text stringlengths 3 277k | source stringlengths 31 193 |
|---|---|
"Maggie May" (or "Maggie Mae") (Roud No. 1757) is a traditional Liverpool folk song about a prostitute who robbed a "homeward bounder": a sailor coming home from a round trip.
John Manifold, in his Penguin Australian Song Book, described it as "A foc'sle song of Liverpool origin apparently, but immensely popular among seamen all over the world". It became widely circulated in a skiffle version from the late 1950s.
In 1964, the composer and lyricist Lionel Bart (the creator of the musical Oliver!), used the song and its backstory as the basis of a musical set around the Liverpool Docks. The show, also called Maggie May, ran for two years in London. In 1970, a truncated version of the song performed by the Beatles was included on their album Let It Be.
Lyrics
As with most folk songs, the lyrics exist in many variant forms. The song specifies several real streets in Liverpool, notably Lime Street in the centre of the city.
The Beatles' version, arranged by John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, is as follows:
Oh, dirty Maggie Mae they have taken her away
And she'll never walk down Lime Street anymore
Oh, the judge, he guilty found her
For robbin' the homeward bounder
That dirty, no good, robbin' Maggie Mae
'Tis the part of Liverpool
They returned me to
Two pounds ten a week, that was my pay.
In the most established version, it is sung in the first person by a sailor who has come home to Liverpool from Sierra Leone. He is paid off for the trip. With his wages in his pocket, he sees Maggie "cruising up and down old Canning Place". She had "a figure so divine" (either "like a frigate of the line" or with "a voice so refined"). He picks her up and she takes him home to her lodgings. When he awakes the following morning, she has taken all his money and even his clothes, insisting that they are in "Kelly's locker", a pawn shop. When he fails to find his clothes in the pawn shop, he contacts the police. She is found guilty of theft and sentenced to transportation to Botany Bay.
While the most famous version of the chorus contains the line "she'll never walk down Lime Street any more", Stan Hugill in his Shanties from the Seven Seas writes that in different versions several streets are named, referring to different historical red light areas of Liverpool, including Paradise Street, Peter Street and Park Lane.
History
Origins
British sea music historian Stan Hugill writes of an early reference to the song in the diary of Charles Picknell, a sailor on the female-convict ship Kains that sailed to Van Diemen's Land in 1830. This indicates that versions of the song date back to the actual period of penal transportation mentioned in the lyrics as Maggie's fate. In the earliest known version, the protagonist is "charming Nellie Ray", who may have been a real transported prostitute and thief. The chorus is "Oh! my charming Nellie Ray, They have taken you away, You have gone to Van Dieman's cruel shore: For you've skinned so many tailors, And you've robbed so many sailors, That we'll look for you in Peter Street no more".
The historical relation of the song to the 1856 American slave song "Darling Nellie Gray" published as the work of Benjamin Hanby is unclear. The tune is very similar and the chorus of Hanby's song contains the lines "Oh, my darling Nellie Gray, they have taken you away, I'll never see my darling anymore". It's possible that Hanby's tune was adopted to the existing words. The same tune is used for the Geordie song "Keep yor feet still Geordie hinny" to words by Joe Wilson.
Recordings
"Maggie May" was widely performed in the late 1950s, and was adapted to the skiffle craze of the era. In this period Lime Street was established as her favoured haunt. A. L. Lloyd recorded it in 1956 on the album English Drinking Songs, describing it in the liner notes as "last fling of sailor balladry. It is a song that has found its way into every ship but none of the songbooks." Liz Winters and Bob Cort released a skiffle version in 1957. The Vipers Skiffle Group also released a version in that year. This became the best-known recording at the time, but it was banned by BBC Radio on its release because of the sexual content of the lyrics. Stan Kelly also sang a version on his 1958 EP Liverpool Packet.
The Lionel Bart version in the 1964 musical uses the traditional tune, but changes the lyrics somewhat. It is sung in the third person and Maggie is transformed into a heroine whose departure from the streets is lamented ("some rotten Homeward Bounder has got his grip around her"). This version was performed by Kenneth Haigh in the original cast recording of the musical. The Bart version was regularly sung by Judy Garland, and was recorded by her on the Maggie May EP in 1964. The Beatles are known to have seen and discussed the Bart musical.
The song was also recorded by The Searchers and by Hughie Jones of The Spinners (Jones later claimed that the real Maggie May lived in Duke Street and died in 1952). It was also recorded in several albums of sea shanties, by Cyril Tawney, Bob Roberts and others.
The Beatles' version
A brief extract was performed by the Beatles in a joking manner during their Get Back sessions, in early 1969, at a point in the proceedings when they were warming up in the studio by playing old rock and roll and skiffle songs that they had known and played in their teenage years. They adopt heavy scouse accents for the performance. A truncated version of it was included on the 1970 album drawn from those sessions, Let It Be, appearing as the last track on the LP's first side, immediately after the title song.
The version they performed was spelled "Maggie Mae" on the track listing and all four Beatles were credited as arrangers of the traditional song, thus allowing them to collect the writers' share of the publishing income for this public domain song. At 39 seconds long, it is the second-shortest song released on an official Beatles album (the shortest being "Her Majesty", at 23 seconds). It was also the first cover song to appear on an album since "Act Naturally" was recorded in June 1965 as the last recorded song for the group's album Help!
This song and "Dig It" appear on the Let It Be album, but are not included on the Let It Be... Naked album. Let It Be... Naked did include "Maggie Mae" on the bonus disc, "Fly on the Wall" at 17 minutes and 30 seconds. This extends beyond the 39 seconds included on the original Let it Be and segues at 54 seconds into "I Fancy Me Chances" as McCartney sings "Take it Maggie...oh, I fancy me chances with you".
The song had been a staple of the repertoire of the Quarrymen, the skiffle group formed by Lennon that evolved into the Beatles in 1960. Lennon was still making home recordings of the song shortly before his death in 1980. These instances demonstrate an important personal connection to the song for Lennon and may have contributed to the snippet being included on the album Let It Be.
The song appears twice in the 2010 biopic Nowhere Boy. First, it is played for a teenage John Lennon by his mother, Julia, and he then learns to play it himself, both on the four-string banjo. Later in the film the song is shown as the first one played by Lennon's band The Quarrymen, though this was not in fact their first public appearance. A performance by the cast (as "The Nowhere Boys") appears on the film's soundtrack album.
The song is sung in the 2017 film, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales, by a character named Uncle Jack, portrayed by Paul McCartney.
Personnel
John Lennon – vocal, acoustic guitar (Gibson J-200)
Paul McCartney – vocal, acoustic guitar (Martin D-28)
George Harrison – bass-line on electric guitar (Fender Telecaster)
Ringo Starr – drums
Personnel per Ian MacDonald
Other uses
Rod Stewart took the name Maggie May from the folk tune for his 1971 hit single, which was number one in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and Canada.
References
External links
"Maggie May"/"Maggie Mae" - versions by the Vipers Skiffle Group (1957) and the Beatles
"Maggie May" - instrumental version
"Darling Nellie Gray"
Scene #1 featuring song from film Nowhere Boy
Scene #2 featuring song from film Nowhere Boy
Various versions of the lyrics to "Maggie May"
19th-century songs
The Beatles songs
English folk songs
Music published by Harrisongs
Music published by Startling Music
Song recordings produced by Phil Spector
Songs about Liverpool
Songs about prostitutes
Songs about sailors
Songs about fictional female characters
Songs published by Northern Songs
Year of song unknown
Songwriter unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie%20May%20%28folk%20song%29 |
Cenobio Hernández (1863–1950) was a Mexican-American composer, born in San Luis Potosi, Mexico and died in San Antonio, Texas.
He began by playing cello and eventually moved to bass, bajo sexto, and other stringed instruments. While in Mexico, Cenobio's father, Don Cenobio, taught his children the fine art of music, providing to them a rigorous musical education. Cenobio Hernández was heavily active in the late 1920s performing in orchestras in the silent film industry. After moving away from Mexico, he settled in San Antonio, Texas and performed at the Majestic, the Empire, and the Palace theaters in San Antonio, Texas at the turn-of-the-century. In 1927, when the silent film industry moved into the "talking film" industry, Cenobio Hernández began to focus his time on composing music.
Although he did not play piano, Cenobio wrote several compositions for piano. He wrote many upbeat polkas, marked with trance-like, hypnotic harmonies (chordal structures) and careful, elegant melodies (marked with unexpected movements and unique transitions). Inspired in an instant, Cenobio would use a pencil to write ideas on paper bags and other everyday materials, hand-drawing the staff lines, the harmony, and then the melody.
The music of Cenobio Hernandez, although not well known, has been featured in some of the least expected instances. Ice skaters Liz Punsalan and Jerod Shallow (of the U.S. team) used some of Hernández's compositions as background for their 1994 and 1998 Olympic competitions in Lillehammer, Norway, and Nagano, Japan.
While over 100 polkas and waltzes exist, the oldest piece discovered, which was composed by Cenobio Hernández, was written in 1896.
External links
A Man, His Music, and His Legacy
Samples of Cenobio Hernandez's Music
1863 births
1950 deaths
Mexican composers
Mexican male composers
American musicians of Mexican descent
Hispanic and Latino American musicians
Mexican emigrants to the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenobio%20Hernandez |
Lackey (also known locally in its heyday as "the Reservation") was a small unincorporated community near Yorktown in York County, Virginia, United States established primarily after the American Civil War. Lackey is now extinct as the properties were bought by the federal government in 1918 for use as a naval military installation.
History
Evidence from an oral history study suggests there was a small free people of color community in this area before the Civil War. Free African American families were established primarily by unions between white slave owners and African or African-American women during the colonial period, when the working class lived and worked together.
From 1860 to 1870, the black population in York County doubled, due to slaves escaping to Union lines. The total population in the county was majority black, with a portion having gained freedom before the war. After the war, a number of freedmen remained, settling in and near what became called "the reservation" and then Lackey, along the Yorktown-Williamsburg Road. Several hundred African-American families lived here by the turn of the 20th century. They worked in farming and/or (and sometimes both) as fishermen and oystermen in the local waters.
During World War I, the properties of many primarily African-American landowners along the former Yorktown-Williamsburg Road were taken to create a military reservation now known as Naval Weapons Station Yorktown. Oral histories indicate that as many as 60 African-American families were displaced by the Navy, and many of these were said to own their land. Three churches also had to vacate the desired land. Assisted by self-educated farmer John Tack Roberts (born approximately 1860), who studied law and became a magistrate, many of the displaced residents of Lackey were able to obtain financial compensation from the government for their property. A number relocated to the community of Grove in nearby James City County. Others moved to Williamsburg, or Lee Hall. Many were unable to buy comparable areas with their compensation, and turned from farming to other trades.
Another small community, also named Lackey, was later developed along the Yorktown Road a few miles away. However, the original Lackey is now considered extinct and one of the many lost towns of Virginia.
Further reading
McCartney, Martha W. (1977) James City County: Keystone of the Commonwealth; James City County, Virginia; Donning and Company;
References
External links
Bradley M. McDonald, Kenneth E. Stuck, and Kathleen J. Bragdon, "Cast Down Your Bucket Where You Are": An Ethnohistorical Study of the African-American Community on the Lands of the Yorktown Naval Weapons Station, 1865–1918, 1992. William and Mary College Occasional Papers in Archaeology, full text online at Hathi Trust.
Geography of York County, Virginia
Ghost towns in Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lackey%2C%20Virginia |
"House of Love" is a song by American drag queen, singer and songwriter RuPaul, released in 1993 by Tommy Boy Records as the singer's third major-label single, and fifth single overall from his debut album, Supermodel of the World (1993). The song did not chart in the US as it was previously released as a Double A-Side to the 1992 single "Supermodel (You Better Work)". It did however reach the Top 40 in the UK.
Critical reception
In his weekly UK chart commentary, James Masterton wrote that "House of Love" is "an unremarkable bit of disco pop that is unlikely really to progress much further - however sexy he may look on the sleeve." Richard Smith from Melody Maker declared it as a "rather glorious garagey type" thing "that show a fine understanding of the golden age of disco (which, Kim and Tina, doesn't mean ruining the two best songs in Saturday Night Fever)." Another editor, Chris Roberts said, "With RuPaul you get a garish pop-up sleeve, very amusing, and a toss disco record in which nothing whatsoever pops anywhere at all." Alan Jones from Music Week named it "RuPaul's finest song", adding further, "a charming, mid-tempo house groove, "House of Love" is currently thriving on the club circuit thanks to mixes by T-Empo and Eric Kupper. It should now steer its way into the Top 40." James Hamilton from the Record Mirror Dance Update described it as a "jiggly pleasant singalong".
Versions
The "Supermodel (You Better Work)" CD single featured three versions of "House of Love".
"House of Love" (7" Radio version)
"House of Love" (12" version)
"House of Love" (Dub)
These tracks were the last three tracks on the CD single.
UK Maxi CD Single
"House of Love" (Radio Edit)
"House of Love" (T-Empo's Kitsch Bitch Club Mix)
"House of Love" (T-Empo's Kitsch Dub)
"House of Love" (Eric Kupper 12" Mix)
"House of Love" (Diss Dub Mix)
The single was released in various formats, though the most common was a UK CD single. The song itself is typical of early 1990s' house music; the theme of the song expounds on RuPaul's early persona of the "drag queen with a heart of gold". It is an anthem about welcoming all different types of people into your heart.
Charts
References
1992 songs
1993 singles
RuPaul songs
Songs written by Jimmy Harry
Tommy Boy Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Love%20%28RuPaul%20song%29 |
Indian Rock Park is a public park at 950 Indian Rock Avenue in the city of Berkeley, California, on the slope of the Berkeley Hills. It is located in the northeast part of the city, about two blocks north of the Arlington/Marin Circle, and straddles Indian Rock Avenue. The central feature of the park is a large rock outcropping on the west side of Indian Rock Ave. The larger portion of the park, on the opposite side of the street, has several much smaller rock outcroppings, grass fields, and a small barbecue and picnic area. The rock is composed of Northbrae rhyolite.
History
Volcanic in origin, Indian Rock is the largest of a number of similar rhyolite rock formations in the vicinity, including the smaller rocks in the portion of the park on the east side of Indian Rock Ave. For example, only one block farther up the east side of Indian Rock Avenue is the Mortar Rock Park, which has its own complex of granite outcroppings. Many remains of acorn-grinding pits carved into solid rock can be found in all these outcroppings, especially the aptly named Mortar Rock. These pits were made by the local indigenous people, the Huichin band of the Ohlones.
The land for Indian Rock Park was donated to the City of Berkeley by Duncan McDuffie, a real estate mogul, Sierra Club president and mountaineer, during Mason McDuffie's development of the Northbrae area. It was dedicated for park purposes in 1917. Indian Rock has long been used as a practice site for serious rock climbing, particularly bouldering. Members of the Sierra Club began climbing there regularly on weekends at least as early as the 1950s. Richard M. Leonard, the "father of modern rock climbing", and noted environmentalist David Brower, founder of Friends of the Earth, learned rock climbing and developed their mountaineering techniques at Indian Rock. Brower used this special knowledge to prepare training manuals during World War II, which proved critical in enabling the 86th Regiment of the U.S. Army to surprise the Germans at Riva Ridge in the North Apennines in Italy, the major action disrupting German lines in southern Europe.
Description
The top of the main outcropping, Indian Rock, has views that encompass sights from downtown Oakland and the University of California, Berkeley campus to the south; central Berkeley, San Francisco Bay, and San Francisco to the west; and Marin County and Richmond, California to the northwest and north. All three of the bay's largest bridges can be seen from the rock.
Indian Rock Path, a public walkway, connects the park to the intersection of Solano Avenue and The Alameda. The main part of Indian Rock itself has two sets of steps leading to its summit that were carved into the rock during the Depression years.
Indian Rock Park has been featured in the New York Times on at least two occasions, once each in 2010 and 2018.
References
External links
Indian Rock Park, City of Berkeley website
Parks in Berkeley, California
Berkeley Hills
Landforms of Alameda County, California
Rock formations of California
Climbing areas of California
Tourist attractions in Berkeley, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20Rock%20Park |
Carolyn Frances Hayward (born 1937 in St. John's, Newfoundland) was a bullfighter and artist. Featured on Front Page Challenge, What's My Line and I've Got a Secret became a celebrity for both Canada and the United States for her success and career as a bullfighter.
Hayward was educated at Bishop Spencer College, St. John's; Institute Cultural Peruana Norteamericano and Nacional de Bellas Artes, Lima, Peru.
At Bishop Spencer College, where she was known as Carol Hayward, she was academically at the top of her class. She was also a gifted artist (especially in portrait artistry) while a student at Bishop Spencer College. During that time (1946–49), she lived at an Anglican Residence for Women on 55 Rennie's Mill Road named Bishop Jones Memorial Hostel. Their Register of Pupils, Bishop Spencer Lodge, Archives, Memorial University states her home as Gander and her parent as Mrs. Kathleen Hayward née Pippy, father Ellis Hayward. (Bishop Spencer Lodge became Bishop Jones Memorial Hostel in 1940.) Afterward, until her graduation in 1951, she lived with her grandmother Katherine Hayward at 46 Rennies Mill Road in a house almost directly across from the Hostel.
After school, her friends would walk and leave her at her grandmother's house and then continue on to play sports. Carol didn't play on sports teams. Her grandmother once held a Halloween party in her house for Carol and her friends.
She became interested in bullfighting when she visited Spain and in 1957 fought her first non-professional fight at the Plaza de Toros in Toledo, Spain. Hayward's first bullfighting contract was arranged by Miguel Angel Garcia in 1960 at La Concepción, Guanajuato, Mexico.
In 1963 Hayward was the subject of a CBC documentary that featured one of her bullfights held near Mexico City. She retired from bullfighting in 1970 and began her study of art. Her work has been featured in ten collective and individual exhibitions.
See also
List of people of Newfoundland and Labrador
List of communities in Newfoundland and Labrador
References and notes
1937 births
Living people
Sportspeople from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
Bullfighters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn%20Hayward |
Romance of the Three Kingdoms IX, also known as Sangokushi IX (三國志IX) in Japan, is the ninth installment in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sangokushi) strategy game series by Koei. The game chronicles the events of 2nd and 3rd century China based on the writings of the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Players are able to play through various historical, challenge, or "if" scenarios with the automatic rank of ruler.
Gameplay
The game is set in the Three Kingdoms period in China and is based on the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Unlike its two immediate predecessors, Sangokushi IX always casts the player as a ruler. The player's goal is to bring every city on the map under his or her command; this is achieved by hiring other historical figures from the book, referred to as officers, and using them to cultivate cities, recruit armies, and fight or plot against enemy forces.
The game comprises 15 historical scenarios, 5 challenge scenarios, and 5 "if" scenarios; each with the possibility of having multiple story endings based on the gameplay.
With the Officer Development System points can be spent to increase officer abilities and skills as well as the option of gifting special items to raise officer stats.
Game map outlines all the important capitals, ports, forts, troop movements, geography, and enemy strongholds.
Personality Dependent System affects an officer's adherence to your commands or their decision making skills in battle.
There are 30 different march formations to choose from when deploying troops or combat units.
Through the Command Menu players can employ various war, political, or economic strategies.
Players may use save data from Dynasty Warriors 4, Dynasty Warriors 4 Xtreme Legends, or Dynasty Tactics 2 to obtain new officers for the PlayStation 2 version.
Up to 8 players can play on turn-based plays.
Power up kit
Power up kit adds the following:
Trial story mode. In this stage attack game, story events change depending on how you play the game. It is available for each of the 3 kingdoms.
Soldier scouting. A general can search for worthy soldiers to become generals during battles.
Alliance system. When player's kingdom become more powerful, smaller kingdoms will ally against player.
Improved AI.
Expert mode. In this mode, general can be killed in battle, enemy's attack power is raised.
When moving troops, player can set waypoints different from the ones set by computer.
City tactics. When scaling cities, different tactics can affect the results of a battle.
Editor can alter city and general's data.
Logging feature.
PlayStation 2 Power up kit adds following:
Item editor.
Reception
The game received an aggregate score of 74/100 on Metacritic, based on 17 critic reviews.
References
External links
Japan Gamecity Sangokushi IX power up kit page
2003 video games
9
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Portable games
Turn-based strategy video games
Grand strategy video games
Video games developed in Japan
Windows games
Multiplayer and single-player video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance%20of%20the%20Three%20Kingdoms%20IX |
Bronx Community Board 9 is a local government unit of the city of New York, encompassing the neighborhoods of Castle Hill, Parkchester, Soundview, Harding Park, Bronx River, Clason Point and Unionport. It is delimited by Westchester Creek to the east, Sheridan Boulevard to the west, the Cross Bronx Expressway and East Tremont Avenue to the north and the Bronx River and the East River to the south.
Community board staff and membership
The current chairperson of the Bronx Community board 9 is Brandon Ganaishlal. Its District Manager is William Rivera.
The City Council members representing the community district are non-voting, ex officio board members. The council members and their council districts are:
13th NYC Council District - Mark Gjonaj
17th NYC Council District - Rafael Salamanca
18th NYC Council District - Ruben Diaz, Sr.
Demographics
As of the United States Census, 2000, the community district has a population of 167,859, up from 155,970 in 1990 and 167,627 in 1980.
Of them, 92,734 (55.2%) are of Hispanic origin, 55,750 (33.2%) are Black, non-Hispanic, 7,065 (4.2%) are White, non-Hispanic, 6,151 (3.7%) are Asian or Pacific Islander, 538 (0.3%) American Indian or Alaska Native, 1,650 (1%) are some other race (non-Hispanic), and 3,971 (2.4%) of two or more races (non-Hispanic).
References
External links
Community boards of the Bronx
Soundview, Bronx | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx%20Community%20Board%209 |
Spark Arena (also known as Auckland City Arena, and formerly as Vector Arena) is a multipurpose arena in Auckland, New Zealand. The venue is located at Quay Park, Parnell, very close to Britomart Transport Centre and The Strand Station. The arena cost approximately $94 million, and of this sum ratepayers contributed $68 million for the facility to be managed by QPAM, the NZ operator, in New Zealand's first big public-private partnership. This runs for 40 years before ownership is transferred to the city.
After delays due to construction-related issues, the arena's first concert was Rock Star Supernova on 24 March 2007.
Name
During planning and construction, the venue was called Auckland City Arena. Vector Limited held the naming rights from the venue's opening in 2007 until April 2017, during which time it was called Vector Arena. On 19 April 2017, Spark New Zealand took over the naming rights, renaming the venue Spark Arena.
Ownership
Quay Park Arena Management Ltd was incorporated in 2002 to construct and operate the stadium, in a deal between the company's owners and the then Auckland City Council. In 2005, the company was renamed QPAM Ltd. QPAM has ultimately been owned by EVENZ Limited since 2012. Shares in EVENZ were purchased by American company Live Nation Entertainment and Australian company MHC Investments after approval by the Overseas Investment Office in August 2016.
Entertainment
Sports
Netball
Netball is regularly played at the venue with the New Zealand Silver Ferns playing on several occasions while the ANZ Championship has also used the arena on two occasions since 2010. The arena hosted the 2012-2014 Fast5 Netball World Series.
Professional wrestling
Since 2008 Vector Arena has also been a regular host of World Wrestling Entertainment's tours of New Zealand, with Raw, SmackDown and ECW all performing at the venue.
Ice hockey
In 2011 some 10,000 fans saw an ice hockey international between Canada and the United States on a $4.2m temporary ice rink.
Basketball
The arena announced that it would host its first National Basketball League game on 28 October 2011 when the defending champion New Zealand Breakers hosted the Sydney Kings in Round 4 of the 2011–12 NBL season. The arena hosted two more Breakers games during the season, against the Townsville Crocodiles in Round 8 (24 November) and the Kings in Round 17 (27 January 2012).
That first NBL game at Vector Arena drew a New Zealand record crowd for a basketball game when 6,900 saw the NZ Breakers defeat the Kings 76-59. This record was again broken in Round 17, when 7,979 saw the Breakers again defeat the Kings 93-64.
On 13 March 2012 New Zealand Breakers General Manager Richard Clarke announced that due to the amount of support for the team, all Breakers finals games would be played at Vector Arena with capacity set at 8,500, subject to demand, with extra seating to be sold if needed. The Breakers finished the 2011-12 season as minor premiers giving them home court advantage in all finals series'. The Breakers qualified for the 2011-12 NBL Grand Final against the Perth Wildcats with games 1 and 3 being played at the arena. Game 1 saw the attendance record for a basketball game in New Zealand broken, with 9,125 seeing the Breakers win 104-98 in overtime. With the Wildcats winning game 2 in Perth 87-86, game 3 was required and the Breakers won their second straight NBL Championship with a 79-73 win in front of another record crowd of 9,285.
Before the 2012-13 NBL season, the Breakers confirmed that they would play five regular season games at Vector Arena. The first game, played in front of 6,625 fans, saw the home side defeat the Adelaide 36ers 73-59 on 12 October. The four other games at the arena during the regular season were on 16 November (Townsville), 13 December (Cairns Taipans), 1 February 2013 (Perth) and 14 March 2013 (Melbourne Tigers).
The Breakers once again broke their attendance record during Game 1 of the 2012-13 NBL Grand Final series against the Perth Wildcats when a capacity 9,330 fans saw the home team defeat the Wildcats 79-67. The team ultimately won their third successive NBL title.
For the 2013–14 NBL season, the Breakers played half of their home games at Vector Arena, totalling seven appearances at the arena. The Breakers game against the Adelaide 36ers on 15 November 2013 saw the home side's first ever loss at the arena, in front of 7,470 fans. The Breakers then lost their second game at the venue when they were defeated 71-62 by the Perth Wildcats on 13 December 2013 in front of 7,597 fans.
BMX
The 32nd BMX World Championships, attracted over two thousand riders from 33 countries, was held in the then Vector Arena over the week of 24–28 July 2013. Construction of the track took six days involving approximately 10,000 pallets and 60 truck and trailer loads of dirt. The confines meant there was insufficient room to build two separate ramps, so a hydraulic movable one was built to allow the ramp to be moved from 5 meter height to 8 meters.
MMA
The arena got to play host to UFC Fight Night: Te Huna vs. Marquardt with over 8000 seats filled in attendance on 28 June 2014, the first UFC event in New Zealand.
On February 23, 2020 it hosted UFC Fight Night: Felder vs. Hooker which featured New Zealand fighter Dan Hooker in the main event, and drew over 10,000 fans.
Boxing
The arena played host to its first boxing event on 10 December 2016: Joseph Parker vs Andy Ruiz for the vacant WBO World Heavyweight Title. This was New Zealand's first male world title and first heavyweight world title fight hosted in New Zealand, and New Zealand's second major world title fight, the first being Kali Reis vs Maricela Cornejo for the vacant WBC World Female Middleweight title on 16 April 2016 at The Trusts Arena.
Other events
Other performers such as comedians Jeff Dunham, Billy Connolly and Russell Brand have performed at the arena. Feld Entertainment's Disney on Ice shows also play here every year in August.
Controversial evangelist Benny Hinn staged his mass gathering at the venue on 9 June 2007.
Mike Tyson was due to bring his Day of Champions tour the Vector Arena in 2012, but he was not granted a visa to enter the country due to his previous criminal convictions.
The exterior of the building has been used for battle scenes in the Power Rangers series.
In mid-August 2021, Spark Arena hosted retail company Mitre 10's 2021 Awards ceremony which was attended by a thousand people including TVNZ broadcaster Hilary Barry. On 20 August, a bar worker tested positive for COVID-19. Consequently, participants were ordered to isolate at home.
See also
List of indoor arenas in New Zealand
References
External links
Sports venues in Auckland
Indoor arenas in New Zealand
Music venues in New Zealand
Netball venues in New Zealand
Basketball venues in New Zealand
National Basketball League (Australia) venues
New Zealand Breakers
2000s architecture in New Zealand
Sports venues completed in 2007
2007 establishments in New Zealand
Auckland CBD | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark%20Arena |
A solar tracker is a device that orients a payload toward the Sun. Payloads are usually solar panels, parabolic troughs, Fresnel reflectors, lenses, or the mirrors of a heliostat.
For flat-panel photovoltaic systems, trackers are used to minimize the angle of incidence between the incoming sunlight and a photovoltaic panel, sometimes known as the cosine error. Reducing this angle increases the amount of energy produced from a fixed amount of installed power-generating capacity. In standard photovoltaic applications, it was predicted in 2008–2009 that trackers could be used in at least 85% of commercial installations greater than one megawatt from 2009 to 2012.
As the pricing, reliability, and performance of single-axis trackers have improved, the systems have been installed in an increasing percentage of utility-scale projects. According to data from WoodMackenzie/GTM Research, global solar tracker shipments hit a record 14.5 gigawatts in 2017. This represents growth of 32 percent year-over-year, with similar or greater growth projected as large-scale solar deployment accelerates.
In concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) and concentrated solar power (CSP) applications, trackers are used to enable the optical components in the CPV and CSP systems. The optics in concentrated solar applications accept the direct component of sunlight light and therefore must be oriented appropriately to collect energy. Tracking systems are found in all concentrator applications because such systems collect the sun's energy with maximum efficiency when the optical axis is aligned with incident solar radiation.
Basic concept
Sunlight has two components: the "direct beam" that carries about 90% of the solar energy and the "diffuse sunlight" that carries the remainder – the diffuse portion is the blue sky on a clear day, and is a larger proportion of the total on cloudy days. As the majority of the energy is in the direct beam, maximizing collection requires the Sun to be visible to the panels for as long as possible. However, on cloudier days the ratio of direct vs. diffuse light can be as low as 60:40 or even lower.
The energy contributed by the direct beam drops off with the cosine of the angle between the incoming light and the panel. In addition, the reflectance (averaged across all polarizations) is approximately constant for angles of incidence up to around 50°, beyond which reflectance increases rapidly.
Notes
For example, trackers that have accuracies of ± 5° can capture more than 99.6% of the energy delivered by the direct beam plus 100% of the diffuse light. As a result, high-accuracy tracking is not typically used in non-concentrating PV applications.
The purpose of a tracking mechanism is to follow the Sun as it moves across the sky. In the following sections, in which each of the main factors are described in a little more detail, the complex path of the Sun is simplified by considering its daily east-west motion separately from its yearly north-south variation with the seasons of the year.
Solar energy intercepted
The amount of solar energy available for collection from the direct beam is the amount of light intercepted by the panel. This is given by the area of the panel multiplied by the cosine of the angle of incidence of the direct beam (see illustration above). Put another way, the energy intercepted is equivalent to the area of the shadow cast by the panel onto a surface perpendicular to the direct beam.
This cosine relationship is very closely related to the observation formalized in 1760 by Lambert's cosine law. This describes that the observed brightness of an object is proportional to the cosine of the angle of incidence of the light illuminating it.
Reflective losses
Not all of the intercepted light is transmitted into the panel; some is reflected at its surface. The amount reflected depends on both the refractive index of the surface material and the angle of incidence of the incoming light. The amount reflected also differs depending on the polarization of the incoming light. Incoming sunlight is a mixture of all polarizations, with equal amounts in direct sunlight. Averaged over all polarizations, the reflective losses are approximately constant at angles of incidence up to around 50°, beyond which they increase rapidly. See for example the accompanying graph, appropriate for glass.
Solar panels are often coated with an anti-reflective coating, which is one or more thin layers of substances with refractive indices intermediate between those of silicon and air. This causes destructive interference in the reflected light, diminishing the reflected amount. Photovoltaic manufacturers have been working to decrease reflectance with improved anti-reflective coatings and with textured glass.
Daily east-west motion of the Sun
The Sun travels through 360° east to west per day, but from the perspective of any fixed location, the visible portion is 180° degrees during an average half-day period (more in summer, slightly less in spring and fall, and significantly less in winter). Local horizon effects reduce this somewhat, making the effective motion about 150°. A solar panel in a fixed orientation between the dawn and sunset extremes will see a motion of 75° to either side, and thus, according to the table above, will lose over 75% of the energy in the morning and evening. Rotating the panels to the east and west can help recapture those losses. A tracker that only attempts to compensate for the east-west movement of the Sun is known as a single-axis tracker.
Seasonal north-south motion of the Sun
Due to the tilt of the Earth's axis, the Sun also moves through 46° north and south during a year. The same set of panels set at the midpoint between the two local extremes will thus see the Sun move 23° on either side. Thus according to the above table, an optimally aligned single-axis tracker (see polar aligned tracker below) will only lose 8.3% at the summer and winter seasonal extremes, or around 5% averaged over a year. Conversely a vertically- or horizontally-aligned single-axis tracker will lose considerably more as a result of these seasonal variations in the Sun's path. For example, a vertical tracker at a site at 60° latitude will lose up to 40% of the available energy in summer, while a horizontal tracker located at 25° latitude will lose up to 33% in winter.
A tracker that accounts for both the daily and seasonal motions is known as a dual-axis tracker. Generally speaking, the losses due to seasonal angle changes are complicated by changes in the length of the day, increasing collection in the summer in northern or southern latitudes. This biases collection toward the summer, so if the panels are tilted closer to the average summer angles, the total yearly losses are reduced compared to a system tilted at the spring/fall equinox angle (which is the same as the site's latitude).
There is considerable argument within the industry about whether the small difference in yearly collection between single- and dual-axis trackers makes the added complexity of a two-axis tracker worthwhile. A recent review of actual production statistics from southern Ontario suggested the difference was about 4% in total, which was far less than the added costs of the dual-axis systems. This compares unfavorably with the 24–32% improvement between a fixed-array and single-axis tracker.
Other factors
Clouds
The above models assume uniform likelihood of cloud cover at different times of day or year. In different climate zones cloud cover can vary with seasons, affecting the averaged performance figures described above. Alternatively, for example in an area where cloud cover on average builds up during the day, there can be particular benefits in collecting morning sun.
Atmosphere
The distance that sunlight travels through the atmosphere increases as the sun approaches the horizon, as the sunlight travels diagonally through the atmosphere. As the path length through the atmosphere increases, the solar intensity reaching the collector decreases. This increasing path length is referred to as the air mass (AM) or air mass coefficient, where AM0 is at the top of the atmosphere, AM1 refers to the direct vertical path down to sea-level with Sun overhead, and AM greater than 1 refers to diagonal paths as the Sun approaches the horizon.
Even though the sun may not feel particularly hot in the early mornings or during the winter months, the diagonal path through the atmosphere has a less than expected impact on the solar intensity. Even when the sun is only 15° above the horizon the solar intensity can be around 60% of its maximum value, around 50% at 10° and 25% at only 5° above the horizon. Therefore, if trackers can follow the Sun from horizon to horizon, then their solar panels can collect a significant amount of energy.
Solar cell efficiency
The underlying power conversion efficiency of a photovoltaic cell has a major influence on the end result, regardless of whether tracking is employed.
Temperature
Photovoltaic solar cell efficiency decreases with increasing temperature, at the rate of about 0.4%/°C. For example, there is about 20% higher efficiency at 10 °C in early morning or winter than at 60 °C in the heat of the day or summer. Therefore, trackers can deliver additional benefit by collecting early morning and winter energy when the cells are operating at their highest efficiency.
Summary
Trackers for concentrating collectors must employ high-accuracy tracking so as to keep the collector at the focus point.
Trackers for non-concentrating flat-panel do not need high accuracy tracking:
low power loss: under 10% loss even at 25° misalignment
reflectance consistent even to around 50° misalignment
diffuse sunlight contributes 10% independent of orientation, and a larger proportion on cloudy days.
The benefits of tracking non-concentrating flat-panel collectors flow from the following:
power loss rises rapidly beyond about 30° misalignment
significant power is available even when the Sun is very close to the horizon, e.g. around 60% of full power at 15° above the horizon, around 50% at 10°, and even 25% at only 5° above the horizon – of particular relevance at high latitudes and/or during the winter months
photovoltaic panels are around 20% more efficient in the cool of the early mornings as compared with during the heat of the day; similarly, they are more efficient in winter than summer – and effectively capturing early morning and winter sun requires tracking.
Types of solar collector
Solar collectors may be non-concentrating flat-panels, usually photovoltaic or hot-water, or concentrating systems, of a variety of types.
Solar collector mounting systems may be fixed (manually aligned) or tracking. Different types of solar collector and their location (latitude) require different types of tracking mechanism. Tracking systems may be configured as a fixed collector / moving mirror – a Heliostat – or as a moving collector
Non-tracking fixed mount
Residential and small-capacity commercial or industrial rooftop solar panels and solar water heater panels are usually fixed, often flush-mounted on an appropriately-facing pitched roof. Advantages of fixed mounts over trackers include the following:
Mechanical Advantages: Simple to manufacture, lower installation and maintenance costs.
Wind-loading: it is easier and cheaper to provision a sturdy mount; all mounts other than fixed flush-mounted panels must be carefully designed having regard to wind loading due to greater exposure.
Indirect light: approximately 10% of the incident solar radiation is diffuse light, available at any angle of misalignment with the Sun.
Tolerance to misalignment: effective collection area for a flat panel is relatively insensitive to quite high levels of misalignment with the Sun – see the table and diagram at Basic concept section above – for example even a 25° misalignment reduces the direct solar energy collected by less than 10%.
Fixed mounts are usually used in conjunction with non-concentrating systems; however, an important class of non-tracking concentrating collectors, of particular value in the third world, are portable solar cookers. These use relatively low levels of concentration, typically around 2 to 8 Suns and are manually aligned.
Trackers
Even though a fixed flat panel can be set to collect a high proportion of available noon-time energy, significant power is also available in the early mornings and late afternoons when the misalignment with a fixed panel becomes too excessive to collect a reasonable proportion of the available energy. For example, even when the Sun is only 10° above the horizon, the available energy can be around half the noon-time energy levels (or even greater depending on latitude, season, and atmospheric conditions).
Thus the primary benefit of a tracking system is to collect solar energy for the longest period of the day, and with the most accurate alignment as the Sun's position shifts with the seasons.
In addition, the greater the level of concentration employed, the more important accurate tracking becomes, because the proportion of energy derived from direct radiation is higher, and the region where that concentrated energy is focused becomes smaller.
Fixed collector / moving mirror
Many collectors cannot be moved, such as high-temperature collectors where the energy is recovered as hot liquid or gas (e.g. steam). Other examples include direct heating and lighting of buildings and fixed in-built solar cookers, such as Scheffler reflectors. In such cases it is necessary to employ a moving mirror so that, regardless of where the Sun is positioned in the sky, the Sun's rays are redirected onto the collector.
Due to the complicated motion of the Sun across the sky, and the level of precision required to correctly aim the Sun's rays onto the target, a heliostat mirror generally employs a dual axis tracking system, with at least one axis mechanized. In different applications, mirrors may be flat or concave.
Moving collector
Trackers can be grouped into classes by the number and orientation of the tracker's axes. Compared to a fixed mount, a single-axis tracker increases annual output by approximately 30%, and a dual axis tracker an additional 10–20%.
Photovoltaic trackers can be classified into two types: standard photovoltaic (PV) trackers and concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) trackers. Each of these tracker types can be further categorized by the number and orientation of their axes, their actuation architecture and drive type, their intended applications, their vertical supports, and foundation.
Floating mount
Floating islands of solar panels are being installed on reservoirs and lakes in the Netherlands, China, the UK, and Japan. The sun-tracking system controlling the direction of the panels operates automatically according to the time of year, changing position by means of ropes attached to buoys.
Floating ground mount
Solar trackers can be built using a "floating" foundation, which sits on the ground without the need for invasive concrete foundations. Instead of placing the tracker on concrete foundations, the tracker is placed on a gravel pan that can be filled with a variety of materials, such as sand or gravel, to secure the tracker to the ground. These "floating" trackers can sustain the same wind load as a traditional fixed mounted tracker. The use of floating trackers increases the number of potential sites for commercial solar projects since they can be placed on top of capped landfills or in areas where excavated foundations are not feasible.
Motion-Free Optical Tracking
Solar trackers can be built without the need for mechanical tracking equipment. These are called motion-free optical tracking. Renkube pioneered a glass based design to redirect light using motion-free optical tracking technology.
Non-concentrating photovoltaic (PV) trackers
Photovoltaic panels accept both direct and diffuse light from the sky. The panels on standard photovoltaic trackers gather both the available direct and diffuse light. The tracking functionality in standard photovoltaic trackers is used to minimize the angle of incidence between incoming light and the photovoltaic panel. This increases the amount of energy gathered from the direct component of the incoming sunlight.
The physics behind standard photovoltaic trackers works with all standard photovoltaic module technologies. These include all types of crystalline silicon panels (either mono-Si, or multi-Si) and all types of thin film panels (amorphous silicon, CdTe, CIGS, microcrystalline).
Concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) trackers
The optics in CPV modules accept the direct component of the incoming light and therefore must be oriented appropriately to maximize the energy collected. In low-concentration applications, a portion of the diffuse light from the sky can also be captured. The tracking functionality in CPV modules is used to orient the optics such that the incoming light is focused to a photovoltaic collector.
CPV modules that concentrate in one dimension must be tracked normal to the Sun in one axis. CPV modules that concentrate in two dimensions must be tracked normal to the Sun in two axes.
Accuracy requirements
The physics behind CPV optics requires that tracking accuracy increases as the system's concentration ratio increases. However, for a given concentration, nonimaging optics provide the widest possible acceptance angles, which may be used to reduce tracking accuracy.
In typical high-concentration systems, tracking accuracy must be in the ± 0.1° range to deliver approximately 90% of the rated power output. In low concentration systems, tracking accuracy must be in the ± 2.0° range to deliver 90% of the rated power output. As a result, high-accuracy tracking systems are typical.
Technologies supported
Concentrated photovoltaic trackers are used with refractive and reflective concentrator systems. There are a range of emerging photovoltaic cell technologies used in these systems. These range from conventional, crystalline-silicon-based photovoltaic receivers to germanium-based triple junction receivers.
Single-axis trackers
Single-axis trackers have one degree of freedom that acts as an axis of rotation. The axis of rotation of single-axis trackers is typically aligned along a true North meridian. It is possible to align them in any cardinal direction with advanced tracking algorithms. There are several common implementations of single-axis trackers. These include horizontal single-axis trackers (HSAT), horizontal single-axis tracker with tilted modules (HTSAT), vertical single-axis trackers (VSAT), tilted single-axis trackers (TSAT), and polar-aligned single-axis trackers (PSAT). The orientation of the module with respect to the tracker axis is important when modeling performance.
Horizontal
Horizontal single axis tracker (HSAT)
The axis of rotation for a horizontal single-axis tracker is horizontal with respect to the ground. The posts at either end of the axis of rotation of a horizontal single-axis tracker can be shared between trackers to lower the installation cost. This type of solar tracker is most appropriate for low-latitude regions. Field layouts with horizontal single-axis trackers are very flexible. The simple geometry means that keeping all of the axes of rotation parallel to one another is all that is required for appropriately positioning the trackers with respect to one another. Appropriate spacing can maximize the ratio of energy production to cost, with this being dependent upon local terrain and shading conditions and the time-of-day value of the energy produced. Backtracking is one means of computing the disposition of panels. Horizontal trackers typically have the face of the module oriented parallel to the axis of rotation. As a module tracks, it sweeps a cylinder that is rotationally symmetric around the axis of rotation. In single-axis horizontal trackers, a long horizontal tube is supported on bearings mounted upon pylons or frames. The axis of the tube is on a north-south line. Panels are mounted upon the tube, and the tube will rotate on its axis to track the apparent motion of the Sun through the day.
Horizontal single-axis tracker with tilted modules (HTSAT)
In HSATs, the modules are mounted flat at 0°, while in HTSATs, the modules are installed at a certain tilt. It works on the same principle as HSAT, keeping the axis of tube horizontal in north-south line and rotates the solar modules from east to west throughout the day. These trackers are usually suitable in high-latitude locations but do not take as much land space as vertical single-axis trackers (VSATs). Therefore, it brings the advantages of VSATs in a horizontal tracker and minimizes the overall cost of solar project.
Vertical
Vertical single-axis tracker (VSAT)
The axis of rotation for vertical single-axis trackers is vertical with respect to the ground. These trackers rotate from east to west over the course of the day. Such trackers are more effective at high latitudes than horizontal single-axis trackers are. Field layouts must consider shading to avoid unnecessary energy losses and to optimize land use. Als, optimization for dense packing is limited due to the nature of the shading over the course of a year. Vertical single-axis trackers typically have the face of the module oriented at an angle with respect to the axis of rotation. As a module tracks, it sweeps a cone that is rotationally symmetric around the axis of rotation.
Tilted
Tilted single-axis tracker (TSAT)
All trackers with axes of rotation between horizontal and vertical are considered tilted single-axis trackers. Tracker tilt angles are often limited to reduce the wind profile and decrease the elevated end height. With backtracking, they can be packed without shading perpendicular to their axes of rotation at any density. However, the packing parallel to their axes of rotation is limited by the tilt angle and the latitude. Tilted single-axis trackers typically have the face of the module oriented parallel to the axis of rotation. As a module tracks, it sweeps a cylinder that is rotationally symmetric around the axis of rotation.
Dual-axis trackers
Dual-axis trackers have two degrees of freedom that act as axes of rotation. These axes are typically normal to one another. The axis that is fixed with respect to the ground can be considered a primary axis. The axis that is referenced to the primary axis can be considered a secondary axis. There are several common implementations of dual-axis trackers. They are classified by the orientation of their primary axes with respect to the ground. Two common implementations are tip-tilt dual-axis trackers (TTDAT) and azimuth-altitude dual-axis trackers (AADAT). The orientation of the module with respect to the tracker axis is important when modeling performance. Dual-axis trackers typically have modules oriented parallel to the secondary axis of rotation. Dual-axis trackers allow for optimum solar energy levels due to their ability to follow the Sun vertically and horizontally. No matter where the Sun is in the sky, dual-axis trackers are able to angle themselves to point directly at the Sun.
Tip-tilt
A tip-tilt dual-axis tracker (TTDAT) is so named because the panel array is mounted on the top of a pole. Normally the east-west movement is driven by rotating the array around the top of the pole. On top of the rotating bearing is a T- or H-shaped mechanism that provides vertical rotation of the panels and provides the main mounting points for the array. The posts at either end of the primary axis of rotation of a tip-tilt dual axis tracker can be shared between trackers to lower installation costs.
Other such TTDAT trackers have a horizontal primary axis and a dependent orthogonal axis. The vertical azimuthal axis is fixed. This allows for great flexibility of the payload connection to the ground mounted equipment because there is no twisting of the cabling around the pole.
Field layouts with tip-tilt dual-axis trackers are very flexible. The simple geometry means that keeping the axes of rotation parallel to one another is all that is required for appropriately positioning the trackers with respect to one another. Normally the trackers would have to be positioned at fairly low density to avoid one tracker casting a shadow on others when the Sun is low in the sky. Tip-tilt trackers can make up for this by tilting closer to horizontal to minimize up-Sun shading and therefore maximize the total power being collected.
The axes of rotation of many tip-tilt dual-axis trackers are typically aligned either along a true north meridian or an east-west line of latitude.
Given the unique capabilities of the tip-tilt configuration and the appropriate controller, totally-automatic tracking is possible for use on portable platforms. The orientation of the tracker is of no importance and can be placed as needed.
Azimuth-altitude
An azimuth-altitude (or alt-azimuth) dual axis tracker (AADAT) has its primary axis (the azimuth axis) vertical to the ground. The secondary axis, often called elevation axis, is then typically normal to the primary axis. They are similar to tip-tilt systems in operation, but they differ in the way the array is rotated for daily tracking. Instead of rotating the array around the top of the pole, AADAT systems can use a large ring mounted on the ground with the array mounted on a series of rollers. The main advantage of this arrangement is the weight of the array is distributed over a portion of the ring, as opposed to the single loading point of the pole in the TTDAT. This allows AADAT to support much larger arrays. Unlike the TTDAT, however, the AADAT system cannot be placed closer together than the diameter of the ring, which may reduce the system density, especially considering inter-tracker shading.
Construction and (Self-)Build
As described later, the economic balance between the costs of panels and trackers. The steep drop in cost for solar panels in the early 2010s made it more challenging to find a sensible solution. As can be seen in the attached media files, most constructions use industrial and/or heavy materials unsuitable for small or craft workshops. Even commercial offers may have rather unsuitable solutions (a big rock) for stabilization. For a small (amateur/enthusiast) construction, the criteria that must be met include economy, stability of end product against elemental hazards, ease of handling materials, and joinery.
Tracker type selection
The selection of tracker type is dependent on many factors including installation size, electric rates, government incentives, land constraints, latitude, and local weather.
Horizontal single-axis trackers are typically used for large distributed generation projects and utility scale projects. The combination of energy improvement, lower product cost, and lower installation complexity results in compelling economics in large deployments. In addition, the strong afternoon performance is particularly desirable for large grid-tied photovoltaic systems so that production will match the peak demand time. Horizontal single-axis trackers also add a substantial amount of productivity during the spring and summer seasons when the Sun is high in the sky. The inherent robustness of their supporting structure and the simplicity of the mechanism also result in high reliability which keeps maintenance costs low. Since the panels are horizontal, they can be compactly placed on the axle tube without danger of self-shading and are also readily accessible for cleaning.
A vertical-axis tracker pivots only about a vertical axle, with the panels at a fixed, adjustable, or tracked elevation angle. Such trackers with fixed or (seasonally) adjustable angles are suitable for high latitudes, where the apparent solar path is not especially high, but which leads to long days in summer, with the Sun traveling through a long arc.
Dual-axis trackers are typically used in smaller residential installations and locations with very high government feed in tariffs.
Multi-mirror concentrating PV
This device uses multiple mirrors in a horizontal plane to reflect sunlight upward to a high-temperature system requiring concentrated solar power. Structural problems and expense are greatly reduced since the mirrors are not significantly exposed to wind loads. Through the employment of a patented mechanism, only two drive systems are required for each device. Because of the configuration of the device, it is especially suited for use on flat roofs and at lower latitudes. The units illustrated each produce approximately 200 peak DC watts.
A multiple-mirror reflective system combined with a central power tower was employed at the Sierra SunTower, located in Lancaster, California. This generation plant, operated by eSolar, operated from 2009 to 2014. This system, which used multiple heliostats in a north-south alignment, used pre-fabricated parts and construction as a way of decreasing startup and operating costs.
Drive types
Active tracker
Active trackers use motors and gear trains to perform solar tracking. They can use microprocessors and sensors, date-and-time-based algorithms, or a combination of both to detect the position of the sun. To control and manage the movement of these massive structures, special slewing drives are designed and rigorously tested. The technologies used to direct the tracker are constantly evolving and recent developments at Google and Eternegy have included the use of wire-ropes and winches to replace some of the more costly and more fragile components.
Counter-rotating slewing drives sandwiching a fixed-angle support can be applied to create a "multi-axis" tracking method which eliminates rotation relative to longitudinal alignment. This method, if placed on a column or pillar, will generate more electricity than fixed PV, and its PV array will never rotate into a parking lot drive lane. It will also allow for maximum solar generation in virtually any parking lot lane/row orientation, including circular or curvilinear.
Active two-axis trackers are also used to orient heliostats – movable mirrors that reflect sunlight toward the absorber of a central power station. As each mirror in a large field will have an individual orientation, these are controlled programmatically through a central computer system, which also allows the system to be shut down when necessary.
Light-sensing trackers typically have two or more photosensors, such as photodiodes, configured differentially so that they output a null when receiving the same light flux. Mechanically, they should be omnidirectional (i.e. flat) and are aimed 90 degrees apart. This will cause the steepest part of their cosine transfer functions to balance at the steepest part, which translates into maximum sensitivity. For more information about controllers, see active daylighting.
Since the motors consume energy, one wants to use them only as necessary. So instead of a continuous motion, the heliostat is moved in discrete steps. Also, if the light is below some threshold, there would not be enough power generated to warrant reorientation. This is also true when there is not enough difference in light level from one direction to another, such as when clouds are passing overhead. Consideration must be made to keep the tracker from wasting energy during cloudy periods.
Passive tracker
The most common Passive trackers use a low-boiling-point compressed gas that is driven to one side or the other (by solar heat creating gas pressure) to cause the tracker to move in response to an imbalance. As this is an imprecise orientation, it is unsuitable for certain types of concentrating photovoltaic collectors but works fine for common PV panel types. These will have viscous dampers to prevent excessive motion in response to wind gusts. Shader/reflectors are used to reflect early morning sunlight to "wake up" the panel and tilt it toward the Sun, which can take some hours, depending on shading conditions. The time to do this can be greatly reduced by adding a self-releasing tiedown that positions the panel slightly past the zenith (so that the fluid does not have to overcome gravity) and using the tiedown in the evening. (A slack-pulling spring will prevent release in windy overnight conditions.)
A newly emerging type of passive tracker for photovoltaic solar panels uses a hologram behind stripes of photovoltaic cells so that sunlight passes through the transparent part of the module and reflects on the hologram. This allows sunlight to hit the cell from behind, thereby increasing the module's efficiency. Also, the panel does not have to move since the hologram always reflects sunlight from the correct angle towards the cells.
Manual tracking
In some developing nations, drives have been replaced by operators who adjust the trackers. This has the benefits of robustness, having staff available for maintenance, and creating employment for the population in the vicinity of the site.
Rotating buildings
In Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, Rolf Disch built the Heliotrop in 1996, a residential building that is rotating with the sun and has an additional dual-axis photovoltaic sail on the roof. It produces four times the amount of energy the building consumes.
The Gemini house is a unique example of a vertical axis tracker. This cylindrical house in Austria (latitude above 45 degrees north) rotates in its entirety to track the Sun, with vertical solar panels mounted on one side of the building, rotating independently, allowing control of the natural heating from the Sun.
ReVolt House is a rotating, floating house designed by TU Delft students for the Solar Decathlon Europe competition in Madrid. The house was completed in September 2012. An opaque façade turns itself towards the Sun in summer to prevent the interior from heating up. In winter, a glass façade faces the Sun for passive solar heating of the house. Since the house is floating frictionlessly on water, rotating it does not require much energy.
Disadvantages
Trackers add cost and maintenance to the system – if they add 25% to the cost, and improve the output by 25%, then the same performance can be obtained by making the system 25% larger, eliminating the additional maintenance. Tracking was very cost effective in the past when photovoltaic modules were expensive compared to today. Because they were expensive, it was important to use tracking to minimize the number of panels used in a system with a given power output. But as panels get cheaper, the cost effectiveness of tracking vs using a greater number of panels decreases. However, in off-grid installations where batteries store power for overnight use, a tracking system reduces the hours that stored energy is used, thus requiring less battery capacity. As the batteries themselves are expensive (either traditional lead acid stationary cells or newer lithium ion batteries), their cost needs to be included in the cost analysis.
Tracking is also not suitable for typical residential rooftop photovoltaic installations. Since tracking requires that panels tilt or otherwise move, provisions must be made to allow this. This requires that panels be offset a significant distance from the roof, which requires expensive racking and increases wind load. Also, such a setup would not make for an aesthetically pleasing install on residential rooftops. Because of this (and the high cost of such a system), tracking is not used on residential rooftop installations, and is unlikely to ever be used in such installations. This is especially true as the cost of photovoltaic modules continues to decrease, which makes increasing the number of modules for more power the more cost-effective option. Tracking can (and sometimes is) used for residential ground mount installations, where greater freedom of movement is possible.
Tracking can also cause shading problems. As the panels move during the course of the day, it is possible that, if the panels are located too close to one another, they may shade one another due to profile angle effects. As an example, if one has several panels in a row from east to west, there will be no shading during solar noon, but in the afternoon, panels could be shaded by their west neighboring panel if they are sufficiently close. This means that panels must be spaced sufficiently far to prevent shading in systems with tracking, which can reduce the available power from a given area during the peak Sun hours. This is not a big problem if there is sufficient land area to widely space the panels. But it will reduce output during certain hours of the day (i.e. around solar noon) compared to a fixed array. Optimizing this problem with math is called backtracking.
Further, single-axis tracking systems are prone to becoming unstable at relatively modest wind speeds (galloping). This is due to the torsional instability of single-axis solar tracking systems. Anti-galloping measures such as automatic stowing and external dampers must be implemented.
See also
Air mass coefficient
Heliostat
Solar energy
Sun path
References
Solar energy
Tracking
Photovoltaics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20tracker |
The Dennis Jubilant was a front engined double decker bus chassis manufactured by Dennis between 1977 and 1981. It was specifically designed for contemporary operating environment (hilly roads and "one-man-operation" with a farebox) in Hong Kong.
The chassis design featured a set-back front axle, which enabled the front door to be located in front of the front axle, and a strengthened chassis frame. It could be fitted with Gardner 6LXB engine and Voith DIWA 851 automatic gearbox.
The orders
Kowloon Motor Bus (KMB) received four Dennis Jubilant prototypes for evaluation, they were fitted with KMB's own bodywork (utilising parts from British Aluminium Company) and entered service in 1977/78. After the trial of the prototypes, KMB introduced 209 Jubilants with Alexander KB bodywork between 1979 and 1981, and 150 Jubilants with Duple Metsec bodywork between 1981 and 1982.
China Motor Bus (CMB) in Hong Kong ordered 30 Dennis Jubilants with Alexander CB bodywork, they entered service in 1980.
One Jubilant chassis was delivered to Cape Town, South Africa and was fitted with bodywork supplied by Bus Bodies (South Africa) Limited.
Air-conditioned Jubilant
Kowloon Motor Bus also received one air-conditioned Jubilant coach with Alexander KB bodywork and put it into service in 1980. The air-conditioner was driven by a separate engine mounted at the rear. However, the air conditioning proved unreliable and was removed in 1983. The coach was downgraded to a bus few years later.
Withdrawal
China Motor Bus wrote off one of its Dennis Jubilants after a fire in 1993. The other 29 buses were transferred to New World First Bus on 1 September 1998 after the franchise of CMB was terminated, they were replaced by new buses by September 1999.
Kowloon Motor Bus also had two of its Jubilants prematurely withdrawn, and in 1994 started to withdraw the rest. During the process of withdrawal, some of the Jubilants took over the role of the Leyland Victory Mark 2 (the competitor of Dennis Jubilant) in the fleet. The last was withdrawn in January 2000.
See also
Leyland Victory Mark 2, bus manufactured by Leyland with similar design
References
External links
Jubilant
Double-decker buses
Vehicles introduced in 1977 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis%20Jubilant |
Kay Bank Studios was a recording studio in Minneapolis, Minnesota at 2541 Nicollet Avenue, now Creation Audio. Daniel Heilicher and his brother Amos started in a business together in the 1930s, distributing and stocking jukeboxes. In 1954, they founded Soma Records ("Amos" backwards), and started producing records in cooperation with Vernon Bank, owner of Kay Bank Studios.
Eventually a number of huge hits would come out of their efforts at the studio, including the Fendermen's "Muleskinner Blues", Dave Dudley's "Six Days on the Road", the Trashmen's "Surfin' Bird", and The Castaways' "Liar, Liar". Those last two singles were hits from Minneapolis's golden, mid-1960s era of teenage rock, and their success inspired countless garage bands to entertain dreams of one-hit-wonderdom.
Among those who traveled to Minneapolis to record were Bobby Vee's band the Shadows ("Susie Baby"), and Chad Allan and the Reflections (later the Expressions, who became The Guess Who), who recorded "Shakin' All Over".
The principle record labels who used Kay Bank services for recording, pressing and distribution:
Applause, Bangar, Garrett, Golden Wing, Kay Bee, Lodestar, North Star, Pleasant Peasant, Re-Car, Soma, Studio City and Twin Town.
Kay Bank employed a matrix starting with the letters KB followed by a 2,3, or 4 digit number. In the year 1960, Capitol records used the letters kb (lowercase) for their custom records division. These can be identified by the dash between the letters and numbers, which Kay Bank does not have. Beginning in December 1964, the matrix dropped the KB letters in favor of the year of production followed by a dash and a four digit number, such as 5-5477. This can be interpreted as the 5477th record produced by Kay Bank, in the year 1965.
In the 1980s, the Nicollet Avenue building would become the headquarters of influential independent record label Twin/Tone Records.
In 2015 the historic recording studio was incorporated as a 501(c)3 nonprofit by Eliot Skinner.
See also
Music of Minnesota
References
External links
Kay Bank logo
Kay Bank discography
Twin Cities recording studios
Current Kay Bank Recording Website
Companies based in Edina, Minnesota
Recording studios in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay%20Bank%20Studios |
Area codes 707 and 369 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the northwestern part of the U.S. state of California. The area codes serve part of the northern San Francisco Bay Area, as well as the North Coast. Major cities in the area codes include Napa, Sebastopol, Vallejo, Benicia, Fairfield, Santa Rosa, Windsor, Healdsburg, Rohnert Park, Petaluma, Fort Bragg, Rio Vista, Crescent City, Eureka, Clearlake, Vacaville, Dixon, and Ukiah. 707 was created by a split of area code 415 on March 1, 1959. Area code 369 was added to the numbering plan area (NPA) on February 1, 2023, to form an overlay numbering plan in the service area.
History
When the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) devised the first comprehensive telephone numbering plan for the North American continent in 1947, the far northern part of California received area code 916, with the exclusion of the city of Sacramento, which used area code 415. California area codes were reorganized geographically in 1950, so that 916 was assigned to a numbering plan area that comprised only the northeastern part from the Sierra Nevada to the Central Valley. The coastal area to the west was assigned area code 415. With this change, Sacramento was also changed to area code 916.
On March 1, 1959, numbering plan area 415 was divided in a flash-cut (without permissive dialing period) in which the northern part of the numbering plan area (Solano County and north thereof) received area code 707, which was California's eighth area code (along with 213, 415, 916, 714, 408, 805, and 209), and the last new area code in the state until 619 was added in 1982.
When area code 530 was split from area code 916 on November 1, 1997, the Dixon area was renumbered from area code 916 to 707 and switched from the Sacramento local access and transport area (LATA) into the San Francisco LATA.
707 was the last of California's thirteen area codes, having only 0 or 1 in middle position, the others being 310, 510, 818 and 909, all of which, in addition to 619, were introduced decades after 707's debut) to require relief from a "new format" area code (those with 2–8 as their middle digit, which were introduced beginning in 1995 when the NANP ran out of the original format NPAs), despite explosive growth in the area, particularly its southern portion, as well as the proliferation of cell phones and pagers.
In 1999, a three-way, two-phase split of area code 707 was scheduled by Pacific Bell such that a new area code (627) would have served most of Napa and Sonoma Counties and small portions of Marin and Mendocino Counties, while another new area code (369) would have served Solano County as well as a small portion of Napa County, beginning in December 2000 and October 2001, respectively. However, due to the success of number pooling in preserving numbering resources, the California Public Utilities Commission cancelled these actions on July 27, 2000. Still, after twenty more years of continued growth in the region, it was determined that 707 would indeed require relief. On August 1, 2022, the NANP Administrator set the effective implementation date of the overlay of 707 by the new 369 NPA to February 1, 2023,
Prior to October 2021, area code 707 had telephone numbers assigned for the central office code 988. In 2020, 988 was designated nationwide as a dialing code for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, which created a conflict for exchanges that permit seven-digit dialing. This area code was therefore scheduled to transition to ten-digit dialing by October 24, 2021.
Service area
Del Norte County
Bertsch-Oceanview
Crescent City
Crescent City North
Fort Dick
Gasquet
Hiouchi
Klamath
Northcrest
Pelican Bay State Prison
Smith River
Humboldt County
Alderpoint
Alton
Arcata
Bayside
Bayview
Blocksburg
Blue Lake
Bridgeville
Carlotta
Cutten
Eureka
Fernbridge
Ferndale
Fieldbrook
Fields Landing
Fortuna
Garberville
Honeydew
Humboldt Hill
Hydesville
Loleta
Kneeland
Korbel
Manila
McKinleyville
Miranda
Myers Flat
Myrtletown
Orick
Pepperwood
Petrolia
Phillipsville
Pine Hills
Redcrest
Redway
Rio Dell
Samoa
Scotia
Shelter Cove
Trinidad
Weott
Westhaven-Moonstone
Willow Creek
Whitethorn
Lake County
Clearlake
Clearlake Oaks
Clearlake Park
Clearlake Rivieras
Cobb
Finley
Glenhaven
Hidden Valley Lake
Kelseyville
Lake Pillsbury
Lakeport
Loch Lomond
Lower Lake
Lucerne
Middletown
Nice
North Lakeport
Sulphur Bank Rancheria
Upper Lake
Whispering Pines
Witter Springs
Marin County
Dillon Beach
Fallon
Tomales
Mendocino County
Albion
Boonville
Branscomb
Calpella
Caspar
Cleone
Comptche
Covelo
Dos Rios
Elk
Fort Bragg
Gualala
Hopland
Inglenook
Keene Summit
Laytonville
Leggett
Little River
Manchester
Mendocino
Navarro
Noyo
Philo
Piercy
Point Arena
Potter Valley
Pudding Creek
Redwood Lodge
Redwood Valley
Rockport
Sherwood Valley Rancheria
Talmage
Ukiah
Westport
Willits
Yorkville
Napa County
Aetna Springs
American Canyon
Angwin
Calistoga
Circle Oaks
Deer Park
Napa
Oakville
Pope Valley
Rutherford
Spanish Flat
St. Helena
Vichy Springs
Yountville
Zinfandel
Solano County
Benicia
Birds Landing
Collinsville
Cordelia
Dixon
Elmira
Fairfield
Green Valley
Liberty Farms
Rio Vista
Suisun City
Travis AFB
Vacaville
Vallejo
Sonoma County
Asti
Bloomfield
Bodega Bay
Bodega
Boyes Hot Springs
Camp Meeker
Carmet
Cazadero
Cloverdale
Cotati
Duncans Mills
El Verano
Eldridge
Fetters Hot Springs-Agua Caliente
Forestville
Fort Ross
Fulton
Freestone
Geyserville
Glen Ellen
Graton
Guerneville
Guernewood Park
Healdsburg
Jenner
Kenwood
Korbel
Lakeville
Larkfield-Wikiup
Mark West Springs
Mark West
Monte Rio
Occidental
Penngrove
Petaluma
Rio Dell
Rio Nido
Rohnert Park
Roseland
Salmon Creek
Santa Rosa
Schellville
Sea Ranch
Sebastopol
Sonoma
Stewarts Point
Temelec
Two Rock
Valley Ford
Villa Grande
Vineburg
Windsor
Trinity County
Mad River
Ruth
Zenia
See also
List of California area codes
References
External links
707
707
707
707
707
707
707
707
Northern California
707
1959 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area%20codes%20707%20and%20369 |
Lipník nad Bečvou (; ) is a town in Přerov District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 8,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument reservation.
Administrative parts
Lipník nad Bečvou is made up of five town parts and villages:
Lipník nad Bečvou I-Město
Lipník nad Bečvou III-Nové Dvory
Lipník nad Bečvou V-Podhoří
Lipník nad Bečvou VI-Loučka
Lipník nad Bečvou VII-Trnávka
Geography
Lipník nad Bečvou is located about northeast of Přerov and southeast of Olomouc. It is situated on the right bank of the Bečva river. It lies in the Moravian Gate lowland. A small northeastern part of the municipal territory extends to the Nízký Jeseník mountain range and contains the highest point of Lipník nad Bečvou, which is the hill Juřacka at above sea level.
History
The first written mention of Lipník is from 1238. It was a settlement on an important trade route that passed through the Moravian Gate and led to Silesia. Between 1256 and 1266, Drahotuš Castle was founded on a nearby hill and Lipník became the economic centre of the newly established estate. King John of Bohemia bought Lipník probably from Duke Nicholas I and then sold the estate to the lords of Kravaře in 1325. The settlement prospered and developed because according to a deed from 1349, Lipník was already a rich town. During the rule of the lords of Kravaře, Lipník obtained various privileges.
Lipník was owned by the lord of Sovinec in 1447–1467 and by the Kostka of Postupice family in 1467–1475. In 1475, the estate was bought by William II of Pernstein and attached to his extensive assets. In the 16th century, owned by the Pernsteins, Lipník experienced economic growth and general prosperity. The town fortifications were strengthened and guilds were established. The Jewish population was documented from 1454, a Jewish quarter was formed in the first third of the 16th century at the latest.
In 1580, Lipník was obtained by marriage by Peter Vok of Rosenberg, but he was forced to sell it to the Bruntálský of Vrbno family in 1593. They had built a Renaissance castle here in 1609. The properties of the Bruntálský of Vrbno family were confiscated after Bohemian Revolt, and the town was acquired by Cardinal Franz von Dietrichstein. His house owned Lipník until 1858. In 1634, Franz von Dietrichstein invited the Piarists into the town. They operated here until 1884.
The plague epidemic of 1623–1624 and the Thirty Years' War caused a significant decline in population and economic losses. The stagnation of the town lasted until the 1840s when the town gates and some bastions were demolished, the imperial road was relocated and, above all, Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway was built. Lipník became an important transhipment point, which brought a new economic impetus. Large markets were held here and crafts developed. In the second half of the 19th century, the town became industrialized.
A large fire in 1858 caused Neoclassical reconstructions in the town centre.
Demographics
Transport
Lipník nad Bečvou has a station on the international railway Prague–Olomouc–Lipník nad Bečvou–Púchov. The railway station is also served by local lines to Přerov, Hranice and Valašské Meziříčí.
The D1 motorway leading from Přerov to Ostrava bypasses the town in the north. The branch of the motorway, which continues as the D35 leading to Olomouc, is located on the municipal border.
The town also lies on the Kraków–Moravia–Vienna Greenway, a long distance cycling route.
Sights
Lipník nad Bečvou has a valuable historic core with highly preserved original layout. The town centre is formed by the T. G. Masaryk Square in the shape of the letter L, and its surroundings, delimited by fragments of the town fortifications. The town centre contains 109 houses, which are protected as cultural monuments.
The town square is lined with Renaissance houses with arcades. The town hall was completely reconstructed in the Neoclassical style in 1851. In the middle of the square are two fountains from 1699 and 1859, and a Marian column from 1694.
Next to the square is located the parish Church of Saint James the Great. This originally Gothic church was built before 1400. The tower, today high, was raised in 1596 and embellished with a Renaissance arcade gallery. In the 1760s, baroque modifications were made and also its contemporary interior was created. The separate bell tower next to the church dates from 1609. It is the only bell tower in Moravia preserved in the original late Renaissance style. It contains three bells, including Jakub from 1464 and Michal, which is one of the largest bells in Moravia.
The Renaissance castle was reconstructed in Neoclassical style in the 1860s. Today it houses a part of the municipal office. The castle includes an English-style castle park, founded originally as a French formal garden in the mid-17th century. The terrace on the roof of the former stables is arranged as a garden. Next to the castle is located the former Piarist college from 1637–1641, and the Church of Saint Francis of Assisi from 1682–1687. The college is in poor condition and inaccessible; the church is used for cultural purposes.
The large Jewish community is commemorated by several monuments, including the former synagogue and two Jewish cemeteries. The synagogue was first mentioned in 1540 and was built shortly before that, together with the town walls. It is the second oldest preserved synagogue in the country. Today it serves as a prayer house of the Czechoslovak Hussite Church.
Notable people
Yair Bacharach (1639–1702), German rabbi
Gregor Mendel (1822–1884), Austrian biologist; studied here in 1833–1834
Wilhelm von Gutmann (1826–1895), Austrian businessman
Sigmund Friedl (1851–1914), Austrian philatelist
Emanuel Schreiber (1852–1932), Austrian rabbi and publicist
Bernhard Münz (1856–1919), Austrian writer and philosopher
Pavel Vranský (1921–2018), World War II pilot
Jan Smolík (born 1942), cyclist
Twin towns – sister cities
Lipník nad Bečvou is twinned with:
Zdzieszowice, Poland
References
External links
Cities and towns in the Czech Republic
Populated places in Přerov District
Jewish communities in the Czech Republic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipn%C3%ADk%20nad%20Be%C4%8Dvou |
describes a type of printed Japanese book that was produced primarily in Kyoto between 1600 and 1680. The term literally means “books written in kana” (kana being the phonetic Japanese syllabary that is simpler to read and write than kanji, or Chinese ideographs). The designation thus derives from the fact that the text of these books was written either entirely in kana or in a mixture of kana and kanji. Kanazōshi are considered to be a transitional genre, bridging the gap between medieval romances and the first high point of Edo period (1600-1868) literature, the ukiyozōshi composed by Ihara Saikaku (1642–93). The genre comprises an unlikely assortment of essays, stories, travel guides for famous places, military chronicles, religious writings, and critical pieces. Despite the lack of uniformity in content, kanazōshi are classified as a distinct genre primarily based on the fact that they were the first literary works to be printed and widely circulated in Japan. Scholars also maintain that kanazōshi are generally of higher literary quality and more realistic than medieval forms, such as the otogizōshi, that preceded them.
Characteristics of Kanazōshi
Before the 1620s, the only books available in Japan were handwritten manuscripts. The printed kanazōshi were less expensive and more widely available than these earlier manuscripts. They are thus considered the first example of commercial literature produced in Japan. One should keep in mind, however, the comparatively limited nature of their popularity. The cost of a single volume was still prohibitive, costing roughly the equivalent of what a laborer could earn for two or three days of work (4000 of Japanese currency). Moreover, the books, because of their small print runs (often only a few hundred copies), rarely circulated beyond Kyoto, Osaka, and Edo, the publishing centers in premodern Japan.
Despite these limitations, the appearance of these books amounted to an important new trend in literary production. Closely tied to the rise of Japan's urban centers, the growing economic power of the chōnin (urban commoner) class, the improvement of literacy rates, and the advent of woodblock print technology, kanazōshi emerged as a new, distinctly plebeian form of literature. Its authors arose from the educated portion of the population, including scholars, Buddhist priests, courtiers, samurai and rōnin. But its readership consisted mostly of non-aristocratic residents of Japan's growing cities.
In contrast to otogizōshi and other forms of medieval Japanese tales, kanazōshi tended to be more realistic, with fewer supernatural or fantastic elements. Whether meant to entertain or inform, kanazōshi narratives conveyed more details about the characters and their setting, contained more natural dialogue, and showcased a more representative slice of life.
Although more skillfully written than otogizōshi, kanazōshi are considered less advanced in terms of structure and wordplay than the subsequent ukiyozōshi composed by Saikaku. Reflecting the tastes of their comparatively less sophisticated audience, kanazōshi often relied upon simple puns to generate humor. For instance, the term “hanatare”, which can mean both a runny nose or a drooping flower, is used to describe a young child with the family name of Fujiwara (wisteria field). This type of pun typifies the level of humor found in kanazōshi.
Each kanazōshi book consisted of between one and twelve slim volumes of twenty to thirty leaves each, with roughly one-fifth of the space devoted to illustrations. Book prices were principally determined by the number of volumes.
Development of Kanazōshi
Scholars generally divide kanazōshi into two groups:
Early kanazōshi
Early kanazōshi were written mainly by the educated classes, including lesser samurai, courtiers, Buddhist priests, and scholars. Because these works were written by highly educated authors, they were often didactic, promoting moral behavior based on the previous generation’s sense of morality. The early kanazōshi are broken down into three categories: works meant to entertain, works meant to intellectually enlighten, and works written to educate people about practical matters. Kanazōshi which were written to entertain include war tales, romances and parodies of earlier classics such as Ise monogatari. Those written to promote intellectual growth mainly deal with reconciling the ideas of Buddhism, Shintoism and Confucianism. The more practical kanazōshi include travel guides, samples of well written love letters, and critiques of famous courtesans and kabuki actors.
Late kanazōshi
The late kanazōshi are those works which were written in the latter half of the 17th century. Unlike the early kanazōshi, the late kanazōshi were written mostly by commoners for a commoner readership. This shift in the social class of the authors is reflected in the fact that the protagonists in the later works are usually commoners. In addition, the language used in the later kanazōshi is more realistic, and male and female characters speak using structures that are specific to their gender. Many scholars believe that this shift towards realism paved the way for ukiyozōshi, a later genre which is partially defined by its intense realism.
Representative Authors
Famous kanazōshi writers include Asai Ryōi (d. 1691) and Suzuki Shōsan (1579-1655). Main works include: Nise Monogatari (Tale of Falsehoods: A Parody of Tales of Ise), Shimizu monogatari (Tale of Shimizu), and Tōkaidō meishoki (Famous Sites on the Tokaido Highway). The most celebrated example of the genre is Ryōi’s Ukiyo monogatari (Tales of the Floating World, 1661), a comedic tale about a young man named Hyōtarō who gets himself into all kinds of trouble with gambling, prostitutes, and the like, and then learns valuable lessons about the proper way to live one’s life from town elders. One translation from Europe was distributed as kanazōshi – a three-volume edition of Aesop's Fables, from 1593, entitled . This was the sole Western work to survive in later publication after the expulsion of Westerners from Japan.
Printed Resources
[This article challenges the traditional view of kanazōshi and offers a new, alternative perspective on the subject]
Fukasawa Akio 深沢秋男 and Kikuchi Shin’ichi 菊池真一, eds. Kanazōshi kenkyū bunken mokuroku 仮名草子研究文献目録. Osaka: Izumi Shoin, 2004. Updates available online at Kinsei Shoki Bungei Kenkyūkai 近世初期文芸研究会 Web site, http://www.ksskbg.com/kana/index.html. [a bibliography of Japanese studies about kanazōshi]
Asakura Haruhiko 朝倉治彦, Fukasawa Akio 深沢秋男, et al. Kanazōshi shūsei 仮名草子集成. 46 vols. (to date). Tōkyōdō Shuppan, 1980–. (A collection of diplomatic transcriptions of kanazōshi).
References
Japanese literature | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaz%C5%8Dshi |
The Battle of Skra-di-Legen (Skora di Legen) was a two-day battle which took place at the Skra fortified position, located northeast of Mount Paiko, which is north-west of Thessaloniki, on May 29–30, 1918, on the Macedonian front of World War I. The battle was the first large-scale employment on the front of Greek troops of the National Defense Army Corps (Greece, united after the National Schism, had joined the war in summer 1917), and resulted in the elimination of a whole enemy regiment (the 49th) and the capture of the heavily fortified Bulgarian positions.
The Allied force comprised three Greek divisions of the National Defense Army Corps under Lieutenant General Emmanouil Zymvrakakis, plus one French brigade. The three Greek divisions comprised
The Archipelago Division under Major General Dimitrios Ioannou,
The Crete Division under Major General Panagiotis Spiliadis,
The Serres Division under Lieutenant Colonel Epameinondas Zymvrakakis.
The 5th and 6th Regiments from the Archipelago Division were in the center, the 7th and 8th Regiments from the Crete Division were on the right flank, and the 1st Regiment of the Serres Division was on the left.
Battle
The Bulgarians occupied a strong position on a massif, presenting an awkward salient for the Allies. Fortified shelters lay under protective slabs of rock and a cluster of machine-gun emplacements rose like steps up the face of the cliff. In the early morning of 29 May 1918, along with two British 8-inch guns, Greek and French artillery fired on Bulgarian positions in preparation for the next morning's assault. British heavy batteries on the left bank of the Vardar contributed to the bombardment. A simultaneous bombardment on the main Doiran front north of Salonika was designed to keep the Bulgarians guessing.
At dawn (04.55) on 30 May 1918, Greek troops, in "a brilliant bayonet charge under withering fire," rushed the enemy trenches, the 1st (Serres) and 5th and 6th (Archipelago) Regiment capturing the heights of Skra at 6.30 from the outnumbered Bulgarians, while the 7th (Cretan) seized them between the two branches of the Liumnitsa River. On a 12 km. front, to a depth of 2 km., a complex maze of fortifications and trenches was captured. Starting from the evening of the same day until 31 May, the Bulgarian army launched several counterattacks on positions held by the Crete Division. All attacks were repelled, cementing the Allied victory. The Greek troops were then sent into the second lines to recuperate and were relieved by French troops.
In the battle, 441 Allied soldiers were killed, 2,227 wounded, and 164 missing in action.
Bulgaria suffered 600 soldiers killed and 2,045 taken prisoner. 200 German military personnel (mostly signallers) were among the captured. 12 artillery pieces, 32 machine guns, and other equipment were also seized.
Importance and aftermath
The battle was vital for progress on the Macedonian front, as the Allies finally broke the Bulgarian positions after a year of unsuccessful attacks. The failure of a fresh Bulgarian counterattack to materialize in the days following the battle was one of the first significant signs of the enemy's depressed morale. Field-Marshal Hindenburg later revealed in his memoirs that the troops detailed for a counterattack had refused to march. The Battle of Skra was the last engagement on the Macedonian front before the final offensive of September 1918.
The operation's objectives, however, were "almost more political than military." Success, it was reckoned, would be a boost for the pro-Allied Venizelist party in Greece and Greece's confidence in its army at a time when German-trained and equipped Bulgarians in defensive positions were considered in Athens likely to be stronger than Greeks trained by the French for the attack. The Greek Army, despite its successes in the Balkan Wars of 1912-13, was before Skra thought by some Western strategists to be of poor quality, a view dating from its defeat in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897. This view, however, was not shared by General Guillaumat, commander of the Allied Army of the Orient in Salonika, whose opinion of the Greek troops was positive and who attached considerable importance to them. To the Venizelist National Army of Zymvrakakis, he was able to add, mainly through diplomatic handling of King Alexander, 20,000 former royalist troops. The manner of the Greek army's victory at Skra boosted its confidence and won it the esteem of the Allies, drawing a telegram to Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos from Guillaumat telling him "This victory will fill all Greece with legitimate pride." Major-General Ioannou, commanding the 5th and 6th Archipelago, distinguished himself for his courage. After years of doubt, belief in an eventual Allied victory in the war took hold in Greece after Skra. The personal prestige of Venizelos rose even in royalist areas such as the Peloponnese where he had been unpopular and where there had been difficulties in mobilization. The outcome of the battle removed these hesitations.
Skra led to Guillaumat being recalled to France by Clemenceau to be at hand to take over on the Western Front should Foch or Pétain fail. The Greek success at Skra later helped Venizelos persuade the new Allied commander in Salonika, General Franchet d'Espèrey, to modify his plans so that the Greek army be allowed a greater role in the coming push. Consequentially, in the final offensive in September 1918, which breached the German coalition's defences, there were Greek divisions at five points in the broad Allied line of attack. The importance of the May battle, despite its comparatively small numbers, was appreciated by the Allies after the war. In the victory march in Paris in 1919, along with the names of Marne, Somme, Verdun, and many others, appeared the name of Skra-di-Legen.
The nearest village to the battlefield was called Liumnitsa at the time. 'Skra-di-Legen' appeared on the Austrian wartime 1:200,000 staff map and gave its name to the battle. The village, northwest of Axioupoli and near the Greek border with North Macedonia, was later renamed just Skra.
References
Bibliography
Charles F. Horne, Source records of the Great War, Volume VI, National Alumni 1923
Grigorios Dafnis, Sofoklis Eleftheriou Venizelos, Ikaros, Athens 1970, pages 44–47
External links
The British Campaign in Salonika - list of British units involved, as well as an overview of the campaign
Μάχη του Σκρα (17/30 Μαΐου 1918) [Battle of Skra (17/30 May 1918)] , Hellenic Army, First World War, 100th Anniversary portal
Skra-di-Legen
Skra-di-Legen
Skra-di-Legen
Skra-di-Legen
Skra-di-Legen
Skra-di-Legen
1918 in Greece
Macedonian front
May 1918 events
Paionia (municipality) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Skra-di-Legen |
The Long Loneliness is the autobiography of Dorothy Day, published in 1952 by Harper & Brothers. In the book, Day chronicles her involvement in socialist groups along with her eventual conversion to Catholicism in 1927, and the beginning of her newspaper the Catholic Worker in 1933.
It has been characterized as "a remarkably candid account, without piety, of her journey to faith". A 1952 review in The New York Times focused on her interactions with communism and her journey away from it while staying true to her radical roots: "This book will not shock anybody. It may touch many, whatever their secular or religious faith, who lament the kindliness and sympathy that Communists found among certain left-wing groups -- and betrayed."
References
Further reading
Political autobiographies
1952 non-fiction books
Catholic Worker Movement
Harper & Brothers books
Dorothy Day | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Long%20Loneliness |
The Berkeley Hills are a range of the Pacific Coast Ranges that overlook the northeast side of the valley that encompasses San Francisco Bay. They were previously called the "Contra Costa Range/Hills" (from the original Spanish Sierra de la Contra Costa), but with the establishment of Berkeley and the University of California, the current usage was applied by geographers and gazetteers.
Geology
The Berkeley Hills are bounded by the major Hayward Fault along their western base, and the minor Wildcat fault on their eastern side. The highest peaks are Grizzly Peak (elevation 1,754 feet/535 m) and Round Top (elevation 1,761 feet/537 m), an extinct volcano, and William Rust Summit 1,004 feet (306 m).
Vollmer Peak (elevation 1,905 feet/581 m), although commonly thought to be part of the Berkeley Hills, is actually located on the adjacent San Pablo Ridge near the point where it meets the Berkeley Hills at the head of Wildcat Canyon. Vollmer Peak was named in honor of the first police chief of the City of Berkeley, August Vollmer. It was formerly known as "Bald Peak", and as "Rocky Mound" in the 19th century.
Development
Much of the west slope of the Berkeley Hills has residential neighborhoods of mostly single family homes, except on the land of University of California, Berkeley. Most streets are narrow and tend to follow the contours of the land, although three streets, Marin Avenue, Moeser Lane, and Potrero Avenue, run directly toward the ridgeline. Other roads to the ridgeline wind their way up the canyons. Grizzly Peak and Skyline Boulevards follow the top of the ridge. Many neighborhoods in the Berkeley Hills are home to the more affluent residents of Berkeley and Oakland.
The east slope of the Berkeley Hills is mostly preserved or partially developed wildland, much of it owned by the East Bay Regional Park District and the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD). From north to south, the parks are Wildcat Canyon Regional Park, Tilden Regional Park (includes Vollmer and Grizzly Peaks), Sibley Volcanic Regional Park (includes Round Top), Huckleberry Botanic Regional Preserve, Redwood Regional Park (enfolding Roberts Regional Recreation Area), Anthony Chabot Regional Park, Lake Chabot Regional Park, and Cull Canyon Regional Recreation Area. Claremont Canyon Regional Preserve, and Temescal Regional Park are lower on the western slopes while Las Trampas Regional Wilderness is lower on the eastern slope above Danville.
The Berkeley Hills are pierced by several tunnels. Two are aqueducts of EBMUD; the Berkeley Hills Tunnel serves the of the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system. The four bores of the Caldecott Tunnel carry State Highway 24 between Oakland and Contra Costa County.
Usage
It is common to hear the term "Oakland Hills" to refer to that section of the Berkeley Hills that runs along the east side of Oakland. As a proper name or recognized toponym, it is technically incorrect. When used on maps, the exact south end of the "Berkeley Hills" is unclear, but the maps of the USGS show them stretching well south into the northeastern portion of Oakland. It does not, in any case, correspond to any political boundaries, only to a geographic feature (much as "San Francisco Bay" is not limited to that stretch of the Pacific inlet within the bounds of the City and County of San Francisco). The ridge extends south through Oakland and San Leandro to the drainage of San Leandro Creek called Castro Valley, and geologically, continues southward above the line of the Hayward Fault. In the section above East Oakland to Castro Valley, the ridge appears on most maps as the San Leandro Hills.
The northern extent of the proper name "Berkeley Hills" is less indefinite; most maps including those of the USGS apply the name along the entire ridge as it runs continuously right up to the mouth of Wildcat Canyon in Richmond. The eastern slopes of the Berkeley Hills lie entirely outside of the city of Berkeley within Contra Costa County.
Another common usage is East Bay Hills, but its application to any particular range is unclear. It may refer to all of the ranges east of the Bay, from the Berkeley Hills to the Diablo Range and all the ranges between.
Ecology
The Berkeley Hills are a region of great biological diversity as part of Pacific Coastal Region of California and the San Francisco Bay ecosystem. Much of the area is covered by grassland which favors the southwest facing slopes. Amongst the north east hills, Baccharis Brushland and Oak Woodland are most prominent with Coast live oak and California bay laurel as some of the most prolific trees. Past Eucalyptus tree farming during the early 20th century has also introduced large Eucalyptus groves scattered across the Berkeley Hills.
The area welcomes a wide variety of birds, lack-tailed deer, coyote, ground squirrel, striped skunk, western terrestrial garter snake, gray fox, bobcat, and red-tailed hawk. There are also periodic sightings of mountain lions amongst the Oak Woodland. Four protected species also call the Berkeley Hills their home, the San Francisco tree lupine moth, Alameda whipsnake, Callippe silverspot, and Bay checkerspot. Additionally, the grassland acts as an annual foraging spot for the northern harrier, American kestrel, prairie falcon, and turkey vulture.
Climatic effects
The Berkeley Hills affect the local climate by their elevation. The oceanic marine layer, which develops during the summer, bringing fog and low clouds with it, is usually less than 2,000 feet deep and thus is blocked by the range. This produces a "fog shadow" effect to the east, which is warmer than areas west of the hills. The westerly wind that carries the marine layer through the Golden Gate typically splits its flow as it hits the Berkeley Hills producing a southerly wind from Berkeley northward and a northerly wind in the direction of Oakland.
In winter during spells of tule fog inland, a reverse situation occurs, with the fog usually confined to areas east of the hills, although occasionally, the inland fog pours in from the north, around the hills by way of the Carquinez Strait.
The Berkeley Hills affect rainfall; when the wind is perpendicular to the hills (southwest wind) during a storm, air is forced to rise, cooling and condensing additional moisture, increasing the precipitation on the western slopes and leaving areas east of the hills drier. Especially cold storms occasionally deposit wet snow on the peaks.
In spring and fall, sinking air from aloft combining with inland high pressure periodically sends the Diablo wind, a hot, dry, and gusty wind across the ridges of the Berkeley Hills, posing a fire danger, which in the 20th century produced several wildfires, two of which caused major damage to Berkeley and Oakland. (See 1923 Berkeley Fire and 1991 Oakland firestorm).
References
Notes
Sources
The California Earthquake of April 18, 1906: Report of the State Earthquake Investigation Commission, Andrew C. Lawson, chairman, Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 87, 2 vols. (1908) - Available online at this USGS webpage.
The Berkeley Hills, a Detail of Coast Range Geology, Andrew Cowper Lawson and Charles Palache, University of California Press, 1902
Map of Oakland-Berkeley, California State Automobile Association, March 2006 edition
Plant Succession In The Berkeley Hills, California, 1974
The Berkeley Hills, a detail of Coast Range geology. Vol. 2. University of California Press, 1902.
Comparison Of The Influence Of Two Exotic Communities On Ecosystem Processes In The Berkeley Hills
TopoZone Map
Sibley Regional Preserve: Upper Tertiary East Bay Volcanism Exposed at Sibley Regional Preserve, Northern California Geological Society, 2018-2021.
California Coast Ranges
Hills of California
Mountain ranges of Alameda County, California
Mountain ranges of Contra Costa County, California
Geography of Berkeley, California
Geography of Oakland, California
El Cerrito, California
Mountain ranges of the San Francisco Bay Area
Mountain ranges of Northern California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley%20Hills |
Dennis Morgan (born Earl Stanley Morner; December 20, 1908 – September 7, 1994) was an American actor-singer. He used the acting pseudonym Richard Stanley before adopting the name under which he gained his greatest fame.
According to one obituary, he was "a twinkly-eyed handsome charmer with a shy smile and a pleasant tenor voice in carefree and inconsequential Warner Bros musicals of the forties, accompanied by Jack Carson." Another said, "for all his undoubted star potential, Morgan was perhaps cast once too often as the likeable, clean-cut, easy-going but essentially uncharismatic young man who typically loses his girl to someone more sexually magnetic." David Shipman said he "was comfortable, good-looking, well-mannered: the antithesis of the gritty Bogart."
Life and career
Early life
Morgan was born in the village of Prentice in Price County, in northern Wisconsin, the son of Grace J. (née Vandusen) and Frank Edward Morner. He was of Swedish descent on his father's side.
He enrolled at Carroll College in Waukesha, Wisconsin as a member of the 1930 graduating class. He was awarded the Carroll College Distinguished Alumnus Award in 1983.
Early career
He began his career as a radio announcer in Milwaukee and went on to broadcast Green Bay Packers football games. He became a radio singer in Chicago.
Stanley Morner at MGM
After relocating to Los Angeles, Morgan began appearing in films. He signed a contract with MGM as "Stanley Morner".
Unbilled, he lip synced as Allan Jones sang the Irving Berlin song, A Pretty Girl is Like a Melody, in The Great Ziegfeld (1936).
He was billed as "Stanley Morner" in Suzy (1936) and could be seen in Piccadilly Jim (1936), and Old Hutch (1936).
He was given a decent role in Mama Steps Out (1937) and Song of the City (1937) but went back to small parts in Navy Blue and Gold (1937).
Richard Stanley at Paramount
He signed with Paramount who billed him as "Richard Stanley". He was in Men with Wings (1938), King of Alcatraz (1938), Illegal Traffic (1938), and Persons in Hiding (1939).
Warner Bros.
He went over to Warner Bros. who billed him as "Dennis Morgan". According to Shipman the studio "put him on the assembly-line with Wayne Morris, Arthur Kennedy, Jeffrey Lynn, Eddie Albert and Ronald Reagan – likeable young lugs squiring the heroine till Bogart, Cagney or Flynn came crashing down to sweep her up."
He was given the lead in a B picture, Waterfront (1939), followed by No Place to Go (1939) and The Return of Doctor X (1939) with Humphrey Bogart.
Morgan was promoted to "A" films with The Fighting 69th (1940), supporting James Cagney and Pat O'Brien. He supported Priscilla Lane in Three Cheers for the Irish (1940) and went back to "B"s for Tear Gas Squad (1940), Flight Angels (1940), and River's End (1940).
Morgan's career received a boost when RKO borrowed him to play Ginger Rogers' love interest in Kitty Foyle (1940), a big hit.
Warners put him in some comedies, Affectionately Yours (1941) and Kisses for Breakfast (1941), then a Western, Bad Men of Missouri (1941). He supported Cagney again in Captains of the Clouds (1942) and Bette Davis and Olivia de Havilland in In This Our Life (1942).
Morgan co-starred with Ann Sheridan in Wings for the Eagle (1942) and Ida Lupino in The Hard Way (1943). He had the lead in some big Warners musicals: Thank Your Lucky Stars (1943), full of cameos from Warner stars; The Desert Song (1943); Shine On, Harvest Moon (1944), with Sheridan. The latter also featured Jack Carson in a key role. He and Morgan were in The Hard Way together and would go on to be a notable team.
Morgan was in The Very Thought of You (1944) and cameoed in Hollywood Canteen (1944). He had the lead in God Is My Co-Pilot (1945) and Christmas in Connecticut (1945) with Barbara Stanwyck.
Teamed with Jack Carson
Morgan was teamed with fellow Wisconsinite Jack Carson in One More Tomorrow (1946). Warners liked them as a combination, seeing them as similar to Bing Crosby and Bob Hope at Paramount. In the words of Shipman, the films would feature "Morgan as the easy-going singer who always got the girl and Carson as the loud-mouthed but cowardly braggard-comic who was given the air. No one thought they were Hope and Crosby, least of all themselves." They were reunited in Two Guys from Milwaukee (1946) and The Time, the Place and the Girl (1946).
Without Carson, Morgan made a Western, Cheyenne (1946), a musical My Wild Irish Rose (1947), and To the Victor (1948). In 1947, he was voted Singer of the Year.
He was back with Carson for Two Guys from Texas (1948) then made One Sunday Afternoon (1948) with Janis Paige. He and Carson were in It's a Great Feeling (1949) with Doris Day. Exhibitors voted him the 21st most popular star in the US for 1948.
Morgan made The Lady Takes a Sailor (1949) then Perfect Strangers (1950) with Rogers and Pretty Baby (1950) with Betsy Drake. He made a Western Raton Pass (1950), and a musical Painting the Clouds with Sunshine (1951). He supported Joan Crawford in This Woman Is Dangerous (1952) then went back to Westerns with Cattle Town (1952). After that his contract with Warners ended.
Morgan later said "my mistake was I stayed at one studio too long. Another mistake: I turned down early television, believing then... that people should pay to see us."
Later career
He appeared in sporadic television guest roles in the 1950s, including the ABC religion anthology series, Crossroads, in the 1955 episode "The Gambler" and as Senator-designate Fairchild in an episode of the dramatic anthology series Stage 7, titled "Press Conference" in 1955.
Morgan made films for Sam Katzman, The Gun That Won the West (1955) and Uranium Boom (1956) and went to RKO for Pearl of the South Pacific (1956). He was cast as Dennis O'Finn in the 1958 episode "Bull in a China Shop" on Alfred Hitchcock Presents. In 1959, Morgan appeared as a regular, Dennis Chase, in eleven episodes of the crime drama, 21 Beacon Street, with Joanna Barnes and Brian Kelly.
Semi-retirement
By 1956, he had retired from films but still made occasional appearances on television, such as the role of Chad Hamilton in the 1962 episode "Source of Information" of the short-lived NBC newspaper drama series, Saints and Sinners. In 1963, he portrayed Dr. Clay Maitland in "The Old Man and the City" on NBC's The Dick Powell Theater. He would perform with the Milwaukee Symphony and on the summer stage circuit. He returned to films with Rogue's Gallery (1967).
In 1968 he was cast as Dennis Roberts in the episode "Bye, Bye, Doctor" of the CBS sitcom, Petticoat Junction, and he played a cameo as a Hollywood tour guide in the all-star comedy Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood in 1976. His final screen performance was on March 1, 1980, as Steve Brian in the episode "Another Time, Another Place/Doctor Who/Gopher's Engagement" of ABC's The Love Boat. Jane Wyman and Audrey Meadows appeared in the same episode.
In 1983, Morgan, along with his film pal, Jack Carson, who had died in 1963, were inducted into the Wisconsin Performing Artists Hall of Fame.
That same year (1983), he was critically injured in a car crash.
He was a staunch Republican and a member of the Sierra Vista Presbyterian Church in Oakhurst, California.
Death
Morgan died on September 7, 1994, aged 85, of respiratory failure, in Fresno, California.
Charity work: Two Strike Park
Morgan dedicated Two Strike Park on July 4, 1959, named for his belief that "a kid forced to play in the streets, with no place to play, already has two strikes against him".
Starting in 1946, Morgan championed the cause of children with nowhere to play. In 1949, as "honorary mayor" of La Crescenta, representing Two Strike Series, Inc., he "offered to donate five acres of land for the park if the County of Los Angeles would purchase two more adjoining acres to complete the initial parcel. In 1950, the Board of Supervisors responded with an additional 3.54 acres of parkland." In 1958 Morgan spearheaded the drive to establish a new public park in La Crescenta in Los Angeles County. He raised funds for the park, at 5107 Rosemont Avenue, by "organizing exhibition baseball games featuring celebrity friends and professional athletes".
Filmography
Features
I Conquer the Sea! (1936) as Tommy Ashley
The Great Ziegfeld (1936) as Stage Singer in 'Pretty Girl' Number (uncredited)
Suzy (1936) as Lieutenant
Piccadilly Jim (1936) as Chrystal Club Singer (uncredited)
Old Hutch (1936) as Passerby at Fishing Lake (uncredited)
Mama Steps Out (1937) as Chuck Thompson
Song of the City (1937) as Tommy
Navy Blue and Gold (1937) as Marine 2nd Lt.
Men with Wings (1938) as Galton
King of Alcatraz (1938) as First Mate Rogers
Illegal Traffic (1938) as Cagey Miller
Persons in Hiding (1939) as Mike Flagler
Waterfront (1939) as James 'Jim' Dolen
No Place to Go (1939) as Joe Plummer
The Return of Doctor X (1939) as Michael Rhodes
The Fighting 69th (1940) as Lt. Ames
Three Cheers for the Irish (1940) as Angus Ferguson
Tear Gas Squad (1940) as Tommy McCabe
Flight Angels (1940) as Chick Farber
River's End (1940) as John Keith / Sgt. Derry Conniston
Kitty Foyle (1940) as Wyn Strafford
Affectionately Yours (1941) as Richard 'Rickey' Mayberry
Kisses for Breakfast (1941) as Rodney Trask
Bad Men of Missouri (1941) as Cole Younger
Captains of the Clouds (1942) as Johnny Dutton
In This Our Life (1942) as Peter Kingsmill
Wings for the Eagle (1942) as Corky Jones
The Hard Way (1943) as Paul Collins
Thank Your Lucky Stars (1943) as Tommy Randolph
The Desert Song (1943) as Paul Hudson / El Khobar
Shine On, Harvest Moon (1944) as Jack Norworth
The Very Thought of You (1944) as Sgt. David Stewart
Hollywood Canteen (1944) as himself
God Is My Co-Pilot (1945) as Col. Robert Lee Scott
Christmas in Connecticut (1945) as Jefferson Jones
One More Tomorrow (1946) as Thomas Rufus 'Tom' Collier III
Two Guys from Milwaukee (1946) as Prince Henry
The Time, the Place and the Girl (1946) as Steven Ross
Cheyenne (1947) as James Wylie
Always Together (1947) as The Bridegroom (uncredited)
My Wild Irish Rose (1947) as Chauncey Olcott
To the Victor (1948) as Paul Taggart
Two Guys from Texas (1948) as Steve Carroll
One Sunday Afternoon (1948) as Timothy L. 'Biff' Grimes
It's a Great Feeling (1949) as Dennis Morgan
The Lady Takes a Sailor (1949) as Bill Craig
Perfect Strangers (1950) as David Campbell
Pretty Baby (1950) as Sam Morley
Raton Pass (1951) as Marc Challon
Painting the Clouds with Sunshine (1951) as Vince Nichols
This Woman Is Dangerous (1952) as Dr. Ben Halleck
Cattle Town (1952) as Mike McGann
Pearl of the South Pacific (1955) as Dan Merrill
The Gun That Won the West (1955) as Jim Bridger
Uranium Boom (1956) as Brad Collins
Rogue's Gallery (1968) as Dr. Jonas Pettingill
Busby Berkeley (1974) as himself (documentary)
Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood (1976) as Tour Guide
Short subjects
Annie Laurie (1936) as William Douglas
Ride, Cowboy, Ride (1939) as Dinny Logan
The Singing Dude (1940) as Rusty
March On, Marines (1940) as Bob Lansing
Stars on Horseback (1943) as himself (uncredited)
The Shining Future (1944) as himself
Road to Victory (1944) as himself (uncredited)
I Am an American (1944) as himself (uncredited)
Screen Snapshots: Hollywood Goes to Bat (1950) as himself
Selected Television Appearances
Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1958) (Season 3 Episode 26: "Bull in a China Shop") as Detective Dennis O'Finn
Radio
References
External links
Jack Carson Tribute
Stanley Morner '30, Carroll University
1908 births
1994 deaths
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American memoirists
20th-century American singers
20th-century American male singers
American Presbyterians
American male film actors
American people of Swedish descent
California Republicans
Male actors from Fresno, California
Male actors from Los Angeles
Male actors from Wisconsin
Musicians from Fresno, California
People from Prentice, Wisconsin
Singers from California
Warner Bros. contract players
Wisconsin Republicans | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis%20Morgan |
Harley Webster (born 1981) – better known as Phrase – is an Australian hip hop MC, originating from Melbourne.
History
Phrase began to piece together an album with producers Daniel Merriweather and J-Skub (Jan Skubiszewki), while working part-time for the Reach Youth foundation, an organisation that Phrase credits with helping him overcome behavioural problems he had in his mid-teens. The album, Talk with Force was picked up for national release by Universal Music Australia in 2005. Three singles were released from this album, "Here Now" featuring Mystro, "Catch Phrase" featuring Daniel Merriweather, and "Hold On" featuring labelmate Max White.
In 2007 he founded the record label Crooked Eye with DJ Flagrant and J-Skub. The label's first release was a mixtape by Melbourne MC Illy (which Phrase also appears on). The same year, he released the non-album single "Face It" featuring Ian Kenny from Karnivool and Birds of Tokyo; which was used in the marketing campaign for the Australian release of Halo 3
In 2009 Phrase released his second album Clockwork, which included the high-rotation Triple J singles "Skylight" (featuring Kram) and "Clockwork". The album reached No. 26 on the ARIA albums chart and No. 6 on the ARIA Urban albums chart.
In 2011, Phrase returned with a new sound for his 3rd album Babylon. The first single was "Apart" featuring Davey Lane. Other guest artists featured on the album included Jimmy Barnes, Sparkadia's Alex Burnett, Guineafowl, The Preatures and Jane Doe. During an interview with Reegan from Radar, Phrase said that 'Babylon is not a hip-hop album, but an album with rap on it.' Following a tour in support of the album, Phrase withdrew from making music. He has not performed live or released any new material since.
Personal life
Phrase married Australian R&B singer Jade MacRae. He attended Glen Waverley Secondary College as a teen; his father was an English teacher there. He has two sisters – a tattooist and an actress.
Discography
Albums
Mixtapes
Talk with Force Mixtape (2005)
Singles
Guest appearances
Daniel Merriweather – "Pot of Gold", "Crimson Stone" (Merriweather promo EP, 2004)
Jade MacRae – "Superstar" (Crooked Eye remix) (single, 2005)
Mystro – "MC Sick C*!t" (Diggi Down Under, 2006)
Jase – "Four Seasons" (Jase Connection Vol. 1, 2006)
Juse – "Tied Up" (Global Casino, 2006)
Chopper Read – "Real Life" (Interview with a Madman, 2006)
Infallible – "Two Sides of a Coin" (The Stratosphere)
Amiel – "Following the Sun" (Crooked Eye remix) (Be Your Girl single, 2006)
Tycotic – (The People vs. Tycotic mixtape, 2006)
Illy – "Talk with Force 2007" (The Illy Mixtape, 2007)
Tyree – "Ryders" (Now or Never, 2007)
Bliss n Eso – "Happy in My Hoody" (Flying Colours, 2008)
Illy – "For You" (Long Story Short, 2009)
M-Phazes – "Music Box" (Good Gracious, 2010)
Awards and nominations
Nomination, 2007 Urban Music Awards Best Male Artist
Winner, 2007 Urban Music Awards Best Hip Hop Single "Hold On"
Winner, 2007 Urban Music Awards Best Video Clip "Hold On"
APRA Awards
The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), "honouring composers and songwriters". They commenced in 1982.
!
|-
| 2010
| "Spaceship" (Harley Webster, Robert Conley, Spencer Davies)
| Urban Work of the Year
|
|
|-
ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.
!
|-
| 2006
| 'Talk with Force'
| ARIA Award for Best Urban Release
|
|
|-
EG Awards / Music Victoria Awards
The EG Awards (known as Music Victoria Awards since 2013) are an annual awards night celebrating Victorian music. They commenced in 2006.
|-
| EG Awards of 2009
| Phrase
| Best Male
|
|-
J Award
The J Awards are an annual series of Australian music awards that were established by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's youth-focused radio station Triple J. They commenced in 2005.
|-
| J Awards of 2009
| Clockwork
| Australian Album of the Year
|
References
Phrase Babylon Album Details
1981 births
Living people
Australian hip hop musicians
Australian male rappers
Rappers from Melbourne | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase%20%28rapper%29 |
The Last Angel of History is a 45-minute documentary, directed in 1996 by John Akomfrah and written and researched by Edward George of the Black Audio Film Collective, that deals with concepts of Afrofuturism as a metaphor for the displacement of black culture and roots. The film is a hybrid documentary and fictional narrative. Documentary segments include traditional talking-head clips from musicians, writers, and social critics, as well as archival video footage and photographs. Described as "A truly masterful film essay about Black aesthetics that traces the deployments of science fiction within pan-African culture", it has also been called "one of the most influential video-essays of the 1990s, influencing filmmakers and inspiring conferences, novels and exhibitions".
The fictional story follows the journey of the "Data Thief," played by the film's writer and researcher Edward George, who must travel across time and space in search of a crossroads where he makes archaeological digs for fragments of history and technology in search of the code that holds the key to his future. The structure of the film makes it a meta-narrative commenting on while also becoming part of the genre of Afrofuturism. The film uses concepts based on George Clinton's Mothership Connection and features interviews with Clinton, Derrick May, Samuel R. Delany, Octavia E. Butler, Nichelle Nichols, Juan Atkins, DJ Spooky, Goldie, Ishmael Reed, Greg Tate, Bernard Harris, Kodwo Eshun, Carl Craig, and A Guy Called Gerald to explore the link between black music as a way of exploring the future. The film makes mention of Sun Ra, whose work centres on the return of blacks to outer space in his own Mothership.
The Last Angel of History emphasizes black musical traditions. The film argues that the drum, which could "communicate both across the African diaspora and across time," was the "first Afrofuturistic technology." In "Further Considerations on Afrofuturism," Eshun says of the film: "The Last Angel of History remains the most elaborate exposition on the convergence of ideas that is Afrofuturism. Through the persona of a time-traveling nomadic figure known as the Data Thief, The Last Angel of History created a network of links between music, space, futurology, and diaspora." The film forges links between, for example, spirituals, P-Funk, and techno.
See also
Afrofuturism in film
References
External links
The Last Angel of History - Introduction, YouTube.
1996 films
Documentary films about African Americans
Films directed by John Akomfrah
Afrofuturist films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Last%20Angel%20of%20History |
Cathrine Lindahl (born 26 February 1970 in Härnösand as Cathrine Norberg) is a Swedish curler from Östersund.
Curling career
Lindahl played second for her sister Anette Norberg's team, until they split up in 2010. They won gold medals at the 2006 Winter Olympics and 2010 Winter Olympics.
Lindahl skipped a team to both the 1989 and 1990 World Junior Curling Championships, winning the silver medal in the latter, losing to Kirsty Addison of Scotland. The following year, she was an alternate for the gold medal Swedish team skipped by Eva Eriksson. In 1991, she played third for her sister at the World Curling Championships where they won bronze. At that year's European Curling Championships she played second for the team, and won bronze. In 1992, the team went to the 1992 Winter Olympics, where the team finished fifth in the demonstration event.
In 1997, Lindahl skipped her own team at the World Championships, but the team finished in 5th place. By 2001, she was back to playing third for her sister, and they won a silver medal at the World Championships. After that, the team would go on to win the next six World Championships. Lindahl moved to the second position at the beginning of 2003. In addition to six European Championships, the team won a bronze at the Worlds in 2003, a gold in 2005 and an Olympic Championship in 2006.
In 1997 she was inducted into the Swedish Curling Hall of Fame.
Teammates
2006 Torino Olympic Games
Anette Norberg, Skip
Eva Lund, Third
Anna Svärd, Lead
Ulrika Bergman, Alternate
2009 Gangneung World Championships
2010 Vancouver Olympic Games
Anette Norberg, Skip
Eva Lund, Third
Anna Le Moine, Lead
Kajsa Bergström, Alternate
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
Swedish female curlers
Olympic curlers for Sweden
Curlers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Sweden
Curlers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in curling
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Continental Cup of Curling participants
World curling champions
European curling champions
Swedish curling champions
Sportspeople from Härnösand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathrine%20Lindahl |
Most Known Unknown is the eighth studio album by American hip hop group Three 6 Mafia. It was released on September 27, 2005, by Hypnotize Minds, Sony Urban Music, and Columbia Records and is the follow-up to the 2003 album Da Unbreakables.
This album is known for having some of Three 6 Mafia's biggest hits, including "Stay Fly" featuring Young Buck and 8Ball & MJG, "Poppin' My Collar" featuring Project Pat (though Pat's verse wasn't included in the first edition, but would later be included in the re-issue) and "Side 2 Side" featuring Bow Wow and Project Pat (with Bow Wow and Project Pat's verses, like the "Poppin' My Collar" remix, would not be used in the first edition, but would be released in the re-issue, along with another remix featuring Kanye West and a slightly different sounding melody). This album would prove to be their biggest success to date, topping the commercial success of their 2000 album When the Smoke Clears: Sixty 6, Sixty 1. The original version was released on a regular CD version as well as a DualDisc version featuring "The Life of the Most Known Unknowns" documentary, "Stay Fly" video with a live performance, and the uncut video of "Side 2 Side". The re-release also had a bonus version, with two remixes of "Side 2 Side". A chopped and screwed version by Michael Watts was also released.
Along with chart topping hits, this album also featured several well-known guest rappers, including Mike Jones, Paul Wall, Slim Thug, Trick Daddy, Mr. Bigg, 8Ball & MJG, Young Buck, Remy Ma, Bow Wow (only on re-issue), Kanye West (only on re-issue), Lil' Flip, as well as the Hypnotize Camp Posse (Three 6 Mafia, Project Pat, Frayser Boy, Lil Wyte, and others).
Three 6 Mafia member Lord Infamous was notably omitted from this album. Many rumors speculated that he either left the group or was kicked out; these rumors were put to rest when DJ Paul told sources that the reason for Infamous not being on the album was due to a stint in jail, leaving Crunchy Black, DJ Paul and Juicy J the only Three 6 Mafia members to be included on the album.
Most Known Unknown opened at number 3 on the Billboard 200 and number 1 on the R&B/Hip-hop charts with 125,000 copies sold. It was certified gold by RIAA the week following its release on November 2, 2005, and reached platinum status by June 26, 2006.
Track listing
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
Three 6 Mafia albums
2005 albums
Albums produced by DJ Paul
Albums produced by Juicy J
Sony BMG albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most%20Known%20Unknown |
Urge is a citrus flavored soft drink produced by Coca-Cola Norway that was first introduced in the country in 1996, and later on was released in Denmark and Sweden. It is the predecessor of the American soft drink Surge, which was introduced in the US in 1997. Urge was discontinued in Denmark and Sweden in 2001. In Norway, Urge sales increased greatly over the years reaching a market share near 10% despite receiving no marketing since its initial launch.
Sizes
Urge was available in Norway in 0.5 L and 1.5 L bottles, and later also in 0.33 L cans, but in Q1 of 1999 the 1.5 L bottles were taken off the market due to unsatisfactory sales. The cans also vanished from the market a few years later, leaving only the 0.5 L bottles.
A massive campaign by the consumers on the internet community Facebook led to the relaunch of the 1.5 L bottle size on 1 September 2008. It has a sugar content of 68 grams per 0.5 L bottle.
In February 2017, due to fan demand, the 0.33 L cans were reintroduced in a multipack of four.
Varieties
Urge Intense
An energy drink variant of Urge. It was launched in 2009 in association with the Facebook group that pressured Coca-Cola to relaunch the 1.5L bottles. Much like with many other energy drinks like Burn and Monster Energy, Urge Intense Triple Rush came in 0.5L cans and has a high caffeine content of 32 mg per 100 mL.
The Urge Intense range was discontinued in 2016.
Urge Uten Sukker
In September 2017, a Zero Sugar version was launched known as Urge Uten Sukker, which like its regular counterpart, was made especially for Norway. This sugar-free variant came in orange-tinted bottles, before switching to the clear ones regular Urge uses.
Nutrient Information
References
Coca-Cola brands
Products introduced in 1996
Scandinavian culture
Energy drinks
Soft drinks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urge%20%28drink%29 |
INS Ranjit is the third of the five built for the Indian Navy. Ranjit was commissioned on 15 September 1983 and remained in service till 6 May 2019, when it was decommissioned.
Construction and service
Ranjit was laid down by Indian request under the Soviet name Lovkiy at the 61 Kommunara Shipbuilding Plant in Nikolayev, Ukraine on 29 June 1977 with the serial number 2203. She had previously been planned to be named Porazhayushchy on 16 May of that year, and was built as a Project 61MZ large anti-submarine ship (NATO reporting name Kashin-class destroyer). The destroyer was launched on 16 June 1979 and added to the list of ships of the Soviet Navy on 30 October 1981.
She was commissioned on 15 September 1983 in the erstwhile USSR with then Captain Vishnu Bhagwat in command. She completed post commissioning trials and set sail from Poti in USSR on 14 November 1983 and entered Mumbai on 22 Dec 1983. She visited ports in Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Egypt during her maiden voyage to India. She joined the Western Fleet and operated under the Flag of FOCWF till April 1999. In May 1999, she changed her home port to Vishakhapatnam to become a part of the Eastern Fleet.
INS Ranjit was decommissioned at the naval dockyard in Visakhapatnam on 6 May 2019 after serving for 36 years. Her last commanding officer was Captain Vikram C Mehra.
During TROPEX-21 exercise of the Indian Navy, the decommissioned Ranjit was sunk by a torpedo.
References
Bibliography
External links
Rajput class at Bharat-Rakshak.com
Rajput-class destroyers
Ships built in the Soviet Union
1979 ships
Destroyers of the Cold War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS%20Ranjit%20%28D53%29 |
Jean Médecin (2 December 1890 – 18 November 1965) was a French lawyer and politician. He was Mayor of Nice, France from 1928 to 1943 and from 1947 to 1965, and the father of Jacques Médecin, who succeeded him as mayor until 1990.
Before the war
He was born in Nice to a respectable family. After studying in Paris, he joined the military and fought in the First World War. In 1914 he was promoted to corporal, then in 1916 to the rank of captain. After the battle of Verdun he was awarded the French Legion of Honour and the Croix de Guerre.
Upon his return to Nice in 1919, he briefly practised as a lawyer before entering politics. In 1919, he was elected as a Municipal Councillor, and in 1928, Mayor of Nice. He achieved notoriety when he was allowed to stay as mayor for 34 years. He was elected Councillor General of Sospel (1931), then deputy of the first circumscription of Nice (1932).
Politically republican, democratic, independent and moderate, he sat within the left-leaning independents, then moved more to the centre with the local political party he created called “Le Rassemblement des Indépendants” (“The Assembly of Independents”). However, Médecin increasingly moved toward the far right, and joined Jacques Doriot's fascist Parti Populaire Français in 1936.
Elected Senator of the Alpes-Maritimes in 1939, he voted with enthusiasm for the giving of full powers to Maréchal Philippe Pétain, whom he wanted to conserve his mandates. But in 1942, he did not support the Italian fascists then in occupation of Nice. In open dispute with the government, he was removed from his mayorship in 1943. He fled to Avignon and then to Annot, but he was arrested in 1944 and incarcerated in Nice. He was moved to Belfort in the same year, where he was able to escape captivity.
After the war
On his return to Nice after the Second World War, he was accused of collaborating with the Vichy Regime, and lost some standing in the municipal elections. However, little by little he got back his former positions, and finally reclaimed the mayor’s seat in 1947. Médecin was a bitter opponent of Gaullism.
In 1951 he was elected President of the General Council of the Alpes-Maritimes, and in 1953, he became a candidate for the presidential election. From March 1955 to January 1965, he was designated Secretary of State by Edgar Faure. In the presidential election of 1965 he ferociously opposed Charles de Gaulle.
In 1961, he handed over many mandates to his son, Jacques Médecin, who succeeded him as mayor of Nice after his death. He died in office.
References
Further reading
Mille, R. -
1890 births
1965 deaths
Politicians from Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Independents of the Left politicians
French Popular Party politicians
Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance politicians
Rally of Left Republicans politicians
Members of the 15th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 16th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
French senators of the Third Republic
Senators of Alpes-Maritimes
Members of the Constituent Assembly of France (1945)
Members of the Constituent Assembly of France (1946)
Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Mayors of Nice
20th-century French lawyers
French Army soldiers
French military personnel of World War I | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20M%C3%A9decin |
Fyodor Pavlovich Karamazov () is a fictional character from the 1879–1880 novel The Brothers Karamazov by Fyodor Dostoevsky. He is the father of Alexei, Ivan, and Dmitri Karamazov, and rumoured also to be the father of his house servant Pavel Fyodorovich Smerdyakov. His conflict with the eldest son—Dimitri—comprises a major part of the book's overt plot, although it becomes clear as events unfold that Ivan's relation to him is equally significant. Each of the sons represents a distinct character, life orientation and filial attitude that allows Dostoevsky to examine the theme of the father-son relationship in all its complexity and moral ambiguity. Fyodor Pavlovich is a self-indulgent and shameless libertine, apparently not concerned in any way with the normal responsibilities of fatherhood or the welfare of his children. Moral questions, particularly those arising from notions of filial obligation, are thus tested in great depth, and the consideration of their relation to the wider reality of Russian social disintegration is always in the background.
At the trial following his murder, the prosecutor Ippolit Kirillovich describes Fyodor Pavlovich as follows:
References
The Brothers Karamazov
Fyodor Dostoyevsky characters
Fictional rapists
Fictional Russian people in literature
Literary characters introduced in 1880
Male characters in literature | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor%20Karamazov |
Memories of a Catholic Girlhood is the autobiography of Mary McCarthy that was published in 1957. The book chronicles McCarthy's childhood including her being orphaned, having an abusive great uncle, and losing her Catholic faith. In the book McCarthy gives details at the end of each chapter that other family members claim do not correspond with their memory of events.
Publication data
Memories of a Catholic Girlhood, 1957, Harvest/HBJ, 1972 reprint:ISBN 0-15-658650-9
References
Literary autobiographies
1957 books
Works by Mary McCarthy
Harcourt (publisher) books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memories%20of%20a%20Catholic%20Girlhood |
Charles Timothy O'Leary (October 15, 1875 – January 6, 1941) was an American professional baseball shortstop who played eleven seasons with the Detroit Tigers (1904–1912), St. Louis Cardinals (1913), and St. Louis Browns (1934) of Major League Baseball (MLB).
Early life
Born in Chicago, Illinois to Irish immigrants Timothy and Ellen O’Leary, who had 16 children (11 boys). O'Leary worked at age 16 for a clothing company and played on the company's semi-pro baseball team. In 1900, while working as a messenger boy, he was sent to the ballpark of the Chicago White Stockings; when their shortstop, Frank Shugart, was injured, O'Leary was recruited on the spot, based on the recommendation of someone who knew him. His talent as a middle infielder and scrappy hitter came to the attention of Charles Comiskey, owner of the White Stockings (later the Chicago White Sox). Though there is no independent verification, O'Leary reportedly signed briefly with the team, only to have his arm broken from a pitched ball thrown by 'fireballer' and Hall of Famer Rube Waddell.
Major leagues
O'Leary made his major league debut on April 14, 1904, with the Tigers. He was Detroit's starting shortstop from 1904 to 1907 and became a backup shortstop and utility infielder from 1908–1912.
In the off-season, O'Leary and teammate Germany Schaefer, known as one of baseball's zaniest characters, worked as a comic vaudeville act. The O'Leary-Schaefer vaudeville act is said to have inspired two Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer musicals: the forgotten 1930 film They Learned About Women and Busby Berkeley's last film, Take Me Out to the Ballgame (1949), with Gene Kelly and Frank Sinatra.
Not known for his hitting, O'Leary had a career batting average of .226.
After finishing his playing career in 1913 with the St. Louis Cardinals, O'Leary became a player-manager in the minor and semi-pro leagues for several years, including in San Francisco, St. Paul, San Antonio, and Chicago, until he was offered a coaching job in 1920 by his close friend, Miller Huggins, manager of the New York Yankees. After a 17–0 victory over the Washington Senators on July 6, 1920, O'Leary was returning to New York in a car driven by Babe Ruth, along with Ruth's wife Helen, rookie outfielder Frank Gleich, and second-string catcher Fred Hofmann. Ruth lost control of the car, and O'Leary was ejected from the vehicle, although he suffered only minor injuries. He then coached with the Yankees for 10 years, during which period they won six pennants and two World Series, including the great 1927 Yankees team. O'Leary then coached with the Chicago Cubs under Rogers Hornsby, and with the St. Louis Browns.
On September 30, 1934, several weeks shy of his 59th birthday, O'Leary was brought out of retirement by the Browns. In a pinch-hitting appearance, he singled and subsequently scored, becoming both the oldest Major League Baseball player to collect a hit and score a run.
He died from peritonitis in Chicago on January 6, 1941, and was buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery.
Date of birth
During his career, O'Leary claimed to have been born in 1882. However, in 2010, a researcher for the Society for American Baseball Research found him in the 1880 census. His draft record for World War I, which showed that he was born in 1875, was subsequently located. This made him the second-oldest Major League Baseball player to appear in a game, after Satchel Paige.
See also
List of oldest Major League Baseball players
1909 Detroit Tigers season
List of St. Louis Cardinals coaches
References
External links
Baseball-Reference.com
Legends of the Game
Legends of the Dead Ball Era
Detroit Tigers players
St. Louis Cardinals players
St. Louis Browns players
Major League Baseball shortstops
New York Yankees coaches
Baseball players from Chicago
Vaudeville performers
1875 births
1941 deaths
Chicago Cubs coaches
St. Louis Browns coaches
St. Louis Cardinals coaches
Chicago White Stockings (minor league) players
Des Moines Hawkeyes players
Des Moines Midgets players
Des Moines Undertakers players
Indianapolis Indians managers
Indianapolis Indians players
San Francisco Seals (baseball) players
St. Paul Saints (AA) players
Jersey City Skeeters players
San Antonio Bronchos players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charley%20O%27Leary |
Karen Mulder (born 1 June 1968 or 1970) is a Dutch fashion model and singer. She is well known for her work with Versace, Dior, and Chanel as a supermodel during the 1990s. Mulder repeatedly was featured on the cover of Vogue and was also a Victoria's Secret model, making her one of the original "Angels" and the first from both the brand and from her country. In the early 2000s, she began to speak out about the dark side of the modeling industry and the dangers faced by underage girls and young women.
In 2002, her cover single I Am What I Am which achieved some success in the French charts in 2002., reached No. 13 in France.
Early life
Mulder was born in 1970 in Vlaardingen, South Holland, Netherlands. She was raised in The Hague and Voorburg. Her father, Ben Mulder, is a tax inspector and her mother, Marijke (née de Jong), is a secretary. Mulder has a younger sister, Saskia, who became an actress after a stint studying economics. In 1985, at age 15, Mulder and her family went on a camping trip in the south of France. She saw an ad for Elite Model Management's "Look of the Year" contest in a newspaper. Mulder was wearing braces at the time and dismissed the idea of applying. A friend took some photographs she had of her and sent them to Elite without her knowledge. She won the preliminary contest in Amsterdam, and was sent to the finals of the contest, placing second.
Mulder soon found herself in high demand for modeling jobs and was signed by Elite Paris.
Career
By her second year on the runway, Mulder was modeling for Valentino, Yves Saint Laurent, Lanvin, Christian Lacroix, Versace, and Giorgio Armani. In 1991, she made the first of many appearances on the cover of Vogue and also landed a contract with Guess. A New York Times article from 1991 described Mulder's work schedule, detailing a typical thirteen hour day packed with obligations to Ralph Lauren, a French film crew, Anna Sui and Giorgio Sant'Angelo.
Mulder appeared on the cover of British and Spanish Vogue in 1991–1992 and became the face of a Nivea advertising campaign. In 1992, Mulder signed a contract with Victoria's Secret. In 1993, she was featured on the cover of Vogue in January and again in March.
Other campaigns she appeared in included Calvin Klein, Claude Montana, Ralph Lauren, Yves Saint-Laurent's Rive Gauche fragrance, as well as Guerlain, Chloé, Revlon, Jacques Fath, Gianfranco Ferré, Gianni Versace, Chanel, and Hervé Léger. Mulder has worked with some of the most well known fashion photographers, including Javier Vallhonrat, Peter Lindbergh, Patrick Demarchelier, Bruce Weber, Helmut Newton, Max Vadukul, Gilles Bensimon, Fabrizio Ferri, Steven Meisel, Irving Penn, Robert Erdmann, and Arthur Elgort.
In the mid-1990s, Mulder's off-the-runway career was managed by her then-partner, Jean-Yves Le Fur. In 1995, he collaborated with Hasbro on a Karen Mulder doll, which spurred development of a line of dolls modeled on the supermodels of the time. Le Fur and Mulder also made an infomercial and video. Mulder released a beauty and fashion CD-ROM, in which she presented makeup, beauty, and exercise tips.
One of the first issues of Top Model magazine was entirely devoted to Mulder along with an entire issue of Italian Vogue. Her two appearances in the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue in 1997 and 1998 and her poses for the Victoria's Secret catalogue increased Mulder's profile. In 1997 she released her own calendar.
For many years, Mulder was among the ten best-paid models in the world. At one point in her career, she was reportedly earning up to £10,000 a day.
In 2000, Mulder retired from modeling for several years. She made her acting debut in the French short film A Theft, One Night in 2001.
Mulder also pursued music, and released an album including the single I Am What I Am which achieved some success in the French charts in 2002. The single reached No. 13 in France, No. 22 in Belgium's Wallonia region, and No. 81 in Switzerland. In 2004, she worked with Daniel Chenevez of Niagara to create the self-titled CD Karen Mulder.
Return to modeling
On 1 July 2007, Mulder returned to the catwalk at the Dior Autumn/Winter 07/08 Couture Collection in Paris, modelling alongside Naomi Campbell, Linda Evangelista, Helena Christensen, Amber Valletta, Shalom Harlow, and Stella Tennant.
Personal life
In 1988, at the age of 18, Mulder married French photographer René Bosne. They later divorced in 1993. Mulder stated that her life changed in 1993 when she was shuttling from airport to airport with almost no time at home. She then met real estate developer Jean-Yves Le Fur in the waiting lounge of a Paris airport. They soon became engaged. The relationship with Le Fur ended in 1997.
In 1995, she bought a château in France and set up a programme to provide holidays there for underprivileged children.
Mulder gave birth to a daughter on 30 October 2006.
Abuse, legal issues, and mental health
On 31 October 2001, Mulder was interviewed on the France 2 show Tout le monde en parle (Everyone is Talking About It) hosted by Thierry Ardisson in front of a live studio audience.
During the shows taping, Mulder claimed that various people had raped her, including police officers, politicians, members of her former agency Elite Model Management, and Albert II, Prince of Monaco.
The producers of the show did not broadcast the interview, and the recording was erased. Her parents blamed her troubles on drugs.
Days later, Mulder repeated her allegations, this time to a weekly magazine in an interview conducted in her Paris apartment. Within hours of the interview, her sister Saskia arrived and took her to Villa Montsouris, a psychiatric hospital specializing in such disorders as depression, anxiety, and delirium, where she stayed for five months. The stay reportedly was paid for by Elite models president Gérald Marie, her employer and one of the accused. (It came after the BBC caught Marie on hidden camera trying to give a 15-year-old model £300 for sex, and bragging about Elite Model Look competitors he would sleep with that year.)
On 10 December 2002, after suffering for years from chronic depression, Mulder went into a coma after she overdosed on sleeping pills in an apparent suicide attempt. She left no note. She was rushed to the American Hospital in Neuilly after neighbors found her passed out on the floor of the Paris apartment on exclusive Avenue Montaigne where she was staying with friends. Mulder's parents flew from the Netherlands to be by her side along with former fiancé Jean-Yves Le Fur. Le Fur was reportedly one of the people who found Mulder unconscious after arriving at the apartment after Mulder had not answered several of his telephone calls. She awoke from her coma the next day.
On 1 July 2009, it was reported that Mulder was arrested in Paris for threatening to attack her plastic surgeon.
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Vlaardingen
People from The Hague
Dutch female models
Victoria's Secret Angels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen%20Mulder |
In logic, finite model theory, and computability theory, Trakhtenbrot's theorem (due to Boris Trakhtenbrot) states that the problem of validity in first-order logic on the class of all finite models is undecidable. In fact, the class of valid sentences over finite models is not recursively enumerable (though it is co-recursively enumerable).
Trakhtenbrot's theorem implies that Gödel's completeness theorem (that is fundamental to first-order logic) does not hold in the finite case. Also it seems counter-intuitive that being valid over all structures is 'easier' than over just the finite ones.
The theorem was first published in 1950: "The Impossibility of an Algorithm for the Decidability Problem on Finite Classes".
Mathematical formulation
We follow the formulations as in Ebbinghaus and Flum
Theorem
Satisfiability for finite structures is not decidable in first-order logic.
That is, the set {φ | φ is a sentence of first-order logic that is satisfiable among finite structures} is undecidable.
Corollary
Let σ be a relational vocabulary with one at least binary relation symbol.
The set of σ-sentences valid in all finite structures is not recursively enumerable.
Remarks
This implies that Gödel's completeness theorem fails in the finite since completeness implies recursive enumerability.
It follows that there is no recursive function f such that: if φ has a finite model, then it has a model of size at most f(φ). In other words, there is no effective analogue to the Löwenheim–Skolem theorem in the finite.
Intuitive proof
This proof is taken from Chapter 10, section 4, 5 of Mathematical Logic by H.-D. Ebbinghaus.
As in the most common proof of Gödel's First Incompleteness Theorem through using the undecidability of the halting problem, for each Turing machine there is a corresponding arithmetical sentence , effectively derivable from , such that it is true if and only if halts on the empty tape. Intuitively, asserts "there exists a natural number that is the Gödel code for the computation record of on the empty tape that ends with halting".
If the machine does halt in finite steps, then the complete computation record is also finite, then there is a finite initial segment of the natural numbers such that the arithmetical sentence is also true on this initial segment. Intuitively, this is because in this case, proving requires the arithmetic properties of only finitely many numbers.
If the machine does not halt in finite steps, then is false in any finite model, since there's no finite computation record of that ends with halting.
Thus, if halts, is true in some finite models. If does not halt, is false in all finite models. So, does not halt if and only if is true over all finite models.
The set of machines that does not halt is not recursively enumerable, so the set of valid sentences over finite models is not recursively enumerable.
Alternative proof
In this section we exhibit a more rigorous proof from Libkin. Note in the above statement that the corollary also entails the theorem, and this is the direction we prove here.
Theorem
For every relational vocabulary τ with at least one binary relation symbol, it is undecidable whether a sentence φ of vocabulary τ is finitely satisfiable.
Proof
According to the previous lemma, we can in fact use finitely many binary relation symbols. The idea of the proof is similar to the proof of Fagin's theorem, and we encode Turing machines in first-order logic. What we want to prove is that for every Turing machine M we construct a sentence φM of vocabulary τ such that φM is finitely satisfiable if and only if M halts on the empty input, which is equivalent to the halting problem and therefore undecidable.
Let M= ⟨Q, Σ, δ, q0, Qa, Qr⟩ be a deterministic Turing machine with a single infinite tape.
Q is the set of states,
Σ is the input alphabet,
Δ is the tape alphabet,
δ is the transition function,
q0 is the initial state,
Qa and Qr are the sets of accepting and rejecting states.
Since we are dealing with the problem of halting on an empty input we may assume w.l.o.g. that Δ={0,1} and that 0 represents a blank, while 1 represents some tape symbol. We define τ so that we can represent computations:
τ := {<, min, T0 (⋅,⋅), T1 (⋅,⋅), (Hq(⋅,⋅))(q ∈ Q)}
Where:
< is a linear order and min is a constant symbol for the minimal element with respect to < (our finite domain will be associated with an initial segment of the natural numbers).
T0 and T1 are tape predicates. Ti(s,t) indicates that position s at time t contains i, where i ∈ {0,1}.
Hq's are head predicates. Hq(s,t) indicates that at time t the machine is in state q, and its head is in position s.
The sentence φM states that (i) <, min, Ti's and Hq's are interpreted as above and (ii) that the machine eventually halts. The halting condition is equivalent to saying that Hq∗(s, t) holds for some s, t and q∗ ∈ Qa ∪ Qr and after that state, the configuration of the machine does not change. Configurations of a halting machine (the nonhalting is not finite) can be represented as a τ (finite) sentence (more precisely, a finite τ-structure which satisfies the sentence). The sentence φM is: φ ≡ α ∧ β ∧ γ ∧ η ∧ ζ ∧ θ.
We break it down by components:
α states that < is a linear order and that min is its minimal element
γ defines the initial configuration of M: it is in state q0, the head is in the first position and the tape contains only zeros: γ ≡ Hq0(min,min) ∧ ∀s T0 (s, min)
η states that in every configuration of M, each tape cell contains exactly one element of Δ: ∀s∀t(T0(s, t) ↔ ¬ T1(s, t))
β imposes a basic consistency condition on the predicates Hq's: at any time the machine is in exactly one state:
ζ states that at some point M is in a halting state:
θ consists of a conjunction of sentences stating that Ti's and Hq's are well behaved with respect to the transitions of M. As an example, let δ(q,0)=(q',1, left) meaning that if M is in state q reading 0, then it writes 1, moves the head one position to the left and goes into the state q'. We represent this condition by the disjunction of θ0 and θ1:
Where θ2 is:
And:
Where θ3 is:
s-1 and t+1 are first-order definable abbreviations for the predecessor and successor according to the ordering <. The sentence θ0 assures that the tape content in position s changes from 0 to 1, the state changes from q to q', the rest of the tape remains the same and that the head moves to s-1 (i. e. one position to the left), assuming s is not the first position in the tape. If it is, then all is handled by θ1: everything is the same, except the head does not move to the left but stays put.
If φM has a finite model, then such a model that represents a computation of M (that starts with the empty tape (i.e. tape containing all zeros) and ends in a halting state). If M halts on the empty input, then the set of all configurations of the halting computations of M (coded with <, Ti's and Hq's) is a model of φM, which is finite, since the set of all configurations of halting computations is finite. It follows that M halts on the empty input iff φM has a finite model. Since halting on the empty input is undecidable, so is the question of whether φM has a finite model (equivalently, whether φM is finitely satisfiable) is also undecidable (recursively enumerable, but not recursive). This concludes the proof.
Corollary
The set of finitely satisfiable sentences is recursively enumerable.
Proof
Enumerate all pairs where is finite and .
Corollary
For any vocabulary containing at least one binary relation symbol, the set of all finitely valid sentences is not recursively enumerable.
Proof
From the previous lemma, the set of finitely satisfiable sentences is recursively enumerable. Assume that the set of all finitely valid sentences is recursively enumerable. Since ¬φ is finitely valid iff φ is not finitely satisfiable, we conclude that the set of sentences which are not finitely satisfiable is recursively enumerable. If both a set A and its complement are recursively enumerable, then A is recursive. It follows that the set of finitely satisfiable sentences is recursive, which contradicts Trakhtenbrot's theorem.
References
Boolos, Burgess, Jeffrey. Computability and Logic, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Simpson, S. "Theorems of Church and Trakhtenbrot". 2001.
Finite model theory
Computability theory
Undecidable problems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakhtenbrot%27s%20theorem |
INS Ranvir (Hero of the Battle) is the fourth of the five s built for the Indian Navy. Ranvir was commissioned on 28 October 1986.
Service history
2008
INS Ranvir along with were anchored just outside Sri Lankan territorial waters to provide security for the Indian Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh, and other high-ranking officials at the 15th SAARC summit.
2015
On 22–26 May 2015, INS Ranvir with visited Singapore. On 31 May - 4 June 2015, INS Ranvir with INS Shakti made a port call at Jakarta, Indonesia. She was commanded by Captain Jaswinder Singh.
2022
On 18 January 2022, there was an explosion in an internal compartment of the ship at the naval dockyard in Mumbai, resulting in three deaths and eleven injuries. Minor structural damage was also reported.
The blast was attributed to Freon gas leak in the AC compartment. Krishan Kumar MCPO I, Surinder Kumar MCPO II and A.K. Singh MCPO II were killed in the incident.
In Popular Culture
INS Ranvir was featured in Bollywood film Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Sathiyo starring Amitabh Bachan and Boby Deol who played the role of Commanding Officer onboard INS Ranvir
References
External links
Rajput (Kashin II class) at Bharat Rakshak.
Rajput-class destroyers
Ships built in the Soviet Union
1983 ships
Destroyers of India
Destroyers of the Cold War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS%20Ranvir |
INS Ranvijay (Victor in Battle) is a in active service with the Indian Navy. Ranvijay was commissioned on 15 Jan 1988.
Service history
She has won the prestigious Cock Trophy in the annual Western Fleet whaler boat regatta held at the Naval Dockyard on 7 January 2006.
Ranvijay participated in the multinational Malabar Naval Exercise between Australia, India, Singapore, Japan and United States in the Bay of Bengal.
In July 2014 Ranjivay, accompanied by the stealth frigate and fleet tanker took part in the INDRA War Games, a naval and army counter-terrorism exercise with Russia.
In November 2016 Ranjivay, accompanied by the corvette INS Kamorta took part in the SIMBEX War Games, a naval exercise with Singapore Navy which bought the RSN’s stealth frigate, RSS Formidable.
On 23 October 2021, Ranvijay caught fire at the Visakhapatnam Naval Base, in eastern Bengal. Four of her crew were hospitalised.
Awards and recognition
Ranvijay received the best ship of the Eastern Fleet Trophy for the year 2006–07 and 2011–12.
Gallery
References
Rajput-class destroyers
Ships built in the Soviet Union
1986 ships
Destroyers of India
Destroyers of the Cold War
Maritime incidents in 2021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS%20Ranvijay |
Alberta Provincial Highway No. 27, commonly referred to as Highway 27, is an east-west highway in central Alberta, Canada. It extends from Highway 22 in Sundre, through Olds along 46 Street, and intersects Highway 2 east of Olds. It continues east where it intersects Highway 21 south of Trochu where it branches south, passes Three Hills, and branches east to the south. The highway ends at intersection of Highways 9 and 56, east of Morrin and north of Drumheller.
Major intersections
From west to east:
References
027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta%20Highway%2027 |
Jennifer Rhodes (born Janice Wilson, August 17, 1947) is an American actress.
Life and career
The daughter of Bennie and Clara Wilson, she was born and grew up in Rosiclare, Illinois and became interested in theater while attending Southern Illinois University and moved to New York City soon after graduating. She studied acting and began getting cast for theatre roles. After marrying Jordan Rhodes, she eventually moved to Los Angeles where she stopped acting for a while because she felt, as a stage actress, she didn't know very much about acting for television or movie roles. She eventually auditioned successfully for commercials roles, later moving on to television and film.
Rhodes' first credited role was in the 1960s television series The High Chaparral as the character Tanea. In 1980, she played a press secretary on a made-for-TV movie about Jackie Kennedy. In 1988, she appeared in the New World Pictures film Heathers as Winona Ryder's mother. She appeared on the following select series: Fame, Matlock, Little House on the Prairie, L.A. Law, Quantum Leap, Knots Landing, Designing Women, Full House, Red Shoe Diaries, Party of Five, ER, Wings, Murphy Brown, 3rd Rock from the Sun, Family Matters, Friends, Popular, The Agency, and Boston Public. She also appeared on the Disney Channel's The Suite Life on Deck.
Rhodes may be best known as Penny "Grams" Halliwell on The WB series Charmed, where she starred as the ghost of the Charmed Ones's grandmother and the tough-as-nails matriarch of the Halliwell clan. Although not a regular she did appear frequently throughout all 8 seasons of the original series.
Her first regular series role was in Nightingales as the character Effie Gardner.
Marriage
She married Jordan Rhodes and later moved to Los Angeles from New York City with him. The marriage ended in divorce. She never remarried and has no children.
Filmography
Film
Stand Up and Be Counted (1972) - (uncredited)
Big Rose: Double Trouble (1974, TV Movie)
The Towering Inferno (1974) - Janet - Secretary (uncredited)
The Death of Richie (1977, TV Movie) - Elaine
Red Light in the White House (1977) - Carrie Russell
Night Creature (1978) - Georgia
Halloween (1978) - Psych Ward Nurse (uncredited)
Sketches of a Strangler (1978) - Eileen
Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy (1981, TV Movie) - Press Secretary
I'm Going to Be Famous (1983)
Ghost Fever (1986) - Madame St. Esprit
The Eleventh Commandment (1986)
Body Count (1987, TV Movie)
Slumber Party Massacre II (1987) - Mrs. Bates
Heathers (1988) - Veronica's Mom
Nightingales (1988, TV Series) - Effie Gardner
Twenty Dollar Star (1990) - Renee
Frame-Up II: The Cover-Up (1992) - Brook's Landlady
Exiled in America (1992) - Sister Mary Catherine
The Baby Doll Murders (1993) - Mrs. Landers
There Was a Little Boy (1993, TV Movie) - Dr. Blum
Doorways (1993, TV Movie) - Mother
Night of the Demons 2 (1994) - Sister Gloria
Killing Obsession (1994) - Ella
Skeletons (1997, TV Movie) - Mrs. Gallway
The Killers Within (1997) - Hanna
Cold Case (1997, TV Movie) - Miranda Allison
Chasing Tchaikovsky (2007) - Mrs. Winnington
Let the Game Begin (2010) - Hope
Class (2010, TV Movie) - Judge
Dispatch (2011) - Mrs. Gordon
The Lost Medallion: The Adventures of Billy Stone (2013) - Ms. Sally
Lovesick (2013) - Mother
Television
References
External links
Living people
American film actresses
American television actresses
American stage actresses
Actresses from Illinois
People from Hardin County, Illinois
1947 births
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20Rhodes |
Phonoscope Communications is a broadband and communications provider with corporate headquarters in Houston, Texas. The company's infrastructure spans eight counties and reaches distant locations such as Baytown, Galveston, Freeport, Magnolia, Richmond-Rosenberg, Splendora, Texas City and Willis, Texas.
History
Lee Cook and Houston bankers Jesse Jones and William T. Carter founded Phonoscope in 1953. In 1954, Cook invented the Phonoscope instrument (LightCar TM), a two-way audio and video communications device and forerunner to videoconferencing.
In 1962, the Texas Attorney General granted Phonoscope public utility rights for voice and video communications. The same year, Phonoscope established a two-way videotelephony system for Galveston Independent School District, connecting eight elementary schools to the district's administration building using coaxial cable.
In 1963, Phonoscope began to provide cable television to the NASA and Clear Lake areas near Houston.
By 1989, Phonoscope had completed its large-scale fiber optic ring for Ethernet transport in Houston, encompassing all the major central business districts and the Medical Center.
Phonoscope became the first to provide Houston residential customers with multi-internet speeds in 1996 and Houston's first gigabit-ethernet data circuit connectivity provider in 1998.
Phonoscope Global began providing IP services to Greater Houston in 2012. The following year, Phonoscope Fiber Communications brought fiber to the home with symmetrical gigabit bandwidth and residential services. In 2014, Phonoscope Fiber entered successful bids to provide dark fiber and 10 Gigabit Ethernet services to the Cypress Fairbanks Independent School District.
The company sold their residential cable television business to OpTel Inc. in 1997, . Phonoscope Fiber now offers FiberTV, a streaming IPTV service with local, business, and cable channels.
Phonoscope continues to work with local area school districts, having since 2014 entered successful bids to provide dark fiber and 10 Gigabit Ethernet service to the Cypress Fairbanks Independent School District.
Services
Today, Phonoscope Fiber offers a metro ethernet fiber network in the Houston area with enterprise network solutions, including internet access, private networks, ethernet, dark fiber, IPTV, VoIP, and wireless backhaul. Phonoscope Fiber continues to offer fiber television, fiber internet, and fiber phone service to residential customers in Houston.
Phonoscope Fiber also offers fiber optic-based services to MDUs (i.e., apartments) in Houston.
Technology
Phonoscope Fiber offers 100% native Ethernet optical fiber using 100+ data ring networks' built-in redundancy and Layer 2 infrastructure. It has adopted equipment to accommodate the use of IPv6 and prepared its network to handle 10G to 40G and, potentially, 100G speeds.
Controversies
The company incorrectly charged customers sales tax for Internet services for a period of two years after such charges were made illegal. Customers are currently being refunded.
References
External links
Phonoscope website
Companies based in Houston | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonoscope%20Communications |
The Presbyterian Inland Mission is the successor in the Presbyterian Church of Australia to the work of the Australian Inland Mission, founded by Rev. John Flynn. The equivalent in the Uniting Church is called Frontier Services.
Presbyterian Inland Mission operates a number of patrols, where members travel between settlements and stations in inland and outback Australia. They proselytize and provide pastoral care and community assistance, including helping dealing with drought and isolation.
In 2020, they purchased a property near Ardlethan to establish as their home base. This property was renamed 'New Dunesk' and provides a range of training programs.
There is one patrol area in Western Australia, two in New South Wales, three in Queensland and one in Tasmania.
References
External links
Official PIM website
Presbyterian Church of Australia
Christian missions in Oceania
Organizations established in 1912
1912 establishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian%20Inland%20Mission |
Area code 831 is a telephone area code in the North American Numbering Plan for a small region of the U.S. state of California. The numbering plan area (NPA) comprises Monterey County, San Benito County, and Santa Cruz County. The area code was created in 1998 in an area code split of area code 408.
History
In 1947, the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) devised the first nationwide telephone numbering plan and assigned the original North American area codes. The state of California was divided into three numbering plan areas (NPAs) with distinct area codes: 213, 415, and 916, for the southern, central, and northern parts of the state, respectively. California area codes were reorganized geographically in 1950, so that 916 was assigned to a numbering plan area that comprised only the northeastern part from the Sierra Nevada to the Central Valley. The coastal area to the west was assigned area code 415.
Area code 408 was split from numbering plan area 415 on March 1, 1959. The new numbering plan area included most of Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Monterey and San Benito Counties.
In 1997, the California/Nevada Code Administrator (C/NCA) advised the North American Numbering Plan Administration (NANPA) of the need for area code relief in the 408 numbering plan area. A geographic area code split had been approved by the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) which would install area code 831 for a new numbering plan area comprising the communities of Santa Cruz, Salinas, Monterey, and Hollister. Area code 408 would be retained in Sunnyvale, San Jose, Los Gatos, and Gilroy. The area code split became effictive on July 11, 1998, with a permissive dialing period ending on February 20, 1999.
Service area
The service area of NPA 831 includes Big Sur, Monterey Bay, the Salinas Valley, and the southwestern Santa Cruz Mountains.
Major cities in the area are Salinas, Hollister, Monterey, Santa Cruz and places in the northern Central Coast.
Monterey County
Aromas
Big Sur
Boronda
Carmel Highlands
Carmel Valley Village
Carmel-by-the-Sea
Castroville
Chualar
Del Monte Forest
Del Rey Oaks
Elkhorn
Gonzales
Gorda
Greenfield
Jolon
King City
Las Lomas
Lockwood
Marina
Monterey
Moss Landing
Pacific Grove
Pajaro
Pebble Beach
Prunedale
Salinas
San Ardo
San Lucas
Sand City
Seaside
Soledad
Spreckels
San Benito County
Aromas
Hollister
New Idria
Paicines
Panoche
Ridgemark
San Juan Bautista
Tres Pinos
Santa Cruz County
Amesti
Aptos Hills-Larkin Valley
Aptos
Ben Lomond
Bonny Doon
Boulder Creek
Brookdale
Capitola
Corralitos
Davenport
Day Valley
Felton
Freedom
Interlaken
Live Oak
Lompico
Mount Hermon
Opal Cliffs
Pasatiempo
Rio del Mar
Santa Cruz
Scotts Valley
Soquel
Summit
Swanton
Twin Lakes
Watsonville
See also
List of California area codes
List of North American Numbering Plan area codes
References
External links
831
Monterey County, California
San Benito County, California
Santa Cruz County, California
Salinas Valley
Santa Cruz Mountains
831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area%20code%20831 |
Synaesthesia (or synesthesia) is a perceptual experience.
Synaesthesia or Synaesthete may also refer to:
Music
Bands
Synæsthesia (Canadian band), an ambient music duo 1995–2001
Synaesthesia (English band), now known as Kyros, a rock and pop band
Albums
Synesthesia (Buck 65 album), 2001
Synesthesia (Chicago Underground Duo album), 2000
Synesthesia (Courage My Love album) or the title song, 2017
Synaesthesia (Kyros album), 2014
Synesthesia – I Think in Colours, by Alle Farben, or the title song, 2014
Without Words: Synesthesia, by Bethel Music, or the title song, 2015
Synaesthesia, by Andy Summers, 1995
Synesthesia, by Peter Himmelman, 1989
Songs
"Synesthesia" (song), by Andrew McMahon, 2013
"Synaesthesia", by the Thrillseekers, 1999
Other uses
Synaesthesia (rhetorical device), in literature, when one sense is described in terms of another
Synaesthete (video game), a 2007 freeware music game
Synesthesia Mandala Drums, a brand of electronic drum pads
Synesthesia, a 2005 film featuring Masanobu Ando
Detective Wanda "Synaesthesia" Jackson, a character from Top 10 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaesthesia%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Matt Kennedy Gould (born October 4, 1975) is an American former television personality. He rose to prominence in 2003, when he was the protagonist of The Joe Schmo Show, a fake reality show in which, unbeknownst to him, all the participants but Gould were actors portraying broad reality show participant archetypes.
Background
Gould is a native of Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania, and graduated from Pennsylvania State University in 1999 with a degree in speech communications. Gould attended the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, but dropped out prior to completion. After dropping out, Gould began living with his parents and working as a pizza delivery man.
The Joe Schmo Show
Gould was playing basketball with friends at a Jewish Community Center in the South Hills section of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania when a casting director for SpikeTV's The Joe Schmo Show spotted him. Gould auditioned for the show, and was selected as its protagonist.
As far as Gould was concerned, he was competing in the reality show Lap of Luxury for a $100,000 prize to be awarded to the winner. At the end of each show, one of the show's actors-contestants was evicted. Halfway through the season, an older contestant with whom Gould had bonded was "voted" off the show, causing Gould to break down and begin questioning whether voting off friends was worth monetary gain. Matters were complicated the following day when Gould accidentally injured one of the actors, Kristen Wiig, later of Saturday Night Live fame, in a sumo wrestling contest. Upon Wiig's return to the show, Gould insisted on giving the sumo wrestling contest's prize (a vacation package) to Wiig. Gould's acts of vulnerability in the former instance, and generosity in the latter, caused the producers to shift the show's focus and tone significantly away from mockery and towards praise.
The truth was revealed to Gould in the season's finale, which garnered the most viewers for SpikeTV for a non-wrestling show to that point. Gould received the $100,000 prize for which he was "competing," along with a plasma television and separate vacations to Tahiti and to a spa resort. Upon the truth being revealed, Gould cried out, "What is going on?!?" Spike TV would later air this cry at the end of its other original productions.
When asked about whether he had ever intuited the truth, Gould said that he "just chalk[ed] everything up to the oddities of reality television" and that he thought he "was on the weirdest reality show in history of mankind."
In August 2008, Entertainment Weekly interviewed Gould about his experiences on the show. Gould said that the show made him feel "dumb" and that he "wouldn't do the show at all" if he was given the choice whether or not to do it again.
In January 2013, however, Gould stated in a new interview released the day of the premiere of the show's third season that he had "come full circle" and had made peace with the experience. He noted that he still hears from fans of the show on Facebook, that in nine years, no one has ever said anything negative to him about it, and that the fear he felt about what people would think of him was "...something I drummed up in my head."
Post-Joe Schmo Show
Appearances
Gould recorded commentary on the show for a later rebroadcast of the series. In 2004, Gould taped an unaired cameo appearance for Joe Schmo 2 as a pizza delivery man, and appeared as a referee on 10 Things Every Guy Should Experience.
Personal life
Gould is married and has two children.
References
External links
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Article
Living people
Participants in American reality television series
Pennsylvania State University alumni
People from Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania
1975 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%20Kennedy%20Gould |
Australia Tour EP 2002 is an EP released by The Pernice Brothers, consisting of reworked, "stripped-down" [] versions of songs from the band's first two albums (Overcome by Happiness and The World Won't End). The songs were recorded during an Australian tour in January 2002. The track listing on the CD release is incorrect, with "All I Know" listed as track 2 and "Flaming Wreck" listed as track 3. The correct track listing is below.
Track listing
References
Pernice Brothers albums
2003 debut EPs
Live EPs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%20Tour%20EP%202002 |
W Las Vegas was a planned condo-hotel and casino resort near the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada. It was announced in August 2005 as a joint venture between Edge Resorts and minority partner Starwood. The project was initially expected to cost $1.7 billion, and would include approximately 3,000 hotel, condo hotel, and residential units, as well as a casino, in addition to restaurants, nightclubs, and shopping. The project initially was to be built on located east of the Las Vegas Strip. The cost of the project ultimately increased to $2.5 billion.
In June 2006, Edge Resorts purchased an adjacent site that had been planned for the Las Ramblas Resort. Edge Resorts then planned to build Edge East, a boutique hotel district, on the newly acquired property to accompany W Las Vegas. The project was cancelled when Starwood pulled out of the partnership in May 2007.
History
Since the launch of Starwood's first W Hotel in 1998, Ross Klein, the senior vice president and chief marketing officer of W Hotels, had wanted to open a W hotel in Las Vegas. However, such plans failed for years to materialize as Klein had difficulty finding an adequate location and partner at a time that would be ideal. In 2004, private investment group Edge Resorts began discussions with Starwood about jointly opening a W hotel in Las Vegas. At the time, Edge Resorts owned the Bourbon Street Hotel and Casino, but Starwood considered the building too small and in a poor location, wanting instead to have a potential W hotel on Harmon Avenue. Later that year, Edge Resorts purchased of land at the northeast corner of Harmon Avenue and Koval Lane, occupied by the Ice nightclub. The following year, it purchased an additional of adjacent land from D. R. Horton. The total cost of the site was $108.1 million.
In August 2005, Starwood and Edge Resorts announced plans for a $1.7 billion joint project that would include a casino; approximately 3,000 hotel, condo hotel, and residential units; and of meeting space. The property would also include shops, a spa, and a gym. It would be Starwood's first W hotel to include a casino. Under the deal, Edge Resorts would have 75 percent control of the resort, while Starwood would own the remainder and would manage the hotel, to be known as W Las Vegas. The project would be built on the 21-acre site, located east of the Las Vegas Strip and near the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino. Its primary competitors were expected to be the Hard Rock, Mandalay Bay, the Palms, and Wynn Las Vegas. Investors for Edge Resorts were not concerned about the large amount of Las Vegas hotel condo projects announced up to that point. Residential sales were expected to begin in the fourth quarter of 2005, and a 2008 opening was scheduled. The project was still in the design phase at the time of the announcement.
In January 2006, it was announced that the project had received $232.5 million in pre-development financing from Société Générale Corporate and Investment Banking. Project details were announced in May 2006. The property would include two 50-story glass towers with a modern design, containing a combined total of 4,000 hotel and condo-hotel units, ranging from tp . Prices would start at $650,000, and the total cost of the project had increased to $2.5 billion. It was also announced that Las Vegas' M.J. Dean Construction had been hired as the general contractor, while Las Vegas-based Klai Juba Architects would work with the New York-based Lacina Heitler Architects to design the project along with Charles Allem Designs. Utility installation work had already begun early that month, and M.J. Dean Construction had begun building a $5 million residential sales center.
In June 2006, it was announced that an adjacent site, planned for the future Las Ramblas Resort, had been sold to Edge Resorts for $202 million. Edge Resorts planned to construct a boutique hotel district known as Edge East on the newly acquired property to accompany W Las Vegas. The project was also planned to include nightclubs and 10 restaurants. Later that month, Edge put of recently purchased land (later the site of the Allegiant Stadium) up for sale to pay for W Las Vegas and Edge East. In December 2006, Edge Resorts hired Credit Suisse to evaluate offers from people and groups that were interested in partnering with Edge Resorts and Starwood on the project, as rising construction costs and the additional land meant that a third partner would be required to help finance the project. At the time, Edge Resorts denied rumors that Starwood would pull out of the project.
W Las Vegas was cancelled in May 2007, after Starwood pulled out of the project. Edge Resorts planned to sell the land, stating that the project "could not overcome numerous significant challenges." Up to that time, 750 residential units had been reserved; refunds were issued to people who reserved units. In August 2007, the site was sold to a joint venture group that was led by the Africa Israel Group and included Edge Resorts. In January 2009, plans were announced to build the world's largest hotel on the site, with 6,745 rooms, as well as a casino and retail complex. The project was known as "Edge (Las Vegas)", with Edge among the partners to have a stake in the project. The joint venture defaulted on loans eight months later, and the property remained vacant.
Lenders foreclosed on the land in 2014. It was sold eight years later to Liberty Media, the parent company of Formula One. A , four-story paddock structure was built on the land for the 2023 Las Vegas Grand Prix.
Other versions
Sometime before 2015, Starwood and Station Casinos held discussions about developing a W hotel on the site of Station's Wild Wild West Gambling Hall & Hotel.
At the SLS Las Vegas on the north end of the Las Vegas Strip, Starwood operated one of the resort's hotel towers, the former LUX Tower, as a separate hotel known as W Las Vegas. It operated from December 2016 to August 2018.
References
External links
Photo gallery
Unbuilt buildings and structures in the United States
Buildings and structures in Paradise, Nevada
Proposed skyscrapers in the United States
W Hotels
Unbuilt casinos | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%20Las%20Vegas |
CASR may stand for:
State highways in California, the highways in the US state of California
Centre for Automotive Safety Research, the road safety research centre based in the University of Adelaide
Calcium-sensing receptor
Civil Aviation Safety Regulation, which is set forth by the Civil Aviation Safety Authority, an Australian federal agency responsible for the regulation of private and commercial flight.
Anarchic Cell For Revolutionary Solidarity, an anarchist urban guerilla group in Bolivia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CASR |
The Mechanik (released under the alternative title known as The Russian Specialist) is a 2005 German-American vigilante action-thriller film directed by and starring Dolph Lundgren, who also co-wrote the screenplay with Bryan Edward Hill. The film co-stars Ben Cross, Ivan Petrushinov, Olivia Lee and Raicho Vasilev. Most of the film was shot in Bulgaria and there are many Bulgarian actors in the cast as well.
Plot
Retired Spetsnaz soldier Nikolai "Nick" Cherenko (Dolph Lundgren) is a mechanic in the small Russian village of Gorelovo. His wife, Alina (Hilda van der Meulen), and son, Vanya (Naum Shopov) are killed by Russian mob boss Aleksandr "Sasha" Popov (Ivan Petrushinov) when he and his gang start a shootout after a bad drug deal. Nick arms himself and takes his revenge one night, killing five of Popov's men. Finally he shoots Popov in the face, leaving him for dead.
7 years later, Nick works as a mechanic in Los Angeles. Wealthy widow Mary Abramoff (Levana Finkelstein) tracks him down and pleads with him to go to Russia and retrieve her daughter Julia (Olivia Lee), who has been kidnapped and forced into the sex trade. Nick refuses, claiming he is just a mechanic. John Ridley (Atanas Srebrev), Mary's attorney reveals that they know his past, but he continues to refuse. Finally he is convinced when Mary reveals that the man who killed her husband and took her daughter is Sasha, still alive, and Nick sets off to St. Petersburg, Russia.
British mercenary William Burton (Ben Cross) offers to take a prostitute, Natalia, away with him after "a job," but she refuses. He stumbles, drunk, into his apartment, where he is confronted by Nick. After sobering him up, Nick takes him to the club where Sasha hides out. Nick immediately attacks the guards and demands to see Sasha despite Burton's insistence they play it cool. Burton pulls him away and says they will return the next night; Burton fears Nick has compromised their mission.
The following night, Natalia lets Nick, Burton and a group of Russian mercenaries (Yuri, Sergei, Alexi, and Pavel) into the club. They find Julia, strung out, and escape the club in a shootout where only 2 of the Russian mercenaries, Yuri (Asen Blatechki), and Sergei (Antony Argirov) survive; Sergei has been badly wounded in the leg. They begin driving to the Finnish border and Sasha's thugs give chase. Nick buys them time by luring the thugs into a tunnel, changing cars and setting off a bomb.
The group stop at a farm house to tend to Sergei then proceed to the border which has closed for the night; they stay with their contact, Misha, one of Nick's former Spetsnaz soldiers. Sasha stops at the farm house and determines Nick is headed for the border and he continues to chase them. The next morning, Sergei dies of his injuries, and Sasha arrives and Nick's group (Burton, Yuri, and Misha) prepares for a fight. Sasha tries to lure Burton out by bringing Natalia, whom he kills, angering Burton. Nick and his group split up and begin picking off Sasha's men. Finally, Nick confronts Sasha, who grabs Julia. She scratches his face to distract him and Nick shoots his leg; he crawls away but Nick executes him with a shot to the head.
Burton and Yuri accompany Julia across the border to Finland where she is reunited with her mother. Nick walks away from the village to Saint Petersburg, his path unknown.
Cast
References
2005 films
2005 direct-to-video films
2005 action films
American films about revenge
American action films
English-language German films
Films directed by Dolph Lundgren
Films scored by Elia Cmíral
Films shot in Bulgaria
Films shot in Saint Petersburg
German action films
Nu Image films
2000s Russian-language films
2000s American films
2000s German films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mechanik |
The Berenstain Bears (also known as "The Berenstain Bears Show" in its original run) is an animated comedy television series based on the children's book series of the same name by Stan and Jan Berenstain, produced by Hanna-Barbera Pty Ltd., and Southern Star Productions. It aired in the United States from September 14, 1985, to March 7, 1987 on CBS with 52 11-minute episodes in 26 half-hour shows produced. Reruns of the show would continue to air on the network until September 5, 1987. Each show consisted of two episodes, the first being an adaptation of one of the books, the second being an original story.
The series was nominated in 1987 for a Daytime Emmy award for Outstanding Performer in Children's Programming; it was also nominated that year for a Humanitas Prize in the category of Non-Prime Time Children's Animated Show.
A second cartoon series aired on PBS Kids in 2003.
Plot
The series is set in a nearby forested land populated only by anthropomorphic bears and primarily centers around the Berenstain Bears. The Berenstain Bears are a family residing in the rural community of Bear Country. The family consists of Mama Bear, Papa Q. Bear, Brother Bear, and Sister Bear. The series teaches lessons, continues from the TV specials, and expands Bear Country as well as character development. Each episode follows the struggles of the family, mainly the cubs.
The characters and setting are from various books written by Stan & Jan Berenstain as well as from several television specials by Joe Cates. Other characters are Actual Factual, Big Paw, Mayor Horace J. Honeypot, Farmer Ben, Cousin Fred, and Grizzly Gramps & Gran.
Characters also introduced are Officer Marguerete, Scout Leader Jane, Lizzy Bruin, Queen Nectar, and Old Jake the Catfish (Queen Nectar and Jake are not bears but they do talk and interact with the Cubs).
The main antagonists of the series are the "swindler" con artist Raffish Ralph and occasionally Weasel McGreed, seen in six episodes. To a lesser extent, Too-Tall Grizzly is another antagonist, serving as the school bully.
Other episodes involve "The Bear Detectives" and their sniffer hound Snuff, Papa Q. Bear's attempts of honey gathering, interaction with forest creatures, and attempts by Weasel McGreed to take over Bear Country.
Episodes
Voice Cast
Ruth Buzzi as Mama Bear, Grizzly Gran, Scout Leader Jane, Queen Nectar, and others
Brian Cummings as Papa Q Bear, Actual Factual, Bigpaw, Horace J. Honeypot, Too-Tall and others
Christina Lange as Sister Bear
David Mendenhall as Brother Bear
Marissa Mendenhall as Lizzy Bruin and others
Josh Rodine as Cousin Fred
Frank Welker as Raffish Ralph, Weasel McGreed, Grizzly Gramps, Farmer Ben, and others
Production
From 1979 to 1983, The Berenstain Bears made their television debut as a series of holiday specials that aired on NBC. The specials were created and written by Stan & Jan Berenstain, produced by Joe Cates, and directed by Buzz Potamkin. They continued to make one holiday special each year for five years.
After the release of The Berenstain Bears Play Ball, the team began making a TV series based on the books and to a lesser extent, the same TV specials produced. Joe Cates and Buzz Potamkin produced this TV series as well and Elliott Lawrence continuing to score music for the episodes which were based on his compositions from the five specials, but in a faster pace. Some of the production staff who worked on the specials would continue to help out on the show's development. In addition to creating the original books, Stan and Jan Berenstain were producers on the show, and wrote some of the scripts.
Since Joe Cates was responsible for contracting NBC to fund the TV specials, he tried to pitch the show to the network, but his efforts would sadly be ineffetive due to a change in network leadership at the time. However, CBS got interested in the project and would soon struck a deal to pick up the series for a first 26-episode season as an attempt to lure a new audience for their Fall 1985 Saturday Morning lineup.
Development of the series would bring some "executive meddling" to the production staff. In addition to adapting existing works, CBS executives wanted the series to have an original story tied in to the episodes. Allegedly, some of the pre-existing episodes that were planned (mainly the adaptation of the books "Too Much TV" and "Too Much Junk Food") were turned down by the executives. This actually frustrated Stan and Jan Berenstain, but it wasn't all that bad as many of the original segments would end up being turned into books.
The program was produced by Southern Star Productions/Hanna-Barbera Australia with new voice actors. The characters no longer talk in rhyme, and the TV series has the updated appearance and no longer has the rustic design of the earliest books.
The series expanded tremendously on Bear Country which includes many characters and landmarks as well as the economy and government. As a result, the episodes have a faster timing, and the characters seem much busier compared with the TV specials. The stories are now told without the narrator and are 11–12 minutes in length.
Broadcast
The show aired briefly on TLC's Ready Set Learn block from September 28, 1998, to January 8, 1999, when a contract dispute forced TLC to pull the show off the schedule.
During the early 2000s, reruns were later seen on DIC Kids Network syndicated programming block which primarily aired on some stations of FOX, the also now-defunct UPN, and The WB, but the episodes were edited and time-compressed by DIC.
In Australia, where Southern Star is based in, the series was aired on Network Ten.
Home Media Releases
A few episodes were released on VHS and DVD from various home entertainment labels, such as Random House Home Video, Goldstar Video, Feature Films for Families and Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, albeit with slight alterations (such as a different design for the episode title cards).
Streaming
All of the episodes are available to watch for free on YouTube via the Official Berenstain Bears channel, though with varied video quality.
References
External links
1980s American children's television series
1980s American animated television series
1985 American television series debuts
1987 American television series endings
1985 Australian television series debuts
1987 Australian television series endings
American children's animated comedy television series
American television shows based on children's books
Australian children's animated comedy television series
Australian television shows based on children's books
English-language television shows
1985 TV
CBS original programming
Animated television series about bears
Animated television series about families
Television series by Endemol Australia
Television series by Hanna-Barbera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Berenstain%20Bears%20%281985%20TV%20series%29 |
Grizzly Peak may refer to:
United States
Grizzly Peak, California, an unincorporated community
Grizzly Peak (Disney California Adventure), a themed land in a theme park
Mountains
Grizzly Peak (Berkeley Hills), California
Grizzly Peak (Mariposa County, California)
Grizzly Peak (Dolores/San Juan Counties, Colorado), a mountain in Colorado
Grizzly Peak (Gunnison County, Colorado), a mountain in Colorado
Grizzly Peak (La Plata County, Colorado), a mountain in Colorado
Grizzly Peak (Sawatch Range), Colorado
Grizzly Peak (Summit County, Colorado)
Grizzly Peak (Montana), a mountain in Carbon County, Montana
Grizzly Peak (Oregon)
Grizzly Peak (Wyoming), a mountain in Yellowstone National Park
Elsewhere
Grizzly Peak (Antarctica)
See also
Grizzly Mountain (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly%20Peak |
A terracette is a landform consisting of a hillside ridge arranged as part of sub-parallel "step-like sequences" of such ridges. Terracette occur on step hillsides and are regularly spaced. Various causes have been suggested to explain their origin including: animal trampling, vegetation and regolith behaviour, soil creep and solifluction including gelifluction.
One explanation holds that terracettes are formed when saturated soil particles expand, then contract as they dry, causing them to move slowly downhill. An example of this is the manger near the Uffington White Horse. It may also be described as a small, irregular step-like formation on steep hillslopes, especially on those used for pasture which are formed by soil creep or erosion of surface soils exacerbated by the trampling of livestock such as sheep or cattle. Synonyms are: catstep cattle terracing, sheep or cattle track.
Early investigators such as C. Darwin (1904) believed that animals grazing the hillsides caused terracettes, but further examination revealed places where they abruptly end at steep rock faces or at soils of different composition. Other sites show livestock trails cutting across terracettes. Geomorphologists Vincent and Clarke have also cast doubt about the ability of animals alone to create such regular steps or ridges.
See also
Downland
References
External links
Geology and geomorphology
Slope landforms
Soil landforms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracette |
In Hell is a 2003 American action film directed by Ringo Lam. The film stars Jean-Claude Van Damme, with a supporting cast of Lawrence Taylor, Marnie Alton, Malakai Davidson and Billy Rieck. An adaptation of the 1978 film Midnight Express, it is the third and final collaboration between Jean-Claude Van Damme and Hong Kong film director Ringo Lam. The film was released on direct-to-DVD in the United States on November 25, 2003.
Plot
Kyle LeBlanc is an American working overseas in Magnitogorsk, Russia. When, over the phone, he hears his wife being attacked, Kyle rushes home, but is too late to save her. Sergio Kovic, the man who raped and murdered her, buys the judge and is found not guilty due to lack of evidence. Enraged, Kyle steals a gun from a bailiff and shoots Sergio multiple times in front of the entire courthouse, killing him. For this, he is sentenced to life in prison without parole. He is taken to Kravavi Prison, which is run by the corrupt warden, General Hruschov. Once he arrives, he is beaten by a guard for hesitating to give up his wedding ring. The same night, he witnesses a fellow 21-year-old American inmate named Billy Cooper being taken to another cell by the guards to be raped by prison fighter and member of the Russian Mafia, Andrei.
The next morning, a beaten and traumatized Billy is taken to infirmary by the guards as Andrei leaves the cell. Kyle gets into a brawl with Andrei, who provoked him in a way similar to his wife's murderer and is put in solitary confinement. In solitary, he goes on a hunger strike and then tries to hang himself to commit suicide, but both fail. When he experiences flashbacks of his wife, he realizes he must survive. Eventually, he is transferred to a cell with Inmate 451, an African-American prisoner with a reputation for killing his cellmates, something the sadistic Chief of the guards Lieutenant Tolik believes he will do to Kyle. However, over time, they begin to trust one another. He soon meets Billy in the prison yard, who explains he is serving a year-and-a-half sentence for driving whilst intoxicated and crashing into a restaurant with a girl he met. He also meets Malakai, another American prisoner bound to a wheelchair who explains the politics of the prison and the gangs within it, including the Russian Mafia's alliance with the guards.
General Hruschov gambles by betting on fights between rival gangs. Kyle, who is constantly bullied by Andrei and his goons, begins training himself for these fights, but his motivation concerns 451. In his first match, Kyle faces Andrei and (despite the Russian fighter's experience) manages to win by savagely biting a large chunk out of Andrei's neck, killing him in agony. He immediately suffers a mental breakdown while covered in Andrei's blood as the prisoners and guards watch in horror. Throughout his time, he continuously fights other prisoners and begins to accept his sentence, becoming hardened by his environment and losing himself while also gaining respect. He denies any help from his brother-in-law or the American embassy, feeling that nothing will change, and loses hope of ever being released. At one point, 451 asks him: "Do you even know who you are?" to which 451 answers himself: "Probably not." Meanwhile, Billy, fed up with the physical and sexual abuse he is subjected to, attempts multiple times to escape the prison, first by running during outside work detail, and again by sneaking off during the Russian Independence Day celebrations; the latter fails as he is betrayed by Malakai, who informs the guards because his need of special medicine and treatment. 451 discovers his betrayal and, in retaliation, sets him alight after pouring flammable fluid on him. As he watches Malakai burn to death, he recalls memories of being abused and molested as a child by a teacher and then setting the said teacher on fire.
After being locked in a cell with prison fighter Valya overnight to be raped, Billy is beaten to within an inch of his life after he spits in Valya's face. Billy eventually succumbs to his injuries, but before he dies, he advises Kyle not to let the prison, guards, or inmates make him into something he's not. With this advice, Kyle now knows he must fight another battle for his inner peace, as it is the only way he can become the man he once was. He refuses to fight Valya in his next match, and as a result, is hung by his arms outside for all to see. However, seeing Kyle's courage and his ability to stay strong during his long punishment, the prison gangs decide to put aside their rivalries and unite, following suit by refusing to fight when Hruschov commands it. Kyle is released soon from his restraints and sent to the infirmary. During his recovery, he dreams of his wife who tells him that nobody's ever gone as long as there is someone to remember them.
Sometime after Kyle has recovered, he is taken to his cellblock, where he is confronted by Hruschov, who is frustrated at his authority being challenged. He informs Kyle he only wants one last fight and forces him to face Miloc, a gargantuan prisoner kept separate from the general population whom Kyle kept hearing through the walls from his time in solitary confinement. During the fight, Kyle knocks on a door repeatedly, making Miloc recognize him, as this was his only form of communication, and he embraces him as a friend. A guard orders them to continue at gunpoint. Kyle demands the guards kill him instead, stating he will not fight anymore. Witnessing this, the prisoners begin to protest, resulting in Kyle and Miloc turning the tables on the guards and freeing the prisoners from their cells, igniting a full-scale riot. Miloc is fatally shot protecting Kyle, who comforts him as he succumbs to his wounds.
Soon, 451 agrees to assist Kyle in escaping from the prison. He also gives Kyle documents that contain evidence of all the murders and corruption that has happened in the prison for over 20 years, which he has planned to expose to the US government. While the guards get the prisoners under control following the riot, 451 shows Kyle a secret passage to the prison garage for their next move. It will, though, require Kyle to fight one more time to gain access, facing Valya. During the fight, Kyle gains the upper hand and dislocates Valya's shoulder. An enraged Valya pulls a knife and attempts to stab him only to accidentally stab the leader of the Russian Mafia, killing him. Kyle then uses this opportunity to smash Valya's head into a pole, stating it as retribution for Billy's death. Kyle is then escorted away by the guards to be killed. 451 launches an attack and kills one of them, while Kyle holds the other at gunpoint and pins him underneath a car. After taking the key to free himself, as well as retrieving his wedding ring, Kyle takes one of the guards' uniforms to disguise himself and drives off in one of their cars, while 451 stays behind to assassinate General Hruschov for his misdeeds. As Kyle successfully manages to escape, 451 successfully kills the General by ripping his tongue out with pliers; he is last seen being escorted away by the guards, with his final fate left unknown. Kyle manages to return to the United States and expose Kravavi's corruption and, three months later, the prison is shut down.
Cast
Jean-Claude Van Damme as Kyle LeBlanc
Lawrence Taylor as Inmate 451
Marnie Alton as Grey LeBlanc
Alan Davidson as Malakai
Billy Rieck as "Coolhand"
Jorge Luis Abreu as Boltun
Lloyd Battista as General Hruschov
Michael Bailey Smith as Valya
Robert LaSardo as Usup
Carlos Gómez as Lieutenant Tolik
Chris Moir as Billy Cooper
Valentin Ganev as Bolt
Paulo Tocha as Viktor
Raicho Vasilev as Andrei
Emanuil Manolov as Ivan
Valodian Vodenicharov as Dima
Veselin Kalanovski as Sasha
Atanas Srebrev as Misha
Asen Blatechki as Zarik
Juan Fernández as Shubka
Michail Elenov as Sergio Kovic
Milos Milicević as Miloc
Yulian Vergov as Solitary Guard
Release
In Hell was released on DVD in the United States on November 25, 2003.
Reception
Robert Pardi of TV Guide rated it 1/5 stars and called it a "pokey exercise in cellblock sadism" that does not live up Lam's previous work. Jason P. Vargo of IGN rated it 5/10 stars and wrote that it is "strictly for Van Damme fans only". Beyond Hollywood wrote that although the film has many stock characters, it enjoyably plays on the usual conventions of a Van Damme film. Ian Jane of DVD Talk rated it 3/5 stars and called it "a pleasant surprise" and the best of Van Damme's recent films. David Johnson of DVD Verdict wrote that although the film attempts to bring a new facet to Van Damme's films, it only ends up being clichéd in different ways than his usual films.
References
External links
2003 films
2003 action films
2003 direct-to-video films
2000s prison films
American films about revenge
American action films
American prison films
American vigilante films
Films directed by Ringo Lam
Films set in Russia
Films shot in Bulgaria
Nu Image films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20Hell |
Howe High School is a secondary school located in the rural town of Howe, Oklahoma. The school educates students in 9th–12th grades.
The mascot of Howe High School is the lion. As of 2017, the school principal is Dennis Shoup. In 2004, their girls basketball team won the Class A state championship. In 2007, the girls basketball team won state runner-up. In 2008, the girls basketball team won the Class A State Championship. Tammy Parks, Carrie Alexander and Scott Parks serve as the Instructional Technology Facilitators for Howe Public Schools.
Howe High School offers a Broadcast Journalism Program called Cle-Live Online.
External links
Howe Public Schools
Public high schools in Oklahoma
Schools in Le Flore County, Oklahoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howe%20High%20School%20%28Howe%2C%20Oklahoma%29 |
Shaver Lake is an artificial lake on Stevenson Creek, in the Sierra National Forest of Fresno County, California. At elevation , several smaller streams also flow into the lake, and it receives water from the tunnels of Southern California Edison's Big Creek Hydroelectric Project. The town Shaver Lake is located on its south-west shore.
Background
In 1917 Southern California Edison purchased the lake which had been owned by the Fresno Flume and Lumber Company for transporting lumber down to the San Joaquin Valley. The lake was formed with the construction of Shaver Lake Dam, which was built by Southern California Edison and completed in . The dam was built in blocks, with a keyway to hold it in place and a copper sheet to make it watertight. Its capacity is . Some water from the lake is discharged into Stevenson Creek for fish and other wildlife, but the rest is diverted to Big Creek, where it powers several hydroelectric plants in succession.
The area now covered by the lake was extensively logged before the dam was built, and an extensive log flume system several miles long was constructed to bring logs down the mountain. The town to this day maintains a nostalgic logging theme. Several buildings in town are in fact old, converted sawmills. Adjacent to the lake is Camp Edison, built and operated by SCE.
On August 13, 1943, Grace Craycroft (née Shaver), the daughter of pioneer lumberman Charles B. Shaver after whom the lake and town is named, drowned after suffering from a heart attack whilst attempting to save a 12-year-old boy from drowning.
The reality television shows Endurance: High Sierras and Capture were filmed at Shaver Lake in summer 2006 and summer 2013, respectively. The lake was also the filming location of the HBO Max reality show Karma during the summer of 2019.
The Shaver Lake Trophy Trout Project is a non-profit organization to educate the public on fishing and make Shaver Lake a fishing destination.
Camp Chawanakee, a Scout camp, is located on a peninsula on the southern shore of Shaver Lake. BSA troops from all over California attend each summer.
The camp's facilities include canoeing, sailing, row boats, kayaking, swimming, hiking, rifle shooting, shotgun, archery, horse riding, rock wall, zip lining, fishing, crafts, and many other activities.
See also
List of dams and reservoirs in California
List of lakes in California
Shaver Lake, California
Huntington Lake
References
External links
Shaver Lake Trophy Trout Project
Reservoirs in Fresno County, California
Lakes of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Sierra National Forest
Reservoirs in California
Reservoirs in Northern California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaver%20Lake |
Narco is a 2004 French film directed by Tristan Aurouet and Gilles Lellouche and starring Guillaume Canet. The film is about Gus (Canet), a narcoleptic whose life is made difficult by his inability to keep a job because of his condition.
Plot
The main character Gus experiences vivid dreams during his narcoleptic episodes, which inspire him to create comic book style art of extremely high quality. When Samuel Pupkin, the psychiatrist who runs a group attended by Gus, learns of this, he recalls his own desire to be a comic book artist, instead of following the family tradition of psychiatry, a dream prevented by his lack of artistic talent. Motivated by greed, jealousy, and desire for fame he hatches a plot, involving figure skating assassins, to steal Gus's work and pass it off as his own. The attempt on Gus's life fails but he ends up in a coma. Pupkin pays Gus's wife and best friend (who have begun an affair) for the art and sells it to a failed-comedian turned successful publisher, who in turn plans to erase the text and replace it with his own, and in this way have his genius for comedy finally recognized.
When Gus awakens from his coma, he reports to the police that someone is trying to kill him, but as he can think of no reason why, the police dismiss his claims. He then discovers that he is no longer narcoleptic, but finds it convenient to pretend he still is. In this way he discovers the affair of his wife and best friend, and through further investigation the theft of his work. The publisher angry that because of the Pupkin's deception, Gus could cause problems for them, demands that Pupkin solve it. Pupkin once more sends the assassins after Gus, but Gus's best friend, after wrestling with his conscience, talks them out of killing him. The police now believe his story and investigate the publisher who goes to jail, where he finally finds success as a comedian, performing for the other inmates. Pupkin goes insane and is confined to a hospital. Gus reconciles with his wife and finally gets a job.
In a minor role, Jean-Claude Van Damme appears as an imagined version of himself, when one character who idolises him as the ultimate 'Karate man', imagines a conversation where he acts as that character's conscience.
Cast
Guillaume Canet - Gustave Klopp
Zabou Breitman - Pamela
Benoît Poelvoorde - Lenny Bar
Guillaume Gallienne - Samuel Pupkin
François Berléand - Guy Bennet
Jean-Pierre Cassel - Gus's father
Vincent Rottiers - Kevin
Philippe Lellouche - Hervé
Laurent Lafitte - The host
Léa Drucker - The twin
Gilles Lellouche - The twin
Anne Marivin - The objects woman
Lionel Abelanski - The supermarket director
Philippe Lefebvre - The gym teacher
François Levantal - The twin's father
Jean-Noël Brouté - The doctor
Soundtrack
References
External links
2004 films
French comedy films
2000s French-language films
Films about comics
Films about fictional painters
2000s French films
Films directed by Gilles Lellouche
Films with screenplays by Gilles Lellouche | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narco%20%28film%29 |
West Marine is an American company based in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, which operates a chain of boating supply and fishing retail stores. The company has 247 retail stores in North America. West Marine also runs Blue Future a non profit organization. West Marine's flagship store is in Fort Lauderdale. Opened on February 28, 2018, the store is the company's largest at over 50,000 square feet.
History
The company was founded in 1968 by Randy Repass in Sunnyvale, California, with the name West Coast Ropes, selling nylon rope from Repass' garage. The first retail West Coast Ropes store opened in 1975 in Palo Alto, California. With the acquisition of assets from West Products in 1977, the company changed its name to West Marine Products, Inc. In 1978 West Marine established a wholesale division called Port Supply. In 1991, the first West Marine stores opened on the East Coast of the United States, in Miami and Annapolis, Maryland. In 1993 the company went public on the NASDAQ exchange (symbol WMAR).
In 1996, West Marine merged with E&B Marine, to target a larger customer base of power boat enthusiasts. In 2003 the company acquired the Boat U.S. Product Division.
In December 2007, Geoff Eisenberg replaced Peter Harris as the company's president and chief executive officer.
By 2009, the company was more than three times as large as its nearest competitor, Boater's World, which closed that year, shutting all its stores nationwide.
In April 2012 the company announced that Eisenberg planned to resign. In June 2012, Matt Hyde, a 26-year veteran of REI, became the new president and CEO.
In September 2017, West Marine was acquired by private equity firm Monomoy Capital Partners for $338 million in cash. In October 2017 the company announced that Hyde had left the company.
In January 2018 Doug Robinson was appointed CEO; he left in November 2018. In December 2018, the company announced that Ken Seipel had been appointed CEO.
In April 2021 L Catterton acquired West Marine.
In August 2021 Eric Kufel was appointed as the new CEO.
In December 2022 Chuck Rubin was appointed as the new CEO. In February 2023, Mr. Rubin announced a recapitalization. The press release also identified a new CFO, Jim Grady.
Retailing history
In 1996, West Marine's VP Chuck Hawley and a team led by Webmaster & Catalog Systems Analyst Robert Kennedy launched westmarine.com. It quickly became an early leader in online retailers with catalog call center innovations such as upsell and cross-sell exported into online user experiences.
In July 2008, West Marine opened its first franchise store in Istanbul, Turkey. The newly formed company, East Marine Denizcilik ve Turizm A.Ş trades as West Marine Turkey and was majority owned by Rahmi Koç and İbrahim Yazıcı. In March 2009, the second store was opened in Kalamış and June 2009 saw the opening of the third franchise store in Bodrum. The fourth store, in Marmaris, opened in October 2010 with more stores planned around the coast of Turkey. On January 1, 2015, all seven West Marine Franchise stores in Turkey separated from West Marine and became Eastmarine.
In October 2014, West Marine announced that it would close all of its Canadian stores by 2019 as their leases expired; seven of the ten stores in Canada were to close in 2015.
In November 2011, the company opened their largest retail store, with 50,000 square feet, in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
References
Companies based in Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
American companies established in 1968
Retail companies established in 1968
1968 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Marine |
An outwash fan is a fan-shaped body of sediments deposited by braided streams from a melting glacier. Sediment locked within the ice of the glacier gets transported by the streams of meltwater, and deposits on the outwash plain, at the terminus of the glacier. The outwash, the sediment transported and deposited by the meltwater and that makes up the fan, is usually poorly sorted due to the short distance traveled before being deposited.
Formation
Outwash fans typically form from valley glaciers flowing downhill in the mountains. Thus, outwash fans are usually found in colder environments where glaciers are more prevalent and are often located where a valley or canyon empties out onto a flatter wider plain.
Outwash fans form when melt-water from a retreating glacier deposits transported sediment in the shape of a fan along the outwash plain. Glaciers contain large amounts of sediment (i.e. sand, silt, clay) that is gathered through glacial erosional processes such as abrasion between the glacier and the underlying rocks, and through glacial plucking. As the glacier begins to retreat and ablation increases, the melting ice deposits sediments from a single source at the terminus of the glacier. Melt-water from the glacier forming a braided stream then carries the sediment away and redeposits it further away from the glacier.
The sedimentation of the outwash fan is often poorly sorted due to the short distance covered by the transported sediment, however, water runoff from the glacier acts as a natural sorter. Finer materials such as silt and clay are redeposited further away from the glacier, while larger sediments such as pebbles and rocks remain closest to the glacier. Because the sediments rely on melt water for transportation, the ablation rate directly affects the development of an outwash fan. Other factors that affect fan morphology include the slope of the outwash fan and the depth and width of its distributive channels.
Minor fans, unlike the more extensive outwash fans that transport larger sized material by high energy streams from underneath the glacier, are mainly made up of fine grained sediments (i.e. sand) and are deposited by low energy streams that drain debris along the glacier's surface.
References
http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/outwash
Glacial landforms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outwash%20fan |
Lilan may refer to:
Lilan, a minor character in the video game Suikoden IV
Lilan, East Azerbaijan, a village in Hamadan Province, Iran
Lilan, Hamadan, a village in Hamadan Province, Iran
Lilan, Markazi, a village in Markazi Province, Iran | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilan |
Roy Wilkins Auditorium (nicknamed The Roy) is a 5,000-seat multi-purpose arena in St. Paul, Minnesota. Designed by the renowned municipal architect Clarence W. Wigington, it was built in 1932 as an arena extension to the existing St. Paul Auditorium (built 1906–1907). When the old auditorium wing was demolished in 1982, Wigington's arena wing remained. It was renamed for Roy Wilkins in 1985. It is part of the RiverCentre complex, down the hall from the Xcel Energy Center, home of the National Hockey League's Minnesota Wild.
Events
The University of Minnesota's Golden Gophers ice hockey team used the arena as one of its home rinks from 1932 until 1950. The Minneapolis Lakers used the Auditorium when their regular home, the Minneapolis Auditorium, was not available. The Minnesota State Boys' High School Hockey Tournament was held at the Auditorium from 1945 to 1968. It was home to the Minnesota Fighting Saints ice hockey team of the World Hockey Association (WHA) in fall 1972, before the team moved to the St. Paul Civic Center. The St. Paul Slam of the International Basketball Association played at Wilkins for two seasons, 1996–97 and 1997–98. The Minnesota Ripknees also played at the auditorium for their 2007–08 season.
In 2000 it hosted ECW's pay-per-view Anarchy Rulz.
Since 2005, Roy Wilkins Auditorium has hosted games for the Minnesota Roller Derby league, one of the founding members of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA). The WFTDA held the 2015 WFTDA Championships at Roy Wilkins Auditorium November 6–8, 2015.
References
External links
Minnesota Roller Derby
History of St. Paul Auditorium
1932 establishments in Minnesota
American Basketball Association (2000–present) venues
Clarence W. Wigington buildings
Indoor arenas in Minnesota
Indoor ice hockey venues in Saint Paul, Minnesota
Minnesota Fighting Saints
Sports venues in Saint Paul, Minnesota
World Hockey Association venues
Sports venues completed in 1932
Defunct college ice hockey venues in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Wilkins%20Auditorium |
Hasidic New Wave is an American experimental klezmer music group. Its members, all of whom were improvisational jazz musicians from downtown Manhattan, formed for the purpose of fusing Hasidic musical styles (such as the Hora and Nigun) with elements of jazz and avant-garde rock. Trumpet player Frank London (also a member of The Klezmatics) sees Hasidic New Wave as evidence that Yiddish culture continues to thrive in the 21st century.
Greg Wall and Frank London originally met at the New England Conservatory of Music (where they both studied jazz) and reconnected in New York, when they both begun learning Hasidic music to play wedding gigs supporting themselves. A lot of that music made its way into Hasidic New Wave recordings.
Hasidic New Wave released a retrospective 5-CD boxset on Tzadik Records in late 2012.
Previously, the band has recorded 5 CDs, including four on Knitting Factory's Jewish Alternative Movement label.
Discography
1996 - Jews and the Abstract Truth (Knitting Factory Works KFW 192)
1998 - Psycho-Semitic (Knitting Factory Records KFR 203)
1999 - Kabalogy (Knitting Factory Records KFR 239)
2000 - Live in Kraków (Not Two Records MW 706–2)
2001 - From the Belly of Abraham (with Yakar Rhythms) (Knitting Factory Records KFW 294)
References
External links
Official site
Liner notes to Hasidic New Wave's box-set, released by Tzadik Records in 2012
[ Hasidic New Wave on allmusic.com]
Aaron Alexander's Site
Hasidic New Wave
Hasidic New Wave
Klezmer groups
Jewish rock groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic%20New%20Wave |
A lava field, sometimes called a lava bed, is a large, mostly flat area of lava flows. Such features are generally composed of highly fluid basalt lava, and can extend for tens or hundreds of kilometers across the underlying terrain.
Morphology and structure
The final morphology of a lava field can reveal properties such as internal structure, composition, and mechanics of the lava flow when it was fluid. The ridges and patterns on top of the lava field show the direction of the lava channels and the often active lava tubes that may be underneath the solidified "crust." It can also reveal whether the lava flow can be classified as pāhoehoe or 'a'ā. The two main types of lava field structures are defined as sheet flow lava and pillow lava. Sheet flow lava appears like a wrinkled or folded sheet, while pillow lava is bulbous, and often looks like a pile of pillows atop one another.
An important aspect of lava flow morphology is a phenomenon known as lava flow inflation. This occurs in pāhoehoe flows that have a high effusion rate, and initially forms a thin crust atop the lava flow. The fluid lava underneath the crust continues to increase due to the sustained high effusion rate, and thus the entire "structure" increases in size, up to four meters in height. This anomaly can expose important physics and mechanisms behind lava flow that was not previously known.
The structure of lava fields also vary based on geographic location. For example, in subaqueous lava fields, sheet flow lava is found near volcanoes characterized by fast-flowing centers, like the Galapagos Rift, while on the other hand pillow lava fields are found near more slow-flowing centers, like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
Mapping and prediction
The extent of large lava fields is most readily studied from the air or in satellite photos, where their commonly dark, near black color contrasts sharply with the rest of the landscape. Current computer models are mostly unable to predict the placement of lava fields due to the inability to anticipate random environmental influences. Computer modelling is consistently increasing in quality, but the many micro factors directing lava flow and shape, such as source geometry and lava extrusion rate, limit the accuracy that is currently available.
Notable examples
Boring Lava Field (United States)
Harrat Rahat, which threatened the city of Medina in the 13th century (Saudi Arabia)
Hell's Half Acre Lava Field (Idaho, United States)
Reykjanes, Iceland (peninsula is mainly a barren waste of lava fields)
St. George, Utah, United States (city built around fields and bluffs covered in lava rocks)
Mackenzie Large Igneous Province, Canada
See also
Volcanic field
Volcanic plateau
Volcanism of Hawaii
Volcanism of Iceland
Volcano
References
Volcanic landforms
Volcanic rocks
Effusive eruptions
Volcanic degassing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava%20field |
The chapters of the manga Black Cat were written and illustrated by Kentaro Yabuki and published by Shueisha in Weekly Shōnen Jump from 2000 to 2004. Black Cats plot follows Train Heartnet, a former assassin known as the Black Cat, who now lives as a bounty hunter, dubbed "Sweeper".
The manga's 185 chapters were collected in 20 tankōbon volumes that were published from January 6, 2001 to October 4, 2004 by Shueisha. It was licensed in English in North America by Viz Media as they first announced it in the 2005 San Diego Comic-Con International. The twenty volumes were published from March 7, 2006 to May 5, 2009 under Viz's Shonen Jump label. Madman Entertainment published Viz's English release in Australia and New Zealand. Black Cat was also adapted into a 24-episode anime series with the same name by Gonzo. Directed by Shin Itagaki, the anime aired in Japan from October 6, 2005 to March 30, 2006.
Volume list
See also
List of Black Cat characters
List of Black Cat episodes
References
Black Cat | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Black%20Cat%20chapters |
Girard Estate, also known as Girard Estates, is part of South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Its boundaries stretch from South 22nd Street on the west to South 17th Street on the east. The southern boundary is clearly defined as the south side of Shunk Street, but its northern boundary is irregular in stretching from the north side of Porter Street between South 17th Street and South 21st Streets, along the east side of South 21st Street to West Passyunk Avenue, then along the south side of West Passyunk Avenue to its northwestern tip at South 22nd Street. It is named after Stephen Girard, whose South Philadelphia property was developed in the 1920s by the City of Philadelphia.
History
Girard's country home was on a plot of land he named Gentilhommiere in what was formerly called Passyunk Township of Philadelphia County. He was likely the richest man in the United States when he died in 1831, and he left most of his $6 million estate to the City of Philadelphia.
Girard's will stated that the city must establish a school for poor orphaned white boys in his name, and that Gentilhommiere must not be sold. To meet the second stipulation, the Board of City Trusts, trustee of the Girard Estate, developed 481 rental homes which became the Girard Estate homes.
Most of the semi-detached homes were designed by architects John and James H. Windrim, and were built from 1906 to 1916. The architectural styles included Bungalow, Prairie, Mission, Jacobean Revival and Colonial Revival. They are a marked difference from the typical South Philly row homes.
In 1950, the city received permission to sell all 481 homes to private owners. All the homes were sold within two years.
In 1979, Girard Estate became a location for "Rocky II." The crew filmed scenes on the 2300 block of S. Lambert Street for a week. In the film, the character Rocky Balboa bought 2313 S. Lambert St. with his winnings from the bout in the first film. (He even comments on the address, pointing out that the number "almost add up to nine!") All exteriors were shot on the street; house interiors were shot on a soundstage.
On March 15, 1981, Philadelphia organized crime boss Phillip Testa returned to his Girard Estates twin home at 2117 Porter Street and as he was opening the door a nail bomb exploded under his front porch killing him and doing extensive damage the house.
The Philadelphia Quartermaster Depot and Edgar Allan Poe School are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Education
The School District of Philadelphia operates public schools.
The Free Library of Philadelphia Thomas F. Donatucci, Sr. Branch (formerly the Passyunk Branch) serves Girard Estate. The library received its current name in 2004.
Notable people
Stephen Girard (1750-1831), philanthropist, banker, and slave owner.
Pat Martino (1944-2021), jazz musician.
Phillip Testa (1924-1981), mobster
References
External links
South Philly Review
City of Philadelphia Place names
Girard Estate Historic District
Gentilhommiere
Historic Photographs of Girard Estates, PhillyHistory.org
Neighborhoods in Philadelphia
Italian-American culture in Pennsylvania
Little Italys in the United States
South Philadelphia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girard%20Estate%2C%20Philadelphia |
Grizzly Peak is a summit in the Berkeley Hills above Berkeley, California. The peak is located on the border between Alameda and Contra Costa counties, within the boundaries of Tilden Regional Park, and directly behind the University of California, Berkeley campus.
The peak was named for the California grizzly bear which inhabited the local area until the late 1800s. The last sighting locally was by a man who was reportedly killed by a grizzly in Strawberry Canyon below Grizzly Peak in the 1860s. The first local killing of a grizzly by a European occurred in 1772, also along Strawberry Creek just west of what is today the UC Berkeley campus, within what is now downtown Berkeley. The shooting by Spanish soldiers was recorded by Father Juan Crespi. The last grizzly in all of California was killed in the Sierra foothills east of Fresno in August 1922.
Grizzly Peak became more accessible in 1932 when Grizzly Peak Boulevard was constructed along the ridge line of the Berkeley Hills. The name was extended to the previously constructed ridge line stretch of Euclid Avenue to the north shortly thereafter. This portion was and remains a residential area of Berkeley while the original stretch is largely undeveloped. Grizzly Peak Boulevard now extends from Kenyon Avenue in Kensington in the north, through Berkeley and Oakland to an intersection with Skyline Blvd. above Oakland to the south. Before Grizzly Peak Boulevard was constructed, the location of its current intersection with Claremont (before 1892 known as Telegraph Road) and Fish Ranch Road was historically an important pass through the Berkeley Hills, before the tunnel that preceded today's Caldecott Tunnel was constructed through the hills in 1903; an inn and stage stop called the Summit House was located here. Today, Grizzly Peak is a popular location for people to get a unique view of the Golden Gate Bridge and the surrounding Bay Area. It is also common to see street luge enthusiasts in this area and down the canyon into Berkeley from Skyline Boulevard and Claremont Avenue.
See also
List of summits of the San Francisco Bay Area
References
External links
Berkeley Hills
Mountains of Alameda County, California
Geography of Oakland, California
Mountains of Contra Costa County, California
Grizzly bears
Mountains of the San Francisco Bay Area
Mountains of Northern California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly%20Peak%20%28Berkeley%20Hills%29 |
New Beginnings High School is a secondary school located in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States which educates students in grades 9–12. It is an alternative public high school for students who are struggling at their home schools and need a fresh start. Students who attend New Beginnings are identified as "high risk", usually having been expelled or otherwise removed for disciplinary reasons from the regular Indianapolis public school system.
As of 2006, the school principal is Mr. Greg Allen.
Other alternative schools in the area include Roberts Academy and Horizon Middle School.
External links
New Beginnings High School webpage G
Public high schools in Indiana
Schools in Indianapolis
Alternative schools in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Beginnings%20High%20School |
The Rabat American School is an independent preparatory day school located in Rabat, Morocco. The program is co-educational and non-residential. English is the language of instruction.
Campus
On January 8, 2019, the school moved to a new campus in Hay el Fath, next to the ocean. It has a 24 acre size and facilities include(d) four computer labs, six science labs, two libraries, an auditorium, a sports field, a gymnasium and two swimming pools. The school is still expanding today.
Curriculum
Rabat American School offers the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme at the high school level and the high school diploma.
See also
:Category:Alumni of Rabat American School
References
External links
Rabat American School
Rabat American School Alumni LinkedIn Group
Rabat American School on Google Maps (Ecole Americaine de Rabat)
Educational institutions established in 1962
International Baccalaureate schools
International schools in Rabat
American international schools in Morocco | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabat%20American%20School |
31G Records, or Three One G, is a San Diego, California-based independent record label, started by musician Justin Pearson in 1994 and focusing on punk and experimental music. The label has released a number of albums and compilations in what has been described as "freak punk" and "spaz-rock." Musicians on the label frequently collaborate, creating supergroups such as Holy Molar, Some Girls, and Head Wound City. Three One G's roster has featured many noise rock bands.
History
31G Records was founded by Justin Pearson in San Diego, California in 1994. The name comes from the chorus of a Joy Division song "Warsaw", a song covered by Pearson's then-band, Swing Kids. The reference for '3-1-G' in the original song was to Rudolf Hess's prisoner number. The first album released on the new label was the 1994 single "And / Fall On Proverb" by metalcore band Unbroken. The second release was a reissue of the new debut album from hardcore punk and noise rock band Swing Kids, a band consisting of both the Unbroken guitarist Eric Allen and Pearson on vocals.
The following few releases also involved the same community of musicians, with a split between Swing Kids and Spanakorzo coming out in 1995, and the second released recording by Pearson's new band The Locust coming out as a split EP with Jenny Piccolo in 1996.
In 1998 Allysia Edwards joined with Pearson as a partner at the label, and their annual output began to increase. By January 2011, the label had put out approximately 60 releases total. Staff as of 2011 include Sal Gallego of Some Girls, Marcus D’Camp, Brandon McMinn, Mike McGuire, Becky DiGiglio, and Pearson.
According to Pearson, the label's best selling releases have been Discography by Swing Kids, as well as March on Electric Children by The Blood Brothers.
Three One G has released a compilation of Queen covers by their artists called Dynamite With a Laserbeam: Queen as Heard Through the Meat Grinder of Three One G, as well as a similar tribute to The Birthday Party titled Release The Bats. There has also been a DVD documentary, This is Circumstantial Evidence, made about Three One G. In 2020 the label released a tribute album to The Cramps called Really Bad Music For Really Bad People: The Cramps As Heard Through The Meat Grinder Of Three One G and featured artists such as METZ, Chelsea Wolfe, and Mike Patton.
Collaborations
Reviewers have described the Three One G community of musicians under the umbrella term "freak punk" or "spaz-rock," saying "the intense, the slightly frightening, and the brutal all find a place for themselves and their music in Three One G Records."
Most of the label's bands have shared members or interact within the same musical community, and according to Pearson,
According to SSG Music, "It seems that members of San Diego label Three One G decide to form new supergroups at least once a year." Three One G bands Holy Molar, Ground Unicorn Horn, and Head Wound City were all formed with earlier musicians on the label. The label's supergroup Retox included Gabe Serbian and Pearson of The Locust, and many of the bands such as The Crimson Curse and Cattle Decapitation are connected to The Locust as well.
Roster
Adam Gnade
ADULT.
All Leather
Antioch Arrow
Arab on Radar
Asterisk*
Bastard Noise
Black Cat #13
Black Dice
The Blood Brothers
Camera Obscura
Cattle Decapitation
The Chinese Stars
The Crimson Curse
Das Oath
Dead Cross
Deaf Club
Death Eyes
Doomsday Student
Downcast
End Of The Line
Ex Models
Fast Forward
Festival Of Dead Deer
Gabe Serbian
Geromino
Get Hustle
Ground Unicorn Horn
Haunted Horses
Head Wound City
Holy Molar
Hot Nerds
Ill Saint M
Into Violence
INUS
Invisibl Skratch Piklz
Jaks
Jenny Piccolo
Kill the Capulets
Kool Keith
Leg Lifters
Love Life
Luke Henshaw
METZ
Microwaves
More Pain
Moving Units
Narrows
Netherlands
Orthrelm
Panicker
Paper Mice
Planet B
Qui
Quintron
Rats Eyes
Retox
Run For Your F_cking Life
Satanic Planet
Secret Fun Club
Silent
Some Girls
Sonido de la Frontera
Spanakorzo
Squid Pisser
Ssion
Struggle
Swing Kids
T-Cells
The Plot To Blow Up The Eiffel Tower
The Locust
Unbroken
Under Attack
WARSAWWASRAW
Wet Lungs
Zealot RIP
Zeus!
Zs
References
External links
Official site
Three One G on MySpace
Three One G on Facebook
Three One G on Discogs
Three One G on Last.fm
American record labels
Record labels established in 1994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%20One%20G |
The Senate of Thailand (, , ; formerly known as the Phruetthasapha, , , ) is the upper house of the National Assembly of Thailand, Thailand's legislative branch. In accordance with the 2017 constitution of Thailand, the Senate is a non-partisan legislative chamber, composed of 250 members. There are no elections for the Senate – all 250 Senators are appointed by the Royal Thai Military. Senators serve five year terms in office.
Both the Senate and the House of Representatives were abolished as a result of the 2014 Thai coup d'état. These were replaced with the unicameral National Legislative Assembly, a body of 250 members, selected by the National Council for Peace and Order. The 2017 constitution, which was approved by a referendum in 2016, provided for a 250-members Senate, which was not elected but rather appointed by a special committee, which was itself appointed by the military. As such, it has been often considered as a rubber stamp for decisions already taken by the higher-ups of the military junta.
History
The idea of bicameralism first permeated Thai politics with the Constitution of 1946, when the government of Pridi Banomyong introduced a Senate modelled on the British House of Lords. For the first time, an upper house came into existence in Thailand. The Senate was to be fully elected, however, the elections would be indirect, as the House of Representatives would elect the senators, for six-year terms. The 1946 Constitution was soon abrogated in a military coup. Subsequent constitutions saw only occasional bicameralism, and when it did exist, the Senate was always filled with appointees from the military and the elite. The 1997 constitution saw a return to a fully elected Senate. That constitution was abrogated after the 2006 coup, and replaced with one calling for a half-elected/half-appointed Senate. The 2007 Constitution was itself repealed in 2018 following the 2014 coup, and replaced with a new one which provided for a fully appointed Senate.
1947 – First Thai Senate established with 100 members, all royally appointed.
1952 – Establishment of a unicameral National Assembly with 123 members.
1968 – Re-establishment of the Senate with 164 royally-appointed members.
1972 – The Thai Legislature is banned by Thanom Kittikachorn.
1974 – Return of the royally-appointed Senate.
1976 – Re-establishment of a unicameral National Assembly with 360 members, all royally appointed.
1978 – Return of a Senate with 225 royally-appointed members.
1991 – Establishment of a unicameral National Assembly with 292 royally-appointed members.
1997 – Establishment for the first time of a fully and directly elected Senate with 200 members for a 6-year term.
2006 – Following the military coup, an interim charter was signed establishing a 250-member National Legislative Assembly.
2007 – Half of the Senate is appointed, half is elected as established by referendum under the 2007 Constitution.
2014 – Following the military coup, an interim constitution was passed establishing a 220-member National Legislative Assembly.
2018 – After the signing of the 2017 Constitution, the National Assembly was reestablished and the NLA was dissolved
2019 – A new Senate, composed of 250 military-appointed members, was sworn in in the aftermath of the general elections held on that year.
Composition
The 250-person Senate is composed of 194 members selected by the ruling junta. Fifty senators represent ten professional and forty social groups: bureaucrats, teachers, judges, farmers, and private companies. A shortlist of 200 were proposed to the NCPO which made the final selection of fifty. The remaining six Senate positions are reserved for the supreme commander of the Armed Forces, the defence permanent secretary, the national police chief, and the heads of the army, navy, and air force, who are all senators ex officio. , 104 out of the 250 senators are police or military officers.
Qualifications
The qualifications for the membership of the Senate could be found in section 115, Part 3, Chapter 6 of the 2007 Constitution. A candidate intent on being a member of the Senate had to be a natural born citizen of Thailand as well as being 40 years or older on the year of election or selection. The candidate must have graduated with at least a bachelor's degree or an equivalent. Elected candidates must have been born, must have had a home and had to be registered to vote in the province which the candidate intended to represent. The candidate must not have been an ascendant, spouse or a child of a member of the House of Representatives or any person holding a political position and must not have been a member of a political party for at least five years.
All other disqualifications were similar to that of the House, the individual must not have been: addicted to drugs, been bankrupt, a convicted felon, a member of a local administration, a civil servant, a member of the judiciary or any other government agency. Being disenfranchised (being a member of the clergy, felon, or mentally infirm). If the candidate was a member of a local administration or a Minister he must have left his post for a period of at least five years before being eligible.
Appointment
Depending on the situation in each constitution.
Term
The term of the Senate is five years. The term is fixed, therefore the Senate cannot be dissolved under any circumstances and would be re-elected in accordance with a Royal Decree issued thirty days after the expiration of the term.
Membership
Members of the Senate are entitled use the title Senator in front of their names (. Membership of an elected Senator began on the senate election day, while an appointed senator became a member after the publication of the election result by the Electoral Commission. Senators could not hold more than one consecutive term, therefore senators could not be re-elected. A Senator whose membership expired before a new Senator could be named continued his or her duties until such seats were occupied. If there was a vacancy the seat was immediately filled either by election or appointment.
Powers
The Senate shares many powers, if not more, than the House of Representatives; these include:
Legislation
Scrutiny
Passing of annual Appropriations Bills
Constitutional Amendments
Exclusive Powers:
Creating and appointing committee to examine and investigate affairs.
Passing approval resolutions advising the King in certain appointments.
Judges of the Constitutional Court of Thailand
Election Commissioners
Ombudsmen
Members of the National Anti-Corruption Commission, State Audit Commission (including the Auditor General) and National Human Rights Commission.
The Senate also advised the selection and the actual selection of certain members of the Judiciary.
Selection of its Officers.
Expulsion of members.
Determination of its own rules and procedures.
The Senate also takes part in a joint sitting of the bicameral legislature to appoint the Prime Minister of Thailand.
Leadership
The Senate elected three presiding officers; one president and two vice presidents. The president of the Senate was also the ex-officio vice president of the National Assembly of Thailand. The election was done by secret ballot, after a resolution finalizing the selection the name was submitted to the king for formal appointment. There were no partisan officers as the Senate of Thailand was a non-partisan chamber.
See also
Constitutions of Thailand
2007 Constitution of Thailand
National Assembly of Thailand
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Inter Parliamentary Affairs, NLA
Thai Senate
Parliament of Thailand
1947 establishments in Thailand
Thailand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate%20of%20Thailand |
The House of Representatives (, , ) is the lower house of the National Assembly of Thailand, the legislative branch of the Thai government. The system of government of Thailand is that of a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy. The system of the Thai legislative branch is modelled after the Westminster system. The House of Representatives has 500 members, of which 400 are elected through single member constituency elections, while the other 100 are chosen through party lists parallel voting.
The House of Representatives was temporarily abolished as a result of the 2014 Thai coup d'état and replaced with the unicameral National Legislative Assembly, a body of 250 members, selected by the National Council for Peace and Order. After the 2017 Constitution was promulgated in April 2017, the House of Representatives was reestablished.
Role
Bill consideration
The Cabinet, no less than 20 members of parliament, or 10,000 eligible voters through a petition may introduce a bill. However, if it is a money bill (a bill that has provisions concerning taxes, budgetary affairs or currency), it may be introduced only with the endorsement of the Prime Minister.
Where a bill's status as a money bill may be in question, a session between the speaker and all house committee chairs maybe convened to consider the status of the bill. The decision is made by a simple majority vote. If the vote is tied, the speaker must cast a tie-breaking vote.
When the process of consideration ends in the House and the bill is agreed to, the bill is sent to the senate for further deliberations; of which the process must be done within 60 days. The deadline for money bills is 30 days. If the senate is not able to deliberate within the time limit, the bill is considered to be agreed to by the senate.
If the bill is agreed to by the whole of the National Assembly, the prime minister must wait 5 days in order to give people the opportunity to challenge the bill's constitutionality. After which, the prime minister has 20 days to present the bill to the monarch for royal assent.
Any emergency act passed by the cabinet must be sent to the house for consideration without delay to be examined. If the house approves of the emergency act, it becomes an ordinary act. If not, the emergency act ceases to have effect after the decision has been published in the government gazette for one day.
Budget consideration
The 2017 Thai Constitution stipulates that the budget must be written in the form of an act, and in the introduction of a budget bill the government must show sources of income and estimates of further income, standards and measures of outcome and relevance to the 20 Year National Strategy and other national development plans. The budget must also adhere to guidelines outlined in the State Fiscal and Financial Disciplines Act.
The process of considering the budget is almost the same as considering a bill, although the deliberation deadline is extended to 105 days, and the senate is not able to amend the budget and must vote on it within 20 days.
Scrutiny of the government
Questioning a minister
A member of parliament may submit a question to a minister both in writing and orally. Questions to a minister may be asked without the question being submitted in advance. A minister may refuse to answer the question if the answer would risk national security or if they consider it not to be in the national interest.
Ministers assigning civil servants or other people to answer in their place is commonplace practice rather than the exception.
Motion of no confidence
No less than one fifth of all the members of parliament may introduce a motion to debate about a vote of no confidence in individual ministers or the entire cabinet. A simple majority is required for the motion to pass, and subsequently for the minister or the entire cabinet to cease.
Creation of committees
Committees may be set up by the house to carry out affairs or investigate matters, or to study matters and report to the house according to a set time frame. A minister may be held accountable to the committee, and it is within their duty to aid the committee in the course of an investigation or to find facts by ordering civil servants within their ministry for them to testify in the committee or to comply with information requests.
Considering prime ministerial candidates
In order for a candidate to stand, they must receive at least one tenth of the house's vote and must be named in the party list.
History
The House of Representatives was established after the Revolution of 1932, when the Khana Ratsadon (the "People's Party"), overthrew the absolute monarchy and replaced it with a system of constitutional monarchy. When King Prajadhipok signed the temporary constitution of 1932, he established the first legislative assembly in Thailand, It was an entirely royally-appointed chamber. The first session of the People's Assembly was held on June 28, 1932, in the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall. From then on, the House existed in various forms until it was abolished in 2014:
See more at: Constitutions of Thailand
1946 – The 1946 constitution established a fully elected House of Representatives.
1949 – On June 5, 1949, Orapin Chaiyakan became the first woman to be elected to hold a post in the National Assembly of Thailand (specifically, the House of Representatives).
1952 – Establishment of the unicameral National Assembly with 123 members.
1959 – The House was banned by Sarit Dhanarajata.
1968 – The House was re-established with 219 members.
1972 – The House was banned by Thanom Kittikachorn.
1974 – Establishment of the House of Representatives.
1976 – Establishment of a unicameral National Assembly with 360 royally-appointed members.
1978 – Return of an elected House with 301 members.
1991 – Establishment of a unicameral National Assembly with 292 appointed members.
1997 – Establishment of a 500-member House of Representatives, 400 directly elected with 100 elected through proportional representation.
2006 – Following the coup, an interim charter was signed establishing a 250-member National Legislative Assembly.
2007 – Return to 500-member House with 375 members elected through single constituency elections and 125 appointed through party-list proportional representation, established, by referendum under the 2007 Constitution of Thailand.
2014 – Abolished as a result of the 2014 Thai coup d'état.
2017 – Re-established following the promulgation of the 2017 constitution.
Qualification
The qualifications to be a candidate for the House of Representatives were outlined in Section 101, Part 2, Chapter 6 of the 2007 Constitution. The candidate had to be a citizen of Thailand by birth only, age of twenty-five or older on election day, and born in the province in which they intended to stand as a candidate. The candidate must have been a voter and therefore had to be on the electoral register for at least five years directly before the election, and must also had a house or have been in public service in the province for five years. The candidate must also had been a member of an educational institution in that province for at least five consecutive years. Politically, a candidate had to be a member of one political party for a period of at least ninety days before election day, except in cases of dissolution where thirty days was the minimum period. This was done to discourage party switching before the election. For party list candidates, they must also had to meet the same qualifications except for the provincial restrictions. They were instead divided in lists based on provincial groups.
Those specifically barred from being candidates were those: addicted to drugs, declared bankrupt, unable to vote (see voter eligibility below), former convicted felons (the individual had to wait for five years after release to become eligible), removed from public service for being corrupt or incompetent, had assets confiscated due to embezzlement and finally, the individual had not been a member of the government or civil service, Senate, local administrations, member of the judiciary or other independent agencies.
Elections
Before its abolition, the House of Representatives had 500 members. 375 members were directly elected in single constituency elections by first-past-the-post voting. The 375 constituencies were divided by population according to the census and tambons. The other 125 members were voted based on the Mixed Member Majoritarian system (MMM). In Thai general elections, voters had two votes: one to select the member of parliament for their constituencies and the second to choose which party they prefer. Seats were assigned to parties as a result through the d'Hondt method.
In accordance with the 2007 Constitution of Thailand, a general election is held every 4 years. The King with the advice of the prime minister is able to dissolve the house of representatives at any time through a royal decree. Elections were held under universal suffrage; every voter had to be a citizen of Thailand, if not by birth then by being a citizen for 5 years. The voter had to be over 18 years old before the year the election was held. Voting in elections were also mandatory as missing an election would result in the loss of the right to be involved in political activities. Those barred from voting in House elections were members of the clergy, those suspended from the privilege for various reasons, detainees under legal or court orders and being of unsound mind or of mental infirmity.
Term and dissolution
The term of the House of Representatives was exactly four years from the previous election day. Upon the expiration of the House, the King would issue a decree calling for a general election of the House, in which the date of the election had to be announced. This had to be done within forty days of the expiration. The date of the election had to be the same for the entire Kingdom.
The King held the royal prerogative to dissolve the House before its expiration. When this happened a royal decree was issued where the election date was announced; this had to be done in no less than forty days and not more than sixty days from the date of the dissolution. The reasons and circumstances of a dissolution could be made only once.
Membership
Members of the House of Representatives were generally called Members of Parliament or MPs (. The membership of the House of Representatives commenced on election day. If there was a vacancy in the membership of the House, and it was not due to expiration or dissolution, it had to be re-occupied. Vacancies could occur due to death, resignation, conviction and/or expulsion (only by a parliamentary party through a 3/4 majority vote). If the vacancy was of a constituency member then an election had to be held within forty days of the vacancy, unless it was less than 180 days of the present term of the House, then the vacancy could remain.
In the case where the vacancy was made by a proportional representative member, the vacancy would be filled by the Speaker of the House of Representatives by submitting the name of the next candidate in the
party list (submitted on election day) to be published in the Royal Gazette. This had to be done within seven days. If no name was found then the vacancy could remain unfilled. Members of the House who had filled a vacancy under either of these procedures could only remain in the House for the remainder of its present term.
Leadership
Presiding officers
The executive committee of House of Representatives consisted of one speaker and two deputy speakers to be its presiding officers. The Speaker of the House was also the ex officio President of the National Assembly of Thailand. The election was done by a secret ballot in the first session; after a resolution was passed; the elected would be formally approved by the King. The Speaker and Deputy Speakers of the House could not be members of the cabinet or any political party executive committee. The speaker and his deputies were not entitled to represent partisan interests and had to exercise their powers on a non-partisan basis.
Leader of the Governing Coalition
The Constitution stipulated that the Prime Minister and the Ministers had to be former members of the House of Representatives. After the first session, the House had to vote in a resolution to elect a Prime Minister, after which the King would formally approve him within thirty days. The Prime Minister-elect was always the leader of the largest party in the House. However, under the electoral system, the House resulted in a hung parliament. After the 2007 election, six parties formed a governing coalition, electing Samak Sundaravej of the largest party, People's Power Party (PPP), the Prime Minister.
On August 5, 2011, the House elected Yingluck Shinawatra as Prime Minister against Abhisit Vejjajiva of the Democrat Party, to a vote of 265 for and 159 against.
Leader of the Opposition
After the appointment of the Cabinet, the King appointed the official Leader of the Opposition of Thailand. The Leader of the Opposition had to be the leader of the largest party with no members holding any ministerial positions. His party had to be larger than one fifth of the total number of the House. If no Party met this qualification then the Leader with most votes from parties with no ministerial positions would then be appointed. The Royal appointment had to be countersigned by the President of the National Assembly. The Leader of the Opposition led the Shadow Cabinet of Thailand.
See also
Constitutions of Thailand
2007 Constitution of Thailand
National Assembly of Thailand
References
Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand 2007
Background Note: Thailand: U.S. State Department public domain document
Notes
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20060519150557/http://www.parliament.go.th/main.php
https://web.archive.org/web/20080513022240/http://www.parliament.go.th/files/mainpage.htm
Lists and Information of MPs
1932 establishments in Siam
Government of Thailand
Organizations based in Bangkok | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Representatives%20%28Thailand%29 |
Oleksandr Mykolayovych Sharkovsky (also Sharkovskyy, Sharkovs’kyi, sometimes Šarkovskii or Sarkovskii) (, 7 December 1936 – 21 November 2022) was a Ukrainian mathematician most famous for developing Sharkovsky's theorem on the periods of discrete dynamical systems in 1964.
He was a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1978), and academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (2006). Prize laureate of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine named after M. M. Bogolyubov and M. O. Lavretiev.
Life and career
In 1952, Sharkovsky's name appeared in the mathematical world - the magazine "Russian Mathematical Surveys", when eighth-grader Oleksandr Sharkovsky became the winner of the Kyiv Mathematical Olympiad for schoolchildren. By his first year in Kyiv National University, he had already written his first scientific work. After graduating with honors from Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv he successfully completed postgraduate studies at the NASU Institute of Mathematics with an early defense of his candidate's thesis (1961). Soon thereafter, in 1967, he defended his doctoral thesis. In 1978, O. M. Sharkovsky was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Since 1974, O. M. Sharkovsky headed the department of differential equations of the Institute of Mathematics of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences, and since 1986 he headed the department of the theory of dynamical systems, which was created on his initiative.
In 2006, Sharkovsky became a full member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. He is the head of the department of the Theory of dynamical systems at the Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. In the last years of his life, he worked as a chief researcher of the Department of Theory of Dynamic Systems and Fractal Analysis of the Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences.
O.M. Sharkovsky died on 21 November 2022, at the age of 85 in the Feofaniya Clinical Hospital in Kyiv.
Scientific work
Oleksandr Sharkovsky created the foundations of the topological theory of one-dimensional dynamic systems, a theory that today is one of the tools for researching evolutionary problems of the most diverse nature. He discovered the law of coexistence of periodic trajectories of different periods; the topological structure of basins of attraction of various sets is investigated; a number of criteria of simplicity and complexity of dynamic systems were obtained. O. M. Sharkovsky also contributed fundamental results in dynamical systems theory on arbitrary topological spaces.
The achievements of the Ukrainian scientist received general recognition in international scientific circles. The formation and development of chaotic dynamics are associated with his name. In the scientific literature, you can find such terms as Sharkovsky's theorem, Sharkovsky's ordering, Sharkovsky's space, Sharkovsky's stratification, etc.
Sharkovsky's theorem is associated with initiating a new direction in the theory of dynamical systems — combinatorial dynamics. In 1994, an international conference "Thirty years of Sharkovsky's theorem" was held in Spain. New perspectives".
Research conducted by O. M. Sharkovsky allowed him to propose the concept of "ideal turbulence" — a new mathematical phenomenon in deterministic systems that models the most complex properties of turbulence in time and space, namely: the processes of the formation of coherent structures of decreasing scales and the birth of random states.
O. M. Sharkovsky actively combines scientific work with pedagogical activity. From the mid-60s of the 20th century. gave general courses and lectures on the theory of dynamic systems at the mechanical and mathematical faculty of his native university. O. M. Sharkovsky is the author of almost 250 scientific works, including five monographs written in co-authorship with students. Among the students are 3 doctors and 14 candidates of sciences.
The Ukrainian scientist devoted a lot of energy and time to developing scientific relations. He gave lectures at universities and scientific centers in more than 20 countries in Europe and America, and at universities in China and Australia. He was a member of the editorial boards of a number of international mathematical publications, in particular, he was a co-editor of the journal "Journal of Difference Equations and Applications" (USA).
His last paper "Descriptive theory of determined chaos" was published in the Ukrains’kyi Matematychnyi Zhurnal (Ukrainian Mathematical Journal) in January 2023 and translated in July 2023 with publication in Springer Link.
Awards and prizes
The first prize of the Kyiv Olympiad of Young Mathematicians (1951), the magazine "Russian Mathematical Surveys", (UMS, 7, 1952)
The Bogoliubov Prize of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine for the series of works "The theory of scattering of quantum systems and one-dimensional dynamical systems" (1993)
The Lavrentyev Prize of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine for a series of papers "Complex dynamic finite-dimensional and infinite-dimensional systems" (2005)
State Prize of Ukraine in Science and Technology for the cycle of scientific works "Theory of dynamic systems: modern methods and their application" (2010)
Bernd Aulbach Prize of the International Society of Difference Equations (2011)
Honorary doctorate Doctor Honoris Causa (Dr. h. c.) from the Silesian University in Opava, Czech Republic (2014).
The Mitropolskiy Prize of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv (2019).
References
External links
Sharkovsky Oleksandr Mykolayovych memorial page at the Institute of Mathematics NAS of Ukraine
Oleksandr Mikolaiovich Sharkovsky at the MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
1936 births
2022 deaths
Scientists from Kyiv
Ukrainian mathematicians
Full Members of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv alumni
Academic staff of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleksandr%20Sharkovsky |
Kingsmill is a geographic area in James City County, Virginia, that includes a large planned residential community, a resort complex, a theme park, a brewery, and a commercial park.
The Kingsmill area is between the north bank of the James River just east (downstream) of the site where the first permanent English settlement in North America at Jamestown was established in 1607 and Interstate Highway 64. Highway access to most of the area's businesses and attractions is from U.S. Route 60 between the eastern city limits of Williamsburg and the adjacent community of Grove, or from Virginia State Route 199, which forms a semi-circular beltway of sorts around Williamsburg's southern side.
History
Kingsmill Plantation
A prominent member of the Virginia Company, Richard Kingsmill, became the namesake of the Kingsmill Plantation. The Virginia Company was a for-profit organization chartered in England which was charged with the founding and settlement of Virginia under the reign of King James I. Richard Kingsmill was given one of the first land grants of in the southwest area of what later became a much larger plantation. Elizabeth Kingsmill married Col William Tayloe and he inherited the land from her father. After his death in 1655, the administrator for his estate Col William Tayloe sold 1,200 acres to Lewis Burwell II in 1693. In the mid-1730s, British Colonel Lewis Burwell III established a plantation which he named Kingsmill Plantation. It included a mansion, outbuildings and garden. He was the colonial customs inspector for the upper James River. Along the river, Burwell's Landing, site of his inspection station, also featured a tavern, storehouse, warehouse, and ferry house. Quarterpath Road extended between Burwell's Landing and Williamsburg.
The Kingsmill area saw action during the American Revolutionary War. The house burned in 1843. Only the office and the kitchen still stand; they are among the earliest brick dependencies still extant in Virginia.
American Civil War
Action during the American Civil War (1861–65) also skirted Kingsmill Plantation lands. In 1862, Union troops under Major General George B. McClellan engaged in a failed attempt to seize the Confederate capital of Richmond. Slowly and carefully, much to the frustration of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, McClellan assembled huge naval forces and a massive siege train of land-based troops, arms and supplies around a staging area based at the union stronghold of Fort Monroe at the tip of the Virginia Peninsula, where the harbor of Hampton Roads had been under federal control via siege for about a year already.
Forces under McClellan for what has become known as the Peninsula Campaign dwarfed all previous American expeditions at the time, transporting 121,500 men, 44 artillery batteries, 1,150 wagons, over 15,000 horses, and tons of equipment and supplies. An English observer remarked that it was the "stride of a giant."
McClellan's plan initially was to utilize the James and York rivers, especially the former, which was known to be navigable to Richmond, in combination with his land-based forces, to attack simultaneously and overwhelm the unknown resources of the rebels at Richmond. However, even as several months were spent through the winter of 1862 training new troops and bringing these many Union assets into position, the portion of the scheme which depended upon control of the James River ran into trouble. In March, the Battle of Hampton Roads between the first ironclad warships took place. Although the conflict between the two ships was inconclusive, the new technologies were to change naval warfare dramatically, and control of the harbor of Hampton Roads was brought into serious question.
Although the Union never lost control of the entrance to the harbor, and was able to retake Norfolk and Norfolk Naval Shipyard at Portsmouth shortly thereafter, Union ships were unable to move past heavily defended Drewry's Bluff east of Richmond along the James River. It appeared unlikely that situation would improve. McClellan realized that his plan to take Richmond would almost certainly depend upon his land forces alone.
In early April 1862, McClellan's massive siege train began moving cautiously westerly up the Peninsula toward the Confederate citadel. Throughout the campaign, McClellan was convinced (erroneously) that he was facing much larger opposing forces than he was. At times, he even estimated these forces to greatly outnumber his own, frequently and bitterly complaining to Lincoln (his Commander-in-Chief), who had withheld from McClellan a much smaller force of federal troops to maintain a defensive position around Washington, D.C.
The Confederate strategy of the early portion of the Peninsula Campaign became one of delays, providing vital time for defenses to be built outside Richmond. The advancing Union forces were confronted with a series of three defensive lines erected across the Peninsula, which were manned primarily by greatly outnumbered forces led by General John B. Magruder. The first, about north of Fort Monroe, contained infantry outposts and artillery redoubts, but was insufficiently manned to prevent any Union advance. Its primary purpose was to prevent the Union from learning much about the second line. Known as the Warwick Line, this second, and by far largest of the three defensive lines, was about a dozen miles east of Williamsburg, along the Warwick River. It was anchored by Yorktown on the north and Mulberry Island on the south. It consisted of redoubts, rifle pits, and fortifications behind the Warwick River. By enlarging two dams on the river, the Confederates developed the river as a significant military obstacle in its own right. The third defensive line was a series of forts just east of Williamsburg, which waited unmanned for use by the army if it had to fall back from Yorktown.
Although greatly outnumbered, defenders along the first and second lines under former thespian "Prince" John Magruder took advantage of the poor visibility due to the seasonally heavy undergrowth of the naturally-wooded and swampy terrain. They used elaborate ruse tactics and guerrilla raids to intimidate McClellan and his leaders into thinking they were facing far larger forces, which increased their caution and greatly slowed their progress westward. Stephen Sears, the author of the To The Gates of Richmond, described Magruder's having his troops march back and forth behind the lines with great fanfare to appear to be a larger force, as "performances of the Prince John Players." Magruder's efforts appeared successful, as the ever-cautious McClellan moved very slowly with his forces. These were substantially larger than those of the Confederate defenders, even when the latter were reinforced by the arrival of the Army of Northern Virginia under General Joseph E. Johnston. Meanwhile, the Confederates built their long defensive line outside Richmond.
While there were several armed conflicts with loss of life, after finally overtaking the first line and meeting minimal resistance, McClellan chose to carefully amass his troops and plan a major offensive, taking the better part of 30 days to do so. He had huge cannons brought up the York River by ship and installed in a position favorable for his planned assault of Yorktown. The night before McClellan was finally positioned to launch his major offensive against Warwick Line, the Confederate troops quietly withdrew and retreated toward Richmond via Williamsburg. Discovering only empty works and Quaker gun in the abandoned fortifications on May 3, McClellan sent his cavalry racing after the escaping Confederates. He also loaded a division of infantry aboard ships to sail up the York River to the west in an attempt to outflank the Confederates' apparent retreat toward Richmond.
Only two roads led from the abandoned Warwick Line to be used by the massive equipment and numerous troops of the Union siege train in pursuing the fleeing Confederates, who had a head start. These were the Williamsburg-Yorktown Road and the Williamsburg-Lee's Mill Road. They converged about east of Williamsburg. The weather had been rainy, and both armies slogged along the dirt roads of the sandy terrain. These undoubtedly became deeper in mud and more difficult to traverse.
The Williamsburg Line was the third line of defensive fortifications across the Peninsula. It was anchored by College Creek, a tributary of the James River, on the south and Queen's Creek, a tributary of the York River on the north. Under the leadership of local planter Benjamin S. Ewell, president of the College of William and Mary, a series of 14 redoubts were built along the line. Named Fort Magruder, Redoubt Number 6, was the center of the convergence of the roads from Yorktown and Lee's Mill. It was shaped as an elongated pentagon, with walls high and nine feet thick. The earthworks were protected by a dry moat nine feet deep. It mounted eight guns. Several of the redoubts were just east of the Quarterpath Road, which lead from Williamsburg to the landing for Kingsmill Plantation on the James River.
Despite the significant head start of the southern forces, cavalry forces from each side met, and began skirmishing on May 4. Union General George Stoneman's cavalry encountered and began skirmishing with Brig. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry, the Confederate's rearguard. Learning of this, and frustrated by the slow progress of his own forces which were passing through Williamsburg, Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston detached a portion of his troops to confront the advancing Union troops. On May 5, 1862, the single-day Battle of Williamsburg took place. During the day, several groups of Union troops battled with Confederates near the Williamsburg line, with much of the action at or near Fort Magruder. Confederate casualties, including the cavalry skirmishing on May 4, were 1,682. Union casualties were 2,283.
Although McClellan claimed a Union victory in his reports, and he took the Williamsburg Line within slightly more than 24 hours, most historians rate the Battle of Williamsburg as a Confederate victory. The Williamsburg Line had served its intended purpose. The primary goal of the defenders had been to enable the retreat of the main Confederate force to the defenses of Richmond, and this was accomplished.
Those Union forces sent up the York River by McClellan met limited success in stopping fleeing rebels. Their conflict on May 7 became known as the Battle of Eltham's Landing. That conflict in New Kent County was little more than a heavy skirmish, resulting in 194 Union casualties and 48 Confederate. The remaining battles of McClellan's campaign were fought either outside the gates of Richmond or during his later retreat to the protection of the Union Navy at Harrison's Landing (better known in modern times as Berkley Plantation).
In the areas along the Williamsburg Line, including the Quarterpath Road north of modern-day Virginia State Route 199 and along U.S. Route 60, portions of the redoubts were preserved. This includes the core of Fort Magruder (in James City County on today's Penniman Road). Several additional preserved redoubts remain along the Colonial Parkway north of Fort Magruder.
Williamsburg: the closest center of commerce
Located along a ridge of higher ground along the Virginia Peninsula midway between the York and James rivers, Williamsburg had been established in the early 17th century as a fortified settlement known as Middle Plantation. During the American Revolutionary War, under the leadership of Virginia Governor Thomas Jefferson, the capital of Virginia was relocated many miles inland to Richmond, at the fall line on the James River.
Although the Quarterpath Road led to the James River at Burwell's Landing, (as did the old Jamestown Road), to reach the landings and the river were significant distances in the era before railroads or motor vehicles. Also, in differing directions by land from Williamsburg, and at a shorter distance, persons could get to other landings on the College Creek or Queen's Creek, which led to the very navigable portions of the James and York rivers, respectively. The distances to navigable water from Williamsburg were obstacles that inhibited trade and put the town into lesser position compared to communities with better water access.
An early plan to establish a relatively short canal to enable shipping to Williamsburg from either or both of the navigable waterways a dozen or less miles nearby was initiated. Some construction was undertaken, but was never completed. The proposed canal instead became a little-known footnote in Williamsburg's history.
As the town did not have ready access to a major waterway nor transportation pathway, throughout the formative years of the United States, Williamsburg did not develop as a major center of commerce of any great significance. For at least 140 years after 1781, Williamsburg was best known as the home of the often struggling College of William and Mary (established by Royal Charter by England's only joint monarchy in 1693). It also had the first mental asylum in what became the United States, a pioneering institution which modern successor became known as Eastern State Hospital. Williamsburg seemed somewhat forgotten and "passed by," and was the subject of occasional humor along those lines. On June 26, 1912, the Richmond Times-Dispatch newspaper ran an editorial which dubbed the town 'Lotusburg' for "Tuesday was election day in Williamsburg but nobody remembered it. The clerk forgot to wake the electoral board, the electoral board could not arouse itself long enough to have the ballots printed, the candidates forgot they were running, the voters forgot they were alive."
In the early 1880s, through the vision and efforts of railroad builder and industrialist Collis P. Huntington and his associates, the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) had been extended from Richmond through Williamsburg to reach Newport News Point, at the confluence of the James and the Elizabeth rivers in Warwick County, where coal shipping facilities were established. Soon, a town quickly developed as the City of Newport News in 1896. A great shipyard, which became Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company was also established there.
The railroad had been built primarily as a transportation line to enable shipping of bituminous coal from the rich coalfields of southwestern Virginia and southern West Virginia. But it also connected Williamsburg, as well as James City and Warwick counties, with the expanding transcontinental railroads of the country. Passenger and freight services were provided, and stations were built along the line, including one at Grove Station, a few miles north and east of Kingsmill near the adjacent Carter's Grove Plantation at Grove, Virginia.
Carter's Grove Plantation and Carter's Grove Wharf were the next major feature immediately east of Kinsgmill along the north bank of the James River. Carter's Grove was still an active plantation in the early 20th century, but the Kingsmill Plantation and surrounding properties had fallen into ruins and disuse. With much of it primarily both wooded and hilly, the land at Kingsmill was not particularly well-suited to agriculture. It stood largely vacant and unused as major changes began at Williamsburg and the nearby region beginning in 1926.
Colonial Williamsburg
In the first half of the 20th century, much of the property in the area of the old Kingsmill Plantation was acquired by Standard Oil heir John D. Rockefeller Jr. and his associates and by Colonial Williamsburg.
Championed initially by the Reverend Dr. W.A.R. Goodwin, who was affiliated with both Bruton Parish Church (which he helped restore in 1907 in time for the Jamestown Exposition), and working with the College of William and Mary's president at the time, J.A.C. Chandler, the Colonial Williamsburg project was funded and endowed by John D. Rockefeller Jr., along with his wife, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. The Rockefellers officially developed Colonial Williamsburg to celebrate the patriots and the early history of the United States. Many of the missing Colonial structures were reconstructed on their original sites during the 1930s. Others were restored to estimates of 18th-century appearance, with traces of later buildings and improvements removed. Dependency structures and animals add to the ambiance. Most buildings are open for tourists, with the exception of buildings serving as residences for Colonial Williamsburg employees.
Notable structures include the Capitol and the Governor's Palace, each recreated and landscaped as to what is known of their late 18th-century condition, as well as Bruton Parish Church and the Raleigh Tavern. The Wren Building on the campus of William and Mary was one of the first buildings to be restored.
The Rockefellers had many homes in New York and Maine. However, it was not long before the couple came to regard Williamsburg as their favorite and the town as one in which they felt "at home" according to statements to that effect made by their children and grandchildren. This is also evidenced by many of their actions as well as those of their family and other members of the patriarch of the Rockefeller family who have continued the sentiment. Their love and concern for the citizenry of the area may be shown in many ways which extend beyond the principal missions and direct accomplishments of Colonial Williamsburg.
Notable among these was Abby's efforts to facilitate educational opportunities for persons of African-American heritage during a very difficult period for such efforts in Virginia, notably her role with the establishment of the Bruton Heights School complex, which went far to equalize educational opportunities for blacks in the Greater Williamsburg community many years before judicial rulings and governmental mandates brought similar efforts elsewhere.
At the urging of Dr. Goodwin, John and Abby Rockefeller made their home at Bassett Hall, between the northern end of the historic Quarterpath Road and the southeastern edge of the Historic District. Their funds helped acquire vast tracts of land throughout the area, including property which extended east to include the old Kingsmill Plantation. It has been said that they had dreams of acquiring one of the old working James River plantations still extant in their lifetimes, but that goal eluded them.
In the late 1920s Rockefeller had attempted to acquire Shirley, long the seat of the Carter family, halfway between Richmond and Williamsburg, that he felt was the ideal plantation with which to supplement the historical messages of the colonial capital he was restoring. Though its owners were much reduced in circumstances, the plantation wasn't for sale. The Carters did, however, agree, in 1928, to sell a Charles Willson Peale portrait of General Washington that they owned to Rockefeller for the sum of $75,000 (equal to approximately $1 million in 2015).
After Abby and John D. Rockefeller Jr. had each died, beginning in the 1960s, their son Winthrop Rockefeller served as chairman of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. He was also governor of the state of Arkansas. During his dual tenures, he became aware of an opportunity to acquire Carter's Grove Plantation, adjacent to Colonial Williamsburg's extensive holdings near the old Kingsmill Plantation lands, and still extant as both a home and working farm. Also established by a Burwell (in 1755), Carter's Grove had most recently been owned since 1928 by Pittsburgh industrialist Archibald McCrea and his wife Mary "Mollie" Corling (Johnston) Dunlop McCrea, originally of Petersburg. It was purchased from her estate by an arm of the Rockefeller Foundation and eventually transferred to the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. For many years during Winthrop's tenure, Carter's Grove was used to host dignitaries visiting Colonial Williamsburg, as well as enable archaeological research as well as host some public presentations for Colonial Williamsburg patrons.
Additionally, while serving as both Governor of Arkansas and chairman of Colonial Williamsburg, Winthrop learned that Anheuser-Busch head August Busch, II was considering establishing a brewery and possibly other developmental investments in eastern Virginia. While the details are unknown publicly, he and Busch apparently collaborated on a deal which resulted in the brewing conglomerate's development of diversified activities in the Williamsburg area, which grew to include not only the brewery, but the Busch Gardens Williamsburg theme park, and Kingsmill Resort, the Kingsmill on the James residential planned community, and several large commercial parks. To help negotiate the deal, the land which had once been Kingsmill Plantation was made available for purchase. Along with the later acquisition of smaller nearby water park, the A-B developments this fostered in the Williamsburg community generated thousands of new jobs and millions of dollars of new tax revenues.
Both Winthrop Rockefeller, who died in 1973, and August Busch II, who died in 1989 have been credited by some historians with helping develop the Greater Williamsburg area into one of the top tourism destinations in the world. They apparently felt that augmenting the attractions of the Historic Triangle of Colonial Virginia (Jamestown, Colonial Williamsburg, and Yorktown) with other attractions would help draw future families to the region, as well as help balance out the local economy, stimulate the hospitality industry (restaurants and lodging), and add employment opportunities.
Due to operational logistics, Carter's Grove Plantation was eventually sold (with restrictive covenants regarding use and future development) by Colonial Williamsburg. The global economy also eventually resulted in A-B setting out to divest its theme parks, the resort and other developments to new ownership.
21st century: Kingsmill area
As of 2013, Colonial Williamsburg and the developments initiated by the Rockefellers and Busch family, continued to provide Williamsburg, James City County, and much of the surrounding area with a substantial base of employment and economic activity.
Major Kingsmill area developments include:
Busch Gardens Williamsburg theme park
Quarterland Commons Commercial Park
Kingsmill Resort golf resort
Kingsmill on the James planned community (Notable and/or notorious residents have included Curtis Strange, Donald Regan, Marv Levy, and John W. Hinckley Jr.)
References
External links
Kingsmill Plantation, Dependencies, Kingsmill Pond vicinity, Williamsburg, Williamsburg, VA: 2 photos, 7 measured drawings, and 3 data pages at Historic American Buildings Survey
Geography of James City County, Virginia
Burwell family of Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsmill%2C%20Virginia |
Comic Shop News (also called CSN) is a weekly newspaper distributed by comic book specialty stores. It was launched in 1987 by Cliff Biggers and Ward Batty, and has been published weekly for over 35 years. In late 2022, Comic Shop News was sold to CSN Press LLC, and continues to be published weekly.
History
In 1982, Biggers and Batty became co-owners of a Marietta, Georgia, comic shop, Dr. No's, for which Biggers began writing a newsletter, The Doctor Knows. Realizing there was a market for an upbeat, product-focused store newsletter, they started Comic Shop News. At the time, DC, Marvel and other publishers were selling their own newsletters in bundles to comic shops. Using that distribution technique, CSN is sold in bundles to comic shops who distribute free to customers as a sales tool and to reward weekly visits.
CSN grew to become the largest-circulation weekly in the comic book industry, and still continues as a weekly publication with over 1,800 issues published to date and over 130 million copies sold. CSN is available in over 400 comic shops worldwide, but mostly in North America. CSN was originally four black-and-white pages but expanded to eight pages and full color.
While CSN is primarily a news source, some original comics content has also been featured. In addition to Batman, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and the Spider-Man newspaper strips, Brian Michael Bendis and artist Michael Avon Oeming long-running comic, Powers was initially previewed in a series of original strips. The eight strips were colored and lettered by Bendis (before initial colorist/letterer Pat Garrahy became involved) and complemented the upcoming series as a companion piece in newspaper strip form. The strips were collected in the Powers: The Definitive Hardcover Collection vol. 1.
A mock version of Comic Shop News was featured in the opening credits of the film Chasing Amy.
In December 2022, with issue #1847, Comic Shop News was sold to CSN Press, and is now edited by David Witting. The logo and layout design were refreshed, and the editorial coverage has expanded to cover all the different products that can be found in modern comic book stores. Comic Shop News remains a weekly print publication, highlighting the best new products and pre-orders in pop culture.
See also
Direct market
References
External links
1987 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
English-language magazines
Magazines about comics
Magazines established in 1987
Magazines published in Georgia (U.S. state)
Weekly magazines published in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic%20Shop%20News |
The Hôtel-Dieu (; "God Shelter") is a public hospital located on the Île de la Cité in the 4th arrondissement of Paris, on the parvis of Notre-Dame. Tradition has it that the hospital was founded by Saint Landry in 651 AD, but the first official records date it to 829, making it the oldest in France and possibly the oldest continuously operating hospital in the world. The Hôtel-Dieu was the only hospital in the city until the beginning of the 17th century.
The original Hôtel-Dieu stood on the banks of the Seine on the southern side of the Île de la Cité. It was ravaged by fire several times and was rebuilt for the last time at its present location on the north side of the parvis of Notre Dame between 1867 and 1878, as part of Haussmann's renovation of Paris.
Nowadays operated by Assistance publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), the Hôtel-Dieu is a teaching hospital associated with the Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes.
History
Overview
Originally, the Hôtel-Dieu admitted a wide range of people: not only the sick and injured, but also needy travellers and pilgrims, and indigents. Run by the Catholic Church for many centuries, the hospital's original mission was to provide "Christian charity dedicated to the shelter, spiritual comfort and treatment of the ailing poor.":44 An 18th century essayist, Louis Rondonneau de la Motte, wrote in his Essai Historique sur l'Hôtel-Dieu (1787): "the citizen and the foreigner, the Christian and the Turk, the Jew and the Idolater are all equally welcome."
This broad, charitable mission was to dominate until the end of the Ancien Régime. By 1789, the Age of Enlightenment -- with its focus on the pursuit of knowledge via reason and evidence and on ideals such as progress, fraternity, and government dedicated to the well-being of the people -- had left its mark on the agenda for hospital reform. This ushered in a more scientific approach to hospital design that was to influence medical practice and management for more than a century. During this process, the role of the Catholic Church was diminished and then eliminated and the Hôtel-Dieu became a publicly run institution.
Middle Ages
Although tradition dates the founding of the Hôtel-Dieu back to Saint Landry, 28th bishop of Paris around 650, the first official records of an institution whose mission was to care for the destitute, infirm and sick date to 829. In 1157, letters patent mention a "Hôtel-Dieu-Saint-Christophe", referring to a chapel dedicated to this saint. Shortly thereafter, in 1165, Maurice de Sully, bishop of Paris, undertook the reconstruction of this hospital: the old buildings were destroyed in 1195 and the new constructions were completed in 1255. At that time, the buildings of the Hotel Dieu occupied the south side of the Ile de la Cité near Notre Dame.
In its first several hundred years, the Hôtel-Dieu functioned as a general purpose charitable institution operated by religious orders — it offered food and shelter in addition to medical care to needy people. This mixed social mission characterised its services for many centuries and was imitated by many other cities (for example, the Hôtel-Dieu de Beaune, founded in 1443).. However, by the 16th century, admission to the hospital was available only to the sick and injured and to pregnant women.
From the time of Louis IX onwards, the Hôtel-Dieu often housed more patients than it was designed to hold, leading to serious problems of overcrowding that would hamper the effectiveness of the hospital for centuries. From the 15th to the 16th centuries, it went from 303 beds to about 500, but the number of patients would regularly hover around 700 and would often exceed 1500 during times of conflict, food shortages or epidemics. It is estimated that the number of admissions was 25,000 per year during the 16th century.
Conditions in the hospital were in many cases deplorable, especially toward the end of the Middle Ages when the growth of Paris’ poor population outstripped the hospital's capacity. Its vast halls held 80 to 100 beds apiece. Although the halls for the most part had fireplaces or stoves, they were almost impossible to light. At one point, beds which had a width of 1.3 metres, were meant to hold 2 or 3 patients each; arranged heel to head. Later, beds meant for one or two patients were installed, but these often had to accommodate more patients than intended. For much of the Middle Ages, there was no surgical ward and surgical operations were performed in the patient’s bed, with fellow patients and bedmates as onlookers. An incomplete but emerging understanding of contagion gave rise to rules for isolating patients with contagious diseases, but it was often impossible to apply these rules in practice. The question of how much patients were given to eat was also an issue due to lack of funds, though people of the time understood that an appropriate diet would improve health outcomes.
By the end of the Middle Ages, only people who could not afford other sources of care would go to the Hôtel-Dieu. But because of the masses of destitute people in the Paris area at the time, there was no shortage of patients. As a result of high demand and finite resources, the Hôtel-Dieu eventually faced a financial crisis. This brought about the first step in the laicization of the hospital, the creation in 1505 of a council of lay governors: the Presidents of Parliament, the Chambre des Comptes, the Cour des Aides and the Prévôt des Marchands.
17th century
Poverty continued to be widespread during the17th century, and the Hôtel-Dieu offered an opportunity for many of the bourgeois and nobility to come to the aid of the poor. Nevertheless, conditions in the hospital remained horrendous and overcrowding continued to be a problem, with daily patient numbers ranging from 2000 to 4000. Hundreds of hospital staff were also lodged there.
Although the Hôtel-Dieu was a large hospital, poverty, conflict and disease engendered high demand for its services. During the Fronde, patient admissions were so high that the canopies of the beds were used for the most valid patients, allowing as many as 14 patients to be placed in a single bed. Numerous episodes of the plague carried away thousands of patients and hospital workers, including 17 Sisters of Saint Augustine, the order of nuns charged with patient care at the Hôtel-Dieu. Later in the century, hospital-derived scurvy, which was thought to be a communicable disease at the time, killed as many as 97% of the patients suffering from it. In 1670 alone, 250 patients suffered from scurvy.
The serious problems of overcrowding were recognised at the time and steps were taken to address them. In 1602, Marie de' Medici, second wife of Henry IV, brought five brothers of the Congregation of Saint-Jean-de-Dieu to found the Hôpital de la Charité. Shortly thereafter, Henry IV founded the Hôpital Saint-Louis to unclog the Hôtel-Dieu during the plague epidemic in 1605-1606.
The Hôtel-Dieu enjoyed some tax privileges. On August 5, 1626, it was authorized to build, at its own expense, a stone bridge over the southern arm of the Seine, upstream from the Petit-Pont. Hospital wards were built on top of the bridge. A decree of the Council of State of April 24, 1634 created a toll of a double denier for each man on foot, with revenues going to the hospital. This toll gave the bridge its name — the Pont au Double — and it survived until 1789. The hospital wards surmounting the bridge were a major source of pollution in the Seine.
Hospitals took the name of "Hôpital Général" (General hospital) or "Hôpital d'enfermement" (Asylum), of which the Hôtel-Dieu was one. The centralized approach to extreme poverty in France was based on the premise that medical care was a right for those without family or income, and formalized the admission process to attempt to mitigate overcrowding and unsanitary conditions. The Lieutenant Général de Police became a member of the Bureau de l’Hôtel-Dieu de Paris (Bureau for the Hôtel-Dieu in Paris) in 1690.
18th century
The problem of overcrowding continued into the 18th century. Although almost 50 hospitals and similar institutions were operating in Paris by the second half of the century, demand outpaced the supply of medical services, largely because of very rapid growth of both population and poverty. According to a census of 1791, Paris had a population of 118,884 indigents out of a total population of 650,000.
The Hôtel-Dieu's bad reputation
As always, overcrowding was accompanied by poor outcomes — including hospital-derived infections and high mortality rates. The hospital statistics developed later suggest that the Hôtel-Dieu's record was worse than that of other Parisian institutions. In his Encyclopédie of 1765, Denis Diderot stated that the Hôtel-Dieu was "the largest, the most numerous, the richest and the most dreadful of any of our hospitals." Similarly, Jacques Tenon, a influential anatomist and surgeon, stated in his Mémoires sur les hôpitaux de Paris (1788) that the Hôtel-Dieu was "the most unhealthy and uncomfortable of all hospitals", with a mortality rate of almost 25 percent, which, he noted, was much higher than the rates of other Parisian hospitals.
The Hôtel-Dieu continued to be a place that only patients who could not afford something better would go to. Its 1,200 beds were completely inadequate for housing its daily average of 3,500 patients. Women gave birth in shared beds and the average maternity stay was 35 days, mainly because of the time needed to recover from infections contracted in the maternity wars, including epidemics of puerperal fever. In-hospital epidemics of typhus and smallpox were also common. As in earlier centuries, there was insufficient effective separation of patients with communicable diseases, though the hospital was divided into wards.
Official enquiry is launched
Two serious fires occurred in 1737 and 1772. The 1772 fire destroyed a large part of the Hôtel-Dieu and killed many patients. Public outrage at the loss of life amplified ongoing public debate about what was to be done with the hospital, a debate that naturally evolved into broader discussions of possible reforms to Paris' hospital system. Louis XV ordered the demolition of the Hôtel-Dieu in 1773 after hearing of its poor patient conditions. However, the execution of the order was delayed due to the King's death.
In 1785, the project of the architect Bernard Poyet (1742-1824) was presented in a memoir entitled "On the need to transfer and rebuild the Hôtel-Dieu." Poyet proposed to build a circular hospital on an island on the Seine. Its exterior was to be a replica of the Colosseum in Rome and it was to house over 5,000 beds and an efficient system of air circulation (constant renewal of the air).
The Baron de Breteuil (1730-1807), acting for Louis XVI, instructed the Royal Academy of Sciences to evaluate the Poyet project. For this purpose, a hospital commission of 9 members was established. Members included Jacques Tenon (1724-1816) as well as other renowned scientists such as Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (1743–1794), Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1736–1806), and Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749–1827).
The ensuing analysis of the Hôtel-Dieu and other Parisian hospitals was transformed into a productive discussion about broader reform of Paris's hospital system. The commission published three consecutive reports. The 1786 report concluded that the situation of the Hôtel-Dieu was irremediable and that the hospital should be moved outside of Paris. The 1787 report recommended that the Hôtel-Dieu be dismantled and that four smaller hospitals be established in various locations around Paris. The 1788 proposed that the pavilion-style of hospital be adopted, with each ward occupying a separate building to reduce disease transmission and to facilitate ventilation. The third report drew heavily on information collected by Tenon and Coulomb during their official study mission to England in the summer of 1787, during which they visited 52 hospitals, prisons and workhouses.
Publication of Tenon's Memoir
At the request of the hospital commission Tenon published his 500-page Mémoires sur les hôpitaux de Paris, which documented in detail the scandalous conditions in the Hôtel-Dieu. The Memoires criticized virtually everything about the hospital: the space, the circulation, the arrangement of the beds, the number and the mixture of the sick, the dirtiness, the rot and the bad smells, inhumanity and mortality. He notes that one in 15 mothers died in the Hôtel-Dieu's maternity ward, compared to one in 128 in Manchester. Thus, Tenon’s publication, combined with the work of the Academy, provided convincing scientific evidence in support of the Parisian's long standing prejudices against the Hôtel-Dieu.
The Memoir went further by also setting a complete agenda for the reform of hospitals. The agenda covered all aspects of hospital practice including hospital architecture and grounds, furnishing of wards, management and qualifications of staff, publication of reports on hospital outcomes and finances, as well as the keeping of individual patient charts and case histories. Tenon's Memoir would influence European and American hospital practice for at least a century.
In 1787, the Hôtel-Dieu implemented a code of medical services that transformed the hospital from a charitable establishment run by religious orders to a medical and surgical establishment run by doctors. Jacques Necker created the positions of Inspecteur général des hôpitaux civils et des maisons de force (General Inspector for civil hospitals and jails) and Commissaire du roi pour tout ce qui a trait aux hôpitaux (Royal Commissioner for all that relates to hospitals). The use of hospitals as teaching institutions was also reinforced as part of the reform movement, which studied medical practice and policy in other European countries. The Hôtel-Dieu achieved renown as a surgical training institution with the appointment of Pierre-Joseph Desault as chef de service in 1785. Desault established a successful educational clinic for surgical interns to supplement what had previously been limited to academic training.
Generally, though, the progress anticipated by the reform movement initiated under the last of the French kings was hampered by the massive changes that were occurring in broader French society during the French Revolution. Major reforms to the system of government itself needed to take place before the narrower reforms to the Parisian medical system could receive fuller attention.
19th century
By the 19th century, hospitals were playing a central role in medical instruction and research. Xavier Bichat, a pupil of Desault, expounded on his new "membrane theory" during a course taught in 1801–1802 at the Hôtel-Dieu.
In 1801, the Parisian hospitals adopted a new administrative framework: the Conseil général des hôpitaux et hospices civils de Paris (General Council for Parisian hospitals and civil hospices). The objective of improving hospital management brought about the creation of new services: the Bureau d'admission (Admissions office) and the Pharmacie centrale (Central Pharmacy). Napoleon I finally rebuilt the portions of the Hôtel-Dieu that were destroyed in the fire of 1772.
Also during this period, the Hôtel-Dieu advocated the practice of vaccination, of which Duc de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt was a fervent supporter. Similarly, the discoveries of René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec permitted the refinement of methods of diagnosis, auscultation, and aetiology of illnesses.
The Pont au Double was demolished in 1847 and rebuilt without covering.
The Hôtel-Dieu was rebuilt between 1867 and 1878 on the opposite side of the parvise of Notre Dame, as part of Haussmann's renovation of Paris commissioned by Napoleon III. The reconstruction followed plans by architects Émile Jacques Gilbert and Arthur-Stanislas Diet.
It was not until 1908 that the Augustinian nuns left the Hôtel-Dieu for good.
Role within the current hospital system of Paris
The Hôtel-Dieu is the top casualty centre for dealing with emergency cases, being the only emergency centre for the first nine arrondissements and being the local centre for the first four.
For the last 50 years it has been home to the diabetes and endocrine illnesses clinical department. It deals almost exclusively with the screening, treatment and prevention of the complications associated with diabetes mellitus. It is also a referral service for hypoglycemia. Oriented towards informing the patient (therapeutic education) and technological innovation, it offers a large choice of care facilities for all levels of complications. It is also at the forefront of research in diabetes in areas such as new insulins and new drugs, effects of nutrition, external and implanted pumps, glucose sensors and artificial pancreas.
More recently, a major department for ophthalmology (emergencies, surgery and research) has been developed at the Hôtel-Dieu, under the supervision of Yves Pouliquen.
Notable figures
In 1748, Hyacinthe Théodore Baron, dean of the Faculty of Medicine in Paris from 1750 to 1753 and member of the Academy of Sciences, practised at this hospital.
Other notable physicians, researchers, and surgeons who practised at the hospital include Jean Méry, Forlenze, Bichat, Dupuytren, Adrien Proust, Hartmann, Desault, Récamier, Cholmen, Dieulafoy, Trousseau, Ambroise Paré, Marc Tiffeneau, Augustin Gilbert.
References
External links
Hotel Hospital Dieu concepção artística do East Villa Graphics Jun. 2012
Hospital buildings completed in the 7th century
Buildings and structures completed in 651
Hospital buildings completed in 1877
Hospitals in Paris
Teaching hospitals in France
Hospitals established in the 7th century
Île de la Cité
Buildings and structures in the 4th arrondissement of Paris
7th-century establishments in Francia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel-Dieu%2C%20Paris |
Big Creek is a tributary of the San Joaquin River in the Sierra Nevada, within the Sierra National Forest, central California.
The creek flows in Fresno County. The settlement of Big Creek is named for it, as was the 2020 Creek Fire, which started in the Big Creek drainage and became one of California's largest wildfires ever recorded.
Big Creek Hydroelectric Project
The Big Creek Hydroelectric Project, one of the most extensive hydroelectric systems in the world, is partly located on Big Creek. It is owned by Southern California Edison.
There are nine power plants in the project: Portal, Eastwood, Mammoth Pool; and Big Creek 1, 2, 2A, 3, 4, and 8. Reservoirs in the project include Huntington Lake, Shaver Lake, Redinger Lake, Florence Lake, Lake Thomas A Edison, and Mammoth Pool Reservoir. The terminus of the system is the outlet of Big Creek 4, which discharges into the San Joaquin River several miles downstream from Redinger Dam.
The San Joaquin passes through many more powerhouses downstream, including A.G. Wishon and the powerhouse at Friant Dam.
References
Rivers of Fresno County, California
Tributaries of the San Joaquin River
Rivers of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Sierra National Forest
Rivers of Northern California
Rivers of the Sierra Nevada in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Creek%20%28San%20Joaquin%20River%20tributary%29 |
The Berenstain Bears is a preschool children's animated television comedy series based on the children's book series of the same name by Stan and Jan Berenstain, and produced by Nelvana. Acting as a remake of the 1985–1987 cartoon series of the same name, the series follows the lives of a family of anthropomorphic bears who learn a moral or safety-related lesson during the course of each episode.
The series premiered on PBS Kids on January 6, 2003. A total of 40 episodes were produced, with the series airing until September 10, 2004.
Synopsis
The series is set in a nearby forested land populated only by anthropomorphic bears and primarily centers around the Berenstain Bears. The Berenstain Bears are a family residing in the rural community of Bear Country. The family consists of Mama Bear, Papa Q. Bear, Brother Bear, and Sister Bear.
Although a numerous episodes are based on the books and promote the same morals as encouraged in the picture books from which their plots originated, the program's faithfulness to the original series is slightly mixed on account of a number of later episodes following original storylines.
Nonetheless, they mostly portray the same environment depicted in the original Berenstain Bears storybooks quite accurately and concentrate on the messages and lessons learned by the family through their different experiences, such as generosity and responsibility, as well as the daily lives of the bears.
Episodes
Voice cast
Main
Michael Cera (seasons 1–2) and Michael D'Ascenzo (season 3) as Brother
Tajja Isen as Sister
Benedict Campbell as Papa
Camilla Scott as Mama
Recurring
Family
Leslie Carlson as Grizzly Gramps
Corinne Conley as Grizzly Gran
Marc McMulkin as Cousin Fred
Friends
Amanda Soha as Lizzy Bruin
Nikki Marshall as Queenie
Mark Rendall as Ferdy Factual
Gage Knox as Too-Tall
Patrick Salvagna as Skuzz
James Eckhouse as Smirk
Maryke Hendrikse as Hillary
Citizens
Chris Wiggins as Squire Grizzly
Ellen-Ray Hennessy as Miss Grizzle
Philip Williams as Farmer Ben
Production
The show was produced by the Canadian-based animation studio Nelvana for PBS Kids in the United States and Treehouse TV in Canada. 80 15-minute episodes were produced, adapted from the books and also a few new stories as well, similar to the 1985 production.
Due to Canadian laws requiring Nelvana to employ Canadian writers and artists, the Berenstains' involvement in the program was limited; they sought to exert their influence on some details, according to Stan: "Our bears don't wear shoes, and Papa wouldn't wear his hat in the house...And we try to keep complete, total banality out of the stories". Common practicalities of animation did force some minor costume changes from the books, such as eliminating polka dots and plaids (this issue also occurred in the previous animated series and specials and only a limited amount of polka dots was allowed in the five specials).
The series is supposed to supplement the 1985 series because new books were released since then, even though the two series have a radically different production style as well as a change of in-universe elements. Another issue is the two series are not seen together.
Music
Country music singer-songwriter Lee Ann Womack performed the theme song written by Stan Meissner for the series.
Broadcast
It debuted in the United States on PBS Kids on January 6, 2003. Originally, it aired together with Seven Little Monsters but the two shows were eventually separated.
Reruns aired on PBS Kids Sprout (later known as simply Sprout) from its inception up until the channel rebranded into Universal Kids on September 9, 2017, after Sprout's rights to air the series expired.
In Canada, the series aired on Treehouse TV. It also briefly aired on Ici Radio-Canada Télé.
Accolades
References
External links
2000s Canadian animated television series
2000s Canadian children's television series
2003 Canadian television series debuts
2004 Canadian television series endings
Canadian children's animated comedy television series
Canadian preschool education television series
Canadian television shows based on children's books
Canadian television series with live action and animation
English-language television shows
2003 TV
PBS original programming
PBS Kids shows
Treehouse TV original programming
Animated television series about bears
Animated television series about families
Television series by Nelvana
Television series by Corus Entertainment
Animated preschool education television series
2000s preschool education television series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Berenstain%20Bears%20%282003%20TV%20series%29 |
Silenoz (born Sven Atle Kopperud, 1 March 1977) is a Norwegian guitarist who is a founding member, along with Shagrath and Tjodalv, of the Norwegian symphonic black metal band Dimmu Borgir, of which he is the primary songwriter. He is also guitarist for the death metal supergroup Insidious Disease.
Biography
Silenoz has been Dimmu Borgir's guitarist since they started. He also composes and writes lyrics for most of the band's songs. He contributes vocals (on "Stormblåst", its re-record, and "Godless Savage Garden") and bass (on "Stormblåst MMV"). He also sang lead vocals on their debut album "For All Tid". At first, he was known only as Erkekjetter Silenoz (Arch-Heretic Silenoz in Norwegian).
Another band Silenoz, or "Ed Damnator" as he was called, played rhythm guitar and occasional bass in the Norwegian thrash metal band, "Nocturnal Breed". Before becoming a musician Silenoz used to work in a kindergarten.
Silenoz has written the majority of Dimmu Borgir's lyrics and also based the songs in the album In Sorte Diaboli on a narrative of his composition.
Silenoz was featured as a voice actor in the Adult Swim cartoon Metalocalypse. This episode kicked off the second season of the popular show and debuted on Adult Swim Fix on Friday 21 September 2007.
Silenoz originally played bass, but he 'felt limited by only four strings'. He has played guitar since 1991, saying that he was inspired to play the guitar by Judas Priest, Randy Rhoads and Eddie Van Halen - in his words 'Real guitar players'.
For many years as guitarist in Dimmu Borgir, Silenoz appeared with long hair. However, as of 2012 he has appeared with a shaven head whilst maintaining a beard and various piercings.
Stage name
Silenoz explained in an interview that his stage-name is derived from an alternative Latinised spelling of the Greek "Silenus," the name of a satyr-like being in Greek mythology who was a tutor to the wine god Dionysus, and was said to possess special knowledge and the power of prophecy while intoxicated. In the early days of the band, he used as stage name Erkekjetter Silenoz (erkekjetter being Norwegian for "arch heretic"), having it shortened later to Silenoz.
Equipment
ESP Okkultist Custom V guitars (Maroon & Natural Finishes)
ESP SV Series guitars
ESP Viper guitar
Jackson Guitars (formerly)
Seymour Duncan pickups
EMG Pickups (formerly)
Marshall amplifiers
Mesa Boogie amplifiers
ENGL amplifiers
Blackstar amplifiers
Boss guitar effects
Dean Markley - Blue Steel guitar strings
Dunlop Tortex picks
Shure wire-less systems
Videography
Behind the Player: Dimmu Borgir (DVD, 2010, Alfred Music Publishing)
References
External links
1972 births
Living people
People from Nannestad
Dimmu Borgir members
Rhythm guitarists
Norwegian male bass guitarists
Norwegian black metal musicians
Norwegian heavy metal guitarists
Norwegian heavy metal singers
Norwegian male singers
Norwegian multi-instrumentalists
Norwegian rock guitarists
Norwegian rock singers
Norwegian songwriters
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Norwegian bass guitarists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silenoz |
The Khen dynasty (also Khyen dynasty) of Assam was a late medieval dynasty of erstwhile Kamata kingdom. After the fall of the Pala dynasty of Kamrupa, the western region was reorganized into Kamata kingdom, when Sandhya moved his capital from Kamarupanagara to Kamatapur in about 1257, due to the frequent clashes with the Kacharis from the east. Sandhya styled himself Kamateswara and the kingdom came to be known as "Kamata". The Khen dynasty at a later period took control of the kingdom.
Origin
According to the Gosani Mangala (1823), the Khen rulers had a humble origin, implying that they were probably local chieftains that rose to power after the fall of the Palas. Ethnically, the Khen rulers belonged to a Tibeto-Burman ethnolinguistic group. Ethnicity of Khen is not known precisely but may have been associated with Khyen of Indo-Burmese border or Kheng from the mountains.
Though there is no contemporary historical evidence, some data from eighteenth-century's Gosanimangal claim that a boy named Kanta Nath became the Khen ruler Niladwaj who hailed from poor family in Taluk Jambari on the bank of Singimari. Other sources claim Kanta Nath to be a migrant from Tripura. They worshipped Kamatashwari (also called Chandi or Bhavani), thus providing a break from the earlier dynasties that drew their lineage from Narakasura, the son of Vishnu.
Fall
The kingdom of Kamatapura finally fell to Alauddin Husain Shah in 1498. But Hussein Shah could not rule the kingdom— Bhuyan chiefs of the region defeated the invaders in 1505. Soon control of the Kamata kingdom passed into the hands of the Koch dynasty.
Rulers
Niladhwaj (1440–1460)
Chakradhwaj (1460–1480)
Nilambar (1480–1498)
See also
Kamarupa
Kamata Kingdom
History of Assam
Ahom–Mughal conflicts
List of rulers of Assam
List of Hindu Empires and Dynasties
Notes
References
History of Assam
Dynasties of Assam | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khen%20dynasty |
There are two railway stations that serve Dorchester, Dorset.
Dorchester South railway station Located on the London Waterloo-Weymouth line.
Dorchester West railway station Located on the Bristol/Castle Cary-Weymouth "Heart of Wessex" line. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester%20railway%20station |
Jordan Barrington Stewart (born 3 March 1982) is an English former professional footballer who played as a left-back or left winger.
Stewart started his career at Leicester City, where he was relegated twice and once promoted to the Premier League. Whilst at Leicester he also spent a loan spell at Bristol Rovers. He joined Watford in 2005, and was part of a side that won promotion to Premier League, before being subsequently relegated. He left the club in 2008 and subsequently signed for Derby. In March 2013 he signed a three-month contract with Coventry City on a free transfer. He subsequently spent four seasons in the Major League Soccer with San Jose Earthquakes and one season in the USL Championship with Phoenix Rising.
Club career
Leicester City
Stewart started his career at Leicester City, signing professional terms in the summer of 1999. He made his debut for the club against West Ham United on 22 January 2000. He made one more appearance for Leicester that season before being loaned to Division Two side Bristol Rovers, for whom he made four appearances. Semi-regular appearances from the bench followed in the 2001–02 season, before he established himself as a member of the first-team in 2002–03, after the club's relegation to Division One.
On 4 August 2002, Stewart scored the first goal at Leicester's new Walkers Stadium, in a friendly match with Athletic Bilbao. Leicester's return to the Premiership in 2003–04 saw fewer games for Stewart, although he did score a memorable goal against Manchester City at the City of Manchester Stadium in Leicester's 3–0 win in November 2003. Relegation again saw Stewart hold down a starting position in 2004–05.
Watford
Stewart became Aidy Boothroyd's first signing for Watford, joining for £125,000 in July 2005. He started as Watford's first-choice left-back, but was dropped in October 2005 after a run of poor form. He retook the position from James Chambers in January, and started every game until he was dropped for the game against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 14 April 2006, after another run of poor form. However, he returned to the side as they went on to win the Championship play-offs, playing all three games. He was the only player in Watford's squad to appear in every single match in 2005–06.
Stewart was a first-team regular through the club's 2006–07 Premiership campaign. Pre-season press speculation linked Stewart with a move to Rangers, but no move came to fruition.
Watford were relegated, and started their 2007–08 Championship season away at Wolverhampton Wanderers. Stewart scored his first goal for the club, a deflected free-kick, to equalise in an eventual 2–1 win. Up to the end of 2007, he started every league game in the campaign. He scored his second goal for the club on his 26th birthday, in a 2–2 draw away at Burnley. On 7 May 2008, Watford announced ahead of their play-off game with Hull City that they had agreed to release Stewart early from his contract.
Derby County
On 30 May 2008, Stewart, along with former Watford teammate Nathan Ellington, signed for Derby County. He signed a three-year contract with the club, who had just been relegated from the Premier League.
Stewart started the 2008–09 season as second choice left back, behind Jay McEveley, but soon established himself as first choice. With McEveley joining Preston and Charlton on loan, he became an ever-present in the Derby side. Stewart scored his first goal for Derby in the 3–0 win over Sheffield Wednesday, a stunning 30-yard strike. In his next home game, he scored another spectacular goal, this one coming against Preston. Once McEveley had returned from his loan spells at the end of January, he re-established himself as first choice left back and after Derby's FA Cup defeat to Manchester United, Stewart only played one more game for the first team, against Charlton on 25 April. Even with McEveley suffering an injury that ruled him out for the season in early April, Stewart was unable to re-establish himself as Lewin Nyatanga was preferred at left back.
Sheffield United
On the final day of the 2009 Summer transfer window, Stewart held talks with Sheffield United over a possible move to the Bramall Lane club. The deal was finalised later the same day, with Lee Hendrie moving in the opposite direction. Stewart made his début for the Blades a few days later in a 1–1 home draw against local rivals Doncaster Rovers. Stewart was largely used as a substitute or as defensive cover for the remainder of the season, playing twenty three times for the Blades.
Skoda Xanthi
Failing to hold down a first team place at Sheffield United he was released from his contract and signed for Super League Greece side Skoda Xanthi in June 2010. Where he joined former teammate Nathan Ellington.
Millwall
Stewart signed a one-year deal with Football League Championship side Millwall on 7 July 2011, after a week-long trial with the club, stating his wish to return from Greece to an English team.
Notts County
Stewart signed a short-term deal with Football League One side Notts County on 6 October 2012, and played later that day against table toppers Tranmere Rovers. He scored his first and only goal for the club in a Football League Trophy tie against former club Sheffield United.
Coventry City
In March 2013 Stewart signed a three-month contract with Football League One side Coventry City. Coventry manager Steven Pressley announced on 30 April 2013 that Stewart's contract would not be renewed. In total, Stewart made six appearances for the club.
San Jose Earthquakes
In July 2013, Stewart signed with Major League Soccer club San Jose Earthquakes.
Phoenix Rising
Stewart moved to USL Championship side Phoenix Rising FC in February 2017.
Personal life
Stewart and his close friend and fellow footballer Joleon Lescott launched a clothing label together in 2012 named LescottStewart.
Career statistics
References
External links
1982 births
Living people
English men's footballers
English expatriate men's footballers
Footballers from Birmingham, West Midlands
Leicester City F.C. players
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Watford F.C. players
Derby County F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Xanthi F.C. players
Millwall F.C. players
Notts County F.C. players
Coventry City F.C. players
San Jose Earthquakes players
Phoenix Rising FC players
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
English Football League players
Premier League players
Super League Greece players
Major League Soccer players
USL Championship players
England men's youth international footballers
England men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football defenders
English expatriate sportspeople in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%20Stewart%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201982%29 |
CLOB may refer to:
Character large object, a collection of character data in a database management system
Clabber, a trick-taking card game
CLOB, slang for the drug Methcathinone
Central limit order book, a centralised database of limit orders proposed by the Securities Exchange Commission | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLOB |
Tony Banfield (December 18, 1938) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive back for the Houston Oilers of the American Football League (AFL). He played college football for the Oklahoma State Cowboys. He played for Houston in the AFL from 1960 through 1963 and in 1965. In 1962, he returned a blocked punt 58 yards for a touchdown in the Oilers' 32–17 defeat of the Oakland Raiders. He was All-AFL in 1961 and 1962 and an American Football League Eastern Division All-Star in 1963. Banfield played in the first three AFL Championship games, winning the title in 1960 and 1961.
See also
List of American Football League players
1938 births
Living people
American football defensive backs
Houston Oilers players
Oklahoma State Cowboys football players
American Football League All-League players
American Football League All-Star players
People from Independence, Kansas
Players of American football from Kansas
American Football League players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Banfield |
During World War II, in the course of Operation Barbarossa, Nazi Germany invaded Estonia in July–December 1941, and occupied the country until 1944. Estonia had gained independence in 1918 from the then warring German and Russian Empires. However, in the wake of the August 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact, the Stalinist Soviet Union had invaded and occupied Estonia in June 1940, and the country was formally annexed into the USSR in August 1940.
Initially, in the summer of 1941, the German invaders were perceived by most Estonians as liberators from the Soviet terror, having arrived only a week after the mass deportation of tens of thousands of people from Estonia and other territories that had been occupied by USSR in 1939–1941: eastern Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. Although hopes were raised for the restoration of Estonia's independence, it was soon realized that Germans were but another occupying power.
The Nazi German authorities exploited occupied Estonia for their war effort and in 1941–1944 murdered tens of thousands of people (including indigenous ethnic Estonians, local Estonian Jews, Estonia's Romani people, Russians, Soviet prisoners of war, Jews from other countries, and others). For the duration of the occupation, Estonia was incorporated as Generalbezirk Estland, subordinated to the Reichskommissariat Ostland, an administrative subdivision of the German Reich.
Military occupation
Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. Three days later, on June 25, Finland declared herself to once again be in a state of war with the USSR, starting the Continuation War. On July 3, Joseph Stalin made his public statement over the radio calling for scorched-earth policy in the areas to be abandoned. Because the northernmost areas of the Baltic states were the last to be reached by the Germans, it was here that the Soviet destruction battalions had their most extreme effects. The Estonian forest brothers, numbering about 50,000, inflicted heavy casualties on the remaining Soviets; as many as 4,800 were killed and 14,000 captured.
Even though the Germans did not cross the Estonian southern border until July 7–9, Estonian soldiers who had deserted from Soviet units in large numbers, opened fire on the Red Army as early as June 22. On that day, a group of forest brothers attacked Soviet trucks on a road in the district of Harju. The Soviet 22nd Rifle Corps was the unit that lost most men, as a large group of Estonian soldiers and officers deserted from it. Furthermore, border guards of Soviet Estonia were mostly people who had previously worked for independent Estonia, and they also escaped to the forests, becoming one of the best groups of Estonian fighters. An Estonian writer Juhan Jaik wrote in 1941: "These days bogs and forests are more populated than farms and fields. The forests and bogs are our territory while the fields and farms are occupied by the enemy [i.e., the Soviets]".
The 8th Army (Major General Ljubovtsev), retreated in front of the 2nd corps of the German Army behind the Pärnu River - the Emajõgi River line on July 12. As German troops approached Tartu on July 10 and prepared for another battle with the Soviets, they realized that the Estonian partisans were already fighting the Soviet troops. The Wehrmacht stopped its advance and hung back, leaving the Estonians to do the fighting. The battle of Tartu lasted two weeks, and destroyed most of the city. Under the leadership of Friedrich Kurg, the Estonian partisans drove out the Soviets from Tartu on their own. In the meanwhile, the Soviets had been murdering citizens held in Tartu Prison, killing 192 before the Estonians captured the city.
At the end of July the Germans resumed their advance in Estonia working in tandem with the Estonian Forest Brothers. Both German troops and Estonian partisans took Narva on August 17 and the Estonian capital Tallinn on August 28. On that day, the Soviet flag shot down earlier on Pikk Hermann was replaced with the Flag of Estonia by Fred Ise. After the Soviets were driven out from Estonia, German troops disarmed all the partisan groups. The Estonian flag was soon replaced with the German one, and the 2,000 Estonian soldiers who took part in the parade in Tartu on July 29, were disbanded.
Most Estonians greeted the Germans with relatively open arms and hoped for the restoration of independence. Estonia set up an administration, led by Jüri Uluots as soon as the Soviet regime retreated and before German troops arrived. Estonian partisans that drove the Red Army from Tartu made it possible. That all was for nothing since the Germans had made their plans as set out in Generalplan Ost, they disbanded the provisional government and the territory of Estonia was organized as Generalbezirk Estland, subordinated to the Reichskommissariat Ostland, an administrative subdivision of Nazi Germany. A Sicherheitspolizei was established for internal security under the leadership of Ain-Ervin Mere.
In April 1941, on the eve on the German invasion, Alfred Rosenberg, Reich minister for the Occupied Eastern territories, a Baltic German, born and raised in Tallinn, Estonia, laid out his plans for the East. According to Rosenberg a future policy was created:
Germanization (Eindeutschung) of the "racially suitable" elements.
Colonization by Germanic people.
Exile, deportations of undesirable elements.
Rosenberg felt that the "Estonians were the most Germanic out of the people living in the Baltic area, having already reached 50 percent of Germanization through Danish, Swedish and German influence". Non-suitable Estonians were to be moved to a region that Rosenberg called "Peipusland" to make room for German colonists.
The removal of 50% of Estonians was in accordance with the Nazi Generalplan Ost.
The initial enthusiasm that accompanied the liberation from Soviet occupation quickly waned as a result and the Germans had limited success in recruiting volunteers. The draft was introduced in 1942, resulting in some 3400 men fleeing to Finland to fight in the Finnish Army rather than join the Germans. Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 (Estonian: soomepoisid 'boys of Finland') was formed out of Estonian volunteers in Finland.
With the Allied victory over Germany becoming certain in 1944, the only option to save Estonia's independence was to stave off a new Soviet invasion of Estonia until Germany's capitulation.
Political resistance
In June 1942 political leaders of Estonia who had survived Soviet repressions held a hidden meeting from the occupying powers in Estonia where the formation of an underground Estonian government and the options for preserving continuity of the republic were discussed.
On January 6, 1943 a meeting was held at the Estonian foreign delegation in Stockholm. It was decided that, in order to preserve the legal continuity of the Republic of Estonia, the last constitutional prime minister, Jüri Uluots, must continue to fulfill his responsibilities as prime minister.
In June 1944 the elector's assembly of the Republic of Estonia gathered in secrecy from the occupying powers in Tallinn and appointed Jüri Uluots as the prime minister with the responsibilities of the President. On June 21 Jüri Uluots appointed Otto Tief as deputy prime minister.
As the Germans retreated, on September 18, 1944 Jüri Uluots formed a government led by the Deputy Prime Minister, Otto Tief. On September 20 the Nazi German flag on Pikk Hermann was replaced with the tricolor flag of Estonia. On September 22 the Red Army took Tallinn and the Estonian flag on Pikk Hermann was replaced with the Soviet flag. The Estonian underground government, not officially recognized by either the Nazi Germany or Soviet Union, fled to Stockholm, Sweden and operated in exile until 1992, when Heinrich Mark, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Estonia in duties of the President in exile, presented his credentials to the newly elected President of Estonia Lennart Meri. On February 23, 1989 the flag of the Estonian SSR had been lowered on Pikk Hermann; it was replaced with the flag of Estonia to mark Estonian Independence Day on February 24, 1989.
Estonians in German military units
The annexation of Estonia by the USSR in 1940 was complete, but never recognized internationally except by Eastern Bloc countries. After the annexation, Estonians were subject to conscription into the Red Army, which by international law is illegal if Estonia is not considered to have been a part of the USSR. When the Soviets retreated from Estonia and Germany fully occupied it, in the summer of 1941, the Germans continued the practice of dragooning Estonian men, although the majority joined the German Army voluntarily, often out of the desire to fight the USSR, which had made strong enemies with many groups of society in Estonia after introducing their Marxist economic system. Up to March 1942 drafted Estonians mostly served in the rear of the Army Group North security. On August 28, 1942 the German powers announced the legal compilation of the so-called "Estonian Legion" within the Waffen SS. Oberführer Franz Augsberger was nominated the commander of the legion. Up to the end of 1942 about 1,280 men volunteered into the training camp. Bataillon Narwa was formed from the first 800 men of the Legion to have finished their training at Heidelager, being sent in April 1943 to join the Division Wiking in Ukraine. They replaced the Finnish Volunteer Battalion, recalled to Finland for political reasons. In March 1943, a partial mobilization was carried out in Estonia during which 12,000 men were conscripted into the SS. On May 5, 1943 the 3rd Waffen-SS Brigade (Estonian), another fully Estonian unit, was formed and sent to the front near Nevel.
By January 1944, the front was pushed back by the Red Army almost all the way to the former Estonian border. Jüri Uluots, the last constitutional Prime Minister of the Republic of Estonia, the leader of Estonian underground government delivered a radio address on February 7 that implored all able-bodied men born from 1904 through 1923 to report for military service in the SS (before this, Uluots had opposed any German mobilization of Estonians.) Following Uluots' address, 38.000 conscripts jammed registration centers. Several thousand Estonians who had volunteered to join the Finnish army were transferred back across the Gulf of Finland to join the newly formed Territorial Defense Force, assigned to defend Estonia against the Soviet advance. The maximum number of Estonians enrolled in German military units was 70,000. The initial formation of the volunteer Estonian Legion created in 1942 was eventually expanded to become a full-sized conscript division of the Waffen SS in 1944, the 20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian). Units consisting largely of Estonians — often under German officers – saw action on the Narva line throughout 1944. Many Estonians hoped that they would attract support from the Allies, and ultimately a restoration of their interwar independence, by resisting the Soviet reoccupation of their country. In the end, there was no Allied military support
The advance guard units of the 2nd Shock Army reached the border of Estonia as a part of the Kingisepp–Gdov Offensive which began on 1 February 1944. Field Marshal Walter Model was nominated the leader of the German Army Group North. The Soviet Narva Offensive (15–28 February 1944) led by Soviet General Leonid A. Govorov, the commander of the Leningrad Front, commenced. On February 24, Estonian Independence Day, the counterattack of the so-called Estonian Division to break the Soviet bridgeheads began. A battalion of Estonians led by Rudolf Bruus destroyed a Soviet bridgehead. Another battalion of Estonians led by Ain-Ervin Mere was successful against another bridgehead, at Vaasa-Siivertsi-Vepsaküla. On March 6, this work was complete. The Leningrad Front concentrated 9 corps at Narva against 7 divisions and one brigade. On March 1, the Soviet Narva Offensive (1–4 March 1944) began in the direction of Auvere. The 658th Eastern Battalion led by Alfons Rebane and the 659th Eastern Battalion commanded by Georg Sooden were involved in defeating the operation. On March 17, twenty Soviet divisions again unsuccessfully attacked the three divisions in Auvere. On April 7, the leadership of the Red Army ordered to go on the defensive. In March the Soviets committed bombing attacks towards the towns of Estonia, including the bombing of Tallinn on March 9.
On July 24 the Soviets began the new Narva Offensive (July 1944) in the direction of Auvere. The 1st battalion (Stubaf Paul Maitla) of the 45th Regiment led by Harald Riipalu and the fusiliers (previously "Narva"), under the leadership of Hatuf Hando Ruus, were involved in repelling the attack. Finally, Narva was evacuated and a new front was settled on the Tannenberg Line in the Sinimäed Hills.
On 1 August 1944, the Finnish government and President Risto Ryti were to resign. On the next day, Aleksander Warma, the Estonian Ambassador to Finland (1939–1940 (1944)) announced that the National Committee of the Estonian Republic had sent a telegram, which requested the Estonian volunteer regiment to be returned to Estonia fully equipped. On the following day, the Finnish Government received a letter from the Estonians. It had been signed in the name of "all national organizations of Estonia" by Aleksander Warma, Karl Talpak and several others, seconding the request. It was then announced that the regiment would be disbanded and that the volunteers were free to return home. An agreement had been reached with the Germans, and the Estonians were promised amnesty if they chose to return and fight in the SS. As soon as they landed, the regiment was sent to perform a counter-attack against the Soviet 3rd Baltic Front, which had managed a breakthrough on the Tartu front, and was threatening the capital Tallinn.
After an attempt to break through the Tannenberg Line failed, the main struggle was carried to the south of Lake Peipus, where on August 11, Petseri was taken and Võru on August 13. Near Tartu, the 3rd Baltic Front was stopped by the Kampfgruppe "Wagner" which involved military groups sent from Narva under the command of Alfons Rebane and Paul Vent and the 5th SS Volunteer Sturmbrigade Wallonien led by Léon Degrelle.
On August 19, 1944 Jüri Uluots, in a radio broadcast, called for the Red Army to hold back and a peace agreement to be reached.
As Finland left the war on September 4, 1944 according to their peace agreement with the USSR, the defence of the mainland became practically impossible and the German command decided to retreat from Estonia. Resistance against the Soviets continued in the Moonsund Archipelago until November 23, 1944, when the Germans evacuated the Sõrve Peninsula. According to the Soviet data, the conquest of the territory of Estonia cost them 126,000 casualties. Some disregard the official figures and argue that a more realistic number is 480,000 for the Battle of Narva only, considering the intensity of the fighting at the front. On the German side, their own data shows 30,000 dead, which some have similarly seen as underrated, preferring at the minimum 45,000.
German administrators
In 1941 Estonia was occupied by German troops and after a brief period of military rule — by the Commanders of the Army Group North (in the occupied USSR) — a German civilian administration was established and, on 5 December 1941, the territory of Estonia was organized as Generalbezirk Estland, subordinated to the Reichskommissariat Ostland.
Generalkommissar
(Subordinated to the Reichskommissar Ostland.)
1941–1944 SA-Obergruppenführer Karl-Siegmund Litzmann (1893-1945)
S.S. und Polizeiführer
(The SS and Police Leader (SSPF) was responsible for internal security and war against the resistance and was directly subordinated to the Higher SS and Police Leader (HSSPF) of Ostland, not to the Generalkommissar.)
1941–1944 SS-Oberführer Hinrich Möller (1906–1974)
1944 SS-Brigadeführer Walther Schröder (1902–1973)
Lagerkommandant
(Responsible for the operation of all concentration camps within the Reichskommissariat Ostland.)
SS-Hauptsturmführer Hans Aumeier (1906–1947)
Collaboration
Estonian Self-Administration
Estonian Self-Administration (), also known as the Directorate, was the puppet government set up in Estonia during occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany. According to Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity
Although the Directorate did not have complete freedom of action, it exercised a significant measure of autonomy, within the framework of German policy, political, racial and economic. For example, the Directors exercised their powers pursuant to the laws and regulations of the Republic of Estonia, but only to the extent that these had not been repealed or amended by the German military command.
Directors
Director General
1941–1944 Hjalmar Mäe (1901–1978)
Director for Home Affairs
1941–1944 Oskar Angelus (1892–1979)
Directors for Justice
1941–1943 Hjalmar Mäe
1943–1944 Oskar Öpik
Director for Finance
1941–1944 Alfred Wendt (1902-1986)
Holocaust
The process of Jewish settlement in Estonia began in the 19th century, when in 1865 Alexander II of Russia granted them the right to enter the region. The creation of the Republic of Estonia in 1918 marked the beginning of a new era for the Jews. Approximately 200 Jews fought in combat for the creation of the Republic of Estonia and 70 of these men were volunteers. From the very first days of her existence as a state, Estonia showed her tolerance towards all the peoples inhabiting her territories. On 12 February 1925 the Estonian government passed a law pertaining to the cultural autonomy of minority peoples. The Jewish community quickly prepared its application for cultural autonomy. Statistics on Jewish citizens were compiled. They totaled 3,045, fulfilling the minimum requirement of 3000 for cultural autonomy. In June 1926 the Jewish Cultural Council was elected and Jewish cultural autonomy was declared. Jewish cultural autonomy was of great interest to the global Jewish community. The Jewish National Endowment presented the Estonian government with a certificate of gratitude for this achievement.
There were, at the time of Soviet occupation in 1940, approximately 4000 Estonian Jews. The Jewish Cultural Autonomy was immediately abolished. Jewish cultural institutions were closed down. Many of Jewish people were deported to Siberia along with other Estonians by the Soviets. It is estimated that 350–500 Jews suffered this fate. About three-fourths of Estonian Jewry managed to leave the country during this period. Out the approximately 4,300 Jews in Estonia prior to the war, almost 1000 were entrapped by the Nazis.
Round-ups and killings of Jews began immediately following the arrival of the first German troops in 1941, who were closely followed by the extermination squad Sonderkommando 1a under Martin Sandberger, part of Einsatzgruppe A led by Walter Stahlecker. Arrests and executions continued as the Germans, with the assistance of local collaborators, advanced through Estonia.
Unlike German forces, some support apparently existed among an undefined segment of the local collaborators for anti-Jewish actions. The standard form used for the cleansing operations was arrest 'because of communist activity'. The equation between Jews and communists evoked a positive response among some Estonians. Estonians often argued that their Jewish colleagues and friends were not communists and submitted proofs of pro-Estonian conduct in hope to get them released.
Estonia was declared Judenfrei quite early by the German occupation regime at the Wannsee Conference. Jews that had remained in Estonia (921 according to Martin Sandberger, 929 according to Evgenia Goorin-Loov and 963 according to Walter Stahlecker) were killed. Fewer than a dozen Estonian Jews are known to have survived the war in Estonia. The Nazi regime also established 22 concentration and labor camps on occupied Estonian territory for foreign Jews. The largest, Vaivara concentration camp housed 1,300 prisoners at a time. These prisoners were mainly Jews, with smaller groups of Russians, Dutch, and Estonians. Several thousand foreign Jews were killed at the Kalevi-Liiva camp. Four Estonians most responsible for the murders at Kalevi-Liiva were accused at war crimes trials in 1961. Two were later executed, while the Soviet occupation authorities were unable to press charges against two who lived in exile. There have been knowingly 7 ethnic Estonians: Ralf Gerrets, Ain-Ervin Mere, Jaan Viik, Juhan Jüriste, Karl Linnas, Aleksander Laak and Ervin Viks that have faced trials for crimes against humanity.
Since the reestablishment of the Estonian independence markers were put in place for the 60th anniversary of the mass executions that were carried out at the Lagedi, Vaivara and Klooga (Kalevi-Liiva) camps in September 1944.
There are three Estonians who have been honoured with The Righteous Among the Nations: Uku Masing and his wife Eha Masing and Polina Lentsman.
Estonian military units' involvement in crimes against humanity
The Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity has reviewed the role of Estonian military units and police battalions in an effort to identify the role of Estonian military units and police battalions participation during World War II in crimes against humanity.
The conclusions of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity are available online. It says that there is an evidence of Estonian units' involvement in crimes against humanity, and acts of genocide; however, the commission noted
Controversies
Views diverge on history of Estonia during World War II and following the occupation by Nazi Germany.
According to the Estonian point of view, the occupation of Estonia by Soviet Union lasted five decades, only interrupted by the Nazi invasion of 1941–1944. Estonian representatives at the European Parliament even made a motion for a resolution acknowledging the 48 years of occupation as a fact. The final version of the resolution of European parliament, however, only acknowledged Estonia's loss of independence lasting from 1940 to 1991 and that annexation of Estonia by Soviet Union was considered illegal by Western democracies.
The position of the Russian Government: Russia has denied that Soviet Union illegally annexed the Baltic republics of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia in 1940. The Kremlin's European affairs chief Sergei Yastrzhembsky: "There was no occupation." Russian State officials look at the events in Estonia in the end of World War II as the liberation from fascism by the Soviet Union.
Views of World War II veteran, an Estonian Ilmar Haaviste fought on the German side: "Both regimes were equally evil — there was no difference between the two except that Stalin was more cunning".
Views of World War II veteran, an Estonian Arnold Meri fought on the Soviet side: "Estonia's participation in World War II was inevitable. Every Estonian had only one decision to make: whose side to take in that bloody fight — the Nazis' or the anti-Hitler coalition's."
Views of World War II veteran, a Russian fought on the Soviet side in Estonia answering a question: How do you feel being called an "occupier"? " Viktor Andreyev: "Half believe one thing half believe another. That's in the run of things."
In 2004 controversy regarding the events of World War II in Estonia surrounded the Monument of Lihula.
In April 2007 the divergent views on history of World War II in Estonia centered around the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn.
See also
20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian)
Estonian resistance movement
Judenfrei
Klooga concentration camp
Reichskommissariat Ostland
References
External links
Birn, Ruth Bettina (2001), Collaboration with Nazi Germany in Eastern Europe: the Case of the Estonian Security Police. Contemporary European History 10.2, 181–98.
Estonian SS-Legion (photographs)
Estonian SS-Legion (photographs)
Hjalmar Mäe
Hjalmar Mäe (photograph)
Saksa okupatsioon Eestis
Weiss-Wendt, Anton (2003). Extermination of the Gypsies in Estonia during World War II: Popular Images and Official Policies. Holocaust and Genocide Studies 17.1, 31–61.
Occupation of the Baltic states
1941 in Estonia
Jewish Estonian history
Military history of Estonia during World War II
Estonia
Generalbezirk Estland
Politics of World War II
Estonia in World War II
German military occupations
The Holocaust in Estonia
Estonia–Germany military relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%20occupation%20of%20Estonia%20during%20World%20War%20II |
The Scottish Book () was a thick notebook used by mathematicians of the Lwów School of Mathematics in Poland for jotting down problems meant to be solved. The notebook was named after the "Scottish Café" where it was kept.
Originally, the mathematicians who gathered at the cafe would write down the problems and equations directly on the cafe's marble table tops, but these would be erased at the end of each day, and so the record of the preceding discussions would be lost. The idea for the book was most likely originally suggested by Stefan Banach's wife, Łucja Banach. Stefan or Łucja Banach purchased a large notebook and left it with the proprietor of the cafe.
History
The Scottish Café () was the café in Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine) where, in the 1930s and 1940s, mathematicians from the Lwów School collaboratively discussed research problems, particularly in functional analysis and topology.
Stanislaw Ulam recounts that the tables of the café had marble tops, so they could write in pencil, directly on the table, during their discussions. To keep the results from being lost, and after becoming annoyed with their writing directly on the table tops, Stefan Banach's wife provided the mathematicians with a large notebook, which was used for writing the problems and answers and eventually became known as the Scottish Book. The book—a collection of solved, unsolved, and even probably unsolvable problems—could be borrowed by any of the guests of the café. Solving any of the problems was rewarded with prizes, with the most difficult and challenging problems having expensive prizes (during the Great Depression and on the eve of World War II), such as a bottle of fine brandy.
For problem 153, which was later recognized as being closely related to Stefan Banach's "basis problem", Stanisław Mazur offered the prize of a live goose. This problem was solved only in 1972 by Per Enflo, who was presented with the live goose in a ceremony that was broadcast throughout Poland.
The café building used to house the at the street address of 27 Taras Shevchenko Prospekt. The original cafe was renovated in May 2014 and contains a copy of the Scottish Book.
Problems contributed by individual authors
A total of 193 problems were written down in the book. Stanisław Mazur contributed a total of 43 problems, 24 of them as a single author and 19 together with Stefan Banach. Banach himself wrote 14, plus another 11 with Stanislaw Ulam and Mazur. Ulam wrote 40 problems and additional 15 ones with others.
During the Soviet occupation of Lwów, several Russian mathematicians visited the city and also added problems to the book.
Hugo Steinhaus contributed the last problem on 31 May 1941, shortly before the German attack on the Soviet Union; this problem involved a question about the likely distribution of matches within a matchbox, a problem motivated by Banach's habit of chain smoking cigarettes.
Continuity
After World War II, an English translation annotated by Ulam was published by Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1957. After World War II, Steinhaus at the University of Wrocław revived the tradition of the Scottish book by initiating The New Scottish Book in 1945-1958.
Associated people
The following mathematicians were associated with the Lwów School of Mathematics or contributed to The Scottish Book:
P. Alexandroff (Pavel Alexandrov?)
Herman Auerbach (murdered in Bełżec extermination camp)
A.F. Fermant (:ru:Бермант, Анисим Фёдорович, i.e. Anisim Fedorovich Bermant?)
Bogolubov (Nikolay Bogolyubov?)
Stefan Banach (forced to live as a lice feeder, died of cancer in 1945)
Karol Borsuk (imprisoned for working in the Underground Warsaw University)
Meier Eidelheit (murdered in the Holocaust in 1943)
Samuel Eilenberg (fled Europe for Princeton University in 1939)
Maurice René Fréchet
Leopold Infeld (returned from Cambridge to Lwów in 1935 but left again for Princeton University in 1936 under the Nazi threat)
Joseph Kampé de Fériet
Marek Kac (went to study in the US in 1938; his family who stayed were murdered in Krzemieniec in 1942)
Stefan Kaczmarz (died in unclear circumstances in 1939 after being called up for military service)
Bronisław Knaster (lived as a lice feeder during the occupation of Lwów)
Kazimierz Kuratowski (worked in the Underground Warsaw University)
Antoni Łomnicki (murdered in the Massacre of Lviv professors)
Lazar Lyusternik (participated in the persecution of his teacher in 1936)
Józef Marcinkiewicz (believed killed in the Katyn massacre; his manuscripts, entrusted to his parents, were lost)
Stanisław Mazur
John von Neumann (moved to Princeton University in 1930)
Władysław Nikliborc (pl, died 1948)
Cyril Offord
Władysław Orlicz
Stanisław Ruziewicz (murdered in the Massacre of Lviv professors)
Stanisław Saks (joined the Polish underground, executed in 1942 by Gestapo)
Juliusz Schauder (had no paper to record his results after 1941, killed by Gestapo in 1943)
Józef Schreier (took his life in the Drohobycz Ghetto in 1943 to avoid capture)
Wacław Sierpiński (house burned by Nazis in 1944, worked in the Underground Warsaw University)
Sergei Sobolev
Hugo Steinhaus (spent World War II in hiding, teaching in illegal underground education)
Ludwig Sternbach (taken to Bełżec extermination camp)
Simion Stoilow
Edward Szpilrajn (later changed his name to Edward Marczewski to escape Nazi persecution)
Stanisław Ulam (left Poland for the US in 1939, worked on the Manhattan project)
Rolin Wavre
A J (Gus) Ward (see problems 156 and 157, The Scottish Book. Later Fellow and Bursar at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, England)
Antoni Zygmund (emigrated to the US in 1940)
References
External links
Scottish book preface
At the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań website (archived by the Wayback Machine):
(typescript of the English version)
at
, an article by Roman Duda
Photograph and description of the Scottish café (Kawiarnia Szkocka) at the MacTutor archive
Review of Roman Kaluza’s 1996 book The Life of Stefan Banach from American Mathematical Monthly 104 (1997), 577-579.
(page in Polish, with unarchived PDF links)
Lviv Scottish Book - A new Scottish Book at the original café following the tradition of the original Scottish Book
Books:
(Includes selected papers presented at the Scottish Book Conference held at North Texas State University, Denton, Tex., May 1979)
Birkhäuser books
History of education in Poland
History of Lviv
History of mathematics
Mathematics manuscripts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish%20Book |
Paradiastole (from Greek παραδιαστολή from παρά para "next to, alongside", and διαστολή diastole "separation, distinction") is the reframing of a vice as a virtue, often with the use of euphemism, for example, "Yes, I know it does not work all the time, but that is what makes it interesting." It is often used ironically.
Paradiastole has been described as "the rhetorical technique of evaluative redescription -- more popularly known as euphemism and dysphemism -- designed to enlarge or reduce the moral significance of something". Another example is referring to manual labour as a "workout". Perhaps the most familiar usage today comes from the software world: "It's not a bug; it's a feature!" (This is used both euphemistically and literally, as many features in software originated as bugs).
Usage to describe a list
In studies on classical antiquity, it has come to mean the repetition of disjunctive words in a list.
In biblical studies, paradiastole is a type of anaphora (the repetition of one word at the beginning of successive sentences). Paradiastole uses certain words—either, or, neither, not, and nor—as disjunctions. A disjunction differs from a conjunction in that it separates things, whereas a conjunction joins them.
An example of this technique can be found in the Gospel of John, clarifying the meaning of τέκνα θεοῦ (God's children):
οἳ [πιστεύοντες]
οὐκ ἐξ αἱμάτων
οὐδὲ ἐκ θελήματος σαρκὸς
οὐδὲ ἐκ θελήματος ἀνδρὸς
ἀλλ' ἐκ θεοῦ ἐγεννήθησαν. (John 1.13).
They [the believers],
not of blood,
nor of the flesh's desire,
nor of a man's desire,
but of God were born.
In this passage, οὐκ and οὐδὲ (here translated not and nor) function as the disjunctions. The paradiastole emphasizes that those who believed (οἳ πιστεύοντες) and became "God's children" were not
physically ("of blood", etc.) born again, but divinely.
The French Enlightenment writer Voltaire remarked sardonically: "This agglomeration which was called and which still calls itself the Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire."
See also
Litotes
Meiosis (figure of speech)
References
Cuddon, J.A., ed. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. 3rd ed. Penguin Books: New York, 1991.
Figures of speech
Rhetoric
Euphemisms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradiastole |
Altaf Hussain Gauhar Janjua (17 March 1923 – 14 November 2000) was a civil servant, journalist, poet, and writer from Pakistan, close to the country’s first military dictator Ayub Khan to the point his detractors called him Khan’s Svengali and Goebbels.
Early life
Gauhar was born in Gujranwala on 17 March 1923 into a Punjabi Muslim family of the Rajput-Janjua clan to Al-Haj Raja Tafazzal Hussain Janjua, a minor government official, Gauhar being the eldest of five children, and did his post graduation in English literature from the Government College University, Lahore.
Before partition Gauhar worked as a broadcaster on All India Radio.
Civil service career
Gauhar entered the Civil Service of Pakistan in 1948. Starting his career as Secretary, State Bank of Pakistan, he rose to be Information Secretary Government of Pakistan at the age of 39. During his tenure, draconian laws governing the press were passed, something for which Gauhar later publicly apologised.
He was a gifted writer and became very close to President Ayub Khan, so much so that he was known as the de facto vice president of Pakistan. He was the main ghost writer for the latter's autobiography entitled Friends Not Masters, published 1967. After the death of his old mentor, he wrote the biography, Ayub Khan : Pakistan's First Military Ruler, which gave a different story altogether, prompting people to question 'who is the real Ayub?' The last official act of President Ayub Khan before handing over power was to invite Altaf Gauhar to lunch with his family and bestow on him the high civil award of Hilal-i-Quaid-i-Azam. Through some palace intrigues, President Yahya Khan assumed power on 25 March 1969. A day or two before that he had had a serious altercation with Altaf Gauhar who wanted Ayub Khan to continue. In 1969, Gauhar was initially marginalized as Director Finance Services Academy Lahore, a position much lower in rank than a Central Secretary. Subsequently, he was dismissed from service and all his four civil awards were forfeited.
Post civil service career
On leaving the civil service in 1969, he became editor of the Pakistani daily newspaper Dawn. Later, when Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was chief martial law administrator, he was twice imprisoned. It was while in jail, that Gauhar became deeply absorbed by the Quran, from which he was later to make several distinguished translations, the last one shortly before he died, when he was in great pain and undergoing chemotherapy for cancer.
On release from prison, he left Dawn for London and launched the journals Third World Review and Third World Quarterly (in association with The Guardian newspaper), South magazine, and established the Third World Foundation. After BCCI went into liquidation, he returned to Pakistan, and continued into journalism. He poured all his energies into the role of editor-in-chief of the Muslim.
Death
Latterly, Gauhar restricted himself to an occasional column in the newspaper The Muslim, but left the newspaper when its editor, A. B. S. Jafri, was sacked by the owner. In Pakistan, on his death, he was commemorated as "a very eminent Pakistani", a man who knew power and how it could be used or abused.
Gauhar died of cancer on 14 November 2000 at the age of 77 years.
Bibliography
Urdu
Nai Bengali afsanai, 1955. Translation of modern short stories from the Bengali language.
Teḥrīren̲ cand, 1995. Articles on Urdu literature; includes some poems.
Ayyūb K̲h̲ān, faujī rāj ke pahle das sāl, 1995. Historical study of the first 10 years of the rule of Mohammad Ayub Khan, 1907–1974 as a chief martial law administrator, written by the information secretary of his government.
Likhte rahe jinon̲ kī ḥikāyat, 1997. Articles on socio-political conditions in Pakistan arranged chronologically from 1993 to 1996.
Gauhar-i guzashtah, 2007. Autobiography.
English
Twenty years of Pakistan, 1947–1967, 1967.
Translations from the Quran, 1975. V. 1. A charter of human liberty. The original path. A people most balances. The fall of a nation. The arrogance of reason. There is no compulsion in religion. Ibrahim's prayer. In moments of distress. v. 2. The Qur'anic concept of justice. The doctrine of abrogation. On prohibition. On interest.
The Islamic concept of world economic order, 1977.
The Challenge of Islam, 1978. Edited by Altaf Gauhar.
Third World strategy : economic and political cohesion in the South, 1983. Edited by Altaf Gauhar ; contributions by Ali Ahmed Attiga [and others].
The Rich and the poor : development, negotiations, and cooperation : an assessment, 1983. Papers from the Beijing South-South Conference, held 4–7 April 1983 in Peking, edited by Altaf Gauhar.
South-south strategy, 1983. Edited by Altaf Gauhar.
Talking about development, 1983. Edited by Altaf Gauhar.
Shared horizon : interviews with leaders of thought, 1985.
Regional integration : the Latin American experience, 1985. This book seeks to explain why regional integration, originally perceived as vital to the development of Latin America, now finds these countries among the most adversely affected by the present economic crisis. At this crucial juncture in their development, when most of Latin America is faced with a gigantic debt burden and unprecedented social and political instability, the contributors to this book call for a review of the framework under which regional integration presently operates. The book outlines and discusses new formulae to make integration workable within the constraints of the present economic conditions and pressures facing Latin American countries.
Pakistan: elections for survival: open letter to Prime Minister Junejo, 1987.
Arab petrodollars : dashed hope for a new economic order, 1987.
Ayub Khan, Pakistan's first military ruler, 1996. A candid account of Ayub's rule. The much-publicized Decade of Reforms, the inner story of Ayub's election struggle against his chief contender, Miss Jinnah, and the story behind the Tashkent Declaration and the Agartala Conspiracy, are all under scrutiny. This analyses the 'two pleas' sent by Nehru to Kennedy and the resulting correspondence, and throws light on subjects that were previously unknown or shrouded in mystery
Thoughts and after thoughts, 1998. Collection of articles previously published in a Daily "The Nation" during 1995–1998.
References
External links
A short Bio.
Punjabi people
Pakistani biographers
Pakistani civil servants
1923 births
2000 deaths
20th-century biographers
Dawn (newspaper) editors
Pakistani newspaper editors
Pakistani columnists
Poets from Lahore
Government College University, Lahore alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altaf%20Gauhar |
Gary Wayne Barbaro (born February 11, 1954) is a former free safety who played seven seasons in the National Football League from 1976 to 1982 and one season in the United States Football League (USFL) in 1984. A third round selection by the Kansas City Chiefs from Nicholls State University, he had 39 career interceptions and was selected to participate in three Pro Bowls.
College career
Barbaro played just one year of high school football at East Jefferson High School in Metarie, Louisiana, instead spending most of his high school years playing trombone in the marching and jazz band. In 1971, he was recruited to play college football at Nicholls State University, which had recently added football that year. Originally a quarterback, Barbaro suffered from a sore arm and switched over to defensive back in his junior year. He was named All-Conference in 1975, helping Nicholls State to an 8–2 record and being selected to play in the Senior Bowl. He is a member of the school's Athletic Hall of Fame and the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame.
Professional career
Barbaro was selected by the Kansas City Chiefs in the third round of the 1976 NFL Draft, becoming the first player in Nicholls State history ever to be selected in the NFL Draft. Replacing previous starter Mike Sensibaugh, Barbaro was mentored by defensive backs coach Tom Bettis, who taught him how to become a more efficient free safety.
The 6-foot-4, 200-pound Barbaro spent seven seasons with the Chiefs, earning Pro Bowl honors following the 1980, 1981, and 1982 seasons.
In 1976, Barbaro was named second-team All-NFL rookie team and won the Mack Lee Hill Award for best rookie in the Chiefs organization. In 1977, he had eight interceptions and led the NFL in interception return yards with 165, 102 of which he set in a December 1977 game against the Seattle Seahawks. That day, Barbaro intercepted a pass thrown by Jim Zorn in the end zone and returned it 102 yards for a touchdown, which, at the time broke an NFL record and is currently the Chiefs single-game record for longest interception return. In 1979, Barbaro intercepted seven passes and was the first ever honoree of the Kansas City Chiefs Most Valuable Player award. In 1980, he finished second in the league in interceptions with 10, behind Lester Hayes's 13, and was named second-team 1980 All-NFL by The Sporting News and second-team All-Pro by the Associated Press. In 1981 Barbaro had five interceptions for 134 yards while he was named first team All-Pro by the Pro Football Writers Association.
In November 1983, after sitting out the entire NFL season in a contract dispute, Barbaro signed a three-year contract with the New Jersey Generals of the USFL. In his only USFL season (1984), he was named to The Sporting News USFL All-Star Team. Barbaro tore his ACL in his left knee earlier in the season and missed four games, came back to play in the Generals' July 1984 USFL playoff loss to the Philadelphia Stars where he further injured the knee, ending his career.
In seven NFL seasons (1976–1982), Barbaro intercepted 39 passes, currently the fourth highest total in Chiefs history while his 771 career interception yards is second all-time, behind Hall of Famer Emmitt Thomas. He participated in every eligible game, 101 consecutive games in total, during his career.
Retirement and personal life
Barbaro currently resides in Metarie, Louisiana where he works in the food service industry and is a uniform inspector in every New Orleans Saints home football game. On September 29, 2013, Barbaro became the 43rd member named to the Chiefs Hall of Fame by Chiefs chairman Clark Hunt.
References
External links
USFL bio
DatabaseFootball.com
1954 births
Living people
American football defensive backs
East Jefferson High School alumni
Kansas City Chiefs players
New Jersey Generals players
Nicholls Colonels football players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
Players of American football from New Orleans | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20Barbaro |
The music of Australia and most particularly the rock, pop, Hip hop and indie rock music of Australia has had a long fascination with the local environment be it urban or rural. This is a list of songs which mention or are about Melbourne the capital city of Victoria, Australia, the suburbs of Melbourne and nearby locations. In 2004, an article by Michael Dwyer published in The Age discussed songs written about Melbourne. A list of twenty-five songs about Melbourne were also published.
The Sydney Morning Herald ran a concurrent article discussing songs written about Sydney at the time. Paul Kelly had four songs in each list, one of which ("From St Kilda to Kings Cross") featured in both lists.
A
"A Brief History" by The Waifs
"A Tale of Two Cities" by The Lucksmiths
"Accidentally Kelly St" by Frente!
"Accidentally Hoddle Street" by Peril
"Alamein Train" by North To Alaskans
"All Torn Down" by The Living End
"An Argument with Myself" by Jens Lekman
"Aqua Profunda" by Mick Thomas
"Aqua Profunda!" by Courtney Barnett
"Australia" by Guttermouth
"Autumn Leaves" by Huxton Creepers
B
“Back to Mentone”, by Eddie Perfect
"Balwyn Calling" by Skyhooks
"Beat Parade" by Even
"Beauties of Melbourne by John McIver (1880)
"Beautiful People" by Australian Crawl
"Boys Light Up" by Australian Crawl
"Brighton Creeper" by Wendy & the Rockets
"Brunswick" by Weddings Parties Anything
"Brunswick Street Girl" by Warner Bros.
"By the Banks of the Yarra" by the Coodabeen Champions.
C
"Carlton (Lygon Street Limbo)" by Skyhooks
"Chapel Street etc." by Something for Kate
"Charcoal Lane" by Archie Roach
"Christmas In Melbourne" by Graeme Connors
"City Flat" by Boom Crash Opera
"Collingwood" by The Sharp
"Coming Home" by Mark Seymour
"Crazy Crazy Melbourne" by Wall of Voodoo
"Crown Tower Blues" by Root!
D
"Deanna" by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds
"Dumb n' Base" by TISM
"Depreston" by Courtney Barnett
E
"East London Summer" by The Smith Street Band
"Elevator Operator" by Courtney Barnett
"Epping Line" by Scott & Charlene's Wedding
F
"Fat City" by Airbourne
"Fatter Two" by Reason, Lazy Grey and Pegz
"Fitzroy Bowl" by Cat Canteri
"Fitzroy Strongman" by Sodastream
"Footscray" by Billy Miller and Gary Adams
"Footscray Park" by Bob Evans
"Footscray Station" by Camp Cope
"Footscray Station" by Scott & Charlene's Wedding
"Four Seasons In One Day" by Crowded House
"Fourteen Years in Rowville" by TISM
"From Macaulay Station" by The Lucksmiths
"From St Kilda to Fitzroy" by Amanda Palmer and the Grand Theft Orchestra
"From St Kilda to Kings Cross" by Paul Kelly and the Coloured Girls
"From Belgrave With Love" by Ron Rude
"From the, To The" by Scared Weird Little Guys
"Frankston Line" by Youth Group
“Frankston Line, The” by Eddie Perfect
G
"*Gasworks Park" by Ice Cream Hands
"Geelong - Melbourne Railway" by Julius Albert von Rochlitz (1866)
"Get Me Out" by New Model Army
"Get Thee In My Behind, Satan" by TISM
"Goodbye Melbourne Town" by Leonard Nelson and Fred Hall (1908)
"Goodbye to Dear Old Melbourne" by Alfred Mansfield (1910)
"Goin' Down" by Bias B
"Greg! The Stop Sign!!" by TISM
"Grey Skies Over Collingwood" by Weddings Parties Anything
H
"Half way up the hill" by Mick Thomas
"Happy Birthday Helen" by Things of Stone and Wood
"Hello Cruel World" by Klinger
"Hello! Melbourne (I Called You Up to Say Hello!) by Gene Birch and Lewis A Hirsch (1915)
"Here Now" by Phrase
"Highway 31" by Johnny Chester
"Home Again" by Mark Seymour
"Hoochie Coochie Fiorucci Mama" by Australian Crawl
"Hookville" by Phrase
I
"I Can't Hear You, We're Breaking Up" by Courtney Barnett and Giles Field
"I Dream of Spring" by k. d. lang
"I've Been To Bali Too" by Redgum
"I'm Going Back to My Girl in Melbourne (She's the Girl I left Behind Me!) by Paul Belham and WH Wallis (191x)
J
"January Rain" by Hunters & Collectors
"John Cain Avenue" by My Friend The Chocolate Cake
K
"Killed her in St Kilda" by Voodoo Lovecats
"Know" by Pegz
L
"Last House On The Left" by The Sports
"Last Saturday Night" by Chris Wilson
"Last Train From Mobiltown" by Broderick Smith's Big Combo
"Leaps and Bounds" by Paul Kelly and the Coloured Girls
"Leaving Melbourne" by Steve Eales
"Let's Go Walk This Town" by My Friend the Chocolate Cake
"Line to Line" by Bias B
"Let’s Take a Trip to Melbourne" by Clement Williams
"Low Dan" by Otouto
"Lygon Street Meltdown" by Melbourne Ska Orchestra
M
"Machete" by Mark Chopper Read, Bias B, Trem and Brad Strut
"Mañana, Mañana" by Weddings Parties Anything
"Melbourne" by Sean Tyas
"Melbourne" by The Whitlams
"Melbourne" by Urban Problems
"Melbourne" by Slowly Slowly
"Melbourne Burning" by The DC3
"Melbourne City" by David Bridie
"(I've Just Run out of) Melbourne Clichés" by The Late Show (parody of "Happy Birthday Helen" by Things of Stone and Wood)
"Melbourne Girl" by Tripod
"Melbourne Girls" by Paul Kelly and the Coloured Girls
"Melbourne is Closed" by Greg Champion
"Melbourne Mafia" by Dave Graney
"Melbourne Memories" by Bias B
"Melbourne Song" by Colin Hay
"Melbourne Suburbs Medley" by Gabriel Rossi
"Melbourne Summer" by Iota
"Melbourne To Sydney in 18 Hours" by Bushwackers
"Melbourne Town" by Neil Murray
"Melbourne Town" by Clinton Farr
"Melbourne's Just Not New York" by Little Heroes
"Melburn" by Luke Chable
"Melodies Of St Kilda" by Masters Apprentices
“Mentone! O, Mentone!, by Eddie Perfect
"Move On" by Jet
"Mourningtown Ride" by TISM
"Music To Hold Hands To" by Lucksmiths
"My Arse Is Black from Bourke Street" by Chain
"My Brown Yarra" Yarra by Frank Jones and the Whirling Furphies
“My Sister Worked at Bunnings”, by Eddie Perfect
N
"Napiers Bar" by Cheezlekane
“Nepean Highway”, Eddie Perfect
"Never Turn Right at Burke Road, Malvern" by Greg Champion
"New Kind of Love Song" by the Whirling Furphies
"New Moon Cafe" by Mick Thomas
"Northcote (So Hungover)" by The Bedroom Philosopher
"Northcote" by Blood Duster
“North Melbourne” by Allday
"Nothing Beats Footy At The MCG" by Jim Cadman
"Nut Busta" by Bias B
O
"Old Fitzroy" by Dan Sultan
"One Day in September" by Mike Brady
P
"Platform Girl" by Peter Sherwood
“Plummer Road”, by Eddie Perfect
"Postcards From Melbourne" by Raul Graf/Ed Kuepper
"Prague" by Ruck Rover
"Press Release" by Lyrical Commission
"Pub" by Cosmic Psychos
"Punt Road Traffic" by Mark Ferrie
R
"Rainbow Suit" by Overnight Jones
"Regent to Ruthven" by Marcel Borrack
"Return To The City Of Folded Arms" by Bluebottle Kiss from Patient (album)
"Rushall Station" by Underground Lovers
"Roll On (song)" by The Living End
S
"Sangria" by Remi
"Silver Friends" by The Lucksmiths
"Sixteen In Melbourne" by Ron Rude
"Smith St" by The Waifs
"Smorgons Steel Mill" by The T-Bones
"Song Of The Renter" by Catholic Guilt.
"Spotswood" by The Orbweavers
"Springvale Girl" by Loin Groin
"Spring Me Out Of Caroline Springs" by Root!
"Stalactites" by Weddings Parties Anything
"Statues" by Frank Jones and the Whirling Furphies
"St Kilda Nights" by Purple Dentists
"Streets Of Old Fitzroy" by Harry and Wilga Williams and the Country Outcasts
"Stuck In Melbourne" by Warner Bros
"Suburban Rendezvous" by Frank Jones
"Suburb In Between" by The Mabels
"Summer Days" by TZU
"Sunbury '97" by The Fauves
T
"Take Me Back to Melbourne Town (with alternative words to give "Take Me Back to Sydney Town")" by Andrew Stirling and Harry von Tilzer (1907)
"Taking the tram to Carnegie" by the band Oscar.
"Talking Lion Blues" by Mick Thomas
"Thank You God" by Tim Minchin
"That's the Thing about Football" by Greg Champion
"The Beautiful Look City Today" by Gersey
"The Boy Who Lost His Jocks On Flinders Street Station" by Painters and Dockers
"The Boys Light Up" by Australian Crawl
"The Clarke Sisters" by The Go-Betweens
"The Crowd" by The Cat Empire
"The History Of Western Civilisation" by TISM
"The Melbourne Cup" by Slim Dusty
"The Mordialloc Road Duplicator" by TISM
"The Parable of Glenn McGrath's Haircut" by TISM
" The Richmond Reels" by Tony Hargreaves and the Whirling Furphies
"The Rites of Springy" by Root!
"The Sandringham Line" by The Lucksmiths
"The Young Crazed Peeling" by The Distillers
"The Wine Song" by The Cat Empire
"Thomastown" by Not Drowning, Waving
"Thornbury by Ruck Rover
"Three Oh Seven Ohh by Blood Duster
"To Her Door" by Paul Kelly and the Coloured Girls
"Toorak Cowboy" by Skyhooks
"Toorak Tram" by Bernard Bolan,
"Tramway Hotel" by The T-Bones
"Tribute To Eltham" by Muphin of Muph & Plutonic
"Twist Senorita" by The Sports
"Tropical London" by Rancid
U
"Under the Clocks" by Weddings Parties Anything
"Under the Rotunda" by The Lucksmiths
V
"Victoria's Secrets" by Augie March
W
"Walkabout" by Lyrical Commission
"Watsonia" by Klinger
"Waverley" by The Wagons
"Waverley Park" by Loin Groin
"We Are All Of Us In The Gutter, But Some Of Us Are Looking At The Sewerage" by TISM
"Westgate" by Mark Seymour
"Westgate" by The T-Bones
"Westgate Bridge" by Sleepy Township
"West End Riot" by The Living End
"(Boys) What Did The Detectives Say?" by The Sports
"Whatever Happened To The Old Pubs" by Shonkyytonk
"What's At The End of Warrigal Road?" by Greg Champion
"When I First Met Your Ma" by Paul Kelly and the Coloured Girls
"When the Machine Starts Up Again" by Missy Higgins
"When We're In Fitzroy" by Gretta Ray
"Who?" by TZU
"Whole Lotta Rosie" by AC/DC
"Woman of Ireland" by Weddings Parties Anything
Y
"Yarra Song" by Billy Bragg
"Young Drunk" by The Smith Street Band
"Your Love is Like a Song" by Dan Sultan
Songs erroneously thought to be about Melbourne
"Morningtown Ride" by The Seekers. The song was originally a lullaby written by Californian folk singer Malvina Reynolds in 1957. It is often attributed to Melbourne for depicting an old-fashioned train trip to the similarly named beach-side town of Mornington (as The Seekers largely hailed from Melbourne).
"Town With No Cheer" by Tom Waits - although often believed to be about Melbourne, the titular town is actually Serviceton.
See also
"I've Been Everywhere" – a popular novelty song which mentions, inter alia, several Melbourne suburbs albeit not Melbourne itself.
List of songs about Sydney
References
External links
'Songs of Melbourne' article in The Age
Triple J Unearthed Special
Australia By Song - a growing list of Australian towns and locations that have been immortalised by both traditional and contemporary song''
Lists of mass media in Australia
Melbourne
Songs
Songs about Australia
Songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20songs%20about%20Melbourne |
The DeSoto Diplomat is an automobile produced by DeSoto from 1946 to 1962 for sale in export markets other than the United States and Canada.
The export DeSoto based on the Plymouth was first introduced in 1937 and was built in Detroit. Chrysler Corporation of Canada, which before 1947 enjoyed "Imperial Preference" (reduced tariff barriers in British empire markets) and did not start building export DeSotos until late in the 1939 model year.
In 1946, the export DeSoto became the DeSoto Diplomat. They were either exported or assembled locally (from CKD kits) in Europe, South Africa, South America, Hawaii, New Zealand, and Australia. In 1955, Chrysler of Canada did not export any cars and all 1955 Diplomats came from Detroit. In the late 1950s, some European taxicab drivers preferred to have a Perkins P4C diesel engine in the Diplomat; these diesel engines were installed on a Belgian assembly line.
From 1938 to 1956, the export DeSoto used Plymouth bodies with a grille that looked similar to the regular DeSoto but fit the Plymouth grille opening. From 1957 to 1959, the DeSoto Diplomat used the DeSoto Firesweep front clip with Plymouth body.
The 1960 and 1961 DeSoto Diplomats were based on the full-size Dodge Dart. Although 1960 was the last year for DeSoto in Canada and 1961 for the United States and export markets, Chrysler South Africa built a number of 1962 DeSoto Diplomats based on the Dodge Dart 440 sedan. After 1962, the Diplomat name was retired and the Dodge Dart was marketed under its own name in South Africa.
16 years after DeSoto ended production, Chrysler would revive the Diplomat name for an M-body Dodge.
Australian production
Chrysler Australia introduced a locally produced SP24 series DeSoto Diplomat, based on the 1953 US Plymouth P24 in 1953. This was followed by the SP25 series Diplomat which was based on the 1954 US Plymouth P25 Cambridge/Cranbrook, and was built from 1954 to 1957. The Diplomat was available in "Custom", "Regent" and "Plaza" trim. An Australian developed Coupe Utility version of the Sedan was introduced in 1956. The Diplomat models were an alternative to the Plymouth Savoy and Plymouth Belvedere or the Dodge Kingsway which, aside from differences in grilles and badging, were essentially the same vehicle. All used the same basic body and all models combined managed to take only 5% of the Australian market in 1955. The Diplomat was replaced by the Australian-built Chrysler Royal, which was derived from the Australian-built P25 Plymouth and was built from 1957 to 1963.
References
Cars of Canada
DeSoto vehicles
Cars introduced in 1946
1950s cars
1960s cars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeSoto%20Diplomat |
The Calvin Company was a Kansas City, Missouri-based advertising, educational and industrial film production company that for nearly half a century was one of the largest and most successful film producers of its type in the United States.
Origins
Forrest ("F. O.") Calvin from Pleasanton, Kansas studied journalism and advertising at the University of Kansas in the late 1920s. In 1928, F. O. drew a briefly-used version of the KU mascot, the Jayhawk. After graduating from college, F. O. went to work for an advertising agency in Kansas City, doing direct mail advertising and commercial art and finding both rough-going. However, his tenure at that agency did lead to an interesting discovery. The ad agency was occasionally using a 16 mm movie camera to make little advertising films for its clients. This was an almost unheard-of practice, as the 16 mm film format was at the time reserved mostly for home movies, though it was convenient and inexpensive and perfect for educational and business films. F. O. Calvin was determined to invest in the future of 16 mm.
The agency did not survive the Great Depression, but in 1931 F. O. and his wife Betty founded the Calvin Company, originally an advertising agency that specialized in 16 mm business movies. They started out in a one-room office in the Business Men Assurance Building, across the street from Union Station in Kansas City. Betty Calvin managed the business side; F. O. Calvin was the salesman. In the early years, most of their time was divided between convincing prospective industrial clients that 16 mm was right for them, and then producing the movies. Early on, the Calvins took advantage of Kansas City's proximity to locations, industry, and commerce, and their earliest clients were area-based businesses and organizations such as Kansas Flour Mills, the Security Benefit Association of Topeka, Kansas, the Kansas City Chamber of Commerce, Western Auto, and Kansas City Southern Railways.
In 1932, one of F. O.'s former college fraternity brothers, Lloyd Thompson (a photography enthusiast who was interested in film technology), joined the fledgling Calvin Company as vice-president. The next year, another of F. O. Calvin's old college buddies, Larry Sherwood, joined the company as executive producer and general sales manager. After a few years, the Calvin Company had done some decent business and amassed a regular staff of twenty persons. In 1936, they moved into their own studio and headquarters building in Kansas City. This facility also included a state-of-the-art 16 mm film processing laboratory that Calvin used for its own productions, as well as for providing processing services to smaller 16 mm producers with their own filmmaking capacity, such as universities. These services helped to spread and further the Calvin name throughout the non-theatrical film industry.
After a while, nationally known Fortune 500 companies began to take a chance on 16 mm and hired the Calvin Company to produce sales training and promotional movies for them. DuPont, Goodyear, Caterpillar Tractor Company, General Mills, Southwestern Bell, and Westinghouse had all joined Calvin's client list by the end of the 1930s. These were accounts that would last for decades. Calvin also branched out into the educational film field, producing pioneering classroom films that were distributed through companies such as McGraw-Hill, Encyclopædia Britannica, and the U.S. Office of Education to public schools throughout the country. The Calvin Company also became known as an innovative and creative force in the non-theatrical movie industry. They pioneered many efficient 16 mm filmmaking and processing methods, and in 1938 they claimed to have produced the first business film in full sound and full color.
The 1940s
In 1940, F. O. Calvin formed a subsidiary, the Movie-Mite Corporation, that manufactured 16 mm motion picture projectors and other equipment. These included the first desk-sized movie projector. Tens of thousands of these "Movie-Mites" were sold through the 1940s.
World War II proved a gold mine for the Calvin Company, which prospered by making dozens of safety and training films for the Navy and Air Force, as well as numerous morale-boosting shorts sponsored by the likes of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Toward the end of the war, F. O. Calvin was a dollar-a-year-man for the Navy in Washington, D.C., advising on the running of a filmmaking system similar to the Calvin Company's. The Navy had wanted him to move the Calvin operations to Washington, but F. O. had resisted, wishing the setup to remain in Kansas City, a town he liked to work and live in. The work for the armed forces during the war established a good name and reputation for the Calvin Company, and the firm continued to produce films for the U.S. government for years afterward.
By the end of the war, the Calvin Company had experienced terrific growth. The company's regular staff had grown to sixty persons, and they had moved into their newest and biggest headquarters, a seven-story fireproof brick building at the corner of Truman Road and Troost Avenue, just east of downtown Kansas City. The New Center Building, as it was called, had been built in 1907 and had originally housed two large movie theaters on its first floor, and the Calvin Company converted them into two huge sound stages for film production, said to be the largest between New York and Los Angeles. The Calvin building also contained projection rooms, conference rooms, executive offices, offices for directors and writers, animation studios, printing and processing labs, and space for the Movie-Mite Corporation, which kept going strong until the early 1950s.
Following World War II, there was a tremendous boom in production of industrial and educational films in the U.S., and the Calvin Company was in line to be the leading producer in the field. There was also now a plethora of affordable new 16 mm film equipment on the market, and while this signaled that the Calvin Company's initial goal of popularizing 16 mm had been achieved, it also brought many inexperienced new producers into the field. In 1947, sensing this as an industry problem, F. O. Calvin decided to have his company organize a three-day seminar called the Calvin Workshop, held on the company's sound stages in Kansas City where workable 16 mm filmmaking procedures would be explained and demonstrated. Anybody in the non-theatrical film industry in North America was invited to attend, and the event attracted over two hundred people. It was so successful that the Calvin Company decided to continue it, making it a celebrated annual event that was held every year until 1975. At its peak, the Calvin Workshop attracted some 450 producers and technicians from the U.S. and Canada each year.
The 1950s and "Golden Age"
The Calvin Company's "Golden Age" lasted roughly a decade, from the late 1940s until the late 1950s. At the time, the business of making films for businesses and schools was booming, and Calvin was the country's leading producer in that field, regularly making movies for all of the biggest Fortune 500 companies, and often winning festival awards and prizes for these efforts as well. After World War II, the Calvin staff grew from one hundred to two hundred, and then eventually to nearly three hundred full-time workers. The company did not hire freelancers, and kept a permanent staff. There were always about four or five directors on staff, and the same rotating number of writers, cameramen, editors, and sound technicians. This made it possible for at least four movies to be in production at once. All film production was supervised by Frank Barhydt, a former Kansas City radio and newspaper writer who went to work for the firm as a director during the war due to his interest in documentary films. There were annual Christmas parties and Fourth of July picnics, as well as a long-lived tradition on payday of employees visiting a nearby pub and betting their paychecks on shuffleboard bowling. At Calvin a union was voted out several times. There was profit-sharing, access to top management, and encouragement of initiative. During this time, they were turning out some 18 million feet of film a year ("or enough to make one 16-millimeter strip stretching from Key West to Seattle and part way back," as one contemporary local newspaper put it). In 1951 they were the first outside firm to be licensed by Eastman Kodak to process its color film, and in the early 1950s Calvin was the first professional movie company to utilize the 8 mm film format. In the late 1950s, the Calvin Company made significant inroads in the educational film field, forming a subsidiary called University Films that often produced educational shorts in conjunction with universities and with publishing companies such as McGraw-Hill.
By the 1950s, Calvin was a brand name of merit trusted by Fortune 500 companies and film industry people throughout the country. Despite this, the firm was not particularly well known in Kansas City. However, it did serve as an important venue for the Kansas City arts, consistently employing many local actors and actresses, many of whom earned their main income in other fields such as radio and television announcing. They included Art Ellison, Shelby Storck, James Lantz, Bill Yearout, Murray Nolte, Twila Pollard, Henry Effertz, Bob Kerr, Keith Painton, Ken Heady, Leonard Belove, Stan Levitt, Harriet Levitt, Ralph Seeley, Harvey Levine, James Assad, Al Christy, and Sid Cutright. A few of these went on to careers as character actors and actresses in movies and TV, but most stayed in Kansas City and the only TV or movie roles they ever landed were ones in films and programs filmed on location in the area, such as In Cold Blood, Paper Moon, The Day After, and Mr. and Mrs. Bridge.
The Calvin Company also occasionally brought professional actors and actresses from Hollywood to do special roles or narration in their films. William Frawley, John Carradine, Jane Darwell, Morey Amsterdam, Arte Johnson, Judy Carne, James Whitmore, and E.G. Marshall all starred in Calvin offerings. Calvin could also sometimes call on former local people such as Harry Truman, Walter Cronkite, Thomas Hart Benton, and John Cameron Swayze to turn in appearances.
Calvin provided opportunities to aspiring young filmmakers from the area who would not or could not go to Hollywood. Calvin served as training for feature film and television directors as Robert Altman, Richard C. Sarafian, and Reza Badiyi. Altman, a Kansas City native, got his start directing films with Calvin in the early 1950s and used many Calvin regulars as cast and crew on his independently produced first feature film, The Delinquents, shot in Kansas City in 1956 and starring Tom Laughlin. This moderately successful teenage exploitation film, produced by area-based movie theater exhibitor Elmer Rhoden Jr., led to Altman's successful career in movies and television, and also led to a second feature film produced by Rhoden Jr. and concerned with troubled youth, The Cool and the Crazy, shot in Kansas City in 1958. This movie also featured many Calvin stalwarts in the cast and crew.
The 1960s and Closure
In 1959, the original four founders of the Calvin Company retired and, though they continued to serve on the firm's advisory board, the Calvin organization came under new management. Leonard Keck, a longtime Calvin executive, took over presidential duties and the company's name was changed to Calvin Productions. This change in management led to the departure of several longtime core production employees and a slow but steady decline in business during the 1960s. By 1968, the production staff had been cut drastically and several longtime accounts had drifted away. Keck attempted to combat the slow period and expand by renaming the company Calvin Communications and purchasing the first two floors of the building that the company had started out in with a one-room office back in 1931, but the whole situation worsened when projectors were traded in for VCRs. During the 1970s, Calvin briefly attempted to catch a part of the videotape market, but the company was more suited to the 16 mm film format which it had originally pioneered forty years earlier, and the idea of shifting to video was soon abandoned. Satellite studios in Louisville, Pittsburgh and Detroit were sold. Finally, there was just the Calvin studios in Kansas City, where it had all begun, and around 1980 regular film production ceased. Only the Calvin film processing laboratory continued, losing more and more business and more and more money until finally it officially ceased operation on Halloween of 1982. In 1991, the old seven-story Calvin headquarters at 1105 Truman Road fell to the wrecking ball to make way for a large virtual school project.
Legacy
In 2002, industrial film archivist Rick Prelinger moved 150 of the Calvin Company's surviving film prints and approximately 25,000 cans of film master materials and unclaimed items from Calvin's laboratory from Kansas City to the Library of Congress, where about 3,000 Calvin films are, as of autumn 2019, being accessioned and catalogued. Several of the Calvin Company's films, including the cult classic The Your Name Here Story (a satire of commonly used industrial film formats and cliches produced for showing at one of the Calvin Workshop seminars), are available for free viewing and downloading from the Prelinger Archives. Also available for free viewing and downloading at Prelinger are eleven reels of outtakes and stock footage found in the Calvin Company's vaults, some of which derives from the production of The Your Name Here Story. However, the reels contain footage from many different Calvin productions dating from around 1940 to the early 1960s. The Calvin film Delegating Work (1959) can be purchased along with other Calvin films on office management problems such as The Bright Young Newcomer on the compilation videotape As the Office Turns through A/V Geeks. The award-winning safety film The Perfect Crime (1954) (directed by Robert Altman), as well as other films like The Color of Danger (1968) and Your School Safety Patrol (1958), can be purchased on videotape or DVD through Something Weird Video.
Actual Industrial Films
The Bright Young Newcomer (1958)
Coffee Break (1958)
Freeze-In (1969 - Starring Arte Johnson and Judy Carne)
The Grapevine (1958)
Hidden Grievance (1959)
The Magic Bond {Part 1} (1955 - Directed by Robert Altman)
The Magic Bond {Part 2}
Murder on the Screen (1958)
Promotion Bypass (1958)
The RCA 16 mm Sound Projector (1958)
Tornado (1956)
The Trouble With Women (1959)
Wood for War (1942)
Industrial Film Self-Parodies
#Bfl O {ggGX = STwWcfl x 2s4 (1963)
Check...and Let Me Know (1962)
How Much? (1963)
Overs and Outs (1964)
The Vicious Circle, or What Are We Trying to Do?(1964)
The Your Name Here Story (1960)
Calvin Company Outtake and Stock Footage Reels
Reel 1 (1940s-1960s)
Reel 2 (1940s-1960s)
Reel 3 (1940s-1960s)
Reel 4 (1940s-1960s)
Reel 5 (1940s-1960s)
Reel 6 (1940s-1960s)
Reel 7 (1940s-1960s)
Reel 8 (1940s-1960s)
Reel 9 (1940s-1960s)
Reel 10 (1940s-1960s)
Reel 11 (1940s-1960s)
References
External links
Internet Archive Forum on the Calvin Company
Mass media companies established in 1931
Mass media companies disestablished in 1982
Defunct American film studios
Non-theatrical film production companies
1931 establishments in Missouri
1982 disestablishments in Missouri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin%20Company |
KSLQ-FM (104.5 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a hot adult contemporary format. Licensed to Washington, Missouri, United States, the station serves Warren, Franklin, and St. Charles Counties in Missouri, as well as parts of western St. Louis County. The station is currently owned by Y2k, Inc. Brad Hildebrand, the current General Manager, originally worked at KSLQ-FM from 1973 through 1982, and then at KYKY from 1982 through 1990. Brad's brother Lance still works at KYKY, which was known as the original KSLQ from September 1, 1972 until October 1, 1982.
Programming
The station plays hot adult contemporary music, mainly from the 1980s to the present.
References
External links
Radio-Locator Information on KSLQ-FM
SLQ-FM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSLQ-FM |
Grzimek is a German surname of Polish origin. It may refer to the following people:
Bernhard Grzimek (1909–1987), German zoologist, author, editor and animal conservationist
Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
Martin Grzimek (born 1950), German author
Michael Grzimek (1934–1959), German zoologist, conservationist and filmmaker, son of Bernhard
Sabina Grzimek (born 1942), German sculptor
Waldemar Grzimek (1918–1984), German sculptor, father of Sabina
German-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzimek |
Giv'at Shmuel () is a city in the Center District of Israel. It is located in the eastern part of the Gush Dan Metropolitan Area and bordered by Ramat Gan and Bnei Brak to the West, Kiryat Ono to the South and Petah Tikva to the East and North. In it had a population of .
History
Giv'at Shmuel was founded in 1944. It was named for the Romanian Zionist leader Samuel Pineles, founder and president of the Zionist Congress in Focșani and Vice-President of the First Zionist Congress in Basel. On November 5, 2007, the Israeli Minister of Interior accepted a committee recommendation to change the municipal status of Giv'at Shmuel to 'city'.
Demographics
At the end of 2019, the population of Givat Shmuel numbered 26,578 with a growth rate of 2.1%, and with the building of new neighborhoods is planned to grow to 40,000. Demographics are mixed religious/secular, with a socioeconomic standing of 8/10.
Amongst immigrants from English-speaking countries, Giv'at Shmuel is home to Israel's largest community of lone immigrants, at approximately 950 students, young professionals, newly married couples and young families. It also has the highest rate of "successful aliyah" - the number of immigrants who remain in Israel after 5 years - in the country. Since 2013, Nefesh B'Nefesh has organized various events and activities, and works with the local authorities to expand programming. The GSC - Givat Shmuel Community (R.A.) was formed, creating an infrastructural backbone for English-speaking activities in the area.
Education
Daycare and preschool education: In 2020–2021, there were 45 public preschools (secular and national-religious, special-ed and regular education, and a Montessori option) and many private preschools and daycares.
Primary education: There are two secular primary schools, Yigal Alon and Ben Gurion, and three national-religious primary school, Moreshet Zvulun, Moreshet Menachem, and Moreshet Neria.
Secondary education: There is a secular co-ed high school, Tichon Givat Shmuel, and two national-religious high schools: Ulpnanat Amit for girls and Yeshivat Bnei Akiva for boys. Some residents commute to high schools outside of the city as well. In 2019-20, 96.5% of the high school students in Giv'at Shmuel completed their bagrut (high school matriculation) certification.[5]
Higher education: Adjacent to the South-Western edge of Giv'at Shmuel is the campus of Bar Ilan University. While technically in Ramat Gan, the campus has been expanding in recent years to the effect that it now separates (and connects) the southern Ramat Ilan neighbourhood of Giv'at Shmuel from the rest of the city.
Sports
Maccabi Habik'a, formerly Elitzur Givat Shmuel, is a basketball team that played in Ligat HaAl, the top division of Israeli basketball, until relegation in 2007. The team reached the State Cup final in 2003, but lost to Maccabi Tel Aviv.
In 2010, an annual race was inaugurated with 350 runners from all over the country.
Landmarks
A leisure and sports center was established on an area of about 32 dunams (8 acres) in northeastern Giv'at Shmuel which incorporates tennis courts, fitness rooms, swimming pools, a roller skating rink, a cafeteria and other services, along with water park, covering an area of about 5 dunams (1.25 acre).
In the center of town there is a park named after the Israeli astronaut, Ilan Ramon who died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.
Twin towns – sister cities
Dubna, Russia
Gołdap, Poland
Stade, Germany
Notable people
Levana Moshon (born 1952), writer, journalist, teacher and children's storyteller
Tali Gottlieb (born 1975), Likud member of Knesset and attorney
Gallery
References
External links
"Givat Shmuel news"
"Municipality of Givat Shmuel" - The Official Site
"The First Givat Shmuel Running Race"
Film about "Day of Joy" in Givat Shmuel
www.nbn.org.il
The GSC - Givat Shmuel Community (R.A.)
"About Givat Shmuel"
Cities in Israel
Cities in Central District (Israel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giv%27at%20Shmuel |
A Site of Special Scientific Interest () or SSSI is a special area to protect wildlife, habitats and geographic features based on scientific interest in Hong Kong. Scientific interests are special features relating to animal life, plant life, geology and/or geography. After being identified by the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, these areas are documented by the Planning Department and added to maps. From 1975 to 2005, 67 locations were designated SSSIs throughout Hong Kong.
List of SSSIs
Yim Tso Ha Egretry 25/02/75. Delisted in March 2016.
Shing Mun Fung Shui Woodland 25/02/75
Tai Mo Shan Montane Forest Scrub 15/09/75
She Shan Fung Shui Woodland 15/09/75
Tai Tam Harbour (Inner Bay) 24/10/75
D'Aguilar Peninsula 24/10/75
Ma On Shan 23/06/76
Tsing Shan Tsuen 23/06/76 (delisted in 2008)
Sunset Peak 23/06/76
Mai Po Marshes 15/09/76
Bluff Island & Basalt Island 16/02/79
Port Island 16/02/79
Kat O Chau 16/02/79 (De-Designated on 1.3.2006)
Ninepin Group 16/02/79
Ping Chau* 16/02/79
Mai Po Village 16/02/79
Mau Ping 16/02/79
Pak Sha Wan Peninsula 16/02/79 (De-Designated on 1.8.2006)
Lai Chi Wo Beach 16/02/79
Ng Tung Chai 16/02/79
Pak Tai To Yan 20/09/79
Chiu Keng Tam 20/09/79
Tai Long Bay 20/09/79
Pok Fu Lam Reservoir Catchment Area 20/09/79
Tai Tam Reservoir Catchment Area 20/09/79
Beacon Hill 20/09/79
Ho Chung Valley 20/09/79
Lung Kwu Chau, Tree Island & Sha Chau 20/09/79
Castle Peak 5/02/80
Tai Mo Shan 5/02/80
Pak Nai 5/02/80
Man Cheung Po 5/02/80
Lantau Peak 5/02/80
Pat Sin Range 5/02/80
Fung Yuen Valley 5/02/80
South Lamma Island 5/02/80
Yim Tin Tsai & Ma Shi Chau* 24/09/82
Tolo Channel (Northern Coast)* 24/09/82
Centre Island* 24/09/82
Nai Chung Coast* 24/09/82
Tsim Bei Tsui 10/01/85
Ting Kok 1/03/85
Sham Chung Coast* 25/03/85
A Chau 9/04/85
Lai Chi Chong* 26/04/85
Inner Deep Bay 18/03/86
Tsim Bei Tsui Egretry 5/01/89
Hoi Ha Wan 5/01/89
Hok Tsui (Cape D'Aguilar)# 19/07/90
Nam Fung Road Woodland 22/06/93
Sam Mun Tsai Egretry 13/08/94 (De-Designated on 10.2.2010)
Shuen Wan Egretry 13/08/94
Tai Po Egretry 13/08/94
Lin Ma Hang Lead Mines 13/08/94
Tseng Tau Coast 13/08/94
Kei Ling Ha Mangal 13/08/94
Pok To Yan & Por Kai Shan 13/08/94
San Tau Beach 19/10/94
Sha Lo Tung 16/01/97
Shek O Headland* 3/02/98
San Chau, Lantau 4/05/99
Ngong Ping, Lantau 4/05/99
Tai Ho Stream, Lantau 5/05/99
Sham Wan, Lamma Island 3/06/99
South Tsing Yi 13/4/2005
Tai Om Fung Shui Woodland 30/12/2005
Shek Ngau Chau 30/12/2005
Lin Ma Hang Stream 6/07/2007
Siu Lang Shui 8/01/2008
Deep Water Bay Valley 12/02/2008
Lung Kwu Tan Valley 03/04/2012
Sunshine Island 27/02/2015
Note: Sites marked with asterisk (*) indicate designation for geological rather than biological interest. Sites marked with # indicate designation for geological and biological interest.
See also
SSSI, (Site of Special Scientific Interest). A similar terminology being used in United Kingdom, from which the SSSI of Hong Kong originates.
Zapovednik, similar sites in the former USSR.
References
Further reading
Leung, Yee-ching, "A study of sites of special scientific interest", Postgraduate Thesis, Master of Science (Environmental Management), University of Hong Kong, 2007
External links
Register of Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) in Hong Kong
WWF factsheet: Hong Kong Sites of Special Scientific Interest (Copy 1) (Copy 2)
Map of the Site of Special Scientific Interest, updated in August 2010
Environment of Hong Kong
Natural history of Hong Kong | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site%20of%20Special%20Scientific%20Interest%20%28Hong%20Kong%29 |
Theodore Englar Woodward (March 22, 1914 – July 11, 2005) was an American medical researcher in the field of medicine at the University of Maryland, Baltimore. In 1948, he received a Nobel Prize nomination for his role in finding cures for typhus and typhoid fever.
Biography
Born in Westminster, Maryland the son of Lewis K. Woodward, Sr. and grandson of Lewis Woodward, Theodore E. Woodward is the patriarch of one of Maryland's large medical families, consisting of his wife, Celeste L. Woodward, his sons, William E. Woodward and R. Craig Woodward, and his daughter, Celeste L. Woodward. After his early education at the West End School and the Westminster Elementary and High School, he attended Franklin and Marshall College where he graduated in 1934. He received his medical degree from the University of Maryland School of Medicine in 1938.
After a two-year rotating internship at the University of Maryland Hospital, he trained in internal medicine and gastroenterology at the Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, all in preparation to enter practice in Carroll County, Maryland.
Woodward entered the service of the United States Army in January 1941, just prior to the outbreak of World War II. During the ensuing five years, he served in various medical units and with the United States Typhus Fever Commission with assignments in North Africa, Italy, England, France, New Guinea and offshore islands, and the Philippine Islands.
Woodward authored the history of the U.S. Armed Forces Epidemiological Board and Commissions, which fostered the development of many advances in military medicine, with lasting benefits for civilian public health and disease prevention.
Following discharge from military service in June 1946, Woodward entered private practice. In 1948, he was appointed as a full-time Associate Professor of Medicine at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. In June 1954, he was appointed to the Chair of Medicine, a position which he held until 1981, at the time of his retirement. Woodward died in Baltimore aged 91.
Woodward is credited having the "best claim" to coining, in the late 1940s, the medical zebra aphorism (following the principle of Occam's razor) paraphrased variously as:
"When you hear hoofbeats, think horses, not zebras."
and
''"When you hear hoofbeats behind you, don't expect to see a zebra."
See also
University of Maryland School of Medicine
University of Maryland, Baltimore, professor for nearly a half-century at the University of Maryland School of Medicine
Infectious Diseases Society of America, a charter member of the IDSA and president in 1976
Infectious Disease, "He was one of the real founding fathers of the discipline of infectious diseases" -William L. Henrich
Walter Reed Tropical Medicine Course, former faculty and recipient of "The Colonel George W. Hunter III Certificate"
References
External links
Medical Alumni Association mini-biography
Press release announces Woodward as the 2001 Alumni Citation award recipient from Franklin & Marshall College.
Washington Post Obituary
1914 births
2005 deaths
People from Westminster, Maryland
Franklin & Marshall College alumni
University of Maryland, Baltimore alumni
United States Army Medical Corps officers
United States Army personnel of World War II
American medical researchers
University of Maryland School of Medicine faculty
Members of the National Academy of Medicine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore%20Woodward |
Beit Gamliel (, lit. House of Gamliel) is a religious moshav in central Israel. Located south-east of Yavne, it falls under the jurisdiction of Hevel Yavne Regional Council. In , it had a population of .
History
The moshav was established in 1949 by Holocaust survivors from Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and North Africa.
Notable residents
Yehuda Barkan
Rachel Azaria
Matan Kahana
References
External links
Official website
Czech-Jewish culture in Israel
Hungarian-Jewish culture in Israel
Moshavim
North African-Jewish culture in Israel
Slovak-Jewish culture in Israel
Religious Israeli communities
Populated places established in 1949
Populated places in Central District (Israel)
1949 establishments in Israel
Romanian-Jewish culture in Israel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit%20Gamliel |
Michael Dwayne “Mike” Barber (born June 4, 1953) is a former American football player; he played as a tight end.
Early life and education
Barber attended White Oak High School, where he played Quarterback, passing for over 4,000 yards, and graduated in 1972. He then attended Louisiana Tech where he was converted to Tight end. He was voted a 1974 Little All-American, as was Bulldog teammate and future Pro Football Hall of Fame defensive end Fred Dean.
He was selected in the second round of 1976 NFL Draft by the Houston Oilers. He played for the Oilers for six years, and then finished his career playing four years for the Los Angeles Rams. He then retired to work in ministry.
Career
High school coaching
During the mid-1990s, Mike returned to football, when he took a voluntary coaching position at Trinity Christian School in Cedar Hill, Texas. He coached for two years with Trinity, and then left amid a minor dispute to join Arlington's Grace Prep Academy, where he coached or was involved with coaching between 1998 and 2005.
Grace Prep was successful while Barber was the coach (in various guises, including head coach); during his eight-year tenure there, the team had a winning record every season, and won the State Championship in their division five of those years. However, he was suspended for a year in 2001, and was fired from the Head coaching position in May 2006 after a dispute with school administrators. He has since focused his efforts on his ministry.
Controversy
While associated with the Grace Prep football program, Barber was given "one of the sternest sanctions ever administered" by the Texas Association of Private and Parochial Schools. According to TAPPS, he had offered athletes "improper inducements". He was suspended from coaching for a year, and the school's program placed on three years' probation. Barber denied all accusations and maintains that he did nothing improper.
Because several prominent players transferred to Grace Prep along with Barber (for some of whom he was accused of improperly paying tuition, a claim he denies), TAPPS instituted what is informally known as "The Mike Barber Rule": players who follow a coach to another school are ineligible from playing for a year.
In July 2006, the Dallas Morning News published an article titled "Barber Prison Ministry Spreads The Word -- And The Wealth", discussing in detail Barber and his various relatives' notably high incomes from his non-profit organization. According to The News,
"Two years ago, the high-profile charity paid its founder $236,500 in salary and benefits, one of the highest pay packages in the nation among similar religious charities. His wife, who worked part time, received $118,000. The ministry also pays three other members of Mr. Barber's family." Also, "[a]mong officers at about 4,000 groups that filed returns, Mr. Barber's 2003 pay package ranked 13th highest..." and they note that the average pay was "about $97,000".
In his only quoted response in the article, Barber defends himself simply:
"I give so much of that away," Mr. Barber said of his pay. "If somebody wants to judge me for that [salary], go for it."
Barber Prison ministries continues to spread the word to prison inmates.
References
External links
1953 births
Living people
American football tight ends
Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football players
Houston Oilers players
Los Angeles Rams players
Denver Broncos players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Barber%20%28tight%20end%29 |
Wharton, Inc. was an early silent film production company in Ithaca, New York, from 1914 to 1919. One of the first independent regional centers of early filmmaking, the movie studio was established by brothers Theodore and Leopold Wharton on the shores of Cayuga Lake at the site of what is now Stewart Park. Currently, efforts are underway to create a silent movie museum in the former Wharton movie studio building in Stewart Park.
Ithaca (1912 - 1920)
In late 1912, on his way to visit family in Ludlowville, New York, Theodore filmed a Cornell-Penn football game for Essanay, the Chicago studio that employed him as a director. Impressed with the singular beauty of the area, he convinced Essanay to allow him to return to Ithaca in the spring of 1913 for a full season of filming with a cast and crew that included such stars as Francis X. Bushman and Beverly Bayne.
The following year, Theodore was joined by his older brother Leopold, then a director at Pathé. Together, the two established their eponymous Ithaca studio and began producing short films, serial motion pictures, and eventually a few feature films. Their connections in the industry meant that the brothers were able to attract a number of major stars, many of whom arrived in Ithaca on the overnight train from New York City. The Wharton pictures were shot on elaborate sets that they created at their studio and in natural sites around Ithaca, including the gorges on the Cornell University campus, and they often used students and local citizens in their casts.
Later Years (1920 - 1931)
Despite the early popular and critical success of their serial productions, by late 1919 the Whartons were in serious financial trouble. Forced to give up their studio (which was sublet first by Grossman Pictures and then by Cayuga Pictures), the brothers parted ways, never to work together again. Leopold left Ithaca first, joining Macklyn Arbuckle at San Antonio Motion Pictures in Texas. Over the next two years, he produced a few minor films, all of them starring Arbuckle. Theodore did not fare much better. Since the majority of the film industry had by then settled in Southern California to capitalize on year-round shooting and to escape the Edison Trust, he headed to Santa Cruz, where Mayor Fred Swanton was promoting and encouraging film production in the city and offering various concessions to filmmakers. Theodore hoped to establish a new studio there that would rival the former Wharton Studios in Ithaca. After several years, though, he left Santa Cruz without producing a single film. Eventually, he moved to Hollywood, where he assumed minor roles as a screenwriter and assistant director.
Leopold died in New York City in 1927. Theodore died a few years later, in 1931, in Hollywood. The serial films for which the Whartons were renowned in the 1910s had largely fallen out of favor with the moviegoing public; and much of the evidence of the brothers' prolific cinematic career was lost in 1929, when hundreds of their nitrate-based film reels spontaneously combusted in the storage shed at the home of their lawyer. Today, the Wharton Brothers—among the first independent filmmakers to own and operate their own studio—are recognized as pioneers in the early film industry. In 1994, their first and best-known serial The Exploits of Elaine was named to the National Film Registry at the Library of Congress for its cultural and historic significance.
Films produced at Ithaca Studios
The Crooked Dagger (1919)
The Red Peril (1919)
A Romance of the Air (1918)
April Fool (1918)
The Eagle's Eye (1918)
Mission of the War Chest (1918)
The Candidate (1918)
The Missionary (1918)
Below Zero (1917)
The Great White Trail (1917)
The Black Stork (1917)
Patria (1917)
The Crusher (1917)
Beatrice Fairfax (1916)
The Lottery Man (1916)
The Mysteries of Myra (1916)
Hazel Kirke (1916)
The City (1916)
The New Adventures of J. Rufus Wallingford (1915)
The Romance of Elaine (1915)
The New Exploits of Elaine (1915)
The Stolen Birthright (1914)
The Exploits of Elaine (1914)
The Fireman and the Girl (1914)
A Prince of India (1914)
The Pawn of Fortune (1914)
The Warning (1914)
The Boundary Rider (1914)
References
External links
List of films made at the Wharton Studio at IMDB
"Silent Film Industry Blossoms in Ithaca," Cornell Daily Sun. Available online.
Ithaca Made Movies
Ithaca Silent Movies
Wharton Studio Museum A non-profit in Ithaca, New York with a mission to preserve and celebrate the role Ithaca and the region played in the history of American filmmaking through programming of all kinds and developing the historic Wharton Studio Building into a museum, park center, and cafe.
Ithaca, New York
Whartons, The
1914 establishments in New York (state)
Mass media companies established in 1914
Mass media companies disestablished in 1931
Film production companies of the United States
1931 disestablishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wharton%20Studio |
Stewart Clair Barber (born June 14, 1939) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive tackle for the Buffalo Bills of the American Football League (AFL). He also was an executive in the National Football League (NFL) for the Buffalo Bills. He played college football for the Penn State Nittany Lions.
Early years
Barber attended Bradford Area High School. He accepted a football scholarship from Penn State University, where he was a two-way tackle. As a senior, he received All-American honors as an offensive tackle.
Professional career
Barber was selected by the Buffalo Bills in the fourth round (27th overall) of the 1961 AFL Draft and was also selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the third round (30th overall) of the 1961 NFL Draft. On January 8, 1961, he signed with the Bills. As a rookie, he started 14 games at outside linebacker and had 3 interceptions, returning one for a touchdown.
In 1962, he was moved to left tackle, protecting quarterbacks Warren Rabb, Jack Kemp and Al Dorow. He helped the team win two straight AFL Championships. In 1962, he filled in 6 games at left guard in place of an injured Billy Shaw.
Barber announced his retirement after the 1969 season. In his career he only missed one game, made first-team All-AFL two straight seasons and played in five consecutive AFL All-Star games. In 1970, he was named to the second-team American Football League All-Time Team.
Personal life
After football, he worked in the Buffalo Bills front office as a college scout, assistant general manager and vice president. On March 14, 1983, he resigned from the team.
Barber was the offensive line coach for the New York Stars and Charlotte Hornets of the World Football League in 1974, under head coach, Babe Parilli.
See also
List of American Football League players
References
External links
Stew Barber bio
1964 American Football League Champions
1965 American Football League Champions
1939 births
Living people
People from Bradford, Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
American football offensive linemen
Penn State Nittany Lions football players
Buffalo Bills players
Buffalo Bills scouts
Buffalo Bills executives
National Football League general managers
American Football League All-Star players
American Football League All-Time Team
American Football League players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stew%20Barber |
"All Hail to Massachusetts", with words and music by Arthur James Marsh, was made the official state song of Massachusetts on September 3, 1966, and codified by an act of the General Court in 1966. The song, written originally in the Spring of 1954 by Marsh, a Wellesley music teacher who intended to make it an official anthem, was first performed on August 15, 1954, at the bandstand of Paragon Park, Nantasket Beach in Hull. Following three previous attempts by the legislature to designate a state song in 1958, 1961, and 1964, the song was selected as the state song in June 1966. The final commission which picked the tune was chaired by Arthur Fiedler, conductor of the Boston Pops, along with Erich Leinsdorf, with the support of fellow Boston Pops musicians Harry Ellis Dickson and Leo Litwin, and Peter Siragusa, then-director of music for Boston Public Schools. The commission's legislators were state senator James A. Kelly Jr., as well as representatives David M. Bartley and John M. Melia. With its enactment as the state song, it entered the public domain, with the act including a "properly executed transfer of the copyright to said song to the commonwealth."
Marsh's song beat out other contenders, including a submission by Dedham's Charlotte Parson Noyes entitled "Massachusetts! Behold Her!" In 1981 the General Court amended the act to include the song "Massachusetts," words and music by Arlo Guthrie, as the state's official "Folk" song, however this amending act would not transfer the rights to Guthrie's song to the Secretary of the Commonwealth.
References
External links
Midi, sheet music and lyrics
M.G.L. 2:19
Massachusetts
Music of Massachusetts
1954 songs
Public domain music
1966 establishments in Massachusetts
Songs about Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20Hail%20to%20Massachusetts |
The Brahmajāla Sutta is the first of 34 sutta in the Dīgha Nikāya (the Long Discourses of the Buddha), the first of the five nikāya, or collections, in the Sutta Pitaka, which is one of the "three baskets" that compose the Pali Tipitaka of (Theravada) Buddhism. The name means Net (jāla - net, netting, entanglement) of Brahmā. The sutta is also called Atthajala (Net of Essence), Dhammajala, (Net of the Dhamma), Ditthijala (Net of Views), Anuttarasangama Vijaya (Incomparable Victory in Battle).
The sutta discusses two main topics: the elaboration of the "Ten Precepts" (Cula-sila) and the "Middle Precepts" (Majjhima-sila). Cula-sila deals with the Ten Precepts to be practiced by devout Buddhists, while Majjhima-sila gives a detailed description of the practice of the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth precepts, together with a further delineation of virtuous practices and abstentions.
The second and third parts of the sutta discuss the 62 beliefs (ditthi) which are clung to by ascetics in India. These are divided into: 18 beliefs related to the past (pubbantanuditthino), and 44 beliefs about the future (aparantakappika).
Many of these beliefs are still relevant in the modern world and thus the sutta provides Buddhist scholars with much information to ponder about the Buddha's teachings.
The elaboration of these beliefs is very detailed, focusing on how the beliefs (faiths) come to be and the way they are described and declared. The elaboration ends with the Buddha's statement about the "danger of clinging to these beliefs", as they are still influenced by desire (lobha), hatred (dosa), and ignorance (avijjā) that its faithful followers will not end in the final liberation but still in the cycle of samsara. Believers of these faiths are compared to small fish in a pond which will be captured by a fine net no matter how much they want to escape, while those who see reality as it is are beyond the net of samsara.
Beginning
The sutta starts with the Buddha travelling with his disciples between the cities of Rajagaha and Nalanda. At the same time, a Brahmin called Suppiya, with his young apprentice, Brahmadatta, were also travelling in the same direction, tailing the convoy of the sangha. Suppiya uttered some insulting words about the Buddha, his teachings, and his disciples. However, Brahmadatta praised and revered the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha. The two continued debating until they arrived at the King's resting place in Ambalatthika.
Hearing this conversation, some monks discussed the nature of conflicting students and teachers the next morning. They wondered how marvellous it was that the Buddha knew the various kinds of views to be found in people. The Buddha arrived and asked what they were discussing. As a monk finished telling him, the Buddha responded,
Precepts
In the first part, the Buddha elaborates precepts that made people praise him or the Sangha as worthy of reverence. The list of the Buddha's higher precepts are categorized as follows:
Cula Sila
1. Abstain from taking another creature's life, weapons, violence.
2. Abstain from taking things which were not given.
3. Live soberly, piously, and honestly.
4. Abstain from sexual relationships.
5. Abstain from lying.
6. Speak only the truth, believable and reliable, and never contradict his own words.
7. Abstain from slander.
8. Promote, speak, and love union (harmony) and not division (conflict).
9. Abstain from rough, insulting words.
10. Speak polite, likeable, exact, well chosen words that will make people's hearts joyful, not wasting time in idle gossip.
11. Discuss the Dhamma and the Vinaya at the right time.
12. Discuss in clear, detailed, and understandable words.
Majjhima Sila
13. Abstain from hurting seeds, plants, roots, branches, cheating, trading, slavery, forgery, bribery, and criminal conduct.
14. Abstain from hoarding food, drink, clothes (robes), bedding, perfume, spices, and other tools.
15. Take food once a day.
16. Abstain from watching shows (dances, exhibitions, matches, music performances, parades, etc.).
17. Abstain from playing games (card games, board games, dice games, games of chance, racing games, acrobatics, word games, etc.).
18. Abstain from using luxurious furniture and bedding.
19. Abstain from using cosmetics, make-up, and fancy or luxurious clothes (robes).
20. Abstain from discussing people, politicians, criminals, terrors, food and beverages, clothing, places, families, cities, wars and battles, heroes, ghosts, street rumors, speculation on how the world is created, or about existence and non-existence.
21. Abstain from accusing, denying, goading or challenging (e.g., 'I practised the Dhamma devoutly, but you don't!' or 'What you say is old rubbish!' or 'You are wrong!' or 'Free yourself if you can!').
22. Abstain from being the courier or messenger of politicians or higher administrations.
23. Abstain from deceiving lay people by uttering spells to exorcise demons or make someone's fortune, acting like a holy person by reciting mantras.
Maha Sila
24. Abstain from earning money from fortune-telling, divination, clairvoyance, exorcism, conjuring, magic tricks, spells, making false medicine and herbs, healing people through magic, leading/conducting ceremonies in order to gain something (wealth, fertility, etc.).
Eighteen beliefs about the past
In the second part, the Buddha explains the major beliefs of ascetics in India. He begins by saying, "Monks, there are other things which are very deep (profound), very hard to understand, very difficult to perceive, so holy and sacred, unreached by means of mind, so subtle, that they are only to be understood and experienced by the wise. These things were perceived clearly, seen clearly and were discarded by the Tathagata, and by this act based on the truth that people praise and revered Tathagatha. What are those things?"
Eternalistic belief
Eternalism is described in the sutta as the belief which is based upon the past, and holds that the universe (loka) and the soul or self (attha) are eternal as a 'rock mountain or strong-fastened pole'. The world doesn't create new souls and therefore, the souls are living in an eternal cycle of death and rebirth, differing only in name, location, and time.
These kind of beliefs have four origins:
1. Ascetics and Brahmins who have reached a high level of meditation; due to this achievement, they were able to remember from one to tens of thousands of their past lives.
2. Ascetics and Brahmins who have reached the spiritual achievements which provided them access to memories of one to ten iterations of the Earth's formation, evolution, and destruction.
3. Ascetics and Brahmins who have managed to recall the Earth's evolutionary process from ten to forty times.
The abovementioned ascetics and Brahmins recalled how they had name, family, heirs, food, joy and sadness, then death and rebirth in their past lives. Based on their experience, they concluded that the universe and the soul must be eternal.
4. Ascetics and Brahmins who use logic and inference and come to the conclusion that the soul and universe are eternal.
The Buddha said that there are 18 types of eternalistic belief, all based on one of these four origins. All of the followers of these beliefs defended and clung to their faith and did not give credence to other faiths.
Partial-eternalistic belief
The semi-eternalistic belief is described as belief that is based on the past, where the dualistic notion is asserted that there are things which are eternal and things which are not eternal.
There are four ways these beliefs come to be faith, where one believer never acknowledged the other beliefs:
The Buddha told a story about a time when the Earth was not yet formed. The sentient beings in this time normally lived in the realm of Abhassara, in radiant light and nourished by celestial joy. Then came a time when the Earth was in the process of forming yet still uninhabitable. One of these beings in the Abhassara realm died (due to the exhaustion of his karma) and was reborn in the higher realm called the Brahma realm and lived alone in the palace there. From living alone for so long a time, this being grew distressed and longed for a companion.
He then uttered, "O, let it be that another being may come here and accompany me." At the same time as the utterance, a being in the Abhassara realm died (due to the exhaustion of his good karma) and was reborn in the Brahma realm as his follower, but in many ways, similar to his feature.
Seeing this happen, the Brahma being thought, "I am Brahma, Mahābrahmā, the Almighty, Omniscient, the Lord of All, Creator, Master of all creatures. I am the source of all life, Father to everything which exists and will come to exist. These creatures are my creations. How can I conclude this? Because, just as I was thinking, "Let it be that another being may come here and accompany me", then my wish made that being come into existence."
Beings that came after thought the same thing. They worshipped and revered the Brahma because, "He was here even before I existed! Surely he is the Lord and Creator of All."
In the Brahma realm, the first being had longer and more powerful features than the latter coming beings. So, a probability existed that the latter being died in the Brahma realm, and then was reborn as a human. This human abandoned worldly affairs and became an ascetic, then by his devotion and practice, achieved the power to remember his one past life. As he recalled it, he came to the conclusion that creatures, including himself, are not eternal, had limited age, were vulnerable to change, but that Brahma is eternal, ageless, and changeless.
The second semi-eternalistic belief came from ascetics who were once Khiddapadosika gods, celestial beings that were too busy experiencing desire-based joy and fun and forgot to take their nutriments and therefore, died. As they were reborn as ascetics and achieved the ability to remember their past life, they came to a conclusion analogous to the 'Fall from Grace': "If only we were not so greedy and overzealous in our previous life, if only we had been able to control ourselves, we would not have suffered death. Now that we had made this error, we have to suffer this mortal life". Here, they concluded that the gods were eternal, and others were not.
The third semi-eternalistic belief came from the Manopadosika gods. These were the gods who always envied the other gods. This illness of mind caused their death. In the same cycle, they were reborn as ascetic Manopadosika gods, achieved the ability to remember their past life, and came to the conclusion, "Had we not been envious, we would have stayed strong and intelligent. We would never have died or fallen forever from the realm of gods.".
The fourth semi-eternalistic belief is based on logic and reflection. The people who embraced this belief concluded their faith based on their thoughts and logics as follow: "Here is what is called (atta) of eyes, nose, tongue, and our physical body, which are always changed. But, there is also atta of mind: the state of mind, awareness of 'atta', which is eternal.".
All of the followers of these beliefs defended and clung to their faith and didn't believe in other faiths.
The Universe (Doctrines of the Finitude and Infinity of the World)
The beliefs on the universe is based on the speculation about the infinite or the limited nature of the universe. There are four ways these beliefs were expressed:
1. The universe is infinite.
2. The universe is limited.
3. The universe is vertically limited but horizontally infinite.
4. The universe is neither limited nor infinite.
The source of these beliefs came from two reasons:
1. The frame of mind which formed these beliefs came from the object of focus of meditation taken by the ascetics who managed to reach a deep level of meditation and came to the conclusion that the world is infinite (if they used infinity as the object of meditation), or limited (if they imagined the object of their focus to be limited).
2. The people who used logic and thought and concluded that the world must be neither infinite nor limited.
All of the followers of these beliefs defended and clung to their faith and didn't believe in other faiths.
Ambiguous Evasion
The concept of ambiguous evasion or eel-wriggling (Pali: Amaravikkhepa) is introduced in the Brahmajala sutta. When hearing Buddhist teachings, the Buddha claims that people would react with four forms of ambiguous evasion:
Evasion out of fear or hatred of making false claims.
Evasion out of fear or hatred of attachment.
Evasion out of fear or hatred of debate.
Evasion out of fear or hatred of admitting ignorance.
In other words, when a person would hear the dharma, they would respond, "I don't know. Maybe it is true. Maybe it is not true. I can't say it's true because I don't know and I can't deny it's true because I don't know."
The idea is that the person isn't considering the arguments presented (see Kalama Sutta), but stubbornly adhering to irrational agnosticism out of feelings of fear or hatred.
Non-causality beliefs
The Non-causality beliefs stated that the Universe and the Souls happened coincidentally. The proponents of these beliefs claimed that there was/were no reason/s behind the creation of Universe and the Identity/Self.
These beliefs were expressed because of two possibilities:
1 There were gods called assannasatta, which had only body and no mental will. The absence of mental will in this state was due to the nature of repressed thoughts, not the ultimate absence of thoughts. As they died in the god realm, there was a possibility that they were reborn as ascetics who achieved the ability to recall just one past life.
Here, they concluded upon their past life that, "Before this, there were no Atta and Loka. So, the Atta and Loka were created without a cause. They simply arise spontaneously. Why do I deem so? Because I didn't exist and now I do exist."
2. The ascetics who based their thoughts on logic and thinkings, and concluded that the Soul and the Universe happened without a cause.
All of the followers of these beliefs defended and clung on their faith and didn't believe in another faiths.
Forty-four beliefs about the future
There are ascetics who based their beliefs on the future. The proponents of one of these beliefs, adhered that:
Perception's existence after death
A. the perception still exists after death. The difference of beliefs were described that after death, the Atta:
1. possessed physical shape (rupa)
2. possessed no shape/immaterial (arupa)
3. both had physical shape some had not (rupa and arupa)
4. neither possessed physical shape nor immaterial
5. Infinite
6. Limited
7. Both Infinite and limited
8. neither Infinite nor Limited
9. had a certain form of consciousness
10. had several form of consciousness
11.had infinite consciousness
12.had limited consciousness
13.always in joy/blissful state
14.always in suffering state
15.Both in joy and suffering
16.neither joyful nor suffering
B. the Perception vanished after death. The difference of beliefs were described that after death, the Atta was devoid of perception after dead but:
1. possessed physical shape (rupa)
2. possessed no physical shape (arupa)
3. Both had shape and no shape
4. Neither had shape nor had no shape
5. Limited
6. Unlimited
7. Both limited and unlimited
8. Neither limited nor infinite
C. Neither there was Perception or No Perception after death. The difference of these beliefs were describe that after death, the Atta was neither devoid of perception nor non-perception, but:
1. possessed physical shape (rupa)
2. possessed no physical shape (arupa)
3. Both had shape and no shape
4. Neither had shape nor had no shape
5. Limited
6. Unlimited
7. Both limited and unlimited
8. Neither limited nor infinite
All of the followers of these beliefs defended and clung on their faith and didn't believe in another faiths.
Annihilation (nihilism) beliefs
The proponent of these beliefs declared that after death, existence simply vanished (Atta vanished). These beliefs were described in seven type of authorities and basis:
1. that the Atta was created from the union of father and mother's essence, composed of four elements (dhatu) and on the death, these elements ceased to exist. By this manner, Atta become non-existent.
2. that not only the (1) but the physical-related desire of the celestial gods, who had physical shape and take nourishment, which also cease to exist after death.
3. that not only the (2), but the atta of Brahma gods, which were shaped of Jhana mind, and faculties of senses which cease to exist after death.
4. that not only the (3), but also the atta which had transcended the concept of Infinity, where the perception of shape had been surpassed, the perception of contact between mind and object had vanished, not paying attention to major kinds of Perception, which cease to exist after death.
5. that not only the (4), but also the atta which had reached the Realm of Infinity of Consciousness.
6. that not only the (5), but also the atta which had reached Realm of Nothingness.
7. that not only the (6) but also the atta which had reached the realm of neither Perception nor Non-Perception.
All of the followers of these beliefs defended and clung on their faith and didn't believe in another faiths.
Five beliefs on attainable Nibbana
The proponents of these faiths proposed that Nibbana's state of bliss could be attained in the current life. They based their faith because:
1. The joy coming from the five senses can be enjoyed and attained thoroughly. So, the Nibbana could also be attained.
2. The joy from the five senses were vulnerable to change and mortal. But the joy from the attainment of the first Jhana (Dhyana) can be enjoyed and attained thoroughly. So, with the first Jhana, the Nibbana could also be attained.
3. ..... (same with No.2) but with Second Jhana...
4. ..... (same with No.3) but with Third Jhana...
5. ..... (same with No.4) but with Fourth Jhana. So, the Nibbana could also be attained.
All of the followers of these beliefs defended and clung on their faith and didn't believe in another faiths.
The Buddha's conclusion
"The Tathagata knows these sixty-two views. He also knows the dhamma which surpasses them. Knowing that dhamma, he does not view it in the wrong way. Since he does not view it in the wrong way, he realizes by himself the extinction of defilements (i.e., greed, anger, and ignorance of the Four Ariya Truths).
Buddha finally concludes the exposition of these 'wrong' beliefs by stating that these (62) beliefs, if they are believed, will certainly cause agitations and cravings. It implies that the beliefs come to conclusion due to the inability to see the truth, as they are seized by craving (clinging), agitated by longing (feeling).
The Buddha further explains that the beliefs are originated from Contact (Phassa) as the cause. The contact is a phenomenon when the perception recognised an object beyond our Self. Then, from this brief event (like lightning in the sky, in the comparison drawn by Nagasena in Milinda Panha), rise up feelings.
Buddha states that there are no possibilities of feeling without contact. Thus, according to the law of Twelve Related Chain of Cause and Effects (Pratitya-samutpada), the people who believe in one of many of these sixty-two beliefs, will end up in round cycle of sufferings; as they have not found the truth on the cease of sufferings.
Due to their faith, they will experience feelings as a result of repeated contact through the six sense bases. In them feeling gives rise to craving; craving gives rise to clinging; clinging gives rise to current existence (upapatti bhava) and the kammic causal process (kamma bhava); the kammic causal process gives rise to rebirth; and rebirth gives rise to ageing, death, grief, lamentation, pain, distress and despair.
The Buddha states that Monks who have realized and understood the origin of contact of the six senses, and escaped the round of sufferings, would see Dhamma (Truth) of Precepts (Śīla), Concentration (Samadhi) and Wisdom (Pańńa) which surpassed all the wrong beliefs.
The Buddha then makes an analogy of a fisherman using a fine-meshed net to catch the fish in the pond. The fish represent the ascetics who cling to their beliefs. They will rise and sink in the pond, but in the end will unavoidably be caught in the net. Whereas the Buddha, who stand outside the net has found the truth and has transcended the cycle of suffering.
The Brahmajala Sutta ends with this quotation:
See also
Aggañña Sutta
God in Buddhism
Twelve Nidanas
Vipassana jhanas
Notes
Bibliography
Bhikkhu Bodhi (1978). The Discourse on the All-Embracing Net of Views: The Brahmajala Sutta and its Commentarial Exegesis, Kandy, Sri Lanka, Buddhist Publication Society
Katz, Nathan (1981). Review: The Discourse on the All-Embracing Net of Views: The Brahmajāla Sutta and Its Commentarial Exegesis by Bhikkhu Bodhi, Jeffrey Block, Journal of the American Academy of Religion 49 (3), 512-513
Rhys Davids, T. W. & C. A., trans. (1899–1921). Dialogues of the Buddha, volume II, Pali Text Society, pp. 1–52
External links
Translations
The All-embracing Net of Views, translation by Bhikkhu Bodhi
The Prime Net, translation by Bhikkhu Sujato
Discourse on the Net of Perfect Wisdom, translation by the Burma Pitaka Association Editorial Committee
The Supreme Net , translation by unknown translator
The Perfect Net, translation by T. W. Rhys Davids (1843–1922)
Digha Nikaya | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaj%C4%81la%20Sutta |
Dhaka District () is a district in central Bangladesh, and is the densest district in the nation. It is a part of the Dhaka Division. Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, and rests on the eastern banks of the Buriganga River which flows from the Turag to the southern part of the district. While Dhaka (city corporation) occupies only about a fifth of the area of Dhaka district, it is the economic, political and cultural centre of the district and the country as a whole. Dhaka District consists of Dhaka, Keraniganj , Nababganj, Dohar, Savar and Dhamrai upazila. Dhaka District is an administrative entity, and like many other cities, it does not cover the modern conurbation which is Greater Dhaka, which has spilled into neighbouring districts, nor does the conurbation cover the whole district, as there are rural areas within the district.
Geography
Dhaka District shares borders with Gazipur and Tangail to the north, Munshiganj and Rajbari to the south, Narayanganj to the east and Manikganj to the west. The main rivers flowing through this district are Padma, Kaliganga, Dhaleshwari, Ichamati, Shitalakshya, Buriganga and numerous smaller rivers including Bangshi, Turag, Balu, Elamjani, Alam, Bherujkha, Ramkrishnadi, Elisamari, Tulsikhali. Major lakes ("beels") include Belai, Saldaher, Labandaher, Churain, Damsharan and Kiranjir Beel. The annual average temperature of the district is maximum 34.5 °C, minimum 11.5 °C; the average annual rainfall 1931mm.
History
The administrative Dhaka District was first established in 1772, but the existence of urbanised settlements in the area that is now Dhaka city – dates from the 7th century. The present-day Savar was the capital of the Sanbagh Kingdom during the seventh and eighth centuries. The city area of Dhaka was ruled by the Buddhist kingdom of Kamarupa and the Pala Empire before passing to the control of the Hindu Sena dynasty in the 9th century. Many believe that the name of the city was derived after the establishment of the Goddess Dhakeshwari's temple by Ballal Sena in the 12th century. Dhaka and its surrounding area were identified as Bengalla around that period. The town itself consisted of a few market centres like Lakshmi Bazar, Shankhari Bazar, Tanti Bazar, Patuatuli, Kumartuli, Bania Nagar and Goal Nagar. After the Sena dynasty, Dhaka was successively ruled by the Turkish and Afghan governors descending from the Delhi Sultanate before the arrival of the Mughals in 1608.
The development of townships and significant growth in population came as the city was proclaimed the capital of Bengal under Mughal rule in 1608. During Mughal rule the areas currently under Dhaka district were famous for their textile products – especially the Muslin. Mughal subahdar Islam Khan was the first administrator of the city. Khan named the town "Jahangir Nagar" (City of Jahangir) in honour of the Mughal emperor Jahangir, although this name was dropped soon after Jahangir's death. The main expansion of the city took place under the Mughal general Shaista Khan. The city then measured , with a population of nearly a million people. The city passed to the control of the British East India Company in 1757 after the Battle of Plassey and eventually to the Crown, British Empire, in 1765 at the Battle of Buxar. The city's population shrank dramatically during this period as the prominence of Kolkata rose, but substantive development and modernisation eventually followed. A modern civic water supply system was introduced in 1874 and an electricity supply was launched in 1878. The Dhaka Cantonment was established near the city, serving as a base for British and Indian soldiers.
During the abortive Partition of Bengal in 1905, Dhaka was declared to be the capital of the newly established state of Eastern Bengal and Assam, but Bengal was reunited in 1911. The rural areas under the present Dhaka district, especially Dohar Upazila were used for the production of indigo.
Following the partition of Bengal in (1947) appending the partition of British India in 1947, Dhaka became the capital of East Bengal as a part of the new Muslim state of Pakistan, while the western part of Bengal with a majority Hindu population had become a part of the new and independent India, designated as West Bengal with Calcutta as state capital. Calcutta witnessed communal violence that left thousands of people dead. A large proportion of the city's Hindu population departed for India, while the city received hundreds of thousands of Muslim immigrants from Calcutta, India. The city's population rose dramatically in a very short period of time, which created severe shortages and infrastructural problems. As the centre of regional politics, Dhaka saw an increasing number of political strikes and incidents of violence. The adoption of Urdu as the sole official language of Pakistan led to protest marches involving large crowds. Known as the language movement of 1952, the protests resulted in police firing which killed students who were demonstrating peacefully. Throughout the 1950s and '60s, Dhaka remained a hotbed of political activity, and the demands for autonomy for the Bengali population gradually gained momentum.
The 1970 Bhola cyclone devastated much of the region, killing an estimated 500,000 people. More than half the city of Dhaka was flooded and millions of people were marooned. With public anger growing against ethnic discrimination and poor cyclone relief efforts from the central government, Bengali politician Sheikh Mujibur Rahman held a nationalist rally on 7 March 1971 at the Race Course Ground. An estimated one million people attended the gathering, leading to Ziaur Rahman's 26 March declaration of Bangladesh's independence. In response, the Pakistan Army launched Operation Searchlight, which led to the arrests, torture and killing of hundreds of thousands of people, mainly Hindus and Bengali intellectuals.
During the Bangladesh Liberation War the Pakistan army arrested and killed fourteen Muktijoddhas from Dhamrai Bazar. A mass grave created during the war still exists in the western side of Kalampur Bazar. The Pak army also burnt down many houses in Konakhola, Basta, Brahmankirtha, Goalkhali and Khagail Kholamora villages of Keraniganj Upazila.
The fall of Dhaka city to the allied forces led by Jagjit Singh Aurora on 16 December marked the surrender of the Pakistani army. The post-independence period has seen a rapid and massive growth of the city population, attracting migrant workers from rural areas across Bangladesh. A real estate boom followed with urban sprawl and the development of new settlements such as Gulshan, Banani and Motijheel.
Administration
Administrator of Zila Parishad: Mr. Md Mahbubur Rahman
Deputy Commissioner (DC): Md. Mominur Rahman
Subdivisions
The district does not cover all parts of Greater Dhaka, and Greater Dhaka does not include all parts of the district, which includes rural areas. The district consists of 49 upazilas/thanas, 86 unions, 974 mauzas, 1999 villages, 2 City Corporations, 129 City Wards, 855 City Mahallas, 3 paurashavas, 27 wards and 133 mahallas.
The five upazilas in Dhaka district are:
Dhamrai Upazila, suburban and rural
Dohar Upazila, suburban and rural
Keraniganj Upazila, suburban
Nawabganj Upazila, suburban and rural
Savar Upazila, suburban
The municipal area of Dhaka City is under the jurisdiction of the Dhaka North City Corporation and Dhaka South City Corporation; for administrative purposes, the municipal area is divided into 92 wards. Tejgaon Development Circle is merged with the two city corporations.
Demographics
According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Dhaka District had 4,036,445 households and a population of 14,734,025, 76.1% of whom lived in urban areas. The population density was 10,067 people per km2. The literacy rate (age 7 and over) was 84.7%, compared to the national average of 74.7%.
Religion
Islam is the largest religion in the Dhaka district with 94.65% of the population. Hinduism is the second-largest religion with 4.70% of the population. 0.52% of the population were Christians, while Buddhists, once the major religion in the district, were only 0.11% of the population. Although all communities are predominantly urban, a greater percentage of Hindus live in rural areas than in other communities. The district of Dhaka has more than 12 000 mosques, 3012 Hindu mandirs, 530 churches, 174 Buddhist temples, three pagodas and a synagogue. For a long time, Islam has been the majority religion in Dhaka, with only 1300 mosques, but more mosques were recently built, and the district is now called the City of Mosques.
Economy
Dhaka is the commercial heart of Bangladesh. The city has a large middle class population, increasing the market for modern consumer and luxury goods. Many skilled workers are employed in the businesses and industries located in the Dhaka metropolitan area. The city has historically attracted many migrant workers. Hawkers, peddlers, small shops, rickshaws transport, roadside vendors and stalls employ a large segment of the population – rickshaw-drivers alone number as many as 400,000. Half the workforce is employed in household and unorganised labour, while about 800,000 work in the textile industry. Even so, unemployment remains high at 23%. According to CityMayors Statistics, Dhaka's GDP registered at $52 billion in 2005 with an annual growth rate of 6.1%. Its estimated GDP in the year 2020 is $126 billion. The annual per capita income of Dhaka is estimated at $550, although a large segment of the population lives below the poverty line, with many surviving on less than $3 a day.
The main business districts of the city include Motijheel, Panthapath and Gulshan. Bashundhara City is a recently developed economic area that houses many high-tech industries and corporations and a shopping mall that is one of the largest in Southeast Asia, frequented daily by more than 25,000 people. The Export Processing Zone in Dhaka was set up to encourage the export of garments, textiles and other goods. The EPZ is home to 80 factories, which employ mostly women. The Dhaka Stock Exchange is based in the city, as are most of the large companies and banks of Bangladesh, including the Bangladesh Bank, HSBC, Citibank and the Grameen Bank. Urban developments have sparked a widespread construction boom, causing new high-rise buildings and skyscrapers to change the city landscape. Growth has been especially strong in the finance, banking, manufacturing, telecommunications and services sectors, while tourism, hotels and restaurants continue as important elements of the Dhaka economy.
Places of interest
The historic city of Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh and lies on the banks of the Buriganga River in the central area of Bangladesh. The old town of Dhaka, south of the city centre, is the site of most of the tourist attractions, including the Lalbagh Fort, the Stat Mosque, and the Ahsan Manzil Palace Museum.
Dhaka was predominantly a city of the Mughals, whose governors and viceroys built several palace, mosques and katrias. Dhaka's finest specimen of this time is the Aurangabad Fort, commonly known as Lalbagh Fort, incomplete but well worth for visit. Also in this area of Dhaka is the spectacular Ahsan Manzil Plance Museum, the Bara Katra, the Cotta Katra and several mosques of note.
The old European quarter lies just north of Dhaka's old town, which houses the presidential place and the National Museum, Dhaka's commercial and diplomatic regions are northeast of this zone. Dhaka Zoo and the Botanical Gardens are a short taxi ride into the suburbs.
Once famed for its Muslin, Dhaka is now renowned for pink pearls and a rich tradition of handicrafts. Shoppers can find lower prices of gold and silver products, and the Dhaka shopping areas of New Market and Elephant Road and Dhanmondi are good for shopping.
The Botanical garden is a park at Mirpur in Dhaka. It contains various species of plants. It is also a major tourist spot.
Lalbagh Fort
Built in 1678 by the Viceroy of Bengal, it contains a three-domed mosque, the tomb of Pari Bibi, the reputed daughter of Nawab Shaista Khan, the Audience Hall and the hammam of the Governor. Four Kilometres from the hotel.
Ahsan Manzil Palace Museum
A majestic place, it was once home to the Nawab of Dhaka, and houses 23 galleries displaying portraits, furniture and household articles.
Jatiyo Smriti Soudho
Jatiyo Smriti Soudho or National Martyrs' Memorial is a monument in Bangladesh. It is the symbol of the valour and the sacrifice of the martyrs of the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, which brought the independence of Bangladesh from Pakistani rule. The monument is located in Savar, about 35 Kilometres north-west of the capital, Dhaka.
Tara Mosque
A 200-year-old mosque with five domes, with hundreds of twinkling stars on its surface.
Satmasjid
This mosque in the Mohammadpur area of Dhaka is known for its seven domes.
National Museum
In the old European quarter of Dhaka, the museum contains many interesting collections, including sculptures and paintings of the Hindu, Buddhist and Muslim periods. One kilometre from the hotel.
Bara Katra
Bara Katra was built between 1644 and 1646 CE to be the official residence of Mughal prince Shah Shuja, the second son of the emperor Shah Jahan. The prince endowed it to his diwan and the builder of the serai, Abul Qasim.
See also
Districts of Bangladesh
Notes
References
Districts and regions of Greater Dhaka
Districts of Bangladesh
Districts of Bangladesh established before 1971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka%20District |
Drummond is a former village in northwestern New Brunswick, Canada. It held village status prior to 2023 and is now part of the town of Grand Falls.
It is located in rolling farmland approximately 5 kilometres southeast of Grand Falls, of which it is administratively a part. Drummond's economy is centred on the potato industry, and cereal crops such as wheat, barley and oats are grown mainly through crop rotation. More than 50% of the potatoes grown are sold for processing to McCain Foods Limited, and 45% are grown as seed potatoes for inter-provincial and international export.
History
The village was first settled by Irish immigrants in the 1850s. It was named after Gordon Drummond, a major in the British Army. Acadian settlement occurred during the latter half of the 19th century.
On 1 January 2023, Drummond amalgamated with the town of Grand Falls The community's name remains in official use.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Drummond had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Notable people
Ron Turcotte, who won the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing in 1973, was born in Drummond.
See also
List of communities in New Brunswick
Drummond Parish, New Brunswick
References
External links
Village de Drummond
Communities in Victoria County, New Brunswick
Former villages in New Brunswick
Populated places disestablished in New Brunswick in 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drummond%2C%20New%20Brunswick |
Jerome Barkum (born July 18, 1950) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver and tight end for 12 years with the New York Jets of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Jets out of Jackson State University with the 9th overall pick in the first round of the 1972 NFL Draft. In 1973, he was selected to the Pro Bowl as a WR. His biggest catch in the NFL was made in Shea Stadium in a 1981 clash against the Miami Dolphins in the last seconds of the game to lift the Jets to victory 16-15. The Jets made the playoffs that year for the first time since their loss to the Kansas City Chiefs in 1969. Barkum was also a part of the Jets team in the 1982 season that made it to that year's AFC Championship.
In 2013 Jerome Barkum started Smooth Jazz Jams Radio TV, as it is the most popular viewing and listening on TV. With over 95 world artists' endorsements, featuring smooth jazz, chill lounge, reggae, and more. Their award-winning jingle was produced by Konstantin Klashtorni and is the absolute best.
References
External links
1950 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Gulfport, Mississippi
Players of American football from Mississippi
American football tight ends
American football wide receivers
Jackson State Tigers football players
New York Jets players
American Conference Pro Bowl players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome%20Barkum |
A wall sit is an exercise done to strengthen the quadriceps muscles. The exercise is characterized by the two right angles formed by the body, one at the hips and one at the knees. The person wall sitting places their back against a wall with their feet shoulder-width apart and a little ways out from the wall. Then, keeping their back against the wall, they lower their hips until their knees form right angles. This is a very intense workout for the quadriceps muscles, and it can be very painful to hold this position for extended periods—obliging people to carry out the same activity as a means of physical torment is known as the jetliner position. Wall sits are used as a primary strengthening exercise in many sports requiring strong quadriceps including fencing, ice hockey, sailing (mostly small boat racing), skiing and track and field.
This exercise is also used as a disciplinary activity in the armed forces. It takes up little space, and can be administered easily in classroom settings to misbehaving soldiers-in-training.
Method
The participant should lean against the wall with their feet planted firmly on the ground, shoulder-width apart. Their feet should also be about two feet away from the wall (though the optimal distance will be somewhat dependent on the participant's height).
Once in such a position, the participant should slowly slide down the wall with their back pressed against it until their legs are bent at a right angle. This angle is very crucial because if the thighs are not parallel to the ground, the quadriceps will be bearing less load and the effectiveness of the exercise will be diminished.
The participant's knees should also be directly above their ankles and their back should be touching the wall at all times.
Depending on the participant's strength, they should hold the position for 20 seconds to a minute (or longer for more advanced athletes). If performing multiple repetitions of the exercise (three is often a recommended number), the participant should rest for half a minute in between to allow their muscles to recuperate.
As the participant gains strength, they can increase their holding time by small increments such as 10 seconds. While a burning feeling in the quadriceps muscles is normal, if the participant feels even a little pain in their knee or kneecap, they should be advised to immediately stop the activity.
The participant can hold a medicine ball or dumbbell while they sit to increase the intensity.
Benefits
Wall sitting primarily builds isometric strength and endurance in glutes, calves, quadriceps, hamstrings, and adductor muscles. A study in the British Journal of Sports Medicine of 270 trials found that isometric exercises which involve engaging muscles without movement, such as wall sits and planks, were more effective than other types of exercise for reducing blood pressure. Four repetitions of a two-minute wall sit followed by two minutes' rest, three times per week, was recommended to reduce blood pressure.
References
Bodyweight exercises | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall%20sit |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.