World Championship Candidates Tournament 1953 (Sutton Coldfield 1954) and 100 Victorian Chess Problems (1972).
Administrative roles
From 1946 to 1951 he was a president of the ICCA, a forerunner organization of the International Correspondence Chess Federation. Wood was a FIDE Judge, an international chess arbiter, and the joint founder of the Sutton Coldfield Chess Club. Wood represented England when it joined FIDE, the world chess federation. He was longtime President of the British Schools Chess Association and also of the British Universities Chess Association.
Family
Wood was the son of Baruch Talbot Wood and Florence Muriel Herington. He married Marjory Elizabeth Farrington in October 1936. Wood's daughter Margaret (Peggy) Clarke won the British Girls' Championship in 1952, 1955, and 1956, and was the joint British Ladies' Champion in 1966. Her husband Peter Clarke was a full-time chess player and writer, who finished second in the British Chess Championship five times, represented England in the Chess Olympiads seven times, wrote five chess books, and was the Games Editor of the British Chess Magazine. Wood's sons Christopher, Frank and Philip are also strong chess players. Christopher Baruch Wood is a FIDE Master.
References
1909 births
1989 deaths
English chess players
English magazine editors
English non-fiction writers
Sportspeople from Sheffield
British chess writers
Chess arbiters
English male non-fiction writers
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
20th-century chess players
20th-century English male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch%20Harold%20Wood |
Edward Vizard (7 June 1889
– 25 December 1973) was a Welsh international footballer who became a manager. He spent almost all his playing career at Bolton Wanderers.
Playing career
Born in Cogan, Wales Vizard joined Bolton Wanderers in September 1910 from Barry, making his debut later that year. From here, he never looked back making the outside left position his own for the next 18 seasons. In total, he made 512 appearances for the Trotters scoring 70 goals.
During his time at Bolton, he appeared in the 1923, 1926 and 1929 FA Cup Finals, all three victoriously. He remained in the team until retiring in 1931 aged 41, becoming the oldest player to play for the club (a record only broken in 1995 by Peter Shilton).
Vizard also won 22 international caps for Wales.
Managerial career
Swindon Town
In April 1933 Vizard gave up his position as coach of the 'A' team with Bolton Wanderers in order to become the manager of Swindon Town, a position he held until 1939.
QPR
After the 1938/39 season, Vizard left the club to take the reins at Queens Park Rangers, succeeding Billy Birrell. Due to the outbreak of World War II causing the suspension of league football, he never had the chance to manage them in a competitive game. Despite this they were relatively successful in wartime football and in 1944 he replaced Major Frank Buckley as manager of Wolverhampton Wanderers.
Wolves
He was appointed Wolves manager in April 1944, and despite taking them to third place in the First Division in the first peacetime season in 1946/47, he was replaced by Stan Cullis in the summer of 1948.
References
1889 births
1973 deaths
Sportspeople from Penarth
Welsh men's footballers
Wales men's international footballers
English Football League players
Barry Town United F.C. players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Swindon Town F.C. managers
Welsh football managers
English Football League managers
Queens Park Rangers F.C. managers
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. managers
Chelsea F.C. wartime guest players
Men's association football forwards
Association football coaches
Bolton Wanderers F.C. non-playing staff | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted%20Vizard |
Area code 530 is a telephone area code in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) in northeastern and Northern California. It was created in 1997 in an area code split of 916.
The numbering plan area (NPA) includes the Sacramento Valley (including some outer suburbs of Sacramento), Shasta Cascade, and the northern Sierra Nevada. It comprises all or sections of the following counties: Alpine, Butte, Colusa, El Dorado, Glenn, Humboldt, Lassen, Modoc, Mono, Nevada, Placer, Plumas, Shasta, Sierra, Siskiyou, Sutter, Tehama, Trinity, Yolo, and Yuba.
History
Area code 530 was created in a split of numbering plan area 916 on November 1, 1997. Simultaneously, the Dixon exchange was reassigned from area code 916 to area code 707, and from the Sacramento Local access and transport area (LATA) to the San Francisco LATA.
Prior to October 2021, area code 530 had telephone numbers assigned for the central office code 988. In 2020, 988 was designated nationwide as a dialing code for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, which created a conflict for exchanges that permit seven-digit dialing. This area code was therefore scheduled to transition to ten-digit dialing by October 24, 2021.
On June 8, 2023, the California Public Utilities Commission assigned Area code 837 as the overlay area code for 530, effective January 31, 2025. 837 will serve as California's 40th area code. As ten-digit dialing is already in effect, no permissive dialing period will be necessary.
Service area
Major cities in the numbering plan area include Auburn, Chico, Colfax, Davis, Grass Valley, Corning, Marysville, Oroville, Paradise, Placerville, Redding, Red Bluff, Susanville, Truckee, Woodland, Yuba City, and South Lake Tahoe.
Alpine County
Alpine Village
Bear Valley
Markleeville
Mesa Vista
Woodfords
Butte County
Bangor
Berry Creek
Biggs
Brush Creek
Butte Meadows
Centerville
Cherokee
Chico
Cohasset
Concow
Dayton
DeSabla
Durham
East Biggs
Feather Falls
Forbestown
Forest Ranch
Gridley
Inskip
Magalia
Merrimac
Nord
Oregon City
Oroville East
Oroville
Palermo
Paradise
Pulga
Richvale
South Oroville
Stirling City
Thermalito
Yankee Hill
Colusa County
Arbuckle
College City
Colusa
Grimes
Maxwell
Princeton
Sites
Stonyford
Williams
El Dorado County
Cameron Park
Camino
Coloma
Cool
Diamond Springs
Ditch Camp Five
Echo Lake
El Dorado
Fresh Pond
Garden Valley
Georgetown
Kyburz
Little Norway
Meyers
Nebelhorn
Newtown
Pacific
Phillips
Placerville
Pollock Pines
Rescue
Riverton
Sciots Camp
Shingle Springs
South Lake Tahoe
Twin Bridges
White Hall
Glenn County
Artois
Glenn
Hamilton City
Ordbend
Butte City
Orland
Willows
Humboldt County
Willow Creek
Hoopa
Lassen County
Bieber
Doyle
Herlong
Janesville
Ravendale
Susanville
Termo
Westwood
Modoc County
Adin
Alturas
Canby
Cedarville
Davis Creek
Eagleville
Fort Bidwell
Newell
Stronghold
Tionesta
Nevada County
Alta Sierra
Grass Valley
Lake of the Pines
Lake Wildwood
Nevada City
Penn Valley
Rough and Ready
Truckee
Washington
Placer County
Alta
Applegate
Auburn
Carnelian Bay
Colfax
Dollar Point
Dutch Flat
Emigrant Gap
Foresthill
Gold Run, California
Homewood
Kings Beach
Meadow Vista
Sheridan
Squaw Valley
Sunnyside-Tahoe City
Tahoe Vista
Weimar
Plumas County
Almanor
Beckwourth
Belden
Blairsden
Bucks Lake
C-Road
Canyondam
Caribou
Chester
Chilcoot-Vinton
Clio
Crescent Mills
Cromberg
Delleker
East Quincy
East Shore
Graeagle
Greenhorn
Greenville
Hamilton Branch
Indian Falls
Iron Horse
Johnsville
Keddie
La Porte
Lake Almanor Country Club
Lake Almanor Peninsula
Lake Almanor West
Lake Davis
Little Grass Valley
Meadow Valley
Mohawk Vista
Paxton
Plumas Eureka
Portola
Prattville
Quincy
Spring Garden
Storrie
Taylorsville
Tobin
Twain
Valley Ranch
Whitehawk
Shasta County
Anderson
Bella Vista
Big Bend
Burney
Cassel
Castella
Cottonwood
Fall River Mills
French Gulch
Hat Creek
Igo
Lakehead-Lakeshore
McArthur
Millville
Montgomery Creek
Oak Run
Old Station
Palo Cedro
Platina
Pollard Flat
Redding
Round Mountain
Shasta Lake City
Shasta
Shingletown
Whiskeytown
Whitmore
Sierra County
Alleghany
Calpine
Downieville
Loyalton
Sierra City
Siskiyou County
Carrick
Dorris
Dunsmuir
Edgewood
Etna
Forks of Salmon
Fort Jones
Gazelle
Greenview
Grenada
Happy Camp
Hornbrook
Macdoel
McCloud
Montague
Mount Hebron
Mount Shasta
Seiad Valley
Tennant
Tulelake
Weed
Yreka
Sutter County
Live Oak
Meridian
Nicolaus
Rio Oso
Robbins
South Yuba City
Sutter
Tierra Buena
Yuba City
Tehama County
Corning
Cottonwood
Dales
Gerber-Las Flores
Los Molinos
Manton
Mill Creek
Mineral
Paskenta
Paynes Creek
Rancho Tehama
Red Bluff
Tehama
Trinity County
Big Bar
Burnt Ranch
Douglas City
Hayfork
Hyampom
Junction City
Lewiston
Mad River
Salyer
Trinity Center
Weaverville
Yolo County
Brooks
Capay
Davis
Dunnigan
El Macero
Esparto
Fremont
Knights Landing
Madison
Plainfield
Rumsey
Winters
West Sacramento
Woodland
Yolo
Zamora
Yuba County
Beale Air Force Base
Challenge-Brownsville
Linda
Loma Rica
Marysville
Olivehurst
Plumas Lake
Wheatland
See also
List of California area codes
List of North American Numbering Plan area codes
References
External links
530
Alpine County, California
Butte County, California
Colusa County, California
El Dorado County, California
Glenn County, California
Humboldt County, California
Lassen County, California
Modoc County, California
Nevada County, California
Placer County, California
Plumas County, California
Shasta County, California
Sierra County, California
Siskiyou County, California
Sutter County, California
Tehama County, California
Trinity County, California
Yolo County, California
Yuba County, California
Northern California
Sacramento Valley
Sierra Nevada (United States)
530
1997 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area%20code%20530 |
Veena Das, FBA (born 1945) in India is the Krieger-Eisenhower Professor of Anthropology at the Johns Hopkins University. Her areas of theoretical specialisation include the anthropology of violence, social suffering, and the state. Das has received multiple international awards including the Ander Retzius Gold Medal, delivered the prestigious Lewis Henry Morgan Lecture and was named a foreign honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Education
Das studied at the Indraprastha College for Women and the Delhi School of Economics at the University of Delhi and taught there from 1967 to 2000. She completed her PhD in 1970 under the supervision of M. N. Srinivas from the Delhi School of Economics. She was professor of anthropology at the New School for Social Research from 1997 to 2000, before moving to Johns Hopkins University, where she served as chair of the Department of Anthropology between 2001 and 2008.
Books
Her first book Structure and Cognition: Aspects of Hindu Caste and Ritual (Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1977) brought the textual practices of 13th to 17th century in relation to self representation of caste groups in focus. Her identification of the structure of Hindu thought in terms of the tripartite division between priesthood, kinship and renunciation proved to be an extremely important structuralist interpretation of the important poles within which innovations and claims to new status by caste groups took place.
Veena Das's most recent book is Life and Words: Violence and the Descent into the Ordinary (California University Press, 2006). As the title implies, Das sees violence not as an interruption of ordinary life but as something that is implicated in the ordinary. The philosopher Stanley Cavell has written a memorable foreword to the book in which he says that one way of reading it is as a companion to Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations. One of the chapters in the book deals with the state of abducted women in the post-independence time period and has been the interest of various legal historians.
Life and Words is heavily influenced by Wittgenstein and Stanley Cavell, but it also deals with particular moments in history such as the Partition of India and the assassination of Indira Gandhi in 1984.
The book 'narrates the lives of particular persons and communities who were deeply embedded in these events, and it describes the way that the event attaches itself with its tentacles into everyday life and folds itself into the recesses of the ordinary.'
Research
Since the eighties she became engrossed in the study of violence and social suffering. Her edited book, Mirrors of Violence: Communities, Riots and Survivors in South Asia published by Oxford University Press in 1990 was one of the first to bring issues of violence within anthropology of South Asia. A trilogy on these subjects that she edited with Arthur Kleinman and others in the late nineties and early twenties gave a new direction to these fields. The volumes are titled Social Suffering; Violence and Subjectivity; and Remaking a World.
Awards
She received the Anders Retzius Gold Medal from the Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography in 1995, and an honorary doctorate from the University of Chicago in 2000. She is a foreign honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a fellow of the Third World Academy of Sciences. In 2007, Das delivered the Lewis Henry Morgan Lecture at the University of Rochester, considered by many to be the most important annual lecture series in the field of Anthropology. Prof. Das was elected as Fellow to the British Academy in 2019.
Further reading
References
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Indian women social scientists
1945 births
Living people
Delhi School of Economics alumni
Academic staff of Delhi University
21st-century Indian anthropologists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Social anthropologists
20th-century Indian educators
20th-century Indian women scientists
20th-century Indian social scientists
Indian social sciences writers
20th-century Indian non-fiction writers
20th-century Indian women writers
21st-century Indian social scientists
21st-century Indian women scientists
21st-century Indian women writers
21st-century Indian writers
Indian women anthropologists
20th-century Indian women educators
Indraprastha College for Women alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veena%20Das |
A neutrino is an elementary particle.
Neutrino may also refer to:
QNX Neutrino, an operating system
Team Neutrino, a FIRST Robotics Competition team
Neutrino, a suborbital spacecraft in development by Interorbital Systems
, or Neytrino (), a village near Baksan Neutrino Observatory in Elbrussky District of Kabardino-Balkar Republic, Russia
Neutrino (JavaScript library)
Fiction
Neutrinos (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles), characters in the TV show
Neutrino 2000, a series of guns used in the Artemis Fowl books
See also
Neutrino Factory, a proposed particle accelerator complex
Poppa Neutrino, born William David Pearlman (1933–2011), musician and "free spirit"
Oxide & Neutrino, a UK garage/rap duo
Neutralino, a hypothetical particle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The Treaty of Addis Ababa, signed 23 October 1896, formally ended the First Italo-Ethiopian War on terms mostly favorable to Ethiopia. This treaty superseded a secret agreement between Ethiopia and Italy negotiated days after the decisive Battle of Adwa in March of the same year, in which Ethiopian forces commanded by Menelik II defeated the Italians. The most important concession the Italians made was the abrogation of the Treaty of Wuchale and recognizing Ethiopia as an independent country.
Following the conclusion of this treaty and before the end of the next calendar year, the United Kingdom and France, which had colonial possessions bordering Ethiopia, also concluded treaties with Ethiopia which treated her as an equal. The treaty with France was signed in late January 1897, while the treaty with the United Kingdom was signed 14 May 1897.
Negotiating the treaty
In the Italian text of the Treaty of Wuchale, Ethiopia was obliged to conduct all foreign affairs through Italy, which effectively made Ethiopia an Italian protectorate, while the Amharic version merely gave Ethiopia the option of communicating with third powers through the Italian government. Learning of this divergence from the Amharic text, Emperor Menelik believed he had been deceived by the Italians; this had led to the war between the two countries. Moreover, the Italians had been carefully encroaching on Ethiopian territory over the months between the signing of that treaty in 1889 and when hostilities began in 1895.
On the other hand, his victory at Adwa resulted with Menelik being in possession of 3,000 Italian soldiers, as well as a large victorious army facing the demoralized remnants of the Italian military in Eritrea, the latter fearing they would be driven into the sea at any moment. Further, when news of the defeat reached Italy, Prime Minister Francesco Crispi was forced to resign. Ethiopian Emperor Menelik was negotiating from a position of strength.
The initial Italian offer, presented by Major Tomasso Salsa 11 March, offered Menelik Italy's abrogation of the Treaty of Wuchale and a new treaty of peace and friendship, but in return he remain "firm in his aim of not accepting the protectorate of any other power." Menelik had gone to war to maintain his Empire's independence, not to exchange one master for another; according to historian Harold G. Marcus, Menelik was so enraged at this offer that he demanded the return of their secret truce, saying he would hold Major Salsa hostage until then.
It was not until 23 August that the Italians finally agreed to the unconditional abrogation of the Treaty of Wuchale, and recognition of the sovereign independence of Ethiopia. Once the Italians had conceded on this point, negotiations proceeded quickly. The Italian prisoners-of-war, who had enjoyed "reasonably benign captivity" (Marcus' words), would be repatriated, and Italy pay an indemnity of 10,000,000 Italian liras for their upkeep. Most surprisingly, the Italians would retain most, if not all, of the territories beyond the Mareb-Belessa and May/Muni rivers they had taken; according Abyssinian Monarchists' Menelik gave away a sizable portion of Tigray which had been treated as part of the Ethiopian empire since time immemorial.
The border between Ethiopia proper and Eritrea was further defined in a series of agreements in 1900, 1902, and 1908.
References
Treaty of Addis Ababa
1896 in Ethiopia
1896 in Italy
1896 treaties
Peace treaties of Ethiopia
Peace treaties of Italy
Treaties of the Ethiopian Empire
Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
October 1896 events
First Italo-Ethiopian War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty%20of%20Addis%20Ababa |
Peignot (pronounced Pen-yoe) is a sans-serif display typeface, designed by the poster artist A. M. Cassandre in 1937. It was commissioned by the French type foundry Deberny & Peignot.
The typeface is notable for not having a traditional lowercase, but in its place a "multi-case" combining traditional lowercase and small capital characters. Cassandre intended for Peignot to be used in publishing and stated that "[t]here is no technical reason in printing why we cannot return to the noble classical shapes of the alphabet and discard the lower case forms."
The typeface achieved some popularity in poster and advertising publishing from its release through the late 1940s. Stylistically Peignot is a "stressed" or modulated sans-serif in the Art Deco style, in which the vertical strokes are clearly wider than the horizontals. Use of Peignot declined with the growth of the International Typographic Style, which favored less decorative, more objective, traditional typefaces such as Akzidenz-Grotesk.
Peignot experienced a revival in the 1970s as the typeface used on The Mary Tyler Moore Show (and its production company, MTM Enterprises) and the second season of That's My Mama. While often classified as "decorative", the face is a serious exploration of typographic form and legibility. It is now owned by Linotype Corp. and is distributed by both Linotype and Adobe.
A very similar typeface, Chambord by Roger Excoffon, was released by the Fonderie Olive in Marseille in 1945; it had a traditional lowercase. A font resembling Peignot was used for the Intellivision video game system. Derek Vogelpohl distributes a digital version of that font as freeware under the name SF Intellivised.
Usage
The Random House hardcover edition of Philip Roth's novel When She Was Good (1967)
Barbarella (1968) theatrical release poster
The title graphics of the ABC Movie of the Week from 1969 to 1975
The closing credits for the 1976 film The Pink Panther Strikes Again
The original logo used by Viacom Enterprises (ca. 1971–1976)
Quinn Martin's Tales of the Unexpected (1977)
The logo for the British software development company Novagen Software
The logo for the 1980s game show Dream House
The cover of Spandau Ballet's 1986 album Through the Barricades
The Mary Tyler Moore Show opening title and end credits sequences
Real Madrid's shirt number and name font in 2005–06 season
Gary Larson's The Far Side Gallery
The Boo Radleys' album Giant Steps and accompanying singles
Universidade Estadual de Londrina
Radio Philippines Network
Baltimore Police Department cars
The logo of Igloo Products Corporation
The original logo of Holyoke Mall at Ingleside
The Magnetic Fields' 2017 album 50 Song Memoir
Front cover of "Youthquake", an album by Dead or Alive from 1985
Logotype for "General Foods International Coffees" in the 1970s
The end credits for the 2021 Disney animated film Encanto
See also
Samples of display typefaces
References
External links
Peignot at cassandre.fr (Broken link - 404)
Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1937
Digital typefaces
Display typefaces
Letterpress typefaces
Photocomposition typefaces | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peignot%20%28typeface%29 |
Olga Nikolayevna Jarkova (; born January 11, 1979, in Moscow, USSR) is a Russian curler. She has represented Russia twice at the Winter Olympics, in 2002 and 2006.
Career
Jarkova has been curling for Russia internationally since 1999, when she threw fourth stones for Nina Golovtchenko at the World Junior Challenge where they won silver. She threw third stones that year at a disappointing last place finish in the World Junior Curling Championships. After this, she was back to throwing fourth stones. At the 2001 European Curling Championships she became skip of the Russian team. This move eventually paid off, as the team won the gold medal at the 2003 Universiade. They defeated Krista Scharf of Canada in the final. Jarkova remained as the Russian skip until 2005 when she was the team's alternate at the 2005 World Women's Curling Championship. She was the second at the 2005 European Championships and third at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Jarkova has been to two Olympics. She skipped the team in 2002, and placed last and in 2006 Russia placed fifth. She became European Champion in 2006 as part of Ludmila Privivkova's team.
References
External links
Living people
1979 births
Russian female curlers
Curlers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Curlers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Olympic curlers for Russia
Curlers from Moscow
European curling champions
Universiade medalists in curling
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Russia
Medalists at the 2003 Winter Universiade | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga%20Jarkova |
Pentagram is a design firm. It was founded in 1972, by Alan Fletcher, Theo Crosby, Colin Forbes, Kenneth Grange, and Mervyn Kurlansky at Needham Road, Notting Hill, London. The company has offices in London, New York City, San Francisco, Berlin and Austin, Texas. In addition to its influential work, the firm is known for its unusual structure, in which a hierarchically flat group of partners own and manage the firm, often working collaboratively, and share in profits and decisionmaking.
History
Alan Fletcher, Colin Forbes, and Bob Gill announced the opening of design studio Fletcher/Forbes/Gill on April 1, 1962. Three years later, Gill left the firm, and Fletcher and Forbes were joined by architect Theo Crosby, forming Crosby/Fletcher/Forbes in 1965. The firm was successful and grew in size, and in the early 1970s, they discussed formalizing a new partnership together with one of their associate designers, Mervyn Kurlansky, and product designer Kenneth Grange.
In 1972, the now-five partners established a new business structure, and renamed the firm as Pentagram. The name was inspired by the number of establishing partners, which is the same as the number of points on a pentagram. In 1982, the partners moved from an office at the rear of Paddington railway station to a new space in Needham Road, in the Notting Hill area of West London. A former dairy, the space was designed by Theo Crosby and remains as Pentagram's London office.
In 1978 Colin Forbes moved from London to the US to form the New York office, eventually adding graphic designers Peter Harrison and Woody Pirtle as partners. In 1990-91 Michael Bierut, Paula Scher, both graphic designers, and James Biber, an architect, joined the New York office. They eventually moved to a building at 204 Fifth Avenue, a building designed by C. P. H. Gilbert, where the office resided until 2017. The New York office is now located in a building at 250 Park Avenue.
Scope and clientele
Pentagram is best known for its work in graphic design and corporate identity, but as partners have joined and left has also worked in architecture, interiors, wayfinding and environmental design, packaging, product and industrial design and sound design. Among others, they have developed or updated identities for Citibank, Sam Labs, Saks Fifth Avenue, United Airlines, the Big Ten Conference, and The Co-operative brand.
In addition to graphic design work, the firm has partners working on architectural projects such as the Harley-Davidson Museum, the Alexander McQueen shops, Citibank interiors, the Adshel and Clear Channel buildings in London, a host of private residences including the Phaidon Atlas of Architecture listed Bacon Street Residence, the new London club Matter, along with a range of other interior, retail, restaurant and exhibition projects. Pentagram was hired to redesign the American cable television programme, The Daily Show'''s set and on-screen graphics in 2005. In 2016 Pentagram were commissioned to design the packaging for the Pink Floyd box set, The Early Years 1965–1972. The set was released in November 2016. In 2019, Pentagram were commissioned to rebrand the entirety of Warner Bros. In 2022, Pentagram were commissioned to create a new logo for season 48 of Saturday Night Live.
Beyond work for commercial clients, Pentagram also works with cultural institutions and does pro bono work for non-profit organisations. On 12 February 2008 the President's Council on Service and Civic Participation awarded Pentagram the "DNA" award for incorporating pro bono services into their business culture. Recently, Pentagram has done work for the One Laptop per Child, the High Line, New York's Public Theater, and the National Gallery of Art.
Partners
Pentagram was founded on the premise of collaborative interdisciplinary partners working together in an independently owned firm of equals, both financially and creatively. Theo Crosby claimed the structure was suggested to him by his experience of working on the seminal late-1950s exhibition This Is Tomorrow: "it was my first experience at a loose, horizontal organisation of equals. We have brought it... to a kind of practical and efficient reality at Pentagram".
The firm currently comprises 22 partner-designers, each managing a team of designers and sharing in common overhead and staff resources. The partners in each office share incomes equally and all the partners own an equal portion of the total firm. This equality, along with the tradition of periodically inviting new members to join, renews the firm while giving even the newest members an equal footing with the partners of long standing. This 'flat' organisation (there are no executive officers, CEO, CFO or board, other than the entire group of partners) along with the self-capitalised finances of the business, allows equal participation and control of the group's destiny by each member.
Current partners
Partners emeriti
References
Bibliography
"Pentagram." The Design Encyclopedia. Ed. Mel Byars. 2nd ed. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2004. 431.
"Pentagram." The Thames and Hudson Dictionary of 20th-Century Design and Designers. Ed. Guy Julier. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1999. 153.
Profile: Pentagram Design'', by Rick Poynor and Susan Yelavich, Phaidon Press Ltd, 2004. (978-0714843773)
Notes
External links
Official website
Graphic design studios
Industrial design firms
Design companies of the United States
Architecture firms based in London
Design companies established in 1972
British companies established in 1972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram%20%28design%20firm%29 |
Hackers & Painters: Big Ideas from the Computer Age is a collection of essays from Paul Graham discussing hacking, programming languages, start-up companies, and many other technological issues.
"Hackers & Painters" is also the title of one of those essays.
Table of contents
Why Nerds Are Unpopular
Hackers and Painters
What You Can't Say
Good Bad Attitude
The Other Road Ahead
How to Make Wealth
Mind the Gap
A Plan for Spam
Taste for Makers
Programming Languages Explained
The Hundred-Year Language
Beating the Averages
Revenge of the Nerds
The Dream Language
Design and Research
Publication data
References
External links
Paul Graham's essays online, including some of the essays in the book
Slashdot Review: Hackers & Painters
Dabblers and Blowhards: Essay by a hacker and painter.
Computer books
American essay collections
O'Reilly Media books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackers%20%26%20Painters |
Cottrell Laurence Dellums (January 3, 1900 – December 6, 1989) was an American labor activist and one of the organizers and leaders of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.
Dellums worked as a porter for the Pullman Company from 1924 to 1927 and was discharged in part due to his open support of unionization. In 1929, Dellums was elected a vice president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and became president in 1966. In the 1930s, Dellums was an officer in the NAACP Branch Office in Berkeley, California.
Born in Corsicana, Texas, he is the uncle of former Congressman and Mayor of Oakland Ron Dellums.
Before and during Sleeping Car Porters
Dellums “had chosen San Francisco as the most ideal place for a Negro to live in 1923.” Dellums also stated that the Bay Area's colleges and professional schools were an important attraction: "I wanted to be a lawyer and the University of California had the best law school.” Instead, however, Dellums went to work for the Southern Pacific railroad as a Pullman porter, where he gained the respect of his black coworkers and was ultimately elected International President of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.
Dellums became the standard bearer of a growing African American labor movement in Oakland, Richmond, and San Francisco in the aftermath of the war. As Dellums would later explain, “Negroes will have to pay for their own organization, their own fights, by their own funds as well as their own energy.” Dellums's Brotherhood and other Black railroad workers unions were built with “Negro leadership and Negro money” using the solidarity forged within sites of segregation to wage direct confrontations against racial discrimination.
The union also became known for its social activism beyond the world of train porters. For many years, Dellums tackled such issues as police brutality and the miserable conditions in which black agricultural workers existed. Dellums played a leading role in launching the Oakland Voters League (OVL) in the mid-1940s. This labor-civil rights coalition temporarily wrestled control of the Oakland City Council from the conservative Republican bloc that had dominated city politics for many years. Dellums with the OVL, drew their strength from building an organization and a new notion of political community among the city's multiracial working class.
Fair Employment Practices Committee
A. Philip Randolph and Dellums were instrumental in opening war industries to African Americans by threatening a massive “March on Washington” if Roosevelt did not respond to black pleas for nondiscriminatory hiring in war industries. In response, Roosevelt issued an executive order establishing a Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC), which urged that defense plants be opened to African Americans. Not all labor officials who favored fair employment laws supported putting the FEPC question on the ballot. Dellums opposed placing the question before voters. He later said: “We should never set a precedent that we recognize that the people have a right to vote on anything they want to vote on. The rights I have been fighting for all my life, they are now called civil rights, I call human rights, God-given rights. White people have been using their majority and their control of the law enforcing agencies and firearms to prevent us from exercising our God-given rights…. We were never really asking white people to grant or give us any rights. Only to stop using their majority and power in preventing us from exercising our God-given rights.” Dellums would play a leading role in the subsequent fourteen-year effort to win approval of the FEPC measure within the state legislature, and he was eventually appointed by Governor Pat Brown to serve on the state's first Fair Employment Practices commission in 1960. In 1964, Dellums and the California Fair Employment Practices Commission published “A Report on Oakland Schools” that provided a window into the structural problems within the district as a result of hiring discrimination being one of the biggest obstacles to making the Oakland Unified School District receptive to its growing black student body.
References
External links
Conversation With Ron Dellums
Dellums, C. L., International President of The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and civil rights leader : oral history transcript / and related material, 1970-1973, University of California Libraries, 2006.
African-American trade unionists
American people in rail transportation
1900 births
1989 deaths
People from Corsicana, Texas
Activists from Oakland, California
Trade unionists from Texas
Trade unionists from California
Dellums family
20th-century African-American people
Vice presidents of the AFL–CIO | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20L.%20Dellums |
Fiddlers Three is a play written by Agatha Christie in 1972. The play was first written and performed as Fiddlers Five, which toured briefly in 1971 after opening in Bristol. The revised version toured in the provinces for several weeks after its premiere at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre in Guildford on 1 August 1972, but failed to meet with success.
Christie pushed for the play to be performed, much against the wishes of her daughter, Rosalind Hicks, who was protective of her mother's reputation and felt that this production would damage it. The revised version of the play incorporated several suggestions from its director, Allan Davis, who had seen the previous 1971 version.
The play was never transferred to the West End. It was directed by Allan Davis, with sets by Anthony Holland and lighting by Michael Saddington.
Cast
Julia Knight as Gina Jones
Doris Hare as Sally Blunt
Raymond Francis as Sam Fletcher
Gábor Baraker as Felix Bogusian
Mark Wing-Davey as Henry Panhacker
John Boswall as Jonathan Panhacker
Suzanne Barrett as An Air Hostess
D. Williams Newton as Dr Nolan
Bruce Montague as A Waiter
Arthur Howard as Mr Trustcott
George Lacey as Mr Moss
References
1972 plays
Plays by Agatha Christie | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddlers%20Three%20%28play%29 |
The University of Alberta Botanic Garden (formerly the Devonian Botanic Garden) is Alberta's largest botanical garden. It was established in 1959 by the University of Alberta. It is located approximately west of the city of Edmonton, Alberta and north of the town of Devon, in Parkland County.
History
The garden was created in 1959 and established on donated land.
The garden was originally designated the "Botanic Garden and Field Laboratory" of the department of botany at the U of A. In the 1970s, after the garden was severely damaged by floods, a donation from the Devonian Foundation, along with funds raised by the Friends of the Garden, helped to repair the damages, create a system of canals and ponds, construct a headquarters building, and purchase more land. In recognition of the donation, the name was changed to the Devonian Botanic Garden.
The Friends of the Devonian Botanic Garden was founded in 1971 as a fundraising group to support the aims and objectives of the garden.
In conjunction with an enhanced memorandum of understanding signed between the Aga Khan University and the University of Alberta in 2009, the University of Alberta requested the Aga Khan IV to develop an Islamic garden within the grounds. Planning the garden took nearly a decade, and construction lasted 18 months. It was designed by the architectural firm Nelson Byrd Woltz Landscape Architects. The Aga Khan garden opened to the public in July 2018, and its Diwan Pavilion was opened in 2022.
Throughout the 2018 season, gardeners completed the planting of over 25,000 new perennials, trees, shrubs, and wetland plants, and add finishing touches on landscaping. The total cost of the Aga Khan Garden was $25 million. The garden is tagged as the "most northerly Islamic garden in the world".
The botanical facility was renamed as the University of Alberta Botanic Garden in 2017. In September 2017, it invested $4.9 million to renovate its front entrance and parking lot.
Description
The gardens extend over 30 hectares (80 acres) of 12,000-year-old sand dune shoreline of pre-glacial Lake Edmonton, and include an additional 65 hA (160 acres) of natural areas.
It is linked to the North Saskatchewan River via the Parkland County trail and will soon be linked to a 74 km Edmonton Capital Region river valley recreation trail system.
Highlights of the garden include the Kurimoto Japanese Garden; a Tropical Showhouse with exotic butterflies; Temperate and Arid Showhouses; extensive alpine, herb, rose, peony, lilac, lily, and primula collections; Native Peoples Garden; trial beds, and much more. The Garden is open to visitors from May through Thanksgiving (Oct. 8), and year-round for adult and children's education programming.
It contains a diverse variety of plants, with emphasis on cold-hardy plants that can survive the harsh extremes of a Zone 3 climate.
As a unit of the Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, the garden is also a site for research, including plant conservation and diversity. A fully digitized herbarium contains a large collection of bryophyte specimens that is used for research and teaching, as well as horticultural plants grown at the garden.
Every June, the Edmonton Opera company plays music in the park for one day during an event dubbed Opera al Fresco.
Awards
2013: Alberta Emerald Award, for its outdoor environmental education programs
2014: Botanical Garden of the Year, awarded by the Canadian Garden Council.
See also
List of botanical gardens in Canada
References
External links
1959 establishments in Alberta
Arboreta in Canada
Japanese gardens in Canada
Parks in Alberta
Parkland County
University of Alberta buildings
University and college buildings completed in 1959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Alberta%20Botanic%20Garden |
This is a list of the rulers of the Principality of Capua.
Lombard rulers of Capua
Gastalds and counts
The gastalds (or counts) of Capua were vassals of the princes of Benevento until the early 840s, when Gastald Landulf began to clamour for the independence which Salerno had recently declared. That caused a civil war in Benevento which did not cease for some ten years and by the end of the 9th century Capua was definitively independent.
???–663 Thrasimund, as count
...
840–843 Landulf I il vecchio
843–861 Lando I (son of prec.)
861 Lando II Cyruttu (son of prec., deposed)
861–862 Pando il rapace (uncle of prec., usurper)
862–863 Pandenulf (son of prec., deposed)
863–866 Landulf II il vescovo (also Bishop of Capua, uncle of prec., usurper, deposed)
866–871 Lambert I di Spoleto (also Duke of Spoleto, unrelated, imposed by Emperor Louis II, deposed)
871–879 Landulf II il vescovo (reinstated)
879–882 Pandenulf (reinstated)
882–885 Lando III (cousin of prec., usurper)
885–887 Landenulf I (brother of prec.)
887–910 Atenulf I (brother of prec.)
901–910 Landulf III, co-ruler
Princes
In 910, the principalities of Benevento and Capua were united by conquest (Atenulf's) and declared inseparable. This, and the inevitable co-rule of sons and brothers, causes ceaseless confusion to any historian of the period, even more so to his readers.
910–943 Landulf III, co-ruled from 901 (see directly above)
911–940 Atenulf II, co-ruler
940–943 Landulf IV, co-ruler (perhaps from 939)
933–943 Atenulf III Carinola, co-ruler
943–961 Landulf IV the Red, co-ruled from 940 (see above)
943–961 Pandulf I Ironhead, co-ruler
959–961 Landulf V, co-ruler
961–968 Landulf V, co-ruling with his brother (perhaps to 969, see directly below), also co-ruled from 959 (see directly above)
961–981 Pandulf I Ironhead, co-ruling with his brother (see directly above), also co-ruled from 943 (see above), also Duke of Spoleto (from 967), Salerno (from 978), and Benevento (from 961)
968–981 Landulf VI, co-ruler
In 982, the principalities were finally ripped apart by Pandulf Ironhead's division of his vast holdings and by imperial decree, but the chronology gets no less confusing.
981–982 Landulf VI
982–993 Landenulf II
993–999 Laidulf
999 Adhemar
999–1007 Landulf VII
1007–1022 Pandulf II
1009–1014 Pandulf III, co-ruler
1016–1022 Pandulf IV, called the Wolf of the Abruzzi
1022–1026 Pandulf V, also count of Teano
1023–1026 John, co-ruler
1026–1038 Pandulf IV, second time
1038–1047 Guaimar, also Prince of Salerno
1047–1050 Pandulf IV, third time
1050–1057 Pandulf VI
1057–1058 Landulf VIII
Norman princes of Capua
These princes were of the Drengot line and served as a counterpoise to the House of Hauteville until it had finally lost all power. The chronology here, too, can be very confusing due to the rivalry between the Robert II and Roger II of Sicily and his sons.
1058–1078 Richard I
1078–1091 Jordan I
1091–1106 Richard II
1092–1098 Lando IV, held Capua in opposition to Richard II
1106–1120 Robert I
1120 Richard III
1120–1127 Jordan II
1127–1156 Robert II
1135–1144 Alfonso, son of Roger II
1144–1154 William, son of Roger II
To the Kingdom of Sicily, where it became an appanage for second sons:
1155–1158 Robert (III)
1166–1172 Henry
Capua
Capua | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20princes%20of%20Capua |
Piment Fort was a popular Quebec humoristic game show hosted by the colorful Normand Brathwaite which aired on TVA from 1993 to 2001. Piment Fort means "hot pepper" in French.
A revival of the show has been announced as part of TVA's 2016 Winter TV season.
Overview
The show's concept was to invite three humorists a week and to make them participate in a variety of games which led them to crack jokes and tell funny stories.
The show was recorded in front of a live audience (18 years and older, because there were alcoholic drinks served) in Montreal's Café Campus located on 57 Prince-Arthur East. After each game, the audience was asked to vote for the player who made the best joke or story. The winning player received a hot pepper as a trophy. If the vote was close, each player received a pepper.
List of games
This is a list of games played on the show. Each game was associated with a different hat worn by the host and decorated according to the game's theme.
Les mots croisés (The Crosswords)
A crossword game. This game was played once a week and always on Friday. The crossword theme changed each week. The host asked real questions with real answers in order to fill the crossword board, but the players always answered with jokes. A real answer was answered once in the show history.
Trouvez le mozus (Find the Schmuck)
Ça rime en crime (It Rhymes a lot)
Ils vont tellement bien ensemble (They go together really well)
Each player was asked to choose a famous person from a selected list and to choose six words from a second different list. Then the player had to explain how the words he/she chose were linked to that person.
Conférence de presse (Press conference)
This is not really a game. People in the attendance are asked to ask personal questions to the players.
Les faux proverbes (The fake proverbs)
The host gives the first words of a fictitious proverb. Each player has to finish the proverb with his/her own words.
C'est quoi ton sigle?
The host asks the meaning of a real abbreviation or acronym, but each player has his/her own interpretation.
Qu'avez-vous à déclarer? (What do you have to declare?)
Les béatitudes
The host asks the player to finish a sentence beginning with: "Bless (a famous person or a group of famous people)..."
Au pied de la lettre
Each player is assigned with a different statement. The players have to read their statement, but they have to change a selected letter by another one. Example: change the "b" for "z." Each player has 30 seconds to read their statement.
Devine la devise (Find the motto)
Place aux poètes (Here are the poets)
Vive la différence! (Long live the difference!)
The host asks the players what is the difference between two famous people.
C'est meilleur en groupe (It's better in a group)
À quoi tu penses? (What do you think?)
Les pieds dans les plats
Ça rend sourd
A different sound is assigned to each humorist. They have to tell what it does mean.
Mission impossible
Fais ta prière
Comme maman disait (As mommy said)
On va-tu aux vues?
Y ont l'tour
L'avenir dans mes boules
J'ai mon voyage
The host gives a fictitious scenario: a famous person has gone to a selected place. Each player has to imagine what this person did there.
Avec des si... (With ifs...)
The host gives the beginning of a sentence which begins itself with the word "if." Each player is asked to finish the sentence.
Fais-moi une ligne (Draw me a line)
That game is played with a drawing board. Each humorist is shown a different abstract drawing. They all have to finish their drawing their own way and to explain the significance of the final drawing.
C'est qui? C'est qui? (Who is it? Who is it?)
A guest star invited to the show is hidden behind a big board. The host gives clues to the players in order to discover the guest's identity.
Les simagrées
This is a game based on improvisation. Each player is secretly given a person, an animal or an event by the host. The player has to mime it and the other two players have to guess what the active player wants to tell them.
La grosse légume (The big vegetable)
A guest star invited to the show is hidden in a hot pepper costume. The players have to ask questions to the hidden guest in order to discover his/her identity.
Le sac sur la tête (The bag on the head)
The game begins as every player has a bag on the head. When it's his/her turn, one player puts off his/her bag and he/she discovers that everybody in the attendance has a bag on their head. There's a guest star hidden in the bag-headed crowd and the player has to put the bag of the head of every person he seeks in order to find the guest. Each player is given limited time and if he/she passes through his/her own time, it's another player turn to try.
Le détecteur de mensonges (The Lie Detector)
Strip tease
Connais-tu l'histoire du gars (Do you know the guy's story?)
The most popular game of the show. Each humorist tells a joke or a hilarious story of his/her choice.
Top secret
The host asks the players to tell what they think is the biggest secret kept by a famous person.
Le début de la fin (The beginning of the end)
The host gives the beginning and the end of a fictitious story. Each part is completely different from the other. Player 1 has to tell the story by saying the beginning words already given and to go on with his/her own ideas during a given time. Then, player 2 has to pursue the story where player 1 left off. Player 3 pursues second player's part and has to end the story with the words given by the host before the game started.
List of players
This is a list of humorists who have already participated in the show.
External links
Official website
1990s Canadian game shows
2000s Canadian game shows
Television shows filmed in Montreal
1993 Canadian television series debuts
TVA (Canadian TV network) original programming
2001 Canadian television series endings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piment%20Fort |
Keneth may refer to:
Saint Cenydd, a Welsh Saint of the Christian Church
Trainee Keneth, a character from the game Suikoden IV
Keneth Alden Simons (1913–2004), American electrical engineer
See also
Kenneth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keneth |
Cristina Pucelli () is an American voice actress. She is best known for her voices in animated series and video games.
Early life and education
Pucelli was born to a family of second-generation Italian immigrants. She studied voice-over under the guidance of Ginny McSwain, Bob Bergen, Louise Chamis and Mary Lynn Wissner.
Career
Her most-known role was that of Joe's girlfriend, Silvia, in the Viewtiful Joe games. She then went on to do voice work in Xenosaga Episode II and Xenosaga Episode III as MOMO and in Psychonauts, as Elton Fir. She also voiced Patrick on the television series Allen Gregory. In video games, she voiced Luka in Lost Planet: Extreme Condition, Sunny in Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots and Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance. She also voices Luan Loud on Nickelodeon's television series The Loud House. In radio, she voices the character of Emily Jones in the Adventures in Odyssey program.
Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American actresses
Living people
Actresses from Orange County, California
American people of Italian descent
American radio actresses
American video game actresses
American voice actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina%20Pucelli |
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